You may find some of the following formulas useful: sin2 (A) + cos2 (A) = 1 tan2 (A) + 1 = sec2 (A) 1 + cot2 (A) = csc2 (A) sin(A + B) = sin (A) cos (B) + cos (A) sin (B) sin(A − B) = sin (A) cos (B) − cos (A) sin (B) cos(A + B) = cos (A) cos (B) − sin (A) sin (B) cos(A − B) = cos (A) cos (B) + sin (A) sin (B) sin (2A) = 2 sin (A) cos (A) cos (2A) = cos2 (A) − sin2 (A) cos (2A) = 1 − 2 sin2 (A) cos (2A) = 2 cos2 (A) − 1 sin2 (A/2) = 1 − cos (A) 2 cos2 (A/2) = 1 + cos (A) 2 sin (A) sin (B) sin (C) = = a b c c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos (C) x= −b ± √ b2 − 4ac 2a an = a + (n − 1)d Sn = n (a1 + an ) 2 an = arn−1 Sn = n[2a + (n − 1)d] 2 Sn = a(1 − rn ) 1−r