marango - GFU for Underutilized Species

0$5$1*2
³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
&XOWLYR\XWLOL]DFLyQHQOD
DOLPHQWDFLyQDQLPDO
*XtD7pFQLFD1R
&5(',726
0DUDQJR&XOWLYR
\XWLOL]DFLyQHQ
ODDOLPHQWDFLyQ
DQLPDO
7,78/2
0DUDQJR &XOWLYR \ XWLOL]DFLyQ HQ OD DOL
PHQWDFLyQDQLPDO
$8725(6
06F1DGLU5H\HV6iQFKH]
5(&725
06F7HOpPDFR7DODYHUD6LOHV
9,&(5(&725
06F$OEHUWR6HGLOHV-iHQ
*8Ë$7e&1,&$1R
(',72535,1&,3$/
'U)UHGG\$OHPiQ
&20,7e(',725
06F5REHUWR%ODQGLQR2EDQGR
'U9tFWRU$JXLODU
',6(f2*5$),&2
0DULR$&DVWUR0
0DULR$&DVWUR*
180(52'((-(03/$5(6
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/$*5$5,$
'LUHFFLyQGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ([WHQVLyQ\
3RVWJUDGR',(3
(VWDSXEOLFDFLyQHVSRVLEOHJUDFLDVDO
DSR\R¿QDQFLHURGHOSXHEOR\*RELHUQR
GH6XHFLDDWUDYpVGHOD$JHQFLD6XHFD
SDUDHOGHVDUUROOR,QWHUQDFLRQDO$6',\
OD$JHQFLD6XHFDSDUDOD&RODERUDFLyQHQ
,QYHVWLJDFLyQ6$5(&
6HULHWpFQLFD1ƒ81$#
35(6(17$&,21
/DSXEOLFDFLyQGHODV*8,$67e&1,&$6VHFRQVWLWX\HHQXQDODVHVWUDWHJLDV
FRQODVTXHFXHQWDOD8QLYHUVLGDGSDUDODGLIXVLyQGHVXTXHKDFHUXQLYHUVLWDULR
(VWDV VH XQHQ DO &HQWUR 1DFLRQDO GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ \ 'RFXPHQWDFLyQ $JURSH
FXDULD&(1,'$DVtFRPRDODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUD\HTXLSRSDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
ODERUDWRULRV\SHUVRQDOWpFQLFRDORVPHGLRVGHGLYXOJDFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRV
GHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHYHQWRVFLHQWt¿FRV\ODUHYLVWDFLHQWt¿FD/D&DOHUD
/DV*8,$67e&1,&$6KDQVLGRHODERUDGDVFRQHOSURSyVLWRGHKDFHUODVDFFHVL
EOHDXQDDPSOLDDXGLHQFLDTXHLQFOX\HSURGXFWRUHVSURIHVLRQDOHVWpFQLFRV\
HVWXGLDQWHVGHWDOIRUPDTXHVHFRQVWLWX\DQHQXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHFRQVXOWD
HQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHTXHPRWLYHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\ODDGRSFLyQGHWHF
QRORJtDV\TXHFRQWULEX\DQGHODPHMRUPDQHUDDOGHVDUUROORDJURSHFXDULR\
IRUHVWDOGH1LFDUDJXD
)UHGG\$OHPiQ
'LUHFWRUGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ([WHQVLyQ\3RVWJUDGR
',(381$
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
/
D8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$JUDULDLQVWLWXFLyQGHHGXFDFLyQVXSHULRUDXWy
QRPDTXHSURPXHYHHOGHVDUUROOR\IRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGHODVRFLHGDGQLFD
UDJHQVHTXHIRUPDSURIHVLRQDOHVHQHOFDPSRDJURSHFXDULR\IRUHVWDO\
JHQHUDFRQRFLPLHQWRVFLHQWt¿FRVSRQHHQPDQRVGHODVRFLHGDGQLFDUDJHQVH
ODJXtDWpFQLFD0$5$1*2&XOWLYR\XWLOL]DFLyQHQODDOLPHQWDFLyQDQLPDO/D
LQIRUPDFLyQTXHFRQWLHQHHVSURGXFWRGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHVDUUROODGDSRUSURIH
VLRQDOHV\WpFQLFRVGHODXQLYHUVLGDGGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVUHDOL
]DGDVSRUGRFHQWHV\HVWXGLDQWHVGHOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLD$QLPDO)$&$\GHO
LQWHUFDPELRGHH[SHULHQFLDVFRQLQVWLWXFLRQHVD¿QHVTXHUHDOL]DQLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
HQ HO FDPSR DJURSHFXDULR \ IRUHVWDO (O REMHWLYR GH ODV *8,$6 7e&1,&$6 HV
DSR\DUDWpFQLFRV\SURGXFWRUHVHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVVREUHODSURGXFFLyQ
GHORVFXOWLYRVHOPDQHMRSHFXDULR\ORVSURFHVRVDJURLQGXVWULDOHVTXHGHQPD
\RUFRPSHWLWLYLGDGDOVHFWRUDJURSHFXDULR\IRUHVWDO'HLJXDOIRUPDFRQWULEXLU
DOPDQHMRLQWHJUDOGHODV¿QFDVGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDDJURHFROyJLFD
Ë1',&(
$VSHFWRVJHQHUDOHV
3DJ
2ULJHQ\GLVWULEXFLyQ
'HVFULSFLyQERWiQLFD
$GDSWDFLyQDPELHQWDO
(VWDEOHFLPLHQWR\DVSHFWRVDJURQyPLFRV
3UHSDUDFLyQGHVXHOR
0pWRGRVGH3URSDJDFLyQ
6LHPEUD
eSRFDGHVLHPEUD
&DQWLGDGGHVHPLOOD\SURIXQGLGDGGHVLHPEUD
0DQHMRGHVSXpVGHODVLHPEUD
)HUWLOL]DFLyQ
3URGXFFLyQ\FDOLGDGGHOIRUUDMH
3URGXFFLyQDQLPDO
%RYLQRVHQFUHFLPLHQWR
3URGXFFLyQ\FDOLGDGGHODOHFKH
&DEUDV
&HUGRV
$YHV
2WURVXVRV
%,%/,2*5$),$
$VSHFWRVJHQHUDOHV
2ULJHQ\GLVWULEXFLyQ
0RULQJD ROHLIHUD /DP VLQyQLPR GH
0RULQJD SWHU\JRVSHUPD *DHUWQHU
FRP~QPHQWH OODPDGR ³0DUDQJR´
HV XQ iUERO PLHPEUR GH OD IDPLOLD
0RULQJDFHDH TXH FUHFH HQ HO WUySLFR
\HVRULJLQDULDGHOVXUGHO+LPDOD\D
QRUHVWH GH ,QGLD 3DNLVWiQ %DQJOD
GHVK\$IJDQLVWiQ0DNNDU\%HFNHU
(Q $PpULFD /DWLQD \ &HQWUR
DPpULFD HO 0DUDQJR VH LQWURGXMR \
QDWXUDOL]yHQFRPRXQiUERORU
QDPHQWDO\IXHXWLOL]DGRFRPRFHUFD
YLYD\FRUWLQDVURPSHYLHQWRV
'HVFULSFLyQERWiQLFD
(V XQ iUERO GH FUHFLPLHQWR UiSL
GR DOFDQ]D XQD DOWXUD GH D PHWURVKDVWDODFRURQDVXWURQFR
SRVHHXQGLiPHWURGHDFP
WLHQGH D HFKDU UDtFHV IXHUWHV \
SURIXQGDV ))5(' \ WLH
QH XQD YLGD UHODWLYDPHQWH FRUWD
DOFDQ]DQGR XQ SURPHGLR GH DxRV9RQ0D\GHOO
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
0$5$1*2
&XOWLYR\XWLOL]DFLyQHQOD
DOLPHQWDFLyQDQLPDO
+RMDV FRPSXHVWDV DOWHUQDV LPSDULSLQ
QDGDV FRQ XQD ORQJLWXG WRWDO GH D FP/DVÀRUHVVRQEODQFDVFUHPRVDVFRQ
HVWDPEUHV DPDULOORV \ QDFHQ HQ UDFLPRV
(OIUXWRHVXQDFiSVXODFROJDQWHFRORUFDV
WDxRWULDQJXODUFRQFPGHODUJR\
FPGHGLDPHWUR/DVVHPLOODVVRQGHFRORU
FDVWDxRRVFXURFRQWUHVDODVEODQFDVGHO
JDGDV /D UDt] HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH JUXHVD
(OiUEROÀRUHFH\SURGXFHVHPLOODVGXUDQWH
WRGRHODxR
$GDSWDFLyQDPELHQWDO
(O FOLPD GH XQD UHJLyQ LQÀX\H VLJQL¿FDWL
YDPHQWH HQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR GHVDUUROOR \
SURGXFWLYLGDG GH ODV SODQWDV (V SRU HOOR
LQGLVSHQVDEOHFRQRFHUODUHVSXHVWD¿VLROy
JLFDGHHVWDHVSHFLHDODVFRQGLFLRQHVDP
ELHQWDOHVSDUDSRGHUIRUPXODUXQVLVWHPD
UDFLRQDOGHVLHPEUD\PDQHMR
7HPSHUDWXUD 3RU VHU XQD SODQWD
GHRULJHQWURSLFDOVHGHVDUUROODHQFOLPDV
VHPLiULGRV VHPLK~PHGRV \ K~PHGRV
(O0DUDQJRFUHFHELHQHQDOWXUDVTXHYDQ
GHVGH HO QLYHO GHO PDU KDVWD ORV P
GHDOWLWXG\SURVSHUDHQWHPSHUDWXUDVDO
WDVFRQVLGHUiQGRVHySWLPDVSDUDXQEXHQ
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRODVTXHHVWiQHQWUH\
ƒ&
+XPHGDG(ODJXDDIHFWDHOFUHFL
PLHQWR\GHVDUUROORGHODVSODQWDV\DTXH
DFW~D FRPR FRQVWLWX\HQWH VROYHQWH UHV
SRQVDEOHGHODWXUJHQFLDFHOXODU\UHJXOD
GRUDGHVXWHPSHUDWXUDSRUORTXHODFDQ
WLGDGIUHFXHQFLDHLQWHQVLGDGGHODVOOXYLDV
GHWHUPLQDQHQJUDQPHGLGDODDGDSWDFLyQ
GH XQD HVSHFLH IRUUDMHUD SDUWLFXODU D XQ
DPELHQWHGHWHUPLQDGR(O0DUDQJRQHFHVL
WDDOPHQRVPPDQXDOHVDXQTXHKD\
UHSRUWHVGHOXJDUHVGHOSDFt¿FRGH1LFDUD
JXD GRQGH FRQ PP FUHFH PX\ ELHQ
6HKDREVHUYDGRXQEXHQFRPSRUWDPLHQ
6XH
ORV (O VXHOR
HVODSDUWHGH
ODFRUWH]DWH
UUHVWUH GRQ
GHFUHFHQODV
SODQWDV (VWi
F R Q V W L W X L G R
GH XQD PH] )LJXUD3XHGHWROHUDUKDVWDPHVHVGHVHFD
FOD GLQiPLFD
GHPDWHULDOHVLQRUJiQLFRVRUJiQLFRV
JHWDFLyQ RULJLQDO \ GH VXV UHVHUYDV
DLUH \ DJXD GRQGH RFXUUHQ GLYHUVRV
GHVHPLOODVDVtFRPRODPHMRUDItVL
SURFHVRV TXH DIHFWDQ OD GLVSRQLELOL
FD GHVFRPSDFWDFLyQ \ TXtPLFD GHO
GDGGHORVQXWULHQWHVQHFHVDULRVSDUD
VXHORSDUDIDYRUHFHUHOGHVDUUROORGH
HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODVSODQWDV(Op[LWR
ODV SOiQWXODV (O JUDGR GH SUHSDUD
HQHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQDSDVWXUD
FLyQ GHO VXHOR SDUD ORJUDU XQ EXHQ
HVWiUHODFLRQDGRDODVSURSLHGDGHVIt
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR HVWi LQÀXHQFLDGR
VLFDV\TXtPLFDVGHOVXHORGRQGHHVWD
SRU PXFKRV IDFWRUHV HQWUH ORV TXH
VHPEUDGD
VH FXHQWDQ IDFWRUHV HGi¿FRV FRQ
GLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH
(O0DUDQJRSXHGHFUHFHUHQWRGRWLSR
PDTXLQDULD\FRQVLGHUDFLRQHVGHFD
GHVXHORVGHVGHVXHORViFLGRVKDVWD
UiFWHUHFRQyPLFR
DOFDOLQRVS+DXQTXHODPHMRU
UHVSXHVWDHQGHVDUUROOR\SURGXFWLYL
/DSUHSDUDFLyQGHEHLQLFLDUVHSUHIHUL
GDG VH REWLHQH HQ VXHORV QHXWURV R
EOHPHQWHDO¿QDOGHODpSRFDVHFD\
OLJHUDPHQWHDOFDOLQRVELHQGUHQDGRV
WHUPLQDUVH DO FRPLHQ]R GH OD pSRFD
R DUHQRVRV \ GRQGH HO QLYHO IUHiWLFR
GH OOXYLD 6H UHFRPLHQGD GHMDU HO
SHUPDQHFHEDVWDQWHDOWRSRUWRGRHO
WHUUHQR VXHOWR \ OD VXSHU¿FLH OLJHUD
DxRWROHUDVXHORVDUFLOORVRVSHURQR
PHQWHUXJRVDQRPX\SROYRVDSDUD
HQFKDUFDPLHQWRVSURORQJDGRV'XNH
HYLWDUTXHODVHPLOODTXHGHGHPDVLD
GRSURIXQGDRTXHVHDODYDGDSRUOD
OOXYLD
(VWDEOHFLPLHQWR\DVSHFWRV
3UHSDUDFLyQ GHO VXHOR FRQ
DJURQyPLFRV
PDTXLQDULD &RQWUROH OD YHJHWDFLyQ
RULJLQDODWUDYpVGHODOLPSLH]DGHOWH
3UHSDUDFLyQGHVXHOR
UUHQRFRQXQDFKDSRGDGRUDDFRSODGD
DOWUDFWRU/XHJRUHDOL]DUXQSDVHGH
/D SUHSDUDFLyQ GHO WHUUHQR SDUD OD
DUDGR D XQD SURIXQGLGDG GH FP
VLHPEUD LQFOX\H HO FRQWURO GH OD YH
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
WR HQ OXJD
UHV FRQ SUH
FLSLWDFLRQHV
DQXDOHV GH
PP
SDUDIDFLOLWDUODDLUHDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDUDGL
FXODU\ODLQ¿OWUDFLyQGHODJXD3RUXOWLPR
VHUHDOL]DQXQRRGRVSDVHVGHJUDGDSDUD
FUHDUXQDFDPDGHVLHPEUDySWLPDSDUDOD
VHPLOOD
3UHSDUDFLyQ GH VXHOR FRQ WUDF
FLyQDQLPDO/LPSLH]DGHOWHUUHQRDWUD
YpV GH OD FKDSLD \ GHVEDVXUHR PDQXDO
/XHJRUHDOL]DUXQSDVHGHDUDGRFRQEXH
\HVRFRQFDEDOORHQODIRUPDWUDGLFLRQDO\
SRUXOWLPRHOVXUFDGRRUD\DGR
0pWRGRVGH3URSDJDFLyQ
6HPLOODVH[XDO(VODPDQHUDPiV
FRP~Q\DSURSLDGDGHVHPEUDUODGHIRUPD
GLUHFWD HQ HO WHUUHQR SUHSDUDGR (O SHVR
SURPHGLRGHFDGDVHPLOODHVGHJ
SRUORWDQWRKD\XQDVVHPLOODVSRUNL
ORJUDPR/DYLDELOLGDGHQJHQHUDOGHSHQ
GH GHO JUDGR GH IHUWLOLGDG GH ORV iUEROHV
SURGXFWRUHV HO SRGHU JHUPLQDWLYR HV GH
\ODYLJRURVLGDGHVGH
3URSDJDFLyQYHJHWDWLYD/DVHV
WDFDVGHPDUDQJRFRUWDGDVD¿QDOHVGHOD
pSRFD VHFD SUHVHQWDQ XQ SUHQGLPLHQWR
GHO\XQGHVREUHYLYHQFLD3DUD
OD REWHQFLyQ GH HVWRV DOWRV SRUFHQWDMHV
ODVHVWDFDVVHGHMDQHQUDL]DUFRQVXVSUR
SLDV UHVHUYDV \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH VH WUDQV
SODQWDQDOWHUUHQRGH¿QLWLYRHOFXDOGHEH
WHQHUXQEXHQUpJLPHQGHKXPHGDG8QD
YH]FRUWDGDVODVHVWDFDVXQDEXHQDSUiF
WLFD SDUD HO HQUUDL]DPLHQWR HV FRORFDUODV
YHUWLFDOPHQWH EDMR VRPEUD \ HQWHUUDUODV
XQRVFPHQHOVXHOR
6LHPEUD
6LHPEUDGLUHFWD &RQVLVWH HQ FR
ORFDU GLUHFWDPHQWH OD VHPLOOD HQ HO VXHOR
SUHSDUDGR 3XHGH HIHFWXDUVH PHFiQLFD
PHQWHHPSOHDQGRXQDVHPEUDGRUDRPD
6LHPEUD GLUHFWD FRQ
VHPEUDGRUD 6H SXHGH UHDOL]DU
~QLFDPHQWH HQ VXHORV SODQRV \ TXH
KD\DQVLGRySWLPDPHQWHSUHSDUDGRV
SDUDTXHQRKD\DLPSHGLPHQWRHQOD
FRORFDFLyQXQLIRUPHGHODVHPLOODHQ
HO VXHOR\HQHOSDVHGHODPLVPDD
WUDYpV GHO WXER GH FRQGXFFLyQ \ GHO
GHSRVLWDGRU(QODVVHPEUDGRUDVGH
SUHFLVLyQ HV QHFHVDULR DGHPiV GHV
SHOX]DUODVHPLOOD\DTXHODVDODVTXH
OD ERUGHDQ LPSLGHQ TXH ORV SLxRQHV
OD OHYDQWHQ ELHQ REVWDFXOL]DQGR HO
SDVH GH ODV FKDYHWDV DO GHSRVLWDGRU
/RVFDUURVVHUHJXODQGpPDQHUDTXH
TXHGH D FP FDGD ERWDGRU \ ODV
FKDYHWDVWRWDOPHQWHDELHUWDV
(OPDUDQJRVHSXHGHHVWDEOHFHUFRPR
VL VH HVWXYLHUD VHPEUDQGR VRUJR
HVWRHVUHJXODQGRORVERWDGRUHVGHOD
VHPEUDGRUD D FP HQWUH VXUFRV \
GHDVHPLOODVSRUPHWUROLQHDO
SDUD ORJUDU XQD GHQVLGDG GH D
PLOSODQWDVSRUKHFWiUHD
6LHPEUD GLUHFWD PDQXDO
/DVLHPEUDVHUHDOL]DGHSRVLWDQGROD
VHPLOOD PDQXDOPHQWH VREUH HO VXUFR
DFKRUULOOR\OXHJRVHWDSDFRQHOSLH
RFRQXQDUDPD
6LHPEUD HQ EROVDV /DV VH
PLOODV VRQ VHPEUDGDV HQ SHTXHxDV
EROVDVGHSROLHWLOHQRTXHSHUPDQHFHQ
HQXQYLYHURKDVWDTXHODVSODQWDVDO
FDQFHQ XQRV FP GH DOWXUD SDUD
OXHJR WUDQVSODQWDUODV DO FDPSR /D
VLHPEUDHQEROVDVUHVXOWDXQDHVWUD
WHJLDGHDOWRFRVWRSRUORTXHVRORVH
UHFRPLHQGDHQSHTXHxDViUHDVFXDQ
GRODVLHPEUDGLUHFWDFRQVHPLOODVSRU
DOJXQDUD]yQQRSXHGDUHDOL]DUVH
eSRFDGHVLHPEUD
/D VHOHFFLyQ GHO PRPHQWR GH VLHP
EUD UHVXOWD XQ HOHPHQWR FODYH HQ HO
SURFHVRGHHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR/DpSRFD
RSWLPD YDUtD GH DFXHUGR D OD ORFDOL
GDG SHUR HQ WpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHV OD
VLHPEUD GHEH UHDOL]DUVH GXUDQWH HO
SHUtRGR GH OOXYLDV FXDQGR OD KXPH
GDG GHO VXHOR HV DGHFXDGD SDUD OD
JHUPLQDFLyQ\HOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHO
FXOWLYR
(QVLWLRVFRQSHUtRGRVGHOOXYLDVELHQ
GH¿QLGRVHVUHFRPHQGDEOHUHDOL]DUOD
VLHPEUDDOLQLFLRGHODWHPSRUDGDGH
OOXYLDVHQORFDOLGDGHVGRQGHHOFOLPD
WLHQHXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRHUUiWLFRODV
VLHPEUDVPX\WHPSUDQDVSRGUtDQFR
LQFLGLUFRQSHUtRGRVGRQGHODVOOXYLDV
VHLQWHUUXPSHQGHVSXpVGHLQLFLDGDOD
JHUPLQDFLyQGHODVHPLOOD\ODVSOiQ
WXODVPXHUHQDOGHVKLGUDWDUVHSRUODV
DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV \ OD IDOWD GH KX
PHGDGSDUDHYLWDUHVWRVSUREOHPDV
UHDOL]DUODVLHPEUDKDVWDTXHHOSHUtR
GROOXYLRVRHVWHELHQHVWDEOHFLGR
&DQWLGDGGHVHPLOOD\
SURIXQGLGDGGHVLHPEUD
/D FDQWLGDG GH VHPLOOD D XWLOL]DU GH
SHQGHUi GH OD GHQVLGDG GH SODQWDV
TXHVHGHVHDWHQHUHQHOFDPSR\GH
IDFWRUHVWDOHVFRPRSHVR\YLDELOLGDG
GHODVHPLOODGLVWDQFLDHQWUHVXUFRV
VXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVSOiQWXODV\FRQ
GLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
3DUD REWHQHU DOWRV UHQGLPLHQWRV GH
IRUUDMH HQ FXOWLYRV SXURV GH 0DUDQ
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
QXDOPHQWHHQFDVRGHQRGLVSRQHUVH
GHOLPSOHPHQWR
JREDMRFRQGLFLRQHVLGHDOHVGHFDOLGDGGH
VHPLOOD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH VXHOR KXPHGDG
FRQWURO GH PDOH]DV \ VLHPEUD HQ VXUFRV
VHJ~Q OD HYDOXDFLyQ DJURQyPLFD UHDOL]D
GDHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$JUDULDSRU
5H\HV\/HGLQODPHMRUGHQ
VLGDGGHVLHPEUDHVODGHPLOSODQWDV
SRU KHFWiUHD REWHQLHQGR XQD SURGXFFLyQ
GHIRUUDMHYHUGHGHWRQHODGDVSRUKHF
WiUHDVLQULHJR\VLQIHUWLOL]DFLyQ&RQULH
JR VH SXHGH REWHQHU XQD PD\RU SURGXF
FLyQSHURHVWRLPSOLFDXQDDOWDH[WUDFFLyQ
GHQXWULHQWHVGHOVXHORSRUORFXDOVHGHEH
IHUWLOL]DU)RLGOHWDO
3DUD HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQD KHFWiUHD
GH PDUDQJR FRPR EDQFR GH SURWHtQD
FRQ XQD GHQVLGDG GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
PLOSODQWDVVHQHFHVLWDQTXLQWDOHV
GH VHPLOOD VHPEUDGDV GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ
HO FDPSR D FHQWtPHWURV HQWUH VXUFRV
\FHQWtPHWURVHQWUHSODQWDV/DVHPLOOD
SUHVHQWDDOWR SRUFHQWDMHGH JHUPLQDFLyQ
PD\RU GH 'HVSXpV GH OD VLHPEUD
HO WLHPSR GH JHUPLQDFLyQ GH OD VHPLOOD
RVFLODHQWUHORVGtDVVLQUHDOL]DUWUDWD
PLHQWRVSUHJHUPLQDWLYRV
/DPHMRUSURIXQGLGDGGHVLHPEUDHVDTXH
OOD TXH SURSRUFLRQD ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DGH
)LJXUD %DQFR GH SURWHtQD GH 0D
UDQJR)LQFD6DQWD5RVD8QLYHUVLGDG
1DFLRQDO$JUDULD6DEDQDJUDQGH0D
QDJXD
)HUWLOL]DFLyQ
(O PDQHMR SRVWHULRU D OD VLHPEUD
FRQVLVWHHQXQFRQMXQWRGHSUiFWLFDV
DJURQyPLFDVFRQODVFXDOHVVHKDFHQ
DMXVWHVPHQRUHVDODSDVWXUDHQIRU
PDFLyQ (VWDV SUiFWLFDV VRQ HQWUH
RWUDVHOFRQWURORSRUWXQRGHPDOH]DV
HLQVHFWRVSODJDVODIHUWLOL]DFLyQ\HO
XVRHVWUDWpJLFRGHFRUWHV
)HUWLOL]DFLyQ RUJiQLFD
7LHQHFRPR¿QDSURYHFKDUODVKHFHV
SURGXFLGDV SRU ORV DQLPDOHV GH OD
¿QFD LQFRUSRUDQGR HVWRV HOHPHQWRV
QXWULWLYRVDOVXHORPHMRUDQGRVXQLYHO
GH IHUWLOLGDG /D IHUWLOL]DFLyQ RUJiQL
FD WLHQH OD SDUWLFXODULGDG GH TXH OD
OLEHUDFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRV13.
DODVROXFLyQGHOVXHOR\VXSRVWHULRU
LQFRUSRUDFLyQ D ORV SURFHVRV ItVLFRV
TXtPLFRV GHO VLVWHPD VXHORSODQWD
QR HV LQPHGLDWD \D TXH H[LJHQ OD
SUHYLD PLQHUDOL]DFLyQ GH OD PDWHULD
RUJiQLFD
&RQWURO GH PDOH]DV (V
LPSRUWDQWH HYLWDU TXH FRPSLWDQ FRQ
HOFXOWLYRVHSXHGHUHDOL]DUPDQXDO
PHQWH FKDSLD FRQ PDFKHWH R D]D
GyQRFRQODDSOLFDFLyQGHSURGXFWRV
TXtPLFRV XWLOL]DQGR XQD ERPED GH
PRFKLOD\SDQWDOODSDUDQRGDxDUODV
SODQWLWDVGHPDUDQJR
(MHUFH D SDUWH GHO HIHFWR VREUH ODV
FRQGLFLRQHV ¿VLFD XQD DFFLyQ HVWL
PXODQWHVREUHODYLGDPLFURELDQDGHO
VXHOR\ODVUDtFHVFRPRIXHQWH\UH
VHUYDSDUDORVPLVPRV/DDSOLFDFLyQ
GHOFRPSRVWVHUHDOL]DFRQHOSULPHU
SDVHGHJUDGD/DGRVL¿FDFLyQHVGH
TXLQWDOHVSRUKHFWiUHD
6HUHFRPLHQGDUHDOL]DUXQFRQWUROGH
PDOH]DVDORVGtDVGHVSXpVGHOD
HPHUJHQFLDSDUDLPSHGLUTXHODPD
OH]DFRPSLWDFRQHOFXOWLYR(QFDVR
GHDOWDVLQIHVWDFLRQHVGHF\SHUiFHDV
VHUi QHFHVDULR UHDOL]DU FRQWURO PD
QXDO DUUDQTXH GH PDFROODV SRU OR
LQFyPRGRGHOFRQWUROGHODVPDOH]DV
HQODVDOWDVGHQVLGDGHV
)HUWLOL]DFLyQTXtPLFD/DV
QHFHVLGDGHV GH DSOLFDFLyQ GHSHQGH
UiQGHORVDQiOLVLVSUHYLRVGHOVXHOR
3HUR VH SXHGH PDQHMDU XQD DSOLFD
FLyQ EDVH GH TXLQWDOHV GH XUHD \
TXLQWDOHV GH FRPSOHWR IUDFFLRQDGR
HQ GRV DSOLFDFLRQHV (Q OD SULPHUD
DSOLFDFLyQ SUHVLHPEUD VH DSOLFDQ TXLQWDOHV GH FRPSOHWR \ GHVSXpV GH
ODSULPHUDSRGDVHDSOLFDQORVTXLQ
WDOHVGHXUHD
0DQHMRGHVSXpVGHODVLHPEUD
3ODJDV/DVSULQFLSDOHVSODJDV
HQYLYHURVRQ]RPSRSRV$WWDVSS
ODQJRVWD PHGLGRUD 0RFLV ODWLSHV
HVFDPDV&RFFXVVSS\HQHOPHQRU
GHORVFDVRViFDURV$FHULDVEHOGRQL
(OFDVRGHORViFDURVHVPiVFRP~Q
HQODVLHPEUDGLUHFWDFRQDOWDVSREOD
FLRQHV
&RUWH GHO IRUUDMH (O SULPHU
FRUWHGHEHUHDOL]DUVHDORVyPH
VHVGHVSXpVGHODVLHPEUD5HDOL]DUORV
FRUWHVFRQPDFKHWHELHQD¿ODGRFDGD
GtDVHQODpSRFDGHOOXYLD\FDGD
GtDVHQODpSRFDGHVHFDDXQDDO
WXUDGHFHQWtPHWURVGHOVXHOR
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
FXDGDV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR UDGLFXODU
ODDEVRUFLyQGHQXWULHQWHV\ODHPHU
JHQFLDGHODVSOiQWXODV(QHOFDVRGHO
0DUDQJR HO WDSDGR GH OD VHPLOOD QR
GHEHVREUHSDVDUORVFP
8QD YH] UHDOL]DGD OD FRVHFKD HO PDWHULDO
VH SLFD HQ XQD SLFDGRUD GH PRWRU R PD
QXDOPHQWHFRQPDFKHWH6HDSURYHFKDOD
SODQWDHQWHUDKRMDVSHFtRORV\WDOORV\D
TXHORVWDOORVDHVWDHGDGQRHVWiQOLJQL¿
FDGRVORTXHSHUPLWHREWHQHUXQIRUUDMHGH
H[FHOHQWHFDOLGDGPX\SDODWDEOH\TXHHV
UiSLGDPHQWH FRQVXPLGR SRU ORV DQLPDOHV
VLQQLQJ~QSUREOHPD
&RUWDU GLDULDPHQWH OD FDQWLGDG GH IRUUDMH
TXH VH YD\D D XWLOL]DU HQ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ
GHORVDQLPDOHVSDUDHYLWDUODIHUPHQWD
FLyQGHOPDWHULDOH[FHGHQWH
&RVWRVGHSURGXFFLyQ
8Q DVSHFWR PX\ LPSRUWDQWH HQ WRGR FXO
WLYR HV FRQRFHU ORV FRVWRV GH HVWDEOHFL
PLHQWR \ GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR DQXDO ORV
FXDOHV QRV SHUPLWHQ HVWLPDU ORV FRVWRV
GH SURGXFFLyQ SRU XQLGDG GH VXSHU¿FLH R
SRUXQLGDGGHSURGXFWR(QHOFXDGURVH
SXHGHREVHUYDUHOFiOFXORGHORVFRVWRVGH
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQD KHFWiUHD GH PD
UDQJRSUHSDUDQGRHOVXHORFRQWUDFWRU
352'8&&,Ï1<&$/,'$''(/
)255$-(
3URGXFFLyQGHIRUUDMH(VPX\LP
SRUWDQWH VHxDODU HO DOWR UHQGLPLHQWR GH
ELRPDVD IUHVFD WRWDO FRPHVWLEOH KRMDV
SHFtRORV EURWHV \ WDOORV FRQ GLiPHWURLQ
IHULRU D ORV PP TXH HV GH WRQKD
DxR HTXLYDOHQWHV D WRQHODGDV GH PD
WHULDVHFDSRUKHFWiUHDSRUDxR-DUTXtQ
-DUTXtQ\5H\HV(O0DUDQJRWLHQH
XQDDOWDWDVDGHFUHFLPLHQWR\FDSDFLGDG
SDUDSURGXFLUDOWDVFDQWLGDGHVGHPDWHULD
IUHVFDSRUPHWURFXDGUDGRFRQDOWDVGHQ
VLGDGHVGHVLHPEUD
5H\HV\/HGLQFRQVLGHUDQOD
GHQVLGDG GH VLHPEUD GH PLO SODQWDV
&DOL
GDG GHO
IRUUDMH (O
YDORU QX
WULWLYR
R
FDOLGDG GHO
IRUUDMH HQ
JHQHUDO HV
GHWHUPL
QDGR SRU
VX FDSDFL
GDG SDUD
S U R Y H H U
FDQWLGDGHV
EDODQFHD
GDV GH ORV
QXWULHQ
WHVUHTXHULGRVSRUORVDQLPDOHVSDUD
XQD IXQFLyQ HVSHFt¿FD (V GHFLU XQ
DOLPHQWR GH DOWR YDORU QXWULWLYR SUR
PXHYH DOWRV QLYHOHV GH SURGXFFLyQ
DQLPDO %DMR HVWH HVTXHPD FDUDFWH
UtVWLFDV FRPR HO FRQVXPR YROXQWD
ULRFRQWHQLGRGHSURWHtQDDSRUWHGH
HQHUJtD GLJHVWLELOLGDG FRQWHQLGR GH
PLQHUDOHV \ YLWDPLQDV OD FDSDFLGDG
SRU KHFWiUHDV \ ODV IUHFXHQFLDV GH
FRUWH FDGD GtDV HQ pSRFD GH OOX
YLD\FDGDGtDVHQpSRFDGHVHFD
FRPRODVySWLPDVSDUDODSURGXFFLyQ
GHELRPDVDIUHVFDFRVWRGHVLHPEUD
PDQHMRGHOFRUWH\FRQWUROGHPDOH]D
(Q HO FDVR GH GHQVLGDGHV PiV DOWDV
PiVGHPLOOyQSODQWDVKDODDOWD
GHQVLGDG FUHD XQD DOWD FRPSHWHQFLD
HQWUH ODV SODQWDV YtD IRWRWURSLVPR
UHVXOWDQ
&XDGUR &RPSRVLFLyQ TXtPLFD GH KRMDV \ WDOORV GH 0D
GR
HQ
UDQJR
SpUGLGDV
GH SOiQ
WXODV GH
KDVWD
R SRU FRU
WH
OR
FXDOSUR
GXFH DO
WDV SpU
GLGDV GH
PDWHULDO
SURGXF
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
&XDGUR&iOFXORGHOFRVWRGHHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQD WLYR SRU iUHD
KHFWiUHDGH0DUDQJR(QGyODUHV8
)RLOG HW DO
GH SURYHHU QXWULHQWHV VREUHSDVDQWHV \
RWUDV GHEHQ VHU WRPDGDV HQ FXHQWD SDUD
HVWDEOHFHUODFDOLGDGGHXQIRUUDMHGHWHU
PLQDGR
(OIRUUDMHGH0DUDQJRHVXQDEXHQDIXHQWH
GH SURWHtQD SDUD OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH DQL
PDOHV \D TXH FRQWLHQH GH 3% HQ
EDVHVHFDFRQXQDOWRFRQWHQLGRGHSURWHt
QD VREUHSDVDQWH GH OD SURWHtQD WR
WDO\ODGLJHVWLELOLGDGLQYLWURGHODPDWHULD
VHFDHVGH
(O DOWR YDORU GH SURWHtQD GLJHVWLEOH HQ HO
LQWHVWLQR GHOJDGR LQGLFD TXH ODV KRMDV GH
0DUDQJRVRQXQDEXHQDIXHQWHGHSURWHt
QD VXSOHPHQWDULD SDUD ORV UXPLDQWHV \D
TXHSHUPLWHTXHPiVDPLQRiFLGRVOOHJXHQ
GLUHFWDPHQWH DO LQWHVWLQR GHOJDGR SDUD
VHUXVDGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQ¿QHVSURGXF
WLYRV
/DVKRMDVGH0DUDQJRVRQULFDVHQPLQHUD
OHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHFDOFLR\KLHUURSHURGH
DFXHUGR FRQ 5HGG\ HW DO FXDQGR
KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH ¿WDWRV HQWUH \ FRPR HQ ODV OHJXPLQRVDV GLVPLQX\H OD
GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH ORV PLQHUDOHV SDUD PR
QRJiVWULFRV /DV KRMDV VRQ PX\ ULFDV HQ
YLWDPLQDV%%\QLDFLQD\FRQWLHQH
—JGH`FDURWHQR(QJHQHUDOODVYLWDPL
QDVGHOJUXSR%%%\QLDFLQDPXHV
WUDQFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVPX\DOWDVH[FHSWROD
ULERÀDYLQD%TXHHVUHODWLYDPHQWHEDMD
*RSDOD HW DO $O FRPSDUDUVH FRQ
RWURV YHJHWDOHV HO 0DUDQJR HV WDPELpQ
H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWHULFDHQiFLGRDVFyUELFR
6RX]D\.XONDUQL
&XDGUR &RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH PLQHUDOHV \ KRMDV\ODVRMDUHYHODXQSD
WUyQ VLPLODU SDUD WRGRV ORV
YLWDPLQDVHQKRMDVGH0DUDQJR
DPLQRiFLGRV 0DNNDU \ %HF
NHU
&RQUHODFLyQDIDFWRUHVDQWLQ
XWULFLRQDOHVVXFRQVXPRSRU
ORVDQLPDOHVSXHGHDIHFWDUOD
SURGXFWLYLGDG \ OD VDOXG ODV
KRMDVWLHQHQFDQWLGDGHVLQVLJ
QL¿FDQWHV GH WDQLQRV \ HVWiQ OLEUHV GH WDQLQRV
FRQGHQVDGRV HVWRV IHQROHV
DHVWDFRQFHQWUDFLyQQRSUR
GXFHQ QLQJ~Q HIHFWR DGYHU
VR /DV KRMDV WLHQHQ QLYHOHV
LQVLJQL¿FDQWHV GH VDSRQLQDV
TXH VRQ UHODWLYDPHQWH
LQRFXDV \D TXH ODV KRMDV GH
0DUDQJRVRQFRQVXPLGDVSRU
ORKXPDQRVVLQWHQHUQLQJ~Q
&RPSRVLFLyQHQ
DPLQRiFLGRVGHODV
KRMDVGH0DUDQJR
(OYDORUDOLPHQWLFLRSR
WHQFLDO GH OD SURWHtQD
FRPR IXHQWH GH DPL
QRiFLGRV SXHGH VHU
FRPSDUDGRFRQORVSD
WURQHVGHUHIHUHQFLDGH
)$2PRVWUDGRHQODWD
EOD(QODVKRMDVWRGRV
ORV DPLQRiFLGRV HVWiQ
SUHVHQWHV HQ FRQFHQ
WUDFLRQHVPiVDOWDVTXH
ODV UHFRPHQGDGDV SRU
)$2:+2812 SDUD
QLxRVGHDDxRVGH
HGDG /D FRPSDUDFLyQ
HQWUH OD FRPSRVLFLyQ
HQ DPLQRiFLGRV GH ODV
&XDGUR &RPSRVLFLyQ HQ DPLQRiFLGRV J
J1 GH KRMDV GH 0DUDQJR \ UHIHUHQFLD )$2
QLxRVDxRVGHHGDG
QGQRGLVSRQLEOH
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
)DFWRUHVDQWLQXWULFLRQDOHV
HIHFWR DGYHUVR 0DNNDU \ %HFNHU 1RVHKDQGHWHFWDGRVJOXFyVLGRVFLDQRJp
QLFRVQLDFWLYLGDGGHLQKLELGRUHVGHWULSVL
QDDPLODVD\OHFLWLQDV
(OFRQWHQLGRGH¿WDWRVGHODVKRMDVGHPD
UDQJRHVGHORTXHSXHGHSURYRFDU
TXH GLVPLQX\D OD ELRGLVSRQLELOLGDG GH ORV
PLQHUDOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSDUDPRQRJiV
WULFRV0DNNDU\%HFNHU
3URGXFFLyQDQLPDO
&RQ PX\ SRFDV H[FHSFLRQHV ORV FRPSR
QHQWHV LQGLYLGXDOHV TXH GH¿QHQ OD FDOL
GDG GHO PDUDQJR FRPSRVLFLyQ TXtPLFD
GLJHVWLELOLGDG \ RWURV SUHVHQWDQ YDORUHV
OR VX¿FLHQWHPHQWH DGHFXDGRV SDUD FXEULU
ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH ORV DQLPDOHV VLQ
HPEDUJRODPHMRUH[SUHVLyQGHOYDORUQX
WULWLYRGHXQIRUUDMHFRQVLVWHHQXQHOHYD
GRGHVHPSHxRSURGXFWLYRGHORVDQLPDOHV
TXHORLQJLHUHQDVtFRPRXQDDOWDFDOLGDG
GH ORV SURGXFWRV REWHQLGRV $ FRQWLQXD
FLyQ VH GLVFXWHQ DOJXQDV H[SHULHQFLDV
UHDOL]DGDVHQ1LFDUDJXDHQJHQHUDO\HQOD
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$JUDULDHQSDUWLFXODU
ORVFXDOHVUHÀHMDQODFDOLGDGGHOPDUDQJR
%RYLQRVHQFUHFLPLHQWR
(QHOFXDGURVHSUHVHQWDQORVUHVXOWDGRV
GHO H[SHULPHQWR GH &DVWHOOyQ \ *RQ]iOH]
FRQQRYLOORVDOLPHQWDGRVEDViQGR
VHHQKHQRGHHVWUHOODFRQRVLQVXSOHPHQ
WRGHKRMDVGH0DUDQJRHOORVREWXYLHURQ
XQDPD\RUJDQDQFLDGHSHVRJUDPRV
SRUGtD\FRQVXPRGHDOLPHQWRHQORVDQL
PDOHVTXHIXHURQVXSOHPHQWDGRVFRQKR
MDVGHPDUDQJR
/DPD\RUJDQDQFLDGHSHVR\HOPD\RUFRQ
VXPRHQORVDQLPDOHVVXSOHPHQWDGRVFRQ
PDUDQJRVHGHEHDTXHORVFRPSRQHQWHV
GHO FRQWHQLGR FHOXODU GHO PDUDQJR WLHQHQ
DOWRV QLYHOHV GH VXVWDQFLDV OLEHUDGR
UDVGHHQHUJtDTXHVRQFRQRFLGDVSRU
LQFUHPHQWDU OD VtQWHVLV GH SURWHtQD
PLFURELDQD %HFNHU REVHUYy
TXHODVWDVDVGHIHUPHQWDFLyQGHUD
FLRQHV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV SURSRUFLRQHV
VWDQGDUG KHQRPDUDQJR SURGXFtDQ
YDULDFLRQHV HQ OD IHUPHQWDFLyQ HQ
FRPSDUDFLyQ FXDQGR DPERV DOLPHQ
WRV VH VXPLQLVWUDEDQ SRU VHSDUDGR
(VWRGHPXHVWUDTXHH[LVWHHYLGHQFLD
GHXQSRVLEOHHIHFWRDVRFLDWLYRHQOD
GLJHVWLyQ\DVLPLODFLyQGHDPERVDOL
PHQWRVFXDQGRVRQVXPLQLVWUDGRVDO
PLVPRWLHPSR
3RURWURODGR.HWHODDUVHWDO
HQFRQWUDURQTXHODVSODQWDVTXHLQFUH
PHQWDQHOQLYHOGHSURWHtQDHQODUD
FLyQ WLHQHQ XQ HIHFWR SRVLWLYR VREUH
HOFRQVXPRGHELGRDTXHHVWLPXODXQ
DXPHQWRHQHOQLYHOGHH¿FLHQFLDHQ
ODXWLOL]DFLyQGHODHQHUJtDPHWDEROL
]DEOHSURGXFLGDSRUXQDPD\RUDFWL
YLGDGPLFURELDO
3URGXFFLyQ\FDOLGDGGHOD
OHFKH
5RFKD\0HQGLHWDDOLPHQWDQ
GRYDFDVOHFKHUDVFRQSDVWRMDUDJXD
+\SDUUHQLD UXID \ UDVWURMR GH VRU
&XDGUR(IHFWRGHODVXSOHPHQWDFLyQFRQKRMDVGHPDUDQJRVREUHOD
SURGXFFLyQGHOHFKHNJYDFDGtDHQYDFDVDOLPHQWDGDVFRQSDVWR
MDUDJXD\UDVWURMRGHVRUJR5RFKD\0HQGLHWD
5DFLyQ
3URGXFFLyQGHOHFKH
NJYDFDGtD
3DVWRMDUDJXDUDVWURMRGHVRUJR
3DVWRMDUDJXDUDVWURMRGHVRUJRPDUDQJR
3DVWRMDUDJXDUDVWURMRGHVRUJRPDUDQJR
3DVWRMDUDJXDUDVWURMRGHVRUJRPDUDQJR
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
&XDGUR *DQDQFLD PHGLD GLDULD \ FRQVXPR GH QRYLOORV DOLPHQWDGRV
FRQ KHQR GH ]DFDWH HVWUHOOD &\QRGRQ GDFW\ORQ VXSOHPHQWDGRV R QR
FRQKRMDVGH0DUDQJR
JRVXSOHPHQWDGDVFRQGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHV
GH0DUDQJR\GHOSHVR
YLYR HQFRQWUDURQ XQ FRQVXPR DFHSWDEOH
VLQQLQJ~QHIHFWRWy[LFRRIDFWRUDQWLQXWUL
FLRQDOTXHOLPLWDUDHOFRQVXPR
5RFKD\0HQGLHWDHQFRQWUDURQTXH
ODVXSOHPHQWDFLyQFRQ0DUDQJRDOQLYHOGH
GHOSHVRYLYRUHVXOWDEDHQXQDSUR
GXFFLyQGHOHFKHGHNJYDFDGtDTXH
IXHVXSHULRUHQXQDOUHQGLPLHQWRGHO
WUDWDPLHQWR FRQWURO NJYDFDGtD
TXHIXHVRODPHQWHSDVWRMDUDJXD\UDVWUR
MRGHVRUJR
5H\HV\/HGLQHQXQHQVD\RGHDOL
PHQWDFLyQTXHOOHYDURQDFDERHQOD)LQ
FD6DQWD5RVDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO
$JUDULDFRQJDQDGRFULROOR5H\QDSUREDQ
GRWUHVUDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVREWXYLHURQORV
UHVXOWDGRVPRVWUDGRVHQHOFXDGUR
&RPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUODSURGXFFLyQGH
OHFKH HQ ODV YDFDV DOLPHQWDGDV FRQ 0D
UDQJRVHLQFUHPHQWRHQPiVGHOLWURVGH
OHFKH SRU YDFD SRU GtD FRQ UHODFLyQ D ODV
YDFDVTXHFRQVXPLHURQVRORKHQR
&RQ UHODFLyQ DO HIHFWR GHO PDUDQJR VR
EUH OD FRPSRVLFLyQ TXtPLFD GH OD OHFKH
HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ HO KHQR GH %UDFKLD
ULD5H\HV\/HGLQHQFRQWUDURQTXH
ODVGLIHUHQFLDVIXHURQPX\SHTXHxDV\QR
VLJQL¿FDWLYDVRUHODWLYDPHQWHLQH[LVWHQWHV
YHUFXDGUR
([LVWH DOJXQD HYLGHQFLD HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD
TXHODDOLPHQWDFLyQGHYDFDVOHFKHUDVFRQ
0DUDQJRSXHGHFDXVDURORUFRORU\VDERU
QRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHXQDOHFKHQRUPDOSRU
HVRVHUHFRPLHQGDTXHHORUGHxRVHUHD
OLFH DO PHQRV WUHV KRUDV GHVSXpV TXH ORV
DQLPDOHV KDOODQ FRQVXPLGR OD 0DUDQJR
SDUDHYLWDURORU\VDERUDKLHUEDHQODOH
FKH$JURGHVLHUWR
&XDGUR(IHFWRGHOVXPLQLVWURGH0DUDQJRVREUHODFRPSRVLFLyQTXt
PLFDGHODOHFKH
5H\HV \ /HGLQ HQ HO H[SHUL
PHQWR UHDOL]DGR HQ OD 8QLYHUVLGDG
1DFLRQDO $JUDULD OH HIHFWXDURQ XQD
HYDOXDFLyQ VHQVRULDO D ODV PXHVWUDV
GHOHFKHSURYHQLHQWHVGHORVDQLPDOHV
DOLPHQWDGRV FRQ 0DUDQJR SDUD HVWR
XQ JUXSR GH TXLQFH SDQHOLVWDV FRQ
H[SHULHQFLD HQ OD FDWDFLyQ GH OHFKH
FUXGDDSOLFDURQHOWHVWGHGLIHUHQFLD
WULDQJXODUXWLOL]DQGRFRPRSDWUyQXQD
PXHVWUDGHOHFKHFUXGDFRQFDUDFWH
UtVWLFDV RUJDQROpSWLFDV GH DVSHFWR
RORU\VDERUQRUPDOHVORVUHVXOWDGRV
REWHQLGRV D XQ QLYHO GH VLJQL¿FDQFLD
GHOVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
3RGHPRVFRQFOXLUTXHHO0DUDQJRLQ
FUHPHQWD OD SURGXFFLyQ GH OHFKH VLQ
WHQHU QLQJ~Q HIHFWR VREUH HO FRQWH
QLGR GH JUDVD SURWHtQD VyOLGRV WR
WDOHVDVSHFWRRORUFRORU\VDERUGH
OD OHFKH SUHVHQWDQGR FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
VLPLODUHVDODGHOHFKHFUXGDQRUPDO
&DEUDV
(Q XQ HQVD\R H[SHULPHQWDO FRQ FD
EUDV XVDQGR QLYHOHV GH LQFOXVLyQ GH
\GHKRMDVGH0DUDQJR
HQODUDFLyQ6DUZDWWHWDOHQ
FRQWUDURQTXHHOFRQVXPRGHPDWHULD
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
&XDGUR(IHFWRGHODVXSOHPHQWDFLyQFRQPDUDQJRVREUHODSURGXF
FLyQGHOHFKHNJYDFDGtDHQYDFDVFULROODVUHLQDVDOLPHQWDGDVFRQ
KHQRGH%UDFKLDULD
$QiOLVLVUHDOL]DGRVSRU7(&12$/
VHFDIXHGH\JGUHVSHFWL
YDPHQWHVLQHPEDUJRODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGH
ORVGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVGHKRMDVGH0DUDQJR
QRDIHFWRVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHODVJDQDQFLDV
PHGLDVGLDULDVTXHIXHURQGH\
JGUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
3RU RWUR ODGR $UHJKHRUH DO VXSOH
PHQWDU FDEUDV FRQ \ GH KRMDV
GH 0DUDQJR HQFRQWUy FRQVXPRV GH PD
WHULD VHFD GH \ JNJ SRU GtD
VLPLODUHV DO FRQVXPR GH FDEUDV TXH QR
IXHURQ VXSOHPHQWDGDV JNJ SRU
GtD /DV FDEUDV VXSOHPHQWDGDV WXYLHURQ
XQDJDQDQFLDPHGLDGLDULDGH\JG
\ODVQRVXSOHPHQWDGDVVRODPHQWHJDQD
URQJG
&HUGRV
(O 0DUDQJR HV XQR GH ORV IRUUDMHV DSWRV
SDUDJDQDGRSRUFLQRSRUODDOWDFDQWLGDG
GH SURWHtQDTXHHVWRVDQLPDOHVSUHFLVDQ
(Q OD JUDQMD SRUFLQD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG
1DFLRQDO $JUDULD HQ LQYHVWLJDFLyQ UHDOL
]DGDSRU3pUH]7RUUHV\0HQGLHWDVHHQ
FRQWUDURQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV UHVXOWDGRV SDJ
VLJXLHQWH
(QHOFDVRGHQRUXPLDQWHVRPRQRJiVWUL
FRVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDYHV\FHUGRVHOYD
ORUQXWULWLYRGHODVKRMDVIUHVFDVVHSXHGH
LQFUHPHQWDU FRQ OD DGLFLyQ GH OD HQ]LPD
¿WDVDTXHURPSHORV¿WDWRVORTXHLQFUH
PHQWD OD DEVRUFLyQ GHO IyVIRUR FRQWHQLGR
HQODVKRMDVIUHVFDVGH0DUDQJR(VWDHQ
]LPDVHVXPLQLVWUDVLPSOHPHQWHPH]FOiQ
GROD VRPHUDPHQWH FRQ ODV KRMDV IUHVFDV
HQ ODV FDQWLGDGHV LQGLFDGDV SRU HO IDEUL
FDQWH$JURGHVLHUWR
$YHV
/D IDEULFDFLyQ GH FRQFHQWUDGR FDVHUR GH
KRMD GH PDUDQJR HV OR PiV FRQYHQLHQWH
2WURVXVRV
)LJXUD&HUFDYLYDGH0DUDQJR
¿QFD FDUUHWHUD D 6DEDQDJUDQGH
0DQDJXD
&HUFDV 9LYDV (V XWLOL]DGR FRPR
FHUFD YLYD HPSOHDQGR ORV WDOORV GH
ODV SODQWDV D PRGR GH SRVWHV YLYRV
VRSRUWD ORV GLYHUVRV HOHPHQWRV GH
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FHUFDV DODPEUHV
YDOODV\WDPELpQSURYHHVRPEUD/R
XSSH
$OLPHQWRSDUDKXPDQRV7RGDVODV
SDUWHVGHODSODQWDVRQFRPHVWLEOHV
SURSRUFLRQDQGRXQH[FHOHQWHDOLPHQ
WR(OVDERUHVDJUDGDEOH\ODVGLYHU
VDV SDUWHV VH SXHGHQ FRQVXPLU FUX
GDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHODVKRMDV\ÀRUHV
RFRFLQDGDVGHGLYHUVDVPDQHUDV/DV
YDLQDVVRQDPHQXGRFRFLQDGDV\FR
PLGDVFRPRDUYHMDVODUDt]WLHQHXQ
VDERU VLPLODU DO UiEDQR SLFDQWH \ HV
XVDGD FRPR FRQGLPHQWR 6XV KRMDV
YHUGHVVRQXWLOL]DGDVHQHQVDODGDVR
SDUD VD]RQDU DOLPHQWRV WDPELpQ HQ
DOJXQRVSDtVHVVHFRPHQORVIUXWRV
VHPLOODVKRMDV\ÀRUHVFRPRYHUGXUDV
QXWULWLYDV0DNNDU\%HFNHU
$FHLWH /D VHPLOOD GH 0RULQJD FRQ
WLHQHXQGHDFHLWH(VXQDFHLWH
GH PX\ DOWD FDOLGDG FODUR LQRGRUR
SRFR YLVFRVR \ GXOFH XWLOL]DGR HQ
SHUIXPHUtD\HQRWURVSURGXFWRVFRV
PpWLFRVFRQXQGHiFLGRROHLFR
GHFDOLGDGSRUWDQWRVLPLODUDODFHLWH
GH ROLYD (PSOHDGR HQ FRFLQD FRPR
FRQGLPHQWR QR VH YXHOYH UDQFLR
PX\ EXHQR SDUD DOLxR GH HQVDODGDV
9RQ0D\GHOO(VWHDFHLWHDUGH
VLQ SURGXFLU KXPR HV DSWR SRU WDQ
WR FRPR FRPEXVWLEOH SDUD OiPSDUDV
)RLGOHWDO
81$³3RUXQGHVDUUROOR$JUDULR,QWHJUDO\6RVWHQLEOH´
SDUDJDQDGRDYtFRODSROORVJDOOLQDV
SDYRVDXQTXHVXHOHQDGPLWLUHOFRQ
VXPR GLUHFWR GH ODV KRMDV IUHVFDV R
HQSROYR/DFDQWLGDGGHSURWHtQDUH
FRPHQGDGDSDUDODVDYHVHVGHO
GH HVWD FDQWLGDG OD PLWDG VH SXHGH
REWHQHUDEDMRFRVWRXWLOL]DQGRKRMDV
GHPDUDQJRHQHOFRQFHQWUDGR$JUR
GHVLHUWR
&ODUL¿FDGRU GHO $JXD /DV VHPLOODV PD
FKDFDGDVDWUDHQEDFWHULDV\YLUXVTXHVH
OHV TXHGDQ DGKHULGRV HVWDV VHPLOODV VH
VHSDUDQSRVWHULRUPHQWHFRODQGRHODJXDR
DWUDSiQGRODV HQ ODV GLYHUVDV FDSDV GH ¿O
WUDFLyQ 3RU HVWDV UD]RQHV ORV LQYHVWLJD
GRUHV UHFRPLHQGDQ OD SODQWDFLyQ GH HVWRV
iUEROHVSXHVFRQVXVVHPLOODVSRGUtDQHYL
WDUVHORVPLOORQHVGHPXHUWHVTXHRFDVLRQD
DQXDOPHQWHHODJXDFRQWDPLQDGD/DVVH
PLOODV DFW~DQ FRPR ÀRFXODQWH TXH FDSWX
UDQODVSDUWtFXODVHQVXVSHQVLyQHQHODJXD
\SURYRFDQTXHVHDJUHJXHQHQWUHVt\VH
SUHFLSLWHQ DO IRQGR /DV VHPLOODV SXHGHQ
HPSOHDUVH DUWHVDQDOPHQWH PROLpQGRODV \
HQYROYLpQGRODVHQDOJ~QWLSRGHWHMLGRTXH
LPSLGD TXH VH GLVJUHJXHQ DO LQWURGXFLUODV
HQHODJXDDSXUL¿FDU)RLGOHWDO
0HGLFLQDO7LHQHDSOLFDFLRQHV
PHGLFLQDOHV PX\ YDULDGDV
HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ VXV SDtVHV
GHRULJHQYDULDVSDUWHVGHOD
SODQWD GH PDUDQJR VRQ XWLOL
]DGDV FRPR GLXUpWLFRV SDUD
OD KLSHUWHQVLyQ \ HQ HO WUDWD
PLHQWR GH ODV HQIHUPHGDGHV
GHODYHMLJD'HODFRUWH]DVH
H[WUDHXQDJRPDTXHHVXVD
GDFRPRFRQGLPHQWRRHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGH
DOJXQDV HQIHUPHGDGHV GHO HVWRPDJR GH
HVWDJRPD\GHODFRUWH]DHQVtWDPELpQVH
H[WUDHQ WDQLQRV HPSOHDGRV HQ OD LQGXVWULD
GHOFXUWLGRGHSLHOHV$JURGHVLHUWR
$GHPiVVHSXHGHXWLOL]DUFRPRIHUWLOL]DQ
WHIXHQWHGHQpFWDUSDUDODVDEHMDVPH
OLIHUR )XHQWH GH +RUPRQDV 3URPRWRUDV
GH &UHFLPLHQWR 9HJHWDO PX\ ~WLO HQ VLV
WHPDV DJURIRUHVWDOHV \ HV HVSHFLDOPHQWH
LQGLFDGRSDUDODPRGDOLGDGGHDJULFXOWXUD
FRQRFLGDFRPR³$OOH\FURSSLQJ´R³FXOWLYR
HQ FDOOHMRQHV´ SDUD SURWHFFLyQ FRQWUD HO
YLHQWRFRPRVRPEUDSODQWDRUQDPHQWDO
FRQ¿QHVHQHUJpWLFRVOHxDHQWUHRWURV
%,%/,2*5$),$
$JURGHVLHUWR3URJUDPDDJURIRUHVWDOHV0RULQJDROHLIHUD
GLUHFFLRQHOHFWURQLFDHQOLQHDZZZDJURGHVLHUWRFRP
$JURGHVLHUWR3URJUDPDDJURIRUHVWDOHV0RULQJDROHLIHUD
GLUHFFLRQHOHFWURQLFDHQOLQHDZZZDJURGHVLHUWRFRP
$UHJKHRUH(0,QWDNHDQGGLJHVWLELOLW\RI0RULQJDROHuIHUD
EDLW JUDVV PL[WXUHV E\ JURZLQJ JRDWV 'HSDUWPHQW RI
$QLPDO 6FLHQFH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI WKH 6RXWK 3DFL¿F $SLD
6DPRD
%HFNHU.6WXGLHVRQ8WLOL]DWLRQRI0RULQJDROHLIHUD/HDYHVDV
$QLPDO)HHG,QVWLWXWHIRU$QLPDO3URGXFWLRQLQWKH7URSLFV
DQG6XEWURSLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI+RKHQKHLP6WXWWJDUW
*HUPDQ\S
&DVWHOOyQ &9 GHO & *RQ]iOH] &-5 8WLOL]DFLyQ GHO
0DUDQJR0RULQJDROHtIHUDHQOD$OLPHQWDFLyQGH1RYLOORV
HQ &UHFLPLHQWRV %DMR 5pJLPHQ GH (VWDEXODFLyQ 7HVLV
/LF=RRWHFQLD0DQDJXD1LFDUDJXD8&$S
&$7,(0HPRULDVGHFRQIHUHQFLDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVVREUH
VLVWHPDV \ HVWUDWHJLDV GH PHMRUDPLHQWR %RYLQR HQ HO
WUySLFR
'¶6RX]D - .XONDUQL $5 &RPSDUDWLYH 6WXGLHV RQ
1XWULWLYH9DOXHVRI7HQGHU )ROLDJH RI 6HHGLQJ DQG
0DWXUH3ODQWVRI0RULQJDROHuIHUD/DP7KH,QG-1XWU
'LHWHG
'XNH-$+DQGERRNRIHQHUJ\FURSV0RULQJDROHuIHUD
3XUGXH 8QLYHUVLW\ &HQWHU IRU 1HZ &URSV DQG 3ODQWV
3URGXFWV
)$2 )RRG $JURQRPLFV 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 1HFHVLGDGHV GH
YLWDPLQDV$+H)RODWR\9LWDPLQD%LQIRUPHGHXQD
FRQVXOWD PL[WD )$2206 GH H[SHUWRV 2UJDQL]DFLyQ GH
ODV1DFLRQHV8QLGDVSDUDOD$JULFXOWXUD\OD$OLPHQWDFLyQ
5RPD
))5(')RUHVWU\)XGZRRG5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW3URMHFW
*URZLQJ0XOWLSXUSRVH7UHHRQ6PRO)DUPV%DQNRN
7KDLODQG :LQURFN ,QWHUQDWLRQDO L[SS LQFOXGLQJ
VSHFLHVIDFWFRUGV
)RLOG16LOHV6iQFKH]0DUDQJR0RULQJDROHLIHUD/DP
0RULQJDFHDH(VSHFLHVSDUDUHIRUHVWDFLyQHQ1LFDUDJXD
0LQLVWHULRGHO$PELHQWH\5HFXUVRV1DWXUDOHV6HUYLFLR
)RUHVWDO1DFLRQDO
)RLOG10D\RUJD/9iVTXH]:8WLOL]DFLyQGHO0DUDQJR
0RULQJD ROHtIHUD FRPR IRUUDMH IUHVFR SDUD HO JDQDGR
&RQIHUHQFLD HOHFWUyQLFD GH OD )$2 VREUH $JURIRUHVWHUuD
SDUDODSURGXFFLyQDQLPDOHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD
*RSDOD35.0DOOLNDUMXQD.*XUDUDMD5*1XWULWLRQDO
(YDOXDWLRQRI6RPH*UHHQ/HDI\9HJHWDEOHV,QG-1XWU
'LHWHW
-DUTXtQ 6- -DUTXtQ &0 5H\HV 1 3URGXFFLyQ GH
%LRPDVDGH0RULQJDROHtIHUDEDMRGLIHUHQWHVGHQVLGDGHV
GHVLHPEUD\IUHFXHQFLDVGHFRUWHHQHOWUySLFRVHFRGH
1LFDUDJXD7HVLV,QJ$JURQ)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLD$QLPDO
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$JUDULD1LFDUDJXDS
.HWHODDUV HW DO &LWDGR SRU HO SUR\HFWR %LRPDVD *XtD WpFQLFD GHO FXOWLYR GH 0DUDQJR 0RULQJD ROHtIHUD
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH
,QJHQLHUtD
1LFDUDJXD
&RRSHUDFLyQ7pFQLFDGHOD5HSXEOLFDGH$XVWULD
/RXSH'<RVVL+/HVKDLHVYLYHVGHIHQVLYHVHQ]RQHV
VHFKHV HW 6XEKXPLGHV G¶$IULTXH GH ,¶2XHVW $WHOLHU
-DFKHUHV'DNDU
0DNNDU +36 %HFNHU . 1XWULWLRQDO YDOXH DQG
DQWLQXWULWLRQDO FRPSRQHQWV RI ZKROH DQG HWKDQRO
H[WUDFWHGPRULQJDROHLIHUDOHDYH$QLPDO)HHG6FLHQFH
7HFKRQRORJ\
0DNNDU +36 %HFNHU . 1XWULHQWV DQG DQWLTXDOLW\
IDFWRUV LQ GLIIHUHQW PRUSKRORJLFDO SDUV RI WKH 0RULQJD
ROHuIHUDWUHH-RXUQDORIDJULFXOWXUDO6FLHQFH&DPEULGJH
3pUH] + 7RUUHV 3) 0HQGLHWD % (YDOXDFLyQ GHO
0DUDQJR 0RULQJD ROHtIHUD /DP FRPR XQD DOWHUQDWLYD
HQ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH FHUGRV GH HQJRUGH 7HVLV ,QJ
$JUyQRPR0DQDJXD1LFDUDJXDS
3UR\HFWR%LRPDVD*XtDWpFQLFDGHOFXOWLYRGHPDUDQJR
0RULQJD ROHLIHUD 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH ,QJHQLHUtD
1LFDUDJXD &RRSHUDFLyQ WpFQLFD GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GH
$XVWULD
5HGG\ 15 6DWKH 6. 6DOXQNKH '. 3K\WDWHV LQ
OHJXPHVDQGFHUHDOV$GY)RRG5HV
5H\HV16SBUQGO\(/HGLQ,(IIHFWRIIHHGLQJGLIIHUHQW
OHYHOV RI IROLDJH IURP PRULQJD RHOLIHUD WR &UHROH GDLU\
FRZV RQ LQWDNH GLJHVWLELOLW\ PLON SURGXFWLRQ DQG
FRPSRVLWLRQXQSXEOLVKHG
5H\HV1/HGLQ6/HGLQ,%LRPDVVSURGXFWLRQDQG
FKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIPRULQJDROHLIHUDXQGHUGLIIHUHQW
SODQWLQJ GHQVLWLHV DQG FXWWLQJ IUHFXHQFLHV LQ 1LFDUDJXD
XQSXEOLVKHG
5RFKD0/50HQGLHWD%(IHFWRVGHODVXSOHPHQWDFLyQ
FRQ IROODMH GH 0RULQJD ROHtIHUD VREUH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH
OHFKHGHYDFDVHQSDVWRUHR7HVLV,QJ$JURQ)DFXOWDGGH
&LHQFLD$QLPDO8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$JUDULD1LFDUDJXD
S
6DUZDWW69.DSDQJH66.DNHQJL$096XEVWLWXWLQJ
VXQÀRZHU VHHGFDNH ZLWK 0RULQJD ROHLIHUD OHDYHV DV
D VXSSOHPHQWDO JRDW IHHG LQ 7DQ]DQLD $JURIRUHVWU\
6LVWHPV
9RQ 0D\GHOO +- 7UHH DQG 6KUHGV RI WKH 6DKHO 7KHLU
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG XVHV 'HXWVFKH *HVHOOVFKDIW IRU
7HFKQLVFKH =XVHPPHQDUKLW *7= )HGHUDO 5HSXEOLF RI
*HUPDQ\SS
/D81$HVXQD
352'8&725(6
<(035(6$5,26
$*523(&8$5,26321(026
$68',6326,&,2172'$81$*$0$
'(6(59,&,263$5$0(-25$5/$
&$/,'$''(686352'8&726</$
&203(7,7,9,'$''(68(035(6$
LQVWLWXFLyQDFDGp
PLFDVXSHULRUS~
EOLFDDXWyQRPD
VLQ¿QHVGHOXFUR
RULHQWDGDDOGHVD
UUROORDJUDULRVRV
WHQLEOHDWUDYpV
GHODIRUPDFLyQ
GHSURIHVLRQDOHV
FRPSHWLWLYRVFRQ
YDORUHVpWLFRV
PRUDOHV\FXOWXUDO
DPELHQWDOLVWDOD
JHQHUDFLyQGHFR
QRFLPLHQWRVFLHQ
Wt¿FRVWHFQRORJtDV
\ODSUR\HFFLyQ
VRFLDO
³3RUXQ
GHVDUUROOR
$JUDULR
,QWHJUDO\
6RVWHQLEOH´
3DUDFXDOTXLHULQIRUPDFLyQQXHVWUDGLUHFFLyQHV
.Pí&DUUHWHUD1RUWH0DQDJXD1LFDUDJXD
7HOHID[
'LHSVHUYLFLRV#XQDHGXQL
81,9(56,'$'
1$&,21$/
$*5$5,$
.Pí&DUUHWHUD
1RUWH0DQDJXD
1LFDUDJXD
7HOpIRQRV
KWWSZZZXQDHGXQL