04-Termoquímica
Anuncio
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QR VHUiQ HVSRQWiQHDV E9HUGDGHUR6HFXPSOHFXDQGRHOWUDEDMRWHUPRGLQiPLFRHVFHURHVWRVXFHGH FXDQGR QR KD\ YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV JDVHRVRV HQWUH ORV UHDFWLYRV \ SURGXFWRV ∆+ ∆8S∆9 ∆8∆QĊ57 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD FXDQGR ∆Q QRKD\YDULDFLyQHQHOQ~PHURGHPROHVJDVHRVRVHQWUHUHDFWLYRV\ SURGXFWRV∆+ ∆8 F9HUGDGHURSXHVODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHDFXDQGR ∆*LQGLVWLQWDPHQWHGHO YDORUGHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWURStD ∆68QHMHPSORORWHQHPRVHQODVROLGLILFDFLyQ GHO DJXD OtTXLGD D EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV SRU HMHPSOR ²& SXHV GLVPLQX\H HO GHVRUGHQ∆6\HOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+SUHGRPLQDVREUHHOWpUPLQRHQ WUySLFR7∆6!\ODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD∆* ∆+7∆6 &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 'DGDODUHDFFLyQ 2&+ J + 2 J → &2 J + + 2O 5D]RQH D 6L D XQD PLVPD WHPSHUDWXUD HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR D YROXPHQ FRQVWDQWH HV PD\RUPHQRURLJXDOTXHHOGHVSUHQGLGRVLODUHDFFLyQWXYLHUDDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQ WH E6LODHQWURStDHQODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUDXPHQWDRGLVPLQX\H Solución D/DUHODFLyQHQWUHHOFDORUDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWH∆+\HOFDORUDYROXPHQFRQV WDQWH ∆8 HV ∆+ ∆8S∆9 ∆8∆Q57 VLHQGR ∆Q OD YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH PROHVJDVHRVRVGHODUHDFFLyQ(QHVWHFDVR ∆Q OXHJRHOWUDEDMRWHUPRGLQi PLFR∆Q57HVXQDFDQWLGDGQHJDWLYDOXHJRHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDSUHVLyQFRQV WDQWH∆+VHUiPHQRUTXHHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDYROXPHQFRQVWDQWH E6HJ~QH[SOLFDPRVDQWHVODHQWURStDGLVPLQX\HFXDQGRVHRULJLQDXQDGLVPLQX FLyQGHORVPROHVGHJDVHQODUHDFFLyQ(QHVWHFDVRHQORVUHDFWLYRVKD\PROHV \HQORVSURGXFWRVVyORPROHVOXHJRODHQWURStDGLVPLQXLUi &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ ,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHVLODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHVVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDV D7RGDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFDH[RWpUPLFDHVHVSRQWiQHD E(QWRGDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFDHVSRQWiQHDODYDULDFLyQGHHQWURStDHVSRVLWLYD F(QHOFDPELRGHHVWDGR + 2O → + 2J VHSURGXFHXQDXPHQWRGHHQWURStD Solución D)DOVR3DUDTXHXQDUHDFFLyQVHDHVSRQWiQHDODYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDOLEUH∆* GHEH VHU PHQRU TXH FHUR ∆* ∆+7∆6 FXDQGR HO WpUPLQR HQWUySLFR 7∆6 HV ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD SRVLWLYR\PD\RUHQYDORUDEVROXWRTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+ODUHDFFLyQHV QRHVSRQWiQHD E )DOVR &RPR KHPRV GLFKR DQWHV OD HQWURStD HV XQD PDJQLWXG WHUPRGLQiPLFD TXHQRVPLGHHOHVWDGRGHGHVRUGHQGHOVLVWHPD\SXHGHDXPHQWDURGLVPLQXLU 8Q HMHPSOR GH UHDFFLyQ HVSRQWiQHD HQ OD TXH OD HQWURStD GLVPLQX\H HV OD FRQ GHQVDFLyQGHOYDSRUGHDJXDD& F9HUGDGHUR6HJ~QKHPRVHVWXGLDGRDQWHVODHQWURStDDXPHQWDDOLJXDOTXHHO GHVRUGHQFXDQGRHQODUHDFFLyQVHRULJLQDXQDXPHQWRGHOQ~PHURGHPROHVJDV FRPRHVHQHVWHFDVR &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 'DGDODUHDFFLyQ &2J + 12 J → &2 J + 12J D'LEXMHHOGLDJUDPDGHHQWDOStDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODVHQHUJtDVGHDFWLYD FLyQSDUDODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHLQYHUVDVRQN-PRO\N-PRO E-XVWLILTXHVLODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHVH[RWpUPLFDRHQGRWpUPLFD Solución D H CO + NO 2 Ea Ea CO 2+ NO coordenada de reacción E 3XHVWR TXH HO FRQWHQLGR HQHUJpWLFR GH ORV SURGXFWRV HV PHQRU TXH HO GH ORV UHDFWLYRVODUHDFFLyQHVH[RWpUPLFD/DHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQVHUtDODGLIHUHQFLD HQWUHODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQGHOSURFHVRGLUHFWRPHQRVODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQ GHOSURFHVRLQYHUVR¨+U N-²N- N- 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ (QXQDUHDFFLyQHQODTXH¨+\¨6VHFRQVLGHUDTXHDPEDVIXQFLRQHVWHUPR GLQiPLFDVSHUPDQHFHQFRQVWDQWHVDOFDPELDUODWHPSHUDWXUD5D]RQHHQIXQFLyQ GHODWHPSHUDWXUDFXiQGRHVWDUHDFFLyQ D(VWDUiHQHTXLOLEULR E6HUiHVSRQWiQHD Solución D 8QD UHDFFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HTXLOLEULR WHUPRGLQiPLFR FXDQGR ∆* = ∆+ − 7 ∆6 \ HVWR VXFHGH FXDQGR HO WpUPLQR HQWUySLFR 7∆6 LJXDOH HQ YDORUDEVROXWR\VLJQR FRQWUDULRDOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+HVWRVXFHGHHQHVWH ¨+ FDVRDXQDFLHUWDWHPSHUDWXUDWDOTXH 7 = ¨6 E8QDUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHDFXDQGR ∆* = ∆+ − 7 ∆6 \HVWRVXFHGHFXDQGRHO WpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+TXHHVQHJDWLYRHVPD\RUHQYDORUDEVROXWRTXHHOWpU PLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6TXHHVSRVLWLYR &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 'DGDUHDFFLyQ 1 2J → 1 J + 2 J∆+ = .-∆6 = -. D-XVWLILTXHHOVLJQRSRVLWLYRGHODYDULDFLyQHQWURStD E6LVHVXSRQHTXHHVDVIXQFLRQHVWHUPRGLQiPLFDVQRFDPELDQFRQODWHPSHUDWX UD¢VHUiHVSRQWiQHDODUHDFFLyQD&" Solución D (O GHVRUGHQ \ SRU OR WDQWR OD HQWURStD HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ DXPHQWD FXDQGR VH RULJLQDXQDXPHQWRGHPROHVGHJDV(QHVWHFDVRHQORVSURGXFWRVKD\PR OHV\HQORVUHDFWLYRVVRORXQPRO/XHJRODHQWURStDDXPHQWD\HOVLJQRGH ∆6HV SRVLWLYR E8QDUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHDFXDQGR∆* ∆+7∆6\HQHVWHFDVRYDOH 1N∆* ∆+7∆6 N-².Ċ-.Ċ N-!OXHJRODUHDFFLyQHV 1000QRHVSRQWiQHD ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ D 5D]RQH VL FXDQGR XQ VLVWHPD JDVHRVR VH H[SDQVLRQD GLVPLQX\H VX HQHUJtD LQ WHUQD E-XVWLILTXHFyPRYDUtDODHQWURStDHQODUHDFFLyQ 2.&O2 V → .&O2 V + 2 J Solución D6HJ~QHOSULPHUSULQFLSLR ∆8 4: 4S∆9\SXHVWRTXH ∆9 9ILQDO²9LQLFLD!HO WpUPLQRS∆9OXHJRHOVLVWHPDGLVPLQX\HVXHQHUJtDLQWHUQD E$ODXPHQWDUHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHJDVTXHVHRULJLQDQHQODUHDFFLyQDXPHQ WD HO GHVRUGHQ \ SRU OR WDQWR OD HQWURStD GH QLQJ~Q PRO HQ HVWDGR JDVHRVR VH SDVDDXQPRO &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 5D]RQH OD FHUWH]D R IDOVHGDG GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV DILUPDFLRQHV HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ XQ SURFHVRH[RWpUPLFR D/DHQWDOStDGHORVUHDFWLYRVHVVLHPSUHPHQRUTXHODGHORVSURGXFWRV E(OSURFHVRVLHPSUHVHUiHVSRQWiQHR Solución D)DOVR3XHVWRTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODHQWDOStDGH ORVSURGXFWRV\ODHQWDOStDGHORVUHDFWLYRV\HOHQXQFLDGRLQGLFDTXHODUHDFFLyQ HV H[RWpUPLFD HV GHFLU WLHQH VLJQR QHJDWLYR HOOR LQGLFD TXH OD HQWDOStD GH ORV UHDFWLYRVGHEHVHUPD\RUTXHODHQWDOStDGHORVSURGXFWRV E )DOVR 3DUD TXH XQD UHDFFLyQ VHD HVSRQWiQHD OD YDULDFLyQ GH HQHUJtD OLEUH ∆*GHEHVHUPHQRUTXHFHUR ∆* ∆+7∆6FXDQGRHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6 HVSRVLWLYR\PD\RUHQYDORUDEVROXWRTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+ODUHDFFLyQ HVQRHVSRQWiQHD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ ,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHFyPRYDULDUiODHQWURStDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVSURFHVRV D'LVROXFLyQGHQLWUDWRGHSRWDVLR.12HQDJXD E6ROLGLILFDFLyQGHODJXD F6tQWHVLVGHODPRQLDFR 1 J + + J → 1+ J 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD Solución D$OGLVROYHUVHXQDVDOHQDJXDORVLRQHVSDVDQGHXQHVWDGRGHRUGHQDFLyQFULV WDOLQDDXQ GHVRUGHQWRWDOHQHOVHQRGHODGLVROXFLyQ SRUORWDQWRODHQWURStD DXPHQWDUi E (Q OD VROLGLILFDFLyQ GH DJXD ODV PROpFXODV GH OtTXLGR SDVDQ GH XQ HVWDGR GH YLEUDFLyQDOWR\FRQSHTXHxDVIXHU]DVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVDXQHVWDGRGHYLEUDFLyQ EDVWDQWHLQIHULRU\FRQXQDVIXHU]DVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVPXFKRPiVIXHUWHVFRQOR FXDOVHSURGXFHXQDRUGHQDFLyQFULVWDOLQDGHGLFKDVPROpFXODVGHDJXD(VWDRU GHQDFLyQKDFHTXHHOGHVRUGHQGLVPLQX\D\ODHQWURStDWDPELpQ F (Q OD VtQWHVLV GHO DPRQLDFR KD\ XQD UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV PROpFXODV TXH KD\ HQ HVWDGRGHJDVGHFXDWURSDVDQDGRVSRUORWDQWRHVWDDJUXSDFLyQGLVPLQX\HHO GHVRUGHQ\WDPELpQODHQWURStD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ D'LEXMHHOGLDJUDPDHQWiOSLFRGHODUHDFFLyQ&+ &++→&+&+VDELHQGR TXHODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHVH[RWpUPLFD\PX\OHQWDDSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFD\WHP SHUDWXUDDPELHQWH E¢&yPRVHPRGLILFDHOGLDJUDPDHQWiOSLFRGHODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUSRUHIHFWRGH XQFDWDOL]DGRUSRVLWLYR" F-XVWLILTXHVLODUHDFFLyQLQYHUVDVHUtDHQGRWpUPLFDRH[RWpUPLFD Solución D reacción sin catalizar H reacción catalizada Ea Ea + H2 CH=CH 2 2 ∆H CH-CH 3 3 coordenada de reacción ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD E &RPR VH SXHGH DSUHFLDU HQ OD ILJXUD HO FDWDOL]DGRU SRVLWLYR FUHD XQ QXHYR FDPLQRGHUHDFFLyQGRQGHODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQHVPXFKRPHQRU(DFRQOR TXHODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQDXPHQWDQRWDEOHPHQWH F3XHVWRTXHODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHVH[RWpUPLFDVHFHGHFDORUDOSDVDUGHUHDFWL YRVDSURGXFWRVODUHDFFLyQLQYHUVDVHUiHQGRWpUPLFDHVQHFHVDULRDSOLFDUFDORU SDUDSURGXFLUOD\HOFDORUTXHHVQHFHVDULRDSOLFDUVHUiHOPLVPRTXHHOGHOD UHDFFLyQGLUHFWD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ -XVWLILTXHVLHVSRVLEOHTXH D8QDUHDFFLyQHQGRWpUPLFDVHDHVSRQWiQHD E/RVFDORUHVGHUHDFFLyQDYROXPHQFRQVWDQWH\DSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHVHDQLJXD OHVHQDOJ~QSURFHVRTXtPLFR Solución D3RUVXSXHVWRTXHVL6HJ~QKHPRVGLFKR∆* ∆+7∆6FRQVWDGHGRVWpUPLQRVHO WpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+\HOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6$XQTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiO SLFR∆+VHDSRVLWLYRVLHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6HVQHJDWLYR\PD\RUHQYDORU DEVROXWRTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFRODVXPDGHORVGRVWpUPLQRVVHUiPHQRUTXH FHURTXHHVODFRQGLFLyQSDUDTXHXQDUHDFFLyQVHDHVSRQWiQHD E9HUGDGHUR6HFXPSOHFXDQGRHOWUDEDMRWHUPRGLQiPLFRHVFHURHVWRVXFHGH FXDQGR QR KD\ YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV JDVHRVRV HQWUH ORV UHDFWLYRV \ SURGXFWRV ∆+ ∆8 S∆9 ∆8 ∆Q57 FXDQGR ∆Q QR KD\ YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH PROHVJDVHRVRVHQWUHUHDFWLYRV\SURGXFWRV∆+ ∆8 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD 5(62/8&,Ï1'(352%/(0$6 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVWiQGDUGHKLGURJHQDFLyQGHODFHWL OHQR&+SDUDIRUPDUHWDQR D $ SDUWLU GH ODV HQHUJtDV PHGLDV GH HQODFH &+ N-PRO ++ N-PRO&²& N-PRO&≡& N-PRO E$SDUWLUGHODVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHOHWDQR ∆+I & + = −85N-PRO \GHODFHWLOHQR ∆+I & + = 227 N-PRO Solución D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQ GHKLGURJHQDFLyQGHODFHWLOHQRFRQIRUPDFLyQ GHHWD QR &+≡&++→&+&+ \DSOLFDPRVODHFXDFLyQ ¨+ R = ŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVURWRVŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVIRUPDGRV (QODFHVURWRV (QODFHVIRUPDGRV &Ł& && ++ &+ ∆+UR = ∆+ R & ≡ & + 2Ċ∆+ R ++Ċ∆+ R &+∆+ R && ∆+UR = 837 + 2Ċ 436 − 4Ċ 414 − 347 = −294N-PRO E6HJ~QODGHILQLFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQ R R ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = ¨+ IR &+ &+ − ¨+ IR &+ ≡ &+¨+ IR + ¨+UR = −85 − 227 − 2 0 = −312N-PRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD $SDUWLUGHORVGDWRVVXPLQLVWUDGRVFDOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHODHQWDOStDGHIRUPD FLyQHVWiQGDUGHOSURSDQR 'DWRVGHHQHUJtDVPHGLDVGHHQODFHHQN-PRO&²+ &²& +²+ 'DWRGH(QWDOStDGHVXEOLPDFLyQ&V→&J ∆+ = 712 N-PRO ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD Solución 1 (VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHIRUPDFLyQGHOSURSDQR&V+ →&+J/DHQ WDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURSDQR VH SXHGH FDOFXODU D SDUWLU GH OD HQWDOStD GH UHDFFLyQ\DSDUWLUGHODVHQWDOStDVGHHQODFH $SDUWLUGHODHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQ R R − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV ¨+UR ¨+ IR & + − 4Ċ¨+ IR + Ċ¨+ IR & = ¨+ IR & + $SDUWLUGHODVHQHUJtDVGHHQODFH ∆+UR = Ċ∆+ R VXEOLPDFLyQGH& + Ċ∆+ R ++Ċ∆+ R &+Ċ∆+ R && ¨+UR 3Ċ712 + 4Ċ436 8Ċ414 2Ċ347 126N-PRO ,JXDODQGRDPEDVH[SUHVLRQHV ¨+ IR & + = ¨+UR = −126 N-PRO Solución 2 7DPELpQ SXHGH UHVROYHUVH HO HMHUFLFLR DSOLFDQGR OD OH\ GH +HVV IRUPDQGR OD HFXDFLyQSUREOHPDFRPRVXPDGHODVUHDFFLRQHVTXHQRVGDQ /DHFXDFLyQSUREOHPDHV &V+→&+J ¨+UR \ODVHFXDFLRQHVWHUPRTXtPLFDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVGDWRVVRQ ¨+ R = N-PRO &V→&J +→+ ¨+ R = 436 N-PRO \ DGHPiV VH SXHGH REWHQHU OD HQHUJtD GH GLVRFLDFLyQ GHO SURSDQR HQ VXV iWRPRVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV &+J→&J+J ¨+ R = ŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVURWRVŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVIRUPDGRV ∆+UR = 8Ċ∆+ R &+ + Ċ∆+ R && = 8Ċ 414 + 2Ċ 347 = 4006N-PRO ODHFXDFLyQSUREOHPDVHSXHGHREWHQHUFRPR² (IHFWLYDPHQWH &V→&J &J+J→&+J ¨+ R = Ċ N-PRO ¨+ R = − N-PRO ¨+ R = Ċ N-PRO +→+ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¨+ R = Ċ − + Ċ = − N-PRO &V+→&+J 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D &DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDTXHVHSURGXFHHQODUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ GHOEXWDQRHQFRQGLFLRQHVHVWiQGDUHQXQFLDQGRORVSULQFLSLRVWHyULFRVROH\HVHQ ORVTXHVHEDVD E¢4XpFDQWLGDGGHFDORUVHGHVSUHQGHUiHQODFRPEXVWLyQFRPSOHWDGHORVNJ GHEXWDQRTXHFRQWLHQHXQDERPERQD" 'DWRV(QWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDU ∆+I [&2 J] = −N-PRO ∆+I [+ 2O] = −N-PRO ∆+I [& 2 J] = −125N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 Solución D6HHVFULEHODHFXDFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQDMXVWDGD &+J 13 2 2J→&2J+2O 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODHQWDOStDHVXQDIXQFLyQ GHHVWDGRHVWRHVVyORGH SHQGHGHOHVWDGRLQLFLDO\ILQDOGHOVLVWHPD\QRGHOFDPLQRSRUHOTXHWUDQVFXUUH ODUHDFFLyQ R R ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = 4Ċ¨+ IR &22 + 5Ċ¨+ IR +2¨+ IR & + ¨+UR = 4Ċ −393 + 5Ċ −286 − −125 = −2877 N-PRO E&DOFXODPRVHQSULPHUOXJDUQ~PHURGHPROHVFRQWHQLGRVHQNJGHEXWDQR Q J0P JJPRO ·PROHV $VtSXHVHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRHQODFRPEXVWLyQGHHVWRVPROHVGHEXWDQRVHUi 4 ·PROHVN-PRO N- 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD $SDUWLUGHORVGDWRVWDEXODGRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDHQHUJtDVGHHQODFH (QODFH (QHUJtDGHHQODFHN-PRO ++ 2 2 2+ D&DOFXOHODHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHODJXDHQHVWDGRJDVHRVR ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD E &RPSDUH HO UHVXOWDGR REWHQLGR SRU HVWH PpWRGR FRQ HO FDOFXODGR D SDUWLU GH VXVHOHPHQWRVN-PRODSRUWDQGRXQDSRVLEOHH[SOLFDFLyQGHGLVFUHSDQFLD VLODKXELHUD Solución D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHIRUPDFLyQGHODJXDHQHVWDGRJDVHRVR +J 1 2 2J→+2J ¨+ IR $SOLFDPRVODOH\GH+HVVGHVFULELHQGRODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPDFRPRVXPDGHYDULDV UHDFFLRQHVTXHQRVLQGLFDQHQORVGDWRV ¨+ R = 436 N-PRO +J→+J 2J→2J ¨+ R = 498N-PRO +2J→+J2J ¨+5R = 2Ċ¨+ R +2 = 2Ċ 464 = 928N-PRO /DUHDFFLyQSUREOHPDHVODVXPDGH 1 2 +J→+J ò2J→2J ¨+ R = 498 2N-PRO = N-PRO +J2J→+2J ¨+ R = 436 N-PRO ¨+ R = −928N-PRO +J 1 2 2J→+2J ¨+UR = 436 + 249 − 928 = −243N- PRO E&RPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUHOUHVXOWDGRQRGLILHUHPXFKR GHOGDGRHQHOHQXQ FLDGRN-DXQTXHHVPiVILDEOHpVWH~OWLPR\DTXHORVGDWRVHPSOHDGRVHQ OD UHDFFLyQ VRQ HQWDOStDV PHGLDV GH HQODFH HQWUH HO iWRPR GH R[tJHQR \ HO iWRPRGHKLGUyJHQRHQGLVWLQWDVVXVWDQFLDVHQODVFXDOHVH[LVWHGLFKRHQODFH\QR FRLQFLGHQH[DFWDPHQWHFRQODHQWDOStDGHHQODFH2+GHODPROpFXODGHDJXD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (Q XQ FDORUtPHWUR DGHFXDGR D & \ DWP GH SUHVLyQ VH TXHPDQ FRPSOHWD PHQWH FP GH HWDQRO &+2+ SURGXFLpQGRVH GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR JDVHRVR \ DJXDOtTXLGD(OFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHHV·N-&DOFXOH D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQHVWiQGDUGHOHWDQRO E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQDDODWHPSHUDWXUDGH& 'DWRV'HQVLGDGGHOHWDQRO ·JFP5 ·-.PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD Solución D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHOHWDQRO &+2+O2J→&2J+2O 3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHGHEHPRVDYHULJXDUSULPH URHOQ~PHURGHJUDPRVGHHWDQRO\GHVSXpVHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHHWDQRO 0 79J QGHJGHHWDQRO FP ·JGHHWDQRO 1FP3 3 95J ·PROHV QGHPROHVGHHWDQRO 46J PRO 6DELHQGR TXH OD HQWDOStD GH FRPEXVWLyQ HV HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR SDUD XQ PRO HVWDEOHFHPRVXQDUHODFLyQGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDG 0 086PROHV 1PRO = ![ ·N-PRO −117 04N[ E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQDHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStD VHJ~QODHFXDFLyQ ∆+ ∆8∆QĊ5Ċ7 VLHQGR ∆Q OD YDULDFLyQ HQ HOQ~PHURGHPROHVJDVHRVRVTXHH[LVWHHQODUHDFFLyQSRUORTXHGHVSHMDQGR\ VXVWLWX\HQGR 8 3- 1NĊ298. = −1358 4 N-PRO ∆8 ∆+∆QĊ57 ·N-PRO .PRO 1000 3XHVWRTXH∆Q 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &DOFXOH OD HQHUJtD PHGLD GH ORV HQODFHV TXtPLFRV &²+ \ &²& XWLOL]DQGR ORV GDWRV GHODWDEODVLJXLHQWH 6XVWDQFLD 3URFHVR ∆+N-PRO &+J )RUPDFLyQ · &+J )RUPDFLyQ &V→&J 6XEOLPDFLyQ +J 'LVRFLDFLyQ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD Solución D3DUDFDOFXODUODHQHUJtDGHHQODFH&+QHFHVLWDPRVXQDHFXDFLyQWHUPRTXtPL FDHQODTXHDSDUH]FDGLFKDHQHUJtDHQIXQFLyQGHORVGDWRVDSRUWDGRV/DHFXD FLyQEXVFDGDHVODGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOPHWDQRHQVXViWRPRVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV &+J→&J+J ¨+UR = 4Ċ¨+ R & − + /DHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUODSRGHPRVFDOFXODUDSOLFDQGRODOH\GH+HVV FRPRVXPDGHYDULDVUHDFFLRQHVTXHQRVLQGLFDQ ¨+ R = −74 8N-PRO &V+J→&+J &V+J→&+J ¨+ R = −85N-PRO &V→&J ¨+ R = 715N-PRO +J→+J ¨+ R = 436 N-PRO (IHFWLYDPHQWHVLVXPDPRV²REWHQHPRVODHFXDFLyQSUREOHPD ¨+ R = 715N-PRO &V→&J &+J→&V+J Ċ +J→+J ¨+ R = 74 8N-PRO ¨+ R = 2Ċ 436N-PRO &+J→&J+J ¨+UR = 715 + 74 8 + 2Ċ 436 = 1661 8N-PRO OXHJR ¨+UR = 4Ċ¨+ R &+ = 1661 8 ! ¨+ R &+ = 1661 8 4 = 415 4N-PRO E3DUDFDOFXODUODHQHUJtDGHHQODFH&&SODQWHDPRVODHFXDFLyQGHGLVRFLDFLyQ GHOHWDQRHQVXViWRPRVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV &+J→&J+J ¨+UR = ¨+ R & − & + 6Ċ¨+ R & − + ¨+5R VHSXHGHFDOFXODUSRUODOH\GH+HVVFRPRVXPDGH &V→&J Ċ &+J→&V+J Ċ +J→+J ¨+ R = 2Ċ 715N-PRO ¨+ R = 85N-PRO ¨+ R = 3Ċ 436N-PRO &+J→&J+J OXHJR ∆ +5R = 2Ċ 715 + 85 + 3Ċ 436 = 2823N- PRO ¨+UR = ¨+ R & − & + 6Ċ¨+ R & − + = 2823N- PRO \GHVSHMDQGR ∆+ R & − & = 2823 − 6Ċ415 4 = 330 6 N-PRO 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD /DV YDULDFLRQHV GH HQWDOStDV GH IRUPDFLyQ HVWiQGDU GHO &+J &2J \ +2O VRQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH·N-PRON-PRO\·N-PRO&DOFXOH D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQGHOPHWDQR E(OFDORUSURGXFLGRHQODFRPEXVWLyQFRPSOHWDGHPGHPHWDQRPHGLGRHQ FRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV 'DWR5 ·DWP/.PRO 6ROXFLyQ D &+J2J→&2J+2O ∆+UR 3DUDODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUYDPRVDFDOFXODUODHQWDOStDEDViQGRQRVHQODSURSLH GDGGHODHQWDOStDGHVHUXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGRHVGHFLUQRGHSHQGHGHOFDPLQR VHJXLGRVLQRGHODSRVLFLyQLQLFLDO\ILQDOSRUORWDQWRODSRGHPRVH[SUHVDUFR PR R R ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV − ¨+IUHDFWLYRV = ¨+IR &22 + 2Ċ¨+ IR + 2¨+ IR &+ ¨+UR = −395 + 2Ċ −285 5 − −74 8 = −891 2 N-PRO E3DUDHVWHFDOFXORWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDTXHXQJDVHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVRFX SDXQYROXPHQGH/OXHJR 1000 / 1PRO 891 2 N4 = 1P 3 Ċ Ċ Ċ = 39786 N- 1P 3 22 4 / 1PRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D &DOFXOH OD YDULDFLyQ GH HQWDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO DPRQLDFR D SDUWLU GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV GDWRV GH HQHUJtDV GH HQODFH +²+ N-PRO 1²+ N-PRO 1≡1 N-PRO E&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQDHQODIRUPDFLyQGHODPRQLDFRDODWHP SHUDWXUDGH& 'DWR5 ·-.PRO 6ROXFLyQ D(VFULELPRVODUHDFFLyQGHIRUPDFLyQGHODPRQLDFR 3 2 1 +J 1J→1+J 2 \DSDUWLUGHORVGDWRVVHSXHGHQREWHQHUODVUHDFFLRQHV ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD +J→+J 1+J→1J+J ¨+ R = 3Ċ 389N-PRO 1J→1J 3RGHPRVREVHUYDUTXHVXPDQGR PD 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 ¨+ R = 436 N-PRO ¨+ R = 946N-PRO 1 2 3 2 ²VHREWLHQHODUHDFFLyQSUREOH 1J→1J ¨+ R = 946 2N- +J→+J ¨+ R = 3Ċ 436 2 N- 1J+J→1+J VXPD ¨+ R = −3Ċ 389N- 3 2 1 +J 1J→1+J 2 ¨+UR = 946 2 + 3Ċ 436 2 − 3Ċ 389 = −40N-PRO 8 31- 1NĊ298. = 37 5N-PRO SXHV E∆8 ∆+∆QĊ57 N-PRO .ĊPRO 10001 3 2 2 ∆QGHODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (ODPRQLDFRD&\DWPVHSXHGHR[LGDUVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ 4 NH 3 (g) + 5O 2 (g) → 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(l) &DOFXOH D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStD E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQD 'DWRV5 ·-⋅.⋅PRO ∆+ I0 1+3 ( J ) = −46 2N- PRO ∆+I [ 12J] = 90 4N-PRO ∆+0I [+2 2O] = 286 4N-PRO 6ROXFLyQ D$OLJXDOTXHHQHOHMHUFLFLRFDOFXODPRVODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHODUHDF FLyQ R R ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = 4Ċ¨+IR 12 + 6Ċ¨+ IR + 2Ċ¨+IR 1+ − 5Ċ¨+IR 22 ¨+UR = 4Ċ 90 4 + 6Ċ −286 4 − 4Ċ −46 2 − 5Ċ0 = −1172N- 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD 8 31- 1NĊ298. ·N-PRO .PRO 1000 SXHV∆QGHODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD E∆8 ∆+∆Q57 N-PROPRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHODFHWLOHQRHWLQRD SDUWLUGHODVHQWDOStDVGHFRPEXVWLyQHVWiQGDUHVN-PROGHOKLGUyJHQRFDUERQR JUDILWR \ DFHWLOHQR FX\RV YDORUHV VRQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH · · \ · E &DOFXOH HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR D SUHVLyQ FRQVWDQWH FXDQGR VH TXHPD NJ GH DFHWLOHQR 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 6ROXFLyQ D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR 5 &+J 2J→&2J+2O 2 ¨+UR = −1298 3N-PRO \DSDUWLUGHODUHODFLyQ R ¨+UR = ¨+ IR SURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = 2Ċ¨+ IR &22 + ¨+ IR + 2¨+ IR & + FDOFXODPRV ¨+ IR & + ·N-PRO ·· ¨+ IR & + \GHVSHMDQGR ¨+ IR & + ¨+ IR & + ·Ċ·· N-PRO E3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDOTXHPDUNJGHDFHWLOHQRHVWDEOHFHPRV ODUHODFLyQ 26 J ⋅ PRO −1 1000J = ![ ·N- −1 −1298 3N- ⋅ PRO [ PDVDPROHFXODUGHODFHWLOHQR JPRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDHVWiQGDUFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODUHDFFLyQ ZnS (s) + 3 2 O 2 (g) → ZnO(s) + SO 2 (g) E ¢4Xp FDORU VH DEVRUEH R GHVSUHQGH D SUHVLyQ FRQVWDQWH FXDQGR UHDFFLRQDQ JGH=Q6VFRQR[tJHQRHQH[FHVR" ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 'DWRV ∆+I [=Q6V] = −202 9N-PRO ∆+ I [=Q2V] = −348 0 N-PRO ∆+I [62 J] = −296 1N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 6 =Q · 6ROXFLyQ D$SOLFDQGRODSURSLHGDGGHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQGHVHUXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWD GR R R ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = ¨+ IR =Q2 + ¨+ IR 62 ¨+ IR =Q6 ¨+UR = −348 0 + −296 1 − −202 9 = −441 2N- E3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDOUHDFFLRQDUJGH=Q6HVWDEOHFHPRVOD UHODFLyQ 97 4J ⋅ PRO −1 100 J = ![ ·N- −1 − 441 2N- ⋅ PRO [ PDVDPROHFXODUGHO=Q6 ·JPRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDTXHVHSURGXFHFXDQGRVHREWLHQHEHQFHQRD SDUWLU GHO DFHWLOHQR HWLQR VHJ~Q OD UHDFFLyQ 3C 2 H 2 (g) → C 6 H 6 (l) VDELHQGR TXH ODV HQWDOStDV GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO DFHWLOHQR JDVHRVR \ GHO EHQFHQR OtTXLGR VRQ ·N-PRO\·N-PROUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH E&DOFXOHHOFDORUSURGXFLGRDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHFXDQGRVHTXHPDQJGH DFHWLOHQRJDVHRVRVDELHQGRTXH ∆H 0f [CO 2 (g) ] = −393 kJ/mol ∆H 0f [H 2 O(l)] = −286 kJ/mol 0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 6ROXFLyQ D $SOLFDQGRODHFXDFLyQ R ¨+UR = ¨+ IR SURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = ¨+IR &6 +6 − 3Ċ∆+ IR & + ¨+UR = −49 0 − 3Ċ 226 7 = −729 1N E&DOFXODPRVHQSULPHUOXJDUODHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD 5 &+J 2J→&2J+2O 2 ¨+UR = ¨+ IR SURGXFWRV ¨+UR R − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = 2Ċ¨+ IR &22 + ¨+ IR +22 − ∆+ IR & + ¨+UR = 2Ċ −393 5 + −286 − 226 7 = −1298 7 N- 3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDOTXHPDUJGHDFHWLOHQRHVWDEOHFHPRVOD UHODFLyQ 26 J ⋅ PRO −1 100 J = ![ N- −1298 7 N- ⋅ PRO −1 [ VLHQGRODPDVDPROHFXODUGHODFHWLOHQR JPRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 'DGDODUHDFFLyQ CaCO 3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) D'HWHUPLQHODFDQWLGDGGHFDORUDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHTXHHVQHFHVDULRVXPLQLV WUDUSDUDGHVFRPSRQHUNJGHFDUERQDWRGHFDOFLR E4XpFDQWLGDGGHFDUERQDWRGHFDOFLRVHGHEHUiXWLOL]DUSDUDSURGXFLUNJGH y[LGRGHFDOFLRVLHOUHQGLPLHQWRHVGHO 'DWRV ∆+ I [&D&2 V] = −1209 6N-PRO ∆H 0f [CO 2 (g)] = −393 kJ/mol ∆+ I [&D2V] = −635 1N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV& 2 &D 6ROXFLyQ R R D ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV = ¨+ IR &D2 + ¨+ IR &22 − ∆+ IR &D&2 ¨+UR = −635 1 + −393 − −1209 6 = 181 5N-PRO SDUDFDOFXODUODFDQWLGDGGHFDORUQHFHVDULDSDUDGHVFRPSRQHUJGHHVWD VXVWDQFLDHVWDEOHFHPRVODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQ 100 J ⋅ PRO −1 3000J = ![ N- −1 181 5N- ⋅ PRO [ E3DUDFDOFXODUODFDQWLGDGGHFDUERQDWRQHFHVDULRSDUDREWHQHUNJ J GHFDOHVWDEOHFHPRVODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQ J&D&2 [ = ![ JGH&D&2 J&D2 PDVDPROHFXODUGHOFDUERQDWRFiOFLFR JPRO &RPRHOUHQGLPLHQWRHVGHOGHEHPRVXWLOL]DUPiVFDQWLGDGGH&D&2SDUD REWHQHUODFDQWLGDGGHVHDGD ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 12500 J Ċ 100 JWRWDOHV = 13889 JGH&D&23 90 JSXURV 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD /DVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQGHODJXDOtTXLGD\GHOGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRJDVVRQUHV SHFWLYDPHQWHN-PRO\N-PROD&\ODHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQGHO DFHWLOHQRHVN-PRO D &DOFXOH OD HQWDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO DFHWLOHQR VL FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH HO DJXD IRUPDGDHQODFRPEXVWLyQHVWiHQHVWDGROtTXLGR E 6DELHQGR TXH OD HQWDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO HWDQR HV N-PRO FDOFXOH OD HQWDOStD GH KLGURJHQDFLyQ GHO DFHWLOHQR VHJ~Q OD UHDFFLyQ C 2 H 2 (g) + 2H 2 (g) → C 2 H 6 (g) 6ROXFLyQ D$SDUWLUGHODUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR 5 &+J 2J→&2J+2O 2 ∆+U = −1299.-PRO R R ∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV − ∆+IUHDFWLYRV 2Ċ∆+IR &22 + ∆+IR +2 2 − ∆+ IR &2 +2 N-PRO Ċ ∆ +IR &2 +2 ∆ +IR &2 +2 N-PRO E3DUDFDOFXODUODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQGHKLGURJHQDFLyQGHODFHWLOHQRWHQHPRV HQFXHQWDTXHHVXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGR & + J + + J → & + J R R ∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV − ∆+IUHDFWLYRV ∆ +IR &2 +6 − ∆+ IR &2 +2 N-PRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 8QRGH ORVDOLPHQWRVPiV FRQVXPLGRHV ODVDFDURVD&+2&XDQGRUHDFFLRQD FRQHOR[tJHQRVHWUDQVIRUPDHQGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR\DJXDGHVSUHQGLHQGR· N-PRODODSUHVLyQGHXQDDWPyVIHUD(OWRUUHQWHVDQJXtQHRDEVRUEHSRUWpUPL QRPHGLRPROHVGH2HQKRUDV&RQHVWDFDQWLGDGGHR[tJHQR D¢&XiQWRVJUDPRVGHVDFDURVDVHSXHGHQTXHPDUDOGtD" E¢&XiQWRVN-VHSURGXFLUiQHQODFRPEXVWLyQ" 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD 6ROXFLyQ D(VFULELPRVODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD &+22→&2J+2O ∆+U = − 348 9 N-PRO 3XHVWR TXH HO WRUUHQWH VDQJXtQHR DEVRUEH PROHV GH 2 HQ KRUDV GH WHUPLQDPRVORVPROHVGHVDFDURVDTXHVHSXHGHQTXHPDUHQHVHWLHPSR 1PRO VDFDURVD [ PROHV VDFDURVD ![ ·PROHVGHVDFDURVD = UHDFFLRQD 12 PROHV 22 26 PROHV 22 \SXHVWRTXHPROVRQJWHQHPRVTXH 0DVDVDFDURVD QGHPROHVĊ0P ·Ċ J E3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDQODHQWDOStDGHFRPEXV WLyQ −348 9 N4 = Ċ2 17 PROHV = 755 95N- 1PRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD /DUHDFFLyQHQWUHODKLGUDFLQD1+\HOSHUy[LGRGHKLGUyJHQR+2VHXWLOL]D SDUDODSURSXOVLyQGHFRKHWHV N 2 H 4 (l) + 2H 2 O 2 (l) → N 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(l) ǻH = -710 kJ /DVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQGH+2O\GHO+2OVRQ·\N-PROUHV SHFWLYDPHQWH D&DOFXOHODHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQGHODKLGUDFLQD E¢4XpYROXPHQGHQLWUyJHQRPHGLGRD&\PPGHPHUFXULRVHSURGXFL UiFXDQGRUHDFFLRQHQJGHKLGUDFLQD" 'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 2 6ROXFLyQ D&RQVLGHUDQGRTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGR 1 + O + +2 O → 1 J + +2O¨+UR = N- R R ∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV − ∆+ IUHDFWLYRV = ∆+ IR 1 2 + 4Ċ∆+ IR +22 − ∆+IR 1 2 +4 − 2Ċ∆+ IR + 222 GHVSHMDQGR ∆+ IR 12 +4 ∆+ IR 12 +4 = ∆+ IR 12 + 4Ċ∆+ IR +22 − 2Ċ∆+ IR +222 − ∆+UR ∆+ IR 12 +4 · ·N-PRO E/RVPROHVGHKLGUDFLQDVRQ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 64 J = 2 PROHV 32 J PRO \VHJ~QODUHDFFLyQFRQGRVPROHVGHKLGUDFLQDVHREWLHQHQGRVPROHVGHQLWUy JHQRTXHRFXSDQXQYROXPHQGH Q57 2 PROHVĊ 0 082 DWPĊ/.ĊPROĊ283. 9 = = = 705 5/ 1DWP 3 50 PP+J Ċ 760 PP+J 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVWiQGDU CaC 2 (s) + 2H 2 O(l) → Ca(OH) 2 (s) + C 2 H 2 (g) E 4XpFDORUVHGHVSUHQGHHQODFRPEXVWLyQGHGPGHDFHWLOHQR&+PH GLGRVD&\DWP 'DWRV ∆H 0f [ CaC2 (s)] = −59'0 kJ/mol ∆H 0f [CO 2 (g)] = −393 kJ/mol Q R GHPROHV = ∆H 0f [H 2 O(l)] = −286 kJ/mol ∆H 0f [Ca(OH) 2 (s) ] = −986 kJ/mol ∆H0f [C2H2 (g)] = 227 kJ/mol 6ROXFLyQ D(OFiOFXORGHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQVHUHDOL]DWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHHVXQD IXQFLyQGHHVWDGR &D& V + 2+ 2O → &D2+ V + & + J R R ∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV − ∆+IUHDFWLYRV ∆+UR = ∆+ IR [&D2+2 ] + ∆+ IR &2 +2 − 2Ċ∆+ IR +22 − ∆+ IR &D&2 ∆+U = ²Ċ² N- E 3DUD FDOFXODU HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR VH FDOFXOD HQ SULPHU OXJDU HO Q~PHUR GH PROHVGHDFHWLOHQRFRQWHQLGRHQGP 3Ċ9 1DWPĊ100 / Q GHPROHV = = = 4 092 PROHVGHDFHWLOHQR 5Ċ7 0 082 DWPĊ/.ĊPROĊ298. $FRQWLQXDFLyQVHFDOFXOD ∆+U GHODFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR 5 &+J 2J→&2J+2O 2 R U ∆+ = ∆+ R ISURGXFWRV R − ∆+IUHDFWLYRV ∆+UR = 2Ċ∆+IR &22 + ∆+IR +22 − ∆+ IR &2 +2 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD ∆+UR = 2Ċ −393 + −286 − 227 = −1299N-PRO \SRU~OWLPR 4 = QGHPROHVĊ∆+UR = 4 092Ċ −1299 = −5315 5N- 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 'DGDVODVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHOGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR&2²N- PRO\GHO62²·N-ĊPRO\ODGHFRPEXVWLyQGHOGLVXOIXURGHFDUERQR CS2 (l) + 3O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g) ∆H ro = −1072 kJ &DOFXOH D/DHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHOGLVXOIXURGHFDUERQR E/DHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDODVtQWHVLVGH·NJGHGLVXOIXURGHFDUERQR 'DWRVGH0DVDVDWyPLFDV& 6 6ROXFLyQ D&RQVLGHUDQGRTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGR R R ∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV − ∆+IUHDFWLYRV ∆+UR = ∆+ IR &22 + 2Ċ∆+IR 622 − ∆+IR &62 \GHVSHMDQGR ∆ +IR &62 ∆ +IR &62 · ·N-PRO E6HFDOFXODHQSULPHUOXJDUHOQ~PHURGHPROHVFRQWHQLGRVHQ·NJGHGLVXO IXURGHFDUERQR 2500J Q GHPROHV = = 32 9PROHVGH&62 76JPRO PDVDPROHFXODU JPRO DFRQWLQXDFLyQFDOFXODPRVODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULD 4 QGHPROHVĊ ∆ +IR &62 ·PROHVĊ·N-PRO ·N- 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD /DFRPEXVWLyQGHOSHQWDERUDQROtTXLGRVHSURGXFHVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ 2B 5 H 9 (l) + 12O 2 (g) → 5B 2 O 3 (s) + 9H 2 O(l) D&DOFXOH/DHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVWiQGDU E(OFDORUTXHVHGHVSUHQGHDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHHQODFRPEXVWLyQGHXQJUDPR GHSHQWDERUDQR 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ % ∆+ I [% + O] = 73 2N-PRO ∆+ I [%2 V] = −1263 6N-PRO ∆ H 0f [ H 2 O( l)] = −286 kJ/mol ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 6ROXFLyQ D3DUDODUHDFFLyQ % + O + 122 J → 5% 2 V + 9+ 2O ∆+UR R R ∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV − ∆+IUHDFWLYRV ∆+UR = 5Ċ∆+ IR %223 + 9Ċ∆+IR +22 − 2Ċ∆+IR %5+9 ∆+UR = 5Ċ −1263 6 + 9Ċ −286 − 2Ċ 73 2 = −9038 4N- F 3DUD FDOFXODU HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR KHPRV GH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH FRQ GRV PROHVGHSHQWDERUDQRVHGHVSUHQGHQ·N-\DSDUWLUGHDTXtFRQVLGH UDQGRODPDVDPROHFXODUGHHVWHFRPSXHVWRJPRO 2 PRO Ċ 64J ⋅ PRO −1 1J = ![ ²·N- −9038 4 N[ 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 'HWHUPLQHORVYDORUHVGHODVHQWDOStDVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHV +&OJ D+J&OJ E CH 2 = CH 2 (g) + H 2 (g) → CH 3 CH 3 (g) 'DWRV(QHUJtDVPHGLDVGHHQODFHN-ĊPRO++ ·&O−&O &−+ & & +−&O &−& 6ROXFLyQ D/DHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQVHSXHGHREWHQHUFRPRGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVHQHUJtDV GHHQODFHGHORVHQODFHVURWRV\ORVHQODFHVIRUPDGRV ǻH ro = Ȉ energía enlaces rotos - Ȉ energía enlaces formados ∆ H ro = ∆ H o (H-H) + ∆ H o (Cl-Cl) -2·∆ H o (Cl-H) ∆ H ro = 436 + 243 − 2·( 431 ) = −183 kJ E3DUDODUHDFFLyQ CH 2 = CH 2 ( g) + H 2 ( g) → CH 3 CH 3 (g) ǻH ro = Ȉ energía enlaces rotos - Ȉ energía enlaces formados ∆ H ro = ∆ H o (C = C) + ∆ H o (H-H)-∆ H o (C-C) - 2∆ H o (C-H) ∆ H ro = 611 + 436 − 347 − 2 · 414 = −128 kJ 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (OSURFHVRGHIRWRVtQWHVLVVHSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUSRUODHFXDFLyQ &2 J + 6+2O → & +2 V + 62 J ∆+UR = N- &DOFXOH D/DHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHODJOXFRVD&+2 E/DHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHJGHJOXFRVDPHGLDQWHIRWRVtQ WHVLV 'DWRV ∆+ I0 +22 (O ) = −285 8N-PRO ∆ + I0 &22 ( J ) = − 393 N- PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV& + 2 6ROXFLyQ D ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = ∆ H of ( C6 H12O6 ) − 6·∆ H of ( H 2O ) − 6·∆ H of ( CO2 ) \GHVSHMDQGRODHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQGHODJOXFRVD ∆ H of ( C6 H12O6 ) = ∆ H ro + 6 ·∆ H of ( H 2O ) + 6 ·∆ H of ( CO2 ) ∆ H of ( C6 H12 O6 ) ·· N-PRO E 6H GHWHUPLQD HQ SULPHU OXJDU HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH JOXFRVD FRQWHQLGRV HQ JWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODPDVDPROHFXODUGHODJOXFRVDHVJPRO\D SDUWLUGHOD ∆ H of ( C6 H12 O6 ) VHGHWHUPLQDODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDVXIRUPDFLyQ 500 g · 3402' 8 kJ / mol = 9452 kJ 4 QGHPROHVĊ ∆H of 180 g / mol 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &DOFXOH D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDHVWiQGDUSDUDODGHVFRPSRVLFLyQGHPROGHFDUERQD WRGHFDOFLR&D&2VHQGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR&2J\y[LGRGHFDOFLR&D2V E/DHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDSUHSDUDUNJGHy[LGRGHFDOFLR 'DWRV ∆+ I [&D&2 V] = −1209 6 N-PRO ∆+ I [&2 J] = −393N-PRO ∆+ I [&D2V] = −635 1N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV&D 2 6ROXFLyQ D ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = ∆ H of ( CaO ) + ∆ H of ( CO2 ) − ∆ H of ( CaCO3 ) ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD ∆ H ro · ·N-PRO E(QSULPHUOXJDUVHGHWHUPLQDHOQGHPROHVGHy[LGRGHFDOFLRFRQWHQLGRVHQ NJVDELHQGRTXHODPDVDPROHFXODUGHHVWHFRPSXHVWRHVJPRO 3000 g Q ·PROHV 56 g / mol 3DUDFDOFXODUODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDKDEUiTXHWHQHU HQFXDQWDTXHSRUFDGDPRO GHFDUERQDWRFiOFLFRGHVFRPSXHVWRVHIRUPDXQPROGHy[LGRGHFDOFLR 4 QGHPROHVĊ ∆ H ro ·PROHVĊ·N-PRO ·N- 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD $HIHFWRVSUiFWLFRVVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUODJDVROLQDFRPRRFWDQR&+/DVHQ WDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGH+2J&2J\&+OVRQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH ·N-PRON-PRO\·N-PRO&DOFXOH D/DHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQHVWiQGDUGHORFWDQROtTXLGRH[SUHVDGDHQN-PRO VDELHQGRTXHVHIRUPDQ&2\+2JDVHRVRV E/DHQHUJtDHQNLORMXOLRVTXHQHFHVLWDXQDXWRPyYLOSRUFDGDNLOyPHWURVLVX FRQVXPRHVGH/GHRFWDQROtTXLGRSRUFDGDNP 'DWRV'HQVLGDGGHORFWDQROtTXLGR ·NJ/0DVDVDWyPLFDV& + 6ROXFLyQ D/DUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHO&+HV &+O 25 2 2J→+2J&2J ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = 9·∆ H of ( H 2O ) + 8·∆ H of ( CO2 ) − ∆ H of ( C8 H18 ) ∆H ro · ·N-PRO E(QSULPHUOXJDUVHGHWHUPLQDHOFRQVXPRGHJDVROLQDHQJUDPRVSRUFDGD .P 5L 0' 8 kg · ·NJNP JNPGHJDVROLQD 100 km 1L 40 g ·PROHVGHJDVROLQDFRQVXPLGRVHQNP QGHPROHV 114 g / mol 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD /DHQHUJtDFRQVXPLGDVHUi ·PROHVĊ·N-PRO N- (OVLJQRHVSRVLWLYRSXHVWRTXHVHWUDWDGHHQHUJtDFRQVXPLGD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6HREWLHQHFORUXURGHKLGUyJHQRDSDUWLUGHODUHDFFLyQ + J + &O J → 2+&OJ ∆+ = N- &DOFXOH D/DHQHUJtDGHVSUHQGLGDSDUDODSURGXFFLyQGHNJGHFORUXURGHKLGUyJHQR E/DHQWDOStDGHOHQODFH+²&OVLODVHQWDOStDVGHHQODFH+²+\&O²&OVRQUHVSHF WLYDPHQWHN-PRO\N-PRO 'DWRVGH0DVDVDWyPLFDV&O ·+ 6ROXFLyQ D 6H FDOFXOD HQ SULPHU OXJDU ORV PROHV GH FORUXUR GH KLGUyJHQR FRQWHQLGRV HQ NJ 100000 g Q~PHURGHPROHV ·PROHVGH+&O 36' 5 g / mol \ WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH SRU FDGD GRV PROHV GH +&O IRUPDGRV VH GHVSUHQGHQ ·N-ODHQHUJtDGHVSUHQGLGDSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGH·PROHVODFDOFXOD PRVSRUODUHODFLyQ 2 moles 2739' 7 moles = 4 ![ ņN- x −184' 4 kJ E7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQVHSXHGHREWHQHUFRPRGLIH UHQFLDHQWUHODVHQHUJtDVGHORVHQODFHVURWRV\ORVHQODFHVIRUPDGRV ǻH ro = Ȉ energía enlaces rotos- Ȉ energía enlaces formados ∆ H ro = ∆ H o (Cl-Cl) + ∆ H o (H-H)-2·∆ H o (Cl-H) \GHVSHMDQGR ∆ H o (Cl-H) 2 · ∆ H o (Cl-H) = ∆ H o (Cl-Cl) + ∆ H o (H-H) - ∆ H ro = −( −184' 4 ) + 243 + 436 = 863' 4 kJ . OXHJR ∆ H o (Cl-H) · ·N-PRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD $&\DWPODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDHVN-SDUDODUHDFFLyQ 2Al 2 O 3 (s) → 4Al(s) + 3O 2 (g) &DOFXOH ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD D/DHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHO$O2 E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDFXDQGRVHIRUPDQJGH$O2HQODVPLVPDVFRQGL FLRQHVGHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUD 0DVDVDWyPLFDV$O 2 6ROXFLyQ D /D UHDFFLyQ GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO y[LGR GH DOXPLQLR $OV 2J → $O2V SXHGHREWHQHUVHLQYLUWLHQGRODUHDFFLyQGHOHQXQFLDGR\GLYLGLpQGRODHQWUHGRV SRUWDQWR ∆ H ro ·N-PRO(OVLJQRQHJDWLYRVHGHEHDTXHVHKDLQYHU WLGRHOVHQWLGRGHODUHDFFLyQ E3DUDFDOFXODUODFDQWLGDGGHHQHUJtDDOIRUPDUVHJGH$O2 HVWDEOHFHPRV ODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQ 102 g ⋅ mol −1 Al2O3 10 g = ![ ·N- −1675' 5 kJ ⋅ mol −1 x <DTXHODPDVDPROHFXODUGHO$O2 JPRO 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (OVXOIXURGHFLQFDOWUDWDUORFRQR[tJHQRUHDFFLRQDVHJ~Q 2ZnS ( s) + 3O2 ( g) → 2 ZnO(s) + 2SO2 (g) 6LODVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVVRQ ∆+I [ =Q6V] = −202 9N-PRO ∆Hf0 [ ZnO( s)] = −348' 3 kJ/mol ∆+I [62 J] = −296 8N-PRO D¢&XiOVHUiHOFDORUDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHGHXQDDWPyVIHUDTXHVHGHVSUHQGHUi FXDQGRUHDFFLRQHQJUDPRVGHVXOIXURGHFLQFFRQH[FHVRGHR[tJHQR" E¢&XiQWRVOLWURVGH62PHGLGRVD&\XQDDWPyVIHUDVHREWHQGUiQ" 'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 6 =Q 6ROXFLyQ D&DOFXODPRVHQSULPHUOXJDUODHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = 2 · ∆ H of ( ZnO ) + 2 · ∆ H of ( SO2 ) − 2 · ∆ H of ( ZnS ) ∆ H ro Ċ··· ·N- 3DUDXQPROGH=Q6VHGHVSUHQGHUiODPLWDG·N- ·N- 17 g = ·PROHV PROHVGH=Q6FRQWHQLGRVJ 97 ' 4 g / mol 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD PDVDPRODU ·JPRO FDORUGHVSUHQGLGR Q~PHURGHPROHVGH=Q6Ċ ∆ H ro ·Ċ· ·N- E3DUDFDOFXODUHOYROXPHQGH62REWHQLGRWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDTXHORVPROHV GH=Q6TXHUHDFFLRQDQVRQORVPLVPRVTXHVHREWLHQHQGH62HVGHFLUVRQ· nRT 0' 174 mol· 0' 082 atl ⋅ l ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol −1 · 298 K = = ·/GH62 V= 1 atm P 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDOLEUHHVWiQGDUD&SDUDODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDF FLRQHVXWLOL]DQGRORVGDWRVWDEXODGRV 2NaF (s) + Cl 2 (g) → F2 (g) + 2 NaCl(s) PbO (s) + Zn (s) → Pb(s) + ZnO(s) E $ OD YLVWD GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV FRPHQWH OD FRQYHQLHQFLD R QR GH XWLOL]DU HVWDV UHDFFLRQHVHQODREWHQFLyQGHIO~RU\SORPRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 'DWRV 1D) 1D&O 3E2 =Q2 &O ) =Q 3E ∆+IN-PRO 6-.PRO 6ROXFLyQ D 3DUD FDOFXODU ∆* WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH ∆* ∆+7∆6 KD\ TXH GHWHU PLQDUHQSULPHUOXJDU∆+\∆6 ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = 2·∆ H of ( NaCl ) − 2·∆ H of ( NaF ) = 2·( −411 ) − 2·( −569 ) = 316 kJ UHDFFLyQHQ GRWpUPLFD 0 ǻS 0 = S 0productos − Sreactivos ǻS 0 61D&O6)61D)²6&O Ċ··Ċ·∆6 -. 21 J 1 kJ = ²· ·N- . ∆* ∆+7∆6 N-².Ċ K 1000 J D ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = ∆ H of ( ZnO ) − ∆ H of ( PbO ) = −348 + 276 = −72 kJ UHDFFLyQH[RWpUPLFD 0 ǻS 0 = S 0productos − Sreactivos ǻS 0 63E6=Q2²6=Q²63E2 ··²·²· ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD ∆6 ·-. ∆* ∆+7∆6 N-².Ċ −9' 8 J 1 kJ = · ·N- · 1000 J K E 3XHVWR TXH ∆* · N- OD UHDFFLyQ HV QR HVSRQWiQHD UHFRUGHPRV TXH SDUDVHUHVSRQWiQHD ∆*GHEHVHUQHJDWLYR\DGHPiV ∆ H ro N-QHFHVL WD JUDQ DSRUWDFLyQ GH HQHUJtD OXHJR QR HV SRVLEOH REWHQHU IO~RU PHGLDQWH HVWDUHDFFLyQ E3XHVWRTXH ∆* ·N-ODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD\DGHPiV ∆ H ro N- HVH[RWpUPLFDOXHJRHVSRVLEOHREWHQHUSORPRPHGLDQWHHVWDUHDFFLyQ
