Bioreducción e inmovilización In Situ de cromo (Vi) en suelos

%LRUHGXFFLyQ(,QPRYLOL]DFLyQ,Q6LWX'H&URPR9L(Q6XHORV
0DUtD3tD'L1DQQR*DEULHOD&RUGRQ/HRQDUGR'L3DROR/HRQDUGR0XUUXQL\*XVWDYR&XUXWFKHW
B /DERUDWRULRGH$QiOLVLV$PELHQWDO(VFXHODGH&LHQFLD\7HFQRORJtD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH
*HQHUDO6DQ0DUWtQ$YGD*UDO3D]HQWUH&RQVWLWX\HQWHV\0LJXHOHWHV 4XRQVHW7HO
LQWHUQR
H &21,&(7
(PDLOJFXUXFKH#XQVDPHGXDU
0DUtD3tD'L1DQQR %HFDULDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQGHOD(VFXHODGH&LHQFLD\7HFQRORJtD(VWXGLDQWHDYDQ]DGD
GH /LFHQ $QiOLVLV $PELHQWDO 5HDOL]D WUDEDMRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ WHPiWLFDV GH ELRUUHPHGLDFLyQ GH VLWLRV
FRQWDPLQDGRVFRQPHWDOHV\GHELROL[LYLDFLyQ$XWRUDGHFRPXQLFDFLRQHVDFRQJUHVRV\DUWtFXORVHQUHYLVWDV
GHGLYXOJDFLyQ$X[LOLDUGRFHQWHGHOD816$0(PDLOGLQDQQR#GDWDFRP
*DEULHOD&RUGRQ(VWXGLDQWHDYDQ]DGDGH/LFHQ$QiOLVLV$PELHQWDO5HDOL]DWUDEDMRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHO
,148,0$( 8%$ VREUH VWUHVV HQ YHJHWDOHV GHELGR D FRQWDPLQDFLyQ HQ VXHORV (PDLO
JDELFRUGRQ#\DKRRFRPDU
/HRQDUGR'L3DROR (VWXGLDQWHDYDQ]DGRGH/LFHQ$QiOLVLV$PELHQWDO%HFDULRGHO,1$UHDOL]DHVWXGLRVGH
HYDOXDFLRQGHLPSDFWRGHREUDVKLGUDXOLFDVHQFRUULHQWHVGHDJXD(PDLOOHRGLSDROR#\DKRRFRPDU
/HRQDUGR 0XUUXQL (VWXGLDQWH DYDQ]DGR GH /LFHQ $QiOLVLV $PELHQWDO %HFDULR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD
(VFXHODGH&LHQFLD\7HFQRORJtD5HDOL]DHVWXGLRVGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHFRQWDPLQDQWHVDWPRVIpULFRV$XWRU
GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV D FRQJUHVRV \ DUWtFXORV HQ UHYLVWDV GH GLYXOJDFLyQ $X[LOLDU GRFHQWH GH OD 816$0
(PDLOOHRPXUUXQL#KRWPDLOFRP
*XVWDYR&XUXWFKHW'RFWRUHQ&LHQFLDV([DFWDVGHOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV([DFWDV81/3(VSHFLDOL]DGRHQ
ELRWHFQRORJtD,QYHVWLJDGRU$GMXQWRVLQGLUHFWRUGHO&21,&(7'LUHFWRUGHSUR\HFWR\3URIHVRUHQOD(VFXHOD
GH &LHQFLD \ 7HFQRORJtD 816$0 &RDXWRU GH SXEOLFDFLRQHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV \ QXPHURVDV
FRPXQLFDFLRQHV D FRQJUHVRV QDFLRQDOHV HQ LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV HQ WHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ELROL[LYLDFLyQ \
ELRUHPHGLDFLyQDVtFRPRGRFHQFLDXQLYHUVLWDULD$FWXDOPHQWHFRRUGLQDGRUGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHOSUR\HFWRGH
H[WHQVLyQ0HJDSLODV(PDLOJFXUXFKH#XQVDPHGXDU
3DODEUDVFODYH $FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVFURPR9,OLVtPHWURVUHPHGLDFLyQLQPRYLOL]DFLyQ
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH
5(680(1
6H HVWXGLy OD UHGXFFLyQ GH FURPR9, D FURPR,,, HQ XQ VXHOR DUWLILFLDOPHQWH FRQWDPLQDGR SRU DFFLyQ
LQGLUHFWDLQVLWX GHODVEDFWHULDVDXWRWURIDV$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVWKLRR[LGDQV FUHFLGDVVREUHD]XIUHHOHPHQWDO
3DUDHOORVHXWLOL]DURQOLVtPHWURVGRQGHVHHYDOXyODOL[LYLDFLyQGHFURPR9,\FURPR,,,EDMRFLHUWRUpJLPHQ
GHULHJR\GLIHUHQWHVDJUHJDGRVVXSHUILFLDOHVGHOLQyFXOREDFWHULDQR
/RV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV PXHVWUDQ XQ DOWR SRUFHQWDMH GH UHGXFFLyQ GH FURPR9, \ VX FRQVHFXHQWH
LQPRYLOL]DFLyQ HQ ORV VLVWHPDV LQRFXODGRV VXJLULHQGR JUDQ SRWHQFLDOLGDG GHO SURFHVR SDUD ELRUHPHGLDFLyQ
GHVLWLRVFRQWDPLQDGRV
,1752'8&&,Ï1
/D PD\RU FDQWLGDG GHO FURPR HQ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD IRUPD GH FURPR,,, 6LQ HPEDUJR
SXHGHQ HQFRQWUDUVH DOWDV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH FURPR9, FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH SURFHVRV LQGXVWULDOHV FRPR OD
PLQHUtDFXUWLGRGHFXHURV\JDOYDQRSODVWtDHQWUHRWURV&KXDQ(OFURPR9,HVDOWDPHQWHVROXEOHHQ
WRGDFRQGLFLyQGHS+ORFXDOORKDFHPX\PyYLOHQORVHFRVLVWHPDVDGHPiVGHVHUH[WUHPDGDPHQWHWy[LFR
\FDUFLQyJHQRJUXSR$(3$(OFURPR,,,HQFDPELRHVPXFKRPHQRVWy[LFR\QRVXHOHHVWDUELRGLVSRQLEOH
\DTXHIRUPDy[LGRVHKLGUy[LGRVLQVROXEOHV3RUORWDQWRHOSULPHUSDVRHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHXQHIOXHQWHR
XQVLWLRFRQWDPLQDGRFRQFURPR9,GHEHVHUQHFHVDULDPHQWHVXUHGXFFLyQDFURPR,,,GLVPLQX\pQGRVHDVt
VXWR[LFLGDG\PRYLOLGDG
/D UHGXFFLyQ PLFURELROyJLFD GH FURPR9, KD UHFLELGR HVSHFLDO DWHQFLyQ HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV GDGD VXV
SRWHQFLDOHVEDMRV FRVWRV \ FDUDFWHU GH WHFQRORJtD OLPSLD 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV GLIHUHQWHV HVSHFLHV HVWXGLDGDV
FDSDFHV GH UHDOL]DU WDO UHGXFFLyQ JHQHUDOPHQWH VRQ KHWHUyWURIDV \ DQDHUyELFDV /RYOH\ OR FXDO
LPSOLFDFRQGLFLRQHVGHFXOWLYRVRILVWLFDGDV\DJUHJDGRGHVXVWUDWRVRUJiQLFRVTXHHQFDUHFHQQRWDEOHPHQWH
HOSURFHVR/DSRVLELOLGDGGHXWLOL]DURUJDQLVPRVDHUyELFRVDXWyWURIRVFRPRORV$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV SXHGHVHU
XQDDOWHUQDWLYDDWUDFWLYDSDUDLPSOHPHQWDUSURFHVRVUREXVWRV\GHEDMRFRVWR%ULHUOH\
7UDEDMRVSUHYLRVVREUHUHGXFFLyQGHFURPR9,HQHIOXHQWHVDFXRVRVFRQ$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV 9LHUDKDQ
PRVWUDGRXQDEXHQDSHUIRUPDQFHGHOSURFHVRDXQTXHD~QQRKDQVLGRUHDOL]DGRVWUDEDMRVVREUHVXHORV
(QHVWHWUDEDMRVHHYDO~DODFDSDFLGDGGHUHGXFFLyQ\FRQVHFXHQWHLQPRYLOL]DFLyQGHFURPR9,HQXQVXHOR
FRQWDPLQDGRDUWLILFLDOPHQWHFRQFURPR9,XWLOL]DQGR$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVWKLRR[LGDQV \D]XIUHHOHPHQWDO
/DVEDFWHULDVGHO JpQHUR$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV VRQ*UDPQHJDWLYDVTXLPLRDXWyWURIDV \ DFLGyILODV DPSOLDPHQWH
XWLOL]DGDV HQ SURFHVRV ELRKLGURPHWDO~UJLFRV SDUD OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH RUR FREUH \ FREDOWR HQ YDULDV SDUWHV
GHOPXQGR%ULHUOH\
(VWDVEDFWHULDVSXHGHQREWHQHUVXHQHUJtDDSDUWLUGHODFDWiOLVLVGHODR[LGDFLyQGHFRPSXHVWRVUHGXFLGRV
GHD]XIUHD]XIUHHOHPHQWDOVXOIXURVHWFXWLOL]DQGRR[tJHQRFRPRDFHSWRUHOHFWUyQLFR
(VWDR[LGDFLyQJHQHUDXQDVHULHGHFRPSXHVWRVLQWHUPHGLDULRVFRQXQ DOWRSRGHUUHGXFWRUSROLWLRQDWRV/RV
SROLWLRQDWRVSXHGHQFRQWLQXDUVLHQGRR[LGDGRVWDQWRPLFURELDQDFRPR TXtPLFDPHQWH REWHQLpQGRVH FRPR
SURGXFWRILQDOiFLGRVXOI~ULFR6WHXGHO4XLQWDQD
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH
62 +2Æ 6Q62 +
UHDFFLyQVREUHODVXSHUILFLH
VHOLEHUDQDVROXFLyQ
6Q62 2 +2Æ 62 +
(FXDFLRQHV\2EWHQFLyQGHHQHUJtDSRU$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVWKLRR[LGDQV
/RV PHGLRV iFLGRUHGXFWRUHV DVt IRUPDGRV KDQ VLGR XWLOL]DGRV HQ FXOWLYRV GH$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV WKLRR[LGDQV
$W SDUD FRQVHJXLU OD UHGXFFLyQ GH GLIHUHQWHV VXVWDQFLDV R[LGDQWHV WDOHV FRPR PDQJDQHVR,9
YDQDGLR9KLHUUR,,,\FURPR9,%ULDQG&XUXWFKHW2OLYHU
6Q62 &U2 + Æ &U
+262 +2
(FXDFLRQ5HGXFFLyQGH&U9,SRUORVSROLWLRQDWRVJHQHUDGRVHQODR[LGDFLyQGHD]XIUHSRU$W
0$7(5,$/(6<0e72'26
0LFURRUJDQLVPRV
6HXWLOL]yODFHSD$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVWKLRR[LGDQV '60/DPLVPDVHPDQWLHQHUXWLQDULDPHQWHHQFXOWLYRV
OtTXLGRVXWLOL]DQGRPHGLR.1+62 J/.+32 J/0J62+2J/.&OJ/&D12
J/ S+ FRQ PY GH D]XIUH HOHPHQWDO FRPR IXHQWH GH HQHUJtD 6H FXOWLYDURQ D q FRQ
DJLWDFLyQSRUEXUEXMHRGHDLUH
/LVtPHWURV
/RVVLVWHPDVIXHURQFRQVWUXLGRVXWLOL]DQGRERWHOODVSOiVWLFDV3(7GHP/GHFDSDFLGDG/RVPLVPRV
IXHURQOOHQDGRVFRQXQVXHORDJUtFRODKRUL]RQWH$JDUHQDJ\JUDYDJYHUILJXUD/RV
OLVtPHWURV IXHURQ FXELHUWRV HQ OD SDUWH VXSHULRU SDUD HYLWDU HYDSRUDFLyQ (O S+ LQLFLDO GHO VXHOR PHGLGR
XWLOL]DQGR XQDUHODFLyQ GHVXHORVROXFLyQ GHFORUXUR GH FDOFLR 0 IXH GH (O VXHOR SUHVHQWy
HVWUXFWXUDPLJDMRVDWH[WXUDDUFLOOROLPRVDPPGHDJXDGHQVLGDGDSDUHQWHGHJFP \XQDJUDQ
FDSDFLGDG GH DPRUWLJXDFLyQ GH S+ KDFLD YDORUHV iFLGRV E PPRO + /XS+ /D GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOVXHORVHUHDOL]yGHDFXHUGRDORHVWDEOHFLGRSRUHO86*HRORJLFDO6HUYLFH
)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDGHORVOLVtPHWURV
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH
$OVXHORGHDOJXQRVGHORVOLVtPHWURVVHOHLQFRUSRUDURQJ.&U2 HQIRUPDVXSHUILFLDO6HLQRFXODURQORV
PLVPRV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV FDQWLGDGHV D]XIUH HOHPHQWDO FRORQL]DGR FRQ$W SURYHQLHQWHV GH FXOWLYRV HQ IDVH
H[SRQHQFLDOWDUGtDGHFUHFLPLHQWRUHDOL]DGRVHQIUDVFRVFRQDLUHDFLyQIRU]DGD$ORVFRQWUROHVHVWpULOHVVH
LQFRUSRUy LJXDO FDQWLGDG GH D]XIUH VLQ FRORQL]DU (O D]XIUH IXH DxDGLGR HQ OD SDUWH VXSHUILFLDO GHO VXHOR \
PH]FODGRVXDYHPHQWHFRQXQDHVSiWXODGDGRTXHVLHQGRORVPLFURRUJDQLVPRVXWLOL]DGRVDHURELRVHVWULFWRV
UHTXLHUHQR[tJHQR\DGHPiVHODJUHJDGRVXSHUILFLDOQRKRPRJpQHRHVPiVVHQFLOORHQHOFDPSR\DTXHQR
UHTXLHUHPRYLPLHQWRGHVXHORV
3URWRFRORH[SHULPHQWDO
/LVtPHWUR
&RQWHQLGR
6XHORGLFURPDWRJD]XIUHLQRFXODGRJ
6XHORGLFURPDWRJ
6XHORGLFURPDWRJD]XIUHHVWpULOJ
6XHORGLFURPDWRJD]XIUHLQRFXODGRJ
6XHORGLFURPDWRJD]XIUHHVWpULOJ
6XHORD]XIUHLQRFXODGRJ
/D H[SHULHQFLD WXYR XQD GXUDFLyQ GH GtDV SXQWR D SDUWLU GHO FXDO GHMy GH REVHUYDUVH FURPR 9, HQ HO
OL[LYLDGR (O ULHJR GH ORV OLVtPHWURV FRQVLVWLy HQ P/ GH DJXD GHVWLODGD SRU VHPDQD UHSDUWLGRV HQ GRV
ULHJRVGHP/\XQRGHP/3HULyGLFDPHQWHVREUHHOOL[LYLDGRVHPLGLyHOYROXPHQ\VHGHWHUPLQDURQ
S+VXOIDWRV\FURPR9,(QDOJXQDVPXHVWUDVVHUHDOL]DURQDQiOLVLVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUFURPRWRWDO
(OS+VHPLGLyXWLOL]DQGRXQHOHFWURGRGHYLGULRFRPELQDGRORVVXOIDWRVPHGLDQWHXQPpWRGRWXUELGLPpWULFR
SUHFLSLWDFLyQ GH %D62 HO FURPR9, SRU HO PpWRGR FRORULPpWULFR GH GLIHQLOFDUED]LGD \ HO FURPR WRWDO VH
PLGLyGHODPLVPDIRUPDOXHJRGHR[LGDUHOFURPR,,,FRQ.0Q2 HQPHGLRiFLGRD &$3+$$::$
ž
/XHJRGHILQDOL]DGDODH[SHULHQFLDVHWRPDURQPXHVWUDVGHVXHORDGLIHUHQWHVDOWXUDVGHORVOLVtPHWURVSDUD
HYDOXDU OD FDQWLGDG GH FURPR9, \ FURPR WRWDO UHWHQLGR HQ OD SDUWH VXSHUILFLDO LQWHUPHGLD H LQIHULRU GHO
OLVtPHWURHVSDFLDQGRODVPXHVWUDVXQRVFHQWtPHWURVHQWUHVt3DUDHOORVHUHDOL]yXQDH[WUDFFLyQHQIUtR
GXUDQWHKRUDVFRQ+62 0DXQJUDPRGHVXHORFRQWLQXiQGRVHFRQODVGHWHUPLQDFLRQHVVREUHHO
H[WUDFWRVHJ~QORGHVFULSWRSUHYLDPHQWH
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH
5(68/7$'26<',6&86,Ï1
/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHFURPR9,\ODFDQWLGDGWRWDODFXPXODGDHQHOOL[LYLDGRVHPXHVWUDHQORVVLJXLHQWHV
JUiILFRV
&RQFHQWUDFLyQGH&URP R9,HQHOOL[LYLDGRSSP & U
& UJ6LQRF
SSPFURPR9,
& UJ6 HVW
& UJ6 LQRF
& UJ6 HVW
J6 HVW
7LHP SRGtDV
6XPDDFXPXODGDGH&URPR9,OL[LYLDGDPJWRWDOHV
PJFURPR9,
7LHPSRGLDV
)LJXUD&URPR9,WRWDO\FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHOPLVPRHQHOOtTXLGROL[LYLDGR/DVUHIHUHQFLDVVRQODV
PLVPDVSDUDDPERVJUiILFRV
6HREVHUYDXQDQRWDEOHUHGXFFLyQGHODFDQWLGDGGHFURPROL[LYLDGDHQORVVLVWHPDVFRQDJUHJDGRGHD]XIUH
LQRFXODGRFRQUHVSHFWRDORVFRQWUROHVHVWpULOHV(QGLFKRVVLVWHPDVDORVTXHVHDJUHJyD]XIUHFRORQL]DGR
FRQ$W ODFDQWLGDGWRWDOGHFURPR9,TXHOL[LYLDHVGH\PJUHSUHVHQWDQGRXQ\GHOWRWDO
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH
DJUHJDGR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH PLHQWUDV TXH HQ ORV VLVWHPDV D ORV TXH VH DJUHJy LJXDO FDQWLGDG GH D]XIUH
HVWpULO\HQHOFRQWUROVLQD]XIUHDJUHJDGROL[LYLDQ\PJGHFURPR9,\GHO
WRWDODJUHJDGRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
6LVWHPD
3RUFHQWDMHGHUHWHQFLyQGH
&RQFHQWUDFLyQPi[LPDGHFURPR9,HQ
&U
&U6LQRF
&U6HVW
&U6LQRF
&U6HVW
6LQRF
FURPR
HOOL[LYLDGRSSP
QRIXHFRQWDPLQDGR
7DEODPJWRWDOHV\FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVPi[LPDVGHFURPR9,HQHOOL[LYLDGR
$VXYH]ODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHFURPR9,DOFDQ]DGDVHQORVOL[LYLDGRVIXHURQFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHPHQRUHV
HQ ORV VLVWHPDV LQRFXODGRV TXH HQ ORV FRQWUROHV UHVSHFWLYRV 6H REVHUYD XQD UiSLGD PRYLOL]DFLyQ GHO
FURPR9,HQORVVLVWHPDVHVWpULOHVFRQXQSLFRPi[LPRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQWUHORV\GtDVPLHQWUDV
TXHHQORVVLVWHPDVLQRFXODGRVODIRUPDGHODVFXUYDVVXJLHUHDFWLYLGDGGHUHGXFFLyQLQVLWX \VRVWHQLGDHQ
HO WLHPSR 3XHGH SDUHFHU H[WUDxR TXH EDFWHULDV DFLGyILODV H[WUHPDV FRPR HVWDV S+ ySWLPR DOUHGHGRU GH
PDQWHQJDQ VX DFWLYLGDG HQ XQ VXHOR FHUFDQR D OD QHXWUDOLGDG SHUR VH KD GHPRVWUDGR HQ HVWXGLRV
SUHYLRV FDSDFLGDG GHO $W GH FUHFHU VREUH D]XIUH HOHPHQWDO \ JHQHUDU SROLWLRQDWRV D~Q KDVWD S+ ORV
FXDOHVVH HVWDELOL]DQ HQS+QHXWUR DDOFDOLQR2OLYHU \ DGHPiV KD\ TXH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH HQ HO
HQWRUQRGHOELRILOP EDFWHULDQR VREUH HO D]XIUH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV SXHGHQ VHU EDVWDQWH GLIHUHQWHV DO SURPHGLR
GHOVXHOR
/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHFURPR,,,HQHOOL[LYLDGRGDWRVQRPRVWUDGRVQXQFDIXHGHWHFWDEOHSRUORWDQWRWRGRHO
FURPRTXHOL[LYLDHVFURPR9,ORTXHLQGLFDLQPRYLOL]DFLyQGHO&URPR,,,GHQWURGHORVVLVWHPDV(OS+GH
ORV OL[LYLDGRV GH WRGRV ORV VLVWHPDV VH PDQWXYLHURQ HQWUH \ UDQJR HQ HO FXDO HV GH HVSHUDU OD
SUHFLSLWDFLyQGHKLGUy[LGRVVXOIDWRVHKLGUR[RVXOIDWRVGHFURPR,,,
(O FRQWURO VLQ DJUHJDGR GH D]XIUH HYLGHQFLD XQD UHGXFFLyQ EDVDO GH FURPR9, GH DOUHGHGRU GH SUREDEOHPHQWHGHELGDDOFRQWHQLGRGHPDWHULDRUJiQLFDGHOVXHOR
6L ELHQ VH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU XQD DFFLyQ EDFWHULDQD SRU HO HIHFWR SURGXFLGR VREUH HO FURPR9, QR VH
REVHUYy DFLGLILFDFLyQ GH ORV OL[LYLDGRV GXUDQWH HO H[SHULPHQWR (VWR SRGUtD VHU DWULEXLEOH D OD FDSDFLGDG
EXIIHUGHOVXHOR\ODQDWXUDOH]DDOFDOLQDGHODDUHQD\JUDYDXWLOL]DGDV
(OVLVWHPDLQRFXODGRFRQGHD]XIUHFRQUHVSHFWRDOVXHORRUJiQLFRPXHVWUDXQDPD\RUUHGXFFLyQ\
UHWHQFLyQ GHO FURPR9, TXH HO VLVWHPD LQRFXODGR FRQ (Q HVWH VLVWHPD SXHGHQ KDEHU H[LVWLGR
OLPLWDFLRQHVHQODWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHJDVHV\DJXDKDFLDHOELRILOP EDFWHULDQR
/DFDQWLGDGGHVXOIDWRPJWRWDOHVOL[LYLDGDQRPXHVWUDXQDUHODFLyQLQHTXtYRFDFRQ ODFDQWLGDGGHD]XIUH
DJUHJDGR QL FRQ OD SUHVHQFLD GH PLFURRUJDQLVPRV (VWH KHFKR SRGUtD VHU H[SOLFDGR VXSRQLHQGR OD
SUHFLSLWDFLyQ GH VXOIDWRV R KLGUR[RVXOIDWRV GH FURPR,,, FX\D H[LVWHQFLD VH FRPSUREDUi SRU GLIUDFFLyQ GH
UD\RV;
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH
(Q OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH FURPR UHPDQHQWH HQ ORV VXHORV QR VH GHWHFWD FURPR9, HQ QLQJXQD DOWXUD
UHVXOWDQGRTXHHOFURPR9,QRUHGXFLGRKDOL[LYLDGRWRWDOPHQWH3RURWUDSDUWHYHUPiVDUULEDHOFURPR,,,
IRUPDGRVHLQPRYLOL]DWRWDOPHQWH
/DVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHFURPR,,,VHPXHVWUDQVRORVLVWHPDVDPRGRLOXVWUDWLYRHQPJFURPR.JVXHOR
OXJDUGHWRPDGHPXHVWUD
VHPXHVWUDQHQHOVLJXLHQWHJUiILFR
VXSHULRU
LQWHUPHGLD
LQIHULRU
&UJ6HVW
&UJ6LQRF
DUHQD
SSPGHFURPRWRWDO
&U
)LJXUD&URPR,,,UHPDQHQWHHQHOVXHORGHORVOLVtPHWURV
6H SXHGH DSUHFLDU XQD PX\ VXSHULRU UHGXFFLyQ H LQPRYLOL]DFLyQ HQ HO VLVWHPD FRQ DJUHJDGR GH D]XIUH
LQRFXODGR FRQ UHVSHFWR D ORV FRQWUROHV HVWpULOHV FRQ \ VLQ D]XIUH 'LFKD UHGXFFLyQ VH PDQLILHVWD
GLUHFWDPHQWHHQORVSULPHURVFHQWtPHWURVGHOVXHORUHVXOWDGROyJLFRGDGRTXHHOSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQGH
SROLWLRQDWRVHVDHUyELFR\DPERVFRQWDPLQDQWH\D]XIUHIXHURQDJUHJDGRVVREUHODVXSHUILFLHGHPDQHUD
GHVLPXODUXQSRVLEOHSURFHVR³UHDO´(QHVWHFDVRH[LVWHXQDYHQWDMDDGLFLRQDOGDGRTXHOXHJRGHORJUDUOD
UHGXFFLyQGHOFURPR9,HOFURPR,,,UHPDQHQWHVHSRGUtDH[WUDHUFRQODUHPRFLyQGHXQDFDSDVXSHUILFLDO
6H DSUHFLD DGHPiV FODUDPHQWH FRPR VH PLWLJD OD PLJUDFLyQ GHO FURPR KDFLD ORV KRUL]RQWHV LQIHULRUHV \
SRVLEOHVDFXtIHURV
&21&/86,21(6
(O DJUHJDGR GH D]XIUH LQRFXODGR FRQ$W D XQ VXHOR FRQWDPLQDGR FRQ GLFURPDWR DO PHQRV KDVWD PJ
FURPR9,.J VXHOR IDYRUHFH OD UHGXFFLyQ H LQPRYLOL]DFLyQ GHO FURPR9, (Q HVWD H[SHULHQFLD PHMRUD OD
UHWHQFLyQHQXQUHVSHFWRGHXQVLVWHPDVLQD]XIUH
/RVUHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV SHUPLWHQ VXSRQHU XQD JUDQ SRWHQFLDOLGDG GH HVWD PHWRGRORJtD SDUD UHPHGLDFLyQ
GHVXHORVFRQWDPLQDGRVFRQFURPR9,HYLWDQGRIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHODPLJUDFLyQGHOFRQWDPLQDQWHKDFLDORV
DFXtIHURV
6H HVWiQ UHDOL]DQGR HVWXGLRV SDUD HYDOXDU HVWD FDSDFLGDG D GLIHUHQWHV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH FURPR HQ HO
VXHORFRQHOREMHWRGHRSWLPL]DU\HVFDODUHVWDWpFQLFD
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH
%,%/,2*5$),$
$3+$$::$:3&30pWRGRVQRUPDOL]DGRVSDUDHODQiOLVLVGHDJXDVSRWDEOHV\UHVLGXDOHV'tD]GH6DQWRV
%DUWOHWW5-(QYLURQ+HDOWK3HUVSHFW
&LIXHQWHV):/LQGHPDQQ/%DUWRQ6RLO6FLHQFH
&KXDQ0&-&/LX:DWHU5HVHDUFK %ULDQG/7KRPDV+'RQDWL(%LRWHFKQRORJ\/HWWHUV
%ULHUOH\-0LQLQJ(QJLQHHULQJ1RY
&XUXWFKHW*3RJOLDQL&'RQDWL(%LRWHFKQRORJ\/HWWHUV /RYOH\'$GYDQFHVLQ$JURQRP\
2OLYHU&&XUXWFKHW*'RQDWL(,Q(QYLURQPHQWDOLPSURYHPHQWVLQPLQHUDOSURFHVVLQJDQGH[WUDFWLYH
PHWDOOXUJ\ 9RO
4XLQWDQD0&XUXWFKHW*'RQDWL(%LRFKHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ-RXUQDO
6WHXGHO5$QJHZ&KHP,QW(G(QJO
9LHUD0&XUXWFKHW*'RQDWL(,QWHUQDWLRQDO%LRGHWHULRUDWLRQ%LRGHJUDGDWLRQ
ZZZXVJVJRY
$JUDGHFLPLHQWRV $
5RPLQD +LGDOJR \ 0DWtDV 1yELOH SRU HO PDWHULDO IRWRJUiILFR HPSOHDGR
ž&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH6DQHDPLHQWR\0HGLR$PELHQWH
DOGH6HSWLHPEUHGH