Diagnóstico actual de los parámetros fisicoquímicos como

Anuncio
+PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZ
ÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKL
JVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HSLULSYxV(W\SV
*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
$VSSFOUEJBHOPTJTPGUIFQIZTJDPDIFNJDBMQBSBNFUFSTTVDIBT
JOEJDBUPSTPGFOWJSPONFOUBMDPOUBNJOBUJPOJOSJWFS"QVMP
$VOEJOBNBSDB$PMPNCJB
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1
/LFHQFLDGDHQ4XtPLFD'RFHQWHGHO*LPQDVLR0DUURTXtQ&DPSHVWUH%RJRWi&RORPELD
MXO\MXOLHWD#JPDLOFRP
',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$
/LFHQFLDGDHQ%LRORJtD(VSHFLDOLVWDHQ6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUi¿FD0DJLVWHUHQ
&LHQFLDV$PELHQWDOHV'RFHQWH,QYHVWLJDGRUGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG'LVWULWDO)UDQFLVFR-RVp
GH&DOGDV%RJRWi&RORPELDGLDQDVGD]DD#JPDLOFRP
:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
4XtPLFR(VSHFLDOLVWDHQ,QIRUPiWLFDSDUDOD'RFHQFLD0DJLVWHUHQ&LHQFLDV$PELHQWDOHV
0DJLVWHUHQ,QYHVWLJDFLyQHQ(GXFDFLyQ'RFHQWHLQYHVWLJDGRUGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG'LVWULWDO
)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDV%RJRWi&RORPELDZIFDVWULOORQ#XGLVWULWDOHGXFR
$MBTJGJDBDJwOEFMBSUrDVMPJOWFTUJHBDJwO$PODJFODJBT
'FDIBEFSFDFQDJwOBHPTUPEF 'FDIBEFBDFQUBDJwOOPWJFNCSFEF
3DODEUDVFODYH&DOLGDGGHODJXD,QWHUYHQFLyQDQWUySLFD3DUiPHWURV¿VLFRTXtPLFRV5tR$SXOR
.H\ZRUGV4XDOLW\RIWKHZDWHU$QWKURSLFLQWHUYHQWLRQ3K\VLFRFKHPLFDOSDUDPHWHUV$SXOR5LYHU
5(680(1
(O5tR$SXORFRQVWLWX\HXQDÀXHQWHGHO5tR%RJRWi
VREUHpOVHHVWDEOHFLHURQVHLVHVWDFLRQHVGHPXHVWUHR
\HQFDGDXQDGHHOODVVHUHDOL]yXQPXHVWUHRSDUDHO
HVWXGLRGHSDUiPHWURVItVLFRTXtPLFRV,Q6LWX\GH
ODERUDWRULR/DWRPDGHORVGDWRVVHUHDOL]yGXUDQWH
FXDWURPHVHVUHDOL]DGRVFDGDWUHLQWDGtDVORVFXDOHV
IXHURQDQDOL]DGRVHQODERUDWRULR\DSDUWLUGHHOORVVH
REWXYLHURQYDORUHVGHFDGDYDULDEOHFRQORVFXDOHVVH
GHWHUPLQDURQORVËQGLFHVGH&RQWDPLQDFLyQFDXVDGRV
SRU PLQHUDOL]DFLyQ ,&20, VyOLGRV VXVSHQGLGRV
,&2686 WUR¿VPR ,&2752 tQGLFH GH /DQJHOLHU
/6, H tQGLFH GH VDSURELHGDG D SDUWLU GH HVWR VH
HVWDEOHFLHURQFRPSDUDFLRQHVHQWUHODVHVWDFLRQHVGH
9L]PZ[H;LJU\YH=VS\TLU5\TLYVWHNPUHZ,ULYV1\UPVKL
CONCIENCIAS
PXHVWUHRHQWpUPLQRVGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQDVtFRPR
WDPELpQ VXV SRVLEOHV UD]RQHV LQIHULGDV GHVGH XQ
DQiOLVLV GH FRUUHODFLyQ HVWDGtVWLFD HQWUH ORV UHVXO
WDGRVREWHQLGRV7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDORVUHVXOWDGRV
GH FDGD YDULDEOH \ ORV tQGLFHV GH FRQWDPLQDFLyQ
VHHYDO~DODDFFLyQDQWUySLFDHQODFXHQFDGHO5tR
$SXORODFXDOVHGHPXHVWUDHQODFXDQWL¿FDFLyQGH
VXVSDUiPHWURV¿VLFRTXtPLFRV\ORFODVL¿FDFRPRXQ
VLVWHPDHXWUy¿FR6HSXHGHGHGXFLUTXHHOFXHUSR
GHDJXDVHHQFXHQWUDVRPHWLGRDFLHUWDGHVFDUJDGH
FRQWDPLQDFLyQTXHVHKDFHPiVHYLGHQWHHQXQDVTXH
RWUDVHVWDFLRQHV\TXHDVtPLVPRSUHVHQWDLQWHQWRV
GHDXWRUHFXSHUDFLyQTXHVHYHQLQWHUUXPSLGRVSRU
HOFRQVWDQWHGHVHTXLOLEULRHFRVLVWpPLFRFDXVDGRSRU
ORVGLVWXUELRVDQWUySLFRVVREUHHOUtR
$%675$&7
7KH$SXOR5LYHUFRQVWLWXWHVDQDIÀXHQWRIWKH%RJRWD
5LYHURQKLPVHWWOHGGRZQVL[VWDWLRQVRIVDPSOLQJ
DQG LQ HDFK RI WKHP D VDPSOLQJ IRU WKH VWXG\ RI
SK\VLFRFKHPLFDO SDUDPHWHUV ZDV UHDOLVHG ,Q VLWX
DQGRIODERUDWRU\7KHWDNLQJRIWKHGDWDZDVUHDOLVHG
GXULQJIRXUPRQWKVUHDOLVHGHYHU\WKLUW\GD\VZKLFK
ZHUHDQDO\]HGLQODERUDWRU\DQGIURPWKHPYDOXHV
RIHDFKYDULDEOHZHUHREWDLQHGZLWKZKLFKWKH,Q
GLFHVRI&RQWDPLQDWLRQZHUHGHWHUPLQHGFDXVHGE\
PLQHUDOL]DWLRQ,&20,VXVSHQGHGVROLGV,&2686
WUR¿VPR,&2752LQGH[RI/DQJHOLHU/6,DQGLQGH[
RI VDSURELHGDG IURP WKLV FRPSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ
WKHVWDWLRQVRIVDPSOLQJLQWHUPVRIFRQWDPLQDWLRQ
FRQWDPLQDWLRQVHWWOHGGRZQDVZHOODVWKHLUSRVVLEOH
UHDVRQVLQIHUUHGIURPDQDQDO\VLVRIVWDWLVWLFDOFRUUH
ODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHREWDLQHGUHVXOWV&RQVLGHULQJWKH
UHVXOWVRIHDFKYDULDEOHDQGWKHLQGLFHVRIFRQWDPL
QDWLRQWKHDQWKURSLFDFWLRQLQWKHULYHUEDVLQRIWKH
$SXOR5LYHULVHYDOXDWHGZKLFKLVGHPRQVWUDWHGLQ
WKHTXDQWL¿FDWLRQRILWVSK\VLFRFKHPLFDOSDUDPHWHUV
LWFODVVL¿HVDQGLWOLNHDHXWUy¿FRV\VWHP,WLVSRVVLEOH
WREHGHGXFHGWKDWWKHZDWHUERG\LVSXWXQGHUFHU
WDLQXQORDGLQJRIFRQWDPLQDWLRQWKDWEHFRPHVPRUH
HYLGHQWLQWKDQRWKHUVWDWLRQVDQGWKDWDOVRSUHVHQWV
DWWHPSWVRIDXWRUHFXSHUDFLyQWKDWDUHLQWHUUXSWHGE\
WKHFRQVWDQWHFRVLVWpPLFRLPEDODQFHFDXVHGE\WKH
DQWKURSLFGLVWXUEDQFHVRQWKHULYHU
,QWURGXFFLyQ
8QD GH ODV PD\RUHV ULTXH]DV GH &RORPELD HV VX
UHFXUVR KtGULFR FRQVWLWXLGR SRU XQD DPSOLD UHG
ÀXYLDOIRUPDGDSRUGLYHUVRVFXHUSRVGHDJXDFRPR
UtRVTXHEUDGDVULDFKXHORVODJRVODJXQDV\PDUHV
IRUPDQGRDVtXQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHPLFURFXHQFDV
VXEFXHQFDV\FXHQFDVKLGURJUi¿FDVTXHFRQWULEX
\HQHQHOVXVWHQWR\GHVDUUROORGHODVFRPXQLGDGHV
\GHVXVDFWLYLGDGHVWDQWRGRPpVWLFDVFRPRDJUR
SHFXDULDVFX\RVUHVLGXRV\GHVHFKRVKDQJHQHUDGR
XQLPSDFWRHQHOUHFXUVRKtGULFRPDQLIHVWDGRHQOD
GLVPLQXFLyQGHODFDOLGDGGHOPLVPR>@
(OYDORUDPELHQWDOGHO5tR$SXORVHRULJLQDHQORV
.PTXHFRPSUHQGHQVXWUD\HFWRULDHQORVFXDOHVGHV
FHQGHQWHPHQWHFUX]DSRUORVPXQLFLSLRVGH)DFDWDWLYi
=LSDFyQ%RMDFi/D0HVD$QDSRLPD\$SXOR(VWD
;LJU\YH=VS5V,ULYV1\UPVKL
FXHQFD HV GH JUDQ UHOHYDQFLD SDUD HO GHSDUWDPHQWR
GH&XQGLQDPDUFD\DTXHHQVXiUHDGHLQÀXHQFLDVH
HQFXHQWUDDVHQWDGRHOGHVXSREODFLyQ
$ORODUJRGHVXUHFRUULGRHO5tR$SXORHVDIHFWDGR
SRUODLQWHUYHQFLyQKXPDQDDJUtFROD\JDQDGHUD
UD]yQSRUODFXDODFWXDOPHQWH¿JXUDHQORVSODQHV
GHRUGHQDPLHQWRWHUULWRULDOGHORVPXQLFLSLRVLQWHU
YLQLHQWHVFRPRXQUHFXUVRKtGULFRSURWDJRQLVWDGH
GLYHUVRVSUR\HFWRVGHUHFXSHUDFLyQ
$SDUWLUGHODVGLIHUHQWHVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVSUHVHQWHV
HQHOUtRFRQDQWHULRULGDGVHKDQUHDOL]DGRFLHUWRV
HVWXGLRV HQ WRUQR GHO PLVPR DVt VH HQFXHQWUDQ
DOJXQRVUHSRUWHVSUHYLRVWDOHVFRPRODVLWXDFLyQGH
LQHVWDELOLGDGDPELHQWDOH[SUHVDGDSRU6ROHUTXLHQD
SDUWLUGHDOJXQDVPHGLFLRQHVTXtPLFDVFRQFOX\yTXH
HODJXDGHO5tR$SXORQRHVDSWDSDUDFRQVXPRKX
CONCIENCIAS
PDQR>@5DPtUH]\7RUUHVTXLHQHVDSDUWLUGHXQ
HVWXGLRPLFURELROyJLFRUHSRUWDQODLQDGPLVLELOLGDG
GHODFDOLGDGGHO5tR$SXOR>@HVWRVHVWXGLRVDXQ
VLHQGRLPSRUWDQWHV\VLUYLHQGRFRPRLQIRUPDFLyQ
SUHFHGHQWHSDUDODVPHWDVGHODxR\DSRVHHQ
DOJXQRVDxRVGHDQWHULRULGDGWLHPSRHQHOFXDOKDQ
VXUJLGRFLHUWRVFDPELRVHQOD]RQDGHO5tR$SXOR
\ GH VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ¿VLFRTXtPLFDV DVt FRPR
WDPELpQKDWHQLGROXJDUODHODERUDFLyQGHORV3ODQHV
GH2UGHQDPLHQWRPHQFLRQDGRVORVFXDOHVSDUDHO
PHMRUDPLHQWRGLVHxR\FUHDFLyQGHODVSODQWDVGH
WUDWDPLHQWRGHDJXDUHTXLHUHQFRQRFHUODVFDUDFWH
UtVWLFDVDFWXDOHVSURSLDVGHOUtR$SXORTXHD¿QDOGH
FXHQWDVHVHOUHFXUVRGHFDGDXQRGHORVPXQLFLSLRV
SDUDHVWDEOHFHUHVWRVREMHWLYRVUHDOL]yXQHVWXGLRD
QLYHOGHSDUiPHWURV¿VLFRTXtPLFRV\SDUWLUGHHOOR
SURSRQHORVYDORUHVSUHVHQWHVHQODWDEODLGHDOHV
SDUDHOUtR%RJRWiHQHODxR
7DEOD9DORUHVSURSXHVWRVFRPRPHWDSDUDHODxR
SDUDHOUtR%RJRWi
3DUiPHWUR
&RQGLFLRQHVLGHDOHV
'HPDQGD%LRTXtPLFDGH
2[tJHQRPJO
6yOLGRVWRWDOHVVXVSHQGLGRV
PJO
2[tJHQRGLVXHOWRPJO
!
&ROLIRUPHVWRWDOHV
103PO
&DGPLRPJO
&URPRPJO
1tTXHOPJO
3ORPRPJO
/DLQIRUPDFLyQSUHVHQWHHQORV3ODQHVGH2UGHQD
PLHQWR 7HUULWRULDO VH HQFXHQWUD DUWLFXODGD FRQ HO
'RFXPHQWR&213(6GHTXHSUHVHQWD
ODHVWUDWHJLDSDUDHOPDQHMRDPELHQWDOGHOUtR%R
JRWiGLFKDHVWUDWHJLDVHGLYLGHHQWUHVHWDSDV/D
SULPHUDVHOOHYyDFDERGHODxRDOOD
FXDOFRQVLVWtDHQODHODERUDFLyQGHOSODQGHRUGH
QDPLHQWR\PDQHMRGHODFXHQFDFRQFHUWDQGRODV
DFFLRQHV D GHVDUUROODU D FRUWR PHGLDQR \ ODUJR
SOD]R TXH SRVLELOLWDUtDQ HO PHMRUDPLHQWR GH OD
FDOLGDGDPELHQWDOGHOUtR%RJRWiFRQHOORIXHURQ
HODERUDGRVORV3ODQHVGH2UGHQDPLHQWR7HUULWRULDO
GHFDGDPXQLFLSLRHQGRQGHSUHVHQWDUtDQODVDF
FLRQHVTXHFDGDXQROOHYDUtDDFDERHQFRQWULEXFLyQ
DODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHODFXHQFD/DVHJXQGDHWDSD
FRPSUHQGH GHO DxR DO HQ OD FXDO VH
HVWDEOHFHQORVREMHWLYRVGHODFDOLGDGGHOUHFXUVR
KtGULFR\VHGH¿QHQODVDFFLRQHVFRPSOHPHQWDULDV
DGHVDUUROODUDMXVWDGDVDORVUHFXUVRV(QODWHUFHUD
HWDSD FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH HO DxR \ VH
HMHFXWDUiQ ODV DFFLRQHV SURSXHVWDV HQ ODV HWDSDV
DQWHULRUHVKDFLHQGRXQVHJXLPLHQWR\HYDOXDFLyQ
SRUSDUWHGHODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV
3DUD DOFDQ]DU ORV YDORUHV SURSXHVWRV SDUD HO DxR
HQODFXHQFDSULQFLSDOGHOUtR%RJRWiHVLP
SRUWDQWH\GHWHUPLQDQWHPHMRUDUODFDOLGDGGHODJXD
GHWRGDVODVGLHFLQXHYHVXEFXHQFDVTXH¿QDOPHQWH
YLHUWHQ VX FRQWHQLGR DO UtR %RJRWi HQWUH HOODV OD
&XHQFDGHO5tR$SXORHQODFXDOVHHQIRFyHOFHQWUR
GHLQWHUpVGHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLR
(QFRQFRUGDQFLDFRQODSULPHUDHWDSDGHODHVWUD
WHJLD&213(6GHOD&RUSRUDFLyQ$X
WyQRPD5HJLRQDOGH&XQGLQDPDUFD&$5SUHVHQWy
HODFXHUGRGHOGH2FWXEUHGHHQHOFXDO
HVWDEOHFLyORVREMHWLYRVGHODFDOLGDGGHODJXDSDUD
ODFXHQFDGHOUtR%RJRWiDORJUDUHQHODxR
/DHFRQRPtDGHODVXEFXHQFDJLUDDOUHGHGRUGHOD
SURGXFFLyQDJUtFRODFRQFXOWLYRVGHPDQJRJXD
\DED PRUD SOiWDQR FtWULFRV \ FDIp DFWLYLGDGHV
LQGXVWULDOHVFRQODSURGXFFLyQGHÀRUHVH[yWLFDVGH
H[SRUWDFLyQWUDGLFLRQDOHVHQODUHJLyQ\ODDYLFXOWX
UDODDFWLYLGDGSHFXDULDFRQODFULDQ]DGHJDQDGR
/DLPSRUWDQFLDDPELHQWDOGHODVXEFXHQFDGHO5tR
$SXORVHSUHVHQWDHQHFRVLVWHPDVGHLPSRUWDQFLD
SRUVXGLYHUVLGDG\ULTXH]DSDLVDMLVWDFRPROD/D
JXQD9HUGHHQ=LSDFyQHO5tR&XUtHQ$QRODLPD
HO%RVTXH$QGLQRGH3HxD1HJUD5tR%DKDPyQ
HQ &DFKLSD\ HO 5tR$SXOR HQ OD GHVHPERFDGXUD
DO5tR%RJRWi\ODODJXQD3XHUWR5LFRHQ=LSDFyQ
+PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKLJVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HS
LULSYxVHW\SV*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
CONCIENCIAS
YDFXQRSRUFLQRFDSULQRDYHVGHFRUUDOFRQHMRV\
DFWLYLGDGHVH[WUDFWLYDVGHSLHGUDDUHQDODGULOOHURV
H[LVWHQWUHVPLQDVGHH[SORWDFLyQGHPDWHULDOHVGH
FRQVWUXFFLyQDFWLYDV
(OSRWHQFLDOWXUtVWLFRGHOD]RQDVHGHVWDFDFRQOD
FHUFDQtDFRQODFDSLWDOGHOSDtVVXDJUDGDEOHFOLPD\
SDLVDMHTXHDWUDHDPLOHVGHWXULVWDVKDFLDORVFHQWURV
YDFDFLRQDOHVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVTXHFRQIRUPDQOD
VXEFXHQFD>@>@\>@
DJXD(QHVWHDVSHFWRORVYDORUHVHVWLSXODGRVHQOD
OHJLVODFLyQFRORPELDQDVHSUHVHQWDQHQODWDEOD
7DEOD9DORUHVPi[LPRVSHUPLWLGRVSDUDORVSDUiPHWURV
¿VLFRTXtPLFRVHQODFDOLGDGGHODJXDGHDFXHUGRDO
'HFUHWRGH
3DUiPHWUR
,QGLFDGRUHVFRPRYDORUHV
DGPLVLEOHVHQODFDOLGDGGHODJXD
S+
(QWUH\
2ORU\FRORU
$FHSWDEOH
'HDFXHUGRDODLQIRUPDFLyQDQWHULRUUHFRSLODGDGH
ORVSODQHVGHRUGHQDPLHQWRWHUULWRULDOHQXQLyQFRQ
ODFDUWRJUDItDREWHQLGDGHOD*REHUQDFLyQGH&XQGL
QDPDUFD\HO,QVWLWXWR*HRJUi¿FR$JXVWtQ&RGD]]L
,*$& \ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO &HQVR D QLYHO
PXQLFLSDOVHUHDOL]yODXELFDFLyQGHODVHVWDFLRQHV
GHPXHVWUHRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWHHVWXGLR
7HPSHUDWXUD
(QWUH\ž&
7XUELHGDG
1RVXSHULRUDXQLGDGHV
QHIRORPpWULFDV817
&RQGXFWLYLGDG
(QWUH\PLFURKRVFP
6yOLGRVWRWDOHV
PJO
&RQHVWHWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHOOHYyDFDER
XQGLDJQyVWLFRGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVDFWXDOHVGHORV
SDUiPHWURVItVLFRTXtPLFRVHQORVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ
DOJXQRVSXQWRVHVSHFt¿FRVGHO5tR$SXORDORODUJR
GH ORV FXDWUR PXQLFLSLRV VHOHFFLRQDGRV HVWDEOH
FLHQGRODUHODFLyQGHORVPLVPRVFRQODVGLIHUHQWHV
LQWHUYHQFLRQHVKXPDQDV
$OFDOLQLGDG7RWDO
PJOGH&D&2
$FLGH]
PJOGH&D&2
'XUH]D7RWDO
PJO&D&2
1LWUDWRV
PJO12
1LWULWRV
PJO12
&ORUXURV
PJO&O
6XOIDWRV
PJO62
)RVIDWRV
PJO32
2[tJHQR'LVXHOWR'2
(QWUH\SSP
'HPDQGD%LRTXtPLFD
GH2[tJHQR'%2
(QWUH\PJO
0HWRGRORJtD
(OGHVDUUROORGHOHVWXGLRHVWXYRHQPDUFDGRHQWUHVIDVHV
'BTF1SFQBSBUPSJB
(QHVWDHWDSDVHWXYRHQFXHQWDGRVDVSHFWRVHQ
SULPHUD LQVWDQFLD OD UHYLVLyQ GH ORV SURWRFRORV
HVWDEOHFLGRV HQ ORV 0pWRGRV QRUPDOL]DGRV GH
DQiOLVLVGHDJXDVSRWDEOHV\UHVLGXDOHVGLVHxDGRV
SRUOD$PHULFDQ3XEOLF+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQDSDUWLU
GHORVFXDOHVVHGHVDUUROODURQODVGHWHUPLQDFLRQHV
SURSLDV GHO ODERUDWRULR (Q VHJXQGD LQVWDQFLD VH
UHDOL]yODUHYLVLyQGHODQRUPDWLYLGDGFRORPELDQD
HQFXDQWRDORVYDORUHVDGPLVLEOHVSDUDORVSDUi
PHWURV¿VLFRTXtPLFRVLQGLFDGRUHVGHODFDOLGDGGHO
;LJU\YH=VS5V,ULYV1\UPVKL
'BTFEF$BNQP
(VWDVHJXQGDIDVHHVWXYRFRQIRUPDGDSRUHOGHVD
UUROORGHODVGHWHUPLQDFLRQHV,Q6LWX\HOSURFHGL
PLHQWRGHUHFROHFFLyQGHODVPXHVWUDVODVFXDOHV
VLJXLHQGR ORV FULWHULRV GH OD FDGHQD GH FXVWRGLD
IXHURQWUDQVSRUWDGDVDOODERUDWRULR6HUHDOL]DURQ
PXHVWUHRVPHQVXDOHVHQVHLVHVWDFLRQHV=LSDFyQ
=/D0HVDYHUHGDV/D(VSHUDQ]D(\6DQ-DYLHU
-$QDSRLPD$$SXOR3\HQODGHVHPERFD
GXUD'HQHO5tR%RJRWiHQORVPHVHVRFWXEUH\
QRYLHPEUHGHTXHFRUUHVSRQGLHURQDWLHPSR
K~PHGR \ HO PHV GH GLFLHPEUH GH \ HQHUR
GH TXH FRUUHVSRQGLHURQ D WLHPSR VHFR/RV
SDUiPHWURVPHGLGRV,Q6LWXFRUUHVSRQGLHURQDS+
CONCIENCIAS
WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH\GHODJXDR[tJHQRGLVXHOWR
2'QLWUDWRVQLWULWRV\DPRQLR/DUHFROHFFLyQGH
ODVPXHVWUDVVHKL]RGHPDQHUDVLPSOH\SXQWXDOVH
UHFRJLyXQWRWDOGHPOGHDJXDHQFDGDHVWDFLyQ
\HQFDGDPXHVWUHRTXHIXHURQURWXODGRV\WUDQV
SRUWDGRVDOODERUDWRULRUHIULJHUDGRVDž&FRPROR
VXJLHUHODFDGHQDGHFXVWRGLDSDUDPXHVWUDVGHDJXD
'BTFEFMBCPSBUPSJP
(Q HO ODERUDWRULR VH GHVDUUROODURQ ORV SURWRFRORV
HVWDQGDUL]DGRVHVWDEOHFLGRVSRUOD$PHULFDQ3XEOL
F+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ$3+$SDUDODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGH
ORVVLJXLHQWHVSDUiPHWURVWXUELHGDGFRQGXFWLYLGDG
DFLGH] PpWRGR WLWXORPpWULFR % DOFDOLQLGDG
PpWRGRWLWXORPpWULFR%GXUH]DWRWDOPpWRGR
WLWXORPpWULFR('7$&GXUH]DFiOFLFDPpWRGR
WLWXORPpWULFR('7$&D'GXUH]DPDJQpVLFD
SRU GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ FDOFXODGD HQWUH OD GXUH]D WRWDO
\ODGXUH]DFiOFLFDFORUXURVPpWRGRDUJHQWRPpWUL
FR&O% VXOIDWRV PpWRGR WXUELGLPpWULFR62
( IRVIDWRV PpWRGR FRORULPpWULFR GHO iFLGR
YDQDGRPROLEGRIRVIyULFR32&VyOLGRVWRWDOHV
% VyOLGRV WRWDOHV GLVXHOWRV & VyOLGRV
WRWDOHVVXVSHQGLGRV'VyOLGRVWRWDOHV¿MRV\
YROiWLOHV*'HPDQGD4XtPLFDGH2[tJHQR
PpWRGRGHOUHÀXMRFHUUDGR'42&'HPDQGD
%LRTXtPLFD GH 2[tJHQR D ORV FLQFR GtDV '%2
UHDOL]DQGRGLOXFLRQHV%>@
FDWLRQHVFDOFLR\PDJQHVLR\DOFDOLQLGDGSRUTXHKDFH
ORSURSLRFRQORVDQLRQHVFDUERQDWRV\ELFDUERQDWRV
ICOMI =
1
3
(I. Conductividad + I. Dureza + I. Alcalinidad)
/RVYDORUHVGH,FRQGXFWLYLGDG,GXUH]DH,DO
FDOLQLGDGVRQFDOFXODGRVPHGLDQWHODVHFXDFLRQHV
\FX\RVUHVXOWDGRVVRQUHHPSOD]DGRV
HQOD(F
‡
(OtQGLFHSRUFRQGXFWLYLGDGȝ6FP,&RQGXFWLYLGDG
6HREWXYRDSDUWLUGHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
I. conductividad = 10
6(- 3, 26) + 1, 34 * conductividad @
&RQGXFWLYLGDGHVPD\RUHVDȝ6FPWLHQHQXQ
tQGLFHGHFRQGXFWLYLGDG (OtQGLFHGHGXUH]DPJO,'XUH]D6HREWXYRDSDUWLU
GHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
10 dureza @
I. dureza
= 106(- 9,09) + 4,40 log
'XUH]DVPD\RUHVDPJOWLHQHQËQGLFHGHGXUH]D 'XUH]DVPHQRUHVDPJOWLHQHQËQGLFHGHGXUH]D ‡
¤OEJDFTEFDPOUBNJOBDJÊO
8QDYH]HIHFWXDGRVODVUHVSHFWLYDVRSHUDFLRQHVHQ
FRQWUDQGRHOYDORUGHOSDUiPHWURHQFDGDPXHVWUDVH
SURFHGLyDOFiOFXORGHORVtQGLFHVGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
SDUDFDGDFDVR>@
¤OEJDFEFDPOUBNJOBDJÊOQPS NJOFSBMJ[BDJÊO
,&20,6HH[SUHVDHQFRQGXFWLYLGDGFRPRUHÀHMR
GHORVVyOLGRVGLVXHOWRVGXUH]DSRUFXDQWRUHFRJHORV
(O tQGLFH GH DOFDOLQLGDG PJO , $OFDOLQLGDG 6H
REWXYRDSDUWLUGHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
= (- 0, 25) + (0, 005 alcalinidad)
I. Alcalinidad
$OFDOLQLGDGHVPD\RUHVDPJOWLHQHQtQGLFHGH
DOFDOLQLGDG $OFDOLQLGDGHVPHQRUHVDPJOWLHQHQtQGLFHGH
DOFDOLQLGDG +PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKLJVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HS
LULSYxVHW\SV*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
CONCIENCIAS
¤OEJDFEFDPOUBNJOBDJÊOQPS TÊMJEPTTVTQFOEJEPT
,&26866HGHWHUPLQyPHGLDQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
GHVyOLGRVVXVSHQGLGRVHPSOHDQGROD(F
mg
= (ICOSUS
, 003 sylidos suspendidos en (
)
0, 02) + 0
l
A = 1 * (log 6 STD @ - 1)
10
B =- 13, 12 * log (T + 273) + 34, 55
C=
log 6TH @ - 0, 4
D = log (TAC)
6yOLGRV VXVSHQGLGRV PHQRUHV D PJO WLHQHQ
,&2686 ¤OEJDFEFDPOUBNJOBDJÊOUSÊGJDP
*$0530
¤OEJDFEF-BOHFMJFS-4*
6HIXQGDPHQWDHQODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOIyVIRUR$
GLIHUHQFLD GH ORV tQGLFHV DQWHULRUHV HQ ORV FXDOHV
VH GHWHUPLQD XQ YDORU SDUWLFXODU HQWUH \ OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHIyVIRURGH¿QHSRUVtPLVPRXQD
FDWHJRUtDGLVFUHWDDVDEHU
6yOLGRV VXVSHQGLGRV PD\RUHV D PJO WLHQHQ
,&2686 6HHVWDEOHFHSDUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWHUPLQDGD\
PLGHHOHVWDGRGHHTXLOLEULRGHODJXDHQUHODFLyQ
FRQVXFDUiFWHULQFUXVWDQWHRFRUURVLYR6LHO/6,
SUHVHQWDXQYDORUQHJDWLYRVHWUDWDGHXQDJXDFRQ
WHQGHQFLDFRUURVLYDWHQGHQFLDWDQWRPD\RUFXDQWR
PHQRVVHDHO/6,(QFDPELRSDUDYDORUHVGH/6,
SRVLWLYRVHODJXDSRVHHXQDWHQGHQFLDLQFUXVWDQWH
SURYRFDQGR OD GHSRVLFLyQ GH FDUERQDWR FiOFLFR
6LHQGR 67' ORV PJO GH VyOLGRV GLVXHOWRV 7 OD
WHPSHUDWXUD HQ ž & 7+ OD GXUH]D H[SUHVDGD HQ
PJOGH&D&2\¿QDOPHQWH7$&ODDOFDOLQLGDG
WDPELpQHQPJOGH&D&2
LSI = pH - pHs
(OYDORUGHS+VHVFDOFXODGRDSDUWLUGHOD(F
FX\RYDORU¿QDOHVUHHPSOD]RHQOD(F
pHs = (9, 3 + A + B) - (C + D)
HQGRQGHVHUHHPSOD]DQODVOHWUDV$%&\'SRU
ORVYDORUHVFDOFXODGRVHQODVHFXDFLRQHV\
7DEOD&ODVL¿FDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGGHODJXDGHDFXHUGRDVX
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHIyVIRUR
)26)252PJO
&21&(175$&,Ï1
&$/,'$'
'HVHDEOHSRWDEOH
±
2OLJRWUy¿FD
0HVRWUy¿FD
!
(XWUy¿FD
!
+LSHUHXWUy¿FD
¤OEJDF4BQSPCJP
(VWHtQGLFHHQWDEODXQDUHODFLyQHQWUHORVRUJDQLV
PRVPDFURLQYHUWHEUDGRV\ORVSDUiPHWURVTXtPLFRV
FRPRVRQ'%2DPRQLR1+\R[tJHQRGLVXHOWR
3DUDHVWHHVWXGLRVHWXYRHQFXHQWDORVYDORUHVGHORV
SDUiPHWURVTXtPLFRVLQYROXFUDGRVHQHVWDFODVL¿FD
FLyQ\DORVFXDOHVVHYHQVRPHWLGDVHLQWHUYLHQHQ
ODVHVSHFLHVDFXiWLFDVTXHDOOtHVWpQSUHVHQWHV>@
;LJU\YH=VS5V,ULYV1\UPVKL
CONCIENCIAS
7DEOD&ODVL¿FDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGGHODJXDDFXHUGRDOJUDGRGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQRUJiQLFD
*UDGRGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
RUJiQLFD
*UDGRGH6DSURELHGDG
'%2PJO
1+PJO
2PJO
3RFDRQLQJXQD
FRQWDPLQDFLyQ
2OLJRVDSURELR
7UD]DV
!
3RFDFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
2OLJRVDSURELR
EHWDPHVRVDSURELR
!
0HGLDQDFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
%HWDPHVRVDSURELR
±
!
&RQWDPLQDFLyQFUtWLFD
$OIDEHWDPHVRVDSURELR
!
&RQWDPLQDFLyQIXHUWH
DOIDPHVRVDSURELR
±
!
!
&RQWDPLQDFLyQPX\IXHUWH
$OIDPHVRVDSURELR\
SROLVDSURELR
±
!
6XSHUFRQWDPLQDGR
3ROLVDSURELR
!
!
3RVWHULRUPHQWHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSDUDWRGRV
SDUiPHWURV IXHURQ FRUUHODFLRQDGRV HVWDGtVWLFD
PHQWHSRUPHGLRGHOGHVDUUROORGHXQDPDWUL]GH
FRUUHODFLyQGH3HDUVRQDSDUWLUGHODFXDOVHLQ¿ULy
ODUHODFLyQHQWUHORVSDUiPHWURV\DSDUWLUGHHOODVH
HVWDEOHFLyODFDXVDOLGDGGHVXVYDULDFLRQHV
5HVXOWDGRV<'LVFXVLyQ
/DV VLJXLHQWHV JUi¿FDV SUHVHQWDQ ODV YDULDFLRQHV
GHOSDUiPHWURUHVSHFWLYRHQFDGDHVWDFLyQGXUDQWH
ORVFXDWURPHVHVGHPXHVWUHR
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHODJXD
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHOS+
+PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKLJVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HS
LULSYxVHW\SV*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
CONCIENCIAS
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHOR[tJHQRGLVXHOWR
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODWXUELHGDG
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODDFLGH]
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODDOFDOLQLGDG
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODFRQGXFWLYLGDG
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODGXUH]DWRWDO
;LJU\YH=VS5V,ULYV1\UPVKL
CONCIENCIAS
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODGXUH]DFiOFLFD
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVQLWULWRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHGXUH]DPDJQpVLFD
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODPRQLR
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVQLWUDWRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVFORUXURV
+PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKLJVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HS
LULSYxVHW\SV*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
CONCIENCIAS
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVVXOIDWRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVVyOLGRVWRWDOHV¿MRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVIRVIDWRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVVyOLGRVWRWDOHVYROiWLOHV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVVyOLGRVWRWDOHV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVVyOLGRVWRWDOHVGLVXHOWRV
;LJU\YH=VS5V,ULYV1\UPVKL
CONCIENCIAS
ËQGLFHVGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHORVVyOLGRVWRWDOHVVXVSHQGLGRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLRQHVGHOËQGLFHGH&RQWDPLQDFLyQSRU
0LQHUDOL]DFLyQHQODVVHLVHVWDFLRQHV\GXUDQWHORVFXDWURPXHVWUHRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODGHPDQGDTXtPLFDGHR[tJHQR
)LJXUD9DULDFLRQHVGHOËQGLFHGH&RQWDPLQDFLyQSRU6yOLGRV
6XVSHQGLGRVHQODVVHLVHVWDFLRQHV\GXUDQWHORVFXDWURPXHVWUHRV
)LJXUD9DULDFLyQGHODGHPDQGDELRTXtPLFDGHR[tJHQR
+PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKLJVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HS
LULSYxVHW\SV*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
CONCIENCIAS
VHUYDORUHVFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHDOWRVFRUUHVSRQGLy
DORVGDWRVPiVEDMRVGHWRGDVODVHVWDFLRQHVFODVL
¿FDQGRHO5tR$SXORHQHVWDHVWDFLyQFRPRSURSLR
GH FRQGXFWLYLGDG PHGLD >@ FX\D DOFDOLQLGDG VH
HQFXHQWUDGDGDSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHELFDUERQDWRV\
FRQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHDJXDLQFUXVWDQWH\PX\GXUD
>@IDFWRUHVTXHHQFRQMXQWRGDQUD]yQGHOtQGLFH
GHFRQWDPLQDFLyQSRUPLQHUDOL]DFLyQ,&20,\TXH
SDUDHVWHFDVRXELFDODHVWDFLyQHQVHJXQGDSRVLFLyQ
FRQORVYDORUHVPiVEDMRVYHU¿JXUD
)LJXUD&DOLGDGGHODWRWDOLGDGGHODVHVWDFLRQHVGHPXHVWUHR
DSDUWLUGHVXËQGLFHGH&RQWDPLQDFLyQ7Uy¿FR
)LJXUD9DULDFLRQHVGHOËQGLFHGH/DQJHOLHUHQODVVHLV
HVWDFLRQHV\GXUDQWHORVFXDWURPXHVWUHRV
/DHVWDFLyQGH=LSDFyQSUHVHQWyPD\RUHVYDORUHVHQ
ORVSDUiPHWURVLQGLFDGRUHVGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQRUJiQL
FDTXHGHWLSRLQRUJiQLFRODLQVX¿FLHQFLDGHR[tJHQR
GLVXHOWR\ODDOWDGHPDQGDELRTXtPLFDHQUHODFLyQD
ODVLJQL¿FDWLYDFRUUHODFLyQHVWDGtVWLFDH[LVWHQWHHQWUH
ODWXUELHGDG¿JXUDVyOLGRVWRWDOHV¿MRV\YROiWLOHV
¿JXUDV\IRVIDWRV\QLWULWRV¿JXUDV\
HYLGHQFLDQODFRQWDPLQDFLyQRUJiQLFDFDXVDGDSRU
ODGHVFRPSRVLFLyQGHKXPXVGHWULWRVRUJiQLFRV\
ODLQFOXVLyQGHFDQWLGDGHVVLJQL¿FDWLYDVGHIyVIRUR
HQIHUWLOL]DQWHVSODJXLFLGDV\DOLPHQWRVGHDQLPDOHV
GHOD]RQD>@PRVWUDQGRXQFUHFLPLHQWRSDXODWL
QRHQHOtQGLFHGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ,&2752KDVWD
OOHJDUDXQDFODVL¿FDFLyQKLSHUHXWUy¿FDHQHOPHV
GHHQHURWDEOD¿JXUD(QPDWHULDGHLRQHVOD
UHODFLyQFRQGXFWLYLGDGDOFDOLQLGDGGXUH]DVLQGHMDU
;LJU\YH=VS5V,ULYV1\UPVKL
/DHVWDFLyQGH/D(VSHUDQ]DHYLGHQFLyHOSULPHU
LQWHQWR GH DXWRUHFXSHUDFLyQ GHO UtR PDQLIHVWDGR
HQODGLVPLQXFLyQGHORVYDORUHVGHORVFXDWURtQ
GLFHV GH FRQWDPLQDFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGRV FRPR VRQ
,&20,,&2686/6,H,&2752¿JXUDV
\WDEODDVtFRPRWDPELpQGLVPLQXFLyQHQ
ORVYDORUHVGHODGHPDQGDELRTXtPLFDGHR[tJHQR
¿JXUD\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHHOLQFUHPHQWRHQORV
YDORUHV GH R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR ¿JXUD SDUiPHWUR
TXHREWXYRVXEHQH¿FLRDSDUWLUGHOGHVFHQVRHQOD
DOWXUD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHFXHUSRVURFRVRVFDXVDQWHV
GHODUHR[LJHQDFLyQGHO5tR>@
/DHVWDFLyQGH6DQ-DYLHUHYLGHQFLyQXHYDVSHUWXU
EDFLRQHVHQHOHFRVLVWHPDSUHVHQWDQGRXQSURFHVR
DHURELREDFWHULDQRR[LGDWLYR>@HQPDUFDGRHQWUHOD
VLJQL¿FDWLYDFRUUHODFLyQHVWDGtVWLFDGHODVGLIHUHQWHV
IRUPDVGHQLWUyJHQR¿JXUDV\\HOR[tJHQR
GLVXHOWR¿JXUD\HYLGHQFLDGRHQHOQXHYRLQFUHPHQWR
HQORVYDORUHVGHORVtQGLFHVGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ,&2
0,,&2686\/6,¿JXUDV\HOQLWUyJHQR
SRUVXSDUWHHVVLJQL¿FDQWHHQORVVLVWHPDVDFXiWLFRV
SRUTXHHVHVHQFLDOFRPSRQHQWHGHWRGDVODVSURWHtQDV
\FORUR¿ODV>@/RVIDFWRUHVLQRUJiQLFRVVHPDQL
¿HVWDQFDWHJRUL]DQGRODHVWDFLyQFRPRGHDJXDVPX\
GXUDVGXUDQWHWRGRVORVPHVHVGHHVWXGLRPLHQWUDVOD
DOFDOLQLGDGÀXFWXyGHVHUGHWLSRPDFL]RVFULVWDOLQRV
HQODpSRFDGHOOXYLDKDVWDOOHJDUDVHUGHWLSRPX\
SURGXFWLYRHQODpSRFDGHVHTXtD>@
/DHVWDFLyQGH$QDSRLPDGHDFXHUGRDODVFRUUHOD
FLRQHVHVWDGtVWLFDVDOXGHVXFRQWDPLQDFLyQHQPD
\RUSURSRUFLyQDORVIDFWRUHVGHtQGROHLQRUJiQLFR
SURYHQLHQWHGHORVLRQHVGHVDOHVLQFRUSRUDGDVHQ
CONCIENCIAS
IHUWLOL]DQWHVGHFXOWLYRV\FRUURVLyQGHODVWXEHUtDV
/RVSDUiPHWURVGHGXUH]D¿JXUD\FRQGXF
WLYLGDG¿JXUDVHPDQWLHQHQHQFDWHJRUtDVPX\
GXUD\DOWDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOD
pSRFDGHOOXYLDRVHTXtDPLHQWUDVTXHODDOFDOLQLGDG
YDULyGHDJXDVGHWLSRPDFL]RVFULVWDOLQRVHQORVPH
VHVGHOOXYLDKDVWDOOHJDUDVHUGHWLSRPX\SURGXFWL
YRHQODpSRFDGHVHTXtD¿JXUD3RUVXSDUWHORV
YDORUHVGHS+¿JXUDDORODUJRGHWRGRHOHVWXGLR
IDYRUHFLHURQODSUHVHQFLDGHLRQHVELFDUERQDWRHO
FXDOVHFRQFLEHHQWRQFHVFRPRHODJHQWHSULQFLSDO
HQ OD DOFDOLQLGDG FX\R RULJHQ SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH
HQODDFFLyQGHOGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRVREUHDOJXQRV
PLQHUDOHVGHOVXHOR>@/DSUHYDOHQFLDGHFRQWD
PLQDFLyQLQRUJiQLFDVHPDQL¿HVWDHQHOLQFUHPHQWR
GHORVtQGLFHVGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ,&20,¿JXUDH
,&2686¿JXUDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVYDORUHV
PiVDOWRVHQWUHWRGDVODVHVWDFLRQHV
/DHVWDFLyQ$SXORHYLGHQFLyXQVHJXQGRLQWHQWR
GHDXWRUHFXSHUDFLyQGHOUtRHQPDUFDGRHQHOGHV
FHQVRGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHODPD\RUtDGHORV
SDUiPHWURVUHVSHFWRDODHVWDFLyQLQPHGLDWDPHQWH
DQWHULRU$QDSRLPD\SRVWHULRU'HVHPERFDGXUD
ORFXDOIXHUHFRQRFLGRHQSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDSRUOD
GHJUDGDFLyQGHODPDWHULDRUJiQLFDEDMRHOHPSOHR
GHOR[tJHQRGLVXHOWRHQFRQWUDGRHQySWLPDVFRQ
FHQWUDFLRQHV¿JXUD\HQVHJXQGDLQVWDQFLDSRUOD
GLVPLQXFLyQHQORVYDORUHVDVRFLDGRVDODFRQWDPL
QDFLyQLQRUJiQLFDODVFXDOHVIXHURQUHÀHMDGDVHQHO
GHVFHQVRGHORVYDORUHVGHORVtQGLFHVGHFRQWDPL
QDFLyQ,&20,,&2686\/6,VLQHPEDUJRSHVH
D HVWD GLVPLQXFLyQ ORV YDORUHV HQ WpUPLQRV GH OD
FDOLGDGVLJXHQVLHQGRDOWRV\FODVL¿FDQODHVWDFLyQ
SRUSUHVHQWDUFRQGXFWLYLGDGDOWDVHUGHFODVHPX\
GXUD\HQWpUPLQRVGHDOFDOLQLGDGSUHVHQWDUFDWH
JRUtDVTXHYDQGHVGHDJXDGHPDFL]RVFULVWDOLQRV
KDVWDDJXDVPX\SURGXFWLYDV
/D HVWDFLyQ 'HVHPERFDGXUD PDQL¿HVWD OD FRQ
VHFXHQFLDGHXQDVXFHVLYDLQWHUYHQFLyQDQWUySLFD
HQHOHFRVLVWHPDSXHVWRTXHWRGRVVXVtQGLFHVGH
FRQWDPLQDFLyQ VH LQFUHPHQWDQ QXHYDPHQWH \ HO
UHVXOWDGR REWHQLGR FRQVWLWX\H OD FRQWULEXFLyQ DO
PDOHVWDGRGHODFXHQFDSULQFLSDOGHOUtR%RJRWi
&RQFOXVLRQHV
‡
/DFXDQWL¿FDFLyQGHORVSDUiPHWURV¿VLFRTXt
PLFRVSHUPLWHHYDOXDUHOLPSDFWRDPELHQWDOTXH
JHQHUDQODVGLIHUHQWHVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVDQWUySL
FDVFDXVDGDVHQHO5tR$SXORFDWHJRUL]iQGROR
FRPRXQFXHUSRGHDJXDHXWUy¿FRHQPDWHULDGH
QXWULHQWHV\DOIDEHWDPHVRVDSURELRHQWpUPLQRV
GHPDWHULDRUJiQLFDHVWH~OWLPRLQGLFDXQJUDGR
GHFRQWDPLQDFLyQFUtWLFD
‡
(O5tR$SXORDORODUJRGHVXUHFRUULGRSHUPLWH
HYLGHQFLDUGRVLQWHQWRVGHDXWRUHFXSHUDFLyQHO
SULPHURHQODHVWDFLyQGH/D(VSHUDQ]D\HOVH
JXQGRHQODHVWDFLyQGH$SXORTXHQRDOFDQ]DQD
VHUH[LWRVRVGDGRVORVHIHFWRVTXHVHJHQHUDQGH
ODVDFFLRQHVHQODFXHQFD\H[SUHVDODSHUPDQHQ
WHGHVHVWDELOL]DFLyQHFROyJLFDGHOHFRVLVWHPD
‡
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV PHWDV SODQWHDGDV HQ
HODFXHUGRVHGHVDUUROOyHVWHHVWXGLRREWH
QLHQGRODFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ¿VLFRTXtPLFDDFWXDO
GHO 5tR$SXOR \ FRORFDQGR HQ HYLGHQFLD OD
QHFHVLGDGGHUHFXSHUDFLyQGHOVXEFXHQFDSULQ
FLSDOPHQWHDQLYHOGHORVSDUiPHWURVGHGXUH]D
DOFDOLQLGDGIRVIDWRVVyOLGRVGLVXHOWRVYROiWLOHV
\VXVSHQGLGRVQLWULWRV\ODRSWLPL]DFLyQGHOD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHR[tJHQRGLVXHOWR
)LQDQFLDPLHQWR
(O SUHVHQWH DUWtFXOR VH GHULYD GH XQ WUDEDMR GH
JUDGRTXHOOHYDHOPLVPRQRPEUH\GHVDUUROODGR
HQORVODERUDWRULRVGH4XtPLFDGHOD)DFXOWDGGH
&LHQFLDV\(GXFDFLyQGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG'LVWULWDO
)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVTXLHQSRUPHGLRGHO&RQ
FHMR&XUULFXODUDYDOyHOSUR\HFWR\SDWURFLQyWRGR
ORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQLQVWDODFLRQHV
HTXLSRVPDWHULDOHV\UHDFWLYRVSDUDVXGHVDUUROOR
+PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKLJVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HS
LULSYxVHW\SV*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
CONCIENCIAS
$JUDGHFLPLHQWRV
/RVDXWRUHVPDQL¿HVWDQVXVDJUDGHFLPLHQWRVDOD
8QLYHUVLGDG 'LVWULWDO )UDQFLVFR -RVp GH &DOGDV
SRU SHUPLWLU \ DSR\DU HO GHVDUUROOR GHO SUR\HFWR
HQODVLQVWDODFLRQHVGHODPLVPDDOD&RUSRUDFLyQ
$XWyQRPD5HJLRQDOGH&XQGLQDPDUFD&$5\DOD
*REHUQDFLyQGH&XQGLQDPDUFDSRUWRGDODLQIRUPD
FLyQGHWLSRGRFXPHQWDOPXQLFLSDO\FDUWRJUi¿FD
5HIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiÀFDV
>@ $3UDGD0D\R³)XQGDPHQWRVSDUDOD
HYDOXDFLyQGHOHVWDGRHOWUDEDMRGHUHFXSHUDFLyQ
\ SURWHFFLyQ UHDOL]DGR HQ XQD PLFURFXHQFD
KLGURJUi¿FD´ >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH KWWS
DSUDPDWLHVSDQDHV0$1(-2'(
$*8$60,&52&8(1&$<
$*8$SGISS
>@ +6ROHU³(VWXGLRSUHOLPLQDUGHOD
FDOLGDGGHODJXD\UHODFLRQHVHFROyJLFDVGHO
5tR$SXOR'HSDUWDPHQWRGH&XQGLQDPDUFD´
7UDEDMRGHJUDGR%LORJtDPDULQD8QLYHUVLGDG
-RUJH 7DGHR /R]DQR )DFXOWDG GH FLHQFLDV
QDWXUDOHVHLQJHQLHUtD&RORPELD
>@ &5DPLUH]07RUUHV³(VWXGLRGH
EDFWHULDVSDWyJHQDV\DOJXQRVSDUiPHWURV
TXtPLFRV FRPSOHPHQWDULRV GHO DJXD GHO
5tR$SXORTXHDEDVWHFHDODFXHGXFWRGHOD
LQVSHFFLyQGHOD(VSHUDQ]D0XQLFLSLRGHOD
0HVD&XQGLQDPDUFDFRPRSRVLEOHVIDFWRUHV
GHLQFLGHQFLDHQVDOXGS~EOLFD´7UDEDMRGH
JUDGR/LFHQFLDGRHQELRORJtD8QLYHUVLGDG
'LVWULWDO)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVIDFXOWDG
GH&LHQFLDV\(GXFDFLyQ&RORPELD
>@ $OFDOGtD0XQLFLSDOGH$QDSRLPD3ODQ
EiVLFRGHRUGHQDPLHQWRWHUULWRULDOPXQLFLSLR
GH$QDSRLPD>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHKWWS
DQDSRLPDFXQGLQDPDUFDJRYFRDSFDDIO
HV
3'0B$1$32,0$SGI
>@ $OFDOGtD0XQLFLSDO'H$SXOR3ODQGH
GHVDUUROORPXQLFLSLRGH$SXOR±>(Q
;LJU\YH=VS5V,ULYV1\UPVKL
OtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHKWWSDSXORFXQGLQDPDUFD
JRYFRSODQHDFLRQVKWPO"DSF SO
[ S±±
>@ &RQFHMR0XQLFLSDO/D0HVD3ODQGH
'HVDUUROOR/D0HVDFRQRUGHQ\OLGHUD]JR
±>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHKWWS
ODPHVDFXQGLQDPDUFDJRYFRDSFDDILO
HV
3/$1B%$6,&2B25'(1$0,(172B
7(55,725,$/SGISS
>@ $PHULFDQ 3XEOLF +HDOWK $VVRFLDWLRQ
$PHULFDQ :DWHU :RNV$VVRFLDWLRQ :DWHU
3ROOXWLRQ &RQWURO )HGHUDWLRQ 0pWRGRV 1RUPDOL]DGRV SDUD HO DQiOLVLV GH
DJXDVSRWDEOHV\UHVLGXDOHV0DGULG(VSDxD
SS
>@ $ 5DPLUH] * 9LxD /LPQRORJtD
&RORPELDQD $SRUWHV D VX FRQRFLPLHQWR
\ HVWDGtVWLFD GH DQiOLVLV &RORPELD %3
([SORUDWLRQ&RPSDQ\SS±
>@ * 5ROGDQ VHS ³/RV PDFURLQ
YHUWHEUDGRV\VXYDORUFRPRLQGLFDGRUHVGH
ODFDOLGDGGHODJXD´$FDGHPLD&RORPELDQD
GH&LHQFLDV([DFWDV)tVLFDV\1DWXUDOHVYRO
QR
>@ *5ROGDQ)XQGDPHQWRVGHOLPQRORJtD
QHRWURSLFDO 0HGHOOtQ 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
$QWLRTXLDSS±
CONCIENCIAS
>@ - 'RQDWR (FRORJtD GH XQ UtR GH
PRQWDxDGHORVDQGHVFRORPELDQRV5tR7RWD
%R\DFi%RJRWi'&8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO
GH&RORPELDSS±±
>@ ))XHQWHV0DQXDOGHODERUDWRULRV
HFRORJtD GH PLFURRUJDQLVPRV (Q WHUFHUD
SDUWH QXWULHQWHV \ JDVHV 3XHUWR 5LFR
8QLYHUVLGDGGH3XHUWR5LFRSS
3DUiPHWURV \ VX LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ 0HGHOOtQ
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELDSS
>@ -&DWDOiQ4XtPLFDGHODJXD0DGULG
(VSDxD%OXPHSS±
>@ 5 0DUEHOOR &DOLGDG GH DJXDV
+PHNU}Z[PJVHJ[\HSKLSVZWHYmTL[YVZÄZPJVX\xTPJVZJVTVPUKPJHKVYLZKLJVU[HTPUHJP}UHTIPLU[HS
LULSYxVHW\SV*\UKPUHTHYJH¶*VSVTIPH
<8/,(7$1'5($5,1&Ï1*$/È1',$1$'(/62&2552'$=$$5',/$:,//,$0)(51$1'2&$675,//Ï1&$5'21$
Descargar