RESPIRACIÓN. Presentaciόn: El mantenimiento de la vida requiere

&iWHGUDGH%LRORJtD)DFXOWDGGH$JURQRPtD\$JURLQGXVWULDV816(
5(63,5$&,¾1
3UHVHQWDFLyQ
(OPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODYLGDUHTXLHUH GH XQ FRQWLQXR VXPLQLVWUR GH HQHUJtD
TXHHQODPD\RUtDGHORVRUJDQLVPRVSURYLHQHGHOSURFHVRUHVSLUDWRULR
/DUHVSLUDFLyQFRQVWDGHWUHVHWDSDVELHQGHILQLGDVJOLFyOLVLVFLFORGH.UHEV
\FDGHQDWUDQVSRUWDGRUDGHHOHFWURQHVIRVIRULODFLyQR[LGDWLYD)LJXUD
/DJOLFyOLVLVTXHWLHQHOXJDUHQHOFLWRVROFRQVLVWHHQXQDVHULHGHUHDFFLRQHV
HQODVTXHODPROpFXODGHJOXFRVDGHVHLViWRPRVGHFDUERQRVVHHVFLQGHHQGRV
PROpFXODVGHSLUXYDWRGHWUHViWRPRVGHFDUERQR/XHJRHOSLUXYDWRHVGHJUDGDGR
DJUXSRVDFHWLORVGHGRViWRPRVGHFDUERQRTXHLQJUHVDQDOFLFORGH.UHEVHQOD
PDWUL] PLWRFRQGULDO (Q HO FLFOR GH .UHEV ORV JUXSRV DFHWLORV VRQ FRPSOHWDPHQWH
R[LGDGRVD&2(QHOFXUVRGHHVWHSURFHVRVHSURGXFH$731$'+\)$'+
(Q OD HWDSD ILQDO GHO SURFHVR UHVSLUDWRULR ODV PROpFXODV GH 1$'+ \ )$'+
FHGHQVXVHOHFWURQHVDWUDQVSRUWDGRUHVSURWHLFRVVLWXDGRVHQODPHPEUDQDLQWHUQD
PLWRFRQGULDO UHR[LGiQGRVH $ OR ODUJR GH HVWD VHULH GH WUDQVSRUWDGRUHV ORV
HOHFWURQHV GH DOWD HQHUJtD WUDQVSRUWDGRV SRU HO 1$'+ \ HO )$'+ YDQ ¦FXHVWD
DEDMR§ KDVWD HO R[tJHQR (Q WUHV SXQWRV GH VX SDVDMH D OR ODUJR GH OD FDGHQD VH
GHVSUHQGHQ JUDQGHV FDQWLGDGHV GH HQHUJtD OLEUH TXH LPSXOVDQ HO ERPEHR GH
SURWRQHV KDFLD HO H[WHULRU GH OD PDWUL] PLWRFRQGULDO (VWR JHQHUD XQ JUDGLHQWH
HOHFWURTXtPLFR D WUDYpV GH OD PHPEUDQD LQWHUQD PLWRFRQGULDO &XDQGR ORV SURWRQHV
SDVDQDWUDYpVGHOFRPSOHMR$73VLQWDVDDPHGLGDTXHYXHOYHQDIOXLUDIDYRUGHO
JUDGLHQWH HOHFWURTXtPLFR DO LQWHULRU GH OD PDWUL] OD HQHUJtD OLEHUDGD VH XWLOL]D SDUD
IRUPDUPROpFXODVGH$73DSDUWLUGH$'3\IRVIDWRLQRUJiQLFR
2WUDV PROpFXODV DOLPHQWLFLDV TXH LQFOX\HQ JUDVDV SROLVDFiULGRV \ SURWHtQDV
VRQ XWLOL]DGDV SUHYLD GHJUDGDFLyQ D PROpFXODV PiV VLPSOHV TXH SXHGHQ LQJUHVDU
HQHVWDVYtDVFHQWUDOHVHQGLIHUHQWHVSDVRV
/DV VHPLOODV DOPDFHQDQ GLIHUHQWHV VXVWDQFLDV GH UHVHUYD DOPLGyQ OtSLGRV
SURWHtQDV HWF TXH PHGLDQWH HO SURFHVR UHVSLUDWRULR VXPLQLVWUDQ OD HQHUJtD \ ORV
HVTXHOHWRV FDUERQDGRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD ODV UXWDV GH ELRVtQWHVLV SURSLDV GH OD
JHUPLQDFLyQ 'H HVWD PDQHUD XQD YH] LQLFLDGD OD LPELELFLyQ GH ODV VHPLOODV VH
REVHUYD XQ LPSRUWDQWH LQFUHPHQWR HQ OD WDVD UHVSLUDWRULD FRQ OD FRQFRPLWDQWH
GLVPLQXFLyQHQODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHVXVWDQFLDVGHUHVHUYD
/DV PHGLFLRQHV GH UHVSLUDFLyQ FRQVLVWHQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ FXDQWLILFDU HO
LQWHUFDPELRJDVHRVRSRUPpWRGRVPDQRPpWULFRVRSRUWLWXODFLyQ
(VWHWUDEDMRSUiFWLFRWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRPHGLUODWDVDUHVSLUDWRULDGHVHPLOODV
GHSRURWR3KDVHROXVYXOJDULV /HQODVGLVWLQWDVHWDSDVGHOSURFHVRGHJHUPLQDFLyQ
GH
&iWHGUDGH%LRORJtD)DFXOWDGGH$JURQRPtD\$JURLQGXVWULDV816(
)LJXUD (VTXHPD GHO SURFHVR UHVSLUDWRULR 7RPDGR GH &XUWLV HW DO %LRORJtD WD
(GLFLyQ(GLWRULDO0pGLFD3DQDPHULFDQD
$VSHFWRVWHyULFRVQHFHVDULRV
3DUD FRPSUHQGHU ORV IXQGDPHQWRV WHyULFRV GH HVWH SUiFWLFR GH ODERUDWRULR OD
&iWHGUDDFRQVHMDUHDOL]DUXQDUHYLVLyQGHORVVLJXLHQWHVWHPDV
7LWXODFLRQHVJHQHUDOLGDGHV
$VSHFWRV ELRTXtPLFRV GHO SURFHVR UHVSLUDWRULR *OLFyOLVLV &LFOR GH .UHEV
FDGHQDGHWUDQVSRUWDGRUHVGHHOHFWURQHVIRVIRULODFLyQR[LGDWLYD
$FWLYLGDGHV
3HVHJGHVHPLOODVGHSRURWRVHFDVJHUPLQDGDVGXUDQWH KV D •& \
JHUPLQDGDV GXUDQWH KV D •& UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH (QYXpOYDODV HQ JDVD \
FROyTXHODVHQIUDVFRVFRQWHQLHQGRPOGH1D2+18VHXQFXDUWRIUDVFRFRPR
WHVWLJR FRQ PO GH 1D2+ 1 VLQ VHPLOODV &LHUUH ORV UHFLSLHQWHV
KHUPpWLFDPHQWHHLQFXEHHQHVWXIDD•&GXUDQWHXQDKRUD
7RPHXQDVPXHVWUDGHVHPLOODVGHFDGDWUDWDPLHQWRSpVHODV\FROyTXHODVHQ
HVWXID GH VHFDGR D •& KDVWD SHVR FRQVWDQWH UHTXLHUH GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH KV8QDYH]VHFDVSpVHODVQXHYDPHQWH
7UDVFXUULGRHOWLHPSRGH LQFXEDFLyQ UHWLUH ORV IUDVFRV GH OD HVWXID GHVFDUWH
ODV VHPLOODV \ DGLFLRQH PO GH %D&O DO 2EVHUYDUi OD IRUPDFLyQ GH XQ
SUHFLSLWDGREODQTXHFLQRFRPSDUHVXHVSHVRUHQFDGDXQRGHORVWUDWDPLHQWRV
7LWXOH HO 1D2+ GH FDGD IUDVFR FRQ +&O 1 XVDQGR IHQROIWDOHLQD FRPR
LQGLFDGRU5HJLVWUHORVPOGH+&OUHTXHULGRVSDUDTXHHOLQGLFDGRUYLUHGHFRORUDFLyQ
YLROHWDDLQFRORUR
&DOFXOHORVPJGH&2 UHVSLUDGRVH[SUHViQGRORVFRPRPJ&2J36K
GH
&iWHGUDGH%LRORJtD)DFXOWDGGH$JURQRPtD\$JURLQGXVWULDV816(
&XHVWLRQDULR
˜4Xp HV HO SUHFLSLWDGR EODQTXHFLQR TXH VH IRUPD" ˜3RU TXp HO HVSHVRU GHO
SUHFLSLWDGRHVGLIHUHQWHHQFDGDWUDWDPLHQWR"
˜$TXpVHGHEHHOSUHFLSLWDGREODQTXHFLQRREVHUYDGRHQHOWHVWLJR"
˜&XiOHVODIXQFLyQGHO1D2+"(VFULEDODUHDFFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
˜&XiOHVODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODUHVSLUDFLyQ\FXiOVXUHODFLyQFRQODJHUPLQDFLyQ"
˜&XiOHVVRQODVSRVLEOHVIXHQWHVGHHUURUHQHOPpWRGRHPSOHDGR"
3URSRQJDRWURPpWRGRSDUDFXDQWLILFDUODUHVSLUDFLyQHQVHPLOODV
'LVFXWDFRQVXVFRPSDxHURVODVVLJXLHQWHVVLWXDFLRQHVSUREOHPiWLFDV
(Q FpOXODV GH XQ WHMLGR HVSHFLDOL]DGR FRQRFLGR FRPR JUDVD SDUGD OD
PHPEUDQD LQWHUQDPLWRFRQGULDOHVSHUPHDEOHD+(VWDVFpOXODVFRQWLHQHQJUDQGHV
GHSyVLWRV GH PROpFXODV JUDVDV TXH VH GHJUDGDQ JUDGXDOPHQWH \ FX\RV JUXSRV
DFHWLORUHVXOWDQWHVSDVDQDOFLFORGH.UHEV/RVHOHFWURQHVFDSWXUDGRVSRUHO1$'+
\ )$'+ D VX YH] DOLPHQWDQ D OD FDGHQD GH WUDQVSRUWH GHHOHFWURQHV \ VRQ
ILQDOPHQWH DFHSWDGRV SRU HO 2 6LQ HPEDUJR QR VH VLQWHWL]D $73 ˜3RU TXp QR"
(VWH WHMLGR H[LVWH HQ DOJXQRV DQLPDOHV TXH KLEHUQDQ ˜TXp IXQFLyQ FXPSOLUtD"
˜0HGLDQWHTXHSURFHVRVHSURGXFLUiQORVJUXSRVDFHWLORV"
(QXQDH[SHULHQFLDVHPLGLyODWDVDUHVSLUDWRULDHQVHPLOODVGHFHEDGDVHFDVR
JHUPLQDGDV D •& \ •& UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH /RV UHVXOWDGRV VH GHWDOODQ HQ OD
VLJXLHQWHWDEOD
7LHPSRPLQXWRV
6HFDV
*HUPLQDGDVD•&
6HFDV
*HUPLQDGDVD•&
,QWHUSUHWHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRV˜4XpUHODFLyQFRQVLGHUD8GTXHH[LVWHHQWUHOD
UHVSLUDFLyQ\ODJHUPLQDFLyQGHODVVHPLOODV"
(O WUHPDWRO HV XQ FRPSXHVWR Wy[LFR SUHVHQWH HQ ODV KRMDV GH XQD HVSHFLH
YHJHWDO (O JDQDGR TXH VH DOLPHQWD GH HVWDV SODQWDV FRQFHQWUD HO YHQHQR HQ OD
OHFKHeVWHYHQHQRLQKLEHHQHOKtJDGRDODVHQ]LPDVTXHFRQYLHUWHQHOiFLGROiFWLFR
HQ RWURV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO PHWDEROLVPR /RV VtQWRPDV GH OD LQWR[LFDFLyQ VH
LQFUHPHQWDQFRQHODXPHQWRGHODDFWLYLGDGItVLFD˜DTXpDWULEX\HpVWHHIHFWR"3RU
RWUD SDUWH VH KD GHPRVWUDGR TXH OD LQWR[LFDFLyQ HV DFRPSDxDGD SRU XQD
GLVPLQXFLyQHQHOS+GHODVDQJUH˜SRUTXp"
(Q XQ SUiFWLFR GH ODERUDWRULR ORV HVWXGLDQWHV REWLHQHQ PHGLDQWH
IUDFFLRQDPLHQWR VXEFHOXODU XQD VXVSHQVLyQ GH PLWRFRQGULDV GH SOiQWXODV GH
FHEDGD&XDQGRDMXVWDQ HOS+GHO PHGLR HQ HO RUGHQ GH XQLGDGHV GHWHFWDQ XQD
LPSRUWDQWHSURGXFFLyQGH$73-XVWLILTXHHVWHUHVXOWDGR
(OELRTXtPLFRIUDQFpV/XLV3DVWHXUGHVFULELyXQIHQyPHQRPX\SDUWLFXODUHQHO
SURFHVR GH HODERUDFLyQ GHO YLQR DFWXDOPHQWH FRQRFLGR FRPR ¦HIHFWR 3DVWHXU§
2EVHUYyTXHHQORVWRQHOHVVHOODGRVTXHFRQWHQtDQHOMXJRGHXYDV\ODVOHYDGXUDV
ORV D]~FDUHV VH FRQVXPtDQ PX\ OHQWDPHQWH PLHQWUDV HO R[tJHQR HVWDED SUHVHQWH
GH
&iWHGUDGH%LRORJtD)DFXOWDGGH$JURQRPtD\$JURLQGXVWULDV816(
&XDQGRHOR[tJHQRVHDJRWDEDODVOHYDGXUDVFRQVXPtDQUiSLGDPHQWHORVD]~FDUHV
\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHWDQROVHLQFUHPHQWDED'LVFXWDHVWDREVHUYDFLyQ
%LEOLRJUDItDUHFRPHQGDGD
&DPSEHOO1%LRORJ\ WD(GLFLyQ/RQJPDQ,QF
&XUWLV+%LRORJtDWD(GLFLyQ(GLWRULDO0pGLFD3DQDPHULFDQD
7DL]/\=HLJHU(3ODQW3K\VLRORJ\7KH%HQMDPLQ&XPPLQJV3XEOLVKLQJ
&RPSDQ\,QF
5HFXUVRVGH,QWHUQHW
(Q OD VLJXLHQWH SiJLQD HQFRQWUDUi XQD VtQWHVLV GHO WHPD HQ FDVWHOODQR \
DQLPDFLRQHVLQWHUHVDQWHV
KWWSZZZDUUDNLVHVaOOXHQJRELRORJLDKWPO
GH