08-Química del carbono

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5(62/8&,Ï1'(&8(67,21(6
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5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D5HFLEHHOQRPEUHGHJUXSRIXQFLRQDOXQiWRPRRJUXSRGHiWRPRVGLVWULEXLGRV
GHWDOIRUPDTXHODPROpFXODDGTXLHUHXQDVSURSLHGDGHVTXtPLFDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
E 'RV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH SRVHHQ HO PLVPR JUXSR IXQFLRQDO VLHPSUH VRQ
LVyPHURV
F 'RV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV FRQ OD PLVPD IyUPXOD PROHFXODU SHUR GLVWLQWD
IXQFLyQQXQFDVRQLVyPHURV
Solución
D&LHUWR(VODGHILQLFLyQGHJUXSRIXQFLRQDO
E)DOVD1RWLHQHSRUTXpWHQHUODPLVPDIyUPXODPROHFXODU
F)DOVD3XHGHQVHULVyPHURVGHIXQFLyQ
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-XVWLILTXHODYHUDFLGDGRIDOVHGDGGHODVVLJXLHQWHVSURSRVLFLRQHV
D/RVKLGURFDUEXURVVDWXUDGRVVRQPXFKRPiVUHDFWLYRVTXHORVLQVDWXUDGRV
E *UXSR IXQFLRQDO HV XQ iWRPR R JUXSR GH iWRPRV TXH FRQILHUH D OD FDGHQD
KLGURFDUERQDGDXQDVSURSLHGDGHVTXtPLFDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
F(QHOPHWDQRHOiWRPRGHFDUERQRSUHVHQWDKLEULGDFLyQVS
Solución
D )DOVR /RV KLGURFDUEXURV VDWXUDGRV VRQ SRFR UHDFWLYRV SRUTXH QR WLHQHQ
JUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHV/RVKLGURFDUEXURVLQVDWXUDGRVVRQPiVUHDFWLYRVGHELGRDVXV
GREOHVRWULSOHVHQODFHVVLHQGRODUHDFFLyQPiVIUHFXHQWHODGHDGLFLyQ
E&LHUWR(VODGHILQLFLyQGHJUXSRIXQFLRQDO
F&LHUWR (OFDUERQRGLVSRQHVXVHQODFHVVHQFLOORVWHWUDpGULFDPHQWHSRUORTXH
XWLOL]DKLEULGDFLyQVS
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
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5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D(OSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQGHOPHWDQRHVPHQRUTXHHOGHOEXWDQRO
E/DPROpFXOD&+&OSRVHHXQDJHRPHWUtDWHWUDpGULFDFRQHOiWRPRGHFDUERQR
RFXSDQGRODSRVLFLyQFHQWUDO
F(OHWDQRHVPiVVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHOHWDQRO
Solución
D &LHUWD (O EXWDQRO WLHQH FDUiFWHU SRODU \ IRUPD HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR D
WUDYpV GHO JUXSR 2+ SRU OR TXH VX SXQWR GH HEXOOLFLyQ HV PD\RU $GHPiV DO
WHQHUPD\RUWDPDxRTXHHOPHWDQRWDPELpQVRQPD\RUHVODVIXHU]DVGH9DQGHU
:DDOVHQWUHVXVPROpFXODV(OPHWDQRHVXQDPROpFXODDSRODU\QRIRUPDHQODFHV
GHKLGUyJHQR
E &LHUWD (O iWRPR GH FDUERQR DGRSWD KLEULGDFLyQ VS \ SRU OR WDQWR OD
JHRPHWUtDGHODPROpFXOD&+&OHVWHWUDpGULFD
F )DOVD (O HWDQRO HV VROXEOH HQ DJXD SRU VHU XQD PROpFXOD SRODU \ FDSD] GH
IRUPDU HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR D WUDYpV GHO JUXSR 2+ FRQ ODV PROpFXODV GH HVWH
GLVROYHQWH PLHQWUDV TXH HO HWDQR HV XQD PROpFXOD QR SRODU \ SRU WDQWR QR
VROXEOHHQDJXD
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/DV IyUPXODV PROHFXODUHV GH WUHV KLGURFDUEXURV OLQHDOHV VRQ &+ &+ &+
5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D/RVWUHVSHUWHQHFHQDODPLVPDVHULHKRPyORJD
E/RVWUHVSUHVHQWDQUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQ
F/RVWUHVSRVHHQiWRPRVGHFDUERQRFRQKLEULGDFLyQVS
Solución
D)DOVD3RUGHILQLFLyQGHVHULHKRPyORJDORVKRPyORJRVVRORVHGLIHUHQFLDQHQ
HO Q~PHUR GH JUXSRV –CH2 – (O &+ WLHQH XQD LQVWDXUDFLyQ SRU OR TXH QR
SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH KRPyORJD TXH ORV KLGURFDUEXURV VDWXUDGRV &+ \
&+TXHVtVRQPLHPEURVGHODPLVPDVHULH
E )DOVD /RV KLGURFDUEXURV VDWXUDGRV QR H[SHULPHQWDQ UHDFFLRQHV GH DGLFLyQ
PLHQWUDVTXHORVKLGURFDUEXURVDOLIiWLFRVLQVDWXUDGRVGDQUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQ
DOGREOHRWULSOHHQODFH
4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
F&LHUWD 7RGRVORVFDUERQRVFRQHQODFHVVHQFLOORVSUHVHQWDQKLEULGDFLyQVS \
WRGDVODVPROpFXODVWLHQHQDOPHQRVXQR
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/DV IyUPXODV PROHFXODUHV GH WUHV KLGURFDUEXURV OLQHDOHV VRQ &+ &+ &+
5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D/RVWUHVSHUWHQHFHQDODPLVPDVHULHKRPyORJD
E/RVWUHVH[SHULPHQWDQUHDFFLRQHVGHVXVWLWXFLyQ
F6yORXQRGHHOORVWLHQHiWRPRVGHFDUERQRFRQKLEULGDFLyQVS
Solución
D)DOVD 3RUGHILQLFLyQGHVHULHKRPyORJDORVKRPyORJRVVRORVHGLIHUHQFLDQHQ
HO Q~PHUR GH JUXSRV PHWLOHQR –CH2– VLQ HPEDUJR HO &+ WLHQH XQD
LQVDWXUDFLyQ PLHQWUDV TXH HO &+ \ HO &+ Vt SHUWHQHFHQ D OD PLVPD VHULH
KRPyORJD\VRQKLGURFDUEXURVVDWXUDGRV
E)DOVD(O&+HVXQDOTXHQR\ODUHDFFLyQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOGREOHHQODFHHVOD
DGLFLyQ
F &LHUWD 6yOR HO &+ \D TXH ORV FDUERQRV FRQ GREOH HQODFH SUHVHQWDQ
KLEULGDFLyQVS
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D,QGLTXHORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVSUHVHQWHVHQODVVLJXLHQWHVPROpFXODV
L
&+&+&+2+&+
LL &+&+2+&+2
LLL &+&+1+&22+
E(VFULEDXQLVyPHURGHIXQFLyQGHODPROpFXODGHODSDUWDGRL
F(VFULEDXQLVyPHURGHSRVLFLyQGHODPROpFXODGHODSDUWDGRLL
Solución
D L &+&+&+2+&+ JUXSR IXQFLRQDO DOFRKRO 52+ (O JUXSR ²2+
JUXSR KLGUR[LOR FRQILHUH D OD PROpFXOD XQDV SURSLHGDGHV TXtPLFDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
LL&+&+2+&+2JUXSRIXQFLRQDODOFRKRO52+\DOGHKtGR5&+2
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
LLL &+&+1+&22+ JUXSR IXQFLRQDO DPLQD 51+ \ iFLGR
FDUER[tOLFR5&22+
E&+&+2&+&+
F&+2+&+&+2
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,QGLTXH VL OD HVWUXFWXUD GH FDGD SDUHMD UHSUHVHQWD HO PLVPR FRPSXHVWR R
FRPSXHVWRVGLIHUHQWHVLGHQWLILFDQGRORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVSUHVHQWHV
D&+&+2&+\&+2&+&+
E&+&+2&+\&+&+2+&+
F&+&+&+2+\&+&+2+&+
Solución
D(VHOPLVPRFRPSXHVWR6LJLUDPRVžODPROpFXODYHPRVTXHHVODPLVPD
HVWUXFWXUD(OJUXSRIXQFLRQDOHVpWHU525·
E&RPSXHVWRVGLIHUHQWHV&+&+2&+HVXQpWHU525·&+&+2+&+HVXQ
DOFRKRO52+
F &RPSXHVWRV GLIHUHQWHV 6RQ GRV LVyPHURV GH SRVLFLyQ DPERV VRQ DOFRKROHV
52+
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,QGLTXHORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVPROpFXODV
D&+&+&2&+&+
E&+&+&+2+&22+
F&+&+&+1+&+2
Solución
D*UXSRIXQFLRQDOFHWRQD&RQWLHQHHOJUXSRFDUERQLOR5&25·
E *UXSR IXQFLRQDO iFLGR &RQWLHQH HO JUXSR FDUER[LOR 5&22+ *UXSR
IXQFLRQDODOFRKRO&RQWLHQHHOJUXSRKLGUR[LOR52+
F*UXSRIXQFLRQDODOGHKtGR&RQWLHQHHOJUXSRFDUERQLORHQFDUERQRWHUPLQDO
5&+2 *UXSRIXQFLRQDODPLQR&RQWLHQHHOJUXSR1+
4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
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'HILQDVHULHKRPyORJDHLQGLTXHFXiOHVGHORVVLJXLHQWHVFRPSXHVWRVSHUWHQHFHQ
DODPLVPDVHULHTXH&+2+
D&+&+&+&+2+
E&+&+2+
F&+&22+
Solución
(V XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH FRQWLHQH XQ PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO\GLILHUHQVRORHQODORQJLWXGGHODFDGHQDHVGHFLUHQHOQ~PHUR
GH–CH2 –
D 3HUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH &+2+ &XPSOH OD GHILQLFLyQ GH VHULH
KRPyORJD
E 3HUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH &+2+ &XPSOH OD GHILQLFLyQ GH VHULH
KRPyORJD
F 1R SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH &+2+ 1R FXPSOH OD GHILQLFLyQ HV XQ
iFLGRFDUER[tOLFRFRQWLHQHXQJUXSRIXQFLRQDOGLIHUHQWH
&XHVWLyQ
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Q
'DGRV ORV FRPSXHVWRV EXWDQRO &+&+2+&+&+ \ PHWLOEXWDQRO
&+&+&+&+&+2+UHVSRQGDUD]RQDGDPHQWHDODVVLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHV
D¢6RQLVyPHURVHQWUHVt"
E¢3UHVHQWDDOJXQRGHHOORVLVRPHUtDySWLFD"
Solución
D 1R 1R WLHQHQ OD PLVPD IyUPXOD PROHFXODU SDUD HO EXWDQRO HV &+2 \
SDUDHOPHWLOEXWDQROHV&+2
E 6t (O EXWDQRO SUHVHQWD LVRPHUtD ySWLFD \D TXH HO FDUERQR Q~PHUR GRV HV
TXLUDOHVGHFLUHVXQiWRPRGHFDUERQRFRQFXDWURVXVWLWX\HQWHVGLVWLQWRV
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VWLyQ
D'HILQDVHULHKRPyORJD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E(VFULEDODIyUPXODGHXQFRPSXHVWRTXHSHUWHQH]FDDODPLVPDVHULHKRPyORJD
GH FDGD XQR GH ORV TXH DSDUHFHQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ &+&+ &+&+&+2+
&+&+1+
Solución
D (V XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH FRQWLHQH XQ PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO\GLILHUHQVRORHQODORQJLWXGGHODFDGHQDHVGHFLUHQHOQ~PHURGH
JUXSRV–CH2 –
E (O &+&+&+ SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH KRPyORJD TXH HO &+&+ (O
&+&+2+ SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH HO &+&+&+2+ (O &+&+1+
SHUWHQHFHDODPLVPDTXHHO&+&+&+1+
&XHVWLyQ
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'HILQDORVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFHSWRV\SRQJDXQHMHPSORGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV
D6HULHKRPyORJD
E,VRPHUtDGHFDGHQD
F,VRPHUtDJHRPpWULFD
Solución
D (V XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH FRQWLHQH XQ PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO\GLILHUHQVRORHQODORQJLWXGGHODFDGHQDHVGHFLUHQHOQ~PHURGH
JUXSRV–CH2 –3RUHMHPSOR&+&+\&+&+&+
E (VWRV LVyPHURV SRVHHQ HO PLVPR JUXSR IXQFLRQDO SHUR OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD
FDGHQDHVGLIHUHQWHSXHGHVHUOLQHDORUDPLILFDGD3RUHMHPSOR&+&+&+&+
\&+&+&+&+
F6HSUHVHQWDHQORVDOTXHQRVGHELGRDOLPSHGLPHQWRGHJLURGHOGREOHHQODFH
(O LVyPHUR FLV WLHQH ORV VXVWLWX\HQWHV HQ HO PLVPR ODGR GHO GREOH HQODFH \ HO
LVyPHURWUDQVORVWLHQHHQODGRVRSXHVWRV3RUHMHPSOR
4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
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'DGRV ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRPSXHVWRV &+&22&+&+ &+&21+ &+&+2+&+ \
&+&+2+&22+
D,GHQWLILTXHORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVSUHVHQWHVHQFDGDXQRGHHOORV
E¢$OJXQRSRVHHiWRPRVGHFDUERQRDVLPpWULFR"5D]RQHVXUHVSXHVWD
Solución
D &+&22&+&+ JUXSR pVWHU 5&225· &+&21+ JUXSR DPLGD 5
&21+&+&+2+&+DOFRKRO52+&+&+2+&22+iFLGRFDUER[tOLFR5
&22+\DOFRKRO52+
E 6t (O &+&+2+&22+ FRQWLHQH XQ FDUERQR DVLPpWULFR \D TXH HO FDUERQR
Q~PHURGRVWLHQHWRGRVORVVXVWLWX\HQWHVGLVWLQWRV
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
([SOLTXH XQR GH ORV WLSRV GH LVRPHUtD TXH SXHGHQ SUHVHQWDU ORV VLJXLHQWHV
FRPSXHVWRV\UHSUHVHQWHORVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVLVyPHURV
D&+&2&+
E&+&+&+&+
F&+&+)&22+
Solución
D 3XHGH SUHVHQWDU LVRPHUtD GH IXQFLyQ 6RQ LVyPHURV FRQ GLVWLQWRV JUXSRV
IXQFLRQDOHV(OLVyPHURVHUi&+&+&+2
E 3XHGH SUHVHQWDU LVRPHUtD GH FDGHQD /RV LVyPHURV SRVHHQ HO PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO SHUR OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD FDGHQD HV GLIHUHQWH SXHGH VHU OLQHDO R
UDPLILFDGD(OLVyPHURVHUi&+&+&+&+
F 3XHGHSUHVHQWDULVRPHUtDGHSRVLFLyQ/RVLVyPHURVWLHQHQHOPLVPRJUXSR
IXQFLRQDO HQ SRVLFLyQ GLIHUHQWH HQ XQD PLVPD FDGHQD (O LVyPHUR VHUi
&+)&+&22+
3XHGH SUHVHQWDU WDPELpQ LVRPHUtD ySWLFD (Q HVWH FRPSXHVWR HO FDUERQR
Q~PHURGRVHVTXLUDOORVHQDQWLyPHURVVHUHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
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'HILQDORVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFHSWRV\SRQJDXQHMHPSORGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV
D,VRPHUtDGHIXQFLyQ
E,VRPHUtDGHSRVLFLyQ
F,VRPHUtDySWLFD
Solución
D,VyPHURVGHIXQFLyQVRQFRPSXHVWRVFRQODPLVPDIyUPXODPROHFXODUSHURFRQ
GLVWLQWRVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHV3RUHMHPSOR&+&+&+2+\&+2&+&+
E,VyPHURVGHSRVLFLyQVRQFRPSXHVWRVTXHWLHQHQHOPLVPRJUXSRIXQFLRQDOHQ
SRVLFLyQ GLIHUHQWH HQ XQD PLVPD FDGHQD 3RU HMHPSOR &+&+2+&+ \
&+&+&+2+
F ,VyPHURV ySWLFRV VRQ FRPSXHVWRV TXH WLHQHQ WRGDV VXV SURSLHGDGHV LJXDOHV \
TXHVRORVHGLIHUHQFLDQHQVXGLVWLQWRFRPSRUWDPLHQWRIUHQWHDODOX]SRODUL]DGD
\DTXHODGLVSRVLFLyQHVSDFLDOGHORVVXVWLWX\HQWHVHVGLIHUHQWH6HSUHVHQWDHVWD
LVRPHUtD FXDQGR H[LVWH HQ OD PROpFXOD XQ FDUERQR TXLUDO R DVLPpWULFR FDUERQR
XQLGRDFXDWURJUXSRVGLIHUHQWHV3RUHMHPSOR
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
([SOLTXHSRUTXpHO&+&+&+2+HVPiVVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHO&+&+&+&+
Solución
(O &+&+&+2+ HV PiV VROXEOH HQ DJXD SRUTXH HV SRODU \ IRUPD FRQ IDFLOLGDG
HQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRFRQODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDGHELGRDODSUHVHQFLDGHOJUXSR
KLGUR[LOR
/RVDOFRKROHVVRQPROpFXODVSRODUHV\SRUWDQWRVROXEOHVHQGLVROYHQWHVSRODUHV
FRPRHODJXD/DVROXELOLGDGHQDJXDGLVPLQX\HDODXPHQWDUODPDVDPROHFXODU
GHODOFRKRO
(O&+&+&+&+HVXQDOFDQRLQVROXEOHHQDJXDSRUVHUXQDPROpFXODDSRODU
4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'DGRV ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV &+&+&+ &+2+ &+ &+&+
,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWH
D¢&XiOHVVROXEOHHQDJXD"
E¢&XiOHVVRQKLGURFDUEXURV"
F¢&XiOSUHVHQWDUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQ"
Solución
D&+&+&+HVXQDOFDQRDSRODU\SRUWDQWRQRHVVROXEOHHQDJXD&+2+HV
XQDOFRKROSRODU\SRUWDQWRVROXEOHHQDJXDIRUPDHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRFRQ
ODV PROpFXODV GH HVWH GLVROYHQWH &+ &+&+ QR HV VROXEOH HQ DJXD \D TXH QR
SRVHHJUXSRVSRODUHV
E +LGURFDUEXURV VRQ ORV FRPSXHVWRV TXH HVWiQ IRUPDGRV SRU FDUERQR H
KLGUyJHQRVRODPHQWHSRUWDQWRVyORORVRQ&+&+&+\&+ &+&+
F/RVDOTXHQRVWLHQHQGREOHHQODFH\H[SHULPHQWDQODVUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQD
HVWHHQODFH6yORH[SHULPHQWDUiDGLFLyQHO&+ &+&+
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
/RV FRPSXHVWRV &+&+2+ \ &+&+&+ WLHQHQ PDVDV PROHFXODUHV VLPLODUHV
,QGLTXHMXVWLILFDQGRODUHVSXHVWD
D&XiOWLHQHPD\RUSXQWRGHIXVLyQ
E&XiOGHHOORVSXHGHH[SHULPHQWDUXQDUHDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQ\HVFUtEDOD
Solución
D(O&+&+2+HVPiVSRODUTXHHO&+&+&+ \VXVPROpFXODVSXHGHQ IRUPDU
HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR D WUDYpV GH ORV JUXSRV KLGUR[LOR SRU WDQWR WLHQH PD\RU
SXQWRGHIXVLyQ
+2 624
E(O&+&+2+
+ − &+2 − &+2 − 2+ ⎯⎯⎯→
&+2 = &+2 + +2 2 FDORU
/D UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU OD SpUGLGD GH DOJXQRV iWRPRV GH
XQDFDGHQDFDUERQDGD(QODUHDFFLyQGHVFULWDVHHOLPLQDXQDPROpFXODGHDJXD
\VHJHQHUDXQGREOHHQODFHHQODFDGHQD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
&RPSOHWHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHVHLQGLTXHGHTXpWLSRVRQ
D
&+3&+ = &+2 + +%U → Solución:
&+3&+ = &+2 + +%U → &+3&+%U&+3 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH DGLFLyQ GH +%U XQD KLGUREURPDFLyQ GH XQ DOTXHQR &XDQGR
XQ UHDFWLYR DVLPpWULFR VH DGLFLRQD D XQ DOTXHQR R DOTXLQR DVLPpWULFR HO
IUDJPHQWRPiVSRVLWLYRJHQHUDOPHQWHHO+VHXQHDOiWRPRGHFDUERQRDOTXH
\D HVWiQ XQLGRV PD\RU Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH + (VWH UHVXOWDGR VH FRUUHVSRQGH
FRQODUHJODHPStULFDSURSXHVWDSRU0DUNRYQLNRY
&+3&+2 &+2 2+ + +2 624 → E
Solución:
&+3&+2&+22+ + +2624 → &+3&+ = &+2 + +22 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH +2 XQD GHVKLGUDWDFLyQ GH XQ DOFRKRO TXH
UHTXLHUHXQFDWDOL]DGRUiFLGR
&RQ DOFRKROHV SULPDULRV PD\RUHV TXH HO SURStOLFR VH REWLHQHQ PH]FODV GH
DOTXHQRV FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD LVRPHUL]DFLyQ ´FDPELR GH SRVLFLyQµ GHO
GREOH HQODFH (VWH WLSR GH LVRPHUL]DFLyQ HV FRP~Q EDMR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH OD
GHVKLGUDWDFLyQFDWDOL]DGD SRUiFLGRV SRUORTXHQR HVXQWLSRGHUHDFFLyQ PX\
DGHFXDGDSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHDOTXHQRVDSDUWLUGHDOFRKROHVSULPDULRV
+2 624
&6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + +123 ⎯⎯⎯→
F
Solución:
+2 624
&6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + +123 ⎯⎯⎯→
&6+5122 + +22 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH VXVWLWXFLyQ DURPiWLFD HOHFWURItOLFD WtSLFD GH ORV DQLOORV
DURPiWLFRV (VWH FDVR FRQVLVWH HQ OD QLWUDFLyQ GHO EHQFHQR \ HO UHDFWLYR
HOHFWUyILORHVHOLRQQLWURQLR (12 +2 ) TXHSURFHGHGHODPH]FODGHiFLGRQtWULFR\
iFLGRVXOI~ULFRFRQFHQWUDGRV
G
4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
+2 624
&+2 = &+2 + +2 2 ⎯⎯⎯→
Solución:
+2 624
&+2 = &+2 + +22 ⎯⎯⎯→
&+3&+22+ (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+2XQDKLGUDWDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
&+2 = &+2 + +&O → H
Solución:
&+2 = &+2 + +&O → &+3&+2&O (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+&OXQDKLGURFORUDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
$O&O3
I
&6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯
→
Solución:
$O&O3
&6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯
→ &6+5&O + +&O
(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH VXVWLWXFLyQ DURPiWLFD HOHFWURItOLFD WtSLFD GH ORV DQLOORV
DURPiWLFRVXQDFORUDFLyQGHEHQFHQR
&+3&22+ + &+3&+2 2+ → J
Solución:
&+3&22+ + &+3&+22+ → &+3&22&+2&+3 + +22 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HVWHULILFDFLyQ /RV iFLGRV FDUER[tOLFRV UHDFFLRQDQ
UiSLGDPHQWHFRQORVDOFRKROHVHQSUHVHQFLDGHFDQWLGDGHVFDWDOtWLFDVGHiFLGRV
PLQHUDOHVSDUDSURGXFLUpVWHUHV
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
K
&+2 = &+2 + %U2 → Solución:
&+2 = &+2 + %U2 → %U&+2&+2%U (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH %U2 XQDEURPDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
&4+10 + 2 2 → L
Solución:
2 &4+10 + 13 22 → 8 &22 + 10 +2 2 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH FRPEXVWLyQ /RV KLGURFDUEXURV FXDQGR VH TXHPDQ HQ
SUHVHQFLD GH FDQWLGDG VXILFLHQWH GH R[tJHQR SURGXFHQ GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR \
DJXD
(QODFRPEXVWLyQGHXQPROGHEXWDQRVHUHTXLHUHQPROHVGHR[tJHQR3DUD
HOLPLQDUHVWHFRHILFLHQWHIUDFFLRQDULRVHKDQPXOWLSOLFDGRWRGRVORVFRHILFLHQWHV
SRU
OX]( Kν )
&+4 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→
M
Solución:
OX]( Kν )
&+4 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ &+3&O + &+2&O 2 + &+&O3 + &&O 4 + +&O (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQODFORUDFLyQGHXQDOFDQR0HGLDQWHHVWDUHDFFLyQ
VHVXVWLWX\HXQiWRPRGHKLGUyJHQRGHOKLGURFDUEXURSRUXQiWRPRGHKDOyJHQR
(VWD VXVWLWXFLyQ TXH VH SURGXFH D DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ
SUHVHQFLDGHODOX]WLHQHOXJDUPHGLDQWHXQDUHDFFLyQHQ FDGHQDSRUUDGLFDOHV
OLEUHVTXHVXHOHSURSRUFLRQDUPH]FODGHSURGXFWRVPRQR\SROLKDORJHQDGRV
&+2 = &+2 + 22 → N
Solución:
&+2 = &+2 + 3 22 → 2 &22 + 2 +2 2 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ
O
4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
&+2 = &+&+3 + +, → Solución:
&+2 = &+&+3 + +, → &+3&+,&+3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+,DXQDOTXHQRTXHWUDQVFXUUHGHDFXHUGRFRQOD
UHJODGH0DUNRYQLNRY
+2624
P &+2 = &+&+3 + +22 ⎯⎯⎯→
Solución:
+2624
&+2 = &+&+3 + +22 ⎯⎯⎯→
&+3&+2+&+3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+2XQDKLGUDWDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR7UDQVFXUUHGH
DFXHUGRFRQODUHJODGH0DUNRYQLNRY
Q
&+3&+2 &+&O&+2 + .2+ → .&O + Solución:
&+3&+2 &+&O&+2 + .2+ → .&O + &+3&+2 &+2+&+3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQGHOKDOyJHQRGHXQKDOXURGHDOTXLORSRUXQJUXSR
KLGUR[LOR(VWDUHDFFLyQVHOOHYDDFDERFDOHQWDQGRHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDEiVLFD\
SURGXFHDOFRKROHV
5HDOPHQWH HQ HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH KDOXURV GH DOTXLOR FRQ EDVHV HQWUDQ HQ
FRPSHWHQFLDODUHDFFLyQ GHVXVWLWXFLyQ SDUDGDUDOFRKROHV\ODGHHOLPLQDFLyQ
SDUD GDU DOTXHQRV $XQTXH HO SUHGRPLQLR GH XQD X RWUD GHSHQGH GH YDULRV
IDFWRUHV ODV FRQGLFLRQHV TXH VH HVSHFLILFDQ HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV HMHPSORV TXH
YHUHPRVFRQGXFHQDODREWHQFLyQPD\RULWDULDGHORVSURGXFWRVTXHVHGHVFULEHQ
HQFDGDFDVR
&+3&+ = &+&+3 + +%U → R
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución:
&+3&+ = &+&+3 + +%U → &+3&+%U&+2&+3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+%UDXQDOTXHQR
&+3&+2+&+2 &+3 + +2 62 4 → +2 2 + S
Solución:
&+3&+2+&+2 &+3 + +2 624 → +2 2 + &+3&+ = &+&+3 ( PD\RULWDULR ) + &+2 = &+&+2 &+3 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH +2 XQD GHVKLGUDWDFLyQ GH XQ DOFRKRO 6H
SURGXFHXQDPH]FODGHDOTXHQRVVLHQGRHOSURGXFWRPD\RULWDULRHOEXWHQR
.2+ ( WDQ RO
&+3&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ +%U + T
Solución:
.2+ ( WDQ RO
&+3&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ +%U + &+3&+ = &+2 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQGH+%UXQDGHVKLGURKDORJHQDFLyQGHXQKDOXUR
GH DOTXLOR (VWD UHDFFLyQ VH OOHYD D FDER FDOHQWDQGR FRQ KLGUy[LGR SRWiVLFR
GLVXHOWR HQ DOFRKRO 6L HO PHGLR EiVLFR QR HV IXHUWH QL DOFRKyOLFR SXHGH
SURGXFLUVHODUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQYpDVHODUHDFFLyQµQµ
&+3&+2 &22+ + &+3&+2 2+ → U
Solución:
&+3&+2 &22+ + &+3&+2 2+ → &+3&+2 &22&+2 &+3 + +2 2 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHHVWHULILFDFLyQ
FDWDOL]DGRU
V
&+3&+ = &+2 + +2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→
Solución:
FDWDOL]DGRU
&+3&+ = &+2 + +2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ &+3&+2 &+3 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
&+ ≡ &+ + +&O → W
Solución:
+&O
&+ ≡ &+ + +&O → &+2 = &+&O ⎯⎯⎯
→ &+2 &&O 2 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ DGLFLyQ GH +&O XQD KLGURFORUDFLyQ GH XQ DOTXLQR /D VROXFLyQ
TXH VH RIUHFH FRUUHVSRQGH SULPHUR D OD DGLFLyQ GH XQ PRO GH FORUXUR GH
KLGUyJHQRSRUPROGHDFHWLOHQRODDGLFLyQGHXQVHJXQGRPROGH+&ODODOTXHQR
REWHQLGRHQODSULPHUDHWDSDGDUtDHOGHULYDGRGLKDORJHQDGRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHD
ODRULHQWDFLyQ0DUNRYQLNRY
.2+ H WDQ RO
&+3&+%U&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ 2 +%U + X
Solución:
.2+ H WDQ RO
&+3&+%U&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ 2+%U + &+3& ≡ &&+3 (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH GRV PROpFXODV GH +%U GHO GLEURPXUR GH
DOTXLOR /D GHVKLGURKDORJHQDFLyQ GH XQ GLKDOXUR YHFLQDO GD OXJDU D XQ KDOXUR
YLQtOLFR \ pVWH HQ FRQGLFLRQHV IXHUWHPHQWH EiVLFDV FRPR HV HVWH FDVR SXHGH
H[SHULPHQWDUXQDVHJXQGDGHVKLGURKDORJHQDFLyQSDUDGDUXQDOTXLQR
Kν
Y
&+3&+2 &+3 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯
→ +&O + Solución:
Kν
&+3&+2&+3 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯
→ +&O + &+3&+2&+2&O + &+3&+&O&+3 + (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQODKDORJHQDFLyQGHXQDOFDQR/DFORUDFLyQGHORV
DOFDQRVVXSHULRUHVHVVLPLODUDODGHOPHWDQRYpDVHUHDFFLyQ´MµREWHQLpQGRVH
PH]FODVGHSURGXFWRVPiVFRPSOHMDV3RUHVWRODFORUDFLyQGHDOFDQRVQRHVHQ
JHQHUDOXQDUHDFFLyQDGHFXDGDSDUDSUHSDUDUFORUXURVGHDOTXLOR
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
3W 3G
Z &+ ≡ &+ + +2 ⎯⎯⎯→
Solución:
3W 3G
&+ ≡ &+ + 2+2 ⎯⎯⎯→
&+3&+3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXLQR6HSUHVHQWDOD
HFXDFLyQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD KLGURJHQDFLyQ FRPSOHWD GHO DFHWLOHQR TXH
UHTXLHUHGRVPROHVGH+SRUPROGH &+ ≡ &+ Catalizador
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→
[
Solución:
Catalizador
CH2 = CH2 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ CH3CH3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
Luz
CH3 CH3 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯
→
\
Solución:
Luz
CH3CH3 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯
→ CH3CH2Cl + CH3CHCl2 + ClCH2CH2Cl + ..... + HCl (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQODKDORJHQDFLyQGHXQDOFDQR/DFORUDFLyQGHORV
DOFDQRV FRQGXFH D PH]FODV FRPSOHMDV GH SURGXFWRV KDORJHQDGRV YpDVH
UHDFFLRQHV´Mµ\´Zµ
CH3 OH + O2 ⎯⎯
→
]
Solución:
2 CH3 OH + 3 O2 ⎯⎯→ 2 CO2 + 4 H2O
(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ
DD
CH3 CH 2 CH = CH 2 + HI ⎯⎯→ 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR
Solución:
&+3&+2&+ = &+2 + +, ⎯⎯→ &+3&+2&+,&+3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+,DXQDOTXHQRTXHWUDQVFXUUHGHDFXHUGRFRQOD
UHJODGH0DUNRYQLNRY
&+3&+ = &+&+3 + +2 → EE
Solución:
&+3&+ = &+&+3 + +2 → &+3&+2&+2&+3 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
FF
&+3&+3 + 22 → Solución:
2 &+3&+3 + 7 22 → 4 &22 + 6 +2 2 (VXQDUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ
.2+ ( WDQ RO
GG
&+3&+2&+2%U ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→
Solución:
.2+ ( WDQ RO
&+3&+2&+2%U ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ &+3&+ = &+2 + +%U (V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH +%U HQ XQ KDOXUR GH DOTXLOR SDUD GDU XQ
DOTXHQR
&XHVWLyQ
,QGLTXHHOWLSRDTXHSHUWHQHFHFDGDXQDGHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHV
D &+3&+2%U + 1D2+ → &+3&+2 2+ + 1D%U ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E &+3&+2 &+ = &+2 + +&O → &+3&+2 &+&O&+3 → &+3&+ = & ( &+3 ) 2 + 1D%U + +2 2 F &+3&+%U&+ ( &+3 ) 2 + 1D2+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
H WDQ RO
Solución:
D5HDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQQXFOHyILOD
E5HDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQKLGURFORUDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
F5HDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
3RQJDXQHMHPSORGHFDGDXQDGHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHV
D$GLFLyQDXQDOTXHQR
E6XVWLWXFLyQHQXQDOFDQR
F'HVKLGUDWDFLyQGHXQDOFRKRO
G5HDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQGH+&OHQXQFORUXURGHDOTXLOR
Solución:
FDWDOL]DGRU
→ &+3&+2 &+3 a) &+3&+ = &+2 + +2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
OX]
→ &+3%U + &+2%U2 + &+%U3 + &%U4 + +%U b) &+4 + %U2 ⎯⎯⎯
+2624
&+2 = &+2 + +22 c) &+3&+22+ ⎯⎯⎯→
.2+ ( WDQ RO
d) &+3&+&O&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ &+3&+ = &+2 + +&O