02-Enlace químico

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5(62/8&,Ï1'(&8(67,21(6
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&RPHQWHFDGDXQDGHODVIUDVHVVLJXLHQWHVLQGLFDQGRVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDV\
H[SOLTXHODVUD]RQHVHQODVTXHVHEDVD
D3DUDIXQGLUKLHORKDQGHURPSHUVHHQODFHVFRYDOHQWHV
E3DUDHYDSRUDUDJXDKD\TXHURPSHUHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQR
Solución
D)DOVRORVHQODFHVFRYDOHQWHVGHPROpFXODVIRUPDGDVSRUXQSHTXHxRQ~PHUR
GHiWRPRVQRVHURPSHQFXDQGRVHSDVDGHXQHVWDGRItVLFRDRWURFRPRRFXUUH
HQHVWHFDVRTXHVHSDVDGHVyOLGRDOtTXLGR(QHVWRVFDPELRVGHHVWDGRVyORVH
URPSHQHQODFHVLQWHUPROHFXODUHV
E&RUUHFWRHQHODJXDOtTXLGDH[LVWHQHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRHQWUHHOR[LJHQRGH
XQD PROpFXOD GH DJXD \ HO KLGUyJHQR GH RWUD PROpFXOD (O R[LJHQR HV PiV
HOHFWURQHJDWLYR TXH HO KLGUyJHQR SRU OR TXH HO HQODFH R[LJHQR KLGUyJHQR HVWi
SRODUL]DGR HO SROR QHJDWLYR HVWDUi VREUH HO R[LJHQR \ HO SRVLWLYR VREUH HO
KLGUyJHQRSRUORTXHVHHVWDEOHFHUiXQHQODFHGHKLGUyJHQRHQWUHGRVPROpFXODV
GHDJXDSUy[LPDV
&XHVWLyQ
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3DUD ODV HVSHFLHV TXtPLFDV \RGR PHWDQR FORUXUR GH SRWDVLR FORUXUR GH
KLGUyJHQRPHUFXULR\DPRQtDFRLQGLTXHGHIRUPDUD]RQDGD
D/DVTXHSRVHHQHQODFHFRYDOHQWH
E 'H HQWUH ODV GHO DSDUWDGR D ODV TXH VRQ SRODUHV WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD VX
JHRPHWUtD
Solución:
D(QODFHFRYDOHQWH,&+1++&O
(Q WRGRV ORV FDVRV ODV PROpFXODV HVWiQ IRUPDGDV SRU iWRPRV TXH FRPSDUWHQ XQ
SDUGHHOHFWURQHVHQFDGDHQODFHSDUDFRPSOHWDUVXFDSDGHYDOHQFLD
E3RODUHV+&O1+
(O HQODFH +&O HVWi SRODUL]DGR \ FRPR OD JHRPHWUtD GH OD PROpFXOD HV OLQHDO OD
PROpFXODWHQGUiXQPRPHQWRGLSRODU
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
(Q HO DPRQLDFR ORV HQODFHV 1+ HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV FRQ OD FDUJD SDUFLDO SRVLWLYD
VREUHHOKLGUyJHQR\ODQHJDWLYDVREUHHOQLWUyJHQR\FRPRODPROpFXODWLHQHXQD
JHRPHWUtD GH SLUiPLGH GH EDVH WULDQJXODU KDEUi XQ PRPHQWR GLSRODU
SHUPDQHQWH
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVWHWUDFORUXURGHFDUERQR\DPRQtDFR
D ,QGLTXH OD JHRPHWUtD GH ODV PROpFXODV XWLOL]DQGR SDUD HOOR HO PRGHOR GH
UHSXOVLyQGHORVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGHODFDSDGHYDOHQFLD
E,QGLTXHODKLEULGDFLyQGHOiWRPRFHQWUDO
F-XVWLILTXHODSRODULGDGGHODVPLVPDV
Solución
D &&O (O iWRPR FHQWUDO HV HO FDUERQR TXH DSRUWD VXV FXDWUR HOHFWURQHV GH
YDOHQFLD VS \ FDGD FORUR VyOR FRQWULEX\H FRQ XQR Ċ HO FDUERQR
HVWi URGHDGR GH RFKR HOHFWURQHV HV GHFLU FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV ORV
FXDOHVSDUDTXHODVUHSXOVLRQHVVHDQPtQLPDVVHGLULJHQGHVGHHOFHQWURGHXQ
WHWUDHGURKDFLDORVYpUWLFHVGHOPLVPRFRPRORVFXDWURSDUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRVOD
JHRPHWUtDUHVXOWDQWHHVWHWUDpGULFD
1+(OQLWUyJHQRTXHHVHOiWRPRFHQWUDODSRUWDVXVFLQFRHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLD
VSFDGDKLGUyJHQRDSRUWDXQRSRUORTXHHOQ~PHURWRWDOGHHOHFWURQHVTXH
URGHDQLWUyJHQRVHUiĊ HOHFWURQHVRVHDHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHV
GHHOHFWURQHVGHORVTXHWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\XQRQRFRPSDUWLGRODJHRPHWUtD
UHVXOWDQWHVHUiSLUiPLGHGHEDVHWULDQJXODU
E(O&DUERQR\HOQLWUyJHQRWLHQHQKLEULGDFLyQVS
F (O HQODFH FDUERQRFORUR HVWi SRODUL]DGR SHUR SRU OD JHRPHWUtD OD VXPD GH
WRGRVORVGLSRORVGDFHURSRUORTXHODPROpFXODHVDSRODU/RVHQODFHV1+HQ
HO DPRQLDFR HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV \ QR VH DQXODQ SRU OR TXH VHUi XQD PROpFXOD
SRODU
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D,QGLTXHHOWLSRGHHQODFHTXHSUHGRPLQDLyQLFRFRYDOHQWHRPHWiOLFRHQODV
VLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVFREUHWULFORUXURGHERURDJXDIOXRUXURGHFHVLR\
GLIOXRUXURGHEHULOLR
E (Q HO FDVR TXH SUHGRPLQH HO HQODFH FRYDOHQWH MXVWLILTXH OD JHRPHWUtD \ OD
SRODULGDGGHODVPROpFXODV
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
Solución
D&REUHHQODFHPHWiOLFR
%&O(QODFHFRYDOHQWH
+2(QODFHFRYDOHQWH
&V)(QODFHLyQLFR
%H)(QODFHFRYDOHQWH
E %&O (O iWRPR FHQWUDO HV HO ERUR TXH FRQWULEX\H FRQ VXV WUHV HOHFWURQHV GH
YDOHQFLD VS \ FDGD FORUR DSRUWD XQR Ċ HOHFWURQHV WUHV SDUHV HO
ERURHVWiURGHDGRGHWUHVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVTXHVRQFRPSDUWLGRVSRUORVWUHV
iWRPRVGHFORURSRUORTXHODJHRPHWUtDHVWULDQJXODUSODQD
+2(OR[LJHQRDSRUWDVXVVHLVHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\FDGDKLGUyJHQR
DSRUWD XQR SRU OR TXH HO Q~PHUR WRWDO GH HOHFWURQHV TXH URGHD DO iWRPR
FHQWUDOHVĊ HVGHFLUHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGH
ORVFXDOHVVyORGRVVRQFRPSDUWLGRVSRUORTXHODPROpFXODVHUiDQJXODU
%H)(OEHULOLRFRQWULEX\HFRQVXVGRVHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDV\FDGD IO~RU
DSRUWD HO HOHFWUyQ VS GHVDSDUHDGR Ċ HOHFWURQHV SRU OR TXH HO
EHULOLRHVWiURGHDGRGHGRVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVFRPRORVGRVHVWiQFRPSDUWLGRV
ODJHRPHWUtDVHUiOLQHDO
/D PROpFXOD %&O DXQTXH VXV HQODFHV HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV SRU VX JHRPHWUtD OD
VXPDGHORVWUHVGLSRORVGHORVHQODFHVVHDQXODQ\HVDSRODU
/DPROpFXODGHDJXDHVDQJXODU\ORVHQODFHV2+HVWiQSRODUL]DGRVSRUORTXH
VHUiXQDPROpFXODSRODU
$XQTXHORVHQODFHV%H)HVWiQSRODUL]DGRVDOVHUODPROpFXODOLQHDOORVGLSRORV
VHDQXODQ\ODPROpFXODVHUiDSRODU
&XHVWLyQ
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&RPHQWHFDGDXQDGHODVIUDVHVVLJXLHQWHVLQGLFDQGRVLSXHGHQVHUYHUGDGHUDVR
QR\H[SOLTXHODVUD]RQHVHQODVTXHVHEDVD
D(ODJXDHVXQFRPSXHVWRFRYDOHQWHDSRODU
E(ODJXDHVXQEXHQGLVROYHQWHGHVXVWDQFLDVLyQLFDV
Solución
D)DOVR /DPROpFXODGHDJXDHVDQJXODU\ORVHQODFHV2+HVWiQSRODUL]DGRV
SRUORTXHVHUiXQDPROpFXODSRODU
E9HUGDGHUR$OVHUSRODUODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDVHRULHQWDQFRQORVGLSRORVGH
IRUPD TXH OD SDUWH SRVLWLYD GHO DJXD VH RULHQWD KDFLD ORV LRQHV QHJDWLYRV \ OD
SDUWH QHJDWLYD GHO GLSROR GHO DJXD KDFLD ORV LRQHV SRVLWLYRV GHVSUHQGLHQGR OD
HQHUJtDVXILFLHQWHSDUDURPSHUODUHGLyQLFD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
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D(VFULEHODVFRQILJXUDFLRQHVHOHFWUyQLFDVGHORViWRPRV;= <= E-XVWLILTXHHOWLSRGHHQODFHTXHVHIRUPDUiFXDQGRVHFRPELQHQ;<R<<
F-XVWLILTXHVLODVGRVHVSHFLHVIRUPDGDVHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUVHUiQVROXEOHV
Solución
= VVSVS
D= VVSVSV
E;<6HWUDWDGHXQHOHPHQWRGHOJUXSRGHEDMRSRWHQFLDOGHLRQL]DFLyQFRQ
RWUR GHO JUXSR GH JUDQ DILQLGDG HOHFWUyQLFD SRU OR TXH IRUPDUiQ XQ
FRPSXHVWRFRQHQODFHLyQLFR
<< 6RQ GRV iWRPRV GHO PLVPR HOHPHQWR TXH SHUWHQHFHQ DO JUXSR \ SDUD
DOFDQ]DU OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH FRPSDUWHQ XQ SDU GH HOHFWURQHV SRU OR
TXHVXHQODFHVHUiFRYDOHQWH
F /D HVSHFLH ;< DO VHU LyQLFD VHUi VROXEOH HQ DJXD OD ;; DO WHQHU HQODFH
FRYDOHQWHVHUiSRFRVROXEOHHQDJXD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
&DOFXOHODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODUGHOFORUXURGHVRGLRVDELHQGR
(QWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQ1D&O N-PRO
(QHUJtDGHVXEOLPDFLyQGHOVRGLR N-PRO
3RWHQFLDOGHLRQL]DFLyQGHOVRGLR N-PRO
(QHUJtDGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOFORUR N-PRO
$ILQLGDGHOHFWUyQLFDGHOFORUR N-PRO
Solución: se aplica el mismo ciclo termodinámico anterior
0
¨ H f 6,ò'(8
0
8 ¨ H f ²6,ò'( N-PRO²>òĊ@N-PRO ņ N-PRO
&XHVWLyQ
D 5HSUHVHQWH VHJ~Q OD WHRUtD GH /HZLV ODV PROpFXODV GH HWDQR &+ HWHQR
&+\HWLQR&+&RPHQWHODVGLIHUHQFLDVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYDVTXHHQFXHQWUH
E4XpWLSRGHKLEULGDFLyQSUHVHQWDHOFDUERQRHQFDGDXQDGHODVPROpFXODV
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
Solución
D (WDQR &+ HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD & Ċ + Ċ SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHV
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
(WHQR &+ (OHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD & Ċ + Ċ SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHV
H
H
C
C
H
H
(WLQR&+(OHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLD &Ċ+Ċ SDUHV
H
C
C
H
/DV GLIHUHQFLDV PiV VLJQLILFDWLYDV VRQ TXH HQ HO HWDQR ORV GRV FDUERQRV
DGTXLHUHQ OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH FRPSDUWLHQGR XQ SDU GH HOHFWURQHV
HQWUHORVGRViWRPRVGHFDUERQRPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOHWHQR\HWLQRSDUDFRQVHJXLU
HVD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH HV QHFHVDULR TXH FRPSDUWDQ GRV SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHVRWUHVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
E (Q HO &+ HO FDUERQR SUHVHQWD KLEULGDFLyQ VS HQ HO &+ HO FDUERQR SRVHH
KLEULGDFLyQVS\HQHO&+VS
&XHVWLyQ
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'DGDODJUiILFDDGMXQWDMXVWLILTXH
D(OWLSRGHHQODFHGHQWURGHFDGDFRPSXHVWR
E/DYDULDFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQ
F6LWRGDVODVPROpFXODVWLHQHQXQDJHRPHWUtDDQJXODU¢&XiOVHUiODPiVSRODU"
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución
D(QWRGRVORVFRPSXHVWRVHOHQODFHHVFRYDOHQWH\DTXHWRGRVHVWiQIRUPDGRV
SRU HOHPHQWRV TXH WLHQGHQ D FRPSOHWDU VX FDSD GH YDOHQFLD FRPSDUWLHQGR
HOHFWURQHV
E (ODJXDHVODTXHWLHQHHOSXQWRGH IXVLyQPiVDOWRSRUSUHVHQWDUHQODFHGH
KLGUyJHQR \D TXH HQ ODV GHPiV HVSHFLHV HO HQODFH LQWHUPROHFXODU SUHVHQWH HV
GHELGRDODVIXHU]DVGH9DQGHU:DDOVTXHDXPHQWDQFRQHOWDPDxR
F /D PiV SRODU VHUi OD PROpFXOD GH DJXD HV GRQGH OD GLIHUHQFLD GH
HOHFWURQHJDWLYLGDG HQWUH HO KLGUyJHQR \ HO R[LJHQR HV PD\RU \ SRU OR WDQWR ORV
HQODFHVHVWDUiQPiVSRODUL]DGRV\HOPRPHQWRGLSRODUUHVXOWDQWHVHUiPD\RU
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDVODVHQHUJtDVUHWLFXODUHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVVXVWDQFLDV
8N-PRO
1D)
1D&O
1D%U
5D]RQHFyPRYDUtDQ
D6XVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQ
E6XGXUH]D
F6XVROXELOLGDGHQDJXD
Solución
D 3DUD IXQGLU XQ FRPSXHVWR LyQLFR HV QHFHVDULR URPSHU ORV HQODFHV LyQLFRV \
FXDQWRPiVIXHUWHVHDHOHQODFHPD\RUVHUiODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODUHORUGHQVHUi
1D)!1D&O!1D%U
E 3DUD UD\DU XQ FRPSXHVWR LyQLFR HV QHFHVDULR WDPELpQ URPSHU HO HQODFH
LyQLFR\HORUGHQVHUiHOPLVPRTXHHODQWHULRU1D)!1D&O!1D%U
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
F3DUDGLVROYHUXQFRPSXHVWRFRQHQODFHLyQLFRHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHOPLVPRD
OR TXH VH RSRQH OD HQHUJtD UHWLFXODU \ HO RUGHQ VHUi LQYHUVR DO DQWHULRU
1D)1D&O1D%U
&XHVWLyQ
-XVWLILTXHODYHUDFLGDGGHODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D(ODJXDSXUDHVPDODFRQGXFWRUDGHODHOHFWULFLGDG
E(OFORUXURGHVRGLRHQHVWDGRVyOLGRFRQGXFHODHOHFWULFLGDG
F/DGLVROXFLyQIRUPDGDSRUFORUXURGHVRGLRHQDJXDFRQGXFHODHOHFWULFLGDG
Solución
D 9HUGDGHUR OD PROpFXOD GH DJXD WLHQH HQODFH FRYDOHQWH \ FRQGXFH PDO OD
FRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD
E )DOVR HQ HVWDGR VyOLGR ORV FRPSXHVWRV LyQLFRV QR FRQGXFHQ OD FRUULHQWH
HOpFWULFDSRUQRWHQHUORVLRQHVPRYLOLGDG
F9HUGDGHURFXDQGRXQFRPSXHVWRLyQLFRHVWiGLVXHOWRVHVHSDUDHQVXVLRQHV
VROYDWDGRVURGHDGRVGHPROpFXODVGHDJXD\pVWRVVHSXHGHQPRYHUFXDQGRVRQ
VRPHWLGRVDXQFDPSRHOpFWULFR
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVPROHFXODUHV3)\6L)
D 'HWHUPLQH VX JHRPHWUtD PHGLDQWH OD 7HRUtD GH 5HSXOVLyQ GH 3DUHV GH
(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
E5D]RQHVLORVHQODFHVVHUiQSRODUHV
F5D]RQHVLODVPROpFXODVSUHVHQWDUiQPRPHQWRGLSRODU
Solución
D(QHO3)HOIyVIRURDSRUWDORVFLQFRHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\ORVIO~RU
FRQWULEX\HQFRQXQRFDGDXQR3Ċ) HOHFWURQHVHOIyVIRURTXHHVHO
iWRPR FHQWUDO HVWi URGHDGR GH RFKR HOHFWURQHV HV GHFLU FXDWUR SDUHV GH ORV
FXDOHVWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\XQRQRFRPSDUWLGRSRUORTXHODJHRPHWUtDVHUi
GHSLUiPLGHGHEDVHWULDQJXODU
(Q HO 6L) HO VLOLFLR DSRUWD HOHFWURQHV \ ORV IO~RU XQR FDGD XQR SRU OR TXH HO
VLOLFLR HVWi URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV \ OD JHRPHWUtD VHUi
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
WHWUDpGULFD
E (Q ORV GRV FDVRV ORV HQODFHV VHUiQ SRODUHV \D TXH HO IO~RU HV PiV
HOHFWURQHJDWLYRTXHHOIyVIRURRHOVLOLFLR
F 6L) DXQTXH ORV HQODFHV HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV DO WHQHU VLPHWUtD WHWUDpGULFD HO
PRPHQWRGLSRODUUHVXOWDQWHHVFHUR
3)ORVHQODFHVHVWiQSRODUL]DGRV\QRVHDQXODQSRUORTXHVHUiSRODU
&XHVWLyQ
/RViWRPRV$%&\'FRUUHVSRQGHQDHOHPHQWRVGHOPLVPRSHUtRGR\WLHQHQ
\ HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 5HVSRQGD UD]RQDGDPHQWH D ODV
VLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHV
D¢4XpIyUPXODVWHQGUiQORVFRPSXHVWRVIRUPDGRVSRU$\'\SRU%\'"
E¢(OFRPSXHVWRIRUPDGRSRU%\'VHUiLyQLFRRFRYDOHQWH"
F¢4XpHOHPHQWRWLHQHODHQHUJtDGHLRQL]DFLyQPiVDOWD\FXiOPiVEDMD"
Solución
a)FRQILJXUDFLRQHVHOHFWUyQLFDV
$QV
%QVS
&QVS
'QVS
$'FDGDiWRPRGH$FHGHXQHOHFWUyQD'SRUORTXH$TXHGDFDUJDGRFRQFDUJD
SRVLWLYD\'FRQFDUJDQHJDWLYD'HHVWDIRUPDWRGRVORViWRPRVDGTXLHUHQOD
FRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOH\HOHQODFHVHUiLyQLFR
%' FDGD iWRPR GH $ FRPSDUWH XQ SDU GH HOHFWURQHV FRQ ' IRUPDQGR WUHV
HQODFHV FRYDOHQWHV \ DGTXLULHQGR WRGRV ORV iWRPRV OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV
QREOH
E6HKDUHVSRQGLGRHQHODSDUWDGDQWHULRU
F (O GH PD\RU HQHUJtD GH LRQL]DFLyQ GHEH VHU HO ' \D TXH HV HO TXH WHQGUi
PD\RUFDUJDQXFOHDU\PHQRUWDPDxRSRUWHQHUVLHWHHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDSRU
WDOPRWLYRORVHOHFWURQHVHVWDUiQPiVIXHUWHPHQWHDWUDtGRV
(OGHPHQRUHQHUJtDGHLRQL]DFLyQVHUiHO$\DTXHWHQGUiPHQRUFDUJDQXFOHDU
\HOHOHFWUyQHVWDUiPHQRVDWUDtGRSRUHOQ~FOHR\VHQHFHVLWDUiPHQRVHQHUJtD
SDUDTXLWDUOR
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'HVFULEDHOWLSRGHIXHU]DVTXHKD\TXHYHQFHUSDUDOOHYDUDFDERORVVLJXLHQWHV
SURFHVRV
D)XQGLUKLHOR
E+HUYLUEURPR%U
F)XQGLUFORUXURGHVRGLR
Solución
D3DUDIXQGLUKLHORKD\TXHURPSHUORVHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRTXHH[LVWHQHQWUH
ODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDDGHPiVGHODVIXHU]DVGH9DQGHU:DDOV
E3DUDKHUYLU%UKD\TXHURPSHUIXHU]DVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVGHGH9DQGHU:DDOV
F3DUDIXQGLUFORUXURGHVRGLRKD\TXHURPSHUHOHQODFHLyQLFRKD\TXHYHQFHU
ODVIXHU]DVGHDWUDFFLyQHOHFWURVWiWLFDVHQWUHLRQHVGHGLVWLQWRVLJQR
&XHVWLyQ
([SOLTXHGHVGH HO SXQWRGHYLVWDGHODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVPROHFXODUHVORVVLJXLHQWHV
KHFKRV
D(OHWDQRWLHQHXQSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQPiVDOWRTXHHOPHWDQR
E(OHWDQROWLHQHXQSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQPiVDOWRTXHHOHWDQR
Solución
a)(QDPERVFRPSXHVWRVH[LVWHQIXHU]DVGHGLVSHUVLyQGH/RQGRQTXHDXPHQWDQ
FRQ OD PDVD \ FRQ OD ORQJLWXG GH OD FDGHQD SRU OR TXH HO HWDQR WHQGUi PD\RU
SXQWRGHIXVLyQTXHHOPHWDQR
E (O HWDQRO SRVHH HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR \ DGHPiV GH ODV GH 9DQ GHU :DDOV
PLHQWUDV TXH HO HWDQR VyOR SRVHH HQODFH SRU IXHU]DV GH GLVSHUVLyQ GH /RQGRQ
)XHU]DVGH9DQGHU:DDOV
&XHVWLyQ
D5HSUHVHQWHODHVWUXFWXUDGHOWULIOXRUXURGHIyVIRURVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH/HZLV
E ,QGLTXH FXiO VHUi VX JHRPHWUtD VHJ~Q OD 7HRUtD GH 5HSXOVLyQ GH 3DUHV GH
(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
F ¢3RGUi WHQHU HO IyVIRUR XQD FRYDOHQFLD VXSHULRU D OD SUHVHQWDGD HQ HO
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
WULIOXRUXURGHIyVIRUR"5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD
Solución
P
:
:
:
:F
F:
:
:
a)
:
: F:
E(O3HVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGHHOORVWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV
\ XQR QR FRPSDUWLGR SRU OR TXH VX JHRPHWUtD VHUi GH SLUiPLGH GH EDVH
WULDQJXODU
F6LSRUTXHHOIyVIRURHVWiHQHOWHUFHUSHULRGR\SRVHHRUELWDOHVGHQODFDSDGH
YDOHQFLDSRUORTXHSXHGHDOEHUJDUPiVGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
/DWDEODTXHVLJXHFRUUHVSRQGHDORVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQGHGLVWLQWRVVyOLGRVLyQLFRV
&RPSXHVWR
1D) 1D&O 1D%U 1D,
3XQWRGHIXVLyQž&
&RQVLGHUDQGRORVYDORUHVDQWHULRUHVD,QGLTXHFyPRYDULDUiODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODU
HQHVWHJUXSRGHFRPSXHVWRVE5D]RQHFXiOHVODFDXVDGHHVDYDULDFLyQ
Solución
D/DHQHUJtDUHWLFXODUYDUtD1D)!1D&O!1D%U!1D,
E3DUDIXQGLUXQFRPSXHVWRFRQHQODFHLyQLFRHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHVHHQODFH\
SRU OR WDQWR HO GH PD\RU SXQWR GH IXVLyQ WHQGUi WDPELpQ PD\RU HQHUJtD GH
HQODFH OD HQHUJtD UHWLFXODU HV GLUHFWDPHQWH SURSRUFLRQDO D OD FDUJD H
LQYHUVDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDODODGLVWDQFLD(QHVWDVHULHWRGRVORVLRQHVWLHQHQOD
PLVPD FDUJD SHUR HO UDGLR GH ORV DQLRQHV YD DXPHQWDQGR DO LU EDMDQGR HQ HO
JUXSROXHJRHQHVHVHQWLGRGHEHGLVPLQXLUODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODU
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D(VFULEDODHVWUXFWXUDGH/HZLVSDUDODVPROpFXODV1)\&)
E'LEXMHODJHRPHWUtDGHFDGDPROpFXODVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH5HSXOVLyQGH3DUHVGH
(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
F &RQVLGHUDQGR ODV JHRPHWUtDV PROHFXODUHV UD]RQH DFHUFD GH OD SRODULGDG GH
DPEDVPROpFXODV
'DWRV1~PHURVDWyPLFRV& 1 ) Solución
:
:F :
a)
: :
:
:
:
:
:
: :
:F
N
F : :F C F :
:F :
: F:
E(QHO1)HOQLWUyJHQRDSRUWDVXVFLQFRHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\FDGD
IO~RUDSRUWDHOQ~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVTXHURGHDDOiWRPRFHQWUDOHV1Ċ
) HOHFWURQHV HV GHFLU HO QLWUyJHQR HVWi URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHV GH ORV TXH WUHV VRQ FRPSDUWLGRV \ XQR QR FRPSDUWLGR SRU OR TXH
WHQGUiXQDJHRPHWUtDGHSLUiPLGHWULDQJXODU
ņ
N
F
F
F
(QHO&)HOFDUERQRFRQWULEX\HFRQVXVFXDWURHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\
ORVIO~RUDSRUWDQXQRFDGDXQRGHHOORVHOFDUERQRHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHV
GHHOHFWURQHV\WRGRVVRQFRPSDUWLGRVSRUORTXHVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiWHWUDpGULFD
:
:
F
C
F
F
F
F (Q DPEDV PROpFXODV HO HQODFH HQWUH HO IO~RU \ HO RWUR iWRPR FDUERQR R
QLWUyJHQR HVWi SRODUL]DGR SHUR GHELGR D ODV JHRPHWUtDV HQ HO WHWUDIOXRUXUR GH
FDUERQRVHDQXODQ\HOPRPHQWRGLSRODUHVFHUR(QHOWULIOXRUXURGHQLWUyJHQR
QRVHDQXODQ\ODPROpFXODVHUiSRODU
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
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D (VFULED ODV HVWUXFWXUDV GH /HZLV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV PROpFXODV GH HWDQR
&+&+\HWHQR&+ &+
E([SOLTXHTXpWLSRGHKLEULGDFLyQWLHQHHOFDUERQRHQFDGDFRPSXHVWR
Solución
D
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
E(QHO&+&+ORVGRVFDUERQRVWLHQHQKLEULGDFLyQVS
(QHO&+ &+ORVGRVFDUERQRVWLHQHQKLEULGDFLyQVS
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDV+6\3+
D5HSUHVpQWHODVPHGLDQWHGLDJUDPDVGH/HZLV
E3UHGLJDODJHRPHWUtDGHODVHVSHFLHVDQWHULRUHVVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH5HSXOVLyQGH
3DUHVGH(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
F,QGLTXHODKLEULGDFLyQTXHSUHVHQWDHOiWRPRFHQWUDOHQFDGDHVSHFLH
:
: :
Solución
H
D
H S
H H P
H
E (Q +6 (O 6 DSRUWD VXV VHLV HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD VS \ FDGD KLGUyJHQR
DSRUWDXQRSRUORTXHHOD]XIUHHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGH
ORVTXHGRVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\GRVVLQFRPSDUWLUVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiDQJXODU
(Q 3+ HO 3 FRQWULEX\H FRQ FLQFR HOHFWURQHV VS \ FDGD KLGUyJHQR DSRUWD
XQR SRUORTXHHOiWRPRFHQWUDOHOIyVIRURHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGH
HOHFWURQHVGHORVTXHWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\XQRQRFRPSDUWLGRSRUORTXHVX
JHRPHWUtDVHUiGHSLUiPLGHWULJRQDO
F(QDPERVFDVRVODKLEULGDFLyQGHORViWRPRVFHQWUDOHV6\3HVVS
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
,QGLTXH HO WLSR GH KLEULGDFLyQ TXH SUHVHQWD FDGD XQR GH ORV iWRPRV GH FDUERQR
HQODVVLJXLHQWHVPROpFXODV
D&+&Ł&&+
E&+&+ &+&+
F&+&+&+&+
Solución
D&&+VS&&Ł&VS
E&&+VS&&+ &+VS&&+VS
F7RGRVORVFDUERQRVWLHQHQKLEULGDFLyQVS
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
&XDWUR HOHPHQWRV VH GHVLJQDQ DUELWUDULDPHQWH FRPR $ % & \ ' 6XV
HOHFWURQHJDWLYLGDGHVVHPXHVWUDQHQODWDEODVLJXLHQWH
(OHPHQWR
$ % & '
(OHFWURQHJDWLYLGDG 6LVHIRUPDQODVPROpFXODV$%$&$'\%'
D &ODVLItTXHODV HQ RUGHQ FUHFLHQWH SRU VX FDUiFWHU FRYDOHQWH -XVWLILTXH OD
UHVSXHVWD
E¢&XiOVHUiODPROpFXODPiVSRODU"-XVWLILTXHODUHVSXHVWD
Solución
a)$'%'$&$%
&XDQWDPHQRVGLIHUHQFLDGHHOHFWURQHJDWLYLGDGKD\DHQWUHORVGRViWRPRVPiV
FDUiFWHUFRYDOHQWHWHQGUiHOFRPSXHVWR
E (Q HVWH FDVR VHUi DO FRQWUDULR HO FRPSXHVWR TXH SRVHD PD\RU GLIHUHQFLD GH
HOHFWURQHJDWLYLGDGVHUiHOPiVSRODU$'
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
(QIXQFLyQGHOWLSRGHHQODFHH[SOLTXHSRUTXp
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
D(O1+WLHQHXQSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQPiVDOWRTXHHO&+
E(O.&OWLHQHXQSXQWRGHIXVLyQPD\RUTXHHO&O
F(O&+HVLQVROXEOHHQDJXD\HO.&OHVVROXEOH
Solución
D /DV PROpFXODV GH DPRQLDFR IRUPDQ HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR HQWUH Vt \ ODV
PROpFXODVGHPHWDQRVyORIRUPDQHQODFHVGHWLSRGH9DQGHU:DDOV
E3DUDIXQGLU.&OHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHOHQODFHLyQLFRTXHHVPiVIXHUWHTXHHO
HQODFHSRUIXHU]DVGH:DDOVTXHHVHOTXHDFW~DHQWUHODVPROpFXODVGH&O
F(O&+HVXQDPROpFXODDSRODU\SRUORWDQWRLQVROXEOHHQGLVROYHQWHVSRODUHV
FRPR HO DJXD HQ FDPELR HO .&O HV XQ FRPSXHVWR LyQLFR TXH VH URPSHUi DO VHU
URGHDGRVORVLRQHVSRUORVGLSRORVGHODVPROpFXODVGHDJXD
&XHVWLyQ
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([SOLTXH HQ IXQFLyQ GHO WLSR GH HQODFH TXH SUHVHQWDQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV
DILUPDFLRQHV
D(OFORUXURGHVRGLRHVVROXEOHHQDJXD
E(OKLHUURHVFRQGXFWRUGHODHOHFWULFLGDG
F(OPHWDQRWLHQHEDMRSXQWRGHIXVLyQ
Solución
a)1D&OWLHQHHQODFHLyQLFR\ORVFRPSXHVWRVLyQLFRVVRQVROXEOHVHQDJXDSRUOD
LQWHUDFFLyQ TXH VH SURGXFH HQWUH ORV LRQHV GH OD UHG \ ORV GLSRORV GH ODV
PROpFXODVGHDJXD
E(OKLHUURWLHQHHQODFHPHWiOLFR\ORVHOHFWURQHVVHPXHYHQOLEUHPHQWHFXDQGR
VRQVRPHWLGRVDXQDGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDO
F (O PHWDQR WLHQH HQODFHV LQWHUPROHFXODUHV GH 9DQ GHU :DDOV HQWUH VXV
PROpFXODVFRPRHVXQDPROpFXODGHSHTXHxDPDVD\YROXPHQHVDVIXHU]DVVRQ
GpELOHV
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
D¢3RUTXpHO+\HO,QRVRQVROXEOHVHQDJXD\HO+,VtORHV"
E¢3RUTXpODPROpFXOD%)HVDSRODUDXQTXHVXVHQODFHVHVWpQSRODUL]DGRV"
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
Solución
D/DVGRVSULPHUDV,\+VHUiQPX\SRFRVROXEOHVHQDJXD\DTXHDPEDVVRQ
PROpFXODVDSRODUHV\SRUORWDQWRQRLQWHUDFFLRQDQFRQHODJXD
+,HVXQDPROpFXODFRYDOHQWHSRODU\UHDFFLRQDFRQHODJXD
+,+2ĺ+2, E%)ORVHQODFHV%)HVWiQSRODUL]DGRV\DTXHHOIO~RUHVPiVHOHFWURQHJDWLYR
TXHHOERURSHURDOWHQHUXQDJHRPHWUtDWULDQJXODUSODQDHOPRPHQWRGLSRODUHV
FHUR
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
-XVWLILTXHODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D$ƒ&\DWPHODJXDHVXQOtTXLGR\HOVXOIXURGHKLGUyJHQRHVXQJDV
E(OHWDQROHVVROXEOHHQDJXD\HOHWDQRQRORHV
F(QFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVHOIO~RU\HOFORURVRQJDVHVHOEURPRHVOtTXLGR\HO
\RGRHVVyOLGR
Solución
a) Entre las moléculas de agua se establecen enlaces de hidrógeno y en el sulfuro
de hidrógeno no.
b) El etanol forma enlaces de hidrógeno con el agua y es soluble, el metano es
apolar y por lo tanto muy poco soluble en agua.
c) Desde el flúor al yodo aumenta la masa y el volumen y en ese mismo sentido
aumentan las fuerzas intermoleculares de Van der Waals y ese aumento justifica
la variación en los puntos de fusión.
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
Razone la veracidad o falsedad de las siguientes afirmaciones:
a) Los metales son buenos conductores de la electricidad.
3
b) Todos los compuestos de carbono presentan hibridación sp .
c) Los compuestos iónicos conducen la corriente eléctrica en estado sólido.
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución
D9HUGDGHUR\DTXHORVHOHFWURQHVVHSXHGHQPRYHUOLEUHPHQWHDWUDYpVGHO
PHWDOFXDQGRVRQDWUDYHVDGRVSRUXQDFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD
E )DOVR SXHGHQ WHQHU KLEULGDFLyQ VS VS R VS GHSHQGLHQGR GHO WLSR GH
KLGURFDUEXUR
F)DOVR\DTXHHQODUHGORVLRQHVQRWLHQHQPRYLOLGDG
&XHVWLyQ
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'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDV+63+\&&OLQGLTXH
D/DHVWUXFWXUDGH/HZLVGHFDGDPROpFXOD
E /D JHRPHWUtD GH FDGD PROpFXOD VHJ~Q OD WHRUtD GH 5HSXOVLyQ GH 3DUHV GH
(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
F/DKLEULGDFLyQTXHSUHVHQWDHOiWRPRFHQWUDOGHFDGDXQDGHHOODV
6ROXFLyQ
D(QHO6+HOD]XIUHFRQWULEX\HFRQVXVVHLVHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS \
FDGDKLGUyJHQRDSRUWDXQHOHFWUyQSRUORTXHHOD]XIUHHVWDUiURGHDGRGHFXDWUR
SDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV
(Q HO 3+ HO IyVIRUR DSRUWD FLQFR HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD \ FDGD KLGUyJHQR XQR
SRUORTXHHOIyVIRURHVWDUiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV
(OFDUERQRDSRUWDVXVFXDWURHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\FDGDFORURDSRUWD
XQHOHFWUyQHOFDUERQRHVWDUiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV
E+6(OD]XIUHHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGHORVTXHGRVVRQ
FRPSDUWLGRV\GRVQRFRPSDUWLGRVVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiDQJXODU
3+ HO IyVIRUR HVWi URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV GH ORV TXH WUHV
FRPSDUWLGRV \ XQR QR FRPSDUWLGR OD JHRPHWUtD VHUi GH SLUiPLGH GH EDVH
WULDQJXODU
&&O HO FDUERQR HVWi URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV \ ORV FXDWUR VRQ
FRPSDUWLGRVSRUORTXHVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiWHWUDpGULFD
F7RGRVORViWRPRVFHQWUDOHV63\&WLHQHQKLEULGDFLyQVS
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
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$ SDUWLU GH ORV iWRPRV $ \ % FX\DV FRQILJXUDFLRQHV HOHFWUyQLFDV VRQ
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVVS\VVSVS
D([SOLTXHODSRVLEOHH[LVWHQFLDGHODVPROpFXODV$%$%$%
E-XVWLILTXHODJHRPHWUtDGHODPROpFXOD$%
F'LVFXWDODH[LVWHQFLDRQRGHPRPHQWRGLSRODUHQ$%
Solución
D6yORSRGUiH[LVWLUODPROpFXOD$%\DTXHGHHVWDPDQHUD$FRPSDUWHXQSDU
GHHOHFWURQHVFRQFDGDiWRPR%\WRGRVORViWRPRVDGTXLHUHQODFRQILJXUDFLyQ
GHJDVQREOH/RVRWURVGRVFRPSXHVWRVQRSXHGHQH[LVWLU\DTXHQROOHJDUtDQD
FRPSOHWDUODFLWDGDFRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOH
E $ HVWi URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV GH ORV FXDOHV ORV FXDWUR VRQ
FRPSDUWLGRVSRUORTXHVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiWHWUDpGULFD
F $XQTXH ORV HQODFHV HVWpQ SRODUL]DGRV DO WHQHU OD JHRPHWUtD WHWUDpGULFD OD
PROpFXODVHUiDSRODU
&XHVWLyQ
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&RPHQWHUD]RQDGDPHQWHODFRQGXFWLYLGDGHOpFWULFDGHORVVLJXLHQWHVVLVWHPDV
D8QKLORGHFREUH
E8QFULVWDOGH&X12
F8QDGLVROXFLyQGH&X12
6ROXFLyQ
D6HUiFRQGXFWRU\DTXHHOFREUHHVXQPHWDOTXHSHUPLWHSDVRGHHOHFWURQHVD
VXWUDYpV
E 6HUiXQVyOLGRQRFRQGXFWRU\DTXHORVLRQHVHVWiQUtJLGDPHQWH XQLGRVHQ OD
UHGLyQLFD\QRSRGUiQPRYHUVH
F6HUiFRQGXFWRUDHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDVHKDEUiURWRODUHG\ORTXHWHQGUHPRV
VHUiQLRQHV12HLRQHV&XTXHVHPRYHUiQFXDQGRVHVRPHWDDXQDGLIHUHQFLD
GHSRWHQFLDO
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D(OSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQGHOEXWDQRHVPHQRUTXHHOGHEXWDQRO
E/DPROpFXOD&+&O SRVHHXQDJHRPHWUtDWHWUDpGULFDFRQHOiWRPRGHFDUERQR
RFXSDQGRODSRVLFLyQFHQWUDO
F(OHWDQRHVPiVVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHOHWDQRO
Solución
D9HUGDGHURODPDVDGHDPEDVPROpFXODVHVSDUHFLGDSHURHOEXWDQROSRVHH
HQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRHQWUHORVKLGUyJHQRVGHOJUXSRDOFRKyOLFRGHXQDPROpFXOD
FRQ HO R[LJHQR GHO JUXSR DOFRKyOLFR GH RWUD PROpFXOD \ HO EXWDQR VyOR SRVHH
HQWUH ODV PROpFXODV HQODFHV LQWHUPROHFXODUHV GH 9DQ GHU :DDOV TXH VRQ PiV
GpELOHV
E9HUGDGHURHOFDUERQRHVWiHQHOFHQWURGHXQWHWUDHGUR\ORVWUHVFORURV\HO
KLGUyJHQRHVWDUiQHQORVYpUWLFHVGHOPLVPR&RPRODGLVWDQFLDGHORVHQODFHV&
&O&+QRVRQODVPLVPDVHOWHWUDHGURVHUiLUUHJXODU
F)DOVRHOHWDQROIRUPDUiHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRFRQHODJXD\VHGLVROYHUi(O
HWDQR HV XQD PROpFXOD FRYDOHQWH DSRODU \ VHUi SRFR VROXEOH HQ GLVROYHQWHV
SRODUHVFRPRHODJXD
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&XHVWLyQ
'DGRV ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRPSXHVWRV &D) &2 +2 D ,QGLTXH HO WLSR GH HQODFH
SUHGRPLQDQWH HQ FDGD XQR GH HOORV E 2UGHQH ORV FRPSXHVWRV DQWHULRUHV GH
PHQRUDPD\RUSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQ-XVWLILTXHODVUHVSXHVWDV
Solución
D&D)HQODFHLyQLFR
&2HQODFHFRYDOHQWH
+2HQODFHFRYDOHQWH
&D) HVWi IRUPDGD SRU XQ HOHPHQWR FRQ EDMD HQHUJtD GH LRQL]DFLyQ FRPR HO
FDOFLR\RWURFRQJUDQDILQLGDGHOHFWUyQLFDFRPRHOIO~RUGHIRUPDTXHHOFDOFLR
FHGH GRV HOHFWURQHV D ORV GRV iWRPRV GH IO~RU \ DPERV DGTXLHUHQ OD
FRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOH/DHVSHFLHIRUPDGD&D)WLHQHPHQRVHQHUJtDTXHODV
HVSHFLHVDWyPLFDVGHSURFHGHQFLD
&2 HVWD PROpFXOD HVWi IRUPDGD SRU GRV iWRPRV GH OD GHUHFKD GH OD 7DEOD
3HULyGLFD\ODIRUPDGHDGTXLULUODFRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOHHVFRPSDUWLHQGR
GRVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVHQWUHHOFDUERQR\FDGDiWRPRGHR[LJHQR
(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD
+2HOKLGUyJHQR\HOR[LJHQRWLHQHQHQHUJtDVGHLRQL]DFLyQHOHYDGDVSRUORTXH
SDUD DGTXLULU OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH HO R[LJHQR FRPSDUWH XQ SDU GH
HOHFWURQHVFRQFDGDiWRPRGHKLGUyJHQR
E&2+2&D)
(OGHPD\RUSXQWRGHIXVLyQHVHOTXHSRVHHHQODFHLyQLFR\DTXHHQODIXVLyQVH
URPSH HVH HQODFH HQ ORV FRYDOHQWHV VRODPHQWH VH URPSHQ ORV HQODFHV
LQWHUPROHFXODUHV \ HO HQODFH LQWHUPROHFXODU PiV IXHUWH VH GD HQ HO DJXD TXH
WLHQHHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQR
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
(Q IXQFLyQ GHO WLSR GH HQODFH H[SOLTXH SRU TXp D (O 1+ WLHQH XQ SXQWR GH
HEXOOLFLyQPiVDOWRTXHHO&+E(O.&OWLHQHXQSXQWRGHIXVLyQPD\RUTXHHO
&OF(O&+HVLQVROXEOHHQDJXD\HO.&OHVVROXEOH
Solución
D (Q HO 1+ VH IRUPDQ HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR PLHQWUDV HQ HO &+ VyOR H[LVWHQ
HQODFHVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVGH9DQGHU:DDOVTXHVRQPiVGpELOHV
E3DUDIXQGLU.&OHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHOHQODFHLyQLFRTXHHVIXHUWHPLHQWUDV
SDUDIXQGLU&OHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHQODFHVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVTXHVRQPXFKRPiV
GpELOHV
F(O&+HVXQDPROpFXODDSRODU\SRUORWDQWRLQVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHVSRODUHO
.&OHVWiIRUPDGRSRULRQHV\SRUORWDQWRLQWHUDFFLRQDWRQHODJXDDWUDYpVGH
HQODFHVLRQGLSRORSRUORWDQWRVHGLVXHOYH
&XHVWLyQ
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'DGRVORVVLJXLHQWHVFRPSXHVWRV&D)&2+2
D,QGLTXHHOWLSRGHHQODFHSUHGRPLQDQWHHQFDGDXQRGHHOORV
E2UGHQHORVFRPSXHVWRVDQWHULRUHVGHPHQRUDPD\RUSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQ
-XVWLILTXHODVUHVSXHVWDV
Solución
D &D) LyQLFR \D TXH VH XQH XQ PHWDO FRQ XQ QR PHWDO VLWXDGR XQR D OD
GHUHFKD\RWURDODL]TXLHUGDGHODWDEODSHULyGLFD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&2FRYDOHQWHSXHVVHXQHQGRVHOHPHQWRVGHODGHUHFKDGHODWDEODSHULyGLFDD
ORVTXHOHIDOWDQSRFRVHOHFWURQHVSDUDFRPSOHWDUODFDSDGHYDOHQFLD\SRUWHQHU
ODPLVPDWHQGHQFLDDPERVFRPSDUWHQHOHFWURQHV(O&FRPSDUWHGRVHOHFWURQHV
FRQFDGDR[tJHQR
+2 FRYDOHQWH \D TXH HO R[tJHQR FRPSDUWH FDGD XQR GH VXV HOHFWURQHV
GHVDSDUHDGRVFRQXQiWRPRGHKLGUyJHQR
E&2+2&D)
(QWUH ODV PROpFXODV GH &2 VyOR KD\ IXHU]DV GH 9DQ GHU :DDOV GH WLSR /RQGRQ
PLHQWUDVTXHHQWUHODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDH[LVWHQDGHPiVHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQR
(QHO&D)KD\DWUDFFLRQHVHOHFWURVWiWLFDVHQWUHORVLRQHVTXHIRUPDQHOFULVWDO