06-Reacciones ácido-base

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GLVRFLDFLyQHQDJXD+62+32&D2++&O2\1D2+
Solución
D /RViFLGRVVRQVXVWDQFLDVTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDVHGLVRFLDQSURGXFLHQGR
LRQHV+RELHQLRQHV+2\DQLRQHV
2
⎯
→ &O − + + +
Ácido: +&O ⎯+⎯
o bien
+&O + + 2 → &O − + + 2 +
/DVEDVHVVRQVXVWDQFLDVTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDVHGLVRFLDQSURGXFLHQGR
LRQHV2+ \FDWLRQHV
H 2O
Base: NaOH ⎯⎯⎯
→ Na + + OH −
E 6HUiQVXVWDQFLDViFLGDV: +62+32\+&O2
2
+62 ⎯+⎯
⎯
→ 62+
2
+32 ⎯+⎯
⎯
→ +32+
2
+&O2 ⎯+⎯
⎯
→ &O2 +
6HUiQVXVWDQFLDVEiVLFDV&D2+\1D2+
2
⎯
→ &D2+ &D2+ ⎯+⎯
2
1D2+ ⎯+⎯
⎯
→ 1D2+ &XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHSDUDODVVLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLHV+2+6+32+62 D&XiOHVHOiFLGRFRQMXJDGRGHFDGDXQD
E&XiOHVODEDVHFRQMXJDGDGHFDGDXQD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución
Según la teoría de Brönsted-Lowry, un ácido es toda sustancia que, en
disolución acuosa, puede donar protones y una base es toda sustancia que, en
disolución acuosa, puede aceptar protones.
D/RViFLGRVFRQMXJDGRVGHODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVGDGDV+2+6+32+62
VRQODVVLJXLHQWHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH+2+6+32 +62
6HWLHQHQORVHTXLOLEULRVVLJXLHQWHV
+22+
+2+2
+6 +2
+62+
+32 +2
+322+
+62 +2
+622+
E/DVEDVHVFRQMXJDGDVGHODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVGDGDV+2+6+32+62
VRQODVVLJXLHQWHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH2+63262
6HWLHQHQORVHTXLOLEULRVVLJXLHQWHV
+2+2
+6+2
+32+2
+62+2
2++2
6+2
32+2
62+2
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D-XVWLILTXHHOFDUiFWHUiFLGR\REiVLFRGHODVVLJXLHQWHVVXVWDQFLDVGHDFXHUGR
FRQODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\1++122++&2 \&2
E¢(VORPLVPRiFLGRIXHUWHTXHiFLGRFRQFHQWUDGR"5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD
Solución
1+ 2+ (O DPRQLDFR WLHQH FDUiFWHU EiVLFR SRUTXH
D 1+ +2
SXHGHDFHSWDUSURWRQHV
12+2(OiFLGRQLWURVRWLHQHFDUiFWHUiFLGRSRUTXH
+12+2
SXHGHFHGHUSURWRQHV
+22+ (OLRQ2+WLHQHFDUiFWHUEiVLFRSRUTXHDFHSWD
2+ +2
SURWRQHV
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
+&2 +2
+&2 2+ (O LRQ ELFDUERQDWR WLHQH FDUiFWHU EiVLFR
SRUTXH SXHGH DFHSWDU SURWRQHV SHUR WDPELpQ WLHQH FDUiFWHU iFLGR SXHVWR
TXHSXHGHFHGHUXQSURWyQ\TXHGDUFRPRLRQFDUERQDWR
&2+2
+&2+2
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FRPREDVHGHSHQGLHQGRGHODVXVWDQFLDIUHQWHDODTXHDFW~H
+&2 2+ (O LRQ FDUERQDWR VROR SXHGH DFHSWDU XQ
&2 +2
SURWyQSRUORWDQWRWLHQHFDUiFWHUEiVLFR
E 6HWUDWDGHFRQFHSWRVGLIHUHQWHV
6H FRQVLGHUD TXH XQ iFLGR HV IXHUWH FXDQGR HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD VH GLVRFLD
HQJUDQH[WHQVLyQHLQFOXVRWRWDOPHQWH8QiFLGRFRQFHQWUDGRHVDTXHOTXH
HVWiHQJUDQSURSRUFLyQHQUHODFLyQDOGLVROYHQWH
8Q iFLGR IXHUWH SXHGH HVWDU HQ GLVROXFLyQ FRQFHQWUDGD R HQ GLVROXFLyQ
GLOXLGD
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HVSHFLHVTXtPLFDV321+\) HVFULELHQGRODUHDFFLyQTXHWLHQHOXJDUDO
GLVROYHUODVHQDJXD
E,QGLTXHHOSDUFRQMXJDGRHQFDGDFDVR
Solución
D 32HVXQDEDVHSRUTXHHQGLVROXFLyQSXHGHDFHSWDUXQSURWyQSURFHGHQWH
GHODJXDVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ
32+2'+322+
1+ HVXQiFLGRSRUTXHHQGLVROXFLyQFHGHXQSURWyQ
1++2'1++2
) HV XQ EDVH SXHVWR TXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFHSWD XQ SURWyQ RULJLQDQGR HO
iFLGRIOXRUKtGULFR
+)2+
) +2
E +32HVHOSDUFRQMXJDGRGHO32
1+HVHOSDUFRQMXJDGRGHO1+
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HQPHGLRDFXRVRVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\GHODVHVSHFLHV+%U2
&12+ &+1++62 E,QGLTXHHOiFLGRREDVHFRQMXJDGRGHFDGDXQDGHODVHVSHFLHVDQWHULRUHV
Solución
D /DVHFXDFLRQHVTXtPLFDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDFDGDXQDGHODVHVSHFLHVVRQ
+%U2+2'%U2 +2
&1 +2'+&12+ 2+ +'+2
&+1++2'&+1++2
+62 +2'+622+ +62 +2'62 +2
E (O+%U2WLHQHFDUiFWHUiFLGR\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHV%U2(OLRQ&1HVXQD
EDVH \ VX iFLGR FRQMXJDGR HV +&1 (O LRQ KLGUR[LOR HV XQD EDVH \ VX iFLGR
FRQMXJDGR HV HO DJXD (O LRQ &+1+ PHWLODPRQLR HV XQ iFLGR \ VX EDVH
FRQMXJDGD HV OD &+1+ PHWLODPLQD (O LRQ KLGUyJHQRVXOILWR SXHGH
FRPSRUWDUVH FRPR EDVH DFHSWDQGR XQ SURWyQ \ VX iFLGR FRQMXJDGR HV HO
+62 \ WDPELpQ SXHGH FRPSRUWDUVH FRPR iFLGR FHGLHQGR XQ SURWyQ \ HQ
HVHFDVRVXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHOLRQ62
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D8QiFLGRGpELOHVDTXpOiFLGRFX\DVGLVROXFLRQHVVRQGLOXLGDV
E (Q ODV GLVROXFLRQHV GH ODV EDVHV GpELOHV pVWDV VH HQFXHQWUDQ WRWDOPHQWH
GLVRFLDGDV
F/DGLVRFLDFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWHHQXQDGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGDHVSUiFWLFDPHQWH
WRWDO
Solución
D )DOVD/DIXHU]DGHXQiFLGRYLHQHGDGDSRUVXFDSDFLGDGSDUDGLVRFLDUVHHQ
GLVROXFLyQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH TXH OD GLVROXFLyQ VHD GLOXLGD R
FRQFHQWUDGD
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
E )DOVD/DVEDVHVGpELOHVHQGLVROXFLyQVHGLVRFLDQVyORSDUFLDOPHQWH
F 9HUGDGHUD /RV iFLGRV IXHUWHV VH GLVRFLDQ WRWDOPHQWH FXDQGR HVWiQ HQ
GLVROXFLyQFRQLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHTXHpVWDVHDGLOXLGDRFRQFHQWUDGD
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iFLGR\FRPREDVH\VXVSDUHVFRQMXJDGRVVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\
D1++2
E1+2+
F+2&2
Solución
1++2(OiFLGRHVHOLRQ1+VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHV
D 1++2
HO1+
E 1+2+ 1++2(OLRQ1+HVHOiFLGR\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHV
HO1+
+&2 2+ (O LRQ &2 HV OD EDVH \ HO LRQ +&2 HV VX
F +2 &2
iFLGRFRQMXJDGR
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D $SOLFDQGR OD WHRUtD GH %U|QVWHG/RZU\ HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD UD]RQH VL VRQ
iFLGRVREDVHVODVHVSHFLHV+32\2
E,QGLTXHFXiOHVVRQODVEDVHVFRQMXJDGDVGHORViFLGRV+2\+12
F,QGLTXHFXiOHVVRQORViFLGRVFRQMXJDGRVGHODVEDVHV%U \+6H2
Solución
D +32SXHGHDFWXDUFRPRiFLGRVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ
1
127$'HEHWHQHUVHSUHVHQWHTXHDGLOXFLRQHVPX\JUDQGHVORViFLGRVGpELOHV\ODVEDVHVGpELOHV
VH OOHJDQ D HQFRQWUDU WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGRV 7DPELpQ VXFHGH TXH ORV iFLGRV R EDVHV PX\
IXHUWHV D FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGHV TXH SDUD PXFKDV HVSHFLHV HVWiQ D
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV LJXDO R PD\RU D 0 QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGRV GHELGR D OD
IRUPDFLyQGHSDUHVLyQLFRV
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
32+26XEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHOLRQ32
+32+2
7DPELpQSXHGHDFWXDUFRPREDVH
+32 2+ 6XiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHV+32 +32+2
2+ (O 2 HV XQD EDVH SRUTXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ SXHGH
2 +2
DFHSWDUXQSURWyQ
E /D EDVH FRQMXJDGD GHO iFLGR +2 HV +2 \ GHO +12 HV 12 9pDQVH ODV
FXHVWLRQHV\SDUDODVMXVWLILFDFLRQHV
F (OiFLGRFRQMXJDGRGHODEDVH%U HV+%U\GHO+6H2 HV+6H2WDOFRPRVH
GHGXFHGHORVVLJXLHQWHVHTXLOLEULRV
+%U+2
%U +2\+6H2+2
+6H2 +2
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ORVSDUHViFLGREDVHFRQMXJDGRV
6+2
D+2
E1+ 2+ +2
2+ F, +2
Solución
6+2
D +6+2
+6 iFLGRSRUTXHFHGHXQSURWyQ6HVVXEDVHFRQMXJDGD+2DFW~DFRPR
EDVHSRUTXHDFHSWDXQSURWyQHO+2HVVXiFLGRFRQMXJDGR
+21+
E 1+2+ 1+ HVHOiFLGRSRUTXHFHGHXQSURWyQ\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHO1+(O2+
HVODEDVHSRUTXHDFHSWDXQSURWyQ\VXiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHVHO+2
F , +2
+,2+ (OLRQ,HVODEDVHSRUTXHDFHSWDXQSURWyQGHO+26XiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHV
HO+,(O+2HVHOiFLGRSRUTXHFHGHXQSURWyQ\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHO2+ &XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
&RPSOHWH ODV HFXDFLRQHV VLJXLHQWHV H LQGLTXH ORV SDUHV iFLGREDVH FRQMXJDGRV
VHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
D&1Ȯ+2
Ȯ
E&+1+ 2+ F&O2Ȯ+2
Solución
+&1+2(QHVWDUHDFFLyQHOLRQ&1 HVODEDVH\VX
D &1ȯ +2 iFLGR FRQMXJDGR HV HO +&1 (O LRQ +2 HV HO iFLGR \ HO +2 HV VX EDVH
FRQMXJDGD
E &+1+2+ &+1++2(OLRQ&+1+DFW~DFRPRiFLGR
VLHQGR VX EDVH FRQMXJDGD HO &+1+ (O LRQ KLGUR[LOR DFW~D FRPR EDVH \ HO
+2HVVXiFLGRFRQMXJDGR
+&O22+ (OLRQ&O2 DFHSWDXQSURWyQGHODJXDSRU
F &O2 +2
ORWDQWRDFW~DFRPREDVH\VXiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHVHO+&O2(O +2 FHGHXQ
SURWyQSRUORTXHDFW~DFRPRiFLGRVLHQGRVXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHO2+
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDV ODV VLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHV TXtPLFDV 2 +62 +32 +&O2 \ +%2
MXVWLILTXHVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\
D&XiOHVSXHGHQDFWXDUVyORFRPRiFLGRV
E&XiOHVSXHGHQDFWXDUVyORFRPREDVHV
F&XiOHVSXHGHQDFWXDUFRPRiFLGRV\FRPREDVHV
Solución
a) Según la definición de ácido-base de Brönsted-Lowry, actuarán sólo como
ácidos: +62+&O2\+%2
+62+2
+62 +2
&O2 +2
+&O2+2
+%2 +2
+%2+2
b) $FWXDUiVyORFRPREDVH2
2+2
2+ c) 3RGUiDFWXDUFRPRiFLGR\FRPREDVH+32 +32 +2
32 +2 +32 +2
+32 2+ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD&+1++&22++6 \1D2+
D-XVWLILTXHHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRFRPRiFLGR\REDVHGHFDGDXQDGHHOODVVHJ~Q
ODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\
E,QGLTXHFXiOHVHOSDUFRQMXJDGRHQFDGDFDVR
Solución
D 6HJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\&+1+\+&22+VHFRPSRUWDQFRPR
iFLGRV SXHVWR TXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ DPERV SXHGHQ FHGHU XQ + GDQGR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH &+1+ \ +&22 7DO FRPR VH GHGXFH GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV
HTXLOLEULRV
&+1++2
&+1++2
+&22 +2
+&22++2
(O LRQ +6 SXHGH DFWXDU FRPR iFLGR FHGLHQGR XQ + R FRPR EDVH DFHSWDQGR
XQ+7DOFRPRVHREVHUYDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVHTXLOLEULRV
+6 +2
6+2
+62+ +6 +2
(O 1D2+ DFW~D VLHPSUH FRPR EDVH \D TXH DO JHQHUDU LRQHV KLGUR[LOR pVWRV
DFHSWDQSURWRQHV
E &RPR VH GHGXFH GH ORV HTXLOLEULRV H[SXHVWRV ORV SDUHV FRQMXJDGRV HQ FDGD
FDVRVRQSDUDHOLRQGLPHWLODPRQLR&+1+ODGLPHWLODPLQD&+1+\
SDUDiFLGRIyUPLFR+&22+HOLRQIRUPLDWR+&22 3DUDHOLRQ+6 FXDQGRDFW~DFRPRiFLGRVXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHOLRQVXOIXUR
6\FXDQGRDFW~DFRPREDVHVXiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHVHO+6
(OiFLGRFRQMXJDGRGHO2+ HVHODJXD+2
&XHVWLyQ
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-XVWLILTXHVLODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHVVRQFRUUHFWDV
D(OLRQ+62 SXHGHDFWXDUFRPRiFLGRVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH$UUKHQLXV
E(OLRQ&2 HVXQDEDVHVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
Solución
a) Correcta. El ion +62 SXHGHDFWXDUFRPRiFLGRVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH$UUKHQLXV
SXHVWRTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDSXHGHFHGHUXQSURWyQ
b) &RUUHFWD (O LRQ &2 HV XQD EDVH VHJ~Q OD WHRUtD GH %U|QVWHG/RZU\
SXHVWRTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDSXHGHDFHSWDUXQSURWyQJHQHUDQGR+&2 &XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'H DFXHUGR FRQ OD WHRUtD GH %U|QVWHG/RZU\ LQGLTXH FXiOHV GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV
HVSHFLHV+62 +1261++2\+2
D$FW~DQVyORFRPRiFLGR
E$FW~DQVyORFRPREDVH
F$FW~DQFRPRiFLGR\EDVH
Solución
D +12\+2
E 6\1+
F+62 \+2
(QODVFXHVWLRQHVDQWHULRUHV\VHHQFXHQWUDQORVHTXLOLEULRVGHHVWDV
HVSHFLHVHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD
&XHVWLyQ
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6H WLHQHQ GLVROXFLRQHV DFXRVDV GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ · 0 GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV
FRPSXHVWRV1+.121+&O\+12
D2UGpQHODVVHJ~QHOYDORUFUHFLHQWHGHVXS+5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD
E,QGLTXHVLVHSXHGHIRUPDUFRQDOJXQDVGHHOODVXQDGLVROXFLyQUHJXODGRUDGH
S+
Solución
D S++12S+1+&OS+.12S+1+
(OiFLGRQtWULFRHVXQiFLGRPX\IXHUWHTXHHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRFXDQGR
HVWiHQGLVROXFLyQSRUORWDQWRWHQGUiHOS+PiVEDMR\DTXHDLJXDOGDGGH
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HV HO TXH JHQHUD PD\RU FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SURWRQHV HQ
GLVROXFLyQDFXRVD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
(OFORUXURDPyQLFRWLHQHS+iFLGRGHELGRDODIRUPDFLyQGHLRQHV+2SRUOD
KLGUyOLVLV GHO LRQ DPRQLR VHJ~Q OD UHDFFLyQ 1+ +2 ' 1+ +2
UHDFFLyQTXHQRHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGHVSOD]DGDKDFtDODGHUHFKD\DTXHHVXQ
iFLGRGpELO
/D GLVROXFLyQ GH OD VDO .12 RULJLQD XQ S+ QHXWUR \D TXH DPERV LRQHV
SURFHGHQGHiFLGR\EDVHIXHUWHV\QRUHDFFLRQDQFRQHODJXD.\12 (O1+HVXQDEDVHGpELO\DTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFHSWDSURWRQHVGDQGROXJDU
DODXPHQWRGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVLRQHV2+
E 6H SXHGH IRUPDU XQD GLVROXFLyQ UHJXODGRUD FRQ 1+ \ 1+&O SXHVWR TXH DO
WHQHUXQSDUIRUPDGRSRUXQDEDVHGpELO\VXiFLGRFRQMXJDGRPXHVWUDXQD
FLHUWD UHVLVWHQFLD D OD YDULDFLyQ GHO S+ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ FXDQGR VH DGLFLRQD
XQDSHTXHxDFDQWLGDGGHiFLGRREDVHIXHUWHVDODPLVPD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
5D]RQHTXHRFXUULUiFRQHOS+FXDQGR
D6HDxDGHDJXDDXQDGLVROXFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWH
E6HDxDGHDJXDDXQDGLVROXFLyQGHEDVHIXHUWH
Solución
D $ODxDGLUDJXDDXQDGLVROXFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWHpVWHVHGLOX\HSRUORTXH
OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SURWRQHV SURFHGHQWHV GH OD GLVRFLDFLyQ GHO iFLGR
WDPELpQGLVPLQXLUi\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDHOS+DXPHQWDUi
E 3RU HO FRQWUDULR VL VH DxDGH DJXD D OD GLVROXFLyQ GH XQD EDVH IXHUWH OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHpVWDGLVPLQX\HHVGHFLUGLVPLQX\H>2+ @SRUORTXH>+@
DXPHQWD\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDHOS+GLVPLQXUtD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
([SOLTXHFXiORFXiOHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVDOGLVROYHUVHHQDJXD
IRUPDUiGLVROXFLRQHVFRQS+PHQRUTXHVLHWH
D+$V2
E1D&2
F1+62
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
Solución
D +$V2 (ácido arsénico) formará una disolución de pH menor que 7, ya que se
+
trata de un ácido que al disociarse generará iones H3O según el proceso: +$V2+2
+$V2+2
b) Na2CO3 formará una disolución de pH mayor que 7. Al disolverse la sal, los
=
iones CO3 se hidrolizan generando iones OH según la reacción:
+2&2
+&2 2+ c) 1+62IRUPDUiXQDGLVROXFLyQGHS+PHQRUTXH3XHVWRTXHVHGLVXHOYH
HQDJXD\VHGLVRFLDWRWDOPHQWHVHJ~Q
1+621+62
(OLRQVXOIDWRSUHVHQWDSUiFWLFDPHQWHQXODUHDFWLYLGDGFRQHODJXD\DTXHVX
iFLGRFRQMXJDGRHVIXHUWH
(OLRQDPRQLRVHKLGUROL]DFRQHODJXDJHQHUDQGRSURWRQHVVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ
1++2
1++2
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
(QP,GHXQDGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD·0GH1D2+(VWLPH
D/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV2+ E/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV+2
F(OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ
Solución
D 3XHVWR TXH HV XQD EDVH IXHUWH FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLVRFLDGD HQ DJXD OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH LRQHV 2+ HV LJXDO D · 0 LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHO
YROXPHQTXHVHWHQJDGHGLVROXFLyQ
E 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOSURGXFWRLyQLFRGHODJXD>+@Ċ>2+ @ Dž&
ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV+2 VHUiLJXDOD 0
F (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQVHUiLJXDOD\DTXHS+ ORJ>+@ ORJ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
(QP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD·0GH+&O(VWLPH
D/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH+2
E/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH2+ F(OS2+GHODGLVROXFLyQ
Solución
D (O +&O HV XQD iFLGR PX\ IXHUWH TXH HVWi WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGD SRU WDQWR
>+@ ·0LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOYROXPHQTXHVHWHQJDGHGLVROXFLyQ
E 3XHVWRTXH>+2@Ċ>2+ @ VXVWLWX\HQGRWHQHPRV·Ċ>2+ @ \
GHDTXL>2+ @ 0
F S2+ ORJ>2+ @ S2+ &XHVWLyQ
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FRQMXJDGDV
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Solución
&+&22 +2
D &+&22++2
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E &XDQWR PiV IXHUWH HV XQ iFLGR PiV GpELO HV VX EDVH FRQMXJDGD (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLDVLHOiFLGREHQ]RLFRHVPiVIXHUWHTXHHOiFLGRFLDQKtGULFRVX
EDVHFRQMXJDGDVHUiPiVGpELOTXHODEDVHFRQMXJDGDGHOiFLGRFLDQKtGULFR
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
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yQ
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iFLGRVFRQMXJDGRV
E,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHFXiOGHORVGRViFLGRVFRQMXJDGRVHVHOPiVIXHUWH
Solución
&+1+2+ D &+1+2
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&+1+2
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E &XDQWR PiV IXHUWH HV XQD EDVH PiV GpELO HV VX iFLGR FRQMXJDGR (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLD VL OD WULPHWLODPLQD HV PiV IXHUWH TXH OD SLULGLQD VX iFLGR
FRQMXJDGRLRQWULPHWLODPRQLRVHUiPiVGpELOTXHHOiFLGRFRQMXJDGRGHOD
SLULGLQDLRQSLULGLXPRSLULGLQLR
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D $ LJXDO PRODULGDG FXDQWR PiV GpELO HV XQ iFLGR PHQRU HV HO S+ GH VXV
GLVROXFLRQHV
E$XQiFLGRIXHUWHOHFRUUHVSRQGHXQDEDVHFRQMXJDGDGpELO
F1RH[LVWHQGLVROXFLRQHVGLOXLGDVGHXQiFLGRIXHUWH
Solución
D )DOVR 6H WUDWD MXVWDPHQWH GHO HIHFWR FRQWUDULR &XDQWR PiV GpELO HV XQ
iFLGR PHQRV VH GLVRFLDUi HQ GLVROXFLyQ SRU OR TXH H[LVWLUi PHQRU
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E 9HUGDGHUR 8Q iFLGR IXHUWH WLHQGH D FHGHU SURWRQHV SRU OR WDQWR VX EDVH
FRQMXJDGDWHQGUiSRFDRPX\SRFDWHQGHQFLDDDFHSWDUORV
F )DOVR /RViFLGRV\ODVEDVHVIXHUWHV\GpELOHVVHSXHGHQ GLOXLUWDQWRFRPR
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XQDEDVH"
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GH+2"
Solución
D /RVWpUPLQRVIXHUWH\GpELOVHUHILHUHQDODPD\RURPHQRUWHQGHQFLDDFHGHU
SURWRQHV HQ XQ iFLGR R D DFHSWDUORV HQ XQD EDVH FXDQGR HVWiQ HQ
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WDPELpQ\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDHOS+DXPHQWD
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PRQRSUyWLFRV +$ \ +% VH FRPSUXHED TXH >$ @ HV PD\RU TXH >% @ -XVWLILTXH OD
YHUDFLGDGRIDOVHGDGGHODVDILUPDFLRQHVVLJXLHQWHV
D(OiFLGR+$HVPiVIXHUWHTXH+%
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ODFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQGH+%
F(OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQGHOiFLGR+$HVPD\RUTXHHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQGHO
iFLGR+%
Solución
D 9HUGDGHUR6L>$ @!>% @LQGLFDTXH+$HVWiPiVGLVRFLDGRTXH+%\SRUOR
WDQWR+$HVPiVIXHUWHTXH+%
E )DOVR6L+$HVWiPiVGLVRFLDGRTXH+%DODPLVPDFRQFHQWUDFLyQVLJQLILFD
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F )DOVR 3DUD XQD PLVPD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ LQLFLDO GH DPERV iFLGRV +$ HVWi PiV
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DVLHWH
Solución
D S+ · >+@ S+ · Ċ 0 6H REVHUYD TXH >+$@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULRSRUORWDQWRODGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGRHVWRWDO6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGR
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WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGD HQ DJXD GDQGR LRQHV FORUXUR \ DPRQLR eVWH VXIUH XQ
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Solución
D '&$%
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D 2UGpQHODVGHPHQRUDPD\RUEDVLFLGDG
E ,QGLTXHFXiOHVVRQiFLGDVEiVLFDVRQHXWUDV
Solución
D (O RUGHQ FUHFLHQWH GHO S+ GH ORV YDORUHV GH ODV GLVROXFLRQHV SURSRUFLRQD HO
RUGHQFUHFLHQWHGHEDVLFLGDG
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D P/GHGLVROXFLyQDS+ \P/GHDJXDSXUD
E P/GHGLVROXFLyQDS+ \P/GHDJXDSXUD
Solución
D S+ >+@ 0 6H WUDWD GH XQD GLOXFLyQ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ iFLGD
SRUWDQWR
>+@ILQDO ·/Ċ0·/ 0\GHDTXt
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S2+ ORJ S+ &XHVWLyQ
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GLVROXFLRQHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVVDOHV
D +&221D
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Solución
Las dos sales se disocian completamente al disolverse en agua.
D +&221D+&22 1D
+
El ion Na no reacciona con el agua, mientras que el ion formiato sí lo hace
generando ácido fórmico y OH , según la reacción:
+&22+2+ +&22+2
(VWHSURFHVRGHKLGUyOLVLVLPSOLFDXQDXPHQWRGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH2+SRU
ORTXHHOS+DXPHQWDODGLVROXFLyQVHKDFHPiVEiVLFD
b) .&2.&2
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TXtPLFDVVLJXLHQWHVHVPD\RUPHQRURLJXDOD
D1+
E&D&O
Solución
D /DGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDGHODKLGUDFLQDVHSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDU
1++2
1+2+ (QHOSURFHVRVHJHQHUDQLRQHV2+ TXHVRQORVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHODXPHQWRGHO
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D $OGLVROYHUXQDVDOHQDJXD¢VHSXHGHREWHQHU XQD GLVROXFLyQGHS+EiVLFR"
5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD\SRQJDXQHMHPSOR
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E ¢<GHS+iFLGR"5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD\SRQJDXQHMHPSOR
Solución
D $O GLVROYHU XQD VDO HQ DJXD VH SXHGH REWHQHU XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH S+ EiVLFR
VLHPSUH TXH OD VDO SURFHGD GH XQ iFLGR GpELO \ XQD EDVH IXHUWH FRPR SRU
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E 3DUDTXHODGLVROXFLyQWHQJDS+iFLGRHVQHFHVDULRGLVROYHUHQDJXDXQDVDO
SURFHGHQWHGHXQiFLGRIXHUWH\XQDEDVHGpELOFRPRSRUHMHPSOR1+&O
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D .&1
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Solución
D /DVDOVHGLVRFLDSRU FRPSOHWRHQDJXD (O LRQ. QRUHDFFLRQDFRQHODJXD
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GH1D2+
F 5D]RQHFyPRYDULDUiODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQDPRQLRDODxDGLUXQDGLVROXFLyQ
GH+&O
Solución
1++2 (OiFLGRHVHOLRQ1+VXEDVHFRQMXJDGD
D 1++2
HVHO1+(O+2HVODEDVH\HO+2HVHOiFLGRFRQMXJDGR
1++21D$ODxDGLU1D2+ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH
E 1+1D2+
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D 6U&O
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Solución
D /DVDO6U&OVHGLVRFLDWRWDOPHQWHHQGLVROXFLyQ
6U&O6U&O $PERVLRQHVSURFHGHQGHXQDEDVH\GHXQiFLGRIXHUWHV\QRUHDFFLRQDQQR
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E (VFULED ODVHFXDFLRQHVTXtPLFDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVD ODGLVROXFLyQ HQDJXD GH
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Solución
D 6LFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODVDOKLSRWpWLFD$%VHGLVRFLD SRUFRPSOHWRFXDQGRVH
GLVXHOYHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDVHJ~Q
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Solución
D &XDQGR VH DxDGH XQD GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD GH 1+12 D OD GLVROXFLyQ TXH
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Solución
D 6H WUDWD GH OD GLVROXFLyQ GH XQD EDVH IXHUWH SRU OR TXH HVWi WRWDOPHQWH
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FDQWLGDGQHFHVDULDSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQHQHVDVFRQGLFLRQHV
E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+
%DODQ]DSHVDVXVWDQFLDVHVSiWXODIUDVFRODYDGRUFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDSLSHWD
3DVWHXURFXHQWDJRWDVJRWHURPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/
3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQ
6H SHVD FRQ D\XGD GH OD HVSiWXOD HQ HO SHVDVXVWDQFLDV J GH 1D2+ \ VH
WUDQVILHUH HO VyOLGR DO PDWUD] DIRUDGR 6H GLVXHOYH HO VyOLGR HQ DJXD
GHVWLODGD \ VH D\XGD D VX GLVROXFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD DJLWDFLyQ GHO PDWUD] 6H
HQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDKDVWDORVP/FRQD\XGDGHXQIUDVFRODYDGRU
$OHQUDVDUKDGHFRLQFLGLUODWDQJHQWHGHOPHQLVFR GHOOtTXLGRFRQODPDUFD
GHO DIRUR 6H IDFLOLWD OD H[DFWLWXG GHO HQUDVH VL VH XWLOL]D DO DxDGLU ODV
~OWLPDV JRWDV GH DJXD GHVWLODGD XQD SLSHWD 3DVWHXU R XQ FXHQWDJRWDV
JRWHUR
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
3UREOHPD
D &DOFXOHHOS+GHP/GHGLVROXFLyQREWHQLGDDOGLVROYHUHQDJXD·JGH
KLGUy[LGRGHEDULRRFWDKLGUDWDGR
E 'HVFULED HO PDWHULDO GH ODERUDWRULR QHFHVDULR \ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGHFXDGR
SDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQ
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 %D ·
Solución
D 3ULPHURVHFDOFXODODPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQGHKLGUy[LGRGHEDULR3DUD
HOORVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHHOVyOLGRKLGUy[LGRTXHVHSHVDFRQWLHQHDJXD
GHFULVWDOL]DFLyQDJXDVLWXDGDHQODUHGFULVWDOLQD
0P%D2+ ·JĊPRO
0P%D2+Ċ+2 ·JĊPRO
6L · J GH KLGUy[LGR KLGUDWDGR FRQWLHQHQ · J GH KLGUy[LGR DQKLGUR
·JGHKLGUy[LGRKLGUDWDGRFRQWHQGUiQ·JGHKLGUy[LGRDQKLGUR
/DPRODULGDGGHODEDVHVHUiHQWRQFHV
2'38 g
161'3 g · mol −1
= 0'148 M M=
0'1 L
/D GLVRFLDFLyQ FRPSOHWD GH OD EDVH PX\ IXHUWH JHQHUD SRU FDGD PRO GH
KLGUy[LGRGRVPROHVGH2+ %D2+%D2+ ·PROHVGH%D2+SRUOLWURGDQOXJDUDĊ· ·PROHVGH2+
SRUOLWURHVGHFLU>2+ @ ·0\WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOSURGXFWRLyQLFR
GHODJXD
>+@Ċ· >+@ ·Ċ
S+ ORJ>+@ ·
E 0DWHULDOGHODERUDWRULRQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQGH%D2+
%DODQ]DSHVDVXVWDQFLDVHVSiWXODIUDVFRODYDGRUFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDSLSHWD
3DVWHXURFXHQWDJRWDVJRWHURPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/
3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQ
6HSHVDFRQD\XGDGHODHVSiWXODHQHOSHVDVXVWDQFLDV·JGH%D2+Ċ+2
\ VH WUDQVILHUH HO VyOLGR DO PDWUD] DIRUDGR 6H GLVXHOYH HO VyOLGR HQ DJXD
GHVWLODGD \ VH D\XGD D VX GLVROXFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD DJLWDFLyQ GHO PDWUD] 6H
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
HQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDKDVWDORVP/FRQD\XGDGHXQIUDVFRODYDGRU
$OHQUDVDUKDGHFRLQFLGLUODWDQJHQWHGHOPHQLVFR GHOOtTXLGRFRQODPDUFD
GHO DIRUR 6H IDFLOLWD OD H[DFWLWXG GHO HQUDVH VL VH XWLOL]D DO DxDGLU ODV
~OWLPDV JRWDV GH DJXD GHVWLODGD XQD SLSHWD 3DVWHXU R XQ FXHQWDJRWDV
JRWHUR
3UREOHPD
D ¢&XiOHVHOS+GHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQGH+&,·0"
E 6L DxDGLPRV DJXD D ORV P/ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ DQWHULRU KDVWD DOFDQ]DU XQ
YROXPHQGHP/¢FXiOVHUiHOQXHYRS+"
Solución:
D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRPX\IXHUWHTXHHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRSRUORTXH
>+&O@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULR ·0(OS+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· ·
E $ODxDGLUDJXDODGLVROXFLyQVHGLOX\HODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH+GLVPLQX\H
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODPDVDHVFRQVWDQWHHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGH
SURWRQHVGHODGLVROXFLyQLQLFLDOVHUi·0Ċ·/ ·ĊPROHV\
SXHVWRTXHHOYROXPHQILQDOHV·/
VHWLHQHTXH0 ·PROHV·/ ·PROHV/ ·0
'HDTXtTXHS+ ORJ· ·
&RPR SXHGH FRPSUREDUVH GH OD FRPSDUDFLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV GH S+ GH ORV
DSDUWDGRV D \ E OD GLOXFLyQ GLVPLQX\H OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SURWRQHV \ SRU
WDQWRDXPHQWDHOS+
3UREOHPD
D ¢&XiOHVHOS+GHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH1D2+"
E ¢&XiOVHUiHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQTXHUHVXOWDDODxDGLUDJXDDODDQWHULRUKDVWD
TXHHOYROXPHQUHVXOWDQWHVHDGLH]YHFHVPD\RU"
F ¢&XiOVHUiHOS+GHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH+&O"
Solución
D 6H WUDWD GH XQD EDVH IXHUWH TXH DO GLVROYHUVH HQ DJXD HVWi WRWDOPHQWH
GLVRFLDGDSRUORWDQWR
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
>1D2+@LQLFLDO >2+ @HTXLOLEULR ·0\GHDTXtS2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· SXHVWRTXHS+S2+ S+ E9ROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQILQDOĊ PO
/DGLVROXFLyQVHKDGLOXLGRGLH]YHFHV
6LOODPDPRV´[µDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQILQDOGHODGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+VHWLHQH
·/Ċ[PROĊ/ ·/Ċ·PROĊ/GHGRQGH[ ·PROHVĊ/
3RURWURODGRFRPR\DVHKDYLVWR>1D2+@LQLFLDO >2+ @HTXLOLEULR ·0
SRUWDQWRS2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· \GHDTXtS+S2+ SRUWDQWRS+ \S+ F (VXQiFLGRIXHUWHTXHVHGLVRFLDWRWDOPHQWHSRUORWDQWR
>+&O@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULR ·0FRQORTXHS+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· 3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6HGLVSRQHGHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDGH1D2+·0&DOFXOH
D (O YROXPHQ GH DJXD TXH KD\ TXH DxDGLU SDUD TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH OD
QXHYDGLVROXFLyQVHD·06XSRQJDTXHORVYRO~PHQHVVRQDGLWLYRV
E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ·0
Solución
D 6HD´9µHOYROXPHQGHDJXDTXHKD\TXHDxDGLUHQWRQFHVSXHVWRTXHP/
· / WHQHPRV · 9 / Ċ · 0 · / Ċ · 0 GH GRQGH
9 ·/ P/
E 6L>1D2+@ ·0WHQHPRVTXH>2+ @ ·0HQWRQFHVS2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ · · \ SXHVWR TXH S+ S2+ OOHJDPRV D S+ · \
S+ ·
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6H PH]FODQ P/ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ 0 GH KLGUy[LGR GH VRGLR FRQ P/ GH
GLVROXFLyQ·0GHGLFKDEDVH&DOFXOH
D /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQJUDPRVSRUOLWURGHODGLVROXFLyQUHVXOWDQWH
E (OS+GHODPLVPD
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D Solución
D 3ULPHUR VH FDOFXOD HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH KLGUy[LGR VyGLFR GH FDGD
GLVROXFLyQSRUVHSDUDGR3RUWDQWR·/ĊPROĊP/ ·PROHVHQOD
SULPHUDGLVROXFLyQ\·/Ċ·PROHVĊP/ ·PROHVHQODVHJXQGD
(QODPH]FODGHDPEDVGLVROXFLRQHVKDEUiHQWRWDO
·· ·PROHV
/D PDVD PROHFXODU GH 1D2+ HV J Ċ PRO SRU OR TXH HO
Q~PHURGHJUDPRVWRWDOHVVHUi·PROHVĊJĊPRO J(OYROXPHQ
WRWDO HV · · · / $ SDUWLU GH DPERV VH SXHGH FDOFXODU OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQPH]FODGDSRUPHGLRGH
11 g
= 31'43 g · L−1 0'350 L
E 6H FDOFXOD OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PRODU GH OD GLVROXFLyQ PH]FODGD TXH FRQWLHQH
· J Ċ / GH KLGUy[LGR GH VRGLR 'HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU VDEHPRV TXH OD
PDVDWRWDOGHKLGUy[LGRHQODGLVROXFLyQILQDOHVGH·PROHV(OYROXPHQ
ILQDOHV·/3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODPRODULGDGHV
>1D2+@ ·PROHV·/ ·0
&RPR VH WUDWD GH XQD EDVH IXHUWH VROXEOH HQ DJXD \ TXH HVWi WRWDOPHQWH
GLVRFLDGDVHJ~Q1D2+1D2+ 3RU WDQWR VH FRQVLGHUD TXH >1D2+@LQLFLDO >2+@HTXLOLEULR · 0 3RU WDQWR
S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· ·\SXHVWRTXHS+S2+ VHOOHJDD
S+ ²· ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D &DOFXOHORVJUDPRVGHiFLGRDFpWLFR&+&22+TXHVHGHEHQGLVROYHUHQDJXD
SDUDREWHQHUP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHWHQJDXQS+ ·
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E 'HVFULED HO PDWHULDO\ HO SURFHGLPLHQWRDVHJXLU SDUDSUHSDUDUOD GLVROXFLyQ
DQWHULRU
'DWRV.D ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 Solución
D 3XHVWRTXHS+ ·>+@ ·Ċ(OiFLGRDFpWLFRHVXQiFLGRGpELOTXH
VHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHOHTXLOLEULR
&+&22+'&+&22+
,QLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUiF
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR F[[[
(QHOHTXLOLEULRVHFXPSOH
>+@ >$@ [ ·Ċ0
\GHDTXt>&+&22+@ F·Ċ0
6LVHVXVWLWX\HQORVYDORUHVGHHVWDVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQODH[SUHVLyQGHOD
FRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULRVHSXHGHFDOFXODUF&X\DH[SUHVLyQVHVLPSOLILFDVL
VHDSUR[LPD>&+&22+@ F²·Ċ≅FFRQORTXHOOHJDPRVD
[
][ ]
(
−
+
−
. D = &+ &22 Ċ + = [ = Ċ
[&+ &22+ ]
F
F
)
= Ċ − \GHVSHMDQGRFTXHGDF ·PROHVĊOLWUR ·0
3XHGH FRPSUREDUVH TXH FRPR [ HV PHQRU TXH HO GH F HO HUURU
LQWURGXFLGRHQORVFiOFXORVHVGHVSUHFLDEOH3RUORWDQWRODVLPSOLILFDFLyQHV
FRUUHFWD
3RURWURODGRSXHVWRTXHHQ·OLWURVH[LVWHQ·/Ċ·0 ·PROHVGH
&+&22+\FRPRVXPDVDPROHFXODUHVLJXDODJĊPROPDVDPROHFXODU
GHO iFLGR DFpWLFR J Ċ PRO VH OOHJD D TXH HO
Q~PHURGHJUDPRVGHiFLGRDFpWLFRYLHQHGDGRSRUJĊPROĊ·PRO J
GH&+&22+
E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQGH&+&22+
3HULOOD VXFFLRQDGRUD R VXFFLRQDGRU GH pPEROR SDUD OOHQDU OD SLSHWD SLSHWD
JUDGXDGDRSHVDVXVWDQFLDV\EDODQ]DPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/HPEXGR
IUDVFRODYDGRUFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDSLSHWD3DVWHXURFXHQWDJRWDVYDULOOD
3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQ
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
/D GLVROXFLyQ GH XQ iFLGR HQ DJXD UHTXLHUH TXH HO iFLGR VL HV OtTXLGR VH
DxDGD VREUH HO DJXD PX\ OHQWDPHQWH \ DJLWDQGR SDUD HYLWDU HOHYDFLRQHV
H[FHVLYDVGHWHPSHUDWXUD\DTXHHOFDORUGHGLOXFLyQSXHGHOOHJDUDVHUPX\
JUDQGH\GDUOXJDUDODHEXOOLFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQFRPRHQHOFDVRGHOiFLGR
VXOI~ULFR
(OiFLGRDFpWLFRFRQFHQWUDGRHVXQOtTXLGRiFLGRDFpWLFRJODFLDO3RUWDQWR
DSDUWLUGHORVGDWRVGHGHQVLGDG\ULTXH]DGHOIUDVFRTXHFRQWLHQHHOiFLGR
DFpWLFRVHGHWHUPLQDHOYROXPHQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDORVJGHiFLGRVLVHYD
DH[WUDHUHOYROXPHQGHiFLGRQHFHVDULRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQ3XHGHWDPELpQ
SHVDUVH OD FDQWLGDG GH OtTXLGR iFLGR (Q HO FDVR GH RSWDU SRU WRPDU XQD
DOtFXRWD GHO YROXPHQ FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH GHO iFLGR VH KDFH FRQ XQD SLSHWD
JUDGXDGDTXHSUHYLDPHQWHVHUHOOHQDSRUPHGLRGHOVXFFLRQDGRUGHpPEROR
HQ HO FDVR GH WRPDU HO YROXPHQ SRU PHGLR GH OD SHVDGD VH KDFH HQ XQ
SHVDVXVWDQFLDV (VWH YROXPHQ GH iFLGR VH DGLFLRQD DO PDWUD] DIRUDGR HQ HO
TXH SUHYLDPHQWH VH KD LQWURGXFLGR XQD FLHUWD FDQWLGDG GH DJXD GHVWLODGD
8QDYH]LQWURGXFLGRHOFRQWHQLGRGHODSLSHWDVHHQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGD
FRQ D\XGD GHO IUDVFR ODYDGRU $O HQUDVDU KD GH FRLQFLGLU OD WDQJHQWH GHO
PHQLVFR GHO OtTXLGR FRQ OD PDUFD GHO DIRUR 6H IDFLOLWD OD H[DFWLWXG GHO
HQUDVHVLVH XWLOL]DDODxDGLUODV~OWLPDVJRWDVGHDJXDGHVWLODGDXQDSLSHWD
3DVWHXURXQFXHQWDJRWDVJRWHUR
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&XDQGRVHGLVXHOYHQHQDJXD·JGHiFLGRXQ+$PRQRSUyWLGRKDVWDDOFDQ]DU
XQYROXPHQGHP/HOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQHVLJXDOD6DELHQGRTXHODPDVD
PROHFXODUGHOiFLGRHV·J
D &DOFXOHODFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQ
E 'HVFULED HO PDWHULDO GH ODERUDWRULR \ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGHFXDGR SDUD
SUHSDUDUHVWDGLVROXFLyQ
Solución
D 3ULPHURHVWLPDPRVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODULQLFLDOGHOiFLGR
2'5 g
moles de ácido
g · mol−1
= 0'19 M [HA ] = litros de disolución = 52'50'25
L
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
'HVSXpV HYDOXDPRV ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH ORV LRQHV GLVRFLDGRV GHO iFLGR
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODH[SUHVLyQGHODGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR
+$'$+
,QLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
3XHVWRTXHHOS+HVLJXDOD>+@ S+ 0\FRPR>+@ >$@ 0
/D FRQFHQWUDFLOLyQ GH iFLGR HQ HO HTXLOLEULR HV >+$@ · ² TXH
SRGHPRVDSUR[LPDUD·
6XVWLWX\HQGR ORV YDORUHV GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ HO HTXLOLEULR HQ OD
H[SUHVLyQGHODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULRWHQHPRV
. D
[$ ]Ċ[+ ] =
=
−
[+$]
+
(
)
[
− =
F−[
= Ċ − E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQGHiFLGR+$VXSRQHPRVTXH
HO iFLGR HV XQD VXVWDQFLD VyOLGD 3RU HMHPSOR iFLGR EHQ]RLFR VyOLGR HQ
HVFDPDVEODQFDV
%DODQ]D SHVDVXVWDQFLDV R YLGULR GH UHORM HVSiWXOD PDWUD] DIRUDGR GH P/ HPEXGR VL HV QHFHVDULR IUDVFR ODYDGRU FRQ DJXD GHVWLODGD SLSHWD
3DVWHXURJRWHUR
6HDxDGHDOSHVDVXVWDQFLDVHOiFLGRVyOLGRKDVWDSHVDUODFDQWLGDGUHTXHULGD
6HWUDVYDVDDOPDWUD]GLUHFWDPHQWHVLHOSHVDVXVWDQFLDVWLHQHXQYiVWDJRHQ
IRUPDGHHPEXGRHQFDVRFRQWUDULRRHQHOFDVRGHXVDUXQYLGULRGHUHORM
VH HFKD HO VyOLGR HQ HO PDWUD] FRQ D\XGD GH XQ HPEXGR VLWXDGR HQ OD ERFD
GHO PDWUD] 8QD YH] LQWURGXFLGR HO FRQWHQLGR GHO SHVDVXVWDQFLD VH DxDGH
DJXDGHVWLODGDHPSOHDQGRHOIUDVFRODYDGRU\VHGLVXHOYHHOiFLGRGHVSXpVVH
HQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGD$OHQUDVDUGHEHFRLQFLGLUODWDQJHQWHGHOPHQLVFR
GHOOtTXLGRFRQODPDUFDGHODIRUR6HIDFLOLWDHOHQUDVHVLVHXWLOL]DSDUDODV
~OWLPDVJRWDVXQDSLSHWD3DVWHXURXQFXHQWDJRWDVJRWHUR
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6HDxDGHQJGHDPRQtDFR1+DOD FDQWLGDGGHDJXDQHFHVDULDSDUDREWHQHU
P/GHGLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
D (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHODPRQLDFR
E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQUHVXOWDQWH
'DWRV.E ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 Solución:
D 3ULPHURVHFDOFXODODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODGLVROXFLyQGH1+
7g
masa de base
moles de base
masa molecular de la base 17 g . mol−1
[NH3 ] = litros de disolución = litros de disolución = 0'5 L = 0'82 M &RQVLGHUDQGR DKRUD HO HTXLOLEULR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ GHO DPRQLDFR VLHQGR α HO
JUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRSRUXQR
1++2'1+2+
VLLQLFLDOPHQWHVHWLHQHPRO
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
ααα
HQHOHTXLOLEULRααα
\ WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ LQLFLDO HV F · 0 ODV
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQHOHTXLOLEULRVHUiQODVTXHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHLQGLFDQ
>1+@ FĊα
>1+@ >2+@ FĊα
< VXVWLWX\HQGR ORV YDORUHV GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD
FRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULROOHJDPRVDODH[SUHVLyQ
ªNH+4 º · ªOH- º
2 2
2
2
¬
¼ ¬
¼ = c · Į = c · Į = 0'82 · Į = 1'8 · 10−5
K
=
b
c · (1− Į) (1 − Į)
(1-Į)
[NH3 ]
VLVHFRQVLGHUDTXHODGLVRFLDFLyQHVSHTXHxDSXHGHGHVSUHFLDUVHαIUHQWHD
HVGHFLUVL αൺαൺ&RPR\DVHKDLQGLFDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHXQDUHJOD
SXHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH TXH FXDQGR α VHD LQIHULRU D · FULWHULR GHO SXHGHGHVSUHFLDUVHαIUHQWHD(QHVWHFDVRTXHGD
Ċα =
Ċ − \GHVSHMDQGRαVHWLHQH
α =
Ċ −
= Ċ − ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
7DPELpQ VH SXHGH FDOFXODU HO JUDGR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ FRQVLGHUDQGR ODV
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHODVGLVWLQWDVHVSHFLHV3DUDHOORHVFULELPRVHOHTXLOLEULR
HQGLVROXFLyQ
1++2'1+2+
LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi

VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR·[[[
6XVWLWX\HQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH
HTXLOLEULR
ª NH + º · ªOH − º
»¼
« 4 »¼ «¬
x2
Kb = ¬
=
= 1'8 · 10 − 5 NH 3
0'82 - x
[
]
5HVROYLHQGRODHFGHžJUDGRVHWLHQHTXH[ ·Ċ
(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRSRUXQRVHUi
ş FRQFHQWUDFLyQGLVRFLDGDFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDO ·· ·
&RPR VH REVHUYD VH REWLHQH SUiFWLFDPHQWH HO PLVPR UHVXOWDGR HPSOHDQGR
FXDOTXLHUDGHORVGRVPpWRGRV
E &RPR >2+ @ F Ċ α VXVWLWX\HQGR >2+ @ · Ċ · Ċ · Ċ 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOSURGXFWRLyQLFRGHODJXD.Z >+@Ċ>2+ @ \
VXVWLWX\HQGR>2+ @SRUVXYDORUQXPpULFRWHQHPRV>+@Ċ·Ċ \
GHDTXt>+ @ ·Ċ\S+ ORJ>+@ ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
$JGHiFLGRDFpWLFR&+&22+VHDxDGHODFDQWLGDGVXILFLHQWHGHDJXDSDUD
REWHQHUP/GHGLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH
D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQTXHUHVXOWD
E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGRDFpWLFR
'DWRV.D&+&22+ ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
Solución:
D &DOFXOHPRV OD PRODULGDG GHO iFLGR /D PDVD PROHFXODU GHO iFLGR DFpWLFR HV
JĊPRO SRUWDQWRODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUVHUi
15 g
masa de ácido
masa molecular
60 g · mol−1
=
= 0'5 M M=
volumen en litros
0'5 L
(OHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHH[SUHVDSRU&+&22+'&+&22+
LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi
·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
6LVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHHVXQiFLGRGpELO>&+&22+@ F²[≅F ·0\
VXVWLWX\HQGR HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR ODV
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVSRUVXVYDORUHVOOHJDPRVD
.D =
[&+ &22 ]Ċ[+ ] = [
−
[&+ &22+ ]
+
= Ċ − de donde [ Ċ >+@\S+ ORJ>+@ ORJĊ ·
E (O JUDGR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ α YLHQH GHWHUPLQDGR SRU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD
FDQWLGDGGHiFLGRTXHVHGLVRFLD\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDO6LHVWDH[SUHVLyQ
ODGHMDPRVWDOFXDOWHQHPRVHOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQH[SUHVDGRHQWDQWRSRU
XQR ≤ α ≤ \ VL OD PXOWLSOLFDPRV SRU FLHQ WHQHPRV HO WDQWR SRU FLHQWR
GLVRFLDGR≤α≤
ş ·· · *UDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ
GLVRFLDGR ··Ċ ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&+1+ 2+ HV
$ ž& OD FRQVWDQWH GHO HTXLOLEULR &+1+ +2
· Ċ 6H DxDGHQ JUDPRV GH PHWLODPLQD D OD FDQWLGDG GH DJXD QHFHVDULD
SDUDREWHQHUP/GHGLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ
E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHODPHWLODPLQD
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 1 Solución:
a) 6HFDOFXODODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODEDVH
7g
31 g · mol−1
= 0'45 M [CH3NH2 ] =
0'5 L
\FRQVLGHUDQGRHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHWLHQH
&+1++2
LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi·
6HWUDQVIRUPDQ[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
VLVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHHVXQDEDVHGpELO>&+1+@ ·²[ ≅F ·
VH VXVWLWX\HQ ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH
HTXLOLEULR
Kb =
&+1+2+
[CH3NH3+ ] · ª¬OH− º¼
[CH3NH2 ]
=
x2
= 5'0 · 10 −4
0'45
[ ·0 >+@
S2+ ORJ>2+@ ORJ· ·\GHS+S2+ OOHJDPRVDS+· \S+ ·
E 'DGRTXHHOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGHWHUPLQDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHOD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHEDVHTXHVHGLVRFLD\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDOGHODPLVPD
VHWLHQH
0'015
α=
= 0'033 0 ' 45
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6DELHQGR TXH OD FRQVWDQWH GH GLVRFLDFLyQ .D GHO iFLGR EHQ]RLFR &+&22+
WLHQHXQYDORUGH·ĊFDOFXOHSDUDXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHOPLVPR
D (OS+
E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ
Solución
D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHOHTXLOLEULR
&+&22 +
&+&22+
LQLFLDOPHQWH ·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
6XVWLWX\HQGR ORV YDORUHV GH ODV YDULDEOHV TXH VH FRQRFHQ \ WHQLHQGR HQ
FXHQWDTXHHQSULQFLSLR[SXHGHVHUGHVSUHFLDEOHIUHQWHD·
Ka =
[C H COO ]· [H ] =
−
6
5
[C 6 H 5 COOH ]
+
x2
= 6'3 · 10 −5
0'01
despejando [OOHJDPRV
[ >+@ ·Ċ0\GHDTXtS+ ·
9HPRVTXHODVLPSOLILFDFLyQSURSXHVWDQRHVYiOLGD\DTXH[ ·ĊHV
UHVSHFWR GH · FRPR VH LQGLFD · Ċ ! · Ċ · Ċ SRU
WDQWR QR GHELHUD KDEHUVH GHVSUHFLDGR [ IUHQWH D · /D UHVROXFLyQ GH OD
HFXDFLyQFXDGUiWLFDQRVGDTXH
[ ·Ċ0 >+@\S+ ORJ·Ċ ·
&RPR SXHGH YHUVH ORV UHVXOWDGRV QR VRQ LJXDOHV DXQTXH VRQ PX\ VLPLODUHV
(VWR HV GHELGR D TXH HO YDORU GH [ HV OLJHUDPHQWH VXSHULRU DO FULWHULR GH
VLPSOLILFDFLyQ
E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH
iFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDO
ş [F ·Ċ· ·Ċ
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(QXQDGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDGH+12·0FDOFXOH
D (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR
E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ
'DWR.D ·Ċ
Solución
D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHOHTXLOLEULR
12+
+12
LQLFLDOPHQWH
·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
ªNO-2 º · ªH+ º
2
¼ ¬ ¼ = x
Ka = ¬
= 4'5 · 10-4
0'2-x
[HNO2 ]
[ ·Ċ
&RPRYHPRVHQHVWHHMHPSORQRVHKDGHVSUHFLDGR[IUHQWHD·DXQTXH[
HV OLJHUDPHQWH LQIHULRU DO GHO YDORU GH · 1R REVWDQWH VL VH KLFLHUD
HQWRQFHVWHQGUtDPRV
ªNO2− º · ªH+ º
¼ ¬ ¼
Ka = ¬
[HNO2 ]
=
x2
0'2
= 4'5 · 10 −4
[ ·Ċ
TXHVRQYDORUHVPX\SUy[LPRV
(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH
iFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDO
QRXVDQGRODVLPSOLILFDFLyQ
ş ·· ·
ş ·· · XVDQGRODVLPSOLILFDFLyQ
&RPRVHGHGXFHGHODFRPSDUDFLyQGHDPERVUHVXOWDGRVpVWRVSUHVHQWDQ
SUiFWLFDPHQWHHOPLVPRYDORUGHşDXQTXHH[LVWHXQDOLJHUtVLPDGLIHUHQFLD
TXHYDVLHQGRPiVQRWDEOHFXDQWRPD\RUVHDODGLIHUHQFLDUHVSHFWRDO
GHOFULWHULRGHVLPSOLILFDFLyQ
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
'HOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHWLHQH[ >+@ ·Ċ0FRQORTXH
UHVXOWD
S+ ORJ>+@ ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6H SUHSDUDQ P/ GH GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD GH +) TXH FRQWLHQHQ · J GH HVWH
iFLGR&DOFXOH
D(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGRIOXRUKtGULFR
E(OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ
'DWRV.D+) ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ ) Solución
a) /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODULQLFLDOGH+)HV
masa de ácido (g)
0'47 g
-1
-1
[HF] = masa molecular (g·mol ) = 20 g·mol
= 0'235 M
volumen (L)
0'1 L
(OHTXLOLEULRGHHVWHiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHHV
)+
+)
LQLFLDOPHQWH
·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
Ka =
[F ]· [H ] =
−
[HF]
+
x2
= 7'2 · 10 −4 \GHDTXt[ ·0
0'235
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VXSHULRU DO \ HQ SULQFLSLR QR GHELHUD KDFHUVH OD
VLPSOLFDFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRODHFXDFLyQFXDGUiWLFDGDXQYDORUGH[ ·0
3RUWDQWRDXQTXH[HVWiXQSRFRSRUHQFLPDGHOFULWHULRGHVLPSOLILFDFLyQ
pVWHHVYiOLGR
(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH
iFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDO
ş ·· ·
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E $SDUWLUGHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHWLHQH
[ >+@ ·0\GHDTXLS+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(Q XQD GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD · 0 GH iFLGR FORURDFpWLFR &O&+&22+ pVWH VH
HQFXHQWUDGLVRFLDGRHQXQ&DOFXOH
D /DFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR
E (OS+GHHVDGLVROXFLyQ
Solución
D (OiFLGRFORURDFpWLFRHVXQiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHO
HTXLOLEULR
&O&+&22+
&O&+&22+
LQLFLDOPHQWH
·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
&RPR HO JUDGR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ YLHQH GDGR SRU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHiFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDOOOHJDPRVD
x
α =
= 0 ' 31 0'01
GHHVWDH[SUHVLyQVHSXHGHFDOFXODUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHiFLGRGLVRFLDGRTXH
UHVXOWDVHU[ ·Ċ 0 6XVWLWX\HQGRORVYDORUHVGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHV
HQODH[SUHVLyQGHODFRQVWDQWH
[ClCH COO ]· [H ] = (3'1· 10 )
−
Ka =
2
[ClCH 2 COOH ]
+
-3 2
0'1 − 3'1 · 10 −3
= 9'92 · 10 −5 6L VH KXELHUD GHVSUHFLDGR · Ċ IUHQWH D · · · Ċ · HO
UHVXOWDGRREWHQLGRVHUtD·Ċ9DORUHVPX\VLPLODUHV\TXHMXVWLILFDUtDQ
ODVLPSOLILFDFLyQ
E &RPR [ >+@ · Ċ 0 \ GH DTXt OOHJDPRV D S+ ORJ >+@ ORJ· ·
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&DOFXOH
D (OS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHXQiFLGRPRQRSUyWLFR+$FX\RSRUFHQWDMH
GHGLVRFLDFLyQHV·
E /DFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQ.DGHOiFLGR
Solución
$+
D (OHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHUi+$
LQLFLDOPHQWH
·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
&RPRHOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRSRUXQRYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQ
VLJXLHQWH 0'0133 =
x
x =
c
0'1
GHVSHMDQGR[ ·Ċ03RUWDQWR[ >+@ ·Ċ\S+ ·
E 3DUWLHQGR GH OD H[SUHVLyQ GHO HTXLOLEULR VH SXHGH FDOFXODU OD FRQVWDQWH GH
GLVRFLDFLyQ
[A ]· [H ] = (1'33 ·10 )
−
Ka =
+
[HA]
-3 2
= 1'77 · 10 −5 0'1
6L QR VH KXELHVH KHFKR OD VLPSOLILFDFLyQ OOHJDUtDPRV DO PLVPR UHVXOWDGR
SUiFWLFDPHQWH
[A ]· [H ] = (1'33 ·10 )
=
−
Ka
[HA]
+
-3 2
0'1 - 1'33 · 10
-3
= 1'79 · 10 −5 3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6HGLVXHOYHQJGHiFLGRPHWDQRLFR+&22+HQDJXDKDVWDREWHQHUOLWURVGH
GLVROXFLyQ/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV+2HV·0&DOFXOH
D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ\HOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ
E /DFRQVWDQWH.DGHOiFLGR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución
D 6L>+2@ ·0VHWLHQHTXHS+ ORJ>+2@ ORJ· ·
/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODULQLFLDOGHOiFLGRHV
23 g
masa de ácido
masa molar
46 g · mol−1
=
= 0'05 M [HCOOH] =
10 L
volumen en litros
(QODTXHODPDVDPRODUGHOiFLGRHVJĊPRO
+&22 +2
FRPRiFLGRGpELOVHGLVRFLDVHJ~Q+&22++2
QLFLDOPHQWH
·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·²···
(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRU
α =
x
0'003
=
= 0'06 c
0'05
E 3DUWLHQGR GH OD H[SUHVLyQ GHO HTXLOLEULR VH SXHGH FDOFXODU OD FRQVWDQWH GH
GLVRFLDFLyQDSDUWLUGHODH[SUHVLyQVLJXLHQWH
[HCOO ]· [H ]
−
Ka =
[HCOOH]
+
=
(0'003)2
0'05 - 0'003
= 1'92 · 10 −4 (QHVWHHMHPSORQRSDUHFHDGHFXDGRGHVSUHFLDU·IUHQWHD·SRUTXH
HO YDORU GH · ! · TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO GHO YDORU GH · QR
REVWDQWHORVUHVXOWDGRVQRGLILHUHQHQJUDQPHGLGD
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(OS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHXQiFLGRPRQRSUyWLFRHV&DOFXOH
D(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGRHQHVWDGLVROXFLyQ
E(OYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQ.DGHOiFLGR
Solución
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
D 6H WUDWD GH XQ iFLGR GpELO GHO WLSR +$ FX\D GLVRFLDFLyQ YLHQH GDGD SRU HO
HTXLOLEULR+$'$ +
6LHOS+ VHWLHQHTXH>+@ S+ 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOHTXLOLEULR
GHGLVRFLDFLyQ\OODPDQGRαDOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ
$ +
+$
6LLQLFLDOPHQWHVHWLHQHPRO VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
ααα
HQHOHTXLOLEULRααα
3XHVWRTXHF ·0ODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQHOHTXLOLEULRVHUiQ
>+$@ FĊα\>$ @ >+@ FĊαSRUORWDQWRVXVWLWX\HQGRHQ>+@ FĊα
SRUVXVYDORUHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVTXHGD
·Ċα\GHDTXtα ·
E (OYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWH.DVHREWLHQHGHODH[SUHVLyQ
[A ]· [H ]
−
Ka =
+
[HA ]
=
c2 · α 2
c
= 2 · 10 −5 3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
/D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH XQ iFLGR GpELO PRQRSUyWLFR +$ FX\D
FRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQDž&HV·ĊHV·0
D &DOFXOHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQHOHTXLOLEULRGHODVGLVWLQWDVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDV
HQODGLVROXFLyQ
E ,QGLTXHHOPDWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUP/GHODGLVROXFLyQDQWHULRU
VLVHGLVSRQHGHXQUHFLSLHQWHGHXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQGH+$0
Solución
D &RQVLGHUDPRVHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR
+$
$ +
LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
VXVWLWX\HQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH
HTXLOLEULR
$ − Ċ + +
[
.D =
=
=
Ċ − − [
[+$]
[ ][ ]
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
DOVHU+$XQiFLGRGpELOODGLVRFLDFLyQVHUiSHTXHxD\VHSRGUiGHVSUHFLDU[
IUHQWHDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ·0SRUWDQWRVHWHQGUi
[
. D = =
Ċ − GHVSHMDQGR[VHWLHQH[ ·Ċ (QFRQVHFXHQFLD
>$ @ >+@ ·Ċ0\>+$@ ·²·Ċ ·0 ·0
TXHHVSUiFWLFDPHQWH·0
3RU WDQWR OD VLPSOLILFDFLyQ HV DFHSWDEOH \D TXH · Ċ · Ċ · · Ċ
E 6L VH TXLHUH SUHSDUDU P/ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ \ VH GLVSRQH GH / GH
GLVROXFLyQ0KDEUiTXHGLOXLUpVWDGHVGH0KDVWD·0SDUDHOORKDEUi
TXH WRPDU · Ċ · · PRO TXH VRQ P/ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ PRODU H
LQWURGXFLUORVHQHOUHFLSLHQWHPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/(OUHVWRKDVWD
P/HVGHDJXD3RUORWDQWRVHQHFHVLWDUiXQPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/XQD
SLSHWD DIRUDGD R JUDGXDGD GH P/ XQ VXFFLRQDGRU GH pPEROR XQ IUDVFR
ODYDGRUFRQDJXDGHVWLODGD\XQFXHQWDJRWDVRSLSHWD3DVWHXU
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
/DFRQVWDQWH.EGHO1+HVLJXDOD·ĊDž&&DOFXOH
D/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHVLyQLFDVHQXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHDPRQLDFR
E(OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ\HOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHODPRQLDFR
Solución
D 6HWUDWDGHXQDEDVHGpELOTXHHVWiSDUFLDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGDHQGLVROXFLyQ6L
FRQVLGHUDPRVHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQWHQHPRV
1+2+ 1++2
LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi
·
VHWUDQVIRUPDQ
[[[
HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[
6L VH WLHQH HQ FXHQWD TXH HV XQD EDVH GpELO >1+@ F ² [ ≅ F · 0 \
VXVWLWX\HQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH
HTXLOLEULR
.E =
[1+ ]Ċ[2+ ] = [
+
[1+ ]
−
= Ċ −
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
GHDTXtOOHJDPRVD[ ·Ċ03XHVWRTXH>1+@ >2+@ ·Ċ0
\>1+@ ·²·Ċ≅·0(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHODV
HVSHFLHVLyQLFDVHQGLVROXFLyQVRQ
>1+@ ·Ċ0>2+@ ·Ċ0\>+@ .Z>2+@ ·Ċ ·Ċ0
E S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ·Ċ ·
(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHV
α =
x
0'0019
=
= 0'0095 c
0'2
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D ¢&XiOHVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQ+12GHXQDGLVROXFLyQQtWULFDFX\RS+HV"
E 'HVFULEDHOSURFHGLPLHQWRHLQGLTXHHOPDWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDU
P/GHGLVROXFLyQGH+120DSDUWLUGHODDQWHULRU
Solución
D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRPX\IXHUWHTXHHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRFXDQGRHVWi
HQ GLVROXFLyQ 3XHVWR TXH HO S+ UHVXOWD >+@ S+ 0 · 0 \
FRPR>+@HTXLOLEULR >+12@LQLFLDO ·0
E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQGH+12
)UDVFR FRQ OD GLVROXFLyQ LQLFLDO SLSHWD JUDGXDGD R DIRUDGD VXFFLRQDGRU GH
pPEROR PDWUD] DIRUDGR GH P/ IUDVFR ODYDGRU FRQ DJXD GHVWLODGD
JRWHURSLSHWD3DVWHXU
3URFHGLPLHQWR6HWUDWDGHXQSURFHVRGHGLOXFLyQ
6L TXHUHPRV SUHSDUDU P/ GH GLVROXFLyQ · 0 KDEUi TXH WRPDU ORV
PROHV VLJXLHQWHV · / Ċ · 0 · PRO GH iFLGR TXH GHEHUiQ
DxDGLUVHDOPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/3XHVWRTXHODGLVROXFLyQLQLFLDOHV
·0GHFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHEHUHPRVWRPDUXQYROXPHQWDOTXHFRQWHQJD
·PROGHiFLGRTXHGHEHPRVDGLFLRQDUDOPDWUD]SRUWDQWR
Y/Ċ·0 ·PROGHGRQGHY ·/GHODGLVROXFLyQLQLFLDOORV
FXDOHV VH WRPDQ GHO IUDVFR PHGLDQWH XQD SLSHWD FRQ D\XGD GHO VXFFLRQDGRU
GH pPEROR 6X FRQWHQLGR VH OOHYDUi D XQ PDWUD] DIRUDGR GH P/ HQ HO
TXH HV FRQYHQLHQWH LQWURGXFLU SUHYLDPHQWH XQ FLHUWR YROXPHQ GH DJXD
GHVWLODGD)LQDOPHQWHVHDGLFLRQDUiDJXDGHVWLODGDKDVWDODVHxDOGHHQUDVH
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
\ FXDQGR VH HVWp FHUFD GH OD VHxDO GH HQUDVH HV DGHFXDGR D\XGDUVH GH XQ
JRWHURRXQDSLSHWD3DVWHXU
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D &DOFXOH HO YROXPHQ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH 1D2+ · 0 TXH VH UHTXLHUH SDUD
QHXWUDOL]DU·P/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH+&O
E ,QGLTXHHOSURFHGLPLHQWRH[SHULPHQWDODVHJXLU\HOPDWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUD
UHDOL]DUODYDORUDFLyQDQWHULRU
Solución
D /DUHDFFLyQGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHV+&O1D2+ĺ1D&O+2
(OYROXPHQGH·P/GH+&O·0FRQWLHQH
· / Ċ · 0 ·Ċ PROHV GH +&O SDUD VX QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ VH
QHFHVLWDUiQ HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH 1D2+ FRPR VH GHGXFH GH OD
HFXDFLyQDQWHULRU
·ĊPROHVGH+&O ·ĊPROHVGH1D2+ YROXPHQGH1D2+HQ/Ċ·PROGH1D2+Ċ/
YROXPHQGH1D2+ ·/ ·P/
E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDUHDOL]DUODQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ
0DWUD]RXQIUDVFRFRQ1D2+·0PDWUD]RXQIUDVFRFRQ+&O·0
YDVRGHSUHFLSLWDGRVEXUHWDGHP/SLSHWDGHP/HPEXGRSHTXHxR
HUOHQPH\HU GH P/ LQGLFDGRU iFLGREDVH IHQROIWDOHtQD QDUDQMD GH
PHWLORRURMRGHPHWLOR
3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDUHDOL]DUODYDORUDFLyQ
6HOOHQDFRQFXLGDGRODEXUHWDFRQODGLVROXFLyQ·0GH1D2+HQRFDVLRQHV
D\XGDUVH GH XQ HPEXGR SHTXHxR HV FRQYHQLHQWH KDVWD XQRV y FP SRU
HQFLPD GHOHQUDVHGHODEXUHWD6HDEUHODOODYHGHODEXUHWDGHMDQGRFDHU
OHQWDPHQWHJRWDDJRWDODGLVROXFLyQVREUHXQYDVRGHSUHFLSLWDGRVKDVWDTXH
HOPHQLVFRSRUVXSDUWHLQIHULRUGHYROXPHQGHOOtTXLGRFRLQFLGDFRQODVHxDO
GHO HQUDVH GH OD EXUHWD SDUD HYLWDU HUURUHV GH DSUHFLDFLyQ SDUDOHODMH \
PHGLGDV LQFRUUHFWDV GHEHQ SRQHUVH ORV RMRV D OD DOWXUD GHO PHQLVFR 6H
FRORFD HO HUOHQPH\HU TXH FRQWLHQH P/ GH +&O PiV XQDV JRWDV GHO
LQGLFDGRU SRU HMHPSOR IHQROIWDOHtQD GHEDMR GH OD EXUHWD \ VH DxDGH
OHQWDPHQWH OD EDVH SRU PHGLR GH OD EXUHWD TXH VH GHEH PDQHMDU FRQ OD
PDQRL]TXLHUGDDODYH]TXHVHOHLPSULPHXQVXDYHPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQ
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UHYpV SDUD KRPRJHQHL]DU OD GLVROXFLyQ KDVWD REVHUYDU XQ OLJHUR FDPELR GH
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D 6LHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQHVVHWLHQHTXH>+@ S+ 07HQLHQGR
HQFXHQWDTXH >+@Ċ>2+ @ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHKLGUR[LORVHV
-14
10-14
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=
= 10-1 M +
+
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10-13
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6HWLHQHTXH 10
−1
M =
nº moles
SRUORTXHHOQžGHPROHV ·WHQLHQGR
0'25 L
HQFXHQWDTXHHO nº moles
=
nº gramos
masa molar
GHVSHMDQGRHOQžJUDPRVGHHVWD
HFXDFLyQOOHJDPRVD
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E (QP/GHGLVROXFLyQ·0GHGLVROXFLyQGH.2+KD\Ċ/Ċ·0 Ċ PROHV GH .2+ (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD VH QHFHVLWDUi HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH
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6LOODPDPRV9+&ODOYROXPHQQHFHVDULRGH+&OVHWLHQH
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9+&O ·/ P/
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VREUHXQYDVRGH SUHFLSLWDGRKDVWDTXHHOPHQLVFR SRUVXSDUWH LQIHULRUGH
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VHD GLHVWUD KDVWD REVHUYDU OD GHVDSDULFLyQ WRWDO GHO FRORU URVDGR &XDQGR
HVWHPRVFHUFDGHOSXQWR GHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ GHEHDxDGLUVHFRQVXPRFXLGDGR
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E ¢4Xp PDVD GH KLGUy[LGR GH DOXPLQLR $O2+ VHUi QHFHVDULD DGLFLRQDU SDUD
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Solución
D 6LVHHPSOHDODGHILQLFLyQGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUVHWLHQH
x gramos
x gramos
-1
(1+35'5) g · mol
moles
36'5 g · mol-1
0'15 M = 0'15
=
=
L
V en L
0'1 L
GHVSHMDQGR[OOHJDPRVD[ ·JUDPRVGH+&O
E 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODUHDFFLyQHV+&O$O2+ĺ$O&O+2
6H QHFHVLWD PRO GH $O2+ SDUD QHXWUDOL]DU PROHV GH +&O R ELHQ VH
QHFHVLWDPROGH$O2+SDUDQHXWUDOL]DUPROGH+&O3RUWDQWRSXHVWR
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· 0 Ċ · / · PROHV Ċ / Ċ · / · Ċ PROHV GH +&O
ORVFXDOHVVHUiQQHXWUDOL]DGRVSRUXQWHUFLRGHPROHVGHOKLGUy[LGRHVGHFLU
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XQDGHQVLGDGGH·JFP&DOFXOH
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GLVROXFLyQ·0GH+&O
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ODGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGDGHOiFLGR
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Solución
D (QSULPHUOXJDUFDOFXODPRVODPRODULGDGGHOiFLGR$SDUWLUGHORVGDWRVGH
ULTXH]D HQ SHVR \ GHQVLGDG · JP/ VH WLHQH TXH OLWUR GH
GLVROXFLyQ WLHQH XQD PDVD J GH GLVROXFLyQ P/ GLVROXFLyQ Ċ
·JGLVROXFLyQP/GLVROXFLyQ JGLVROXFLyQ
(VWDGLVROXFLyQDJXDiFLGRFRQWLHQHXQDPDVDGHJGHVROXWRJ
GHGLVROXFLyQĊ·JGH+&OJGHGLVROXFLyQ JGH+&OSRUORTXHVX
FRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUVHUi
413 g
36'5 g · mol−1
M=
= 11'3 M 1L
GRQGH·HVODPDVDPRODUGHO+&O ·JĊPRO
3XHVWRTXHKD\TXHSUHSDUDUP/GH+&O·0VHQHFHVLWDQ
·/Ċ·0 ·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·PROGHiFLGR
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·0TXHFRQWHQJD·PROGH+&ORVHD
V=
0'1 mol
= 8'85 · 10−3 L ·P/GH+&O·0
11'3 moles · L−1
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E /DUHDFFLyQGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHV+&O1D2+ĺ1D&O+2
'H DTXt TXH VH QHFHVLWHQ XQ Qž GH PROHV GH 1D2+ LJXDO DO GH +&O SDUD VX
QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ
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·0Ċ·/ ·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·PROHVGH+&O
TXHVHQHXWUDOL]DUiQFRQODPLVPDFDQWLGDGGH1D2+SRUORWDQWRVL´91D2+µ
HVHOYROXPHQHQOLWURVGH1D2+VHWLHQH
·PROGH+&O ·PROGH1D2+ ·0Ċ91D2+/
\GHVSHMDQGR91D2+UHVXOWD91D2+ ·Ċ/ ·P/
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D (VFULED OD UHDFFLyQ GH QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ GHO KLGUy[LGR GH SRWDVLR FRQ XQD
GLVROXFLyQGHiFLGRQtWULFR
E ¢4Xp YROXPHQ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ · 0 GH iFLGR QtWULFR VH QHFHVLWDUi SDUD
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F 'HVFULEDHOSURFHGLPLHQWRHLQGLTXHHOPDWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDOOHYDUDFDER
ODYDORUDFLyQDQWHULRU
Solución
D +12.2+ĺ.12+2
E /D QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ VH DOFDQ]D FXDQGR H[LVWH HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH
iFLGR\GHEDVH
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3
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3
3
·/ P/
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3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDUHDOL]DUODYDORUDFLyQ
/D YDORUDFLyQ GH XQ iFLGR IXHUWH FRQ XQD EDVH IXHUWH VH KD H[SOLFDGR HQ HO
SUREOHPDDSDUWDGRF
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
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VLJXLHQWHVGDWRVHQSHVRGHQVLGDG·JĊP/&DOFXOH
D (OYROXPHQGHGLVROXFLyQQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUP/GH+&O·0
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GLVROXFLyQ·0GH+&O
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Solución
D 6HGHWHUPLQDODPRODULGDG/GHGLVROXFLyQFRQFHQWUDGDGHOiFLGRWLHQHXQD
PDVDGHJ(QHVWDFDQWLGDGGHGLVROXFLyQKD\
JGLVROXFLyQĊ·JGH+&OJGLVROXFLyQ ·JGH+&O
/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODGLVROXFLyQHV
364'8 g
moles ácido 36'5 g · mol-1
M=
=
= 10'00 M
V en L
1L
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FRQFHQWUDGD·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·PROHVGH+&O
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9Ċ0 ·9 ·/ P/
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REWHQHUXQDGLVROXFLyQGH+&OPiVGLOXLGDGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ·0
E /DUHDFFLyQGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHV+&O%D2+ĺ%D&O+2
PROHVGH+&OVRQQHXWUDOL]DGRVSRUPROGH%D2+RWDPELpQPROGH
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9Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·PROHVGH%D2+\GHDTXt
9 ·/HVGHFLUVHQHFHVLWDQ·P/GH%D2+
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3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6HWLHQHQGRVGLVROXFLRQHVXQDREWHQLGDGLVROYLHQGR·JGHKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLR
HQPOGHDJXD\RWUDGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFR·0&DOFXOH
D ¢(OS+GHFDGDGLVROXFLyQ"
E ¢(OS+WHQGUiXQDGLVROXFLyQREWHQLGDDOPH]FODUP/GHFDGDXQD"
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D Solución
D 3ULPHURFDOFXODPRVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+
0'6 g de NaOH
g de NaOH
moles NaOH masa molar
40 g · mol-1
=
=
= 0'15 M [NaOH] =
V en L
V en L
0'1 L
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D &DOFXOHHOS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHFRQWLHQHJGHKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLRHQ
P/GHODPLVPD6LVHGLOX\HODGLVROXFLyQDQWHULRUKDVWDOLWURV¢FXiOVHUtD
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QHXWUDOL]DUP/GHODGLVROXFLyQLQLFLDOQRGLOXLGD
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D (QSULPHUOXJDUVHFDOFXODODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODGLVROXFLyQ
J
[1D2+ ] =
JĊPRO −
Ċ − /
= 0 $FRQWLQXDFLyQFDOFXODPRVHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQPiVFRQFHQWUDGD
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S+ ORJ>+@ ·
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[1D2+ ] =
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PROHVĊ/ \GHVSHMDQGR9VHWLHQH
9 ·/ P/
3UREOHPD
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SHVR\GHQVLGDG·JĊP/VHWRPDQFRQXQDSLSHWDP/\VHYLHUWHQHQXQ
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D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGD
E ¢4XpYROXPHQGHXQDGLVROXFLyQGH.2+·0VHUiQHFHVDULRSDUDQHXWUDOL]DU
P/GHODGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGD"
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Solución
D 9pDVH HO SUREOHPD &RQ ORV GDWRV GH ULTXH]D \ GHQVLGDG VH WLHQH TXH
OLWURGHGLVROXFLyQSHVDJ\FRQWLHQH·JGHVROXWR+&OSRUOR
TXHVXFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUVHUi
J
JĊPRO −
= /
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0=
E &RPR\DKHPRVYLVWRHQRWURVSUREOHPDVSDUDQHXWUDOL]DU[PROHVGH+&OVH
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YROXPHQGH.2+VHWLHQH
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3UREOHPD
&DOFXOH
D (O S+ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH +&O2 · 0 \ HO GH RWUD GLVROXFLyQ GH /L2+
·0
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FRQ P/ GH OD VHJXQGD GLVROXFLyQ VH FRQVLGHUD TXH ORV YRO~PHQHV VRQ
DGLWLYRV
Solución
D 6H WUDWD GH XQ iFLGR +&O2 \ XQD EDVH /L2+ IXHUWHV SRU OR TXH HVWiQ
WRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRVDVt
>+&O2@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULR ·0\S+ ·
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E 6HWUDWDGHODUHDFFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWHFRQXQDEDVHIXHUWH(OS+GHOD
GLVROXFLyQ YHQGUi GHWHUPLQDGR SRU ORV UHDFWLYRV UHDFFLRQDQWHV \ ORV
SURGXFWRVIRUPDGRV
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,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
PROHVGH/L2+ ·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·ĊPROHV
4XHGDQ VLQ QHXWUDOL]DU ·Ċ ² ·Ċ ·Ċ PROHV GH /L2+ HQ
P/GHGLVROXFLyQSRUWDQWR>/L2+@ >2+ @ PRO·/
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3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6H GLVXHOYHQ J GH &D2+ HQ DJXD VXILFLHQWH SDUD SUHSDUDU P/ GH
GLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH
D /DPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQ\HOYDORUGHOS+
E /D PRODULGDG GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH +%U GH OD TXH P/ GH OD PLVPD VRQ
QHXWUDOL]DGRVFRQP/GHODGLVROXFLyQGHODEDVH
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 &D Solución
D /DPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQHV
[Ca(OH)2 ]
5g
74 g · mol −1
=
= 0'225 M 0'3 L
$OVHUXQDEDVHIXHUWHWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGD&D2+&D2+ >2+ @HTXLOLEULR Ċ>&D2+@LQLFLDO Ċ·0 ·0
$VtS2+ ·\S+ ·
E &D2++%U
ĺ
&D%U+2
(QP/GH&D2+KD\·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·PROHVTXH
JHQHUDQ·PROHVGHKLGUR[LORVORVFXDOHVQHFHVLWDQODPLVPDFDQWLGDGGH
+%USDUDVXQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHVGHFLU·PROHVGH+%U3RUWDQWRWHQHPRV
·PROHVGH+%U ·/GH+%UĊ>+%U@
>+%U@ ·0
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&DOFXOH
D (O S+ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ · 0 GH iFLGR VHOpQLFR +6H2 \ HO GH XQD
GLVROXFLyQ·0GH&V2+
E (O S+ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ TXH UHVXOWD DO PH]FODU P/ GH FDGD XQD GH ODV
GLVROXFLRQHVDQWHULRUHVVXSRQJDTXHORVYRO~PHQHVVRQDGLWLYRV
5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
Solución
D 9pDVHHOSUREOHPDTXHWUDWDGHRWURiFLGRGLSUyWLFRPiVFRP~QHOiFLGR
VXOI~ULFR (O +6H2 HV XQ iFLGR GLSUyWLFR IXHUWH TXH FRQVLGHUDUHPRV
WRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRVHJ~Q+6H26H2+
3RUWDQWRĊ>+6H2@LQLFLDO >+@ ·0\GHDTXt
S+ ORJ· ·
(O&V2+HVXQDEDVHIXHUWHTXHVHGLVRFLDWRWDOPHQWHHQGLVROXFLyQ
&V2+&V2+ 3RUWDQWR>2+ @ ·S2+ ORJ· ·\S+ · ·
E $OPH]FODUODVGRVGLVROXFLRQHVVHSURGXFHODUHDFFLyQ
+6H2&V2+→&V6H2+2 PROHVGH+6H2 ·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·Ċ
PROHVGH&V2+ ·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·Ċ
&RPR PROHV GH &V2+ UHDFFLRQDQ FRQ XQ PRO GHO iFLGR
·Ċ PROHV GH KLGUy[LGR UHDFFLRQDUiQ FRQ ·Ċ PROHV GH +6H2
SRUORTXHTXHGDQ·ĊPROHVGHiFLGRVLQUHDFFLRQDU\SRUWDQWR
>+@ Ċ·ĊPRO·/ ·0\GHDTXtS+ ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&DOFXOH
D (OS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHiFLGRQtWULFR\HOGHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0
GHFORUKtGULFR
E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQTXHUHVXOWDDOPH]FODUP/GHODGLVROXFLyQGHO+12
FRQP/GHODGLVROXFLyQGH+&O6XSRQJDORVYRO~PHQHVDGLWLYRV
Solución
D /RVGRVVRQiFLGRVIXHUWHV
>+12@ >+@SRUWDQWR>+@ ·0S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· >+&O@ >+@SRUWDQWR>+@ ·0S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· ·
E 6H WUDWD GH OD PH]FOD GH GRV iFLGRV PRQRSUyWLFRV IXHUWHV TXH HVWiQ
WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGRV \ TXH QR HMHUFHQ SUiFWLFDPHQWH LQIOXHQFLD HQWUH Vt
VREUHORVHTXLOLEULRVGHGLVRFLDFLyQ
PROHVGH+12 ·/Ċ·0 ·
PROHVGH+&O ·/Ċ·0 ·
3RUWDQWRORVPROHVGH+ ·· ·PROHVTXHVH
HQFXHQWUDQHQXQYROXPHQWRWDOGHP/3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
>+@ PROHV+YROXPHQILQDO/ ·PROHV·/ ·0
S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6HWLHQHQP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH.2+\P/GHRWUDGLVROXFLyQ·0
GH1D2+&DOFXOH
D (OS+GHFDGDGLVROXFLyQ
E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQUHVXOWDQWHGHPH]FODUDPEDVGLVROXFLRQHV
Solución
D (VXQFDVRDQiORJRDODQWHULRUDXQTXHHQHVWHHMHPSORVHWUDWDGHGRVEDVHV
PRQRKLGUR[LODGDV IXHUWHV FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLVRFLDGDV HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD
3RU WDQWR SDUD FDGD GLVROXFLyQ LQGLYLGXDO GH FDGD EDVH HV DSOLFDEOH
>%DVH@ >2+@
>.2+@ >2+ @ ·0S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· ·
S+ ²· ·
>1D2+@ >2+ @ ·0S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· ·
S+ ²· ·
E 6H WUDWD GH OD PH]FOD GH GRV EDVHV PRQRKLGUR[LODGDV IXHUWHV TXH HVWiQ
WRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGDV\TXHQRHMHUFHQSUiFWLFDPHQWHLQIOXHQFLDHQWUHVt
PROHVGH.2+ ·/Ċ·0 ·
PROHVGH1D2+ ·/Ċ·0 ·
3RUWDQWRPROHVGH2+ ·· ·PROHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ
HQXQYROXPHQWRWDOGHP/3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH
>2+ @ PROHV2+ YROXPHQILQDO/ ·PROHV·/ ·0
S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· ·S+ ²· ·
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(Q P/ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD GH +&O 0 VH GLVXHOYHQ J GH 1D&O
6XSRQLHQGRTXHQRVHDOWHUDHOYROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQFDOFXOH
D /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORVLRQHV
E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV1D &O 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV
Solución
D 0ROHVGH+&O ·PROĊ·/ ·Ċ
0ROHVGH+&O 0ROHVGH+ PROHVGH&O ·
[NaCl] =
1'5 g
58'5 g · mol −1
= 0'51 M 0'05 L
>1D&O@ >1D@ >&O @ ·0
PROHVGH&O ·0Ċ·/ ·
PROHVWRWDOHVGH&O ·Ċ·Ċ ·Ċ
−2
[Cl − ] = 2'80·'10
= 0'56M 05
>+@ ·
ES+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· ·