Descarga

81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
*(2*5$)Ë$
&$3,78/2,
6HFFLyQ
/$ *(2*5$),$&202&,(1&,$
(7,02/2*Ì$
(OWpUPLQRGHJHRJUDItDIXHDGRSWDGDHQHOVLJOR,,D&SRUHOHUXGLWRJULHJR(UDWyV
WHQHV /D SDODEUD GH JHRJUDItD SURYLHQH GHO YRFDEOR JULHJR ³*HRV´ 7LHUUD \
³*UDSKRV´ 'HVFULSFLyQ R WUDWDGR ³'HVFULSFLyQ GH OD 7LHUUD´ 3RVHH FRPR
REMHWRGHHVWXGLRORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVGHODELRVIHUD HQ HVWUHFKD
UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHO VHU KXPDQR (V XQDFLHQFLD TXH SRVLELOLWD FRP
SUHQGHU OD LQWHUUHODFLyQ GHO KRPEUH FRQ HO PHGLRDPELHQWH
+,6725,$
/D SUiFWLFD GH OD JHRJUDItD VH GHVDUUROOy GHVGH OD DSDULFLyQ GHO KRPEUH \FLHQWRV
GHSHUVRQDVFRPRYLDMHURVWRSyJUDIRVH[SORUDGRUHV\FLHQWtILFRVKDQFRQWULEXLGR
D VXGHVDUUROOR$ORVSULPHURVJHyJUDIRVOHVLQWHUHVDEDVRORH[SORUDUORVWHUULWRULRV
GHVFRQRFLGRV\GHVFULELUORVUDVJRVTXHREVHUYDEDQ
*(2*5$),$$17,*8$
(QWUH ORV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH OD JHRJUDItD DQWLJXD VH HQFXHQWUDQ ORV JULHJRV TXH
WXYLHURQ FRPR VX SULPHU JHyJUDIR D +RPHUR V ,; DF SRU OD H[DFWLWXG FRQ TXH
SLQWyHQVXVSRHPDVODYLGDPDUtWLPD\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVGHWLHUUDVOHMD
QDV
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
D $QD[LPDQGUR GH 0LOHWR DF &RQVLGHUDGR FRPR HOSULPHU
JHyJUDIRFLHQWtILFR\DTXHUHXQLyPDWHULDOHVSDUDODFRQIHFFLyQGHXQ
PDSD
E +HFDWHR GH 0LOHWR DF 6X REUD ³ORV YLDMHV´ VH FRQVWLWX\H HQ HO
SULPHUOLEURGHFRQWHQLGRH[FOXVLYDPHQWHJHRJUiILFRSRUORTXHPXFKRVHVWX
GLRVRVORFRQVLGHUDURQFRPRHOSDGUHGHODJHRJUDItDDQWLJXD
F +HURGRWR¢" ¢"DF UHFRUUH(JLSWR )HQLFLD $UDELD$VLUtD
%DELORQLD 3HUVLD \ 5XVLD PHULGLRQDO \ ODV GHVFULSFLRQHV TXH UHDOL]y GH ORV
PHQFLRQDGRVWHUULWRULRV
G $ULVWyWHOHV (VWDJLUD 0DFHGRQLD 6 ,9D& GLVFtSXOR GH3ODWyQ
PDHVWUR\DPLJRGH$OHMDQGUR0DJQR)XHHOSULPHURHQDILUPDU TXH OD
7LHUUDHUDUHGRQGDEDVDEDVXKLSyWHVLVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDUJXPHQWRV
• 4XHWRGDODPDWHULDWLHQGHDFDHUKDFLD
XQFHQWURFRP~Q
• 4XHOD7LHUUDSUR\HFWDXQDVRPEUDFLU
FXODUVREUHODOXQDGXUDQWHORVHFOLSVHV
GHOXQD
• < TXHVLVHYLDMDGH1RUWHD6XUSXH
GHQYHUVQXHYDVFRQVWHODFLRQHVPLHQ
WUDVTXHODVFRQRFGDVGHVDSDUHFHQ
H (UDWyVWHQHV 1DFLy HQ &LUHQH /LELD ± DF )XH HO SULPHUR TXH
FDOFXOyODFLUFXQIHUHQFLDGHOD7LHUUDFRQXQDSUHFLVLyQH[WUDRUGLQDULD
DO GHWHUPLQDU D WUDYpV GH OD DVWURQRPtD OD GLIHUHQFLDGHODWLWXGHQWUHODVFLX
GDGHVGH6LHQD$VXDQ\$OHMDQGUtDHQ(JLSWR
I (VWUDEyQDFGFJHyJUDIRHKLVWRULDGRUJULHJRUHFRUULyODFXHQFD
GHO PHGLWHUUiQHR HVWXGLDQGR*UHFLD (JLSWR \ $VLD 0HQRU HVWRV FRQRFL
PLHQWRV SUiFWLFRV OH VLUYLHURQ SDUD HVFULELU VX JUDQ REUD ³JHRJUDItD´ XQD
HQFLFORSHGLDGHYRO~PHQHVTXHIXHXQDLPSRUWDQWH IXHQWH GH LQ
IRUPDFLyQ SDUD ORV MHIHV PLOLWDUHV \ ORVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVS~EOLFRVGHO,PSH
ULRURPDQR
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
J +LSDUFRGH1LFHDDVWUyQRPRIDPRVRGHODDQWLJHGDG6,,DFGHVFX
EULyODSUHFHVLyQGHORVHTXLQRFFLRV\UHDOL]yHOSULPHUFDWDORJRGHHVWUHOODV
FODVLILFiQGRODV SRU WDPDxRV VHJ~Q HO EULOOR DSDUHQWH 7DPELpQ VHQWy ODV
EDVHV GHOD WULJRQRPHWUtD LQYHQWy OD SUR\HFFLyQHVWHUHRJUiILFD\SURSXVRH
SULPHUPpWRGRFLHQWtILFRGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHORQJLWXGHV&RQVLGHUDGRWDPELpQ
FRPRHOIXQGDGRUGHODWULJRQRPHWUtD\DVWURQRPtDGHSRVLFLyQ
K 7RORPHR 1DFLy HQ (JLSWR ± 6 ,,G& FRQVLGHUDGR HO XOWLPRGHORV
JUDQGHVJHyJUDIRVDQWLJXRV'LYLGLyHOFtUFXORHFXDWRULDOHQž\FRQV
WUX\yXQDUHGLPDJLQDULDGHOtQHDV1RUWH6XU\HVWHRHVWHGRQGHORFDOL
]DEDODSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDGHODVPDVDVGHWLHUUDFRQRFLGDVWDQWRLVODVFRPR
FRQWLQHQWHV7DPELpQSURSXVRQXHYRVPpWRGRVGHUHDOL]DFLyQGHPDSDV
TXHLQFOXtDQODSUR\HFFLyQ\ODFUHDFLyQGH
XQDWODV(QWUHVXVREUDVILJXUDQ³,QVWUXF
FLRQHVSDUDWUD]DGRV GH PDSDV´ \ ³(O $OPD
JHVWR´ GRQGH UHDOL]D XQD GHVFULSFLyQ VREUH
ORFDOL]DFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV FRQ WDO H[DFWLWXG
TXH OXHJR VLUYLy D ORV KXPDQLVWDV SDUD
FRQVWUXLUHOPDSDGHOLPSHULRURPDQR6XV
PDSDVLQGLFDEDQFRQ FODULGDGORVSUR
EOHPDVTXHVXSRQtDQHOUHSUHVHQWDUODWLH
UUDGHIRUPDHVIpULFDHQXQDVXSHUILFLHSOD
QD/DREUDGH7RORPHRGH$OHMDQGUtD WXYR
XQJUDQ p[LWR VLQHPEDUJR VXREUDQRHVPiVTXHXQDVtQWHVLVGHWUDED
MRVDQWHULRUHV3HURVXQRWDEOHWUDWDGR³VtQWHVLV´WUDGXFLGRDOiUDEH
FRQHOWLWXORGH³$OPDJHVWR´EULOORHQHOPXQGRHQWHURKDVWD&RSHUQLFR
*(2*5$),$(1/$('$'0(',$
&RQODFDVLGHVDSDULFLyQGHODFXOWXUD*UHFR5RPDQDSRUODVLQYDVLRQHV
GHODVWULEXVJHUPiQLFDV\PRQJyOLFDVORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVJHRJUiILFRV DO
LJXDO TXH RWUDV FLHQFLDV RFXSDURQXQSODQRVHFXQGDULRVLJQLILFDQGRXQSHULRGR
GHUHWURFHVR (Q OD (XURSD FULVWLDQD GH OD DOWD HGDGPHGLDODJHRJUDItD6XUJH
H[FOXVLYDPHQWHGHOD%LEOLD \ ODV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV GH HVWD VXVWLWX\HQ D ORV PpWR
GRV FLHQWtILFRV \DTXHODFRQFHSFLyQJHRFpQWULFDGRPLQDEDODVRSFLRQHVVREUH
WRGDVODVGLVFLSOLQDV (Q OD HGDG PHGLD ORV HXURSHRV UHDOL]DURQ SRFRV YLDMHV
\ H[SORUDFLRQHV D H[FHSFLyQ GH ORV YLNLQJRV GH (VFDQGLQDYLD (Q HO VLJOR 9,,ORV
HUXGLWRV iUDEHV WUDGXMHURQ ORV WUDWDGRV GH ORV JHyJUDIRV JULHJRV DO iUDEH
+XERTXHHVSHUDUDTXHHVWRVWH[WRViUDEHVVHWUDGXMHUDQDOODWtQSDUDTXHHO
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
VDEHUGHORVJHyJUDIRVJULHJRVVHGLIXQGLHUDSRU(XURSDGHVWDFDQ$O,GULVL
FRQRFLGRSRUVXVPDSDV,%1%DWXWDH,%1-DOGXQTXHHVFULELHURQVREUHVXV
ODUJRVYLDMHV/RVPRQJROHV\FKLQRVWDPELpQFRQWULEX\HURQDDXPHQWDUHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRGH$VLD
D 0DUFR3ROR6;,,,ODVFUX]DGDVFULVWLDQDVHQORVVLJORV ;,,
\ ;,,, \ ORV YLDMHV HVSDxROHV \ SRUWXJXHVHV SDUD H[SORUDU QXHYDV WLHUUDV
GXUDQWHORVVLJORV;9\;9,DEULHURQQXHYRVKRUL]RQWHVDORVHXUR
SHRV\HVWLPXODURQODDSDULFLyQGHREUDV\WUDWDGRVJHRJUiILFRV
E (QULTXHHO1DYHJDQWHGH3RUWXJDOLPSXOVy\DSR\yODVH[SORUD
FLRQHVGHODVFRVWDVDIULFDQDV\VHFRQYLUWLyHQXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSUR
PRWRUHVGHHVWXGLRVJHRJUiILFRV
F (ULN5XG\3HUVRQDMHTXHHQVXVYLDMHVGHVFXEULy*URHODQGLDORTXHFRQVWLWX
\RXQKLWRSDUDH[SORUDUHOFRQWLQHQWHDPHULFDQRG $O,GULVL5HDOL]DXQFRQ
MXQWRGHPDSDVGHOYLHMRPXQGR
$VLPLVPRORVYLDMHV\FDUWDVQiXWLFDVGH*LRYDQQL&DERWR-XDQ'tD]GH6ROtV
9LFHQWH <iQH] 3LQ]yQ-XDQ GH OD &RVD \ $PpULFR 9HVSXFLR IXHURQIXQGDPHQWD
OHVHQORVDYDQFHVJHRJUiILFRVGHODpSRFD/DQFHOORWR0DORFHOOLYLDMHURTXHSURED
EOHPHQWHIXHHOSULPHURHQOOHJDUDODV,VODV&DQDULDV/RVYLDMHV \ HVWXGLRV TXH VH
UHDOL]DURQ HQ HVWH SHULRGR SUREDURQ TXH OD WLHUUDWHQtDODIRUPDGHXQDHVIHUD
*(2*5$),$02'(51$
(VWH SHULRGR VH FRQVWLWX\H HQ OD pSRFD GH UHQRYDFLyQ \ DYDQFH GH OD FLHQFLD JH
RJUiILFDODTXHDPSOLDODVEDVHVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRLPSXOVDGRVSRUODVJUDQGHV
H[SORUDFLRQHV\FRQTXLVWDVGHHVSDxROHV\SRUWXJXHVHV(QWUHORVTXHGHVWDFDQ
D %DUWRORPp'tD]'XUDQWHVXYLDMHGHH[SORUDFLyQHQHODxRUHFRUUH
JUDQSDUWHGHOWHUULWRULRDIULFDQR
E &ULVWyEDO&RORQ(QVXYLDMHDYHQWXUHURGHODxROOHJDKDVWDODV,VODV
*XDUDQtDODTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHORGHQRPLQD/DLVODGH6DQ6DOYDGRU
F +HUQDQGRGH0DJDOODQHV(QWUHORVDxRV GH\ UHDOL]yHOIDPRVR
YLDMHGHFLUFXQQDYHJDFLyQTXHIXHFRQFOXLGRSRUVXOXJDUWHQLHQWH6HEDV
WLiQHO&DQR
G -XDQ /ySH] GH 9HODVFR (Q VX IDPRVD REUD ³JHRJUDItD *HQHUDO GHODV ,Q
GLDV´ VLHQWD ODV EDVHV WHyULFDV GHO SREODPLHQWR DPHULFDQR \ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
JHRJUiILFDV GHO HVWUHFKR GH %HULQJ TXH H[LVWtDQ DSRUWH TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH
IXHFRQVLGHUDGRSRU$OH[+UGOLFNDSDUDVXVWHQWDUVXKLSyWHVLV
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
H 0DUWtQ:DOGVHHPXOOHU$XWRUGHODFOiVLFDREUD³&RVPRJUDItDHLQWURGXF
FLyQ´ HQ GRQGH UHVDOWD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH ODV FDUWDV GH$PpULFR9HVSX
FLRFUH\HQGRDVtTXHpVWHIXHHOSUREDEOHGHVFXEULGRUGH ODV ,QGLDV 2FFLGHQ
WDOHV HQ KRQRU D VXV HVWXGLRV OODPy DO QXHYRFRQWLQHQWH$PpULFD
I -HDQ 3LFDUGH &RQVLGHUDGR HO SURSXOVRU GH OD *HRGHVLD DO UHDOL]DUODSUL
PHUDPHGLFLyQFLHQWtILFDGHOD7LHUUDLQIRUPDFLyQTXHHQORSRVWHULRUIXH
XWLOL]DGDSRU,VDDF1HZWRQSDUDGLYXOJDUVXWHRUtDGHOD*UDYLWDFLyQ8QLYHUVDO
*(2*5$)Ì$&217(0325$1($/DFLHQFLDJHRJUiILFDHQHVWHSHULR
GRWRPDXQQXHYRUXPERUXPERFLHQWtILFRHVSHFLDOL]DGR
D 1DWKDQLHO &DUSHQWHU 6 ;9,, 'XUDQWH OD SULPHUD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;9,,
GHVWDFR OD REUD GHO JHyJUDIR LQJOHV TXH UHFDOFy ODV VLPLOLWXGHV HVSDFLDOHV
HQWUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDVGHODVGLVWLQWDVVXSHUILFLHVGHOD7LH
UUD6XHQIRTXHVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQKLWRJHRJUiILFRGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD
E ,PPDQXHO .DQW 6 ;9,,, GLYLGLy HO FRQRFLPLHQWR DGTXLULGR D WUDYpV GH OD
REVHUYDFLyQHQGRVFDWHJRUtDVD8QDFRPSUHQGHORVIHQyPHQRVUH
JLVWUDGRVGHFRQIRUPLGDGFRQODOyJLFDORTXHGDOXJDUDFODVLILFDFLRQHVFR
PR yUGHQHV JpQHURV \ HVSHFLHV YHJHWDOHV \ DQLPDOHV VLQ LPSRUWDU
FXiQGRRGyQGHWLHQHQOXJDU\E/DRWUDLQFOX\HORVIHQyPHQRVTXHVH
SHUFLEHQ HQ WpUPLQRV GH WLHPSR \ HVSDFLR OD FODVLILFDFLyQ \ GHVFULSFLyQ
TXH WLHQH HQ FXHQWD HO WLHPSR VH FRQVLGHUD KLVWRULD \ OD FODVLILFDFLyQ \
GHVFULSFLyQTXHWLHQHHQFXHQWDHOHVSDFLRVHFRQVLGHUDJHRJUDItD
.DQWVXEGLYLGLyODJHRJUDItDHQVHLVUDPDVXQDGHODVFXDOHV/DJHR
JUDItD ItVLFDHVHQFLDOSDUDODVRWUDVFLQFR /DJHRJUDItD PDWHPiWLFD/D
PRUDO/DSROtWLFD/DFRPHUFLDO\/DWHFQROyJLFD
F $OH[DQGHU9RQ+XPEROGW )XHHOSULPHURHQGLVWLQJXLU\DSOLFDU
ORVGRVSULQFLSLRVHVHQFLDOHVTXHKDFHQGHODJHRJUDItDXQDFLHQFLD RULJLQDO \
QR XQ FRPSXHVWR FLHQFLD ItVLFDV \ QDWXUDOHV HVWRV VRQ ORV SULQFLSLRV GH
FDXVDOLGDG\FRRUGLQDFLyQ$GHPiVWUD]yODSULPHUDFDUWDGHLVRWHUPDVH
KL]RHOHVWXGLRItVLFRGHORVPDUHV\FUHRODJHRJUDItDERWiQLFDVHOH
FRQVLGHUDHOFUHDGRUGHODELRJHRJUDItD SXHV GLR JUDQ pQIDVLV D OD UHOD
FLyQYHJHWDOFOLPD]RQDVFOLPiWLFDV
G /OHJRDO3HU~HQKHKL]RHVWXGLRVGHIORUD\IDXQDHQODVFXHQFDV
GHORVUtRV0DUDxyQ&KLOOyQ\5LPDF)UHQWHDODVFRVWDVGH7UXMLOORPLGLySRU
SULPHUD YH] OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH OD FRUULHQWH SHUXDQD'LEXMRHOSULPHUPDSD
FRQOtQHDVLVRWHUPDV6XVSULQFLSDOHVREUDVVRQ³FRVPRVµ\´9LDMHDODV
UHJLRQHVHTXLQRFFLDOHVGHOQXHYRFRQWLQHQWHµ
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
H .DUW5LWWHU &RQVLGHUDGR FRPR HOSULPHUJHyJUDIRVLVWHPi
WLFR)XQGDGRUGHODJHRJUDItDKXPDQDHVWDEOHFLHQGRUHODFLRQHVHQWUH
HOPHGLRItVLFRFRQODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDV\VXHYROXFLyQKLVWyULFDVHxDOD
OD JUDQ LQIOXHQFLD GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH HQHOGHVDUUROORFXOWXUDOGHORVSXH
EORVHKL]RKLQFDSLpHQHOHVWXGLRFRPSDUDWLYRGHiUHDVGHWHUPLQDGDV
\ HQORVUDVJRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DEDQDFDGDXQDGHHOODV
I )ULHGULFK5DW]HO &DWDORJDGRFRPRHOYHUGDGHURIXQGDGRU
GH OD JHRJUDItD KXPDQD \ GLVFtSXOR GH 5LWWHU &RQVLGHUDEDDOKRPEUHVRPH
WLGRDODLQIOXHQFLDGHOPHGLRItVLFRFRQXQGHVWLQRFRQGLFLRQDGR SRU GLFKR
PHGLR 'HWHUPLQLVPR JHRJUiILFR (QWUH VXV REUDV SULQFLSDOHV VHHQFXHQ
WUDQ³$QWURSRJHRJUDILD´\³JHRJUDItD3ROtWLFD´
J 3D~O9LGDOGHOD%ODFKH 3ULQFLSDORSRVLWRUDORVSRVWXOD
GRVGH)5DW]HOSDUWLGDULRGHOGHIHQGtDHOSRVLELOLVPRJHRJUiILFRHQ
WDOVHQWLGRVRVWLHQHTXHH[LVWHSRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDWUDQVIRUPDUHOPHGLRJH
RJUiILFR
&21&(372 (O FRQFHSWR PDV DSURSLDGR SDUD GHILQLU D OD JHRJUDItD FRPR
FLHQFLD HV DTXHO TXH IXH HVWDEOHFLGR HQ HO , 6HPLQDULR,QWHUQDFLRQDO
GHJHRJUDItDHOPLVPRTXHDILUPDTXH³HVODFLHQFLDTXH ORFDOL]D GHV
FULEH H[SOLFD \ FRPSDUD WRGRV ORV IHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRVTXHVXFHGHQ
HQODWLHUUD\ODLQIOXHQFLDTXHHOORVFDXVDQVREUHODYLGDGHOKRPEUH´
&$032&RPSUHQGH
D 3DLVDMH JHRJUiILFR (V XQD H[WHQVLyQ GH WHUUHQR \ HVSDFLR DpUHR TXH D
WUDYpVGHOWLHPSRDDGTXLULGRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDV\ELROyJLFDV6HGLYLGH
HQ
1DWXUDORItVLFR(VSURGXFWRH[FOXVLYRGHODVIXHU]DVQDWXUDOHV(MHP
SORVXHORPLQHUDOHVFOLPDIORUDIDXQDHWF
&XOWXUDO RKXPDQR(VHOSDLVDMHQDWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDGR SRUHOKRPEUH(MHP
SOR&RQVWUXFFLyQGHYLYLHQGDVUHSUHVDVFDQDOHVDQGHQHVHWF
E )HQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRV6RQORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVJHQHUDGRVSRUODVIXHU]DV
ItVLFDVGHODQDWXUDOH]DFRQVWLWX\pQGRVHHQLPSUHGHFLEOHVHLQFRQWUROD
EOHV(MHPSORWRUQDGRVVLVPRVDOXYLyQKXUDFDQHVHWF
F +HFKRVJHRJUiILFRV6RQORVFDPELRVSURGXFLGRVHQOHPHGLRDPELHQWH
SRULQWHUYHQFLyQGHOKRPEUHTXHORVHMHFXWDDILQGHVDWLVIDFHUVXVQH
FHVLGDGHV(MHPSOR7DODXUEDQL]DFLRQHVLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQFDUUHWHUDVUH
SUHVDVHWF
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
G $JHQWH JHRJUiILFR(VHOHOHPHQWR FDSD] GHPRGLILFDUHO SDLVDMH(MHPSORHO
KRPEUHORVIHQyPHQRVDWPRVIpULFRV\ODVIXHU]DVLQWHUQDVGHODQDWXUDOH]D
,167580(1726
D 0DSDV 6LUYH SDUD FRQVLJQDU GDWRV R UHVXOWDGRV GH XQ HVWXGLRJHRJUiIL
FR3HUPLWHXQDFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHGLIHUHQWHViUHDVDWUDYpVGHOXVRGHVtPER
ORVWUDPDV\FRORUHV
E 6LJQRV FRQYHQFLRQDOHV R VtPERORV 6RQ XQD VHULH GH VLJQRVFRQYHQ
FLRQDOHVHQORVPDSDVTXHVLUYHQSDUDLGHQWLILFDUHOHPHQWRVItVLFRVSROtWLFRV
FXOWXUDOHV\HFRQyPLFRV
35,1&,3,26
35,1&,3,26
/RFDOL]DFLyQ
$8725
)HGHULFR
5DW]HO
9LGDO GHOD
%ODFKH
+XPEROWK
&RPSDUDFLyQ 5LWWHU\OD
%ODFKH
$OH[DQGHU
&DXVDOLGDG 9RQ+XP
EROW
'HVFULSFLyQ
$FWLYLGDG
&RQH[LyQ
-HDQ
%UXQKHV
-HDQ
%UXQKHV
)81'$0(172
&RQVLVWH HQ XELFDU HO OXJDU H[DFWR GRQGH VHSURGX
FHHOKHFKRRIHQyPHQRJHRJUiILFRGHEH VHU
ORFDOL]DGR XWLOL]DQGR FRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiILFDVDOWL
WXG\OtPLWHV
'HVFULELU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SULPRUGLDOHV GHORV
IHQyPHQRV\RHOHPHQWRVJHRJUiILFRV
5HDOL]DU FRPSDUDFLRQHV GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HQWUH
GRVRPiVIHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRVGHWHUPLQDQ
GRVHPHMDQ]DV\GLIHUHQFLDV
%XVFDU OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH OD RFXUUHQFLDH[WHQ
VLyQ\GLVWULEXFLyQGHORVIHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRV
SDUDHVWDEOHFHUFDXVDVHIHFWRV\FRQVHFXHQFLDVGH
FDUiFWHU ItVLFR KXPDQR \ HFRQyPLFR GH PDQHUD
LQWHJUDO
(QWHQGHU TXH WRGR HOHPHQWR \ IHQyPHQR JH
RJUiILFR VH HQFXHQWUD HQ FRQVWDQWH FDPELR HYROX
FLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ7RGRGLVPLQX\HRFUHFH
&RQRFHU TXH FXDOTXLHU IHQyPHQR R HOHPHQWR JH
RJUiILFR HVWi HQ HVWUHFKD R SHUPDQHQWHUHODFLyQ
FRQ P~OWLSOHV FRQH[LRQHV FRQ OD DFWLYLGDG
KXPDQD \ HO GHVDUUROOR SREODFLRQDO (VWRV IHQy
PHQRVGHEHQVHUHVWXGLDGRVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQ
WDVXVP~OWLSOHVFRQH[LRQHV
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
',9,6,Ð1
GEOGRAFÍA
*HRJUDItD JHQHUDO \ VLVWHPiWLFD 6RVWLHQHTXHFDGDIHQyPHQR
GHEHVHUHVWXGLDGRHQVLPLVPR\FRPRSDUWHGHXQWRGRWUDWDQGRGHGH
GXFLUXQDOH\JHQHUDODSOLFDEOHDWRGDVODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVVHPHMDQWHV$VXYH]
VHGLYLGHHQ
D *HRJUDItDDVWURQyPLFD (VWXGLDODUHODFLyQGHODWLHUUDFRQORVGHPiVDVWURV
GHOXQLYHUVR&RPSUHQGH
• $VWURQRPtD(VWUXFWXUD\FRPSRVLFLyQGHORVDVWURV
• $VWURQiXWLFD&RVPRQiXWLFD9LDMHVHVSDFLDOHV
• $VWURELRORJtD,QYHVWLJDODSRVLELOLGDGGHYLGDH[WUDWHUUHVWUH
• (VSHFWURJUDItD(VWXGLRGHODVHVWUHOODV
• &RVPRJRQtD(VWXGLRGHORULJHQGHOXQLYHUVR
E *HRJUDItD PDWHPiWLFD (VWXGLD OD IRUPD PHGLGDV \ UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GH
QXHVWURSODQHWD&RPSUHQGH
• &DUWRJUDItD(VFDODV\UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVHQPDSDVFDUWDV\SODQRV
• *HRGHVLD0HGLGDGHJUDQGHViUHDVPD\RUHVGHRNP
• 7RSRJUDItD0HGLGDGHSHTXHxDViUHDVPHQRUHVGHRNP
F *HRJUDItDItVLFD HVWXGLDORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVItVLFRVTXHVHSURDFHQ
HQODELRVIHUDFRPSUHQGH
• *HRPRUIRORJtD5HOLHYH\IRUPDVGHODWLHUUD
• /LWRJUDItD(VWUXFWXUDLQWHUQD\ILVRQRPtDGHODOLWRVIHUD
• &OLPDWRORJtD$WPyVIHUDWLHPSR\FOLPD
• 0HWHRURORJtD)HQyPHQRVPHWHRUROyJLFRV
• +LGURJUDItD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODJXDDVXYH]FRPSUHQGH
• 2FHDQRJUDItDRFpDQRV\PDUHV
• )OXYLRORJtDUtRV\DJXDVFRUULHQWHV
• /LPQRORJtDODJRV\ODJXQDV
• *ODFLRORJtDJODFLDUHV
• &UHQRORJtDDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDV\WHUPRPHGLFLQDOHV
G *HRJUDItDELROyJLFD²ELRJHRJUDItDRFRURORJLD (VWXGLDODGLVWULEX
FLyQGHORVVHUHVYLYRVVREUHODVXSHUILFLH\VXVUHODFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV
FRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWHDORODUJRGHOWLHPSR&RPSUHQGH
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
)LWRJHRJUDItD±JHRERWiQLFDGLVWULEXFLyQGHODIORUD
=RRJHRJUDItDGLVWULEXFLyQGHODIDXQD
(GDIRJHRJUDILD3HGRORJtDGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiILFDGHORVVXHORV
H *HRJUDItD +XPDQD R $QWURSRJHRJUDItD (V HO HVWXGLR GH OD UHODFLyQ TXH
H[LVWHHQWUHODGLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDO\VXLQIOXHQFLDGHOHVSDFLRRPHGLRJH
RJUiILFR
I *HRJUDItDVRFLDO (VWXGLDORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVHQVXPHGLRDPELHQWHHQTXH
VHGHVDUUROOD&RPSUHQGH
• 6RFLDO5HOLJLRQHVFRVWXPEUHV\UD]DV
• 'HPRJHRJUDILD3REODFLyQ
• 0pGLFD6DOXGGHOKRPEUH
J *HRJUDItD HFRQyPLFD (VWXGLD ORV UHFXUVRV HFRQyPLFRV&RP
SUHQGH
• *GHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
• *GHODVDFWLYLGDGHVH[WUDFWLYDV
• *DJUDULD
• *FRPHUFLDO\GHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV
• *LQGXVWULDO\GHODHQHUJtD
K *HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD (VWXGLDHOSDVDGR\SUHVHQWHGHXQ(VWDGRHQORUHIHUHQ
WHDODHWQRJUiILFDJRELHUQRGLYLVLyQSROtWLFDOLPLWHVHWF
• *8UEDQDGLVWULEXFLyQ\RUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVFLXGDGHV
• *5XUDORUJDQL]DFLyQGHOHVSDFLRUXUDO
• *+LVWyULFDHVSDFLRVGHOSDVDGR
*HRJUDItD5HJLRQDO]RQDOR&RURJUDItD(VWXGLDODGHVFULSFLyQJHRJUi
ILFDGHXQSDtVRWHUULWRULRODVGLIHUHQFLDV\VLPLOLWXGHVGHODVUHJLRQHVGHOD
WLHUUD6HGLYLGH
--
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
• 0LFURJHRJUDItD(VWXGLDOD HYROXFLyQGHXQDiUHDGHSHTXHxDVGL
PHQVLRQHVFLXGDG
• 0DFURJHRJUDILD(VWXGLDJUDQGHViUHDVGHQRPLQDGDVPDFURGLYL
VLRQHVFRPRODUHJLyQPHGLWHUUiQHDRWRGRXQFRQWLQHQWH3HUPLWH
GHILQLUHQIXQFLyQGHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFXOWXUDOHVHVSHFtILFDV
SDUDGLIHUHQFLDUXQiUHDGHRWUDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDIDFWRUHVFRPROD
OHQJXDHOWLSRGHHFRQRPtDGRPLQDQWHHOWHUUHQRRODFRPELQDFLyQGHYD
ULRVHOHPHQWRV
,03257$1&,$
• )RUPDODFRQFLHQFLDJHRJUiILFDGHODSREODFLyQ\FRQVWUX\HXQFRQR
FLPLHQWRUHIOH[LYRVREUHODUHDOLGDGQDFLRQDOFRQWLQHQWDO\PXQGLDO
• 3HUPLWHFRPSUHQGHUODLQWHUUHODFLyQGHOKRPEUHFRQVXPHGLRJH
RJUiILFR
• 'HVFXEUHORVGHVHTXLOLEULRVTXHSXHGDQH[LVWLUHQODVUHODFLRQHVGHORV
KRPEUHVFRQVXPHGLRDPELHQWH
• 3HUPLWHFRQRFHUODVFXDOLGDGHV\SRWHQFLDOLGDGHVGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWX
UDOHV\HODGHFXDGRXVRGHHOORV
• 3RVLELOLWDRUJDQL]DU\SODQLILFDUHOHVSDFLRWHUUHVWUH
• &RQWULEX\HDWHQHUXQFRQRFLPLHQWRDGHFXDGRGHORVSXHEORV.
5(/$&,21(175((/0(',2*(2*5$),&2</$$&&,21'(/
+20%5(
•
•
•
([LVWH XQD HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO PHGLR JHRJUiILFR \ HO KRPEUH (O
SULPHUR QRV RIUHFH ORV UHFXUVRV HO VHJXQGR ORV H[SORWD (O KRPEUH FUHD
ODVFRQGLFLRQHVQHFHVDULDVSDUDSHUPDQHFHUDOOtGRQGHLQFOXVLYH
ORVIDFWRUHVVRQDGYHUVRV
6LJQLILFDFRPRHOPHGLRQDWXUDOLQIOX\HHQODKLVWRULDGHOKRPEUHFyPR
HOKiELWDWGHWHUPLQDVXYLGD\FRPSRUWDPLHQWR/RVVHUHVYLYLHQWHV \
HO KRPEUH HVWiQ VXMHWRV D H[SHULPHQWDU OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO PHGLR HQ TXH
KDELWDQ
/DJHRJUDItDHVFRPSDxHUDLQVHSDUDEOHGHODKLVWRULD6XHVWXGLRHVWi
HVWUHFKDPHQWH OLJDGR D OD KLVWRULD HQ WDO IRUPD TXH QLQJXQD GH ODV GRV
FLHQFLDVSXHGHVHUHVWXGLDGDLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$ &7 ,&$
(OREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOD
D $OH[DQGHU+XPEROWGE9LGDO
*HRJUDItDYLHQHDVHU
GH/D%ODFKH
D (O +RPEUH \ OD UHODFLyQ
F .DUO9RQ5LWWHU
FRQORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
G )HGHULFR5DW]HO
E (O
PHGLR DPELHQWH
H -HDQ%UXQKHV
JHRJUiILFR\ORVVHUHVYLYRV
F /DVQHFHVLGDGHVYLWDOHVGHO /DV iUHDV QDWXUDOHV DFFHVLEOHV D
VHUKXPDQR\ELRVIHUD
ODVDFWLYLGDGHVKXPDQDVVH
G /DVUHODFLRQHVGHOKRPEUH
GHQRPLQD HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR \
FRQVXPHGLRJHRJUiILFR
HVFRQVLGHUDGRFRPR
H /D XWLOL]DFLyQ UDFLRQDO GH ORV
D (OSDLVDMHJHRJUiILFR
UHFXUVRV
E (O IHQyPHQR JHRJUiILFR F
(OKHFKRJHRJUiILFR
G (OFDPSRGHHVWXGLRGHOD
(Q HO VLJXLHQWH HQXQFLDGR ³(O
ODJR7LWLFDFDVHXELFDHQHO
JHRJUDItD
VHFWRU RFFLGHQWDO GH 6XGDPpULFD
H /DVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH
FRQXQDH[WHQVLyQGHNP HVHOPiVJUDQGHGHOVXEFRQWLQHQ ³/RVUtRVGHOD&XHQFDGHO
WH6HHQFXHQWUDDPGHDOWL
7LWLFDFDVRQGHUpJLPHQTXH QR
SRVLELOLWDQODQDYHJDFLyQ´(QHO
WXGURGHDGRSRUODVFRUGLOOHUDV&D
HQXQFLDGR HVWD SUHVHQWH HO SULQFL
UDED\D\9ROFiQLFDHVQDYHJDEOH
PiVDOWDGHOPXQGR´/RVSULQFL
SLRJHRJUiILFRGH
SLRVJHRJUiILFRVSUHVHQWHVVRQ
D /RFDOL]DFLyQ
D &DXVDOLGDG'HVFULSFLyQ
E $FWLYLGDG
F &DXVDOLGDGG&RQH[LyQ
E /RFDOL]DFLyQ±$FWLYLGDG
H &RPSDUDFLyQ
F &RPSDUDFLyQ±/RFDOL]DFLyQ
G &DXVDOLGDG±&RQH[LyQ
³(O FOLPD )UtR SURSLR GH OD UHJLyQ
H /RFDOL]DFLyQ±'HVFULSFLyQ
3XQD XELFDGR HQWUH ODV UHJLRQHV
6XQL\-DQFD\FRPSUHQGLGRV
(O SDGUH GH OD JHRJUDItD DQWLJXD
HQWUHORVDPVQP
HV
HQGRQGHVRORFUHFHHOLFKX
D +HURGRWRE+HFDWHR
GHELGR D ODV EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV
F +XPEROWGG+LSyFUDWHV
H[LVWHQWHV«´(QHOHQXQFLDGR
H )HGHULFR5DW]HO
HOSULQFLSLRJHRJUiILFRTXHVH
RPLWHQHVHOGH
(OSULQFLSLRGHORFDOL]DFLyQ\
D /RFDOL]DFLyQ
H[WHQVLyQSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOD
E $FWLYLGDG
JHRJUDItDHVHVWXGLDGDSRU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
G
F &DXVDOLGDG
G &RQH[LyQ
H 'HVFULSFLyQ
5HODFLRQHFRUUHFWDPHQWH
D )HGHULFR5DW]HO
E 5LWWHU\9LGDOGHOD%ODFKH
F $9RQ+XPEROW
G -HDQ%UXKHV
&RPSDUDFLyQ
/RFDOL]DFLyQ
$FWLYLGDG
&DXVDOLGDG
/DUHODFLyQFRUUHFWDHV
DDEFG
EDEFG
FDEFG
GDEFG
HDEFG
(OWpUPLQR9ROFiQ,QDFWLYRVH
RSRQH GLUHFWDPHQWH DO SULQFLSLR
GH
D/RFDOL]DFLyQ
E$FWLYLGDG
F&DXVDOLGDG
G&RPSDUDFLyQ
H&RQH[LyQ
5HODFLRQHVFRUUHFWDPHQWH
*$VWURQyPLFD
D 'HPDUFDFLyQ7HUULWRULDO
\
)RUPDVGHJRELHUQR
*PDWHPiWLFD
E 5HODFLyQ HQWUH HO (VWDGR \ VX
PHGLRJHRJUiILFR
*HRJUDItD HFRQyPLFD
F /DVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOD7LHUUD
*HRJUDItDSROtWLFD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
/D WLHUUD (Q UHODFLyQ FRQ
RWURVDVWURV
*HRSROtWLFD
H 5HFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\HOXVRSRU
HOKRPEUH
/DUHVSXHVWDFRUUHFWDHV
DDEFGHEEFDG
HFFDEHGGH
HGFDHGFHD
E
&XiO GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH
PHQFLRQDQQRHVSURSLRGHO
SDLVDMHQDWXUDO"
DIORUDEIDXQDFVXHORV
GFDPLQRV
HUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
/DJHRJUDItDELROyJLFDHVWXGLD
D +LGURJUDItD\)LWRJHRJUDItD
E (FRQRPtD\=RRHJRJUDItD
F 0HWHRURORJtD\=RRJHRJUDItD
G )LWRJHRJUDItD\=RRJHRJUDItD
H +LGURJUDItD\(GDORJtD
(VHOHVWXGLRGHORVUHFXUVRVTXH
FDGD UHJLyQ FXHQWD SDUD VX
PHMRU DSURYHFKDPLHQWR \ pVWRV
GHSHQGHQ GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
FXOWXUDOHV HFRQyPLFDV
\
VRFLDOHV GH OD SREODFLyQ (VWH
FRQFHSWRSHUWHQHFHDOD
D %LRJHRJUDILD
E *HRJUDItD5HJLRQDO
F *HRJUDItDHFRQyPLFDG&OLPDWR
ORJtD
H =RRJHRJUDItD
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
81,9(56225,*(1< (6758&785$
&21&(372
(O XQLYHUVRHVHO FRQJORPHUDGRGH JUDQGHVXQLGD
GHV FyVPLFDV OODPDGDV JDOD[LDV HVWDV D VX YH]
IRUPDGDV SRUPLOORQHVGHHVWUHOODV \VLVWHPDVSODQH
WDULRV
3DUDORVFLHQWtILFRVPRGHUQRVHOXQLYHUVRHVDODYH]
PDWHULD HQHUJtD HVSDFLR \ WLHPSR6XVFDUDFWHUtV
WLFDVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQILQLWRHLQGHWHUPLQDGR\
HQH[SDQVLyQ
D 0DWHULD 6LUYHSDUDGHVLJQDUODUHDOLGDGREMHWLYDFDSWDGDSRUORVKXPDQRV
E 0RYLPLHQWR (VSURSLHGDGLQVHSDUDEOHGHODPDWHULD
F (VSDFLR /XJDUGRQGHFRH[LVWHQGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHPDWHULD
G 7LHPSR $EVWUDFWRGHFDUiFWHUGLPHQVLRQDOFRQSULQFLSLRLOLPLWDGR\FRQWLQXR
25,*(1
(O RULJHQ GHO 8QLYHUVR VH VHxDOD TXH 6XUJLy HQ XQ LQVWDQWH GHILQLGR HQWUH
\ PLOORQHV GH DxRV DQWHV GHO PRPHQWR DFWXDO /RV SULPHURVLQGLFLRVGH
HVWHKHFKRSURYLQLHURQGHOGHVFXEULPLHQWRSRUSDUWHGHODVWUyQRPRHVWDGRX
QLGHQVH(GZLQ+XEEOH HQODGpFDGDGHGHTXHHO8QLYHUVRVHHVWiH[SDQ
GLHQGR\ORVF~PXORVGHJDOD[LDVVHDOHMDQHQWUHVt
7(25Ì$6
*UDQ([SORVLyQRGHO%LJ%DQJ²ÉWRPRSULPL
JHQLR$XWRU
D *HRUJH(GRXDUG/HPDLWUH%HOJDFRPSOHPHQWDGD
SRU*HRUJH$QWKRQ\*DPRZ((88IXHTXLHQDFXxR
HOWpUPLQR%LJ%DQJ6HJ~QHVWDWHRUtDHOXQLYHUVRHQ
VXV LQLFLRV HUD SHTXHxR \ PX\ GHQVR DO TXH GLHURQ HO
QRPEUHGH<OHP
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
D /HPDLWUH $ILUPDED TXH ODV JDOD[LDV VRQ IUDJPHQWRV GHVSHGLGRV SRU OD
H[SORVLyQ GHHVWHQ~FOHRGDQGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRODH[SDQVLyQGHO8QL
YHUVR$GHPiVVRVWHQtD³VL ODV JDOD[LDV TXH SXHEODQ HO XQLYHUVR VHHVWiQ
DOHMDQGRXQDVGHRWUDVHQHOSDVDGRGHELHURQHVWDUPDVFHUFD \D TXH
HO XQLYHUVR GHELy VHU PDV SHTXHxR \ PDV DWUiV PDVSHTXHxRDXQH[WUDSR
ODQGRPDVHQHOWLHPSROOHJDUtDDOPRPHQWRHQTXHHOHVSDFLRGHEtD VHU XQ
SXQWR\SRUORWDQWR ODGHQVLGDGGHODPDWHULDHQHVHLQVWDQWHVHULQILQLWD$
HVWHHVWDGR~QLFRGHGHQVLGDGLQILQLWD VH OH FRQRFH FRPR VLQJXODULGDG
FRVPROyJLFD7HRUtDGHQRPLQDGDLQLFLDOPHQWHGHOÈWRPRSULPLJHQLR
E *DPRZ (O 8QLYHUVR VH FUHy HQ XQD H[SORVLyQ JLJDQWHVFD \ TXH ORVGLYHUVRV
HOHPHQWRV VH SURGXMHURQ GXUDQWH ORV SULPHURV PLQXWRVGHVSXpVGHOD
*UDQ([SORVLyQR%LJ%DQJ(QVXVLQLFLRVVHOHGHQRPLQy <OHP OD
PLVPDTXHWHQGUtDXQDFRPSRVLFLyQGHQHXWURQHVHOHFWURQHVSURWR
QHV \ IRWRQHV 'HELGR D OD GHQVLGDGFRQVLGHUDEOH HO <OHP H[SORVLRQy
KDFH PLO PLOORQHV GH DxRVLQLFLiQGRVHFRQODJUDQH[SDQVLyQODPDWH
ULDODHQHUJtDHOHVSDFLR\HOWLHPSR
$ PHGLGDTXHVHH[SDQGtDHOXQLYHUVRIXHKDFLpQGRVHPHQRVGHQV\VXWHPSHUD
WXUDGHVFHQGLy(OFRPSRQHQWHLQLFLDOGHOXQLYHUVRSHUPLWLy OD IRUPDFLyQGHO
KLGUyJHQR HO FXDO SRU HIHFWRV GH OD JUDYHGDG VH IXH DJUXSDQGR SDUD GDU
RULJHQ D ODV JDOD[LDV \ GHQWURGH HOODV ORV SULPHURV DVWURV HVWUHOODV DVt FRPR GH
ORVGHPiVDVWURVGHO VLVWHPD$O H[SDQGLUVH HO KHOLR \ HO KLGUyJHQR VH HQIULDURQ \
VHFRQGHQVDURQHQHVWUHOODV\HQJDOD[LDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
3UXHEDVGHODH[SDQVLyQ
• $OHMDPLHQWRGHODVJDOD[LDV
• 5DGLDFLyQFyVPLFDGHIRQGRGHVFXELHUWDSRU$UQROG3HQ]LDV\5REHUW
:LOVRQ
• /DDEXQGDQFLDUHODWLYDGHORVHOHPHQWRVPiVOLJHURV
• (ORVFXUHFLPLHQWRGHO(VSDFLR
'HO8QLYHUVR 2VFLODQWH ² &tFOLFD 3ODQWHDGD SRU $OEHUW (LQVWHLQ\ $OH[DQGHU
)ULHGPDQ 7LHQH VXV RUtJHQHV HQ OD WHRUtD FRVPROyJLFD UHODWLYLVWD SXEOLFDGD SRU $
(LVQWHQHQ(ODXWRUHVHODVWUyQRPRUXVR$)ULHG
PDQTXLHQFRQVLGHUDTXHHO8QLYHUVRHVWiHQXQSURFH
VRGHH[SDQVLyQ\FRQWUDFFLyQ(VGHFLUPRVWUDQGRIDVHV
GHFRQWUDFFLyQ\GHH[SDQVLyQSHULyGLFDHLQGHILQL
GD &RQVLGHUD TXH HO XQLYHUVR HV FXUYR \ TXH ODV
JDOD[LDVTXHDKRUDVHGLVWDQFLDQXQDVGHRWUDVUHFH
VLyQYROYHUiQDDJUXSDUVHSRUGLVPLQXFLyQGHKLGUR
JHQRSDUDHVWDUHQVXIDVHLQLFLDOGDQGR RULJHQ D
XQDJUDQLPSORVLyQGHQRPLQDGD%LJ&UXFK\FRQHOOR
VHUiHOILQGHOHVSDFLRGHOHVSDFLR\GHOWLHPSR&DGD
IDVHGXUDUtDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGHDxRV
'HO8QLYHUVR(VWDEOH²&RQVWDQWH)XHFRQFHELGD
HQ SRU ORV DVWUyQRPRV EULWiQLFRV +HUQDQQ
%RQGL \ 7KRPDV *ROG H LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH SRU
)UHG +R\OHTXLHQHVDILUPDQTXHSHVHDODHYROX
FLyQGHJDOD[LDV\HVWUHOODVHOXQLYHUVRHQVXFRQMXQWR
SHUPDQHFH LQDOWHUDEOH SRU OD FRQWLQXD FUHDFLyQ GH
PDWHULD\HQHUJtDQXHYDHQIRUPDGHiWRPRVGHKLGUyJH
QRHVGHFLUTXHHOXQLYHUVRQXQFDWXYRXQSULQFLSLR
VLQRTXHKDHVWDGRHQFRQVWDQWHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ
\TXHHOKLGUyJHQRH[LVWHQWH
HOXQLYHUVRHVWDUtDSHUPLWLHQGRODFRQVWDQWHIRUPDFLyQGHJDOD[LDV\HVWUHOODVODV
TXHHVWDUtDQRFXSDQGRORVHVSDFLRVGHMDGRVSRUHODOHMDPLHQWRGHODVJDOD[LDV
'HO3URFHVR,QIODFLRQDULR7HRUtDLQIODFLRQDULDFRVPRORJtDWHRUtDGHV
DUUROODGDDFRPLHQ]RVGHODGpFDGDGHSRUHOItVLFRHVWDGRXQLGHQVH$ODQ*XWK
TXHWUDWDGHH[SOLFDUORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGHORVSULPHURVPRPHQWRVGHO8QLYHUVR'H
DFXHUGRFRQODWHRUtDGHOD*UDQ([SORVLyQRGHO%LJ%DQJJHQHUDOPHQWH
DFHSWDGDHO8QLYHUVR6XUJLyGHXQDH[SORVLyQLQLFLDOTXHRFDVLRQyODH[SDQVLyQGH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
OD PDWHULD GHVGH XQ HVWDGR GH FRQGHQVDFLyQ H[WUHPD 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ OD
IRUPXODFLyQ RULJLQDO GH OD WHRUtD GHO %LJ %DQJ TXHGDEDQ YDULRVSUREOHPDV VLQ
UHVROYHU
(OHVWDGRGHODPDWHULDHQODpSRFDGHODH[SORVLyQHUDWDOTXHQRVHSRGtDQDSOLFDU
ODVOH\HVItVLFDVQRUPDOHV(OJUDGRGHXQLIRUPLGDGREVHUYDGRHQHO8QLYHUVR
WDPELpQHUDGLItFLOGHH[SOLFDUSRUTXHGHDFXHUGRFRQHVWDWHRUtDHO8QLYHUVRVH
KDEUtDH[SDQGLGRFRQGHPDVLDGDUDSLGH]SDUDGHVDUUROODUHVWDXQLIRUPLGDG
*XWKEDVyVXWHRUtDLQIODFLRQDULDHQHOWUDEDMRGHItVLFRVFRPR6WHSKHQ+DZ
NLQJTXHKDEtDHVWXGLDGRFDPSRVJUDYLWDWRULRVVXPDPHQWHIXHUWHVFRPRORV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQODVSUR[LPLGDGHVGHXQDJXMHURQHJURRHQORVPLVPRV
LQLFLRVGHO8QLYHUVR(VWHWUDEDMRPXHVWUDTXHWRGDODPDWHULDGHO8QLYHUVRSRGUtD
KDEHUVLGRFUHDGDSRUIOXFWXDFLRQHVFXiQWLFDVHQXQHVSDFLRµYDFtR¶EDMR
FRQGLFLRQHVGHHVWHWLSR/DREUDGH*XWKXWLOL]DODWHRUtDGHOFDPSRXQLILFDGRSDUD
PRVWUDUTXHHQORVSULPHURVPRPHQWRVGHO8QLYHUVRSXGLHURQWHQHUOXJDUWUDQVLFLRQHV
GHIDVH\TXHXQDUHJLyQGHDTXHOFDyWLFRHVWDGRRULJLQDOSRGtDKDEHUVHKLQFKDGR
UiSLGDPHQWHSDUDSHUPLWLUTXHVHIRUPDUDXQDUHJLyQREVHUYDEOHGHO8QLYHUVR
)XHQWH%LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIW
(6758&785$
*DOD[LDV(OXQLYHUVR HVWi FRQIRUPDGRSRUPDFURVFRQJORPHUDGRVGH
FLHQWRV\PLOHV GH PLOORQHV GH GLIHUHQWHV HVWUHOODVFRQRFLGRVFRPR8QLYHU
VRV ,VODV SROYR FyVPLFR JDV LQWHUHVWHODU \ DJXMHURV QHJURV TXH RFXSDQ XQ
GHWHUPLQDGROXJDUHQHOHVSDFLR WRGDV LQWHUDFFLRQDQGR JUDYLWDWRULDOPHQWH \
RUELWDQGRDOUHGHGRUGHXQFHQWURFRP~Q
/DVJDOD[LDVVHDVRFLDQHQ
•
•
&~PXORVULFRVRUHJXODUHV TXHVRQGHVLPHWUtDHVIpULFD\FRQFHQ
WUDFLyQFHQWUDOHQODVTXHSUHGRPLQDQODVJDOD[LDVHOtSWLFDVROHQWL
FXODUHV
&~PXORV SREUHV RLUUHJXODUHV VLQ FRQFHQWUDFLyQ QL VLPHWUtD\FRQJD
OD[LDVGHWRGRWLSR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/DV JDOD[LDV FRQWLHQHQ F~PXORV GH HVWUHOODV KLGUyJHQR DWyPLFR KLGUyJHQRPROH
FXODU PROpFXODV GH KLGUyJHQR QLWUyJHQR FDUERQR \ VLOLFLR HQWUH RWURVHOHPHQWRV
\ UD\RVFyVPLFRV/D9tD/iFWHDFRPRXQWRGRVHPXHYHKDFLD
ODFRQVWHODFLyQ/HRDXQRVNPV
D 7LSRV&ODVLILFDFLyQPRUIROyJLFDHIHFWXDGDSRU(+XEEOHHQGLVWLQJXH
ORVVLJXLHQWHVWLSRVGHJDOD[LD
•
•
•
•
(VSLUDOHV 6 UHSUHVHQWDQ HO 6RQ DTXHOORV TXH SRVHHQ XQQ~FOHR
GHFRQJORPHUDGRGHHVWUHOODV(VWRVSXHGHQVHUGHGRVWLSRVHVSLUD
OHVEDUUDGDV\HVSLUDOHVQRUPDOHV/DVJDOD[LDVHVSLUDOHVVRQGLVFRV
DFKDWDGRVTXHFRQWLHQHQQRVyORDOJXQDVHVWUHOODVYLHMDVVLQRWDPELpQ
XQDJUDQSREODFLyQGHHVWUHOODVMyYHQHVEDVWDQWHJDV\SROYR\QX
EHV PROHFXODUHV TXH VRQ HO OXJDU GH QDFLPLHQWR GH ODV HVWUHOODV &RQ
IUHFXHQFLDODVUHJLRQHVTXH FRQWLHQHQHVWUHOODV MyYHQHV EULOODQWHV\ QX
EHV GH JDV HVWiQGLVSXHVWDV HQ JUDQGHV EUD]RV HVSLUDOHV TXH VH SXH
GHQREVHUYDUURGHDQGRDODJDOD[LD
•
(VSLUDO1RUPDO6 3UHVHQWDXQQ~FOHRQRUPDOGHOFXDOVREUH
VDOHQEUD]RVHQIRUPDGHHVSLUDO/DVHVWUHOODVTXHSUHVHQWDQ
PD\RUEULOORHQHVWDVJDOD[LDVVRQD]XOHVo
(MHPSOR 9tD/iFWHD$QGUyPHGD&DQJUHMR5HPROLQRHWF
•
3RUHOJUDGRGHHQUROODPLHQWR\ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO Q~FOHR \ GH ORV
EUD]RVVHFODVLILFDQHQDE F \ G 3RU HMHPSOR OD 9tD/iFWHD HV
XQD HVSLUDO QRUPDO GHOWLSR6E
(VSLUDOEDUUDGD6%3UHVHQWDXQQ~FOHRHQIRUPDGHXQDEDUUD
GLDPHWUDOGHOFXDOVREUHVDOHQORVEUD]RV(QHOFHQWURH[LVWHFRQFHQ
WUDFLyQGHPDWHULD(MHPSOR(O&~PXORGH+pUFXOHV0DUFDUtDQ
\6H\IHU
/HQWLFXODUHV/UHSUHVHQWDHOGHOWRWDOGHODVJDOD[LDV6RQPX\UL
FDVHQHVWUHOODVMyYHQHV\HQKLGUyJHQRHVWHODU
(OtSWLFDV(UHSUHVHQWDQHO6RQFRQJORPHUDGRVGHHVWUH
OODVHQIRUPDHOtSWLFD/DVJDOD[LDVOODPDGDVHOtSWLFDVFRQWLHQHQ
XQDJUDQSREODFLyQGHHVWUHOODVYLHMDVQRUPDOPHQWHSRFRJDV\SRO
YR \ DOJXQDV HVWUHOODV GH QXHYD IRUPDFLyQ /DV JDOD[LDV HOtSWLFDV
WLHQHQJUDQYDULHGDGGHWDPDxRVGHVGHJLJDQWHVDHQDQDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
(VWDV JDOD[LDV SUHVHQWDQ OD IRUPD GH XQ HOLSVRLGH DVt FRPR XQUHJXODU
DFKDWDPLHQWR VRQ FRQVLGHUDGDV JDOD[LDV YLDMHV SRU WHQHUFLHUWD RVFXUL
GDG(MHPSOR)RUPDN\(VFXOWRU
,UUHJXODUHV6RQDTXHOODVTXHFDUHFHQGHXQDIRUPDGHILQLGD
HOPDWHULDOHVWHODUVHHQFXHQWUDGHVRUGHQDGRFDUHFHQGHXQQ~FOHR
VRQODVPiVSHTXHxDV\SRFRIUHFXHQWHV(VWDVWLHQHQWDPELpQ JUDQ
GHVFDQWLGDGHVGHJDVSROYR \HVWUHOODVMyYHQHV SHUR VX GLVSRVLFLyQ
QR HV HQ IRUPD GH HVSLUDO (MHPSORODSHTXHxD\ODJUDQQXEHGH0DJD
OODQHV
•
E &RPSRVLFLyQGHOXQLYHUVR
(OHPHQWR
+LGURJHQR
+HOLR
2[LJHQR
1LWUyJHQR
&DUERQR
F3ULQFLSDOHVJDOD[LDV
3RUFHQWDMH
9Ì$/É&7($
•
•
•
•
/DYtD/iFWHDHVXQD*DOD[LDHOtSWLFDHVSLUDOQRUPDO6E GH
GLPHQVLRQHV PHGLDQDV (V FRQRFLGD FRPR ³&DPLQR D 6DQWLDJR´
SRUTXHVHUYLDGHRULHQWDFLyQDORVSHUHJULQRVTXHGHWRGD(XURSDYL
VLWDEDQ ODV WXPED GHO $SyVWRO 6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD HQ(V
SDxD
6XGHQRPLQDFLyQSURYLHQHGHVXDSDULHQFLDOHFKRVDR
EODQTXLQRVD<SRVHHXQ GLiPHWURHVGHDxRV /X]\VXHV
SHVRUDxRVOX]
3RVHH FLHQ PLO PLOORQHV GH HVWUHOODV SROYR \ JDV LQWHUHVWHODU TXH
JUDYLWDQ HQ WRUQR D VX Q~FOHR FHQWUDO \ WLHQH XQD DQWLJHGDG GH
PLOORQHVGHDxRV/DGLVWDQFLDTXHVHSDUDHO6ROGHOFHQWUR
GHODJDOD[LDHVGHDxRVOX]
$O LJXDO TXH WRGDV ODV JDOD[LDV OD QXHVWUD VH HQFXHQWUD HQ
H[SDQVLyQWHQLHQGRXQVHQWLGRGHURWDFLyQKRUDULRHQODUHJLyQGH
OD9tD/iFWHDGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUODYHORFL
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
GDG GH URWDFLyQ HV GH NPVHJ /R TXH VLJQLILFD TXH OD 9tD
/iFWHDGHPRUDXQRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVSDUDGDUXQDYXHOWD
FRPSOHWD
•
3UHVHQWD FXDWUR EUD]RV HVSLUDOHV ORV FXDOHV VRQ FRQRFLGRV FRPR
3HUVHR2ULyQHQFX\RLQWHULRUVHHQFXHQWUDHOVLVWHPD
SODQHWDULRVRODU6DJLWDULR&HQWDXUR\&LVQH
9LVWDGH)UHQWH
• 3HUVHR
• 2ULyQ636
• 6DJLWDULR
• &HQWDXUR
• &LVQH
%UD]RVGHOD9tD/iFWHD
9LVWDGH3HUILO
%XOER±1~FOHR
'LVFR±%UD]RVVRO3RVHHHOGHOD
PDVDWRWDO
([LVWHSRFDSREODFLyQGHHVWUHOODVYLHMDV\
GHQHEXORVDVSODQHWDULDV
• +DOR±&HUFR3UHGRPLQDHVWUHOODVYLHMDV
• &RURQD6XVWDQFLDJULVTXHERUGHDOD
•
•
•
9tD/iFWHD&DUHFHGHHVWUHOODV
/$*$/$;,$(1$1$6$*,7$5,2
•
'XUDQWHFLHQWRVGHDxRVORVDVWUyQRPRVKDQLQYHVWLJDGRSRUTXp
OD9tD/iFWHDVHREVHUYDFRQXQDLQFOLQDFLyQGHVGHQXHVWUR
SODQHWD /D UHVSXHVWD KD VLGR HQFRQWUDGD SRU XQ JUXSR GH
LQYHVWLJDGRUHVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHVTXHDILUPDQTXHOD7LHUUDQR
SHUWHQHFHDHOODVLQRDODJDOD[LDHQDQD6DJLWDULR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(ORULJHQUHDOGHQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUHVWiHQXQDJDOD[LD
HQDQD/D9tD/iFWHDHVWiHQJXOOHQGRDODSHTXHxDJDOD[LD(VWH
FRQMXQWRGHHVWUHOODVHQDQRIXHGHVFXELHUWRHQ
(OJUXSRGHDVWUyQRPRVUHDOL]yXQPDSHRGHLQIUDUURMRVGHO FLHOR
TXHPXHVWUDTXHHORULJHQUHDOGHQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUHVWiHQ
XQDJDOD[LDHQDQDTXHHVWiVLHQGRHQJXOOLGDSRUOD9tD/iFWHD
(O SUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQFDEH]DGRSRUOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH
0DVVDFKXVVHWVKDVLGRHOSULPHURHQPDSHDUWRGDODJDOD[LD
6DJLWDULR\PXHVWUDFRQWRGROXMRGHGHWDOOHVFRPRVXV
IUDJPHQWRVHQYXHOYHQ\DWUDYLHVDQDOD9tD/iFWHD
/DJDOD[LDHQDQD6DJLWDULRIXHGHVFXELHUWDHQ$QWHVGH
HVWH WUDEDMR ORV DVWUyQRPRV VyOR KDEtDQ ORFDOL]DGR DOJXQDV
HVWUHOODVGLVSHUVDVGHODJDOD[LDHQDQD6DJLWDULRTXHIXH
GHVFXELHUWDSRULQYHVWLJDGRUHVEULWiQLFRVHQ
6HJ~QLQGLFD0LFKDHO6NUXWVNLHFRDXWRUGHOHVWXGLR\SURIHVRUGH
DVWURQRPtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH9LUJLQLDSHUWHQHFHPRVDRWUD
JDOD[LDHQSURFHVRGHIXVLRQDUVHFRQOD9tD/iFWHDDKRUDSRUILQ
VDEHPRVHORULJHQGHOPLVWHULRVRiQJXORTXHDSDUHFHFDGDQRFKH
HQHOFLHOR
1HEXORVDV 6RQPDVDVGHJDVHV\ SHTXHxDVSDUWtFXODVGHSROYRTXHVH
SXHGH HQFRQWUDU SUiFWLFDPHQWH HQ FXDOTXLHU OXJDU GHO HVSDFLR LQWHUHVWHODU FRQRFL
GRV QRUPDOPHQWH FRPR F~PXORV GH HVWUHOODV (V HO OXJDU GRQGH VH FUHH TXH VH
RULJLQDQODVHVWUHOODV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
D &ODVLILFDFLyQ
'HSHQGLHQGRGHODHGDGGHODVHVWUHOODVFRQODVTXHHVWiQDVRFLDGDV
$VRFLDGDVDHVWUHOODVPX\
HYROXFLRQDGDV
3ODQHWDULDV
6RQFDSDV GHPDWH
ULDOGHODVTXHVH
GHVSUHQGLyXQDHVWUH
OODHYROXFLRQDGDGH
PDVDPHGLDGXUDQWH
VX~OWLPDHWDSDGH
HYROXFLyQGHJLJDQWH
URMDDQWHVGHFRQYHU
WLUVHHQHQDQDEODQ
FD
5HPDQHQWHVGH
VXSHUQRYDV
6RQUDGLRIXHQWHV
LQWHQVDVFRPR
FRQVHFXHQFLD
'HODVH[SORVLR
QHVTXHODVIRU
PDURQ\ORV
SUREDEOHVUHVWRV
GHS~OVDUHVHQ
TXHVHFRQYLUWLH
URQODVHVWUHOODV
RULJLQDULDV
$VRFLDGDVDHVWUHOODVPX\MyYHQHV
R HQSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQ
´REMHWRVKHUELJ
KDURµ
6RQSHTXHxDVQH
EXORVDVPX\EULOODQ
WHVTXHVHHQ
FXHQWUDQGHQWURGH
GHQVDVQXEHVLQWHU
HVWHODUHV\VRQ
SUREDEOHPHQWH
HOSURGXFWRGH
FKRUURVGHJDV
H[SHOLGRVSRUHVWUH
OODVHQSURFHVR GHIRUPDFLyQ
0ROHFXODUHV
6RQH[WUHPDGDPHQWH
JUDQGHVGHXQ
DQFKRGHPXFKRV
DxRVOX]FRQXQ
SHUILOLQGHILQLGR\ XQ
DSDULHQFLDWHQXH\
QHEOLQRVD
6HJ~Q DOSURFHVR TXH RULJLQD OD OX] TXH HPLWHQ ODV QHEXORVDV VHSXHGHQFODVL
ILFDUHQ
'HHPLVLyQ
'HUHIOH[LyQ
6RQDTXpOODVHQODVTXHOD 5HIOHMDQ \ GLVSHUVDQOD
UDGLDFLyQSURYLHQHGHOSRO OX]GHHVWUHOODVSRFR
YR
\ORVJDVHVLRQL
FDOLHQWHVGHVXVFHU
]DGRVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD FDQtDV/DV3Op\DGHVGH
GHOFDOHQWDPLHQWRDTXH 7DXURVRQXQEXHQ
VHYHQVRPHWLGDVSRUHV HMHPSORGHHVWUHOODV
WUHOODVFHUFDQDVPX\FD EULOODQWHVHQXQDQH
OLHQWHV$OJXQRVGHORV EXORVDGHUHIOH[LyQ
REMHWRVPiVVRUSUHQGHQWHV
GHOFLHORFRPRODQHEX
ORVDGH2ULyQ
- -
2VFXUDV
6RQQXEHV SRFROXPLQRVDV
TXHVHUHSUHVHQWDQFRPR
XQDPDQFKDRVFXUDDYH
FHVURGHDGDSRUXQKDOR
GHOX]/DUD]yQSRUODTXH
QRHPLWHQOX]HVTXH
ODVHVWUHOODVTXHKD\GHWUiV
VHHQFXHQWUDQDGHPD
VLDGDGLVWDQFLDSDUDFD
OHQWDUODQXEH
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
(VWUHOODV 6RQ FXHUSRVFHOHVWHV FRPSXHVWR GH JDVHV FDOLHQWHV TXH HPLWHQ
UDGLDFLyQHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDHQHVSHFLDOOX]FRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODVUHDFFLRQHV
WHUPRQXFOHDUHV/DVHVWUHOODVSUREDEOHPHQWHWLHQHQVXOXJDUGHRULJHQHQ
ODVQHEXORVDV\SUHVHQWDQXQPRYLPLHQWROODPDGR³&HQWHOOHRR7LQWLQHR´
/DHVWUHOODPiVFHUFDQDDODWLHUUDHV$OSKD&HQWDXUR XQRGHORVFRPSRQHQWHV
GH OD HVWUHOOD WULSOH $OSKD &HQWDXUR TXH HVWi D XQRVELOORQHVGHNLOyPHWURV
GHOD7LHUUDDxRVOX]/DVPiVEULOODQWHVVLULR&DQRSH$UWXUR
D 2ULJHQ GH ODV HVWUHOODV /DV HVWUHOODV WLHQHQ VX OXJDU GH RULJHQ HQ ODV
QHEXORVDV SXHV PXFKDV GH HOODV VRQ HMHPSOR GH TXH VH HVWiQ IRUPDQGR
HVWUHOODVHVHOFDVRGHODQHEXORVD2ULyQ/LUD7UtILGDHWF6H IRUPDQ DO LQWH
JUDUVH KLGURJHQR\SROYRFyVPLFRHOHPHQWRVTXHDEXQGDQ HQ OH FRVPRV
(O KLGURJHQR VH DJUXSD SRU HO FDPSRJUDYLWDFLRQDODOTXHOOHJDDDOFDQ]DU
HQVXSURFHVRHYROXWLYR
E (YROXFLyQGHODV(VWUHOODV1HEXORVDV $]XOHV $PDULOODV *LJDQ
WHV5RMDV
(QDQD%ODQFD
1RYD(VWUHOODGH1HXWURQHV 3XOVDU
6XSHUQRYD$JHUR1HJUR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
F&ODVLILFDFLyQ
E 'HDFXHUGRDVXPD\RURPHQRUEULOOR
• 6HJ~QVXEULOORH[LVWHQPDJQLWXGHVPDJQLWXGHVFRQRFLGDVGHVGH
7RORPHR
• /DVPDJQLWXGHVGHODOVRQREVHUYDGDVDVLPSOHYLVWD'HQWURGHHVWDV
ODVPiVEULOODQWHVVRQ6LULR\9HJDODVFXDOHVGHILQHQODSULPHUDPDJQLWXG
• /DVPDJQLWXGHVGHODOVRQYLVLEOHVFRQORVWHOHVFRSLRV
• /DVPDJQLWXGHVGHODOVRQLQYLVLEOHV\KDQVLGRGHVFX
ELHUWDVFRQORVUDGLRWHOHVFRSLRV
E 3RUVXWDPDxR
• 6~SHUJLJDQWHVURMDVFX\RUDGLRHVPLOYHFHVPD\RUTXHHOVRO
• *LJDQWHVURMDVXQDVFLHQYHFHVPD\RUHOUDGLRGHOVRO
• (QDQDVVHFODVLILFDQHQWUHV
• 6HFXHQFLDSULQFLSDOFRPRHOVRO
• (QDQDVEODQFDVYHFHVPiVSHTXHxDVTXHHOVRO
• (VWUHOODVGHQHXWURQHVYHFHVPDVSHTXHxDVTXHHOVRO
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E 3RUHOFRORU
$]XOHV PiVGH ž&
3OH\DGHV
%ODQFDV PiVGH ž&
6LULR\9HJD
$PDUEODQTXL]FDVPiVGH ž&
&DEUD\&DQRSXV
$PDULOODV
PiVGH ž&
6RO
$QDUDQMDGDV
PiVGH ž&
$UWXUR\DOGHOEDUDQ
5RMDV
PiVGH ž&
$QWDUHV\%HWHOJHXVH
F3ULQFLSDOHV
6RO
/DPiVFHUFDQDDODWLHUUD
&HQWDXUR /DPDVFHUFDQDDOVRO
6LULR
/DPiVEULOODQWH
$QWDUHV
/DPDVJUDQGHHQWUHODVYLVLEOHV7HOHVFRStDÏSWLFD
%HWHOJHXVH /DPDVJUDQGHHQWUHODV REVHUYDGDVUDGLRWHOHVFRStD
.XLSHU
/DPiVSHTXHxD
&RQVWHODFLRQHV6RQXQFRQJORPHUDGRGHHVWUHOODVTXHDOVHUXQLGDVSRU
OtQHDV LPDJLQDULDV IRUPDQ ILJXUDV UHOLJLRVDV R PLWROyJLFDV DQLPDOHV X REMHWRV
(VWHWpUPLQRWDPELpQVHUHILHUHDiUHDVGHOLPLWDGDVGHODHVIHUDFHOHVWH
TXH FRPSUHQGHQ ORV JUXSRV GH HVWUHOODV FRQ QRPEUH /D PD\RU HV OD +LGUD
+HPEUD OD PHQRU HV OD&UX] GHO 6XU (Q OD FRQVWHODFLyQ GHO &DQ0D\RU VH KDOOD
OD HVWUHOODTXHYHPRVPiVEULOODQWHVLULR(VWDVSXHGHQVHU
%25($/(6
=2',$&$/(6
$8675$/(6
8ELFDGDV\YLVWDVGHVGH 8ELFDGDV \ YLVWDV
8ELFDGDV \ YLVWDVGHVGH
HOKHPLVIHULR1RUWH
GHVGHOD OtQHDHFXDWR HOKHPLVIHULR6XU DXV
ERUHDORVHSWHQWULRQDO ULDORHTXLQRFFLDO
WUDORPHULGLRQDO
3ULQFLSDOHV&RQVWHODFLRQHV
&2167(/$&,Ð1
$1'5Ð0('$
$17/,$
$386
$48$5,86
$48,/$
$5$
(63$f2/
&2167(/$&,Ð1
(63$f2/
0iTXLQDQHXPiWLFD
/HR
/HR/HyQ
$QGUyPHGD
$YHGHO3DUDtVR
$FXDULR
ÉJXLOD
$OWDU
- -
/DFHUWD
/HR0LQRU
/HSXV
/LEUD
/XSXV
/DJDUWR
/HyQ0HQRU
/LHEUH
/LEUD%DODQ]D
/RER
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
$ULHV
$XULJD
%RRWHV
&DHOXP
&DPHORSDUGDOLV
&DQFHU
&DQHV9HQDWLFL
&DQLV0DLRU
&DQLV0LQRU
&DSULFRUQXV
&DULQD
&DVVLRSHLD
&HQWDXUXV
&HSKHXV
&HWXV
&KDPDHOHRQ
&LUFLQXV
&ROXPED
&RPD%HUHQLFHV
&RURQD$XVWUDOLV
&RURQD%RUHDOLV
&RUYXV
&UDWHU
&UX[
&\JQXV
'HOSKLQXV
'RUDGR
'UDFR
(TXXOHXV
(ULGDQXV
$ULHV&DUQHUR
&RFKHUR
%R\HUR
%XULO
-LUDID
&iQFHU
&DQJUHMR
/HEUHOHV
&DQ0D\RU
&DQ0HQRU
&DSULFRUQLR
4XLOOD
&DVLRSHD
&HQWDXUR
&HIHR
%DOOHQD
&DPDOHyQ
&RPSiV
3DORPD
&RPD%HUHQLFHV
&DEHOOHUDGH
%HUHQLFH
&RURQD$XVWUDO
&RURQD%RUHDO
&XHUYR
&RSD
&UX]GHO6XU
&LVQH
'HOItQ
'RUDGD
'UDJyQ
&DEDOOR0HQRU
(UtGDQR
GEOGRAFÍA
/\Q[
/\UD
0HQVD
0LFURVFRSLXP
0RQRFHURV
/LQFH
/LUD
0HVD
0LFURVFRSLR
8QLFRUQLR
0XVFD
1RUPD
2FWDQV
2SKLXFKXV
2ULRQ
3DYR
3HJDVXV
3HUVHXV
3KRHQL[
3LFWRU
3LVFHV
3LVFLV$XVWULQRV
3XSSLV
0RVFD
(VFXDGUD
2FWDQWH
2ILXFR
2ULyQ
3DYR
3HJDVR
3HUVHR
)pQL[
3LQWRU
3LVFLV3HFHV
3H]$XVWUDO
3RSD
%U~MXOD
3\[LV
5HWLFXOXP
6DJLWWD
6DJLWWDULXV
6FRUSLXV
6FXOSWRU
6FXWXP
6HUSHQV
6H[WDQV
7DXUXV
7HOHVFRSLXP
7ULDQJXOXP
- -
5HWtFXOR
)OHFKD
6DJLWDULR
(VFRUSLR
(VFXOWRU
(VFXGR
6HUSLHQWH
6H[WDQWH
7DXUR7RUR
7HOHVFRSLR
7ULiQJXOR
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
)RUQD[
*HPLQL
*UXV
+pUFXOHV
+RURORJLXP
+\GUD
+\GUXV
,QGXV
+RUQR
*pPLQLV
*HPHORV
*UXOOD
+pUFXOHV
5HORM
+LGUD
+LGUD$XVWUDO
,QGLR
GEOGRAFÍA
7ULDQJXOXP$XVWUDOH 7ULiQJXOR$XVWUDO
7XFDQD
8UVD0DLRU
8UVD0LQRU
9HOD
9LUJR
9RODQV
9XOSHFXOD
7XFiQ
2VD0D\RU
2VD0HQRU
9HOD
9LUJR9LUJHQ
3H]9RODGRU
=RUUD
)XHQWH%LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIWŠ(QFDUWDŠ‹
$JXMHURV QHJURV (VDTXHOODUHJLyQGHOHVSDFLRGRQGHXQDHVWUHOOD
1RYDR6XSHUQRYDHVWDOOyOXHJRGHSDVDUSRUODHVWUHOODGHQHXWURQHV(OFRQFHS
WRIXHDFXxDGRSRU-RQK:KHHOHU\GHVDUUROODGRSRU.DUO6FKZDU]VFKLOGHQ
VREUHODEDVHGHODWHRUtDGHODUHODWLYLGDGGH$OEHUW(LQVWHLQ
6H FDUDFWHUL]D SRU VHU XQ FXHUSR FHOHVWH FRQ XQ FDPSR JUDYLWDWRULR WDQ IXHUWH
TXHQLVLTXLHUDODUDGLDFLyQHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDSXHGHHVFDSDU GH VX SUR[LPL
GDG (O FXHUSR HVWi URGHDGR SRU XQD IURQWHUD HVIpULFD OODPDGD KRUL]RQWH GH
VXFHVRVDWUDYpVGHODFXDOODOX]SXHGHHQWUDUSHURQRSXHGHVDOLUSRU
ORTXHSDUHFHVHUFRPSOHWDPHQWHQHJUR
0LFURVRIW&RUSRUDWLRQ5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV
¢&yPRVHIRUPDQORVDJXMHURVQHJURV"
/RV DJXMHURV QHJURV SXHGHQ IRUPDUVH GXUDQWH HO WUDQVFXUVR GH OD HYROXFLyQ
HVWHODU&XDQGRHOFRPEXVWLEOHQXFOHDUVHDJRWDHQHOQ~FOHRGHXQDHVWUHOODOD
SUHVLyQ DVRFLDGD FRQ HO FDORUTXH SURGXFH\DQRHVVXILFLHQWHSDUDLPSHGLUODFRQ
WUDFFLyQGHOQ~FOHRGHELGDDVXSURSLDJUDYHGDG
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6H IRUPD WUDV HO GHUUXPEH GH XQ JLJDQWHVFD HVWUHOOD FRQ XQD PDVDFXDWURYHFHV
PD\RUDODGHOVROODPDWHULDGHGLFKDHVWUHOODVHFRPSULPH \ WHUPLQD SRU VHU
WDQGHQVD TXHVXIXHU]D GHJUDYLWDFLyQQRSHUPLWHHOSDVRGHODOX]VRODU
3XOVDU (VWUHOOD GH QHXWURQHV HQ URWDFLyQ TXH HPLWH SXOVDFLRQHV GH RQGDV
GHUDGLRFXDQGRVXFDPSRPDJQpWLFRLQWHUDFFLRQDFRQHOFDPSR PDJQpWLFR
TXHORURGHDODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDSULQFLSDOGHXQSXOVDU HV TXH VX PRYLPLHQWR GH
URWDFLyQ HV PX\ UiSLGD \ HVD JUDQYHORFLGDGHVRULJLQDGDSRUVXJUDQFRQWUDF
FLyQ7DPELpQVHFUHHTXHODVSXOVDFLRQHVVHGHEHQDVXFRQWUDFFLyQ\H[
SDQVLyQWDQYHOR]ORTXHJHQHUDODVRQGDVSHQVDQWHV)XHGHVFXELHUWRSRU
-RFHO\Q%HOOHQ
4XiVDU$FUyQLPRGHTXDVLVWHOODUUDGLRVRXUFHIXHQWHGHUDGLRFXDVLHV
WHODUFXDOTXLHUREMHWRVHPHMDQWHDODVHVWUHOODVFRQXQHVSHFWUR
TXH
SUHVHQWDXQIXHUWHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVWiDSDUHQWHPHQWHPX\OHMRV\HPLWHHQRU
PHV FDQWLGDGHV GH HQHUJtD /RV FXiVDUHV SDUHFHQ HVWUHOODV JLJDQWHV /RV
SULPHURVTXiVDUHVGHVFXELHUWRVDILQDOHVGHIXHURQLGHQWLILFDGRVFRPRIXHQ
WHV GH XQD LQWHQVD UDGLRHPLVLyQ (O SULPHU TXDVDU HVWXGLDGR HV HO & \ VH
HQFXHQWUDDPLOORQHVGHDxRVOX]GHODWLHUUD
(VWUHOODGHQHXWURQHV6RQHVWUHOODVTXHSDVDURQGHHVWUHOODURMD
D QRYDOXHJRVHFRPSULPHODSDUWHFHQWUDOIRUPDQGRQHXWURQHV\FXDQGRHVWUH
OODORVQHXWURQHVDGTXLHUHQPD\RUPRYLPLHQWR\VH
FRQYLHUWHQHQ3XOVDU
1RYD (VWUHOODV HQHQDQDV TXH DXPHQWDQ VX EULOOR SRU ODV FRQVWDQWHV H[SOR
VLRQHV TXHVXIUHQVHYHQFRPR HVWUHOODVQXHYDVFRQ EULOORTXHVXSHUDODVPLO
YHFHVDVXEULOORLQLFLDO/DPDWHULDOLEHUDGDIRUPDDVXDOUHGHGRUXQDQXEHGHQRPL
QDGDFRPRQHEXORVDSODQWHDUtD
6~SHU1RYDV(VWUHOODVTXHDOH[SORVLRQDUVHGHVLQWHJUDQGDQGRRULJHQD
ODVHVWUHOODVGHQHXWURQHV\HQRWURVDDJHURVQHJURV
(QDQD%ODQFDV(VWUHOODVGHQVDV\FDOLHQWHVFXOPLQDFLyQGHXQDHVWUH
OODTXHSRVHHXQDPHQRUFDQWLGDGGHPDVDHQVXHWDSDILQDO
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
6,67(0$3/$1(7$5,262/$5
&21&(372
•
•
•
•
•
•
(O 6LVWHPD 3ODQHWDULR 6RODU 636 HVWi IRUPDGRSRU XQD HVWUHOOD HO 6RO
RFKRSODQHWDVJLUDQGRDOUHGHGRUGHOVROHQIRUPDHOtSWLFDSODQHWDV
HQDQRV \ VDWpOLWHV PLOHV GH DVWHURLGHV FRPHWDV PHWHRURV SROYR \
JDVLQWHUSODQHWDULR
/DVGLPHQVLRQHVGHHVWHVLVWHPDVHHVSHFLILFDQHQWpUPLQRVGH
GLVWDQFLDPHGLDGHOD7LHUUDDO6RO GHQRPLQDGDXQLGDGDVWURQyPLFD
8$8QD8$FRUUHVSRQGHDXQRVPLOORQHVGHNLOyPHWURV
'LVWDQFLDSURPHGLRHQWUHHOVRO\ODWLHUUD
/DIURQWHUDHQWUHHO6LVWHPD6RODU\HOHVSDFLRLQWHUHVWHODUOODPDGD
KHOLRSDXVDVHVXSRQHTXHVHHQFXHQWUDD8$DOOtHVGRQGH
FXOPLQDODLQIOXHQFLDGHORVUD\RVVRODUHV
+DVWDQXHVWUR636HUDHO~QLFRFRQRFLGRSRUODKXPDQLGDGDxRHQ
TXHORVDVWUyQRPRVGHVFXEULHURQXQSODQHWDFRQXQDPDVDFRPSDUDEOHD
ODGH-~SLWHURUELWDQGRHQWRUQRDODHVWUHOOD3HJDVL VHPHMDQWHDO6RO
\ HQHQHURGHVHDQXQFLyHOGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHRWURVGRVVLVWH
PDVSODQHWDULRVH[WUDVRODUHV 'HVGHTXHHQVHGHVFXEULyHOSULPHU
SODQHWDIXHUDGHQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUVHKDQGHWHFWDGR\DPiVGHGH
HVWRVSODQHWDVOODPDGRVSODQHWDVH[WUDVRODUHV
6HFDOFXODTXH636VHIRUPyDSUR[+DFHPLOORQHVGHDxRV
WHQLHQGRFRPRQ~FOHRDO6ROODPLVPDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDFRQIRUPDGR
SRU+LGURJHQR+HOLR2WURV
'HEHPRVUHFRUGDUTXHODOX]GHO6ROWDUGDHQOOHJDUDODWLHUUDPLQXWRV
VHJXQGRVDXQDYHORFLGDGGH.PV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
7(25Ì$662%5((/25,*(1
1(%8/$5
,PPDQXHO.DQW\
3LHUUH6LPyQ/DSOD
FH
(1&8(17526
',1É0,&26)86,
)250(
&KDPEHUOLQ
0RXOWRQ
-HIUH\V
-HDQV
'(/352723/$1(7$'(
.8,3(5
*HUDUG3LHWHU
.XLSHU
27726&+0,'7
5HSUHVHQWDQWHV
2WWR6FKPLGW
'()(6(1
.29
7HRUtDV
9DVLOL)HVHQNRY
$5*80(172
GEOGRAFÍA
6HRULJLQyDSDUWLUGHXQDQHEXORVD JD
VHRVDHLQFDQGHVFHQWHHQURWDFLyQ$OFRQFHQWUDU
VH OHQWDPHQWH OD PDVD FHQWUDO DGTXLULy PD\RU
YHORFLGDGPLHQWUDVTXHHOUHVWRVHJXLUtDHOSURFHVR
GHFRQFHQWUDFLyQVXFHVLYD3RUORTXHHOVROTXHGDUtD
URGHDGR GH DQLOORV XELFDGRV HQ HO PLVPR SODQR \
JLUDQGR HQ HO PLVPR VHQWLGR )LQDOPHQWH ORV
HOHPHQWRVGLVSHUVRVGHFDGDDQLOORVHFRQGHQVDUtDQ
GDQGRRULJHQDORVSODQHWDV
2WUD HVWUHOOD SXGR KDEpUVHOH DFHUFDGR DO VRO
SURYRFDGRXQDHQRUPHPDUHDGHPDWHULDVSURYH
QLHQWHV GHO VRO FRQIRUPDGR SRU GRV HQRUPHV EUD
]RV JDVHRVRV D SDUWLU GH ODV FXDOHV VH KDEUtDQ
IRUPDGR OD PDWHULD VyOLGD TXH GLR RULJHQ D ORV
SODQHWDV\VDWpOLWHV<ORVJDVHVFDOLHQWHVGHVRU
JDQL]DGRV SRU ODV PDUHDV VH GLVSHUVDUtDQ HQ
OXJDUGHFRQGHQVDUVHSDUDIRUPDUORVSODQHWDV
(O636VHKDEtDIRUPDGRHPSH]DGRFRQODFRQFHQ
WUDFLyQ GH JDVHV \ SDUWtFXODV TXH KDEUtDQ RULJLQDGR
HOVROURGHDGRGHXQDQHEXORVDDPDQHUDGHXQ
GLVFR DFKDWDGR GH OHQWD URWDFLyQ SRU VHU IUtD HUD
LQHVWDEOHHQVXLQWHULRU(QXQGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWR
OD QHEXORVD KDEUtD FRPHQ]DGR D FRQFHQWUDVH \ D
LQFUHPHQWDU VX WHPSHUDWXUD SRU HOOR KDEUtD LGR
IUDJPHQWiQGRVH HQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV PiV SHTXHxDV
OODPDGDV ³SURWRSODQHWDV´ \ D SDUWLU GH HVRV SURWR
SODQHWDVVHKDEUtDIRUPDGRORVSODQHWDV\ODSDUWH
PiVJUDQGHKDEUtDRULJLQDGRHOVRO
9DULRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVDWUiVHOVRODWUDMRXQD
HQRUPHQXEHGHJDV\SROYR/DQXEHHPSH]yD
JLUDU DOUHGHGRU GHO VRO PLHQWUDV VXV SDUWtFXODV VH
PRYtDQ GHVRUGHQDGDPHQWH OXHJR IXHURQ FRQVWL
WX\pQGRVH ODV QXEHV SODQHWDULDV XQDV WUDV RWUDV \
OXHJRFUHFLHURQ\VHWUDQVIRUPDURQHQFXHUSRVGXURV
KDVWDIRUPDUSHTXHxRVSODQHWDV
6RVWLHQH TXH HO VRO \ ORV SODQHWDV WLHQHQ OD PLVPD
HGDGSRUTXHHOVRO\ORVSODQHWDVVHIRUPDURQ
HQHOPLVPRWLHPSRGHODPLVPDVXVWDQFLDSULPD
ULD GH JDV \ SROYR FyVPLFR D WUDYpV GH XQ
SURFHVRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\FRQGHQVDFLyQ
- -
$&78$/(6
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/DVWHRUtDVDFWXDOHVFRQHFWDQODIRUPDFLyQGHO636FRQODIRUPDFLyQGHOVRO
RFXUULGD KDFH XQRV PLOORQHV GH DxRV /D IUDJPHQWDFLyQ \ HO FRODSVR
JUDYLWDFLRQDOGHXQDQXEHLQWHUHVWHODUGHJDV\SROYRSURYRFDGDTXL]i
SRUODVH[SORVLRQHVGHXQDVXSHUQRYDFHUFDQDSXHGHKDEHUFRQGXFLGRD
OD IRUPDFLyQ GH XQD QHEXORVD VRODU SULPRUGLDO $ JUDQGHV GLVWDQFLDV GHO
FHQWURGHODQHEXORVDVRODUORVJDVHVVHFRQGHQVDQHQVyOLGRVFRPRORV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQKR\HQODSDUWHH[WHUQDGH-~SLWHU
(VWDDVRFLDFLyQGHODIRUPDFLyQGHSODQHWDVFRQODIRUPDFLyQGHHVWUH
OODVVXJLHUHTXHPLOHVGHPLOORQHVGHRWUDVHVWUHOODVGHQXHVWUDJDOD[LDWDP
ELpQSXHGHQWHQHUSODQHWDV/DDEXQGDQFLDGHHVWUOODVP~OWLSOHV\ELQD
ULDVDVtFRPRGHJUDQGHVVLVWHPDVGHVDWpOWHVDOUHGHGRUGH-~SLWHU\
VDWXUQRDWHVWLJXDQODWHQGHQFLDGHOFRODSVRGHODQXEHGHJDVIUDJPHQWiQGR
VHHQVLVWHPDVGHFXHUSRVP~OWLSOHV
(6758&785$
3ODQHWDV (QJULHJRVLJQLILFD³HUUDQWHYDJDEXQGR´ 6RQDVWURVRSDFRV
TXH JLUDQ DOUHGHGRU GHO VRO VLJXLHQGR XQD WUD\HFWRULD HOtSWLFD (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG VH
FRQRFHQRFKRSODQHWDVSULQFLSDOHV1RUPDOPHQWHVH GLYLGHQ HQ GRV JUXSRV 3ODQH
WDV LQWHULRUHV \ SODQHWDV H[WHULRUHVSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHOFLQWXUyQGHDVWHURLGHVTXH
VHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUHODVRUELWDVGH0DUWH\-~SLWHU
,17(5,25(6
6HFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHUSHTXH
xRV\WHQHUXQDFRPSRVLFLyQ
VREUHWRGRGHURFD\KLHUUR
(QWUHHOORVVHHQFXHQWUDQ0HU
FXULR9HQXV7LHUUD\0DUWH
- -
(;7(5,25(6
6HFDUDFWHUL]DQH[FHSWR3OXWyQ
SRUVHUPD\RUHV\JDVHRVRV
VHFRPSRQHQSULQFLSDOPHQWHGH
KLGUyJHQRKLHOR\KHOLR(QWUH
HOORVVHHQFXHQWUDQ-~SLWHU
6DWXUQR8UDQR\1HSWXQR
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
0iVJUDQGH
0iVSHUIHFWR
0DVGHQVR
0iVVDWpOLWHV
0DVDOHMDGR
-~SLWHU
7LHUUD
7LHUUD
6DWXUQR
1HSWXQR
GEOGRAFÍA
3/$1(7$6
0iVSHTXHxR 0HUFXULR
0iVDFKDWDGR 6DWXUQR
0iVOLYLDQR 6DWXUQR
0HQRVVDWpOLWHV7LHUUD
0iVFHUFD 0HUFXULR
D %UHYHGHVFULSFLyQ
3/$
029,
1(7$6 0,(1726
&$5$&7(5,67,&$6
•
•
0(5&85,2
•
5 •
GW
7 GtDV •
WHUUHVWUHV
'HVGHODWLHUUDVHOHYHPX\RVFXURGHELGRDO
GHVOXPEUDPLHQWRSURGXFLGRSRUHO6RO
&DUHFHGHDWPyVIHUDFRPSXHVWRIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSR
KLHUUR
6XSHUILFLHPDUFDGDSRULPSDFWRVGHDVWHURLGHV&UiWHUHVSRUOR
TXHVXVXSHUILFLHVHDVHPHMDDOD/XQD
3RUVXFHUFDQtDDO6ROUHFLEHYHFHVPDVHQHUJtDTXHODWLHUUD
ORTXHGHWHUPLQDODGLIHUHQFLDGH7HPSHUDWXUDGH'tDž\GH
1RFKHž&3UHVHQWDQGRODPD\RUDPSOLWXGWpUPLFD
(VHOHQLQFOLQDFLyQGHVXRUELWDUHVSHFWRDOSODQRGHODHFOtSWL
FDHQFXDQWRDODLQFOLQDFLyQGHVXHMHHVHOTXHWLHQHPHQRU
LQFOLQDFLyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
•
9(186
•
5 •
GW
7 •
•
GW
UHWURJUDGR
0$57(
7,(55$
•
3ODQHWDTXHWLHQHPiVEULOOROXFHURGHODOEDROXFHURYHV
SHUWLQR
'HVSXpVGHO6RO\ODOXQDHVHODVWURGHPD\RUEULOORHQHOVLVWH
PD
6XPD\RUPRQWDxDHV0D[ZHOO0RQVFRQPWVGH
DOWXUD
(VHOSODQHWDHQHOTXHVXGtDGXUDPiVTXHVXDxRGHELGRD HOOR
QRSRVHHFDPSRPDJQpWLFR
(V UHWURJUDGR VL HVWXYLpUDPRV HQ 9HQXV YHUtDPRV DSDUHFHU HO
6ROSRUHORHVWH
1RWLHQHVDWpOLWHV
3UHVHQWD OD PD\RU WHPSHUDWXUD ƒ& GH GtD \ QRFKH
UHVSHFWRDORVGHPiVSODQHWDVGHELGR DTXHVXDWPyVIHUD
HVWDFRPSXHVWDSRUGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRORTXH
SURGXFHHOHIHFWRLQYHUQDGHUR
)XH HO SULPHUR HQ UHFLELU XQ YHKtFXOR HVSDFLDO QR WULSXODGR (O
9HQHUD\LQGLFDQTXHWLHQHJUDQDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD\ JUDQ
FDQWLGDGGHFDGHQDVPRQWDxRVDV
•
(VHOPiVJUDQGHGHORVSODQHWDVLQWHULRUHV
&RORUD]XOFRQSDUWHVEODQFDVSRUODVPDVDVQXERVDV
(VHOPiVGHQVRFP
3UHVHQWDPHQRUDPSOLWXGWpUPLFD
$WPyVIHUDULFDHQR[tJHQRWHPSHUDWXUDVPRGHUDGDVFRQ
DEXQGDQWHDJXD\XQDFRPSRVLFLyQTXtPLFDYDULDGD
ÒQLFRSODQHWDFRQRFLGRTXHDOEHUJDYLGD
&RPSXHVWRSRUURFDV\PHWDOHVVyOLGRVHQHOH[WHULRUSHURIXQ
GLGRVHQHOQ~FOHR
7LHQH~QLFRVDWpOLWHGHQRPLQDGR/XQD
•
•
•
•
3UHVHQWDXQUHOLHYHSDUHFLGRDODWLHUUD
(QVXUHOLHYHHVWDODPRQWDxDPiVDOWDGHOVLVWHPDHO
2O\PSXVFX\DDOWXUDHVWUHVYHFHVODGHO(YHUHVW
$WPyVIHUDFRPSXHVWRSRU&2\SHTXHxDVFDQWLGDGHVGH
•
•
5 •
KRUDV¶\ •
Ž
•
7 GtDV •
KRUDV¶ •
\ Ž
5 KRUDV¶\
Ž
7 GtDV
WHUUHVWUHV
GEOGRAFÍA
•
•
•
•
12\YDSRUGH+23ODQHWDVHFR\IUtRFRQFDSDVSRODUHVGH&2
%ULOODFRQOX]URML]D6XVXSHUILFLHHVDFFLGHQWDGD
3RVHHGRVVDWpOLWHV)2%26PLHGRGH.P(OPiVGH
GLiPHWURVLHQGRHOPiVJUDQGH\'(,026WHUURUGH.P
GHGLiPHWURHOPiVOHMDQR/DVXSHUILFLHGHDPERVHVPX\RVFXUD
•
7HPSHUDWXUDVYDULDQWHVGHKDVWDžFHQWUHHOGtD\OD QR
FKH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
-Ó3,7(5
•
5 +RUDVWH
UUHVWUHV
7 DxRVWHUUHV
WUHV
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
6$78512
•
5 ¶\
Ž
WHUUHVWUHV
7 DW
•
•
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(VHOPiVJUDQGHGHORVSODQHWDVFRQXQYROXPHQGHYH
FHVHOGHOD7LHUUD
6XPDVDHVYHFHVPiVTXHWRGRVORVSODQHWDVGHO6LV
WHPD6RODU6HSXHGHGHFLUTXHHO6RO\-~SLWHUWLHQHHO
GHODPDVDGHOVLVWHPDVRODU
6XDWPyVIHUDGH+\+HFRQWLHQHQXEHVGHFRORUSDVWHO\VXLQ
PHQVDPDJQHWRVIHUDDQLOORV\VDWpOLWHVORFRQYLHUWHQHQXQ
VLVWHPDSODQHWDULRHQVtPLVPR
(OSODQHWDSUHVHQWDFXDWURPD\RUHVVDWpOLWHVFRQRFLGRV(X
URSDËR&DOLVWR\*DQLPHGHV3RVHHPiVGHVDWpOLWHV
(OSULPHUYHKtFXORODQ]DGRD-~SLWHUIXHHO3LRQHHU;\OXHJROH
VLJXLHURQHO9R\DJHU,\,,
6XFRORUHVHOJULVQDFDUDGR
5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHž&
6HJXQGRSODQHWDPiVJUDQGH\VHGLVWLQJXHSRUVXV
HQRUPHVVHLVDQLOORVFULVWDOLQRVGHURFD\PD\RUQ~PHURGHVDWp
OLWHV
7LHQHODGHQVLGDGPHQRUTXHHODJXDORTXHHTXLYDOHD
GHFLUTXHSXHGHIORWDUHQHODJXD
(VHOSODQHWDPDVGHIRUPH
3UHVHQWDHO6LVWHPDGHDQLOORVPiVQtWLGRVORVFXDOHVHVWiQFRQ
IRUPDGRVSRUIUDJPHQWRVGHSDUWtFXODVURFRVDV\KLHOR
/RVDQLOORVVRQHQWRWDO$%&'()*
3UHVHQWDDOJRGHVDWpOLWHVGHORVFXDOHV7LWiQHVHOPiVJUDQ
GH\HOSULPHURHQVHUGHVFXELHUWRHQ
5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHž&
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
85$12
•
5 •
KRUDV
•
7 DxRVWHUUHV •
WUHV
1(37812
•
•
•
5 KRUDV7H
UUHVWUHV
•
•
•
•
7 DW
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(VHOWHUFHUSODQHWDPiVJUDQGHFRORUD]XOYHUGRVRGHELGRDOD
SUHVHQFLDGHOJDVPHWDQR
3UHVHQWDXQVLVWHPDWHQXHGHDQLOORVGHVFXELHUWRVHQHO
WRWDOHVGH
)XHHOSULPHURHQGHVFXEULUVHSRUWHOHVFRSLRSRU:LOOLDP
+HUVFKHOHQ
3UHVHQWDXQHMHGHURWDFLyQPX\LQFOLQDGRORTXHOHKDFHJLUDU
GHFRVWDGRIRUPDXQiQJXORGHƒFRQHOSODQRGHVXyUELWD
3RVHHYDULRVVDWpOLWHVGRQGH7LWDQLDHVHOGHPD\RU
GLPHQVLyQ
3UHVHQWHHQVXDWPyVIHUDIUtD\FODUD\HVWDFXELHUWDGH
KLHOR
7LHQHXQPRYLPLHQWRUHWUyJUDGRDOLJXDOTXH9HQXV
5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHž&
/DQRFKH\HOGtDGXUDQDxRVWHUUHVWUHVFDGDXQR
(VHOFXDUWRSODQHWDPiVJUDQGH
'HVFXELHUWRSRU-RKDQ*DOOHHQ
3UHVHQWDXQFRORUURMRPXHVWUDODOX]GHO6ROGLVSHUVDSRUXQD
FDSDGHQHEOLQDDOUHGHGRUGHOSODQHWDVXFRQVLVWHQFLDHVJDVHR
VD
([LVWHODSUHVHQFLDGHD]XOYHUGRVRTXHLQGLFDHOPHWDQR\GH
PDQFKDVEODQFDVTXHVRQQXEHVHQODSDUWHDOWDGHVXDWPyVIH
UD
5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHž&
'HVXVVDWpOLWHV7ULWyQHVHOPD\RU\1HUHLGDHOPDVSH
TXHxR
E3ODQHWDV(QDQRV(VHOWpUPLQRFUHDGRSRUOD8QLyQ$VWURQyPLFD
,QWHUQDFLRQDO 8$, SDUD GHILQLU D XQD QXHYD FODVH GH FXHUSRV FHOHVWHV
GLIHUHQWH GH ODGHSODQHWD\ GHOD GH FXHUSRPHQRU GHO6LVWHPD 6RODU )XH
LQWURGXFLGD HQ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH OD 8$, GH GHDJRVWR GH VREUH OD GHILQL
FLyQ GH SODQHWD SDUD ORV FXHUSRV GHO 6LVWHPD 6RODU 8Q SODQHWD HQDQR HV DTXHO
FXHUSRFHOHVWHTXH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(VWiHQyUELWDDOUHGHGRUGHO6RO
7LHQH VXILFLHQWH PDVD SDUD TXH VX SURSLD JUDYHGDG KD\DVXSHUDGR
ODIXHU]DGHFXHUSRUtJLGRGH PDQHUDTXHDGTXLHUDXQHTXLOLEULRKLGURVWi
WLFRIRUPDFDVLHVIpULFD
1RHVXQVDWpOLWHGHXQSODQHWDXRWURFXHUSRQRHVWHODU
1RKDOLPSLDGRODYHFLQGDGGHVXyUELWD
6HJ~Q HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH ORV SODQHWDV FOiVLFRV\ORVSODQH
WDVHQDQRVHVTXHHVWRV~OWLPRVQRKDQOLPSLDGRODYHFLQGDGGH VX yUELWD
HVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVXJLHUHXQRULJHQGLVWLQWRSDUDORVGRVWLSRVGHSODQHWD/D8$,
KDLGHQWLILFDGRRILFLDOPHQWHWUHVFXHUSRVFHOHVWHVTXHUHFLELHURQLQPHGLDWDPHQWHOD
FODVLILFDFLyQGHSODQHWDVHQDQRV 3OXWyQ&HUHV\(ULV
1RPEUH
1~PHURGHO03&
5HJLyQGHO
6LVWHPD6RODU
3/$1(7$6(1$126
&HUHV
&LQWXUyQGH
DVWHURLGHV
3OXWyQ
&LQWXUyQGH
.XLSHU
(ULV
'LVFRGLV
SHUVR
(O6RO(O6ROHVXQDHVWUHOODGHHGDGPHGLDTXHEULOODFRQOX]DPDULOOH
UDQWDVHHQFXHQWUDHQODSHULIHULDHQXQEUD]RHVSLUDOTXHGLVWDGHOFHQWURXQRV
DxRVOX]GHOD9tD/iFWHD
(O6ROHVODHVWUHOODTXHSRUHOHIHFWRJUDYLWDFLRQDOGHVXPDVDGRPLQDHO
VLVWHPD SODQHWDULR TXH LQFOX\H D OD 7LHUUD 0HGLDQWH OD UDGLDFLyQ GH VX
HQHUJtDHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDDSRUWDGLUHFWDRLQGLUHFWDPHQWHWRGDODHQHUJtD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
D(VWUXFWXUD
3$57(6
&$5$&7(5,67,&$6
=RQDLQWHUQDIRUPDGDSRUKLGURJHQR\KHOLR
6XGLiPHWURVHFDOFXODHQDOJRPiVGHPLONP
=RQDGRQGHVHSURGXFHODIXVLyQWHUPRQXFOHDU
5HJLVWUD XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH PLOORQHV GH JUDGRV FHQWtJUDGRV \
VHHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGROtTXLGR
• (VHOFHQWURJHQHUDGRUGHODHQHUJtDVRODUHQHOQ~FOHRVHJHQHUD
ODHQHUJtDHPLWLGDSRUHO6RO(QHOQ~FOHRHOKLGURJHQRVH
FRQYLHUWHHQKHOLRSRUIXVLyQQXFOHDUSURFHVRHQHOTXHVHOL
EHUDHQHUJtDODFXDOOOHJDDODIRWRVIHUD\DEDQGRQDHOVROHQ
IRUPDGHOX]\FDORUOOHJDQGRDODWLHUUDXQDSHTXHxDIUDFFLyQ
TXHDOFDQ]D\VREUDSDUDVRVWHQHUODYLGDHQQXHVWURSODQHWD
•
•
•
•
1Ó&/(2
GEOGRAFÍA
- -
&2521$
&52026)(5$
)2726)(5$
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
• /D]RQDGHUDGLDFLyQHQYXHOYHDOQ~FOHRHVWD]RQDHVXQD
FDSDHVIpULFDGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLO.PGHHVSHVRUFX\D
SUHVLyQ \ GHQVLGDG EDMDQ XQLIRUPHPHQWH SHUR OD WHPSHUDWXUD VH
PDQWLHQHHQPLOORQHVGHJUDGRVFHQWtJUDGRV
• /D ]RQD GH FRQYHFFLyQ HV OD PiV DFWLYD \ OD PiV FRPSOHMD WLHQH
XQRV PLO .P OD WHPSHUDWXUD EDMD DEUXSWDPHQWH /D VXSHUILFLH
GHOVROHQ HOHVSHFWURYLVLEOHVHOODPDIRWRVIHUD\SUHVHQWD
GLYHUVDVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGHODDFWLYLGDGVRODUFRPRSUR
WXEHUDQFLDVHVSHFXODVDUFRVPDJQpWLFRVIiFXODV\PDQFKDV
VRODUHV(VWDDFWLYLGDGDOFDQ]DVXSLFRFDGDDxRVGXUDFLyQGHO
FLFORVRODUFX\RPHFDQLVPRDXQQRVHFRQRFHELHQ6XWHPSHUDWXUD
HVGHJF
• 6LJQLILFDHVIHUDGHOX]
• &DSDH[WHUQDGHO6ROIRUPDGDSRUJDVHVLRQL]DGRVTXHHPLWHQOX]
HQHVWDGRLQFDQGHVFHQWHGHXQRV.PGHHVSHVRU
• 'HVGHpVWDFDSDVHLUUDGLDODWRWDOLGDGGHOX]\FDORUDOHVSDFLR
• 5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHXQRVƒ&
• $SDUHFHQODVPDQFKDVRVFXUDV\ODVIiFXODV
• 6LJQLILFDHVIHUDGHFRORU
• =RQDVXSHULRUGHODHQYROWXUDJDVHRVDGHO6ROGHFRORUURMR\
FRQVWLWXLGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUKLGUyJHQRLQIODPDGR
• 6yORSXHGHVHUYLVWDHQODWRWDOLGDGGHXQHFOLSVHGH6RO
• (VWDIRUPDGDSRUJDVHVHQUDUHFLGRV\HQHOODH[LVWHQIRUWtVL
PRVFDPSRVPDJQpWLFRV6XWHPSHUDWXUDHVGHž&
• $TXtVHSURGXFHQODVIXOJXUDFLRQHV\ODVSURWXEHUDQFLDV
• &DSDGHJUDQH[WHQVLyQWHPSHUDWXUDVDOWDV\GHEDMtVLPDGHQVLGDG
• (VWi IRUPDGD SRU JDVHV HQUDUHFLGRV \ JLJDQWHVFRV
FDPSRVPDJQpWLFRVTXHYDUtDQVXIRUPDGHKRUDHQKRUD
• (VXQDHVSHFLHGHDQLOORVyORYLVLEOHHQHFOLSVHVWRWDOGHOVRO
HVWiIRUPDGRSRUYDSRUHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDVGHPLOORQHVGHž&
F 0RYLPLHQWRV
5RWDFLyQ(QWRUQRDVXHMHORUHDOL]DHQXQWLHPSRSURPHGLRGHDGtDVSHUR
QRUHDOL]DHOPRYLPLHQWRFRPRXQFXHUSRVyOLGR\DTXHSUHVHQWD HVWDGRV OtTXLGR
\ JDVHRVR (VWH PRYLPLHQWR URWDFLRQDOGLIHUHQFLDOIXHGHVFXELHUWRSRU5LFKDUG
&DUULQJWRQHQ(QHO(FXDGRUGHPRUDGtDV\HQORVSRORVKDVWD
GtDVDXQDYHORFLGDGGHNPVHJ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
7UDVODFLyQ (Q WRUQR D OD YtD OiFWHD HPSOHD XQ WLHPSR SURPHGLR GHPLOORQHV
GHDxRVDxRFyVPLFR(QHOODSUHVHQWDXQDPHQRUGLVWDQFLDDOFHQWURGHOD
YtDOiFWHDSHULJDOiFWLFR\XQDPD\RUGLVWDQFLDDSRJDOiFWLFR(QVXGHVSOD
]DPLHQWRVHGLULJHKDFLDODFRQVWHODFLyQGH+pUFXOHVGRQGHVHXELFDODHVWUHOOD
9HJD
G 9LHQWR VRODU )XH GHQRPLQDGR DVt SRU HO ItVLFR 1RUWHDPHULFDQR(XJHQH
3DUNHU HQ 6H UHIHUtD D OD QXEH GH SURWRQHV TXH PDQD KDFLD IXHUD (VWRV
SURWRQHV VDOHQ GHVSUHQGLGRV HQ GLUHFFLyQ D OD WLHUUD ERUGHDQGR VX FDPSR
PDJQpWLFRXQDSDUWHGHHOODLQJUHVDDODDWPyVIHUDVXSHULRUGDQGROXJDUDODVDXUR
UDVERUHDOHV
'H LJXDO IRUPD HVWRV YLHQWRV VRQ UHVSRQVDEOHV GH ODV FRODV GH ORV FRPHWDV
SXHVORTXHKDFHHVEDUUHUKDFLDIXHUDODQXEHGHSROYR\JDVTXHURGHDDOFRPH
WDFXDQGRSDVDFHUFDDO6RO
8QDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPX\SHFXOLDUTXHSUHVHQWDHVHOOODPDGRFLFORVRODUTXH
RFXUUHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFDGDDxRVGRQGHRFXUUHQYDULDFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHV
HQVXHVWUXFWXUD\FRPSRVLFLyQ
H 'DWRV
• 'HQVLGDG
PiVTXHHODJXD
• 'LkPHWURHFXDWRULDO
.P
• 'LkPHWUR
.P
• 'LVWDQFLDPHGLD7LHUUD
NP
• (GDGDSUR[LPDGD
PLOORQHVGHDxRV
• *UDYHGDG
YHFHVGHODWLHUUD
• 0DJQLWXGDEVROXWD
• 0DJQLWXGDSDUHQWH
• 0DVD
7LHUUD • 3HUtRGRURW(FXDWRULDO
GtDVWHUUHVWUHV
• 3HUtRGRURW3RODU
GtDVWHUUHVWUHV
• 3HUtRGRURW*DOiFWLFD
PLOORQHVGHDxRV
• 7LSRHVSHFWUDO
*9
• 9ROXPHQ
YHFHVGHODWLHUUD
• 7HPSHUDWXUD
)RWRVIHUDž&\
1~FOHRƒ&
• &RPSRVLFLyQTXtPLFD
+LGUyJHQR
+HOLR2WURV - -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
(Q HO LQWHULRUVH FDOFXOD TXH UHJLVWUD PLOORQHV GHJUDGRVFHQWtJUDGRV6X
DOWDWHPSHUDWXUDVHGHEHDXQFXHUSRJDVHRVROODPDGR3/$60$ODPLVPD
TXHHVJHQHUDGRSRUODIXVLyQWHUPRQXFOHDUIXVLyQQXFOHDURUHDFFLRQHV
WHUPRQXFOHDUHVSRUHOFXDOiWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQRVHIXVLRQDQWUDQVIRUPiQGRVH
HQXQQ~FOHRGHKHOLR&DGDVHJXQGRHO6ROSLHUGHPHGLRPLOOyQGHWRQHODGDV
GH PDVD SDUD SURGXFLU HQHUJtD SHUR SRGUi PDQWHQHU HOQLYHODFWXDOGHSURGXF
FLyQGXUDQWHXQRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVPiV
&XDQGR VH JDVWH HO KLGURJHQR HO 6RO VH FRQYHUWLUi HQ XQD JLJDQWHURMDDOJRPiV
IUtDTXHKR\SHURYHFHVPiVEULOODQWHDFDXVDGHVXHQRUPHWDPDxRGXUDQWH
VyORPLOORQHVGHDxRV'HVSXpVGHODHWDSDGHJLJDQWHURMDVHHQFRJHUi
KDVWDVHUXQDHQDQDEODQFDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGHOWDPDxRGHOD7LHUUD\VH
HQIULDUiSRFRDSRFRGXUDQWHYDULRVPLOORQHVGHDxRV
D ,PSRUWDQFLD
$XPHQWDODWHPSHUDWXUDDWPRVIpULFD2ULJLQDODVFRUULHQWHVGHORVYLHQWRV\ODV
FRUULHQWHVGHDLUH *HQHUDHOFLFORKLGURELROyJLFRGHODJXD\WRGRORV
IHQyPHQRV PHWHRUROyJLFRV 'HWHUPLQD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH OD DWPyVIHUD 3HUPLWH OD
H[LVWHQFLDGHWRGRVHUYLYR
6DWpOLWHV 6RQ FXHUSRV GH PHQRU WDPDxR JLUDQGR DOUHGHGRU GH ORVSODQH
WDV6XVLJQLILFDGRHWLPROyJLFRHV³DFRPSDxDQWH´ SRVLEOHPHQWHpVWRVQROOHJDURQD
LQWHJUDUVHDOSODQHWDRIXHURQGHVSUHQGLGRVSRUHOPRYLPLHQWR GH URWDFLyQ 6H
FRQVLGHUD WDPELpQ FRPR REMHWRVHFXQGDULR TXH JUDYLWD HQ XQD yUELWD FH
UUDGD DOUHGHGRU GH XQSODQHWD3UREDEOHPHQWHIXHURQFDSWXUDGRVSRUORV
FDPSRVJUDYLWDWRULRVGH ORV SODQHWDVDOJ~QWLHPSRGHVSXpVGHODIRUPDFLyQGHO
6LVWHPD6RODU0XFKRVDVWUyQRPRVFUHHQTXH3OXWyQTXHVHPXHYH HQ XQD
yUELWD LQGHSHQGLHQWH DOUHGHGRU GHO 6RO SXGR KDEHUVH RULJLQDGR FRPR VDWpOLWH GH
1HSWXQRUHFLHQWHPHQWHVHKDGHVFXELHUWRTXHHOPLVPR3OXWyQWLHQHXQVDWpOLWH
(OPDVJUDQGHHV*DQtPHGHVHQRUELWDDOUHGHGRUGH-~SLWHUPLGH NP
GHGLiPHWUR(OPiVFHUFDQR D VX SODQHWDHV )RERV TXH GLVWDNP0DUWH(O
PDVDOHMDGRGHHOORVHV &DQRSH TXHRUELWD-~SLWHU DXQDGLVWDQFLDPHGLDGH
NP1HUHLGDWLHQHODRUELWDPDVDODUJDGD(Q,R VDWpOLWHGH
-~SLWHU KD\ QXPHURVRV YROFDQHV 0LUDQGD VDWpOLWH GH 8UDQR HV HO TXH
PXHVWUD XQUHOLHYHPDVDFFLGHQWDGR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
$VWHURLGHV6RQ SHTXHxRV FXHUSRV URFRVRV TXH JLUDQ DOUHGHGRU GHO 6RO
VREUHWRGRHQWUHODVyUELWDV GH0DUWH\-~SLWHU HQ XQD IUDQMD TXH VH
FRQRFH FRPRHO&LQWXUyQGH$VWHURLGHV 3RVHHQXQPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQGHD
KRUDV(VWRV VRQ GH GLIHUHQWHV WDPDxRVGHVGH&HUHV FRQ XQ GLiPHWUR GH
NPKDVWDJUDQRVPLFURVFySLFRV
(O PiV JUDQGH HV &HUHV FRQ XQ GLiPHWUR NP 3DODV \ 9HVWD FRQ NP,FDUR 8QRGHORVPD\RUHVDVWHURLGHVLQWHULRUHVHV (URV GHIRUPDDODUJDGD
FRQXQDORQJLWXGGHXQRVNP
$OJXQRV GH ORV DVWHURLGHV TXH FUX]DQ OD yUELWD GH OD
7LHUUD SXHGHQVHUUHVWRVURFRVRVGHFRPHWDVH[WLQJXLGRV
6H FUHH TXH XQ LQPHQVR DVWHURLGH FKRFy FRQWUD OD
7LHUUD KDFH PLOORQHV GH DxRV SURGXFLHQGR JUDQGHV
LQFHQGLRVFX\RKXPRWDSyODOX]GHO6ROORTXHSURYRFyOD
DQXODFLyQ GHO SURFHVR GH IRWRVtQWHVLV \ SRU HQGH OD
PXHUWH GH PXFKDV SODQWDV \ GH ORV GLQRVDXULRV TXH VH
DOLPHQWDEDQGHHOODV
D 8ELFDFLyQ6HSXHGHVXEGLYLGLUVHJ~QVXSRVLFLyQRUELWDOHQ
•
•
•
&LQWXUyQSULQFLSDO(QWUH0DUWH\-~SLWHU
3HTXHxRVSODQHWDV7UR\DQRV
o *UXSR$TXLOHV
o *UXSR3HWURFOR
*UXSR$SROR\$PRUHUUDQWHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
E ,PSRUWDQWHVSODQHWRLGHV
$VWHURLGH
1ž
$VWUDHD
$WKDPDQWLV
%DPEHUJD
%HOORQD
&HUHV
(XQRPLD
(XWHUSH
)ORUD
+HEH
+\JLHD
,ULV
-XQR
0DVVDOLD
0HOSRPHQH
0HWLV
1DXVLND
1\VD
3DODV
9HVWD
)HFKDGHORFDOL]DFLyQ
GHPD\R GH GHQRYLHPEUHGH
GHRFWXEUH GH
GHIHEUHURGH GHVHSWLHPEUH GH
GHMXOLR GH
GHPDU]R GH GHDJRVWRGH GHQRYLHPEUHGH
GHPD\R GH GHIHEUHURGH GHQRYLHPEUHGH
GHMXQLRGH GHVHSWLHPEUH GH
GHIHEUHUR GH GHRFWXEUHGH GHDEULOGH GHPD\R GH GHPDU]R GH GEOGRAFÍA
F 'DWRVVREUHORVSODQHWRLGHV
&HUHV
3ULPHURHQVHUGHVFXELHUWR\HOPDVJUDQGHGH
WRGRV 9HVWD%ULOODQWH
ÒQLFRYLVLEOHGHVGHODWLHUUDSRUVHUHOPiV
EULOODQWH
3RVHHODRUELWDPiVSHTXHxD
$WpQ
$SROR\DPRU
6RQORVPHURGHDGRUHVGHODWLHUUD
,&$52
(OPiVFHUFDQRDOVRO
+HUPHV
3DVyFHUFDGHODWLHUUDHQ
0HOSyPHQH
3RVHHXQVDWpOLWHSURSLR
4XLUyQ
*UDYLWDHQWUHODVRUELWDVGH6DWXUQR\8UDQR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
&RPHWDV 6RQ FXHUSRV FHOHVWHV GH
URFD KLHOR \ SROYR TXH SDUHFHQ WHQHU XQD
ODUJD FROD 6RQ ORV PiV DOHMDGRV GHO 6RO VXV
yUELWDVVRQPX\H[FpQWULFDVSRUORTXHSDVDQ
SRFR WLHPSR FHUFD GHO 6RO H[WHQGLpQGRVH
KDVWD8$RPiV
$ PHGLGD TXH ORV FRPHWDV VH DSUR[LPDQ DO 6RO
OLEHUDQ VX SROYR \ JDVHV IRUPDQGR XQD
FDEHOOHUD \ XQD FROD HVSHFWDFXODUHV /RV FRPH
WDVVHHQFXHQWUDQ HQWRUQRDO6ROHQGRVJUDQGHV
JUXSRV
(Q HO FLQWXUyQGH.XLSHU
(VWD VLWXDGR PiV DOOi GH OD yUELWD GH
1HSWXQR FRQ XQRV PLO PLOORQHV GH FRPHWDV
OD PD\RUtD FRQ SHULRGRV LQIHULRUHV D DxRV
(Q VH LGHQWLILFy GHQWUR GHO FLQWXUyQ GH
.XLSHU XQ FXHUSR FHOHVWH EDXWL]D
GR SURYLVLRQDOPHQWH FRPR ³4XDRDU´ GH
XQRV
NPGHGLiPHWURHOPiVJUDQGHKDOODGR
RUELWDQGR HO 6RO GHVGH TXH VH GHVFXEULy
3OXWyQHQ
GEOGRAFÍA
(Q OD QXEH GH2RUW
(V HQ WHRUtD XQD
FDSD HVIpULFD
GH
FRPHWDVVLWXDGDKDFLD
OD PLWDG GH OD GLVWDQ
FLD HQWUH HO 6RO \ OD
KHOLRSDXVD
D 3DUWHV
•
1~FOHR
3DUWHFHQWUDOEULOODQWHIRUPDGRSRUKLHORSROYR\URFD
•
&DEHOOHUD *DVHVFRQJHODGRV
•
&ROD
3URORQJDFLyQGHODFDEHOOHUD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E3ULQFLSDOHVFRPHWDV
• +DOOH\
3DVySRU~OWLPDHQUHDSDUHFHUiFDGDDxRV
• 'RQDWWL
5HWRUQDUiHQ
• .RKXWHK 5HDSDUHFHUiHQDxRV
• .H\D6HNL 5HWRUQDUiHQHODxRGHO • %HQQHWW
&RPHWDPiVJUDQGHSDVyHQ
• +D\DNXWDNL 3DVyHQPDU]RGH
• 'D\OLJWK (OPiVEULOODQWHGHOVLJOR;;SDVRHQ
F &ODVLILFDFLyQ 6XHOHQFODVLILFDUVHVHJ~QVXVSHULRGRVRUELWDOHV
• 3HULRGR FRUWR $SDUHFHQ GH D DxRV 7HPSHOO )RUEHV'DQLHO
&ROPHV'HELGRDTXHVHDSUR[LPDQFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLDDO6RO
VHUiQORVSULPHURVHQH[WLQJXLUVH
• 3HULRGR,QWHUPHGLR6HDSUR[LPDQHQWUHDDxRVHOHMHPSOR
WtSLFRGHOFRPHWD+DOOH\SDVDFDGDDxRVSDVDUDHQHO
• 3HULRGRODUJR WLHQHQRUELWDVPX\ODUJDVTXHORVOOHYDDPDVGH 8$ GHO VRO FRPR PDUNRV FRQXQSHULRGRGH PDV GHDxRV
0HWHRURV6RQFXHUSRVVyOLGRVSpWUHRVRPHWiOLFDTXHDOHQWUDUHQFRQWDFWR
FRQ OD DWPyVIHUD GH OD WLHUUD VH YXHOYHQ LQFDGHFHQWHV SRU ODIULFFLyQ FRQ HO DLUH \
SRU OD YHORFLGDG FRQ OD TXH VH GHVSOD]DQ /RV PiV SHTXHxRV VH GHVWUX\HQ DO
HQWUDU HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ OD DWPyVIHUDGH QXHVWUR SODQHWDVHOHV FRQRFHFRQ HO
QRPEUH GH ³HVWUHOODVIXJDFHV´\ORVPiVJUDQGHVUHFLEHQFRQHOQRPEUHGHEyOL
GRV
(QVXPD\RUtDQRORJUDQOOHJDUDOVXHORVyORORVPiVJUDQGHV$OJXQRVGH
HOORV VH GHVLQWHJUDQ HQ WUR]RV PiV SHTXHxRV TXH FDHQ D OD 7LHUUD VH OHV OODPD
PHWHRULWRV
D &ODVLILFDFLyQ
$HUROLWRV3pWUHRV
&RQGULWRV
$FRQGULWRV
&RPSXHVWRVSRUURFDSXUD\VLOLFDWRV
&yQGUXORV'LPLQXWRVHVIpULFRV
1RFRQWLHQHQ&RQGUXORV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6LGHULWR &RPSXHVWRVSRU+LHUUR\1tTXHO
2FWDHGULWURV
+H[DHGULWRV
$WD[LWDV
6LGHUDOLWR &RPSXHVWRVSRUKLHUURQLTXHOVLOLFDWRV\URFD
3ULQFLSDOHVPHWHRULWRVTXHFROLVLRQDURQHQ7LHUUD
/8*$5
+RED:HVW 6( $IULFD
$KQLJKLWR*URHOQDGLD
&KLQJR&KLQD
%DFXELULWR0p[LFR
$UPDQW\0RQJROLD
0$6$
7
7
7
7
7
- -
$f2
"
"
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
/$7,(55$
GEOGRAFÍA
&21&(372
(VHOWHUFHUSODQHWDGHVGHHO6RO\TXLQWRHQFXDQWRDWDPDxRSUHVHQWDXQGLVWDQ
FLD PHGLD GH OD 7LHUUD DO 6RO HV GH NP 4XH HTXLYDOH D XQD 8$
PLOORQHVGH.P
',0(16,21(6
&LUF(FXDWRULDO
.P
&LUF3RODU
.P
'LkPHWURHFXDWRULDO NP
'LkPHWURSRODU
NP
'LVWDQFLD7LHUUD/XQD.P
*UDYHGDG
PV
,QFOLQDFLyQ
žC¶¶
6XS7LHUUD
0DVD
[.J
(GDG
PLOORQHVGHDxRV
3XQWRPiVDOWR
(YHUHVWPVQP
3XQWRPiVEDMR
0DU0HGLWHUUiQHRP
6XS7RWDO
.P
(92/8&,Ð1'(/$6&21&(3&,21(6
(GDG$QWLJXD
D 0HVRSRWDPLD$OUHGHGRUGHO DxRD&FUHtDQTXHOD7LHUUDHUDHOFHQWUR
GHO8QLYHUVR\TXHWRGRVORVGHPiVFXHUSRVFHOHVWHVJLUDEDQDVXDOUHGH
GRU\OOHJDURQDSUHGHFLUORVHOLSVHV
E &KLQD/OHYyXQUHJLVWURGHORVHFOLSVHVF0D\D/OHJDURQDSUHFLVDUORVHFOLS
VHV
(GDG0HGLD
D $ULVWDUFRGH6DPRV ±D&6RVWHQtDTXHOD7LHUUDJLUDDOUHGHGRU
GHO 6RO 6LQ HPEDUJR GHELGR VREUH WRGR D OD DXWRULGDG GH$ULVWyWHOHVODLGHD
GHTXHOD7LHUUDHUDHOFHQWURGHO8QLYHUVRVHPDQWXYRGXUDQWHVLJORV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E &ODXGLR7RORPHR ±GF3ODQWHDEDTXHODWLHUUDHUDHOFHQWUR GHO
XQLYHUVR \ ORV DVWURV JLUDEDQ D VX DOUHGHGRU $XWRU GH OD 7HRUtD *(2&e1
75,&$HVWDWHRUtDVHFRQYLUWLySDUDODLJOHVLDHQDOJRLUUHIXWDEOH([SOLFDED
TXHODVHVWUHOODVVHPRYtDQGHQRFKHSRUTXHHVWDEDQILMDVHQHVIHUDVURWDWR
ULDV
F$ULVWyWHOHV ±DF&UHtD\VRVWHQtDTXHOD7LHUUDHUDHOFHQWURGHO
8QLYHUVR
G (UDVWRVWHQHV ±DF&DOFXOyODORQJLWXGGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH
H +LSDUFR ±DF)XHXQGHORVDVWUyQRPRVGHPD\RUSUHVWLJLR
OOHJyDSUHFLVDUTXHODWLHUUDHUDUHGRQGD
I 3LWiJRUDV ±DF6RVWXYRTXHQXHVWURSODQHWDHUDHVIpULFD
J 3ODWyQ ±DF/OHJyDVRVWHQHUTXHODWLHUUDHUDUHGRQGDEDViQGRVH
HQODIRUPDGHODVRPEUDSUR\HFWDGDSRUpVWDVREUHODOXQD
K 6HOXFR ±DF2EVHUYyTXHODVPDUHDVHVWXYLHURQUHODFLRQD
GDVFRQODVIDVHVOXQDUHV
L7DOHVGH0LOHWR ±DF&RQFLELyODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD
7LHPSRV0RGHUQRV
D *DOLOHL *DOLOHR ± 2EVHUYy D WUDYpV GH VX WHOHVFRSLR \FRQILUPy
OD WHRUtD GH &RSpUQLFR SHUR OD LQTXLVLFLyQ OR REOLJy DUHWUDFWDUVH\IXH
FRQGHQDGRDHQFHUUDUVHHQVXFDVD
E 1LFROiV&RSpUQLFR±3XEOLFyVXREUD'HUHYROXWLR
QLEXV RUELXP FDHOHVWLXP 6REUH ODV UHYROXFLRQHV GH ORVFXHUSRV FHOHVWHV
TXH SURSRQtD XQ VLVWHPD HQ HO FXDO ORV SODQHWDVJLUDEDQHQyUELWDVFLUFXODUHV
DOUHGHGRUGHO6ROTXHHVWDEDVLWXDGRHQHOFHQWUR GHO 8QLYHUVR$WULEXtD OD
SRVLFLyQGHODVHVWUHOODVDODURWDFLyQGHOD7LHUUDVREUHVXHMH
$XWRU GH D 7HRUtD KHOLRFpQWULFD HQ GRQGH FRQVLGHUDED DO VRO FRPRHOFHQWUR
GHO VLVWHPD SODQHWDULR VRODU 636 (VWD WHRUtD HUD FRQVLGHUDGD SRU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
0DUWtQ/XWHURFRPRDQWLEtEOLFDHLQWROHUDQWH
F-RKDQQHV .HSSOHU ± $GRSWy HO VLVWHPD FRSHUQLFDQR \GHVFXEULy
TXHORVSODQHWDVJLUDQHQyUELWDVHOtSWLFDVDYHORFLGDGYDULDEOHGHDFXHUGR
FRQODV7UHV/H\HVGH.HSOHUDFHUFDGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHORVSODQHWDVIRU
PXODGDVDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;9,,
• /D SULPHUD OH\ /RV SODQHWDV JLUDQ DOUHGHGRU GHO 6RO HQ yUELWDVHOtSWLFDV
HQODVTXHHO6RORFXSDXQRGHORVIRFRVGHODHOLSVH
• /DVHJXQGDOH\ )RUPXODTXHODViUHDVEDUULGDVSRUHOUDGLRYHFWRU
TXHXQHHOFHQWURGHOSODQHWDFRQHOFHQWURGHO6ROVRQLJXDOHVHQODS
VRVLJXDOHVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDFXDQWRPiVFHUFDHVWiHOSODQHWDGHO6RO
FRQPiVUDSLGH]VHPXHYH
• /DWHUFHUDOH\ (VWDEOHFH TXH OD UHODFLyQ GH ODGLVWDQFLDPHGLD GGH XQ
SODQHWDDO6ROHOHYDGDDOFXERGLYLGLGDSRUHOFXDGUDGRGHVXSHULRGRRU
ELWDOWHVXQDFRQVWDQWHHVGHFLUGWHVLJXDOSDUDWRGRVORVSODQH
WDV
3RUORWDQWR.HSOHUURPSLyODYLHMDFUHHQFLDGHVLJORVGHTXHORVSODQHWDV
VH PRYtDQ HQ yUELWDV FLUFXODUHV (VWDV OH\HV GHVHPSHxDURQXQ SDSHO LPSRU
WDQWHHQHOWUDEDMRGHODVWUyQRPRPDWHPiWLFR\ItVLFRLQJOpV GHO VLJOR;9,,
,VDDF1HZWRQ\VRQIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUODVWUD\HFWRULDVRUELWD
OHVGHOD/XQD\GHORVVDWpOLWHVDUWLILFLDOHV
G ,VDDF1HZWRQ'HPRVWUyTXHODVOH\HVGH.HSOHUVREUHHO
PRYLPLHQWRSODQHWDULRSRGtDQGHULYDUVHGHODVOH\HVJHQHUDOHVGHOPRYL
PLHQWR\GHODJUDYLWDFLyQGHVFXELHUWDVSRUpOLQGLFDQGRDVtTXHHVWDVOH
\HVItVLFDVHUDQYiOLGDVHQWRGRHO8QLYHUVR)XHTXLHQGHVFXEULyODJUD
YLWDFLyQXQLYHUVDO/H\GHOD*UDYHGDGPVHJ
H )ULHGULFK:LOKHOP %HVVHO ± $ SULQFLSLRV GHO VLJOR ;,;GHVFXEULy
TXHODFHUFDQDHVWUHOOD&\JQLHVWDEDXQDVYHFHVPiVOHMRVGHOD
7LHUUDTXHHO6RO
I +DUORZ 6KDSOH\ ± (Q FDOFXOy TXH OD JDOD[LD GH OD7LHUUDOD
9tD/iFWHDWLHQHXQGLiPHWURGHXQRVDxRVOX]
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
J -HDQ +HQGULN 2RUW ± $VWUyQRPR KRODQGpV GHVFXEULy TXH HO
6RO WDUGDPLOORQHVGHDxRVHQ FRPSOHWDU XQDUHYROXFLyQHQWRUQR
DOFHQWUR GHQXHVWUD JDOD[LD \ GH HVWDIRUPDSXGRFDOFXODU TXH OD PDVD GH OD
9tD/iFWHDHVGHXQRVPLOORQHVGHYHFHVODPDVDGHO6RO
K (GZLQ +XEEOH $VWUyQRPR HVWDGRXQLGHQVH HQ ORJUy
GHVFXEULUHVWUHOODVLQGLYLGXDOHVHQDOJXQRGHHVWRVREMHWRVHQWUHHOORVOD
IDPRVD$QGUyPHGD9DULDVGHHVWDVHVWUHOODVHUDQSXOVDQWHV OODPDGDV YD
ULDEOHV FHIHLGDV 0LGLHQGR VX SHULRGR GHSXOVDFLyQORVDVWUyQRPRVSXH
GHQGHWHUPLQDUVXEULOORLQWUtQVHFR&RPSDUDQGRHOEULOORDSDUHQWHGHHV
WDVFHIHLGDVFRQHOEULOORFRQRFLGRGHODVFHIHLGDVFHUFDQDV+XEEOHFRP
SUREyTXHORVREMHWRVTXHHVWXGLDEDHVWDEDQIXHUDGHODJDOD[LD
/(< '( +8%%/(
(Q +XEEOH GHVFXEULy TXH FXDQWR PiV OHMRV HVWDED OD JDOD[LD
PiV DOWD HUDVX YHORFLGDG GH UHFHVLyQ $ HVWD UHODFLyQ VH OD FR
QRFH FRPR OD OH\ GH ORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVKDFLDHOURMRR OH\GH+XE
EOH GHWHUPLQD TXH OD YHORFLGDG GH XQD JDOD[LD HV SURSRUFLRQDO D VX
GLVWDQFLD/DUHODFLyQHQWUHODYHORFLGDGGHUHFHVLyQGH XQD JDOD[LD \
VX GLVWDQFLD HV OD FRQVWDQWH GH +XEEOH (O YDORU GH HVWDFRQVWDQ
WH VH FDOFXOD TXH HVWi HQWUH ORV \ ORV NPV SRU PHJD
SiUVHF PHJD SiUVHF HTXLYDOH D PLOOyQ GH SiUVHF DXQTXH ORV
GDWRV PiV UHFLHQWHVDSXQWDQD XQYDORUFRPSUHQGLGRHQWUHORV\ NPVSRUPHJDSiUVHF
)250$
$QD[LPDQGUR\3LWiJRUDVVRQORVTXHDILUPDURQVREUHODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD
DXQTXH QR FRQWDEDQ FRQ DUJXPHQWRV VyOLGRV (VWXGLRV HQ OD pSRFD PRGHUQD
GHWHUPLQDURQTXHOD7LHUUDQRHVXQJHRLGHSHUIHFWRVLQRFiOFXORV
EDVDGRVHQODVSHUWXUEDFLRQHVGHODVyUELWDVGHORVVDWpOLWHVDUWLILFLDOHVUHYHODQ
TXHOD7LHUUDHVXQDHVIHUDLPSHUIHFWDSRUTXH
• (O(FXDGRUVHHQJURVDNP
• (OSRORERUHDOHVWiGLODWDGRP
• (OSRORDXVWUDOHVWiKXQGLGRXQRVPHWURV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
)DFWRUHVTXHGHWHUPLQDQODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD
• *UDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH
• 0RYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQJHQHUDGRVIXHU]DVFHQWULIXJD\FHQWUtSHWD
• 3ODVWLFLGDGGHODVURFDVGHQVLGDGGHVXVPDWHULDOHV
3UXHEDVGHODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD
• )RUPDGHOVRO\GHODOXQD
• $XPHQWRGHOKRUL]RQWHYLVLEOHFRQHODVFHQVRGHOREVHUYDGRU
• )RUPDHQTXHDSDUHFHQ\GHVDSDUHFHQORVEDUFRVHQHOKRUL]RQWH
• 6RPEUDFyQLFDGHODWLHUUDVREUHODOXQDHQORVHFOLSVHV
• 9LDMHGHFLUFXQQDYHJDFLyQGH0DJDOODQHV\(OFDQR
• 9LDMHVDOHVSDFLR
&RQVHFXHQFLDVGHODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD
• 'LIHUHQFLD HQ ORV JUDGRV GH LOXPLQDFLyQ KD\ XQ KHPLVIHULR LOXPLQDGR \
RWURDRVFXUDVDOPLVPRWLHPSR
• 'LVPLQXFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHO(FXDGRUDORV3RORV
• 9DULDFLyQFOLPiWLFDHQWUHODVGLVWLQWDVUHJLRQHVGHODWLHUUDHQIXQFLyQ
• D ODVODWLWXGHV
• 'HWHUPLQDODH[LVWHQFLDGHODGLYHUVLGDGGHIORUD\IDXQD
• 'LIHUHQFLDSURSRUFLRQDOGHODJUDYHGDGGHJUDYHGDGž !ž ž (6758&785$
$70Ð6)(5$
+,'526)(5$
/,726)(5$
(V OD FXELHUWD JDVHRVD TXH
URGHD HO FXHUSR VyOLGR GHO
SODQHWD $XQTX WLHQH XQ JURVRU
GHPiVGHNP DSUR[LPD
GDPHQWH OD PLWDG GH VX PDVD
VH FRQFHQWUD HQ ORV NP
PiVEDMRV
D
E
F
H
I
7URSRVIHUD
(VWUDWRVIHUD
0HVRVIHUDG ,QRVIHUD
([RVIHUD
0DJQHWRVIHUD
&RPSXHVWD VREUH WRGR
SRU OD IUtD UtJLGD \UR
FRVD FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH
VHH[WLHQGHD SURIXQ
GLGDGHV GH NP
FXEUH HO GH OD
VXSHUILFLHGHOD7LHUUD
- -
/DV URFDV GH OD OLWRVIHUDWLHQHQ
XQDGHQVLGDGPHGLDGH YHFHV OD GHODJXD \ VHFRP
SRQHQ FDVL SRUFRPSOHWR
GHHOHPHQWRVTXHMXQWRV
IRUPDQHOGHVXPDVD
D
F
H
I
6LDOE 6LPD
$VWHQRVIHUDG 3LURVIHUD
1~FOHR6XSHULRU
1~FOHR,QIHULRU
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
029,0,(1726
%LEOLRWHFD GH &RQVXOWD 0LFURVRIW Š (QFDUWD Š ‹ 0LFURVRIW
$QWLJXDPHQWHVHFUHtDTXHODWLHUUDQRJLUDED(QHOItVLFR)UDQFpV-HDQ
)RXFDXOWGHPRVWUyORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHODWLHUUDDWUDYpVGHXQSpQGXOR(O SpQGXOR
GH)RXFDXOWHVWiIRUPDGRSRUXQDJUDQPDVDVXVSHQGLGDGHXQFDEOHPX\ODUJR
029
&$5$&7(5Ë67,&$6
•
/R UHDOL]D DOUHGHGRU GH VX
HMH LPDJLQDULR HQ VHQWLGR DQWL
1
Ð
,
&
$
7
2
5
&216(&8(1&,$6
•
•
KRUDULR VLJXLHQGR XQD WUD\HFWR
7,(032
6XFHVLyQGHGtDV\QRFKHV
$FKDWDPLHQWRSRODU\HQVDQFKDPLHQWRHFXDWR
ULDO
•
9HORFLGDG GH .PV HQ OD •
OtQHDHFXDWRULDO
•
ULD GH 2HVWH D (VWH D XQD
'HWHUPLQDORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHV
*HQHUDHOHIHFWRGHFRULROLV
K


3URGXFFLyQGHXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRGHSUR
WHFFLyQFRQWUDHO3/$60$VRODU
•
/RUHDOL]DDOUHGHGRUGHOVRO
•
UHFRUULHQGRXQDWUD\HFWRULDGH
YLVLyQ \ XELFDFLyQ GH HVWUHOODV \ FRQVWHODFLR
PLOORQHVGH.PVVLJXLHQGR
1
Ð
,
&
$
/
6
$
5
7
XQDRUELWDHOtSWLFDDXQDYH
QHV
•
ORFLGDGGHDSUR['H
.PVHJXQGR
•
'XUDQWHHVWHPRYLPLHQWRVH
&DPELR DSDUHQWH GHO WDPDxR GHO VRO GH OD
•
6ROGHPHGLDQRFKHHQORVSRORVGHELGRDO
JUDGRGHLQFOLQDFLyQ6ROVWLFLR%RUHDO
G
'HWHUPLQDFLyQ GH ODV HVWDFLRQHV GXUDQWH ORV
K\
62/67,&,26\(48,12&&,26
UHJLVWUDQORV3(5,+(/,26
GHHQHUR\ORV$)(/,26GH
MXOLR
- -
Ž
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
6RQ ORV OLJHURV VREUHVDOWRV \
FDEHFHRV
1
Ð
,
&
$
7
8
1
•
1
Ð
,
&
(
6
(
5
3
•
2
(
6
(
6
2
µ
•
3URYRFD XQ FDEHFHR GH VHJXQGRV GH DUFR
WHUUHVWUH
HQ HO HMH WHUUHVWUH 3HUR HVR UHVXOWD LPSHUFHS
FXDQGR UHDOL]D HO PRYLPLHQWR
WLEOH SDUD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRP~Q SRU FRP
GHSUHFHVLyQGHELGRDODIXHU]D
SUHQGHU HVWH ³&DEHFHR´ XQ ODUJR SHULRGR GH
GH DWUDFFLyQ GHO VRO \ GH OD /X
WLHPSR &DGD DxRV SDUD IRUPDU QD
VHJXQGRVGHDUFRHQHOHMHWHUUHVWUH
DxRV
0RYLPLHQWR TXH OD WLHUUD UHDOL]D
•
1R
H[LVWH
FRQVHFXHQFLDV
LQPHGLDWDV
&DGD
HQ
SDUD ³HQGHUH]DU´ OD LQFOLQDFLyQ
YLVWD TXH GHPRUD YDULRV PLOHV GH DxRV
GH VX HMH $TXt VH FRPSRUWD
SHUR VL OD WLHUUD OOHJDUtD D WUDYpV GH
FRPRXQFRQRPDOHTXLOLEUDGR
HVWH PRYLPLHQWR DHQGHUH]DUVXHMHž OD DxRV
5HFRUGHPRVTXHHOHMHWHUUHVWUH
WLHUUD QR H[SHULPHQWDUtD ORV HTXLQRFFLRV QL ORV
SUHVHQWDXQDLQFOLQDFLyQž\
VROVWLFLRV
(V HO PRYLPLHQWR TXH UHJLVWUD
•
DSUR[LP
DGDPHQWH
0HGLDQWH HVWH PRYLPLHQWR OD WLHUUD VH DOHMD
OD WLHUUD GXUDQWH VX PRYLPLHQWR
GHVXWUD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFDSHUIHFWDXQDGLIH
GH WUDVODFLyQ GHELGR D ODGLIH
UHQFLDGH.P'HDPSOLWXG
6LPXOWi
UHQFLD GH PDVDV FRQ OD /XQD
QHDPHQWH
\ HO 6RO (V GHFLU TXH OD WLHUUD
FRQHO0RY
QR VLJXH XQD WUD\HFWRULD HOtS
GH7UDVODFL
WLFDSHUIHFWDVLQRHQ³6´
6
´
2
&
,
7
&
É
/
$
*
(
(
HMH

•
/
(
'
5
2
'
(
'
(
5
/
$
GHO
yQ
•
(VHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODWLHUUDH[SHULPHQWDMXQWRDO636DOUHGHGRUGHOD
YtD/iFWHD
•
LPSHUFH
/D7LHUUDVHPXHYHSRUHOHVSDFLRDUD]yQGHXQRVNPVRNPKKDFLD
ODFRQVWHODFLyQGH+pUFXOHV0LHQWUDVTXHOD9tD/iFWHDFRPRXQWRGRVHPXHYH
KDFLDODFRQVWHODFLyQ/HRDXQRVNPV
SWLEOHSDUD
HOVHUKXPD
QR
(67$&,21(6
'HELGRDOPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQ\DODLQFOLQDFLyQGHOHMHWHUUHVWUHUHVSHF
WR DO VRO ORV UD\RV VRODUHV OOHJDQ FRQ PiV LQWHQVLGDG D XQDV ]RQDVTXH D RWUDV
HVWR JHQHUD YDULDFLyQ HQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD OD KXPHGDG \ JHQHUDSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVHV
GHFLUODVHVWDFLRQHV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
020(172
+(0,6)(5,2
$67521Ð0,&2
1257(
6ROVWLFLR
$XVWUDO
,QYLHUQR
(TXLQRFFLR
3ULPDYHUD
(TXLQRFFLR
2WRxR
6ROVWLFLR
%RUHDO
+(0,6)(5,2
685
9HUDQR
9HUDQR
2WRxR
,QYLHUQR
3ULPDYHUD
,1,&,2
GHGL
FLHPEUH
GHPDU]R
GHMXQLR
GHVHS
WLHPEUH
'Ì$6
6ROVWLFLRV (V FXDQGR ORV UD\RV VRODUHV FDHQ SHUSHQGLFXODUPHQWHVREUH XQR GH
ORV WUySLFRV SURGXFLHQGR HQ HVH KHPLVIHULR HO9HUDQR\ HQ HO RWUR HO ,QYLHU
QR /RV GtDVVRQ ODUJRV HQ YHUDQR\FRUWRVHQLQYLHUQR
(TXLQRFFLRV (VFXDQGRORVUD\RV VRODUHV FDHQ SHUSHQGLFXODUPHQWH VREUH OD
/tQHDHFXDWRULDO\VHSURGXFHQODVHVWDFLRQHVGHSULPDYHUD\2WRxR/RVGtDV
WLHQHQLJXDOGXUDFLyQ
TXHODVQRFKHV
&DXVDV
D 7UD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFD'XUDQWHHOPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQODWLHUUDJLUDDOUH
GHGRUGHOVROVLJXLHQGRXQDWUD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFDSRUORTXHH[LVWHGRVPRPHQ
WRVHQTXHVHDFHUFDPDVDOVRO3(5,+(/,2\RWURVGRVPRPHQWRVHQTXH
VHDOHMDQ$)(/,2
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E ,QFOLQDFLyQ GHO (MH 'HWHUPLQD XQD LQFLGHQFLD GLVWLQWD GH ORV UD\RV VRODUHV
HQ ORV KHPLVIHULRV GXUDQWH HO PRYLPLHQWR GH WUDVODFLyQ JHQHUDQGR ORV
6ROVWLFLRV\(TXLQRFFLRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
/$/81$
6HFFLyQ
GEOGRAFÍA
&21&(372
6XQRPEUHGHULYDGHOYRFDEORJULHJR6HOHQHHVHO~QLFR
VDWpOLWHQDWXUDOGHOD7LHUUD2UELWDDOUHGHGRUGHODWLHUUD
/D /XQD RUELWD OD 7LHUUD D XQD GLVWDQFLD PHGLD GH
NPFRQXQDYHORFLGDGPHGLDGH.PK
&$5$&7(5,67,&$6
• &DUHFHGHOX]SURSLD\VROROOHJDDUHIOHMDUODOX]GHOVRO
• &DUHFH GH DWPyVIHUD SRU OR TXH VX VXSHUILFLH OXQDU SUHVHQWD JUDQGHV
FUiWHUHVKR\RV\YROFDQHVGHELGRDODFROLVLyQGHORVPHWHRULWRV
• 3UHVHQWDDFFLGHQWHVRURJUiILFRVVHHQFXHQWUDQFUiWHUHVFDGHQDVGHPRQ
WDxDVOODQXUDVRPDUHVIUDFWXUDVFLPDVILVXUDVOXQDUHV\UDGLRV
• ³UD\RV´
•
•
/RV FUiWHUHV VH IRUPDURQ SRU LPSDFWRV H[SORVLYRV GH PHWHRULWRV 6LQHP
EDUJRDOJXQRVFUiWHUHVILVXUDVOXQDUHV\FLPDVSUHVHQWDQFDUDF
WHUtVWLFDVTXHVRQLQGLVFXWLEOHPHQWHGHRULJHQ\DFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD
/RVPDUHVVRQFUiWHUHVGHLPSDFWRJUDQGHVTXHIXHURQLQXQGDGRVGHV
SXpVSRUODYDIXQGLGD(OPDUPiVJUDQGHGHODOXQDHVHO0DUH,PEULXP
GHNPGHGLiPHWUR
5(/,(9(
D 0DUHV /RVSULPHURV REVHUYDGRUHV HQHO VLJOR ;9,, ORV WRPDURQFRPRJUDQGHV
H[WHQVLRQHVGHDJXD6RQ]RQDVOODQDVPX\H[WHQVDV(QWUHORVPDUHVOXQDUHV
GHVWDFDQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
1RPEUH HQODWtQ
0DUH$QJXLV
0DUH $XVWUDOH
0DUH &RJQLWXP
0DUH&ULVLXP
0DUH)HFXQGLWDWLV
0DUH)ULJRULV
0DUH
+XPEROGWLDQXP
0DUH +XPRUXP
0DUH,PEULXP
0DUH,QJHQLL
0DUH ,QVXODUXP
0DUH0DUJLQLV
0DUH
0RVFRYLHQVH
0DUH1HFWDULV
0DUH1XELXP
0DUH 2ULHQWDOH
0DUH 6HUHQLWDWLV
0DUH 6P\WKLL
0DUH6SXPDQV
0DUH
7UDQTXLOOLWDWLV
0DUH8QGDUXP
0DUH9DSRUXP
2FHDQXV
3URFHOODUXP
1RPEUH HQODWtQ
/DFXV$HVWDWLV
/DFXV$XWXPQL
/DFXV%RQLWDWLV
/DFXV'RORULV
/DFXV([FHOOHQWLDH
/DFXV )HOLFLWDWLV
/DFXV*DXGLL
/DFXV+LHPDOLV
/DFXV/HQLWDWLV
/DFXV/X[XULDH
0$5(6/81$5(6
1RPEUH HQFDVWHOODQR
0DUGHOD6HUSLHQWH
0DU$XVWUDO
0DU&RQRFLGR
0DUGHOD&ULVLV
0DUGHOD)HUWLOLGDG
0DU GHO )UtR
0DUGH$OH[DQGHUYRQ
+XPEROGW
0DUGHOD+XPHGDG
0DUGHOD/OXYLD
0DUGHO,QJHQLR
0DUGHODV,VODV
0DU0DUJLQDO
0DUGH0RVFRYLD
0DUGHO1pFWDU
0DUGHODV1XEHV
0DU2ULHQWDO
0DUGHOD6HUHQLGDG
0DUGH:LOOLDP +HQU\
6P\WK
0DU(VSXPRVR
0DUGHOD7UDQTXLOLGDG
0DUGHODV2ODV
0DUGHORV9DSRUHV
2FpDQRGH ODV 7RUPHQWDV
/$*26 /81$5(6
1RPEUH HQFDVWHOODQR
/DJR GHO 9HUDQR
/DJR GHO 2WRxR
/DJR GHOD %RQGDG
/DJR GHO 'RORU
/DJR GHOD ([FHOHQFLD
/DJR GHOD )HOLFLGDG
/DJR GHO *R]R
/DJR GHO ,QYLHUQR
/DJR GHOD %ODQGXUD
/DJR GHOD /XMXULD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
/DFXV0RUWLV
/DFXV2EOLYLRQLV
/DFXV2GLL
/DFXV
3HUVHYHUDQWLDH
/DFXV6ROLWXGLQLV
/DFXV6RPQLRUXP
/DFXV6SHL
/DFXV7HPSRULV
/DFXV7LPRULV
/DFXV9HULV
/DWtQ
/DJR GHOD 0XHUWH
/DJR GHO 2OYLGR
/DJR GHO 2GLR
/DJR GHOD 3HUVHYHUDQFLD
/DJR GHOD 6ROHGDG
/DJR GHORV 6XHxRV
/DJR GHOD (VSHUDQ]D
/DJR GHO 7LHPSR
/DJR GHO 0LHGR
/DJR GHOD 3ULPDYHUD
%$+Ì$6<0$5,60$6/81$5(6
&DWHOODQR
3DOXV (SLGHPLDUXP
0DULVPDGH OD (SLGHPLD
3DOXV6RPQL
0DULVPDGHO 6XHxR
3DOXV 3XWUHGLQLV
6LQXV$HVWXXP
6LQXV$PRULV
6LQXV$VSHULWDWLV
6LQXV&RQFRUGLDH
6LQXV)LGHL
6LQXV+RQRULV
6LQXV,ULGXP
6LQXV/XQLFXV
6LQXV0HGLL
6LQXV5RULV
6LQXV6XFFHVVXV
GEOGRAFÍA
0DULVPDGH OD 3RGUHGXPEUH
%DKtD)XULRVD
%DKtDGHO $PRU
%DKtDGHOD $VSHUH]D
%DKtDGHOD &RQFRUGLD
%DKtDGHOD )LGHOLGDG
%DKtDGHO +RQRU
%DKtDGHO $UFRV ,ULV
%DKtDGH /XQLN
%DKtDGHO 0HGLR
%DKtDGHO 5RFtR
%DKtDGHO e[LWR
E &RQWLQHQWHV 5HJLRQHV FODUDV PRQWDxRVDV \ OOHQDV GH FUiWHUHV 6X PRQWDxD
PiVDOWDHVHO0RQWHGH/HLEQL]PDVtPLVPRVHHQFXHQWUDQORV$OSHV
$SHQLQRVNDUSDWRV&DXFDVRV\3LUHQHRV
F &UiWHUHV)RUPDGRVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODFROLVLyQGHPHWHRULWRV
1HZWRQ
P
&DVDWXV
P
&DUWLXV
P
&DOLSSXV
P
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
',0(16,21(6
'HQVLGDG
JFP
'LiPHWUR
.PSDUWHGHOGHOD7LHUUD
)RUPD
(VIHURLGH
*UDYHGDG
GHODWLHUUD
,QFOLQDFLyQ2UELWDO ž¶
0DVD
GH.J
ÏUELWD
.PGH7LHUUD
6XSHUILFLH
.P
7HPSHUDWXUD
ž&GHGtD\GHQRFKHGH±ž&Dž&$SUR[
7(25,$6$&(5&$'(6825,*(1
/RVFLHQWtILFRVGHVDUUROODURQGLIHUHQWHVWHRUtDVSULQFLSDOHVVREUHHORULJHQGHODOXQD
7(25Ì$6
)LVLyQ
GHOD
7LHUUD
3/$17($0,(172
/D/XQDIXHH[SXOVDGDHVSRQWiQHDPHQWHGHOD7LHUUDFXDQGRpVWD
HVWDEDUHFLpQIRUPDGD\JLUDEDFRQUDSLGH]VREUHVXHMH3XHGDTXHVHD
SRUTXHODGHQVLGDGGHOVDWpOLWHHVODPLVPDTXHODGHODVURFDVGHOPDQ
WRVXSHULRUGHOD7LHUUD6LQHPEDUJRHVWDWHRUtDSUHVHQWDXQDGLIL
FXOWDGHOPRPHQWRDQJXODUGHOD7LHUUDSDUDORJUDULQHVWDELOLGDGUR
WDFLRQDOWHQGUtDTXHKDEHUVLGRPD\RUTXHHOPRPHQWRDQJXODUGHOVLV
WHPDDFWXDO7LHUUD/XQD
)RUPDFLyQ
HQyUELWD
FHUFDQD
D OD7LHUUD
(VWDWHRUtDSURSRQHTXHOD7LHUUDOD/XQD\ORVGHPiVFXHUSRVGHO6LVWH
PD6RODUVHFRQGHQVDURQLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHODHQRUPHQXEHGH
JDVHVIUtRV\SDUWtFXODVVyOLGDVTXHFRQVWLWX\HURQODQHEXORVDVRODU
SULPRUGLDO/DPD\RUSDUWHGHHVWHPDWHULDOILQDOPHQWHVHDFXPXOyHQHO
FHQWURSDUDIRUPDUHO6RO
)RUPDFLyQ
GHOD/XQD
OHMRVGHOD
7LHUUD
(VWDEOHFHTXHOD/XQDVHIRUPyHQXQOXJDUGLIHUHQWHGHO 6LVWHPD
6RODUDOHMDGRGHOD7LHUUD6HSUHVXSRQHHQWRQFHVTXHODVyUELWDVGHDP
ERVODVDSUR[LPDURQGHIRUPDTXHOD/XQDIXHDWUDtGDDXQDyUELWDSHUPD
QHQWHDOUHGHGRUGHOD7LHUUD
,PSDFWR
SODQHWHVLPDO
+DFHXQRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVOD7LHUUDIXHJROSHDGDSRUXQHQRUPH
FXHUSR OODPDGR SODQHWpVLPR (O LPSDFWR FDWDVWUyILFR H[SXOVy SDUWHV GH OD
7LHUUD\GHHVWHFXHUSRVLWXiQGRODVHQODyUELWDWHUUHVWUHGRQGHORVGH
WULWRVGHOLPSDFWRVHUHXQLHURQIRUPDQGROD/XQD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
029,0,(1726
5RWDFLyQ
/RUHDOL]DDOUHGHGRUGHVXHMHVLJXLHQGR
XQDyUELWDHOtSWLFD
7UDVODFLyQ
/R HIHFW~D DOUHGHGRU GH OD WLHUUD 6H
SURGXFH HO 3HULJHRDFHUFDPLHQWR
Pi[LPR \ $SRJHR DOHMDPLHQWR Pi[L
PR
/LEUDFLyQ
5HYROXFLyQ
0RYLPLHQWR GH EDODQFHR SURGXFLGR SRU
ODDWUDFFLyQJUDYLWDWRULDGHODWLHUUD
0RYLPLHQWRTXHUHDOL]DSDUDFRPSOHWDUVX
FLFOROXQDU
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
GtDV KRUDV PLQXWRV
\ VHJXQGRV VHJ~Q HO
WLHPSRVLGpUHR'tDK\0HV
(O PLVPR WLHPSR TXH HO
PRYLPLHQWR GH URWDFLyQ LVR
FURQLVPR
-RVHSK /RXLV
/DJUDQJH
GtDVKRUDV\
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
)$6(6
0RPHQWR
$VWURQyPLFR
3HULRGR
8ELFDFLyQ
/XQDU
9LVWDGHVGH
WLHUUD
1RYLOXQLRR
/XQD
1XHYD
&XDUWR
&UHFLHQWH
)$6(6
3OHQLOXQLRR
/XQD/OHQD
&RQMXQFLyQ
/XQDU
3ULPHUD &XD
GUDWXUD
2SRVLFLyQ /XQDU
&XDQGR
OD
OXQD VH HQ
FXHQWUD HQWUH
OD 7LHUUD \ HO
6RO
&XDQGR OD /X
QD VH HQFXHQ
WUD IRUPDQGR
XQ iQJXOR GH
ž VREUH OD
WLHUUD
(V FXDQGR OD
WLHUUD TXHGD HQ
WUHODOXQD\HO
VRO HQ OtQHD
UHFWD
1R HV REVHU
YDEOH
6H LQLFLD D ORV
GtDV
6HLQLFLDDORV GtDV
9LVLEOH OD PL
WDGGHODFDUD
OXQDU
4XHGD FRPSOH
WDPHQWH LOXPL
QDGR
&XDUWR
0HQJXDQWH
VHJXQGD FXD
GUDWXUD
6H LQLFLD D ORV
GtDV
&XDQGR
OD
/XQD VH HQ
FXHQWUD IRU
PDQGR
XQ
iQJXORGH
ž VREUH OD
WLHUUD
6H REVHUYD
LOXPLQDGD OD
³RWUD´ PLWDG
GHODFDUD
,1)/8(1&,$6
D (FOLSVHV(VHORVFXUHFLPLHQWRGHXQFXHUSRFHOHVWHSURGXFLGRSRURWURFXHU
SR /RV HFOLSVHV VH SURGXFHQ FXDQGR VH GD HO IHQyPHQR GH6,&,*,$+D\GRV
FODVHVGHHFOLSVHVTXHDIHFWDQDOD7LHUUD
• 6RODU 6HSURGXFHFXDQGRODOXQDVHSURGXFHHQ&RQMXQFLyQ
• /XQDU 7LHQHOXJDUFXDQGRHOPRPHQWRDVWURQyPLFRHV2SRVLFLyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E 0DUHDV (V HO PRYLPLHQWR UHJXODU \ SHULyGLFR GH ODV DJXDV GHO PDUTXHFX
EUHQ\DEDQGRQDQVXFHVLYDPHQWHODRULOODGHELGRDODDWUDFFLyQJUDYLWD
WRULDGHOD/XQD\HO6ROVREUHORVRFpDQRVGHOSODQHWD'HELGRDTXHOD
/XQDHVWiPiVFHUFDGHOD7LHUUDTXHHO6ROSRVHHXQDPD\RUIXHU]DJUDYLWDWR
ULDTXHpVWHFDVLHOGREOH&XDQGROD/XQDHVWiVLWXDGDGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHXQ
GHWHUPLQDGR SXQWR GH ODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHHMHUFHXQDSRGHURVDDWUDFFLyQVR
EUH ODV DJXDV \HODERPEDPLHQWRSURGXFLGRJHQHUDHQDOWDPDUXQD
DPSOLD RQGXODFLyQ /D IDVH GH Pi[LPR DVFHQVR VH OODPD SOHDPDU \ OD GH
GHVFHQVRVHGHQRPLQDEDMDPDU /DVPDUHDVSXHGHQVHU
/D /XQD GHWHUPLQD OD SURGXFFLyQ GH ODV PDUHDV HQ XQ \ HO 6RO HQ XQ
GHELGRDODIXHU]DJUDYLWDWRULD\ODGLVWDQFLDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQUHV
SHFWRDOD7LHUUD
9,9$6
&XDQGRHO QLYHO SURPHGLR YDU
tDFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH 6HSUR
GXFH GXUDQWH OD RSRVLFLyQ \
FRQMXQFLyQ
08(57$6
&XDQGR HO QLYHO GH ODV DJXDV
SHUPDQHFHVLQPXFKDYDULDFLyQ
6HSURGXFHHQODVFXDGUDWXUDV
• 5HWDUGDHOPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQGHODWLHUUD
• 0DQWLHQHODLQFOLQDFLyQGHO(MHGH5RWDFLyQWHUUHVWUH
• 5HIOHMDODOX]VRODU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
(O XQLYHUVR SRVLEOHPHQWH VH IRUPy
H6LGHULWRV
GHVGH XQ SXQWR LQILQLWHVLPDO H LQLFLy FRQ XQD JUDQ H[SORVLyQ %LJ %DQJ /RV SODQHWDV LQWHULRUHV GHO VLVWHPD
SRU OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GH )RWRQHV TXH
VRODUVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHU
JHQHUDURQ XQ VXSHUiWRPR GHQRPL
D /LJHURV FRPSXHVWRV SRU R[LJHQR
\ URFD
QDGR
E*UDQGHVFRPSXHVWRVSRUURFDV\
D+LGURJHQR
E3ODVPD
KHOLR
F<OHP
F 'HQVRV FRPSXHVWRV SRU KLHOR \
G1HXWURQHVH(OHFWURQHV
+HOLR
G *DVHRVRV FRPSXHVWRV SRU R[t
&XHUSRVURFRVRVTXHVHPXHYHQ
JHQRVHKLGURJHQR
H 3HTXHxRVFRPSXHVWRVGHURFD\
HQyUELWDVVREUHWRGRHQWUHODV
yUELWDVGH0DUWH\-~SLWHU\GH
KLHUUR
WHUPLQDQODH[LVWHQFLDGHSODQHWDVLQ WHULRUHV\H[WHULRUHV
/RVSODQHWDVH[WHULRUHVVHFDUDFWHUL
D6DWpOLWHV
]DQSRU
E0HWHRURLGHV
D3HTXHxRVFRPSXHVWRVSRUR[L
JHQR\URFD
F$VWHURLGHV
E'HQVRVFRPSXHVWRVSRUKLHOR\
G&RPHWDV
H6LGHULWRV
URFDV
F*UDQGHVGHKLGUyJHQRKLHOR\
6RQFXHUSRV TXH HVWiQ FRPSXHV
KHOLR
WRV EiVLFDPHQWH GH SROYR \ JDVHV
G/LJHURVFRPSXHVWRVSRUR[LJHQR
KHODGRVDPHGLGDTXHVHDSUR[LPDQ
\ PHWDQR
H'HQVRVFRPSXHVWRVSRUJDVHV
DO6ROOLEHUDQVXSROYR\JDVHV
SHVDGRV
D6DWpOLWHV
E0HWHRURLGHV
-~SLWHUWLHQHDWUDSDGRVGRVF~PXORV
F$VWHURLGHV
GHDVWHURLGHVOODPDGRV
G&RPHWDV
D/DEHULQWRV
H6LGHULWRV
E7LQWLQHRV
F7UR\DQRV
6HHQFXHQWUDQHQWRUQRDO6ROHQ
G&HQWHOOHRV
GRVJUDQGHVJUXSRVHOFLQWXUyQGH
H*DORV
.XLSHU\ODQXEHGH2RUW
D6DWpOLWHV
E0HWHRURLGHV
F$VWHURLGHV
G&RPHWDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
(UD XQD QXEH GH JDV TXH VH IUDJ
PHQWy HQ DQLOORV TXH OXHJR VH FRQ
GHQVDURQ IRUPDQGR ORV SODQHWDV (O
6ROVHKDEUtDIRUPDGRHQODUHJLyQ
FHQWUDOPiVGHQVD(VWHHQXQFLDGR
SHUWHQHFHDOSODQWHDPLHQWRGH
D*/DPDWULH
E3/DSODFH
F(PDQXHO.DQW
G-HDQV\-HIUH\VH.XLSHU
/DFRPSRVLFLyQIXQGDPHQWDOGHOVRO
HV
D2[LJHQR\1HRQ
E+LGURJHQR\+HOLR
F+HOLR\2[LJHQR
G$UJRQ\&ULSWyQ
H&ULSWRQ\5DGRQ
/DV 0DQFKDV VRODUHV IXHURQ GHVFX
ELHUWRV HQ SRU *HRUJH (OOHU\
+DOHVHU\VHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRU
D 6HUODViUHDVPiVIUtDVGHODIR
WRVIHUD
E 6HUHOFDPSRPDJQpWLFRGHOVRO
F&RQVWLWXLUVHHQODDWPyVIHUDVR
ODU
G 6HUOD=RQDGHFRQYHFFLyQ
H 'HQRPLQDUVH3OD\DVFURPRVIHUL
FDV
/DV««««««VRQFKRUURVGH
KLGURJHQRTXHVHSURGXFHHQOD
FDSDVRODUGHQRPLQDGD««««\
SHUWHQHFHDOD««««6RODU
D3URWXEHUDQFLDV±&RURQD±
FURPRVIHUD
E3URWXEHUDQFLD±IRWRVIHUD
DWPRVIHUD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
F0DQFKDVVRODUHV±IRWRVIHUD±
VXSHUILFLH
G0DFXODV±QXFOHR±DWPRVIHUD
H5D\RV±FURPRVIHUD±FRURQD
/DPD\RUSDUWHGHODFRURQDVH
FRPSRQHGHJUDQGHVDUFRVGH
JDVFDOLHQWH\VHH[WLHQGHGHVGH
D/DIRWRVIHUDKDVWDODUHJLyQ
LQLFLDOGHODFURPRVIHUD
E/DFURPRVIHUDKDVWDHOOtPLWH
FRQHOHVSDFLRLQWHUSODQHWDULR
F/DFURPRVIHUDKDVWDODUHJLyQ
LQLFLDOGHODIRWRVIHUD
G/DIRWRVIHUDKDVWDHOOtPLWH
FRQHOHVSDFLRLQWHUSODQHWDULR
H(OQ~FOHRKDVWDOD]RQDGH
5DGLDFLyQ
(VWDEOH]FDODUHODFLyQFRUUHFWD
0HUFXULR
9HQXV
7LHUUD
0DUWH
-~SLWHU
6DWXUQR
8UDQR
1HSWXQR
3OXWyQ
D 0D\RUFDQWLGDGGHVDWpOLWHVE
3ODQHWDURMR
F (OGHPiVEDMDWHPSHUDWXUD
G (OGHOGtDPiVODUJRTXHHODxRH
$WPyVIHUDGH1LWUyJHQR
I 3ODQHWDUHWURJUDGR\YHUGHJ
PiVYHOR]HQWUDVODFLyQ
K (OGHPD\RUWDPDxRGHO636,
3UHGRPLQDODKLGURVIHUD
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HxDOH OD DILUPDFLyQ LQFRUUHFWD
UHVSHFWRDOSODQHWDWLHUUD
D (OQ~FOHRLUUDGLDFDORUDWUDYpVGH
ODVFDSDVFRQFpQWULFDV
E /DVFRUULHQWHVGHFRQYHFFLyQ
GHOPDQWRWUDVODGDQODHQHUJtD
WpUPLFD
F (OYDSRUGHDJXDFRQGHQVDGR
/DIRUPDGHODWLHUUDQRHVXQDHVIH
UDSHUIHFWDVLQRTXHWLHQHIRUPD
IRUPyORVSULPHURVRFpDQRVGHO
GHPDQGDULQDSRUTXHHQHO
PXQGR
D (FXDGRUVHGLODWDNPSR
G (OPDJQHWLVPRWHUUHVWUHHVSRU
ORQRUWHVHHQVDQFKD.P
TXHOD7LHUUDVHFRPSRUWDFRPR
3ROR6XUHVWiKXQGLGR.P
XQHQRUPHLPiQ
H/RVSRORVPDJQpWLFRVGHOD7LH
E (FXDGRUVHKXQGHPSRORQRU
WHVHGLODWD.P3ROR6XU
UUDFRLQFLGHQFRQORVSRORVJH
HVWiHQVDQFKDGR.P
RJUiILFRVGHVXHMH
F (FXDGRUVHHQJURVDP
SRORQRUWHVHKXQGH.P
6HxDOH OD DILUPDFLyQ LQFRUUHFWD
3ROR6XUHVWiGLODWDP
UHVSHFWRDOSODQHWDWLHUUD
D ([LVWHQWUHVVLVWHPDVHOpFWULFRV
G (FXDGRUVHGLODWDNPSR
JHQHUDGRVHQOD7LHUUD
ORQRUWHVHKXQGHP3ROR
6XUHVWiHQJURVDP
E /DLRQL]DFLyQGHODDWPyVIHUD
H (FXDGRUVHHQJURVDNP
YDUtDFRQODDOWXUDODKRUDGHOGtD
SRORQRUWHVHGLODWDP3R
\ ODODWLWXG
OR6XUHVWiKXQGLGRXQRVP
F /DJUDYHGDGHVPD\RUHQHO
HFXDGRU
G /DVXSHUILFLHGHOD7LHUUDWLHQH
6HSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUTXHOD7LHUUDVH
FDUJDHOpFWULFDQHJDWLYD
GLYLGHHQFLQFRSDUWHVWDOHVFRPR
H (OIOXMRGHHOHFWULFLGDGSRVLWLYDVH
D$WPyVIHUDKLGURVIHUDOLWRVIHUD
PXHYHGHVGHODDWPyVIHUDKDFLD
IRWRVIHUD\Q~FOHR
OD7LHUUD
E$WPyVIHUDOLWRVIHUDFRURQD
KLGURVIHUD\Q~FOHR
/DIXHU]DGHODJUDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH
F$WPyVIHUD+LGURVIHUD/LWRVIHUD
SURYRFD
0DQWR\1~FOHR
D 'LVSHUVLyQGHODPDWHULD
G$WPyVIHUDFURPRVIHUDKLGURVIH
E $JOXWLQDFLyQGHODPDWHULD
UDOLWRVIHUD\PDJQHWRVIHUD
F 8QDHVIHUDSHUIHFWD
H$WPyVIHUDIRWRVIHUDOLWRVIHUD
G $SODVWDPLHQWRGHOSRORVXU
KLGURVIHUD\PDQWR
H 'LYHUVLGDGFOLPiWLFD
/DUHODFLyQFRUUHFWDHV
DDELGKFIHJ
EEFKGDHIJG
FGELDKFIHJ
GJGLEKDIHF
HFHLEKDIJG
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HxDOHODDILUPDFLyQFRUUHFWDUHV
SHFWRDOSODQHWDWLHUUD
D /DJUDYHGDGHVPD\RUHQORV
SRORV
E (OUDGLRWHUUHVWUHHVPD\RUHQORV
SRORV
F /DLQFLGHQFLDGHORVUD\RVHV
XQLIRUPH
G (QHOHFXDGRUHVWiODPD\RU
IXHU]DJUDYLWDFLRQDO
H /RVWUySLFRVSRVHHQPD\RUFLU
FXQIHUHQFLD
6LHQODWLHUUDVyORH[LVWLHUDODIXHU]D
GHJUDYHGDGHQWRQFHVVXIRUPDVHU
tD
D (VIHURLGH
E (OLSVRLGH
F (VIHUDSHUIHFWD
G *HRLGHHQUHYROXFLyQ
H 2YRLGHHQIRUPDFLyQ
(OHIHFWRGHFRULROLVHVFRQVHFXHQFLD
GHOPRYLPLHQWRGHOURWDFLyQTXHVH
FDUDWHUL]DSRUHOPRYLPLHQWROLEUHGH
XQFXHUSRTXHVHPXHYHHQORV
KHPLVIHULRVGHVYLiQGRVHKDFLD
D /DL]TXLHUGDHQHOQRUWH\DODGH
UHFKDHQHOVXU
E /DSDUWHFHQWUDOHQHOHFXDGRU\
DUULEDHQORVSRORV
F /DGHUHFKDHQHOQRUWH\DODL]
TXLHUGDHQHOVXU
G /DSDUWHDEDMRHQORVSRORV\
DUULEDHQHOHFXDGRU
H /DSDUWHDUULEDHQORVWUySLFRV\
DEDMRHQHOHFXDGRU
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
6LHOPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQVHUtD
PiVYHOR]HQWRQFHVVHH[SHULPHQ
WDUtD
D 0D\RUDFKDWDPLHQWRHFXDWRULDO
E (ODxRPiVODUJR
F 'tDVPiVFRUWRV
G 0D\RUHQVDQFKDPLHQWRSRODU
H 'tDVPiVODUJRV
/DWHRUtDTXHVRVWHQtDTXHOD7LHUUD
JLUDEDVREUHVXHMH\HQWRUQRDO6RO
HV\IXHGHVDUUROOD
GRSRU
D *UDYLWDFLyQXQLYHUVDO±1HZWRQ
E +HOLRFHQWULVPR±&RSpUQLFR
F *HRFHQWULVPR±7RORPHR
G 5HODWLYLGDG±(LQVWHLQH1HEX
ODU±/DSODFH
6LQXHVWURSODQHWDWXYLHUDXQ
PRYLPLHQWRLJXDODOGH9HQXV
HQWRQFHVHO~OWLPROXJDUSHUXDQR
HQDPDQHFHUVHUtD
D 8FD\DOL
E 5RVDVSDWDF6XOODQD
G 7DFQD
H 3XHUWR0DOGRQDGR
1XHVWUR SODQHWD 7LHUUD GXUDQWH VX
PRYLPLHQWR GH WUDVODFLyQ VH DOHMD
GRV YHFHV DO 6RO OR FXDO UHFLEH HO
QRPEUHGH
D $SRJDOiFWLFR
E $SKHOLR
F $SRJHR
G 3HULKHOLR
H 3HULJHR
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6LODYHORFLGDGGHURWDFLyQHVPi[L
PDHQHO
HFXDGRU\GLVPLQX\H
HQORVSRORVHQWRQFHV¢(QFXDOGH
ORVOXJDUHVHVPD\RUODYHORFLGDG"
D%UDVLO
E&DQDGi
F(VSDxD
G&KLOH
H3DQDPi
6HxDOHODDOWHUQDWLYDFRUUHFWDDFHUFD
GHODVHVWDFLRQHVGHODxR
D 6H SURGXFHQ VROR SRU OD LQFOLQD
FLyQGHHMHWHUUHVWUH
E 6XWUD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFDJHQHUD
GHVLJXDOGXUDFLyQ
F(ORWRxRWLHQHQPD\RUHQHO
KHPLVIHULRQRUWH
G(OLQYLHUQRWLHQHPHQRUGXUDFLyQ
HQHOKHPLVIHULRVXU
H(OYHUDQRHVPiVGXUDGHURHQHO
KHPLVIHULRVXU
6HJ~Q ORV HVWXGLRV FLHQWtILFRV OD
HGDG GH OD 7LHUUD HV GH $SUR[LPD
GDPHQWH
DHRQHV
EHRQHV
FHRQHV
GHRQHV
HHRQHV
8QRGHORVHQXQFLDGRVQR
FRUUHVSRQGHDODVSUXHEDVGHOD
IRUPDWHUUHVWUH¢&XiO"
D (OYLDMHGHFLUFXQQDYHJDFLyQ
E /DSODVWLFLGDGGHODVURFDV
F /DVRPEUDSUR\HFWDGDHQORV
HFOLSVHVOXQDUHV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
G /DVIRWRJUDItDVWRPDGDVSRUHO
HVSDFLR
H /DIRUPDFRPRDSDUHFHQR
GHVDSDUHFHQORVEDUFRVHQHO
KRUL]RQWH
/D IRUPD UHDO GH OD 7LHUUD DFHSWDGD
SRUODFLHQFLDJHRJUiILFDHVHO*HRL
GHHQ5HYROXFLyQTXHFRQVLVWHHQ
D (VIHUDLGHDOGHH[WHQVLyQLOLPLWD
GD
E /DGHIHUHQFLDGHODSURWXEHUHQFLD
\ ODHVIHUD
F $FKDWDPLHQWRSRODU\HQVDQFKD
PLHQWRHFXDWRULDO
G 'LIHUHQFLDHQHOQLYHOGHOUHOLHYH
WHUUHVWUH
H /DIRUPDFRQYHQFLRQDOGHOD7LH
UUDGHWHUPLQDGDSRUOD*HRGHVLD
/RVGLVWLQWRVJHRIRUPDVRWLSRVGH
UHOLHYHWHUUHVWUHVHGHEHQDODDFFLyQ
GH
D /DVIXHU]DVFHQWUtIXJD\FHQWUtSH
WD
E /RVIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFDV\IXHU
]DVWHFWyQLFDV
F /RVIDFWRUHVFOLPiWLFRV\VtVPL
FRV
G /DIXHU]DGHJUDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH
H /DVIDOODVJHRJUiILFDV\ODHUR
VLyQ
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
(QODHYROXFLyQGHOD7LHUUDVXDQWL
JHGDGIXHGHWHUPLQDGRDWUDYpVGH
D /RVUHVWRVIyVLOHV
E /DHVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQDGHODJHyV
IHUD
F (OHVWXGLRGHODVURFDV
G /DIORUD\ODIDXQDDQWLJXD
H /DYDULDFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHQXQFLDGRVXQRGH
HOORVQRHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOD7LHUUD
D (VWiHQWUH0DUWH\-~SLWHU
E (VHOSODQHWDPiVGHQVRGHO636
F (VHOTXLQWRSODQHWDPiVJUDQGH
G 7HUFHUSODQHWDHQGLVWDQFLDDO6RO
H (VHOSODQHWDPHQRVGHQVRGHO
636
/DHVWUHOODVLWXDGDVREUHHO3ROR
1RUWHQRHUDODHVWUHOODSRODUVLQROD
$OID (VWR GHELGR D TXH OD WLHUUD VH
FRPSRUWDFRPRXQJUDQFRQRPDO
HTXLOLEUDGR GHQRPLQDGR PRYLPLHQWR
GH
D 1XWDFLyQ
E 3UHFHVLyQ
F 7UDVODFLyQ
G 5RWDFLyQ
H (Q³6´
/DV SDODEUDV TXH PHMRU FRPSOHWD HO
HQXQFLDGRVRQ³/DIXHU]DFHQWUtIXJD
RULJLQDGR SRU OD URWDFLyQ HQVDQFKD
OD]RQD\ODIXHU]DFHQWUtSH
WDRULJLQDGDSRUODJUDYHGDGDFKD
WDODV]RQDV´
D SRODU±HFXDWRULDO
E HFXDWRULDO±ODWLWXGLQDO
F SRODU±ORQJLWXGLQDO
G HFXDWRULDO±SRODUHV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
H HFXDWRULDO±WyUULGDV
'XUDQWH HO PRYLPLHQWR URWDFLRQDO
GH OD 7LHUUD FDGD XQR GH VXV
SXQWRV VXSHUILFLDOHV YDQ SDVDQGR
VXFHVLYDPHQWHIUHQWHDO6ROHVWR
GHWHUPLQD
D /DGHVYLDFLyQGHORVYLHQWRV
E /DVSURGXFFLyQGHODVPDUHDV
F/DGHVYLDFLyQGHODVFRUULHQWHV
PDULQDV
G/DGHVYLDFLyQGHOFDPSRPDJQp
WLFR
H/DGLIHUHQFLDGHKRUDV
/RV HFOLSVHV VRQ OD LQWHUSRVLFLyQ
GHXQDVWURFRQUHVSHFWRDORWUR
ORVHFOLSVHVGHO6ROVHSURGXFHQ
FXDQGR
D (O6ROSDVDSRUODLQWHUVHFFLyQGH
ODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\OXQDU
E /D/XQDSDVDSRUODLQWHUVHFFLyQ
GHODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\VRODU
F/D/XQDSDVDSRUODLQWHUVHFFLyQ
GHODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\OXQDU
G/D7LHUUDSDVD
SRU OD LQWHU
VHFFLyQ GH ODVyUELWDV VRODU \ OX
QDU
H/D7LHUUDSDVD
SRU OD LQWHU
VHFFLyQGHODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\
OXQDU
/DV GLVWLQWDV SRVLFLRQHV TXH DGRSWD
OD /XQD GXUDQWH VX PRYLPLHQWR GH
UHYROXFLyQUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGH
D (O,VRFURQLVPROXQDU
E /DVIDVHVOXQDUHV
F /RVHFOLSVHVVRODUHV\OXQDUHV
G /DVPDUHDV\ORVHFOLSVHV
H 1RYLOXQLR\SOHQLOXQLR
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
(OKHFKRGHTXHODWHPSHUDWXUD
VHDH[WUHPDHQODOXQDWDQWRGH
GtDFRPRGHQRFKHVHGHEHSULQFL
SDOPHQWHD
D /DLQWHUIHUHQFLDGHOD7LHUUD
E (OEDMRDOEHGRGHOD/XQD
F (OHOHYDGRDOEHGRGHOD/XQD
G /DDXVHQFLDGHODDWPyVIHUD
OXQDU
H /DFRPSRVLFLyQURFRVDGHVX
UHOLHYH
6H FRQVLGHUD TXH ORV PDUHV OXQDUHV
FRPRWLSRGHVXUHOLHYHVRQHOUH
VXOWDGRGH
D /DSUHVHQFLDGHODV]RQDVVtVPL
FDVHVWDEOHV\DFWLYRV
E(OUHFXEULPLHQWRGHODVXSHUILFLH
SRUODYDVYROFiQLFDV
F/DDFFLyQGHLQWHQVRVSURFHVRV
HURVLYRV
G/DSDVDGDH[LVWHQFLDGHDJXDHQ
HVWDGROtTXLGR
H/DH[LVWHQFLDDFWXDOGHDJXDHQ
HVWDGROtTXLGR
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
3(5,2',),&$&,21(92/8&,21
'(/$7,(55$< (5$6*(2/2*,&$6
GEOGRAFÍA
,1752'8&&,Ð1
• 'H ORV HVWXGLRV HIHFWXDGRV KDVWD HO SUHVHQWH VH FRQFOX\H TXH OD WLHUUD
WLHQHXQDDQWLJHGDGGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOORQHVGHDxRV
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
/DWLHUUDIXHHQVXVRUtJHQHVXQDSRUFLyQGHQXEHHVWHODUTXHJUDYLWDED
DOUHGHGRUGHOVROWDPELpQHQIRUPDFLyQ
/RVPDWHULDOHVTXHODFRQIRUPDEDQVHFRQGHQVDURQOHQWDPHQWHKDVWD
FRQVWLWXLUXQDPDVDVyOLGD
/D WLHUUD SULPLWLYD IXH HQIULiQGRVH $O HQIULDUVH OD DWPyVIHUD HPSH]y OD
FRQGHQVDFLyQ GHO YDSRU GH DJXD TXH H[LVWtD HQ HOOD 6H IRUPDURQJUDQ
GHV PDVDV GH QXEHV \ HVWDV GLHURQ OXJDU D OOXYLDV WRUUHQFLDOHVTXHFD\H
URQ GXUDQWH PLOORQHV GH DxRV (O DJXD YROYtD D HYDSRUDUVH \ UHWRUQDED
QXHYDPHQWHDODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHHQIRUPDGHOOXYLDJUDQL]RJDU~D
QLHYH
/DVDJXDVSURYHQLHQWHVGHODVOOXYLDVIXHURQGHSRVLWiQGRVHHQODVGH
SUHVLRQHVGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHIRUPiQGRVHORVPDUHV\RFpD
QRVODJRV\UtRV
(O SURFHVR HYROXWLYR GH OD WLHUUD FRQWLQ~R FRQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH ORV
IHQyPHQRVWHO~ULFRV/DDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFDORVPRYLPLHQWRVRURJpQLFRV\
ORVPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRVGHWHUPLQDURQODIRUPDFLyQGHODVFRUGLOOHUDVGHO
PXQGRHOUHOLHYHSULPLWLYRVHDOWHUR
/DVFRUGLOOHUDVTXHGDURQH[SXHVWDVDODDFFLyQGHORVIHQyPHQRVDW
PRVIpULFRV YDULDFLyQ GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD KXPHGDG OOXYLDV YLHQWRVODVUR
FDV FRPHQ]DURQ D VHU GHVLQWHJUDGDV TXHGDQGR H[SXHVWDV D OD DFFLyQ
HURVLYDGHODVDJXDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV
(O SURFHVR FRQWLQ~D D WUDYpV GH ODV HUDV JHROyJLFDV ORV PDWHULDOHV GH
HURVLyQYDQGHSRVLWiQGRVHHQORVIRQGRVPDULQRVRULJLQDQGRYDULDV
IRUPDVGHUHOLHYHGRQGHVHDOWHUQDQPRQWDxDVPHVHWDVOODQXUDVDOXYLD
OHVGHSUHVLRQHVTXHEUDGDVFROLQDVSRQJRVFDxRQHVHWF
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
',9,6,Ð1(1(21(6
3DUD HO HVWXGLR GH OD FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH\ ELRVIHUD VH KDGLYLGLGR HO WLHPSRJHROy
JLFRHQ(yQHVHUDVSHULRGRV\pSRFDV
(RQHV/RVHRQHVVRQODVPD\RUHVXQLGDGHVTXHVHXWLOL]DSDUDPHGLUOD
WLHUUD\VRQ
D $UTXHR]RLFR &RPSUHQGH GHVGH OD IRUPDFLyQ GH OD WLHUUD KDVWD KDFH PLOORQHVDxRV (PSLH]DGHVGHTXHQXHVWUR SODQHWDVH HQIUtDGXUDQWH HVWH
(yQVHIRUPDURQORVFRQWLQHQWHVORVRFpDQRV\ODDWPyVIHUDHQHVWH(yQ
DSDUHFLyWDPELpQODYLGD
E 3URWHUR]RLFR &RPSUHQGH GHVGH PLOORQHV GH DxRV KDVWD KDFHPLOOR
QHVGHDxRV(QHVWH(yQODVURFDVSURWHUR]RLFDVHQFLHUUDQDEXQGDQWHYLGD$O
SULQFLSLR GH HVWH (yQ DSDUHFHQ FpOXODV FRPSOHMDV HXFDULRWD \ DOJDV YHUGH
D]XODGDVFRQFDSDFLGDGGHUHDOL]DUODIRWRVtQWHVLVORTXHDXPHQWDODFDQWLGDG
GHR[LJHQRHQODDWPyVIHUD
F )DQHUR]RLFR$EDUFDGHVGHPLOORQHVGHDxRVKDVWDODDFWXDOLGDG
(VHO PDV UHFLHQWH\ EUHYH/RV IyVLOHVGH ODV URFDV GHHVWHWLHPSRLOXVWUDQ
FRPRODYLGDHYROXFLRQyGHVGHORVSULPHURVRUJDQLVPRV KDVWD ODV SODQWDV \
DQLPDOHV WHUUHVWUHV SDUD DOFDQ]DU ODGLYHUVLGDGDFWXDO$OGHVFXEULUVHODUD
GLRDFWLYLGDGVHLGHDURQPpWRGRVGHGDWDFLyQQXHYRVSXGLHQGRDVLJQDUDVtHGD
GHVDEVROXWDVHQPLOORQHVGHDxRVDVt6XUJHQODVHUDVJHROyJLFDVTXHPHQFLR
QDPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
%LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIWŠ(QFDUWDŠ‹
0LFURVRIW&RUSRUDWLRQ5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
',9,6,Ð1(1(5$6
$UFDLFD&ULSWR]RLFDR$]RLFD³6LQYLGD´'XUDFLyQGHPLOORQHVD
PLOORQHVGHDxRV(VWiFRPSUHQGLGRSRUWUHVSHULRGRV$OJRQTXLHQVH
+XURQLHQVH/DXUHQWLHQVH
•
•
•
•
&RQILJXUDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDGHOD7LHUUD/DWLHUUDHUDXQDPDVDVyOLGD
PiVRPHQRVHVIpULFDHQSURFHVRGHHQIULDPLHQWRFRQDXVHQFLDWRWDO
GH PDUHV \ RFpDQRV SRU ODV DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV GH OD PDVD VyOLGD GH
QXHVWUR SODQHWD ODV DJXDV VH HQFRQWUDEDQ HQODDWPyVIHUDHQIRUPDGH
YDSRUGHDJXD
/D WLHUUD HPSH]y D HQIULDUVH HO YDSRU VH FRQGHQVR IRUPiQGRVHQXEHV
TXHGLHURQRULJHQDOOXYLDVWRUUHQFLDOHVIRUPiQGRVHPDUHV\RFpDQRVGH
SRFDSURIXQGLGDG6HIRUPyXQPDUDOTXHOODPDURQ3$17+$/$66$GH
FX\RVIRQGRVFRPHQ]DURQDHPHUJHUORVFRQWLQHQWHV
(QHO+HPLVIHULR6XUH[LVWtDXQVRORFRQWLQHQWHOODPDGR:RQJ
ZDQDIRUPDGRSRU%UDVLOÈIULFD0DGDJDVFDU,QGLD,QGRFKLQD,QVX
OLQGLD$XVWUDOLD\$QWiUWLFD
(QHO+HPLVIHULR1RUWHH[LVWtDQWUHVPDVDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV(OHVFXGR
VLEHULDQR/LEHULD&KLQDHOHVFXGREiOWLFR(VFDQGLQDYD\HOHVFXGR
FDQDGLHQVH&DQDGi*URHQODQGLDHQWUHDPERVKHPLVIHULRVH[LVWtDXQ
PDUOODPDGR7KHW\V
3ULPDULDR3DOHR]RLFD &RUUHVSRQGHDODVIDVHVPiVDQWLJXDVGHODHYROX
FLyQGHODYLGD$FRQWHFLyHQWUHORVPLOORQHV\ORVPLOORQHVGHDxRV
• 'XUDQWH HVWD HUD VH SURGXFHQ ORV SULPHURV PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV \ HO
YXOFDQLVPR/DYLGDDQLPDOVHGHVDUUROOyHQIRUPDDVRPEURVD HO PDU HUD
XQKHUYLGHURGHVHUHVYLYLHQWHVSHURVyORGHLQYHUWHEUDGRVHQWUHORVPiV
FRQRFLGRVILJXUDQORVWULORELWHVDSDUHFHQWDPELpQORVFHIDOySRGRVSDUHFL
GRVDORVDFWXDOHVFDODPDUHV
•
•
•
(Q HVWHSHULRGR DSDUHFH WDPELpQ HOSULPHUDQLPDO FRQ FROXPQDYHUWHEUDO
HUDQSHFHVFRQSXOPRQHVTXHSRGtDQUHVSLUDUHODLUHGHODDWPyVIHUD\SRU
ORWDQWRYLYLUHQODV]RQDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV
7DPELpQVHGHVDUUROODQORVDQILELRVVREUHVDOHQHOEUDQTXLRVDXULRPX\SD
UHFLGRDODVDODPDQGUDDFWXDOLQVHFWRV\EDWUDFLRV
/DYLGDYHJHWDOORJUyXQH[WUDRUGLQDULRGHVDUUROORGHVWDFDQORVKHOHFKRV
DUERUHVFHQWHVIRUPDQGRLQPHQVRVERVTXHVTXHFXEULHURQORVFRQWLQHQWHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
D 3HULRGRV
• &iPEULFR DPLOORQHVGHDxRV&DPEULDQRPEUHTXHORVDQWLJXRV
URPDQRVGDEDQDODVURFDVVHGLPHQWDULDVGH*DOHV
•
/DPD\RUtDGHODVPDVDVWHUUHVWUHVVHHQFRQWUDEDQHQORVWUySL
FRV1RUWHDPpULFD\(XURSDHVWDEDQVHSDUDGDV\VHHQFRQWUD
EDQHQORVWUySLFRV*RQGZDQDVHH[WHQGtDKDVWDFDVLHO3ROR6XU
•
(QFXDQWRDOGHVDUUROORGHODYLGDDSDUHFLHURQODVDOJDVPDUL
QDV $SDUHFHQ ORV LQYHUWHEUDGRV PDULQRV PLHQWUDV TXH HQOD WLHUUD
WRGDYtD QR KDEtD YLGD HO PDU VH HQFRQWUDED OOHQR GHHVSRQMDVJX
VDQRVEUDTXLySRGRVPROXVFRV\DUWUySRGRV
• 2UGRYtFLFR ± PLOORQHV GH DxRV 6X QRPEUH SURYLHQH GHODDQWL
JXDWULEXJDOHVD\DTXHODVURFDVGHHGDGVHHVWXGLDURQGHIRUPDVLVWHPi
WLFDHQ*DOHV
•
(QFXDQWRDODVSHFWRJHROyJLFR1RUWHDPpULFD\(XURSDTXHDQWHV
HVWDEDQ VHSDUDGDV VH MXQWDQ SDUD IRUPDU XQD FRUGLOOHUDPRQWDxRVD
7DFRQLF $VLD HVWDED GLYLGLGD HQ /LEHULD \ &KLQD*RQGZDQDDEDU
FDED6XGDPpULFD$QWiUWLGD$XVWUDOLD,QGLD
•
(Q FXDQWR DO GHVDUUROOR GH OD YLGD DSDUHFHQ ODV SULPHUDVSODQ
WDV SULPLWLYDV \ ORV LQYHUWHEUDGRV VHJXtDQ VLHQGR OD IRUPDGH YLGD
GRPLQDQWH
• 6LOXULFR DPLOORQHVGHDxRV7RPDHOQRPEUHGHODDQWLJXD
WULEXEULWiQLFDGHORV6LOXUHV
•
/RV FRQWLQHQWHV GHO 6XU IRUPDEDQ HO VXSHUFRQWLQHQWH
*RQGZDQD PLHQWUDV TXH HO 1RUWH HVWDED IRUPDGR SRU (XURSD1RU
WHDPpULFD\$VLD
•
$SDUHFHQIyVLOHVGHSODQWDVOODPDGDVSVLORILWDV/RVDUUHFLIHVGH
FRUDO FUHFtDQ HQ DJXDV PDULQDV FDOLGDV DSDUHFHQ ORV SHFHV FRQ
PDQGtEXOD\ORVSULPHURVLQVHFWRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
'HYyQLFR DPLOORQHVGHDxRV6XQRPEUHGHULYDGH'HYyQ
,QJODWHUUD
•
/RV FRQWLQHQWHV GH 1RUWHDPpULFD \ (XURSD VH HQFRQWUDEDQ HQ HO
(FXDGRU $ULFD\ 6XGDPpULFD HVWDEDQ FHQWUDGRVHQHOSROR6XU
•
(Q FXDQWR D IORUD DSDUHFHQ ORV SULPHURV ERVTXHV GHO SODQHWD \ HQ
IDXQD DSDUHFHQ HQ WLHUUD ILUPH ODV DUDxDV \ iFDURV (Q ORVPDUHV
DSDUHFHQ XQRV PROXVFRV SDUHFLGRV D ORV FDODPDUHV DFWXDOHV
/RVSHFHV\DWHQtDQDOHWDVHVFDPDV\ PDQGtEXODVDSDUHFHQORV
DQILELRV
&DUERQtIHUR ±PLOORQHVGHDxRV6XQRPEUHVHGHEHDORVHV
WUDWRVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUEyQGH,QJODWHUUD\*DOHV
• *RQGZDQDVHXELFDWRWDOPHQWHDO6XU
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
$EXQGDQODVSODQWDVVLQIORUTXHVHUHSURGXFHQSRUHVSRUDV+DE
tDQKHOHFKRV\FRQtIHUDV
$SDUHFHQORVSULPHURVUHSWLOHVYHUGDGHURVDEXQGDQORVLQ
VHFWRVFRPXQHVVRQORVWLEXURQHV\SHFHVSULPLWLYRV
3pUPLFR ±PLOORQHVGHDxRV3HULRGRJHROyJLFRHQKRQRUD
3HUPXQDDOGHDGHOHVWHGH5XVLD
• 1RUWHDPpULFD(XURSD\$VLDVHXQHQD*RQGZDQDSDUDIRUPDUXQ
VRORFRQWLQHQWHOODPDGR3DQJHD
• $SDUHFHQORVKHOHFKRVFRQVHPLOODV\IORUHFLyODYLGDPDULQDLQYHU
WHEUDGD$ILQDOHVGHHVWHSHULRGRVHXQDJUDQH[WLQFLyQODPD\RUGH
ODVTXHVHFRQRFHKDVWDHOPRPHQWR\SXVRILQDJUDQGHVJUXSRV
GH FRUDOHV \ HTXLQRGHUPRV /RV UHSWLOHV VH LEDQ GHVDUUROODQGR
VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWH$SDUHFHQORVDQWHFHVRUHVGHORVGLQRVDXULRV
6HFXQGDULDR0HVR]RLFD &RUUHVSRQGHDXQDIDVHLQWHUPHGLDGHOD HYROX
FLyQGHODVHVSHFLHV6HGHVDUUROOyHQWUHORV\PLOORQHVGHDxRV
• 9,'$9(*(7$/ 6HPDQLIHVWyHQODDSDULFLyQGHORVFRQtIHURVFX\DV
HVSHFLHVSULQFLSDOHV VRQ ORV SLQRV\ ORV DEHWRVTXHLQYDGLHURQ ORV
FRQWLQHQWHV IRUPDQGR JUDQGHV ERVTXHV DSDUHFHQWDPELpQDOJXQDVSODQ
WDVFRQIORUHVRKHOHFKRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
9,'$ $1,0$/ (Q HO PDU GHVDSDUHFLy ORV WULORELWHV \ SHFHVDFRUD
]DGRVVHGHVDUUROODQORVDPRQLWDVFRQVXVFRQFKDVHQHVSLUDO(VWD
HVDVLPLVPRODHUDGHORVUHSWLOHVRVDXULRVJLJDQWHVXQRVHUDQDFXiWLFRV
SURYLVWRVGHDOHWDVFRPRHOLFWLRVDXURGHGLH]PHWURVGHODUJRFRQXQ
FXHUSRGHSH]FDEH]DGHODJDUWRSDWDVGHFHWiFHR\FXHOORGHVHUSLHQWH
2WURVHUDQWHUUHVWUHVFRPRORVGLQRVDXULRV%URQWRVDXURVHVWHJR
VDXULRV'LSORGRFRVHWF
D 3HULRGRV
• 7ULiVLFR±PLOORQHVGHDxRV*U7UtDVFRQMXQWRGHWUHV$SDUH
FHQGLQRVDXULRVGHSHTXHxDVGLPHQVLRQHV
•
(/JUDQFRQWLQHQWH3DQJHDFRPLHQ]DDGHVPHPEUDUVH
•
3UHGRPLQDEDQORViUEROHVSHUHQQLIROLRVTXHVRQORVTXHFRQ
VHUYDQVXIROODMHGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR
•
$SDUHFHQORVSULPHURVGLQRVDXULRVGHSHTXHxDVGLPHQVLRQHVFRPR
ORVLFWLRVDXURVUHSWLOHV PDULQRV \ DSDUHFHQ ORVSULPHURVPDPtIHURV
YHUGDGHURV
• -XUiVLFR ± PLOORQHV GHDxRV'H -XUD FRUGLOOHUDHXURSHD
$SDUHFHQORVJUDQGHVGLQRVDXULRV
•
(QHVWDHWDSDGHODKLVWRULDODWLHUUDWHQtDGRVVXSHUFRQWLQHQWHV/DX
UDVLD\*RQGZDQDVHSDUDGRVSRUHOPDUGH7KHWLV1RUWHDPpULFDWR
GDYtDXQLGDD*RQGZDQD\D(XURSD2FFLGHQWDO HPSH]y VXVHSDUD
FLyQGH*RQGZDQD6XGDPpULFD\ÈIULFDFRPHQ]DURQDVHSDUDUVH
•
$SDUHFHQ ODV SODQWDV FRQ IORU \ KHOHFKRV FRQ VHPLOOD (Q FXDQWR D
IDXQD OD IRUPD GH YLGD GRPLQDQWH HUDQ ODV UHSWLOHV FRPR HO LFWLR
VDXULRGHYLGDPDULQDRWURVGHYLGDDpUHDFRPRHO3WHURVDXULR
•
&UHWiFLFR ± PLOORQHV GH DxRV 'HO ODWtQ *UHGD )&DUER
QDWRGHFDOWHUURVR(OQRPEUHDOXGHDORVDEXQGDQWHVHVWUDWRV GH
FUHWDGHSRVLWDGRVDOILQDO GHO SHULRGR HQ,QJODWHUUD \)UDQFLD
• (Q HVWH SHULRGR ÈIULFD VH GHVSUHQGH GH *RQGZDQD \ VH IRUPDQ ODV
UDtFHVGHOR$OSHVHXURSHRV/DLQGLDHPSLH]DDSOHJDUORVSUHGHFH
VRUHVGHO+LPDOD\D$SDUHFHQODVPRQWDxDVURFRVDVHQ1RUWHDPpULFD
\ ORV$QGHVHQ6XGDPpULFD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(QHVWHSHULRGRODVSODQWDV\DWRPDQXQDDSDULHQFLDPRGHUQDFRPR
HOUREOHODKD\D\HODUFH
6HH[WLQJXHQUHSWLOHVFRPRORVGLQRVDXULRVSOHURVDXULRVLFWLR
VDXULRVSOHVLRVDXULRV\PHVRVDXULRVSRVLEOHPHQWHSRUODFDtGDGH
XQPHWHRULWRGHJUDQGHVGLPHQVLRQHVHQQXHVWURSODQHWD
7HUFLDULD R FHQR]RLFD &RUUHVSRQGH D IRUPDV GH YLGD PiV UHFLHQWHV
GXUDFLyQGHDPLOORQHVGHDxRV
•
•
•
6H SURGXFHQ JUDQGHV PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV TXH IRUPDURQ ODVDFWXDOHV
FRUGLOOHUDVHQORVDFWXDOHVFRQWLQHQWHV/DHUDWHUFLDULDHVODHUDGHORV
PDPtIHURVFRQFDUDFWHUHVPX\GLIHUHQWHVDVtFRPRORV FDEDOORVGH
SHTXHxRWDPDxRH[KLEtDQFLQFRGHGRVSRFRVHIXHURQDWURILDQGRGL
FKDVXxDVKDVWDFRQYHUWLUVHHQOD~QLFDSH]XxDTXHSRVHHQ
7DPELpQVHGHVDUUROODQORVPDUVXSLDOHV]DULJH\DVFDQJXURVDSDUHFH
HOULQRFHURQWHPDVWRGRQWH\HOHIDQWHTXH6XUJLHURQDOILQDOGHODHUD
7DPELpQVHGHVDUUROODURQHOPDPXWHORVR\HOWLJUHGLHQWHVGHVDEOH
/DYLGDYHJHWDOSUHVHQWDEDORVFDUDFWHUHVTXHKR\GtDVHDSUHFLDQ
HQODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH
D 3HULRGRV
3DOHRFHQRPLOORQHVGHDxRV
•
•
•
*URHQODQGLDVHDOHMDGH1RUWHDPpULFD/HYDQWDPLHQWRGHO+LPDOD\D
/RVPDPtIHURVHPSLH]DQDGRPLQDUODWLHUUDFRPRODVPDUVXSLDOHVORV
FUHRGRQWHVTXHVRQORVDQWHFHVRUHVGHSHUURV
\ JDWRV\ORVXQJXODGRVTXHGDQRULJHQDFDEDOORVFHUGRVULQRFHURQ
WHV\FDPHOORV
(RFHQRPLOORQHVGHDxRV
• (VWHSHULRGRUHVDOWDHQLPSRUWDQFLDSRUTXHVHGDHOOHYDQWDPLHQWR GHODV
JUDQGHVFRUGLOOHUDVGHORHVWHGH1RUWHDPpULFD\6XGDPpULFD<VHGDHO
SOHJDPLHQWRGHORV$OSHV\HO+LPDOD\D
• $SDUHFHQIRUPDVDQFHVWUDOHVGHOFDEDOORFDPHOORULQRFHURQWHPXUFLpOD
JRSULPDWHV\URHGRUHV(QHOPDUVHHQFRQWUDURQUHVWRVGHXQDQLPDO
SHUHFLGRDODEDOOHQD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
2OLJRFHQR PLOORQHVGHDxRV
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(QIORUDVHGDQGLYHUVDVYDULHGDGHVGHSLQRV
'HVWDFDQORVULQRFHURQWHV/RVSULPHURVHOHIDQWHVGLHURQOXJDUDORVPDV
WRGRQWHV ORV FUHRGRQWHV GDQ OXJDU D SHUURV \ JDWRVHVWRV FRPSUHQGtDQ
GRVJUXSRV\GHXQRGHHOORV6XUJHHOWLJUHGLHQWHVGHVDEOH
0LRFHQR PLOORQHVGHDxRV
•
•
•
6HGDODHOHYDFLyQGHJUDQGHVFRUGLOOHUDV$OSHVHQ(XURSD+LPDOD\D
HQ$VLD\ODVFDGHQDVPRQWDxRVDVGHOFRQWLQHQWHDPHULFDQR
(QHOKHPLVIHULR1RUWHDSDUHFHQSUDGHUDV
0DPtIHURV FRPR HO ULQRFHURQWH FDPHOOR JDWR \ FDEDOOR SUHGRPLQDEDQ
$SDUHFHHOPDVWRGRQWHHOPDSDFKHODFRPDGUHMD\YLYtDQHQHVWDpSRFD
ORVVLPLRV
3OLRFHQR PLOORQHVGHDxRV
•
•
3RU WHQHU XQ FOLPD WHPSODGR H[LVWHQ HQFLQRV KD\DV DEHGXOHV IUHVQRV
iODPRV\SLQRV
/RVPDPtIHURVHUDQHOWLSRGHYLGDGRPLQDQWH\ODHYROXFLyQUiSLGDGH
ORVSULPDWHVRULJLQyHVSHFLHVFRQVLGHUDGRVDQWHSDVDGRVGLUHFWRVGHOKRPR
VDSLHQV
(UDFXDWHUQDULDRDQWURSR]RLFD PLOORQHVGHDxRVDODDFWXDOLGDG
(VWDHVODHUDTXHHVWDPRVYLYLHQGRVXSULQFLSDOFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVOD DSDULFLyQ GHO
KRPEUHFX\RV YHVWLJLRV GHVXDFWLYLGDGVHUHPRQWDQ DO SOHLVWRFHQR +D WHQLGR
XQDGXUDFLyQDSUR[LPDGDGHXQPLOOyQGHDxRV
D 3HULRGRV
3OHLVWRFHQRFRQPLOORQHVGHDxRV±PLODxRV
(VWHSHULRGRVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHJODFLDUHVHQPiVGHXQDFXDUWD
SDUWHGHODVXSHUILFLHGHODWLHUUD
(VWHSHULRGRHVOODPDGRDYHFHVODHUDGHOKRPEUHSRUTXHVHFUHHTXHORVSULPH
URVVHUHVKXPDQRVHYROXFLRQDURQHQHOOD(QHVWHSHULRGRVHGDODH[WLQFLyQGHO
WLJUHGLHQWHVGHVDEOHHOPDVWRGRQWH\HOSHUH]RVRWHUUHVWUH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
+RORFHQRFRQPLODxRVDOWLHPSRDFWXDO
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
/DWHPSHUDWXUDVHHOHYDHQHVWHSHULRGRORTXHRULJLQDXQGHVKLHORTXH
DXPHQWDHOQLYHOGHOPDU3RUHODXPHQWRGHODWHPSHUDWXUDDSDUHFHXQ
SDLVDMHSUHGRPLQDQWHIRUHVWDOFRPRODFRQLIHUDVUREOHVHWF
$QLPDOHVFRPRHOHIDQWHVULQRFHURQWHVKLSRSyWDPRELVRQWHFDEDOORVRQ
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRVHQHVWDpSRFD
/RVFRQWLQHQWHV\ORVRFpDQRVVRQORVTXHDFWXDOPHQWHH[LVWHQORVPRYL
PLHQWRVRURJpQLFRVFRQWLQ~DQHYROXFLRQDQGROHQWDPHQWH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
/Ë1($6< &Ë5&8/26,0$*,1$5,267(55(675(6
,1752'8&&,Ð1
(O VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV JHRPpWULFDV R JHRJUiILFDV VH XWLOL]D SDUD GHILQLU OD
ORFDOL]DFLyQGH OXJDUHV HQOD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH /DV OtQHDV GH ODWLWXG\ORQJLWXG
VHXWLOL]DQSDUDILMDUODSRVLFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHDWUDYpV
GHXQVLVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDV
35,1&,3$/(6/,1($6
3DUDOHORV&RQRFLGRVFRPROtQHDVGHODWLWXG6RQORVFtUFXORVPHQRUHV
SDUDOHORVDO(FXDGRUHVWRVVRQLQQXPHUDEOHV\VHH[WLHQGHQGHVGHOD
OtQHDHFXDWRULDOƒKDVWDORVSRORVƒ6XORQJLWXG YD VLHQGR PHQRU D PHGL
GD TXH VH DOHMDQ GHO PLVPR KDVWDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQSXQWRHQORVSRORV7LHQHQ
GLUHFFLyQGH(VWHD2HVWHYLFHYHUVD
8WLOLGDG ¢4Xp 0LGHQ" /$7,
78'(6GLVWDQFLDTXHH[LVWHGH
XQSXQWR FXDOTXLHUD GH OD WLHUUD DO
(FXDGRU HVWD SXHGH VHU /DWLWXG
6XU1RUWHVHH[SUHVDHQJUD
GRVPLQXWRV\VHJXQGRV/D
ODWLWXG SURSRUFLRQD OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ
GH XQ OXJDU DO 1RUWH R DO 6XU GHO
(FXDGRU
3ULQFLSDOHV3DUDOHORV
D /tQHD HTXLQRFFLDO (V XQ
FtUFXOR Pi[LPR LPDJLQDULR
HTXLGLVWDQWH GH ORV SRORV
TXHGLYLGHOD7LHUUDHQGRV
KHPLVIHULRV 1RUWH \ 6XU /D
OtQHDGHO(FXDGRUIRUPD
iQJXORUHFWRFRQHOHMH GHOD7LHUUD\DSDUWLUGHHOODVHPLGHQODVODWLWXGHV
KDFLDHO1RUWHRKDFLDHO6XUHQJUDGRVVH[DJHVLPDOHVKDVWDƒODODWLWXGHQ
FXDOTXLHUSXQWRGHO(FXDGRUHVVLHPSUHJUDGRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E 7UySLFRV6RQGRVSDUDOHORVGHODWLWXGWHUUHVWUHHTXLGLVWDQWHVGHO(FXDGRU
VLWXDGRVDƒ
GHODWLWXG1RUWH\Dƒ
GHODWLWXG6XUGRQGHORVUD\RVGHO
6RO LQFLGHQ SHUSHQGLFXODUPHQWH VREUH OD 7LHUUDDOPHGLRGtDDOPHQRVXQGtDDO
DxR
• 7UySLFR GH &iQFHU 8ELFDGR HQ
HO+HPLVIHULR1RUWH 3RUTXHHO6RO
HQHOVROVWLFLRGHYHUDQRHQWUDHQOD
FRQVWHODFLyQGH&iQFHU
•
7URSLFR GH &DSULFRUQLR 8ELFDGR
HQHO+HPLVIHULR6XU(VWD]RQDGH
OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH VH FRQRFH
FRPR ]RQD WURSLFDO LQWHUWURSLFDO R
WyUULGD
F&tUFXORVSRODUHV
• ÉUWLFR(VWDVLWXDGRDƒ¶DO1RUWHGHO(FXDGRU6HxDODHOOtPLWHPHUL
GLRQDOGHOiUHDHQODTXHHO6ROQRVHSRQHHQHOKRUL]RQWH
• $QWiUWLFR (V XQ SDUDOHOR GH OD 7LHUUD VLWXDGR D ƒ
DO 6XU GHO(FXD
GRU6HxDODHOOtPLWHVHSWHQWULRQDOGHXQiUHDGRQGHKDFLDHOVROVWLFLRDXV
WUDOQRVHSRQHHOVROHQHOKRUL]RQWH
%LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIWŠ(QFDUWDŠ‹0LFURVRIW
&RUSRUDWLRQ5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
0HULGLDQRV6HFRQRFHQWDPELpQSRUOtQHDVGHORQJLWXG(VWiQQXPHUD
GRV GH ž D ž WDQWR KDFLD HO (VWH FRPR KDFLD HO 2HVWH DSDUWLUGHOPHULGLDQR
GH *UHHQZLFK FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR HO PHULGLDQR RULJHQ 6RQ DTXHOORV FtUFXORV
Pi[LPRVSHUSHQGLFXODUHVDO(FXDGRUTXHGLYLGHQDODWLHUUDHQGRVKHPLVIHULRV
(67(<2(67(\TXHSDVDQSRUORVSRORV6XV([WUHPRVVRQORVSRORV
8WLOLGDG ¢4Xp 0LGHQ" /RQJLWXGHV (V OD GLVWDQFLD TXH KD\ HQ XQ SXQWR FXDO
TXLHUD GH OD WLHUUD DO PHULGLDQR EDVH R GH *UHHQZLFK HVWD PHGLGD WDPELpQ VH
H[SUHVDHQJUDGRVPLQXWRV\VHJXQGRV/DVORQJLWXGHV SURSRUFLRQDQ OD ORFDOL
]DFLyQ GH XQ OXJDU DO (VWH X 2HVWHGHO0HULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFK
3ULQFLSDOHV0HULGLDQRV
D 0HULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFKR0HULGLDQR%DVH(VXQDOtQHDLPDJLQDULD
TXHIRUPDODPLWDGGHXQFtUFXORPi[LPR\XQHORVSRORV1RUWH\6XU
'LYLGHDOPXQGRHQGRVKHPLVIHULRV2ULHQWDO\2FFLGHQWDO/DVORQJLWXGHV(\
2 FRQYHUJHQ HQ HO ODGR RSXHVWR GH OD WLHUUD VREUH HOPHULGLDQRGHORQJLWXGƒ
TXHVHGHILQHFRPRHODQWLPHULGLDQRSULQFLSDOFRQDOJXQDVGHVYLDFLRQHV
PDUFDGDVSRUODOtQHDLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHFDPELRGHIHFKD
6LUYH
•
•
(VWDEOHFHUORVYDORUHVGHORQJLWXG
(VWDEOHFHUHOFiOFXORGHODKRUDLQWHUQDFLRQDO
E 0HULGLDQRGHžRDQWHPHULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFK(VODOtQHDLPDJLQDULD
GHO WLHPSR 6H XVD SDUD GHWHUPLQDU HO FDPELR GHO GtD \ ODIHFKD/tQHDLUUHJXODU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
WUD]DGDVREUHHOPDSDGHORFpDQR3DFtILFRSUy[LPDDOPHULGLDQRƒ\TXHHQ
PXFKRVOXJDUHVFRLQFLGHFRQpO6HxDODHOOXJDUHQHOTXHORVQDYHJDQWHVDGHODQWDQ
R UHWUDVDQ XQ GtDODIHFKDHQXQ YLDMHWUDQVRFHiQLFR$O HVWHGHODOtQHD HVXQGtD
DQWHVTXHDORHVWHGHODPLVPD
87,/,'$''(/$6/,1($6<&,5&8/26,0$*,1$5,26
+RUD RILFLDO (OKRUDULRRILFLDOEDVDGRHQHOWLHPSRVRODUIXHLQWURGX
FLGRHQSRUDFXHUGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOSDUDHYLWDUFRPSOLFDFLRQHVHQ
ORVKRUDULRVGHWUHQHVFXDQGRFDGDFRPXQLGDGHPSOHDEDVXSURSLDKRUDVRODU
6HGLYLGLyOD7LHUUDHQKXVRVKRUDULRVSDUWLHQGRGHOPHULGLDQRGHORQJLWXGFHUR
TXHSDVDSRUHO5HDO2EVHUYDWRULRGH*UHHQZLFKHQHO6XUGH,QJODWHUUDORVKXVRV
VHQXPHUDQVHJ~QVXGLVWDQFLDDO(VWHRDORHVWHGH*UHHQZLFK
'HQWURGHFDGDKXVRKRUDULRWRGRVORVUHORMHVGHEHQPDUFDUODPLVPDKRUD\
HQWUHXQKXVR\HOVLJXLHQWHKD\XQDGLIHUHQFLDGHXQDKRUD
(Q HO PRGHOR FLHQWtILFR HQ HO TXH VH EDVDQ ORV KXVRV KRUDULRV FDGDKXVRDEDUFD
ƒ GH ORQJLWXG VLQ HPEDUJRORV OtPLWHV GH ORV KXVRV VHKDQDGDSWDGRD ODV
IURQWHUDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVRDORVOtPLWHVUHJLRQDOHV HQ SDtVHV H[WHQVRV
SDUDIDFLOLWDUODVDFWLYLGDGHVFRPHUFLDOHV
(QQDYHJDFLyQORVUHORMHVVHVLQFURQL]DQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHFRQODKRUDORFDO GH *UH
HQZLFK GHQRPLQDGD *07 SRU VXV VLJODV HQ LQJOpV /RVDVWUyQRPRVXVDQHVHQ
FLDOPHQWHHOPLVPRVLVWHPDDXQTXHORGHQRPLQDQ87& VLJODV HQLQJOpV
GH &RRUGHQDGDV 7HPSRUDOHV8QLYHUVDOHV
&RRUGHQDGDV*HRJUiILFDV/DVFRRUGHQDGDVFRPSUHQGHQGRVFRQMXQWRVGH
OtQHDVSDUDOHODVVHSDUDGDVSRUGLVWDQFLDVLJXDOHVTXHVHFUX]DQIRUPDQGRiQJX
ORVUHFWRV\GLYLGHQHOPDSDHQFXDGUDGRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
(6758&785$,17(51$'(/$*(26)(5$
&21&(372
6HFRQRFHFRPR*HRVIHUDDODPDVDVyOLGD
GHOSODQHWDWLHUUD6XHVWUXFWXUD VH GHGXFH
SRUPpWRGRVLQGLUHFWRVDQDOL]DQGR ODWUD\HFWR
ULD\YHORFLGDGHVGHODVRQGDVVtVPLFDVTXH
ODDWUDYLHVDQSXHVWRTXHODREVHUYDFLyQGLUH
FWDVRORKDDOFDQ]DGRORNPGHSURIXQGL
GDG 8QD HPSUHVD DOHPDQD LQLFLy OD SHUIRUD
FLyQGHXQW~QHO YHUWLFDO GH .P(QFX\D
SURIXQGLGDG OD URFD HVWD VRPHWLGD D GH
SUHVLyQ\ž&
(QODHVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQDGHODWLHUUDDPD\RUSURIXQGLGDVHLQFUHPHQWDODWHPSHUD
WXUDODGHQVLGDGGHODVURFDV\ODSUHVLyQ/DWHPSHUDWXUDVHLQFUHPHQWD D ž &
P GHSURIXQGLGDG
',9,6,21
&RUWH]D ± .P &RPSXHVWDV SRU URFDV PiV OLYLDQDV2[LJHQR
6LOLFLR $OXPLQLR +LHUUR &DOFLR6RGLR
3RWDVLR0DJQHVLR6H6XEGLYLGHHQ
D 6,$/ 6L 6LOLFLR \ $O $OXPLQLR &DSD *UDQtWLFD FRQIRUPDGR SRU URFDV
YROFiQLFDVVHGLPHQWDULDV\PHWDPyUILFDV'HQVLGDGGHODVURFDV*FP
.PGHSURIXQGLGDGPi[LPD(VODPDVJUXHVD\ PDVGHQVDGHODRFHiQL
FD 3RVHH ODV URFDV PiV DQWLJXDV 7LHQH FRPR OtPLWH OD GLVFRQWLQXLGDG GH
&215$'
E 6,0$6L 6LOLFLR0D 0DJQHVLR&RPSUHQGLGRVHQWUHORV\.P&DSD
%DViOWLFD%DVDOWR 5RFDPDVDEXQGDQWHIRUPDGRVHQODVGRUVDOHVRFHiQL
FDV.PGHHVSHVRU6RQODV]RQDVGHSULPLGDVIRUPDQODEDVHGHORV
FRQWLQHQWHV \ ODV FXHQFDV RFHiQLFDV 'HQVLGDG JFP (VWD FXELHUWD GH
VHGLPHQWRV\ODYD)RQGR2FHiQLFR7LHQHFRPROtPLWHODGLVFRQWLQXLGDG
GH02+2529,&,&
0HVRVIHUDR 0DQWR &RPSUHQGLGRHQWUHHOQ~FOHR\ODOLWRVIHUD .P &RPSXHVWR SRU 6LOLFDWRV 3RVHH HO GHOYROXPHQ WRWDO \ HO
GHODPDVDWRWDOGHODJHRVIHUD6HVXEGLYLGHHQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
D $VWHQRVIHUD±.PVXFHGHQODVFRUULHQWHVFRQYHUJHQWHVIXVLRQD
GRV\ GLYHUJHQWHVRSXHVWRV$TXt VH RULJLQDQ ORVPRYLPLHQWRV WHO~
ULFRV RURJpQLFRV \ HSLURJpQLFRV &RPSXHVWR6LOLFDWR GH PDJQHVLR \
KLHUUR3RUGHEDMRVHHQFXHQWUDODFDSDGHQRPLQDGD'XQLWD(VSHVRUGH
.P&RQIRUPDGRSRUURFDVVLOLFLDV/tPLWHGLVFRQWLQXLGDGGH5(3(77<
E 3LURVIHUD±.P&DSDGH3HURVTXLWD&RPSXHVWR6LOLFLR0DJQHVLR
R[LJHQRKLHUURFDOFLR\DOXPLQLR/tPLWHGLVFRQWLQXLGDGGH*87(0%(5*
1~FOHR ² EDULVIHUD (QGRVIHUD1LIH%DULVIHUD6LGHURVIHUD6HFUHHTXH
HOFHQWURGHODWLHUUDSXHGDTXHHVWDFRQIRUPDGRSRUKLHUUR
D ([WHUQR ² /LTXLGR ± .P (VSHVRU GH .P'HWHUPLQD
HO FDPSR PDJQpWLFR GH OD WLHUUD 6H SUHVXSRQH TXH SRVHH žF 6H HQ
FXHQWUD HQ HVWDGR SODVPiWLFR 'HQVLGDG GH *FP 3UHVLyQ GH PL
OORQHVGHDWPyVIHUDV7LHQHFRPROtPLWHODGLVFRQWLQXLGDGGH:(,&+(57
E ,QWHUQR.P(VSHVRUGH.P6HHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGR
6yOLGR\HVWiIXHUDGHOFRQWDFWR(VOD]RQDPiVFDOLHQWH\GHQVD3RVHHXQD
SUHVLyQGHPLOORQHVGHDWPyVIHUDV3D PP GH +J HV GHFLU TXH
HMHUFHXQD3DGHJFP6HVXSRQHTXHORVHOHPHQWRVPHWiOLFRVDO
VRSRUWDUDOWDVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHELHUDQ HVWDU HQ HVWDGR OLTXLGR SHUR HVWR QR
RFXUUH GHELGR D TXHORVPDWHULDOHVVHHQFXHWUDQFRPSDFWRVSRUODVIXHUWHVSUH
VLRQHVTXHVRSRUWDQ
'LVFRQWLQXLGDGHV (VHOOXJDUHQGRQGHODV RQGDVVtVPLFDVVHUHIOHMDQ
\ UHIUDFWDQDOSDVDUGHXQPHGLRDRWURHVGHFLUXQDGHVYLDFLyQTXH
DODUJDVXUHFRUULGR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
),62120Ë$$&78$/'(/$7,(55$
GEOGRAFÍA
7(25,$'(/$'(5,9$&217,1(17$/
3ODQWHDGD SRU $OIUHG :HJHQHU TXLHQ SRVWXOy D
SULQFLSLRV GHO VLJOR ;; ODH[LVWHQFLDGHHVWHJUDQ
FRQWLQHQWHSDUDSRGHUH[SOLFDUYDULRVIHQyPHQRV
JHROyJLFRV \ ELROyJLFRV 6HxDOy TXH KDFH PL
OORQHVGHDxRV/DWLHUUDHUDXQVROREORTXHGHQR
PLQDGR 3DQJHD < TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH VH IUDJ
PHQWyHQGRV
/DXUDVLD6HSWHQWULRQDO
$GHO1RUWH(XUR$VLD\*URHODQGLD
*RQGZDQD0HULGLRQDO ÈIULFD$6XU$QWiUWLFD,QGLD$XVWUDOLD$PERVVHSDUDGRV
SRUHOPDUGH7KHWLV3ULPHU 0DU3KDQWDODVD23
3UXHEDV
D /DVHPHMDQ]DHQWUHVLVWHPDVPRQWDxRVRVSDOHR]RLFRVGHDPERVODGRVGHO
$WOiQWLFR
E /DGLVWULEXFLyQGHDOJXQRVJUXSRVGHVHUHVYLYRVFRPRORVPDUVXSLD
OHV
F /D FRLQFLGHQFLD HQWUH ORV SHUILOHV FRVWHURV GH ORV FRQWLQHQWHV FRPR ÈIULFD
,QGLD$6XU\$XVWUDOLD
G )yVLOHV GH IORUD \IDXQD LGpQWLFRV GH $ 6XU ÈIULFD ,QGLD \ $XVWUDOLD&DUERQt
IHUR
6HHVWDEOHFHTXHODVFDXVDVGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODVSODFDVWHFWyQLFDVVHGHEDQ
D ODV &RUULHQWHV &RQYHFWLYDV HQ HO 0DQWR 7UDQVPLVLyQ GH FDORU HQ XQ IOXLGR SRU
PRYLPLHQWRGHFDSDVGHDVWHQRVIHUD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
'XUDQWHHO&HQR]RLFRVHSURGXMHURQORV~OWLPRVDFRQWHFLPLHQ
WRVTXHFRQILJXUDURQ OD DFWXDO GLVSRVLFLyQ VH XQLHURQ ODV GRV $Pp
ULFD PHGLDQWH HOLWPVR GH3DQDPiGHELGRDO GHVSOD]DPLHQWRKDFLDHO
1RUWH GH $PpULFD GHO 6XU /D SODFD FRQWLQHQWDO GH OD ,QGLD VH GHV
SOD]DDO1RUWHKDVWDFKRFDUFRQ$VLD+LPDOD\D
/RV PRYLPLHQWRV FRQWLQHQWDOHV FRQWLQ~DQ HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG \ VH
VLJXHSURGXFLHQGRXQFLFORTXHFRPHQ]yFXDQGRVHIRUPy
3DQJHD6LQHPEDUJRHVWHFRQWLQHQWHHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQFLFOR
DQWHULRU HQ HO TXH RWUDV PDVDV FRQWLQHQWDOHV VH GHVSOD]DURQ KDVWD
TXHGDUXQLGDV
0RGHUQDPHQWHVHKDEODGH3DQJHD,,SDUDUHIHULUVHDOVXSHUFRQWLQHQWH
TXH VH IRUPy D ILQDOHV GHO SDOHR]RLFR \ VH GLVJUHJy D OR ODUJR GHO
PHVR]RLFRUHVHUYDQGRHOWpUPLQRGH3DQJHD,SDUDXQDDQWHULRU
DJUXSDFLyQFRQWLQHQWDOKDELGDDILQDOHVGHOSURWHUR]RLFRSUHFiPEULFR
'HHVWDPDQHUDVHKDEtDSURGXFLGRXQFLFORGHGLVJUHJD
FLyQ\UHDJUXSDFLyQHQWUH3DQJHD,\3DQJHD,,TXHSRVLEOHPHQWH
UHSURGXMHUD FLFORV DQWHULRUHV GHVDUUROODGRV HQ HO 3URWHUR]RLFR SDQ
JHDVPiVDQWLJXDVGHODVTXHVLQHPEDUJRQRKD\SUXHEDV
7(25,$'(/$7(&7Ð1,&$'(/$63/$&$6²81,),&$'25$
3ODQWHDGDSRU+HQUU\+HVVHQ&RQILUPDOD7HRUtDGH'HULYD&RQWL
QHQWDO 6RVWHQtD TXH ODOLWRVIHUDHVWiFRPSXHVWD SRU GRFH SODFDVUtJLGDV\
XQLGDVHQWUHVtHQFRQVWDQWHPRYLPLHQWR3DFLILFD1RUWHDPHULFDQD(XURDVLiWLFD
DIULFDQDVXGDPHULFDQDH,QGRDXVWUDOLDQDODVPLVPDVTXHWHUPLQDQHQ
• 'RUVDOHV2FHiQLFDV /XJDUGHGLYHUJHQFLDGHGRVSODFDV&RUGLOOHUD
VXEPDULQD\SRUGRQGHHPHUJHQHOPDJPD
• )DOODVWHFWyQLFDV )UDFWXUDGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUH+XQGLPLHQWRSRUOD
VDOLGDGHODPDJPD
• )RVDV (V HO ERUGH GH ODV SODFDV TXH VH IRUPDQ SRU OD FRQYHUJHQFLD GH
GRV SODFDV XQD GH HOODV VH VXPHUJH KDFLD HO PDQWR $TXt VRQ ODV ]RQDV
GRQGHVHGHVWUX\HQERUGHVGHSODFDVSRUSURFHVRVGHVXEGXFFLyQ
(OFKRTXHGHODVSODFDVSURGXFHSOHJDPLHQWRIRUPDQGRODVPRQWDxDV\FDGH
QDVPRQWDxRVDVGHJUDQHOHYDFLyQWDOFRPRHO'RUVDOGHO$WOiQWLFR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
)XQGDPHQWR6HGHVFXEUHFRUGLOOHUDVVXEPDULQDVSRU0DXULFH(ZLQJHQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
*(2',0$1,&$(;7(51$( ,17(51$
GEOGRAFÍA
,1752'8&&,21
6RQODVIXHU]DVJHRJUiILFDVTXHPRGLILFDQORVUHOLHYHVH[LVWHQWHV7LHQHQVXRULJHQ
HQODDWPyVIHUDHKLGURVIHUD/RVDJHQWHVPRGHODGRUHVVRQ
D &OLPiWLFRV9LHQWRKXPHGDGWHPSHUDWXUDE0DUtWLPRV&RUULHQWHVPDULQDV\
RODV
F %LyWLFRV/RVVHUHVYLYRV
*(2',0$0,&$(;7(51$
'HJUDGDFLyQRGHQXGDFLyQ'HVFRPSRVLFLyQ\GHVJDVWHGHODVXSHUILFLH
WHUUHVWUH
D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ²LQWHPSHULVPR'HVLQWHJUDFLyQ\GHVFRPSRVLFLyQGHODURFD
PDGUH
• )tVLFD²0HFiQLFD 'HVLQWHJUDFLyQSURJUHVLYDGHODVURFDV1RVHSURGX
FHQFDPELRVHQVXFRPSRVLFLyQ,QWHUYLHQHQ7HPSHUDWXUD+HODGDV6DOHV
HWF
• 4XtPLFD 'HVFRPSRVLFLyQRULJLQDFDPELRVHQVXIRUPD$OWHUDORVPLQH
UDOHV TXH OR LQWHJUDQ )DFWRUHV $JXD 2[LGDFLyQ +LGUyOLVLV \ &DUERQDWD
FLyQ
E (URVLyQ5HWLURGHSDUWtFXODVGHURFDVPLQHUDOHVVHJPHQWRVTXHVHWUDVODGDQ
\ VRQGHSRVLWDGRVSRUODIXHU]DGHODJUDYHGDG\UDGLDFLyQVRODU$JHQWHV5tRV DJXDV VXEWHUUiQHDV YLHQWRV JODFLDUHV PDUHV YHJHWDOHV DQLPDOHV \ DFFLyQ
DQWUySLFD
• (yOLFD(VHOHIHFWRGHO9LHQWRTXHOHYDQWDD
ODVSDUWtFXODVGHDUHQDTXHFKRFDQFRQWUD
ODVURFDVTXHSHGHVWDOHVSLODUHV\DUFRVHy
OLFRV
• )OXYLDO 'HVJDVWHSURGXFLGRSRUODDFFLR
QHVGHORVUtRVTXHRULJLQDQ
FDWD
UDWDV FDxRQHV SRQJRV YDOOHV FDVFDGDV
PHDQGURVFDWDUDWDVHWF
• *ODFLDU 6RQ ORV PiV SRGHURVRV DJHQWHV GH
HURVLyQ GHVJDVWDQ OD VXSHUILFLH GH ODV PRQ
WDxDVIRUPDQYDOOHVHQ8SRQJRV$EUDV3DVRVDEUDV\ILRUGRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
&iUVWLFD'HVJDVWHSURGXFLGRSRUDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDV\WHUPR
PHGLFLQDOHV /D URFD PiV VROXEOH HV &$/,=$ FRPSRQH&DOFLR (O
DJXD VXEWHUUiQHR GLVXHOYH HVWDV URFDV \ IRUPDQFDYHUQDVFXHYDV
JUXWDVVXPLGHURVGROLQDVHWF
0DULQD,QWHUYLHQHQODVRODVPDULQDV\PDUHDV)RUPDQDFDQWLOD
GRV FXHYDV FDYHUQDVFDWHGUDOHV DEUDVLyQ JROIRVSHQtQVXODV \
EDKtDV
$JUDGDFLyQ(VHOGHSyVLWRGHPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRVSRUSHUGLGDGHYHORFL
GDG
D 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ²'HSyVLWR'HSyVLWRGHPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRVHQODVGHSUHVLR
QHVFRQWLQHQWDOHV
(yOLFRV )RUPDQ'XQDVPpGDQRV\/RHVV
)OXYLDOHV )RUPDQ&RQRVGH\HFWLYRVWHUUD]DVGHOWDVHVWXDULRV
&iUVWLFR )RUPDHVWDODJPLWDV\HVWDODFWLWDV
0DULQRV )RUPDQSOD\DVWRPERORVFRUGRQHVHVSLJDV
*ODFLDUHV )RUPDQPDUPLWDVPRUUHQDVEORTXHVHUUiWLFRVGHVSUHQGLPLHQWRV
E &RQVROLGDFLyQ(VODFRPSDFWDFLyQGHORVPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRVTXHVH
FRQYLHUWHQHQ5RFDV6(',0(17$'$6SRUHIHFWRVGH3UHVLyQ&RQWLHQH
3HWUyOHRFDUEyQUHVWRVIyVLOHV
*(2',1É0,&2,17(51$
6RQODVIXHU]DVLQWHUQDVJHROyJLFDVTXHGHIRUPDQODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH/DIRUPD
FLyQGHOD0$*0$\ 5(/,(9(6HVSURGXFWRGHOFDORULQWHQVRGHODWLHUUD5DGLR
DFWLYLGDGGHODV5RFDVGHO0DQWR
7HFWRQLVPR²'LDVWURILVPR
$OWHUDFLyQ\GLVORFDFLRQHVGHODFRUWH]D
D 0RY2URJpQLFRV+RUL]RQWDO)RUPDGRUHVGHPRQWD
xDVWLHQHOXJDUGRQGHODVSODFDVFRQYHUJHQ
•
)DOODPLHQWR (VODUXSWXUDTXHVHSURGXFH
GHXQDVXSHUILFLHHQXQDRPiVEORTXHVGHEL
GRDODSUHVLyQ\ODSRFDSODVWLFLGDGGHODVUR
FDV3RUVHUURFDVUtJLGDVVRQODV'(35(6,21(6(QXQIDOODPLHQWR
OD SDUWH HOHYDGD VHGHQRPLQD³+RUVW´PLHQWUDVTXHODSDUWHGHSULPLGDVH
GHQRPLQD³*UDEHQ´
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
*HRVLQFOLQDOHV /XJDUHV GRQGH QDFHQ ODV PRQWDxDV FXDQGR H[LVWH
XQD'(35(6,Ï1HQPHGLRGHGRVSODFDVJUDQGHVHQPRYLPLHQWRODV
SODFDVSUHVLRQDQHQHOPHGLR\KDFHQTXHORVVHGLPHQWRVVHFRPSUL
PDQHVDKtGRQGH6XUJHQODVPRQWDxDV
3OHJDPLHQWRV0RYLPLHQWR\&ROLVLyQHQWUHJUDQGHVSODFDV2ULJLQDQ
KXQGLPLHQWRV\OHYDQWDPLHQWRV6LQFOLQDO 3DUWHFyQFDYD$QWLFLQDO
3DUWH FRQYH[D 2ULJLQy HO +LPDOD\D ORV $QGHV ORV $OSHV ORV
$SHQLQRV ORV 3LUHQHRV ORV 8UDOHV\&DUSDWRV
E0RY(SLURJHQLFRV9HUWLFDO$EDUFDJUDQGHViUHDVSURGXFLHQGRXQPRYLPLHQ
WROHQWRTXHRULJLQDHOHYDFLRQHV\SURFHVRVGHKXQGLPLHQWRHQH[WHQVDV]RQDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/DFDXVDGHGHEHDOD,VRVWDVLD
• ,VRVWDVLD ´(VWDELOLGDGµ /DV URFDV PiV OLJHUDV6,$/ TXHIRUPDQ
ORVFRQWLQHQWHVIORWDQVREUHODVURFDVPiVGHQVDV6,0$3URYRFDOHYDQ
WDPLHQWRV\KXQGLPLHQWRVFRPRHQODFRVWDSHUXDQD
9XOFDQLVPR(UXSFLyQGHODVURFDVPDJPiWLFDV
D ([WUXVLYR
• )XPDURODV(VFDSHVRILVXUDV9HQDVSRUGRQGHVDOHQORVJDVHV
• \ YDSRUGHDJXD
• *HLVHU(VODILVXUDVXEWHUUiQHDTXHVHUHOOHQDFRQDJXDIUtD\FXDQGR
HODJXDDOFDQ]DHOSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQHVDUURMDGRDOH[WHULRU
• 0DQDQWLDOHV&DOLHQWHV6XUJHFXDQGRHODJXDVXEWHUUiQHDHVFDOHQWD
GDSRUODVJUDQGHVPDVDVGHPDJPD5LFRVHQKLHUURFDOFLRPDJQH
VLRIORXUHWF
• 9ROFDQHV$EHUWXUDVGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHSRUGRQGHIOX\HODPDJPD
GHOLQWHULRUDOH[WHULRU
E ,QWUXVLWR²3OXWyQLFR
• $OFRKROLWRV
0DJPD6ROLGLILFDGR
• %DWROLWRV0DJPD3HWULILFDGR
• 'LTXH 0DJPD&RPSDFWDGR
• 6LOO 0DJPDSDUDOHODDORVHVWUDWRVURFRVRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
/D OtQHD HFXDWRULDO FUX]D ORV
F+RUDVRODU
VLJXLHQWHV SDtVHV GH $PpULFD GHO
G +RUDDUWLILFLDO
6XU
H (VWDFLyQ
D &RORPELD3HU~\9HQH]XHOD
E %UDVLO3HU~\(FXDGRU
$PD\RUODWLWXG
F&RORPELD(FXDGRU\3HU~
D 0HQRUWHPSHUDWXUD
G (FXDGRU&RORPELD\%UDVLO
E 0D\RUDOWLWXG
H 9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD
\
F 0HQRUORQJLWXG
%UDVLO
G +RUDPiVDWUDVDGD
H 8QDIHFKDDWUDVDGD
(O PHULGLDQR TXH FUX]DQ SRU HO
3HU~HV
(Q ORV OXJDUHV GRQGH FRQYHUJHQ
D (OFLUFXORSRODUDQWiUWLFR
GRVSODFDVWHFWRQLFDVHVSRVLEOHHQ
E (O7UySLFRGHFDSULFRUQLR
FRQWUDU
D $QXODFLyQVtVPLFD
F/DOtQHDHFXDWRULDO
E )RVDVPDULQDV
G E\F
F 3OHJDPLHQWRVFRQWLQHQWDOHV
H ž
G 3URFHVRVGHVXEGXFFLyQ
H &RUGLOOHUDVVXEPDULQDVH[WHQVDV
/RV WUySLFRV \ ORV FtUFXORV
SRODUHVH[LVWHQJUDFLDV
(OJHRItVLFRDOHPiQ $OIUHG :HJHQHU
D $OD,QFOLQDFLyQWHUUHVWUH
DILUPyTXHORVDFWXDOHVHVSURGXFWR
E $OPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQF
GHODIUDJPHQWDFLyQGHXQSULPLWL
$OPRYLPLHQWRGHQXWDFLyQ
YRFRQWLQHQWHGHQRPLQDGR
G $ODVHVWDFLRQHV
D 3DQWDODVD
H $ORVPHULGLDQRV
E *RQGZDQD
F 7KHWK\V
/DDOWXUDGHODHVWUHOODSRODU
G 3DQJHD
VLUYHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUOD
H /DXUDVLD
D /RQJLWXG
E /DWLWXG
F+RUDVRODU
G +RUDDUWLILFLDO
H (VWDFLyQ
6L GRV SDtVHV VH HQFXHQWUDQ
XELFDGRVHQXQPLVPRSDUDOHORHQ
WRQFHVWLHQHSRUFRP~Q
D /RQJLWXG
E /DWLWXG
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
(O GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH ORV FRQWLQHQ
WHVVHGHEHD
D &RUULHQWHVFRQYHFWLYDVGHOPDQ
WR
E (OPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQ
F $WUDFFLyQ JUDYLWDFLRQDO GHO VRO \
OXQD
G (OPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQ
H &UHFLPLHQWR GH ODV GRUVDOHV
RFHiQLFDV
(V HO OXJDU VXEPDULQR GRQGH VH
HQFXHQWUDQDOHMiQGRVHGRVSODFDV\
HVSRUDOOtGRQGHHPHUJHHOPDJPD
D 'RUVDOHV
E )RVDV
F /DPLQDV
G )DOODPLHQWR
H 9ROFDQHV
)RVD&RQYHUJHQFLD
D 9ROFiQ±SOHJDPLHQWR
E 'RUVDO±6XEGXFFLyQ
F 'RUVDO±GLYHUJHQFLD
G &RUGLOOHUD±SOHJDPLHQWR
H )RVD6XEGXFFLyQ
(QXQOXJDUGRQGHGLYHUJHQSODFDV
WHFWyQLFDVVHSXHGHREVHUYDU
D )RVDV0DULQDV
E 'RUVDOHVPDULQDV
F 9LEUDFLRQHVWHO~ULFDV
G 0DUHDVDOWDV
H 3ODWDIRUPDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV
6RQ PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV \
HSLURJpQLFRV SURGXFLGRV SRU IDOODV
HQODFRUWH]DRULJLQDGRVSRUODVFR
UULHQWHVFRQYHFWLYDV
- -
D
E
F
G
H
6LVPR
6XEGXFFLyQ
'LYHUJHQFLD
0DUHD
7HFWRQLVPR
GEOGRAFÍA
/D FRUGLOOHUD GHO +LPD\DOD $OSHV \
ODGHORV$QGHVVHIRUPySRU
D 3OHJDPLHQWR
E 6XEGXFFLyQ
F *HRVLQFOLQDO
G )DOODPLHQWR
H (SLURJHQHVLV
(OODJR7LWLFDFDHVGHRULJHQ
««««««GHELGRDOSURFHVRGH
««««
D 7HFWyQLFR±3OHJDPLHQWR
E 7HFWyQLFR±JHRVLQFOLQDO
F (SLURJHQLFR,VRVWDWLFR
G 7HFWyQLFR)DOODPLHQWR
H 2URJpQLFR±3OHJDPLHQWR
(VHOSURFHVRGHGHVJDVWHGHOD
URFD PDGUH SRU HIHFWR GH VXH[SR
VLFLyQ D OD DWPyVIHUD ODPLVPD
TXH HV FRQYHUWLGD HQ SROYR \
JUDQRV
D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ
E (URVLyQ
F $JUDGDFLyQ
G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ
H &RQVROLGDFLyQ
(V HO SURFHVR FDXVDGD SRU OD
JUDYHGDG\ODUDGLDFLyQVRODUSRU
HOFXDOVHUHWLUDODVSDUWtFXODVGHURFD
\ VXHOR WUDVODGiQGROHV GH XQ OXJDU
D RWUR
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
D
E
F
G
H
0HWHRUL]DFLyQ
(URVLyQ
$JUDGDFLyQ
6HGLPHQWDFLyQ
&RQVROLGDFLyQ
(Q ODV UHJLRQHV GH EDMD ODWLWXG OD
WHPSHUDWXUD HV PiV DOWD GHELGR D
TXH
D /RVUD\RVVRODUHVFDHQSHUSHQ
GLFXODUPHQWHDOHFXDGRUJHRJUi
ILFR
E /RV YLHQWRV DOLVLRV FRQYHUJHQ
GHVGHDPERVKHPLVIHULRV
F+D\FRUULHQWHV PDULQDVPiVFD
OLGDVHQOD]RQDWyUULGD
G /D WHPSHUDWXUD \ OD KXPHGDG
VRQDOWDV
H 3UHVHQWDQ]RQDVFiOLGDVSRUQD
WXUDOH]D
/DWHRUtDGHODGHULYDFRQWLQHQWDOVH
GLIXQGLy D SDUWLU GH XQD REUD SXQ
EOLFDGD HQ DOHPiQ HQ FX\R
DXWRUHV
D &KDUOHV'DUZLQ
E $OH[DQGHU9RQ+XPEROWG
F.DUORQ5LWWHU
G )HGHULFR5DW]HO
H $OIUHG:HJHQHU
/D FDXVD GHO PRYLPLHQWR GH ODV
SODFDVWHFWyQLFDVHV
D /RVYLHQWRVFLFOyQLFRV
E (O PRYLPLHQWR URWDFLRQDO GHOD
7LHUUD
F /RVPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRV
G (OPRYLPLHQWRRUELWDOGHOD7LH
UUD
H /DVFRUULHQWHVFRQYHFWLYDVGHOD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
JHyVIHUD
(VFRQRFLGRFRPRODOtQHDHTXLQRF
FLDO\HOSDUDOHOREDVH
D (OPHULGLDQREDVHR*UHHQZLFK
E (O(FXDGRUJHRJUiILFR
F(O7UySLFRGH&iQFHU
G (O7UySLFRGH&DSULFRUQLR
H &tUFXORSRODU$QWiUWLFR
4Xp KRUD VHUi HQ /RQGUHV VL HQ
/LPD XQ HVWXGLDQWH OOHJD D ODV
DPDVXFROHJLR"
D P
E DP
F DP
G 30
H 30
/DODWLWXGHVODGLVWDQFLDDQJXODU GH
XQ SXQWR FXDOTXLHUD GH OD 7LHUUD
UHVSHFWRD
D &tUFXORSRODU$UWLFR
E &tUFXORSRODU$QWiUWLFR
F7UySLFRGH&DSULFRUQLR
G (FXDGRUJHRJUiILFR
H 0HULGLDQR%DVHR*UHHQZLFK
/DV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRJUiILFIDV TXH
FRUUHVSRQGH D OD LQWHUVHFFLyQGH
ODOtQHDHTXLQRFFLDOFRQHO0HULGLDQR
%DVHHV
D /DWLWXGƒ/RQJLWXGƒ
E /DWLWXGƒ/RQJLWXGƒ
F /DWLWXGƒ/RQJLWXGƒ
G /DWLWXGƒ/RQJLWXGƒ
H /DWLWXGƒ/RQJLWXGƒ
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
(V OD DFXPXODFLyQ GH ODV SDUWtFXODV
WUDQVSRUWDGDV HQ ]RQDV GH GHSUH
VLyQFRPRODV'XQDV
D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ
E (URVLyQ
F$JUDGDFLyQ
G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ
H &RQVROLGDFLyQ
(V HO SURFHVR GH FRPSDFWDFLyQ GH
ORV PDWHULDOHV DOXYLyQLFRV TXH
SRVWHULRUPHQWHGDUiOXJDUDOSHWUy
OHR
D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ
E (URVLyQ
F $JUDGDFLyQ
G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ
H &RQVROLGDFLyQ
/DDJUDYDFLyQHVXQSURFHVRGH
D 7UDQVSRUWHGHPDWHULDODOXYLDO
E (OGHVJDVWHGHOUHOLHYHRULJLQDO
F/DDFXPXODFLyQGHPDWHULDOHV
VXHOWRV
G (OGHVJDVWHGHODURFDPDGUH
H /DVHGLPHQWDFLyQGHPDWHULDOHV
HURVLRQDGRV
/DHQHUJtDVRODUDFW~DGLUHFWDPHQWH
GXUDQWHHOSURFHVRGH
D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQPHFiQLFD
E (URVLyQHyOLFD
F 7UDQVSRUWHDOXYLyQLFR
G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ
H 0HWHRUL]DFLyQTXtPLFD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
&$3,78/2,,
GEOGRAFÍA
(63$&,23(58$12025)2/2*Ë$&/,0$+,'52*5$)Ë$<
5(&856261$785$/(6
7(55,725Ì23(58$12
6HFFLyQ
$63(&726*(1(5$/(6
D 8ELFDFLyQ5HJLyQ2FFLGHQWDOGH$PpULFDGHO6XUFRQ.PGHIURQWHUDV
5HVSHFWRDO(FXDGRU6HXELFDHQHOKHPLVIHULR6XUHQWUHORVž\ž
GH/DWLWXG6XU5HVSHFWRDO0HULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFK 6H XELFD HQ HO
KHPLVIHULR 2FFLGHQWDO HQWUH ORV ž \žGHORQJLWXG2FFL
GHQWDO
E /LPLWHV 1RUWH (FXDGRU \&RORPELD (VWH %UDVLO 6XU (VWH %ROLYLD6XU&KLOH
2HVWH±6XURHVWH2FpDQR3DFtILFR
F([WHQVLyQNPðLQFOXLGDLVODV&RQXQGRPLQLRPDUtWLPRGH
PLOODVDORODUJRGHODFRVWD(VHOWHUFHUSDtVPiVJUDQGHGH$PpULFDGHO6XU
GHVSXpVGH%UDVLO\$UJHQWLQD
6XSHUILFLHFRQWLQHQWDO.P
6XSHUILFLHODFXVWUH.P
6XSHUILFLH,QVXODU.P
G 'LYLVLyQ SROtWLFD DGPLQLVWUDWLYD
5HJLRQHVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURYLQFLDV\GLVWULWRV
H *RELHUQR 5HSXEOLFDQR VRFLDO \ GHPRFUiWLFR FRQJUHVR QDFLRQDO XQLFDPHUDO
FRQJUHVLVWDV±GHQRPLQDGR&RQJUHVRGHOD5HS~EOLFD
I /HQJXDV 6HJ~Q OD FRQVWLWXFLyQ VRQ OHQJXDV RILFLDOHV HO HVSDxRO TXHFKXD \
D\PDUi\ODVOHQJXDVDERUtJHQHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
J 3ULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHV/LPDIXQGDGR HO FDSLWDO GHO3HU~&DOODR
3ULQFLSDOSXHUWRSHVTXHURGHOSDtV$UHTXLSD&HQWURLQGXVWULDO\DJUtFROD
7UXMLOOR&HQWURFRPHUFLDO&XVFR&DSLWDOKLVWyULFRGHO3HU~$GHPiVGH
/DPED\HTXH&KLFOD\R&KLPERWH3LXUD+XDQFD\R,TXLWRV6XOODQD\3XFDOOSD
K (GXFDFLyQ\FXOWXUD/DHGXFDFLyQSULPDULDHVREOLJDWRULDSDUDWRGRVORV
QLxRVGHHGDGHVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHORV\ORVDxRV
L )ORU QDFLRQDO&DQWXWD &DQWXD EX[LIROLD IORU FDPSDQXODGDGH FRORUURMRDQD
UDQMDGR
M3HVFD /DLQGXVWULDSHVTXHUD HV GH JUDQ UHOHYDQFLD HQ OD HFRQRPtDGHOSDtV\
FRQVWLWX\HXQLPSRUWDQWHVHJPHQWRGHODVH[SRUWDFLRQHV
N 0LQHUtD (O SDtV HV XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHV GH FREUH
SODWDSORPR\FLQF7DPELpQSURGXFHSHWUyOHRJDVQDWXUDOPLQHUDOGHKLHUUR
PROLEGHQRWXQJVWHQR\RUR
O (QHUJtD$ FRPLHQ]RVGHODGpFDGDGH3HU~FRQWDEDFRQXQDVLQVWDODFLR
QHV HOpFWULFDV GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH PLOORQHV GH .Z GHSRWHQFLD(Q
ODSURGXFFLyQDQXDOGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFDHUDGHPLOORQHVGH.ZK&HU
FDGHXQGHOWRWDOGHODHOHFWULFLGDGSURGXFLGDHUDJHQHUDGDSRULQVWDODFLR
QHVKLGURHOpFWULFDV
P 0RQHGD /DXQLGDGPRQHWDULDGH 3HU~ HV HO 1XHYR 6RO GLYLGLGR HQ FpQWL
PRV (O %DQFR &HQWUDO GH 5HVHUYD GHO 3HU~ IXQGDGR HO GH PDU]R GH HQ HO JRELHUQR GH $XJXVWR % /HJXtD TXH LQLFLyVXVRSHUDFLRQHVHOGHDEULO
GHHVHPLVPRDxRHVODHQFDUJDGDGHODUHJXODFLyQGHHPLVLyQGHPRQHGD
Q &RPHUFLR H[WHULRU 'HVGHOD,,*XHUUD0XQGLDO 3HU~ KD DXPHQWDGR\ PHMRUD
GR HO VLVWHPD GH VXV YtDV IpUUHDV FDUUHWHUDV \ DHURSXHUWRV IDFLOLWDQGR HO FR
PHUFLRH[WHULRU
R 7UDQVSRUWH (O IHUURFDUULO /LPD+XDQFD\R DVFLHQGH KDVWD ORVP
GH DOWLWXG SRU OR TXH HVWi FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR OD OtQHD IpUUHDPiVDOWDGHOPXQ
GR
S 3XHUWRV(QWUHORVSULQFLSDOHVWHQHPRVD&DOODR&KLPERWH6DODYHUU\
3DFDVPD\R3DLWD0DWDUDQL\6DQ-XDQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
025)2/2*Ì$68%0$5,1$
GEOGRAFÍA
=yFDOR&RQWLQHQWDOPEQP
•
•
•
6XSHUILFLHVXEPDULQDVXDYHPHQWHLQFOLQDGDTXHVHH[WLHQGHSRUHOERU
GH GH ORV FRQWLQHQWHV GHVGH OD FRVWD KDVWD HO FRPLHQ]R GHO WDOXGFRQWL
QHQWDOPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDG&RQVWLWX\HXQDSURORQJDFLyQGHOFRQWL
QHQWH
6XLPSRUWDQFLDUDGLFDHQODDPSOLWXGTXHWLHQHHQODFRVWDFHQWUDOGHV
GH 3LXUD KDVWD ,FD NP IUHQWH D &KLPERWH SRU KXQGLPLHQWR GH OD
DQWLJXD FRUGLOOHUD FRVWDQHUD HQ HO SOHLVWRFHQR (Q HVWD iUHD VHGHSRVLWDQ
HQ JUDQ FDQWLGDG ORV VHGLPHQWRV RUJiQLFRV H LQRUJiQLFRVDFDUUHDGRV SRU
ORV UtRV GH OD YHUWLHQWH GHO 3DFtILFR 0LHQWUDV TXH HQOD ]RQD VXU HV PX\
DQJRVWR DTXt HO DQWLJXR ]yFDOR VH HOHYy \ HQ ODDFWXDOLGDGIRUPDORVWD
EOD]RV
(VHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRGHHOHYDGDSURGXFFLyQELROyJLFD
7DOXGFRQWLQHQWDO²PEQP
•
•
•
•
6XDYH SHQGLHQWH QRUPDOPHQWH HQWUH ž \ ž TXH VHSDUD HO ERUGH GH OD
SODWDIRUPDFRQWLQHQWDO\FRQVWLWX\HORTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVOODPDQHOIRQGR
RFHiQLFRPHGLR
3UHVHQWDXQDDQFKXUDYDULDEOH.P$SUR[0HGLD
$TXtVHHQFXHQWUDQORVFDxRQHVVXEPDULQRVRJDUJDQWDVRFHiQLFDVGH
SDUHGHVHVFDUSDGDV
3RUpOVHGHVOL]DQVHGLPHQWRVPDULQRVTXHVHGHSRVLWDQVREUHODOODQX
UDDELVDO
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
)RVDVPDULQDVR$ELVDO²PEQP
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(V XQD GHSUHVLyQ ODUJD \ PX\ SURIXQGD DELHUWD HQ HO IRQGR RFHiQLFR OD
SURIXQGLGDG FRP~Q GHO IRQGR PDULQR RVFLOD HQWUH \ P7DP
ELpQFRQRFLGDFRPR IUDFWXUDVVHDEUHQHQODFRUWH]DSURGXFWRGHODFRQ
YHUJHQFLDGHODVSODFDVWHFWyQLFDV
6LWXDGDV IUHQWH D OD FRVWD SHUXDQD KLSRFHQWURV GH PXFKRV PRYLPLHQWRV
VtVPLFRV(VWiQHQFRQVWDQWHDFWLYLGDGRURJpQLFD\HSLURJpQLFDHQHO
&LQWXUyQGH)XHJRGHO3DFtILFR6XU
6H RULJLQDQ FXDQGR FRQYHUJHQ GRV SODFDV RFHiQLFDV \ XQD VH VXPHUJH
SRUGHEDMRGHODRWUDGDQGROXJDUDXQDIRVDR]RQDGHVXEGXFFLyQ
$PEDVVHPXHYHQDOJXQRVFHQWtPHWURVSRUDxR
/DVIRVDVPDUFDQORVOXJDUHVHQTXHGRVSODFDVFROLVLRQDQ\DOOtHVWiQ
ORFDOL]DGRVPXFKRVKLSRFHQWURVGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRV
/DVPiVSURIXQGDVGHO3HU~
•
)RVD0HULGLRQDO 6HHQFXHQWUDQHQWUH$ULFD\0ROOHQGRDOFDQ]DVXPi[
SURIXQGLGDGIUHQWHDOOLWRUDOGH7DFQDRIRVDGH7DFQD
•
)RVD&HQWUDO 6HXELFDQHQWUH,FD\/DPED\HTXH6XPi[SUR
IXQGLGDGHVWiHQHO&DOODR&KLPERWH,FD
/$0É6,03257$17(6
• &KDOOHQJHUHQODIRVDGHODV
0DULDQDVP
• 7RQJDP
• )LOLSLQDVP
• .XULOHV.DPFKDWNDP
- -
/$60É6/$5*$6
•
•
•
3HUX&KLOH.P
-DYD.P
$OHXWLDQDV.P
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
'RUVDOHVRFHiQLFDV
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
([WHQVDV FDGHQDV PRQWDxRVDV VXEPDULQDV FRQ DFWLYLGDG YROFiQLFD QRU
PDOPHQWHVLWXDGDVHQODV]RQDVFHQWUDOHVGHORVJUDQGHVRFpDQRV
$O RHVWH GH ,FD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D .P VH XELFD OD GRUVDO GH1D]
FD\VHH[WLHQGHSRUPiVGHNP
/DV GRUVDOHV RFHiQLFDV VRQ FHQWURV GH IRUPDFLyQ GH IRQGR PDULQR HO
IHQyPHQRPHGLDQWHHOFXDOVHFUHDODFRUWH]DRFHiQLFDWLHQHOXJDUHQORV
OtPLWHVHQWUHGRVSODFDVGHFRUWH]DRFHiQLFDGRQGHODODYDRPDJPD
DUGLHQWH IXQGLGR DVFLHQGH KDVWD OD VXSHUILFLH VH HQIUtD \ VHVROLGLILFDDO
WLHPSRTXHODFRUWH]DPiVDQWLJXDVHYDVHSDUDQGRDDPERVODGRVGH
ODGRUVDO
3ODFDGH1D]FD
•
•
•
/D3ODFDGH1D]FDVHGHVSOD]DOHQWDPHQWHSRUHOIRQGRPDUtWLPRFXEUH
XQD HQRUPH VXSHUILFLH GHVGH OD IRVD SHUXDQR FKLOHQD KDVWD ODFRUGLOOHUD
GHO3DFtILFRRULHQWDO\DFXPXODJLJDQWHVFDVFDQWLGDGHVGHHQHUJtDTXHDO
VHUOLEHUDGDVSURGXFHQGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRVGHVGHSH
TXHxRVWHPEORUHVKDVWDJUDQGHVWHUUHPRWRV
/DSODFDGH1D]FDVHH[WLHQGHHQHOVHQWLGRGHODODWLWXGIUHQWHDWRGD
ODFRVWDHFXDWRULDQDKDFLDHOQRUWH\HQHOVXUIUHQWHODVFRVWDGH(FXDGRU
3HU~\&KLOH
/DFRQYHUJHQFLDHQWUHODSODFDGH1D]FD\ODSODFD$PHULFDQDFRQV
WLWX\HQ HO HOHPHQWR JHQHUDGRUGH ORV PRYLPLHQWRV VtVPLFRV \ODVHUXSFLR
QHVYROFiQLFDVDORODUJRGHORVDQGHVVXGDPHULFDQRV
025)2/2*Ì$'(/$&267$
•
5HSUHVHQWDHO.PGHOWHUULWRULRSHUXDQRVXORQJLWXGGHV
GH7XPEHVD7DFQDGH.P
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(VWUHFKD VX DQFKXUD YDUtD HQWUH ORV \ NLOyPHWURV VLHQGR VX
Pi[LPD DPSOLWXG HQ 0RUURSyQ \3LXUD .P \ HO PtQLPRDQFKR HVHQ
3XQWD/RERV$UHTXLSDGH.P
/DUHJLyQHVDWUDYHVDGDSRU UtRVTXHGHVFLHQGHQ GHOD FRUGLOOHUD2FFL
GHQWDOGHORV$QGHVSHUXDQRV\GHVHPERFDQHQHO3DFtILFR
•
5HOLHYHiULGRRGHVpUWLFRYDOOHVLUULJDGRV SRU UtRV TXH VH FRQYLHUWHQ
HQXQDHVSHFLHGHRDVLVHQHVWRVGHVLHUWRV
•
7LHQHXQDQFKRYDULDEOHSUHVHQWDVXPD\RUDPSOLWXGHQHO1RUWHHQWUH
3LXUD\/DPED\HTXHGRQGHDOFDQ]DXQDQFKRGH.P
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
D 9DOOHV )RUPDFLRQHV GH GHSyVLWRV IOX
YLDOHV DOXYLDOHV JODFLDOHV \ VRQ ORV
VXHORVPiVSURGXFWLYRVSDUDODDJULFXOWX
UD LQWHQVLYD GHVWLQDGDDODH[SRUWDFLyQ
GHFXOWLYRVFRPRHODOJRGyQHVSiUUD
JRV2ULJLQDGRVSRUORV UtRV GH OD YHUWLHQ
WH GHO 3DFtILFR7LHQHQODIRUPDGHFRQRV
GHIHFWLYRV6RQPX\~WLOHVSDUDODVDFWLYL
GDGHVKXPDQDV
$OQRUWHORVYDOOHVVRQPDVDPSOLRVFRPR
HO 5tPDF&KLUD&KDQFD\-HTXHWHSHTXH
&KLFD]D HQWUH RWURV 0LHQWUDV TXH HQ HO
VXU VRQ PDV HVWUHFKRV FRPR HO 7DPER
0DMHV/RFXPEDHWF
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
9$//(
=
D
U
7
X
P
&
KL
3L
/
6
-
X
D
D
H
&
6
U
U
x
T
R
D
P
E
D
D
/
KL
0
X
X
F
F
Q
1
H
S
&
D
V
+
X
D
F
K
H
H
K
H
W
H
P
H
D
S
D
H
T
X
H
x
P
U
V
'(3$57$0(172
D
W
H
D
H
D
LOO
D
D
P
H
7
X
P
E
H
V
7
X
P
E
H
V
3L
X
U
D
3L
X
U
D
3
D
U
3
D
WL
&
K
5
t
/
D
P
E
D
\
H
T
X
H
&
/
D
P
E
D
\
H
T
X
H
3L
/
D
/L
E
H
U
W
D
G
,
F
/L
E
H
U
W
D
G
0
/
D
/L
E
H
U
W
D
G
9L
$
Q
F
D
V
K
$
Q
F
D
V
K
$
Q
Q
F
F
D
D
V
V
K
K
7
D
2
/
&
R
H
U
P
D
D
J
\
/L
/L
H
'(3$57$0(172
D
V
R
R
X
&
E
P
F
D
W
Q
U
P
SOL
Q
KLOL
E
D
P
D
/L
P
D
/L
P
,
D
F
F
D
D
$
U
H
T
XL
S
D
$
U
H
T
XL
S
D
U
7
7
H
R
D
D
D
0
D
D
P
$
H
P
/L
,
M
R
V
R
F
F
F
F
H
R
D
W
Q
D
x
V
P
YLO
D
D
D
D
P
D
/
$
\
9$//(
T
T
F
F
XL
X
Q
Q
S
H
D
D
D
J
X
D
E 3DPSDV5DVJRPRUIROyJLFRPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHOD&RVWDVHFDUDFWHUL]D
SRUVHUKRUL]RQWDO\GHJUDQH[WHQVLyQIRUPDGRVSRUPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRV
VLWXDGRV HQWUH ORV YDOOHV SHUR TXH FDUHFHQ GHDJXD SRU VHU GHVpUWLFRV 3ULQFL
SDOHV2OPRV ,PSHULDO &OHPHVL HWF(QWUHORVSULQFLSDOHV
3$03$
3X\DQGR
&KLUD
2OPRV 6DxD
&KLPERWH
&KDYLPRFKLF
&KLQHFDV
$QFyQ
&DxHWH
+RMD 5HGRQGD
9LOODFXUt
/DV 0HVDV
fRFR
'372
7XPEHV
3LXUD
/DPED\HTXH
$QFDVK
$QFDVK
$QFDVK
/LPD
/LPD
,FD
,FD
,FD
,FD
3$03$
&RORUDGD
1D]FD
<DXFD
/D -R\D
<DVHUD
0DMHV
6LKXDV
&OHPHVL
3DVWR *UDQGH
,WH
<DUDGD
&DEH]D GH 9DFD
'372
,FD
,FD
$UHTXLSD
$UHTXLSD
$UHTXLSD
$UHTXLSD
$UHTXLSD
0RTXHJXD
0RTXHJXD
7DFQD
7DFQD
7DFQD
F7DEOD]RV(VWUXFWXUDVURFRVDVHQSURFHVRGHOHYDQWDPLHQWRTXHVREUHVDOHQ
HQSDPSDV\YDOOHV&RQVWLWX\HQORVGHSyVLWRVGHSHWUyOHR\JDVQDWX
UDO3ULQFLSDOHV0iQFRUD7DODUD/RELWRV/D%UHDÏUJDQRV1HJULWRV3DUL
xDVH,FDTXHSULPLWLYDPHQWHHVWXYLHURQEDMRHOQLYHOGHOPDU
G 'HSUHVLRQHV ÈUHDV FRVWHxDV GH KXQGLPLHQWR VH HQFXHQWUDQ EDMR HO QLYHO GHO
PDU (QODVGHSUHVLRQHV VH H[SORWDODVDO TXHVLUYHSDUD HOFRQVXPRKXPDQR
2WXPD&HUUR6DOLQDV&DxDPDF&KLOFDHWF6DOLQDV\$OEXIHUDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
H (VWULEDFLRQHV $QGLQDV &DGHQDV VXFHVLYDV GH FHUURV R FROLQDV TXH IRUPDQ
SDUWHGHODEDVHGHODFRUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHVTXHHQRFDVLRQHV IRUPDQ
DFDQWLODGRV PX\DEUXSWRV FRPR 3DVDPD\R \0RUUR6RODU
I 'HVLHUWRV ÈUHDV LPSURGXFWLYDV iUHDV DOJXQDV YHFHV FXELHUWDV GH DUHQD
GRQGH VH IRUPDQ GXQDV \ PpGDQRV /DV GXQDV VRQ GH IRUPDV GLYHUVDV SHUR
SUHGRPLQDQODVTXHWLHQHQIRUPDGHPHGLDOXQDVXELVHFWUL] LQGLFD OD GLUHF
FLyQ GHO YLHQWR GRPLQDQWH /RV PpGDQRV VRQORVFHUURVFXELHUWRVtQWHJUDPHQWH
GHDUHQD3ULQFLSDOHV6HFKXUD,FD0RUURSRQ3DLMiQ\/D-R\D
'(6,(5726
'(3$57$0(172
6HFKXUD
3LXUD
0RUURSyQ
3LXUD
$QFyQ
/LPD
,FD
,FD
6HFWRUHVGHODFRVWD
0(5,',21$/
7DFQD %DKtDGH
3DUDFDV
9DOOHV&DSOLQD
5tRV7DPER9tWRU
0DMHV\2FRxD0DMHV
&ROFD
3DPSDV/D<DUDGD\
1D]FD
7DEOD]R*UDQ7DEOD]R
GH,FD/RPDV$WLTXLD
'HSUHVLRQHV2WXPD
&(175$/
3HQtQVXODGH3DUDFDV±
3HQtQVXODGH,OOHVFDV
3DPSDV2OPRV9LU~
0RFKH&KLFDPD3DLMiQ
-HTXHWHSHTXH6DxD3D
FDVPD\R&KHSpQ\&KL
FOD\R
9DOOHV\5tRV3LVFR\
&KLQFKD
'HSUHVLRQHV6DOLQDV
(VWULEDFLRQHV&DVPD
+XDUPH\&KDQFD\\
&DxHWH
- -
6(37(175,21$/
3HQtQVXODGH,OOHVFDV
IURQWHUDFRQHO(FXDGRU
3DPSDV
=DUXPL
OOD7XPEHV&RQWUDOPL
UDQWH9LOODU6XOODQD
3LXUD\0RUURSyQ
'HVLHUWRV6HFKXUD
'HSUHVLRQHV&HUUR0LQD
fDPXF3LXUD
PVQP
7DEOD]RV7DODUD\
3LXUD
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
025)2/2*Ì$'(/$6,(55$²$1'(6
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
8ELFDGDHQODFDGHQDPRQWDxRVDGH
ORV
$QGHV(VWDUHJLyQ
FRPSUHQGHFDVLXQDWHUFHUDSDUWHGHOSDtVTXHUHSUHVHQWDDO
NP6HH[WLHQGHGHOVXUHVWHDOQRURHVWHFRQXQDDQFKXUDGH
.PHQHOVXU\.PHQHOQRUWH
6X HVWUXFWXUD HVWi IRUPDGD SRU URFDV
FDOL]DVGHOSHULRGRFUHWiFLFR
*ODFLDUHV \ DOWLSODQRV FRQVLGHUDGRV
FRPR ORV PiV HOHYDGRV GHOPXQGR
+XDVFDUiQ P HO QHYDGR PiV
DOWRGHO3HU~
2ULJHQ WHFWyQLFR YLHQH D VHU OD FR
OXPQDYHUWHEUDOGHOWHUULWRULRSHUXDQR
\ GHWHUPLQDODH[LVWHQFLDGHODFRU
GLOOHUD GH ORV $QGHV$GHPiV FXP
SOH OD IXQFLyQ GH 'LYRUWLXP $FXDULXP
(VWiGLYLGLGDHQWUHVJUDQGHVVHFWRUHV
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
D &DxRQHV 3DUWHGHODVFRUGLOOHUDVTXHIXHURQHURVLRQDGDVSRUODDFFLyQGH
ORVUtRV7LHQHQODIRUPDGHHVWUHFKD\SURIXQGD(QWUHHOORVWHQHPRVD
• &RWDKXDVL2FRxD
• &ROFD$UHTXLSD\0DMHV
• 7RPiV&DxHWH\/LPD
• 3DWR$QFDVK
E &RUGLOOHUDV([WHQVDFDGHQDPRQWDxRVD
TXHLQFOX\HQRVRORFRUGLOOHUDVVLHUUDVR
PDFL]RV SDUDOHORV VLQR WDPELpQ YDOOHV
PHVHWDVFXHQFDVLQWHUPRQWDxDV\RWURV
HOHPHQWRVGHOUHOLHYHSHUWHQHFLHQWHVD
XQDVRODXQLGDGRURJpQLFD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/DVFRUGLOOHUDVVHKDQIRUPDGRDSDUWLUGHODFRPSUHVLyQ\SOHJDPLHQWR
GHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHGHELGRDODDSUR[LPDFLyQGHGRVSODFDVWHFWyQLFDV
F 9DOOHV LQWHUDQGLQRV 6RQ UHOLHYHV GH RULJHQ WHFWyQLFR OODPDGDVWDPELpQ
GHSUHVLRQHV LQWHUDQGLQDV VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU OD DEXQGDQWHSURGXFFLyQDJUtFR
ODIRUPDGRVSRUHURVLyQ\VHGLPHQWDFLyQIOXYLDO6RQODV]RQDVPiVSREODGDV
SRUWHQHUXQUHOLHYHSRFRDFFLGHQWDGR6RQLPSRUWDQWHVHO9DOOHGHO0DQWD
UR(OFDOOHMyQGH+XD\ODV9LOFDQRWD0DUDxyQ&DMDPDUFD\+XDQFDEDPED
G 3DVRV DEUDV =RQDV EDMDV GH ODV FRUGLOOHUDV DFFHVLEOHV TXHSHUPLWHQ
ODFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHORVSXHEORVPHGLDQWHFDUUHWHUDV\OtQHDV IpUUHDV VRQ
SURGXFWR GH OD HURVLyQ JODFLDO (O PiV LPSRUWDQWH\DOWRHV$QWLFRQD/LPD±/D
2UR\D0LHQWUDVTXH3RUFXOOD2OPRV±&DMDPDUFDHVHOPiVEDMR
H 0HVHWDV 5HOLHYHVUHODWLYDPHQWHSODQRVHQORV$QGHV6HXELFDQHQWUHORV
\PHWURV)RUPDGRVSRUHOYXOFDQLVPR\ODVHURVLRQHV(OFOLPD
GHHVWDUHJLyQFRQGLFLRQDXQDOLPLWDGDYHJHWDFLyQGRQGHUHVDOWDHOLFKX XWLOL]D
GRSDUDHODOLPHQWRGHOJDQDGR
0(6(7$6
8%,&$&,Ð1
&ROODR
3XQR
%RPEyQ
-XQtQ
&DVWURYLUUH\QD
+XDQFDYHOLFD
3DULQDFRFKDV
$\DFXFKR
+XDPDFKXFR
/D/LEHUWDG
<DX\RV
/LPD
&RQRFRFKD
$QFDVK
&KXPELYLOFDV
&XVFR
&DQJDOOR
$\DFXFKR
3DPSD*DOHUDV
$\DFXFKR
$QWDSRQJR
+XDQFDYHOLFD
0DUFDKXDVL
/LPD
3DVFR
3DVFR
025)2/2*,$'(/$6(/9$
6HOYD %DMD X 2PDJXD /ODQXUDDPD]yQLFD]RQDLQXQGDGOHGHQVD
YHJHWDFLyQUHOLHYHSODQRSRFDDOWXUDDJULFXOWXUDHVWDFLRQDOHVWLDMHV%DMR&DXGDO
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
D 7DKXDPSDV7DPELpQOODPDGDV7DKXD
$JXDMDOHV R &HWLFDOHV SREODGDV GH 3DO
PHUDV ÈUHDV PiV EDMDV GH OD OODQXUD
DPD]yQLFD =RQDV GHSDQWDQRR GHSUH
VLRQHVTXHSHUPDQHFHQLQXQGDGDVGXUDQ
WH WRGR HO DxR (Q VXV SDUWHV EDMDV VH
GHVSOD]DQORV0HDQGURVGHFX\RVFDXFHV
VHIRUPDQORVWLSLVKFDV
E %DUUL]DOHV /XJDUHV GHVFXELHUWRV TXH
FRQWLHQH JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH PLQHUDOHV
UD]yQSRUODFXDOVHFRQYLHUWHQHQVXHORV
VH FRQYLHUWHQHQ VXHORV IpUWLOHV GH OD
VHOYDDUUR]\XFD
F 5HVWLQJDV ÈUHDV OLJHUDPHQWH PiV DOWDV TXH VH LQXQGDQ VyOR HQ ODpSRFDGH
JUDQGHVFUHFLHQWHV $SWRVSDUDHO FXOWLYRWHPSRUDOGHDUUR]PDt] \ \XFD $TXt
VHHQFXHQWUDQXELFDGRV3XFDOOSD\HOSREODGRGH5HTXHQD
G $OWRV 3RUFLRQHV TXH VREUHVDOHQ HQ HO UHOLHYH DPD]yQLFR SODQDV \H[WHQVDV
FRQIRUPDGRVSRUFROLQDV\WHUUD]DVQRLQXQGDGOHV$TXtVHFRQVWUX\HURQOD
PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV FLXGDGHV GH OD 6HOYD %DMD DSWRV SDUD ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
DJUtFRODVLQWHQVLYDV
H )LORV 3RUFLRQHV WHUPLQDOHV PiV VREUHVDOLHQWHV GH OD OODQXUD DPD]yQLFD 6LUYH
FRPROtPLWHVQDWXUDOHVHQWUHODVGRVUHJLRQHVVHOYiWLFDV
I %DUUDQFRV'HVQLYHOHVH[LVWHQWHVHQWUHSLVRVHFROyJLFRVSUHFLSLFLRV
J 7LSLVFKFDV 0HDQGUR /DJXQDV GH DJXDV FULVWDOLQDV GRQGH FUHFHQHOSDLFKH
]~QJDURERTXLFKLFRHQWUHRWURV6HIRUPDSRUHURVLyQIOXYLDO
6HOYD$OWDR5XSD5XSD&HMDGHPRQWDxDDPVQP=RQDGH
ORVSRQJRVGHFOLPD7URSLFDO
D 9DOOHV/ODQXUDORQJLWXGLQDOORFDOL]DGDHQWUHPRQWDxDVDSWRVSDUDODDJULFXOWXUD
LQWHQVLYDÈUHDVPiVSREODGDVGHODUHJLyQ6HHQFXHQWUDQORVSREOD
GRVGH-DpQ2[DSDPSD\OD&RQYHQFLyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E &ROLQDV \ HVWULEDFLRQHV&XELHUWDV GHHVSHVD YHJHWDFLyQ FRQSDUHGHV
HURVLRQDGRV SRU DJXDV VXEWHUUiQHDV GDQGR RULJHQ D JUXWDVFDYHUQDV\RFXH
YDV
F &ODURV²WHUUD]DVIOXYLDOHV9DOOHVVXPDPHQWHEHQHILFLRVRVSDUDODDJULFXOWXUD
LQWHQVLYD&DIpWDEDFRIUXWDVHWF
G &RQWUDIXHUWHVDQGLQRV &DGHQDVPRQWDxRVDVTXHVHGHVSUHQGHQGHODFRUGL
OOHUDGHORV$QGHV
H *UXWDV)RUPDGRSRUHURVLyQNiUVWLFD&XHYDGHWDOORV/HFKX]DV.XHODS
HWFKDFLDHO(VWH
I 3RQJRV\FDxRQHV3DVRDQJRVWR\HVWUHFKRHURVLRQDGRSRUORVUtRVDO
DWUDYHVDUXQDFRUGLOOHUDOOHJDQDIRUPDUUDELRQHV3ULQFLSDOHV
•
•
•
•
•
•
0DQVHULFKH
5HQWHPD
$JXLUUH
0D\QLTXH
(O7DPER
%RTXHUyQGHOSDGUH$EDG
$1'(63(58$126
5tR0DUDxyQDOFRUWDUODFRUGLOOHUD2ULHQWDO
5tR0DUDxyQDOFRUWDUODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDO
5tR+XDOODJDDOSDVDUODFRUGLOOHUD2ULHQWDO
5tR8UXEDPEDDOSDVDUOD&2ULHQWDO
5tR7DPER
5tR7XUDF\DFX
/DFRUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHVHVXQDFDGHQDGHPRQWDxDVGHVXGDPpULFD
TXHVHH[WLHQGHFDVLSDUDOHODDODFRVWDGHO3DFtILFRGHVGH&DERGH+RUQRV
KDVWD HO0DUGHODV$QWLOODVFHUFDD3DQDPi(VXQRGHORVVLVWHPDVPRQWDxRVRV
PiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHOPXQGR
(VWDFDGHQDPRQWDxRVDWLHQHXQDORQJLWXGGH.P8QDQFKRGHNP<XQ
SURPHGLR GH P GHDOWXUD$WUDYLHVD ORVWHUULWRULRVGH $UJHQWLQD &KLOH 3HU~
%ROLYLD (FXDGRU &RORPELD\9HQH]XHOD(QWUHVXVSLFRVPiVHOHYDGRV7HQHPRV
• $FRQFDJXDP$UJHQWLQD
• +XDVFDUiQP3HU~
• $QFRKXPDP%ROLYLD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
2ULJHQ 7HFWyQLFR SRU HO FKRTXH GH OD SODFD 6XGDPHULFDQD FRQ ODGH1D]
FDGRQGHpVWD~OWLPDSRUVHUPiVGHOJDGDSHURDVXYH]PiVSHVDGDVHKXQGH
GHEDMRGHODSODFDVXGDPHULFDQDTXHHVPiVJUXHVDSHURPiVOLYLDQDRULJL
QDQGRHODUUXJDPLHQWRGHpVWD(QWHUULWRULRSHUXDQRORV$QGHVWLHQHQXQDJUDQ
LQIOXHQFLD
• &RQVWLWX\HHOHMHRURJUiILFRHQQXHVWURWHUULWRULR
• 'HWHUPLQDORVGLIHUHQWHVSLVRVHFROyJLFRV\FOLPDV
• 'LVWULEX\HODVDJXDVGHORVUtRVKDFLDGLIHUHQWHVGHVWLQRV3DFtILFR
$PD]RQDV7LWLFDFD\0DGUHGH'LRV
6HFWRUHV
•
6HSWHQWULRQDO &RPSUHQGHGHVGHODGLYLVRULDIOXYLDOGH3DVFRKDVWDOD
IURQWHUDFRQ(FXDGRU'LYLGLGRVHQWUHVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDOFHQWUDO
\ RULHQWDO
•
&HQWUDO &RPSUHQGH GHVGH OD GLYLVRULD IOXYLDO GH 3DVFR KDVWD ODGLYLVRULD
GH9LOFDQRWD&RPSUHQGHWUHVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDOFHQWUDO\RULHQWDO
•
0HULGLRQDO &RPSUHQGHGHVGHODGLYLVRULDIOXYLDOGH9LOFDQRWDKDVWDOD
IURQWHUDFRQ&KLOH&RPSUHQGHGRVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDO\RULHQWDO
$QGHVGHO6XUR0HULGLRQDOHV &RPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHODVIURQWHUDVGH
&KLOH\%ROLYLD\HOQXGRGH9LOFDQRWD)RUPDQGRVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDO\RULHQ
WDO
&$'(1$2&&,'(17$/
D9ROFiQLFD$TXtVHHQFXHQWUDQ
ODPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHYROFDQHV
FRPR2PDWH8ELQDV<XFD
PDQH7XWXSDFD0LVWL
E%DUURVR6REUHVDOHHOQHYDGR
GH7DFRUD
- -
&$'(1$25,(17$/
D &DUDED\D6HSDUDODVDJXDV
GHODYHUWLHQWHGHO$PD]RQDV\
GHO7LWLFDFD'HQWURGHHOORVH
HQFXHQWUDQODJR7LWLFDFD\PH
VHWDGH(O&ROODR
E$SROREDPED VREUHVDOH QHYDGR
GH&KDXSL2UFR
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
$QGHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHV1RUWH&RPSUHQGLGRV HQWUH HOQXGR GH3DVFRSRU
HO6XU\ODIURQWHUDFRQHO(FXDGRUSRUHO1RUWH(VWiQFRQIRUPDGRVSRU
&$'(1$2&&,'(17$/
/DPiVHOHYDGDHLPSRUWDQWH
&$'(1$&(175$/
0HQRULPSRUWDQFLD
&$'(1$25,(17$/
(VFDVDHOHYDFLyQ
D +XDVKXDVKQXGR GH3DVFR D 5DXUD /D PiV ODUJDD +XDQFKyQ6HFWRU GH
± 7XFR 6REUHVDOH HO QHYD
)RUPD HO SRQJR GH 5HQ
ODFDGHQD2ULHQWDO
GR GH <HUXSDMi FRQ WHPD
GHORVDQGHVGHO1
PVQP /LPD $QFDVK \ KDFLDHO12GHO
+XiQXFR /tPLWH HQWUH $Q E&yQGRU6HSDUDODVDJXDV
QXGRGH3DVFR6R
FDVK\+XiQXFR
GHOUtR0DUDxyQ\HO+XD
EUHVDOHHOQHYDGRGH
OODJD (O UtR 0DUDxyQ
+XDJDUXQFKR
E%ODQFDQXGRGH7XFR\3H
IRUPD HO SRQJR GH 5HQ ODJDWRV³0ROOHSDWD´6HFD
WHPD'SWRGH$PD]R E$]XO6HSDUDGRV SRU
UDFWHUL]D SRU WHQHU QXPH
QDV FRUGLOOHUD GHO
HOSRQJRGH0DQVH
ULFKH\SRQJRGH
URVDVODJXQDVSLFRVPiVDO
&yQGRU~QLFRSRQJR
WRVGHO3HU~
$JXLUUH
+XDVFDUiQ
+XDQGR\
&&DSDQTXLV$O1RUWH
$OSDPD\R
)URQWHUDFRQ(FXD
GRU
/DJXQDV
4XHURFRFKD$QFDVK//DQJDQX
3RQJRV
FR(QWUH+XDVFDUiQ\+XDQ
• 0DQVHULFKHUtR
GR\
0DUDxyQ&HUFD
3DUyQ1(GH+XDQGR\
GH/RUHWR
• $JXLUUHUtR+XD
F1HJUD0HQRUHOHYDFLyQHQ
OODJD
WUHHOQXGRGH7XFRKDVWD3H
ODJDWRV$TXtVHHQFXHQWUD
HO&DxyQGH3DWR
G+XDPDQLGHPHQRULPSRUWDQ
FLD+XDQFDEDPEDGHPHQRU
HOHYDFLyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
$QGHV &HQWUDOHV&RPSUHQGLGRV HQWUH HO QXGR GH 9LOFDQRWD KDVWDHOQXGR
GH3DVFR
&$'(1$2&&,'(17$/
&25',//(5$6
D &KLOD
E +XDQ]R
F &KRQWD±7XUSR
G0RQWH0HLJJV
H /D9LXGD
&$'(1$&(175$/
&$'(1$25,(17$/
&25',//(5$6
&25',//(5$6
D0DUFD9DOOH+XD\WD
D$X]DQJDWH
SDOODQD5D]R:LOFD
E9LOFDQRWD
1HYDGRGH/DVXQWD\
F&HUURVGHOD
6DO
E9LOFDEDPEDQHYDGR
GH6DOFDQWD\
3RQJRV
3RQJR
• $SXUtPDF5Ly$SXUtPDF • 3RQJRGH0D\QL
TXH5tR8UXEDPED
• 0DQWDUR5Ly0DQWDUR
• 9LOFDQRWD5tR9LOFDQRWD • 3RQJRGH7DPER
5Ly7DPER
,QIOXHQFLDGHODFRUGLOOHUDGHORVDQGHV
• 'LYHUVLGDGGHUHJLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV
• 9DULHGDGGHFOLPDVSRUORVSLVRVDOWLWXGLQDOHV
• &XDWURJUDQGHVUHJLRQHV+LGURJUiILFDV
• 9DULHGDGGHHVSHFLHVYHJHWDOHV\DQLPDOHV
• 'LYHUVLGDGGHWLSRVGHVXHORV
• $EXQGDQFLDGHUHFXUVRVPLQHUDOHV
• 'LIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVGHYLGD\GHVDUUROOR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
3,626(&2/Ð*,&26
GEOGRAFÍA
6HJ~Q-DYLHU3XOJDU9LGDO HO3HU~SRVHHRFKRSLVRVHFROyJLFRVTXHVHLQWHUUH
ODFLRQDEDQHQWUH$OWLWXG)ORUD\)DXQD
5(*,Ð1
&RVWD&KDOD
²
<XQJD
²
´YDOOHFiOLGRµ
4XHFKXD
²
´'HVSHQVDGHO
3HU~µ
6XQL
´5HJLyQ$OWDµ
3XQDR-DOFD
´0DOGH$OWX
UDµ
-DQFDRFRUGL
OOHUD
²
´5HJLyQGHORV
JODFLDUHVµ
&/,0$
6HSWHQWUtRQDO
VHPLWURSLFDO
OOXYLRVR\FDOXURVR
&HQWUDO\PHULGLRQDOVXEWURSLFDO
iULGR DEXQGDQWH KXPHGDG \
DXVHQFLDGHOOXYLDVUHJXODUHV
7HPSODGRFiOLGR\VHFR
<XQJDPDUtWLPDD
FDOLGRPRGHUDGROLJHUDPHQWH
K~PHGR
<XQJDIOXYLDOD
FiOLGRK~PHGR\VHFR
5(/,(9(
• ÈULGRV FRQIRUPDGR SRU YD
OOHV SDPSDV WDEOD]RV \ GH
VLHUWRV
• &RPSUHQGHQ WUHV VHFWRUHV
FRVWD QRUWH R VHSWHQWULRQDO
FRVWDFHQWUDOFRVWDVXURPH
ULGLRQDO
• (VWULEDFLRQHVDQGLQDVHVWUH
FKRVYDOOHVRTXHEUDGDV
• 6XHORURFRVR\H[LVWHQQXPH
URVRVFDXVHVGHKXD\FRV
• (VWUHFKDV\EDMDVGHORVYDOOHV
LQWHUDQGLQRV
• &RQIRUPDGRSRUPRQWDxDV
GHVXDYHSHQGLHQWH
• 3LVRHFROyJLFRPiVSREODGR
• 9DOOHVLQWHUDQGLQRV
• 7HPSODGRFRQJUDQGLIHUHQFLD
GHWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHHOGtD\OD
QRFKH
• (VFDVDXPHGDGDWPRVIpULFD\
HVWiDMROLQIOXMRGHORVYLHQWRV
GRPLQDQWHVGHOVXGHVWH
• 7HPSODGRIUtR(VODUHJLyQ • 5HOLHYHHVFDUSDGR\DEUXSWR
GHLQLFLRGHODVKHODGDV
• )RUPDQORVERUGHVGHODV
GLIHUHQWHVPHVHWDVDQGLQDV
• )UtR FRQ HVFDVD KXPHGDG • )RUPDGRSRUPHVHWDVDQGLQDV
6HHYLGHQFLD HVWH KHFKRHQ
\ ODJXQDV
ODVHTXHGDG
• ([XEHUDQWHYHJHWDFLyQGH
• 3UHFLSLWDFLRQHVVyOLGDVFRQ
LFKX
UD\RVUHOiPSDJRV\WUXHQRV
• 3ULQFLSDO]RQDJDQDGHUDGHO
3HU~
• 0X\IUtR\VHFRJODFLDO
• (VDEUXSWR\URFRVRFXELHU
WRGHJODFLDUHV\QLHYH
• $WPyVIHUD PX\ VHFD \ SUHFLSL
WDFLRQHVGHQLHYH
• 6LQYHJHWDFLyQHVXQGHVLHUWR
KHODGR
• (QHVWDUHJLyQVHIRUPDQORV
• JODFLDUHVDSDUWLUGHODQLHYH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6$OWD2
5XSD5XSD
´5HJLyQ
&DOLHQWHµ
6%DMDX
2PDJXD
´5HJLyQGH
SUHFLSLWDFL
RQHVµ
5(*,Ð1
&+$/$
²
<81*$
48(&+8$
681,
-$/&$
• &iOLGRK~PHGR\OOXYLRVR
• 5HJLyQODPiVOOXYLRVD\
QXERVDGHO3HU~H[FHVLYD
KXPHGDGDWPRVIpULFD
• &XELHUWRGHXQDGHQVDYHJHWD
FLyQWURSLFDO
• &RQIRUPDGRSRUSRQJRVFD
GHQDVPRQWDxRVDVUtRVWRUUHQ
WRVRV
• 6HHQFXHQWUDFRQIRUPDGD
SRUODOODQXUDDPD]yQLFD
• 6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVXVOOX
YLDVWRUUHQFLDOHV
• 6RQORVOXJDUHVPiVEDMRV
• 7URSLFDOFiOLGROOXYLRVR
• 7HPSHUDWXUDV PXFKR PDV
HOHYD
• GDVTXHHQODVHOYDDOWD
• /DVOOXYLDVVRQHQFDQWLGDG
LQIHULRUDODGHOD6HOYD$OWD
)/25$
• &DxDEUDYD
SiMDURERER
FDUUL]RPDQ
JODUHV
JUDPtQHDV
DOJDUURER
• 0ROOHFDUUL]R
WDUDDFKX
SDOODViELOD
PDJXH\FD
EX\DPLWR
• $OLVRUHWDPD
DUUDFDFKD
HXFDOLSWRFD
ODED]DJUD
QDGLOOD
• 4XLVKXDU
VDXFRFDQ
WXWDFKDPL]R
• ,FKXSXV
KXQFRWRWRUD
SX\DGHUDL
PRQGLFXKX
URWD\D
)$81$
• $YHVJXDQH
UDVORERV
PDULQRV
FDPDURQHV
LJXDQD
• 7yUWROD
KXDQFKDFR
SLFDIORUSD
SDJD\RSH
ULFR
• 3HUGL]
MLOJXHURV
UXLVHxRU
KDOFyQ]R
UURJDWR
PRQWHV
• 3iMDURFDU
SLQWHUR
FHUQtFDOR
YL]FDFKD
]RUUDOQHJUR
• 9LFXxD
DOSDFD
JXDQDFR
xDQG~WUX
FKDUDQDV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
$&7,9,'$'(6
• &DxDGH
D]~FDUDO
ERJyQDUUR]
IUXWDOHV
HVSiUUDJRV
&,8'$'(6
• &RVWD
• )UXWLFXOWXUD
SHSLQR
• 0RTXHJXD7DFQD
&KRVLFD&KDFKD
SR\DV+XDQXFR
• =RQDGH
PD\RUSUR
GXFFLyQDJUt
FRODGHO
3HU~³GHVSHQ
VDGHO3HU~´
• &XOWLYRV
SDSDROOXFR
PDVKXDTXL
QXDFHEDGD
KDEDV
• *DQDGHUtD
FDPpOLGD
RYLQD
• &XVFR+XDQFD\R
&DMDPDUFD+XD
UD]$UHTXLSD
• -XOLDFD3XQR/D
2UR\D
• &HUURGH3DVFR\
-XQtQ
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
-$1&$
583$²
583$
²
20$*8$
• 0XVJRV
OtTXHQHV
KXDPDQULSD
FKXFKXKXD\
WD
• %DUEDVR
RUTXtGHD
SDOPHUDDFHL
WHUDFDXFKR
iUEROGHOSDQ
WDPXVKLFDIp
• 3DOPHUDV
DJXDMHFDX
FKRFDRED
FHGURWRUQLOOR
LVKSLQJR
PHDQGURV
MHEHILQR
GEOGRAFÍA
• &yQGRU
FKLQFKLOOD
• (VFDVDDFWL
YLGDGPLQHUD
• 3RFDV3REODFLR
QHV
• 6DFKDYDFD
VKXKXSH
JDOOLWRGH
ODVURFDV
JXDFKDURV
VDMLQRV
• 3DLFKH
JXDFDPD\R
FDUDFKDQJD
FKDUDSDV
URQFRVR
• $JULFXOWXUD
IUXWDOHV
FDIp&DFDR
WpFRFD
• -DpQ%DJXD7LQJR
0DULD&KDQFKD
PD\R4XLOODEDP
ED6DWLSR7DP
ERSDWD
• 3HVFDH[SOR
WDFLyQIRUHV
WDOFRPHUFLR
• ([SORWDFLyQ
GHSHWUyOHR
• 3XFDOOSD,TXLWRV
3WR0DOGRQDGR
/$6(&255(*,21(6'(/3(58
6HJ~Q$QWRQLR%UDFN(JJWRPDQGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQODVFODVLILFDFLRQHVSDUFLD
OHV\DQDOL]DQGRVXVFRUUHODFLRQHVVHKDQORJUDGRHVWDEOHFHUHFRUUHJLRQHV
8QDHFRUUHJLyQHVXQiUHDJHRJUiILFDTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUFRQGLFLRQHVEDVWDQWH
KRPRJpQHDVHQORUHIHUHQWHDOFOLPDDORVVXHORVDODKLGURORJtD IORUD \ IDXQD \
GRQGH ORV GLIHUHQWHV IDFWRUHV DFW~DQ HQ HVWUHFKD LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD $GHPiV HV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
GHOLPLWDEOH JHRJUiILFDPHQWH \ GLVWLQJXLEOH GH RWUDV FRQ EDVWDQWH FODULGDG (Q HO
3HU~VHKDQGHWHUPLQDGRHFRUUHJLRQHV
\ VRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
(OPDUIUtRGHOD&RUULHQWH3HUXDQD&RPSUHQGHODSRUFLyQGHO3DFtILFR2ULHQ
WDO GRQGH HMHUFH VX LQIOXHQFLD OD &RUULHQWH 2FHiQLFD 3HUXDQD GHDJXDV
IUtDVFRQXQDQFKRGHXQDVPLOODV
(O PDU WURSLFDO &RPSUHQGH OD SRUFLyQ PDULQD DO 1RUWH GH ORV / 6 \ VH
H[WLHQGHKDVWD%DMD&DOLIRUQLD6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUDJXDVFiOLGDV\SRUIORUD\
IDXQDSURSLDVGHORVPDUHVWURSLFDOHV
(OGHVLHUWRGHO3DFtILFR6HH[WLHQGHDORODUJRGHODFRVWDGHVGHORV
KDVWD
ORV/6FRQXQDQFKRYDULDEOHVLHQGRVXOtPLWHDOWLWXGLQDOSURPHGLR
ORVPVQPHQHOFHQWURGHO3HU~
(O ERVTXH VHFR HFXDWRULDO &RPSUHQGH XQD IDMD FRVWHUD GH D .P
GH DQFKR HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH 7XPEHV 3LXUD /DPED\HTXH \ /D/LEHUWDG
KDVWD ORV / 6 HQ ODV YHUWLHQWHV RFFLGHQWDOHV \ OD SRUFLyQ VHFDGHOYDOOHGHO
0DUDxyQKDVWDORV
/6
(O ERVTXH WURSLFDO GHO 3DFtILFR 6HH[WLHQGH D OR ODUJR GH OD FRVWD GHO3DFtIL
FR GHVGH HO 1RUWH GHO 3HU~ KDVWD $PpULFD &HQWUDO (Q HO 3HU~FRP
SUHQGH XQ iUHD SRFR H[WHQVD HQ HO LQWHULRU GHO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH7XP
EHV
/DVHUUDQtDHVWHSDULD6HH[WLHQGHDORODUJRGHOIODQFRRFFLGHQWDODQGL
QR GHVGH HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH /D /LEHUWDG / 6 KDVWD HO 1RUWH GH&KLOH
HQWUHORV\PVQPHQSURPHGLR
/D SXQD \ ORV DOWRV DQGHV 6H H[WLHQGH HQFLPD GH ORV PVQPGHVGH&DMDPDUFDDO6XUGHOSDVRGH3RUFXOODKDVWD&KLOH\$U
JHQWLQD
(OSiUDPR6HH[WLHQGHGHVGH9HQH]XHODKDVWDHO1RUWHGHO3HU~DO1RUWH
GHOSDVRGH3RUFXOODHQODVDOWXUDVDQGLQDVHQFLPDGHORVPVQP
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/D VHOYD DOWD 6H H[WLHQGH SRU WRGR HO IODQFR 2ULHQWDO DQGLQR (Q HO 1RUWHGHO
3HU~SHQHWUDSURIXQGDPHQWHKDFLDDPERVIODQFRVGHOYDOOHGHO0DUDxyQ\SDVD
D ODVYHUWLHQWHVGHO3DFtILFRHQ3LXUD/DPED\HTXH\&DMDPDUFD
(O ERVTXH WURSLFDO DPD]yQLFR R VHOYD EDMD &RPSUHQGH OD $PD]RQtD SRU
GHEDMRGHORVPVQP\HVODPiVH[WHQVDGHOSDtV
/D VDEDQD GH SDOPHUDV 6H SUHVHQWD HQ HO 3HU~ VyOR HQ ODV SDPSDV GHO UtR
+HDWKHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH0DGUHGH'LRV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
35$&7,&$
(V HO OXJDU VXEPDULQR GRQGH VH
HQFXHQWUDQ DOHMiQGRVH GRV SODFDV
WHFWyQLFDV\ HVSRUDOOtGRQGHHPHU
JHHOPDJPD
D'RUVDOHV
E)RVDV
F/DPLQDV G)DOODPLHQWR
H9ROFDQHV
D
E
(O IDFWRU JHRJUiILFR PiV LPSRUWDQWH
F
SDUD OD YDULHGDG H[LVWHQWH HQ QXHV
G
WURSDtV
H
D /DVFRUULHQWHVPDULQDV
E /DFRUGLOOHUDGHORVDQGHV
F /DXELFDFLyQWURSLFDOGHO3HU~G
(ODQWLFLFOyQGHOSDFtILFRVXU
H /RVYLHQWRVDOLVLRV
(V OD UHJLyQ GRQGH VH JHQHUD XQD
PD\RU
SURGXFFLyQ DJUtFROD
GHVWLQDGDD/LPD\ GRQGHXELFDPRV
D ODIORUGHUHWDPD
D <XQJD
E 4XHFKXD
F -XQ
G 3XQD
H 5XSD± 5XSD
6HxDOH OR YHUGDGHUR R IDOVR VHJ~Q
FRUUHVSRQGD UHVSHFWR D OD FRUGLOOHUD
GHORV$QGHV
&ROODR\7LWLFDFDVHORFDOL]DQHQWUH
ODFRUGLOOHUDRFFLGHQWDO\RULHQWDOGH
ORVDQGHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHV
/RVDQGHVFHQWUDOHVHVWiQFRP
SUHQGLGRVHQWUHHOQXGRGH9LOFD
QRWD\HOQXGRGH3DVFR
- -
/RVQHYDGRVGH&RURSXQD$PSD
WR&KDFKDQLVHORFDOL]DQHQ
$UHTXLSD
/DFRUGLOOHUDGH$X]DQJDWHVHHQ
FXHQWUDORFDOL]DGDHQORVDQGHV
VHSWHQWULRQDOHV
(OQXGRGH3HODJDWRVVHORFDOL]D
HQORVDQGHVPHULGLRQDOHV
99)9)
))99)
)99))
9))99
)9))9
(VWDEOH]FD ORV YHUGDGHUR \ IDOVR
VREUHODFRUGLOOHUDGHORVDQGHV
D
E
F
G
H
6DONDQWD\\/DVXQWD\VHHQFXHQ
WUDQHQODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDOGH
ORVDQGHVFHQWUDOHV
/DFRUGLOOHUD%ODQFDVHFDUDFWHUL]D
SRUJODFLDUHVODJXQDV\SLFRVPiV
DOWRV
/D3X\DGH5DLPRQGLFUHFHHQOD
FRUGLOOHUDQHJUD
(OSRQJRGH5HQWHPDVHSDUDDOD
FDGHQDFHQWUDOGHORVDQGHVVHS
WHQWULRQDOHV
99)9
))9)
99))
)))9
9)9)
6L OD PRUIRORJtD SHUXDQD FDUHFHUtD
GHXQUHOLHYHPRQWDxRVRHQWRQFHV
D 6HORJUDUtDXQPD\RUGHVDUUROORLQ
GXVWULDO\HFRQyPLFR
E ([LVWLUtDXQDJUDQGLYHUVLGDGGH
UtRV
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
F 1RH[LVWLUtDODDFWLYLGDGPLQHUD
G 6XFOLPDGRPLQDQWHVHUtDWURSLFDO
H /DSURGXFFLyQGHDXTXpQLGRVVHU
tDGHILFLHQWH
/RV PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV TXH
H[SHULPHQWDODWLHUUDVRQJHQHUDGRV
SRU
D (ODOXGGHORVJUDQGHVJODFLDUHV
E /DFRQYHUJHQFLDGHSODFDVWHFWyQL
FDV
F /DDFFLyQGHOYXOFDQLVPR
G )DOODVDOLQWHULRUGHODFURPRVIHUD
H /DLQFLGHQFLDGHORVUD\RVVRODUHV
/DHURVLyQGHVXHORVHQHOSDtVVH
DJXGL]DHQ
D /DFRVWDFHQWUDO
E /DSDPSDVGHODFRVWDF/RV
YDOOHVLQWHUDQGLQRV
G /RVDQGHV
H /DDPD]RQtD
6RQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDOGH
ODPRUIRORJtDGHODFRVWDTXHVH
FDUDFWHUL]DQSRUHQFRQWUDUVHHQSOH
QRSURFHVRGHOHYDQWDPLHQWR
D 3DPSDV
E 7DEOD]RV
F 'HSUHVLRQHV
G (VWULEDFLRQHV
H 'XQDV
/D]RQDPiVGHSUHVLRQDGDGHOD
UHJLyQ2PDJXDHV««««\VH
GHVDUUROOD««««««««
D 5HVWLQJDV±HOFXOWLYRGHODUUR]
E &HWLFDOHVHODJXDMDO
F 5HVWLQJDV±HOFXOWLYRGHFRFD
G )LORV±HOFXOWLYRGHFDIp
H 3RQJRV±ODDJULFXOWXUDLQWHQVLYD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
/RVSRQJRVVHKDQIRUPDGRSRUOD
DFFLyQGH««««\VRQ~WLOHVSDUD«
D /RVJODFLDUHVHOWXULVPR
E /RVGHSyVLWRVIOXYLDOHVODDJUL
FXOWXUD
F /DVWHUUD]DVJDQDGHUtD
G /RVUtRVFRQVWUXLUKLGURHOpFWULFDV
H /DPLQHUtDFRQVWUXLUFHQWURVGHH[
SHULPHQWDFLyQ
)RUPDHOUHOLHYHSUHGRPLQDQWHHQOD
VHOYDEDMD
D 3RQJRV
E 5HVWLQJDV
F %DUUL]DOHV
G 7DKXDPSDV
H %DUUDQFRV
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
&21&(372
GEOGRAFÍA
$7026)(5$
/DSDODEUDDWPyVIHUDHWLPROyJLFDPHQWHSURYLHQHGHODVYRFHVJULHJDV$WPRV
YDSRUDOLHQWR6SKDLUD HVIHUD(VODPH]FODGHYDULRVJDVHVTXHURGHD D OD
ELRVIHUD FXDQGR pVWH FXHQWD FRQ XQ FDPSR JUDYLWDWRULR VXILFLHQWH SDUD LPSHGLU
TXH HVFDSHQ /D DWPyVIHUD WHUUHVWUH SRVHH XQ HVSHVRU YDULDEOH HO FXDO
GHSHQGHGHODODWLWXGDOWLWXGWHPSHUDWXUD\RUDGLDFLyQVRODUHVWUDQVSDUHQWH
FRPSXHVWDSRUQXPHURVRVJDVHV\YDSRUGHDJXDGHQRPLQDGRDLUHODPLVPD
TXHLQFRORURLQRGRURLQVtSLGRFRPSUHVLEOH\H[SDQVLEOH
)$&725(648(&21',&,21$168(;,67(1&,$
/DDWPyVIHUDGHEHVXH[LVWHQFLDDODDFFLyQGHGRVIXHU]DVTXHDFW~DQHQIRUPD
FRQWUDULDHVWDVVRQ
D /D JUDYHGDG WHUUHVWUH (V SRU OD IXHU]D GH JUDYHGDG TXH OD DWPyVIHUD VH
PDQWLHQHDOUHGHGRUGHODWLHUUD\DTXHHVWDIXHU]DLPSLGHOD IXJDGHJDVHVDW
PRVIpULFRDOHVSDFLR
E (QHUJtD VRODU HV OD TXH GLQDPL]D D ODV PROpFXODV GH DLUH DXPHQWDQGR OD
YHORFLGDGGHVXPRYLPLHQWRPROHFXODUORTXHOHSHUPLWHDVFHQGHUVREUHOD
VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUHHYLWDQGRTXHHVWDV UHSRVHQVREUHODWLHUUDFXDOVLIXHUDQ
PHUDVSDUWtFXODVGHSROYR
)250$&,Ð1
/D DFWXDO PH]FOD GH JDVHV VH KD GHVDUUROODGR D OR ODUJR GH PLOORQHV GH
DxRV/DDWPyVIHUDSULPLJHQLDVHFUHHTXHSXGRHVWDUFRPSXHVWD~QLFDPHQWH
GH HPDQDFLRQHV YROFiQLFDV GH XQD PH]FOD GH YDSRU GH DJXDGLy[LGRGHFDUER
QRGLy[LGRGHD]XIUH\QLWUyJHQRVLQUDVWURDSHQDVGHR[tJHQR6LpVWDHUDOD
PDVDJDVHRVDSUHVHQWHHQODDWPyVIHUDSULPLWLYDKDQWHQLGRTXHGHVDUUROODUVH
XQDVHULHGHSURFHVRVSDUDGDUOXJDUDODDWPyVIHUD DFWXDO 8QR GH HOORV IXH OD
FRQGHQVDFLyQ $O HQIULDUVH OD PD\RUSDUWH GHO YDSRU GH DJXD GH RULJHQ YROFiQLFR
VHFRQGHQVyGDQGROXJDUDORVDQWLJXRVRFpDQRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
7DPELpQ VH SURGXMHURQ UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV 3DUWH GHO GLy[LGR GH FDUERQRGHELy
UHDFFLRQDUFRQODVURFDVGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHSDUDIRUPDUFDUERQDWRV
DOJXQRVGHORVFXDOHVVHGLVROYHUtDQHQORVQXHYRVRFpDQRV
0iVWDUGHFXDQGRHYROXFLRQyHQHOORVODYLGDSULPLWLYDFDSD]GHUHDOL]DUODIRWRVtQ
WHVLVORVRUJDQLVPRVPDULQRVUHFLpQDSDUHFLGRVHPSH]DURQDSURGXFLUR[t
JHQR6HFUHHTXHFDVLWRGRHOR[tJHQRTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDG VHHQFXHQWUDOLEUHHQ
HODLUHSURFHGHGHODFRPELQDFLyQIRWRVLQWpWLFDGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR\DJXD
+DFH XQRV PLOORQHV GH DxRV HO FRQWHQLGR HQ R[tJHQR GH OD DWPyVIHUD \ ORV
RFpDQRV DXPHQWy OR EDVWDQWH FRPR SDUD SHUPLWLU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH OD YLGD PDULQD
0iV WDUGH KDFH XQRV PLOORQHV GH DxRV OD DWPyVIHUD FRQWHQtD HO R[tJHQR
VXILFLHQWHSDUDSHUPLWLUODHYROXFLyQGHDQLPDOHVWHUUHVWUHVFDSDFHVGHUHVSLUDU
DLUH
&20326,&,Ð1
(OHVWXGLRGHPXHVWUDVLQGLFDTXHKDVWDORV.PSRUHQFLPDGHOQLYHOGHOPDUOD
FRPSRVLFLyQ GH OD DWPyVIHUD HV VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH OD PLVPD TXH DO QLYHO GHO
VXHOR (O PRYLPLHQWR FRQWLQXR RFDVLRQDGR SRU ODV FRUULHQWHV DWPRVIpULFDV
FRQWUDUUHVWDODWHQGHQFLDGHORVJDVHVPiVSHVDGRVDSHUPDQHFHUSRUGHED
MRGHORVPiVOLJHURV
•
•
•
•
*$6(63(50$1(17(6
1LWUyJHQR
2[tJHQR
$UJyQ
'Ly[LGRGHFDUERQR
•
•
•
•
*$6(69$5,$'26
9DSRUGHDJXD
$QKtGULGRFDUEyQLFR
2]RQR
$GHPiVGHYDSRUGHDJXDH[LV
WHQKLGUyJHQRR]RQRPHWDQR
PRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRKHOLR
QHyQFULSWyQ\[HQyQHQSHTXHxDV
SURSRUFLRQHV
/RVHOHPHQWRVJDVHRVRVTXHFRPSRQHQODDWPyVIHUDVHGLVSRQHHQHOODHQ
RUGHQ D VX GHQVLGDG ORV PiV SHVDGRV FRPR HO R[tJHQR\ HO QLWUyJHQR VHVLW~DQ
HQODVFDSDVPiVEDMDVDOWDV(VWRVJDVHVFXPSOHQGHWHUPLQDGDVIXQFLRQHV
FRPR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
(/1,75Ð*(12
'LOX\HHOR[tJHQRKDFLpQGRORUHVSL
UDEOH
5HJXODODFRPEXVWLyQ
(6758&785$
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(/2;Ì*(12
0DQWLHQHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHOFXHUSR
KXPDQR
3HUPLWHODFRPEXVWLyQ
(VHOPiVLPSRUWDQWHSDUDODYLGD
3RUVXFRPSRVLFLyQ
D +RPyVIHUD HVODFDSDLQIHULRUVXHVSHVRUDOFDQ]DD.P(FXDGRU
FRQWLHQHHOGHODLUH
E +HWHUyVIHUD HVODFDSDVXSHULRU/RVFRPSRQHQWHVTXHODIRUPDQVRQGLVWLQ
WRVDOD+RPyVIHUDHQFRQWUiQGRVHDOJXQRVLRQHVGHVRGLR\SULQFLSDOPHQWHJD
VHVGHKHOLRHKLGUyJHQR
3RUVXWHPSHUDWXUD
D 7URSRVIHUD (VIHUDGHFDPELRV
• /DWHPSHUDWXUDVXHOHEDMDUƒ&SRUFDGDPHWURV
• (VODFDSDHQODTXHVHIRUPDQODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVQXEHV
• 6HH[WLHQGHKDVWDXQRV.PHQODVUHJLRQHVWURSLFDOHVFRQXQD
WHPSHUDWXUDGHƒ&\KDVWDXQRV.PHQODWLWXGHVWHPSODGDV
FRQXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHXQRVƒ&
• (V OD FDSD LQIHULRU GH OD DWPyVIHUD VH H[WLHQGH GHVGH HO QLYHO GHO PDU
KDVWDORVNP(QHO(FXDGRU\ NP(QORVSRORVVHFDUDFWHUL]D
SRU VHU OD ]RQD HQ OD FXDO VH SURGXFH OD PD\RUtD GHORVIHQyPHQRVPH
WHRUROyJLFRV
• /DWHPSHUDWXUDVXHOHEDMDUHQODWURSRVIHUDDUD]yQGHƒ&SRUFDGD
PHWURVGHDOWLWXG
• (O OtPLWH VXSHULRUHQGRQGH ODWHPSHUDWXUD SHUPDQHFH FDVLFRQVWDQ
WHVHGHQRPLQDWURSRSDXVD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E (VWUDWRVIHUD(VIHUDGHORVHVWUDWRV
• &RPSUHQGHHQWUHODWURSRSDXVD\ORV.PGHDOWXUDSUHVHQWDXQD
DWPyVIHUDHQUDUHFLGDFRQDXVHQFLDWRWDOGHR[LJHQR
• (Q VX SDUWH LQIHULRU OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV SUiFWLFDPHQWH FRQVWDQWH R ELHQ
DXPHQWDOLJHUDPHQWHFRQODDOWLWXGHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODVUHJLRQHVWUR
SLFDOHV
• (QWUHORV\.PVHORFDOL]DODFDSDGHR]RQRTXHHVYLWDOSDUDHO
KRPEUHSXHVSURWHJHDpVWHGHORVUD\RVXOWUDYLROHWD
• 6XOtPLWHVXSHULRUHVODHVWUDWRSDXVDGRQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDHQDVFHQVR
DOFDQ]D VX Pi[LPR SUy[LPR D ž& (Q OD HVWUDWRVIHUD VH GDQ YLHQWRV GH
KDVWDNPK
• 'HVSOD]iQGRVHHQIRUPDKRUL]RQWDOHVWUDWRVGHGRQGHYLHQHVXQRPEUH
F 0HVRVIHUDDWPyVIHUDPHGLD
• 4XHYDGHVGHORVDORVNP6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQPDUFDGRGHVFHQ
VRGHODWHPSHUDWXUDDOLUDXPHQWDQGRODDOWXUD
• &RPSUHQGH HQWUH OD HVWUDWRSDXVD\ORVNP´0HVR´ HQJULHJRVLJQLILFD
PHGLR(QODPHVRVIHUDODWHPSHUDWXUDYXHOYHDEDMDUKDVWDORVžF
(V OD UHJLyQ HQ OD TXH HPSLH]DQ D HQFRQWUDUVH DOJXQRV LRQHV HQ OD
DWPyVIHUD
• (Q HVWD FDSD VH XELFD OD VRGLyVIHUD YDSRU GH VRGLR TXH DEVRUEH UDGLD
FLRQHVGHFRORUD]XOGiQGROHHVWDSHFXOLDULGDGDQXHVWUDDWPyVIHUD
G ,RQRVIHUD7HUPRVIHUD HVIHUDGHFDORURFDSDGHODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHV
• 6HH[WLHQGHSRUDUULEDGHODPHVRSDXVDKDVWDORV.PGHDOWLWXG
HQHVWD]RQDODWHPSHUDWXUDDVFLHQGHDOFDQ]DQGRDžF
• (VWDFDSDUHIOHMDGHYXHOWDDOD7LHUUDFLHUWDVIUHFXHQFLDVGHRQGDVGH
UDGLR 'HELGR D OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ UHODWLYDPHQWH HOHYDGD GH LRQHV HQ OD
DWPyVIHUDSRUHQFLPDGHORVNP
• 6HH[WLHQGHKDVWDORV.P
• 7DPELpQVHODFRQRFHFRPRWHUPRVIHUDDFDXVDGHODVDOWDVWHPSHUD
WXUDVHQWRUQRDORV.PVHDOFDQ]DQXQRV
• ƒ&
• (VFRP~QHQHVWHVHFWRUGHODDWPyVIHUDODIRUPDFLyQGHXQRVPHWHR
URVHOpFWULFRVOODPDGRVDXURUDVSRODUHV
• =RQDGHSURSDJDFLyQ\ODUHIOH[LyQGHODVRQGDVGHUDGLR
• (ODLUHHVWRWDOPHQWHHQUDUHFLGRWDOHVDVtTXHHOSHVRGHDWPyVIH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
UDUHSUHVHQWDHOGHOSHVRWRWDO
$ SDUWLU GH ORV .P OD UDGLDFLyQ XOWUDYLROHWD ORV UD\RV ; \ ODOOXYLDGH
HOHFWURQHV SURFHGHQWHV GHO 6RO LRQL]DQ YDULDV FDSDV GH OD DWPyVIHUD
FRQORTXHVHFRQYLHUWHQHQFRQGXFWRUDVGHODHOHFWULFLGDGSRUHOORVH
OHFRQRFHFRPRLRQRVIHUD
3HUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQGHUDGLR\XELFDPRVD
/DFDSDNHQHOO\SHUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQGHUDGLR
/DFDSDDSSOHWRQSHUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQWHOHYLVLYD
(QHVWDUHJLyQHOKRPEUHFRORFDVXVVDWpOLWHVDUWLILFLDOHV
H ([RVIHUD$WPyVIHUDH[WHULRU
• 5HJLyQTXHKD\PiVDOOiGHODLRQRVIHUD\VHH[WLHQGHKDVWDORV
.PORTXHFRQVWLWX\HHOOtPLWHGHODDWPyVIHUD
• (VOD]RQDGHODVUDGLDFLRQHVFyVPLFDV$TXtGHHQFXHQWUDHQUDUHFL
GDTXHFRPLHQ]DDORVNP'HDOWXUD\VHFRPSRQHVRORGHJDVHV
FRPRHOKLGUyJHQR\HOKHOLR
• 7LHQH~QLFDPHQWHXQRVFHQWHQDUHVGHSDUWtFXODVSRUFP5DVJRV
GHH[RVIHUDVHGHWHFWDQKDVWDORV.PGHDOWXUD
I0DJQHWRVIHUD5HJLyQH[WHULRURDQLOORVGH9DQ$OOHQ
• 'HQRPLQDGR WDPELpQ R DQLOORV GH 9DQ +DOOHQ HQ KRQRU D -DPHV 9DQ
+DOOHQTXLHQORVGHVFXEULyHQFRQXQGHWHFWRUGHSDUWtFXODV
LQVWDODGRHQHOSULPHUVDWpOLWHHVWDGRXQLGHQVHHO([SORUHU,
• 6RQ GRV FLQWXURQHV GH UDGLDFLRQHV XQD HVSHFLH GH JLJDQWHVFRVGHSyVL
WRV GH SDUWtFXODV HOHFWUL]DGDV (O DQLOOR LQWHULRU FRPSXHVWRSRUSURWRQHV
HVWDHQWUHORVD.PHODQLOORH[WHULRUFRPSXHVWRSRUHOHF
WURQHVVHHQFXHQWUDHQWUHORV\ORVNP
'HVWUXFFLyQGHOR]RQR
(Q OD SDUWH PiV EDMD GH OD DWPyVIHUD HVWi SUHVHQWH HQ SURSRUFLRQHV PX\UHGXFL
GDVHOR]RQRXQLVyWRSRGHOR[tJHQRFRQWUHViWRPRVHQFDGDPROpFXOD/D
FDSDDWPRVIpULFDTXHYDGHORVDORV.PWLHQHXQPD\RUFRQWHQLGR HQR]RQR
SURGXFLGR SRU ODUDGLDFLyQXOWUDYLROHWD SURFHGHQWHGHO6RO3HURLQFOXVRHQHVWH
HVWUDWR HO SRUFHQWDMH HV VyOR GH XQ SRU YROXPHQ /DV SHUWXUEDFLRQHV
DWPRVIpULFDV \ ODV FRUULHQWHV GHVFHQGHQWHV DUUDVWUDQ GLVWLQWDV SURSRUFLRQHV GH
R]RQRKDFLDODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH(QODVFDSDVEDMDVGHODDWPyVIHUDODDFWLYLGDG
KXPDQDLQFUHPHQWDODFDQWLGDGGHR]RQRTXHVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQFRQWDPLQDQWH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
FDSD]GHRFDVLRQDUGDxRVJUDYHVHQODVFRVHFKDV
/DFDSDGHR]RQRVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQPRWLYRGHSUHRFXSDFLyQGHVGHFR
PLHQ]RVGHODGpFDGDGHFXDQGRVHGHVFXEULyTXHORVFORURIOXR
URFDUERQRV&)&HVWDEDQVLHQGRYHUWLGRVDODDWPyVIHUDHQJUDQGHVFDQWL
GDGHV D FRQVHFXHQFLD GH VXHPSOHRFRPRUHIULJHUDQWH \ FRPRSURSHOHQWHV HQ ORV
DHURVROHV/DSUHRFXSDFLyQVHFHQWUDEDHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHVWRVFRPSXHV
WRVDWUDYpVGHODDFFLyQVRODUSXGLHVHQDWDFDUIRWRTXtPLFDPHQWH\GHVWUXLU
HOR]RQRHVWUDWRVIpULFRTXHSURWHJHODVXSHUILFLHGHOSODQHWDGHOH[FHVRGH
UDGLDFLyQXOWUDYLROHWD
,03257$1&,$
• 5HJXODODWHPSHUDWXUDGHOGtD\GHODQRFKH
• 3HUPLWHODSURSDJDFLyQGHOVRQLGR
• 3RVLELOLWDTXHODOX]VHSURSDJXHHQHOHVSDFLR
• 6LUYHFRPRXQHVFXGRSURWHFWRU
• 2IUHFHUHVLVWHQFLDGHORVYLHQWRVVRODUHV
• 3HUPLWHORVSURFHVRVGHFRPEXVWLyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
/DWLHUUD\VXDWPyVIHUDVHPDQWLH
G /DWHPSHUDWXUDGLVPLQX\HFRQOD
QHQFDOLHQWHVSRUTXH
DOWLWXG
D $WUDSDQHOFDORU\ORGLVWULEX\HQ
H (QVXSDUWHVXSHULRUKD\JUDQGHV
HQWRGDVXPDVD
FDQWLGDGHVGHR]RQR
E 'LVWULEX\HQHQHUJtDVRODUD
6HOHFRQRFHWDPELpQFRPROD³
GLIHUHQWHVODWLWXGHV
&DSDGHODV&RPXQLFDFLRQHV´
F ,PSXOVDQODHQHUJtDHQORVRFpD
QRV
D (VWUDWRVIHUD
G 5HFLEHQODHQHUJtDFRQJUDQ
E 7HUPRVIHUD
IDFLOLGDG
F ([RVIHUD
H $EVRUEHQODUDGLDFLyQVRODUHQ
G 0DJQHWRVIHUD
IRUPDGHFDORU
H 7URSRVIHUD
/DFDSDGH2]RQRVHHQFXHQWUDHQ
'HHVWDVDILUPDFLRQHVXQDQRHVXQD
OD
FRQVHFXHQFLDGHODGLVPLQXFLyQGHOD
D 7URSRVIHUD
FDSDGH2]RQR
E ,RQRVIHUD
D 2FDVLRQDFiQFHUDODSLHO
F 0DJQHWRVIHUD
E 'HELOLWDHOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFR
KXPDQR
G (VWUDWRVIHUD
F 2ULJLQDRODVGHFDORU
H /LWRVIHUD
G ,QIOX\HVREUHODGHIRUPDFLyQ
(VHOHOHPHQWRJDVHRVRTXHPiV
JHQpWLFDGHODVSODQWDV
DEXQGDHQODDWPyVIHUD
H (VFDXVDGHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWR
D 2[LJHQR
SUHPDWXUR
E +LGURJHQR
$FRQWLQXDFLyQSUHVHQWDPRV DOJXQDV
F 1LWUyJHQR
DILUPDFLRQHV GH ODV FXDOHV XQD HV
G 9DSRUGHDJXD
XQDFRQVHFXHQFLDGHO&DOHQWDPLHQWR
H 2]RQR
JOREDO
D $FLGLILFDORVVXHORV
0DUFDODUHVSXHVWDLQFRUUHFWD
E 'HELOLWDHOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFR
UHVSHFWRDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD
KXPDQR
WURSRVIHUD
F 'LVXHOYHPHWDOHVWy[LFRVGHODV
D &RQWLHQHFDVLODWRWDOLGDGGHYD
WXEHUtDV
SRUGHDJXDH[LVWHQWHHQOD
G ,QIOX\HVREUHODGHIRUPDFLyQ
DWPyVIHUD
JHQpWLFDGHODVSODQWDV
E ([SHULPHQWDIUHFXHQWHVPRYL
H /RVFDPELRVHQHOFOLPDVHPD
PLHQWRVYHUWLFDOHV
QLILHVWDQSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHRODV
F 7LHQH
PD\RUHVSHVRUHQHO
GHFDORU\VHTXtD
HFXDGRU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
(VODFDSDGHODDWPyVIHUDTXH
SHUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQWHOHYLVLYD
D 1HZWRQ
E .HQHOO\
F $SSOHWRQ
G +XEEOH
H -HIUH\
/DVRGLRVIHUDTXHODTXHFDSD
TXHDEVRUEHUDGLDFLRQHVGHFR
ORUD]XO6HXELFDHQOD
D 7URSRVIHUD
E (VWUDWRVIHUD
F 0HVRVIHUD
G ([RVIHUD
H 0DJQHWRVIHUD
(VXQIDFWRUTXHFRQGLFLRQDODH[LV
WHQFLDGHODDWPyVIHUD
D /DWLWXG
E /RQJLWXG
F *UDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH
G ,QFOLQDFLyQGHOHMHWHUUHVWUH
H )XHU]D&RULROLV
1RHVXQJDVSHUPDQHQWHGHOD
DWPyVIHUD
D $UJyQ
E +LGURJHQR
F 2]RQR
G 2[LJHQR
H 1HRQ
/DFDSDGHR]RQRVHXELFDGHQWURGH
ODFDSDGHQRPLQDGD
D ,RQRVIHUD
E 7HUPRVIHUD
F +HWHURVIHUD
G +RPRVIHUD
H )RWRVIHUD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
$63(&726*(1(5$/(6
GEOGRAFÍA
+,'526)(5$
&RQFHSWR (V HO FRQMXQWR WRWDO GH ODV DJXDV GH OD WLHUUD IRUPDGD SRU
RFpDQRVPDUHVJODFLDUHVDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDVYDSRUHQODDWPyVIHUDODJRV
UtRV\KXPHGDGGHOVXHOR/DKLGURJUDItDHVODUDPDGHODJHRJUDItDItVLFDTXHHVWX
GLD OD KLGURVIHUD SHUR GHELGR D TXH ODVDJXDV VRQ GXOFHV \ VDODGDV VH KDQ
RULJLQDGR GRV FLHQFLDV OD OLPQRORJtD TXH HVWXGLD ODV DJXDV GXOFHV \ OD
RFHDQRJUDItDTXHHVWXGLDODVDJXDVVDODGDV
'LVWULEXFLyQ/DVDJXDVSRUVXGLVWULEXFLyQHQQXHVWURSODQHWDVHFODVLILFDQ
HQ
D /yWLFDV/DVTXHVHGHVSOD]DQVREUHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHUtRV
E /HQWLFDV/DVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDFXPXODGDVVREUHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHODJRV
ODJXQDVPDUHV\RFpDQRV
F )UHiWLFDV/DVTXHVHXELFDQHQHOVXEVXHORQDSDVIUHiWLFDVDFXtIHURV
G $WPRVIpULFDV/DVTXHHVWiQHQODDWPyVIHUDHQIRUPDGHKXPHGDG
35,1&,3$/(6)8(17(6'($*8$
/DJRV 6RQ UHVHUYDVGH DJXDV FRQWHQLGDV HQ ODV GHSUHVLRQHV GH ORV
FRQWLQHQWHV pVWDV VRQ DOLPHQWDGDV SRU ORV UtRV GHQRPLQDGRV DIOXHQWHV \
GHVDJXDQSRUORVUtRVOODPDGRVHIOXHQWHVRHPLVDUtRV
D &ODVHV
•
•
7HFWyQLFR 6RQORVPiVSURIXQGRVVH IRU
PDQ SRU KXQGLPLHQWR GH ODFRUWH]DWHUUHV
WUHHVGHFLUSRUIDFWRUHVJHROyJLFRV7LWLFDFD
9LFWRULD %DQFDO 0DU 0XHUWR$VLD 1LDVD
7DQJDQLNDÈIULFD
*ODFLDO 6H IRUPDQ SRU GHSUHVLRQHV H[FDYD
GDVSRUORV
JODFLDUHV GHVDSDUHFLGRV
VRQPXFKRPiVQXPHURVRVTXHWRGRVORVGH
PiVMXQWRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
9ROFiQLFR )RUPDGRHQORVFUiWHUHVGHORVYROFDQHVDSDJDGRV&UiWHU
HQ((88\/DYLQ(Q)UDQFLD
%DUUHUD 6RQSHOLJURVRV\GHFRUWDGXUDFLyQ)RUPDGRSRUORVGHUUXP
EHVFDtGRVODVDJXDVGHOUtRVHUHSUHVDQ2KLR\7HQQHVVHHQ
((88
•
5HVLGXDOHV 6RQORVODJRVPDVDQWLJXRVVHIRUPDQHQORVUHVWRVGHDQWL
JXRVPDUHV%DLNDO&DVSLRHQ5XVLD$UDOHQ.D]DMVWiQ
•
+HUUDGXUD )RUPDGRV HQ FDXFHV GH UtRV DEDQGRQDGRV &RPXQHV HQ OD
DPD]RQLD SHUXDQD \ EUDVLOHxD <DULQDFRFKD 4XLVWRFRFKDHQ3HU~
•
$UWLILFLDOHV 6H IRUPDQFXDQGRHOKRPEUH UHDOL]DREUDV GHUHSUHVD
PLHQWR9ROWDHQ*KDQDHOPiVJUDQGH
E 3ULQFLSDOHV/DJRV
$ QLYHOGHOPXQGR
• 0DU&DVSLR
• 6XSHULRU
• 9LFWRULD
• 0DUDFDLER
• 7LWLFDFD
• %DLNDO
5XVLD
&DQDGi((88
.HQLD±7DQ]DQLD
9HQH]XHOD
3HU~%RO
5XVLD
0iVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR
GRPDVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR\UR
'H$PpULFD
URPDVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR
0iVJUDQGHGH$PpULFDGHO6XU
0iVDOWR\QDYHJDEOHGHOPXQGR
0iVSURIXQGRGHOPXQGRP
'HDJXDGXOFH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
$ QLYHOGHO3HU~
• 7LWLFDFD
0HVHWDGHO&ROODRRULJHQWHFWyQLFRFRQ .P
• &KLQFKD\FRFKD± 5H\HV 0HVHWDGH%RPEyQ6XUGH3DVFR&RQNP
• 5LPDFKL
(Q/RUHWR
/DJXQDVLPSRUWDQWHVGHO3HU~
• $UDSD 0HVHWDGHO&ROODR&RQNP
• 0DUFDSRPDFRFKD 12GH-XQtQ\ HQODYHUWLHQWH2ULHQWDODQGLQD
• 3DFD (Q-XQtQSURYLQFLDGH-DXMD
• 3DULQDFRFKDV$\DFXFKRW.PGHODUJR\DQFKR.P
• 6LEPDFRFKD&XVFR±&DQFKDVORQJLWXGGH.PFRQNP
/DJXQLOODV
• /DJXQLOODV\6DUDFRFKD
3XQRHQODFXHQFDGHOUtR&DEDQLOODV
• 8PD\R
12GH3XQR
• /DQJXL±/D\R
6XUGH6LFXDQL&XVFR
• $ULFyWD
7DFQD
F ,PSRUWDQFLD
• 5HJXODQODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWDO
• 9tDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
• 3RWHQFLDOKLGURHOpFWULFR
• 3RVLELOLWDQODYLGD
• 'LYHUVLGDGGH)ORUD\)DXQD
• $FWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV
• 5HJXODQHOFDXGDOGHORVUtRV
*ODFLDUHV(QRUPHV DFXPXODFLRQHV GH KLHOR TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQODViUH
DVPiVVREUHVDOLHQWHVGHODOLWRVIHUDo
(Q HO FDVR SHUXDQR ORV JODFLDUHV VH FRQFHQWUDQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ OD FRUGLOOHUD
%ODQFD FRUGLOOHUD WURSLFDO PiV DOWD GHO PXQGR TXH WLHQH XQD VXSHUILFLH
JODFLDUGHNP $GHPiVHQODVFRUGLOOHUDVGH+XD\KXDVK 5DXUD \ &DUDED\D
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH 6XV FXPEUHV HVWiQ UHFXELHUWDV SRU KLHOR FRPR RFXUUH FRQ HO
&KDFKDQL&RURSXQD$XVDQJDWH+XD\WDSDOODQDHQWUHRWUDV
1XHVWURV JODFLDUHV VRQ GH SRFR HVSHVRU FRQ JUDQ PXOWLWXG GH JULHWDV SRU GRQGH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
SHQHWUD HO DJXD GH OD OOXYLD \ GH OD IXVLyQ VXSHUILFLDO GHOKLHORORTXHRULJLQDOD
IRUPDFLyQGHJUDQGHVEROVDVGHDJXDHQHOLQWHULRUGHODVOHQJXDVJODFLDUHV
D &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
• (VFDVRHVSHVRUGHQLHYH
• 1XPHURVDVJULHWDVILVXUDV3HQHWUDDJXD
• 3HOLJURFRQVWDQWH'HVPRURQDPLHQWRVRDYDODQFKDV
E ,PSRUWDQFLD
• 5HVHUYDQDWXUDOGHDJXDV
• $IOXHQWHVGHUtRV\ODJXQDV
• &RQVWLWX\HHQXQHOHPHQWRWHUPRUUHJXODGRUGHOFOLPDSODQHWDULR
• 2IUHFHSRVLELOLGDGHVWXUtVWLFDV
$JXDV VXEWHUUiQHDV 6RQ DTXHOODV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ GHEDMR GHODFDSD
VLiOLFDTXHVHILOWUDURQSRUDFFLyQGHODJUDYHGDG(VWDVDJXDVDOJXQDVSHUPD
QHFHQ GHSRVLWDGDV HQ ODV URFDV VHGLPHQWDGDV RWUDV VH WUDVODGDQ OHQWDPHQWH DO
LQWHULRUGHODFRUWH]D
D,PSRUWDQFLD
• $EDVWHFHGRUHVGHDJXDSDUDODIORUD\IDXQD
• )XHQWHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQSDUDSR]RV\PDQDQWLDOHV
• 5HVHUYDVTXHSRVLELOLWDODSHUPDQHQFLDGHORVELyWLFRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
5tRV &RUULHQWHV GH DJXD GXOFH TXH UHFRUUHQ SDUWH GH OD VXSHUILFLHWHUUHV
WUH LPSXOVDGRV SRU HO UHOLHYH GHO VXHOR \OD JUDYHGDG 'XUDQWHVXUHFRUULGRIRUPDQ
YDOOHVTXHEUDGDVSRQJRVDEUDV\SDVRVÒWLOHVSDUDODDFWLYLGDGDJURSHFXDULD\
SRVLELOLWDQOD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ORVSXHEORVSRUVHUYtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ7DPELpQ
FRQVWLWX\HQUHVHUYDVGHUHFXUVRVHQHUJpWLFRVSRUVHUIXHQWHVGHJHQHUDFLyQHOpFWUL
FD
D (OHPHQWRV
•
•
•
•
•
2ULJHQRQDFLHQWH/XJDUGRQGHQDFHXQGHWHUPLQDGRUtRPDQDQ
WLDORQHYDGR
&XUVR7UD\HFWRULDGHOUtRFRPSUHQGLGRGHVGHHORULJHQKDVWDODGHVHP
ERFDGXUD
&DXFH /HFKR&DQDOSRUGRQGHWUDQVFXUUHODVDJXDVGHOUtR
&DXGDO(VHOYROXPHQRFDQWLGDGGHDJXD TXHWUDQVSRUWDHOUtR
PVHJ
5pJLPHQ 9DULDFLyQ GHO FDXGDO GHO UtR HQ GHWHUPLQDGRVPRPHQ
WRV
5HJXODU&XDQGRODYDULDFLyQHVOLJHUD
,UUHJXODU&XDQGRHOFDXGDOYDUtDFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
GEOGRAFÍA
'HVHPERFDGXUD(VHOOXJDUGRQGH³WHUPLQDHOUHFRUULGR´GHOUtR
(QGRUUHLFR 'HVHPERFD SRU XQ SHULRGRGH WLHPSR \ QR SRVHHVDOLGDDO
PDU
([RUUHLFR'HVHPERFDQDOPDU
$UUHLFRVHHYDSRUDQRILOWUDQDOVXEVXHOR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
6,67(0$2&8(1&$+,'52*5È),&$'(/3(5Ò
&21&(372
•
•
•
•
6HHQWLHQGHSRU&XHQFD DOiUHDGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHGUHQDGDSRU
XQ~QLFRVLVWHPDIOXYLDO6XVOtPLWHVHVWiQIRUPDGRVSRUODVGLYLVRULDV
GHDJXDVTXHODVHSDUDQGH]RQDVDG\DFHQWHVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVD
RWUDVFXHQFDVIOXYLDOHV
(O WDPDxR \ IRUPD GH XQD FXHQFD YLHQH GHWHUPLQDGR JHQHUDOPHQWHSRU
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV JHROyJLFDV GHO WHUUHQR (O SDWUyQ \ GHQVLGDG GHODV FR
UULHQWHV \ UtRV TXH GUHQDQ HVWH WHUULWRULR QR VyOR GHSHQGHQ GHVXHVWUXF
WXUDJHROyJLFDVLQRWDPELpQGHOUHOLHYHGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHHO
FOLPDHOWLSRGHVXHORODYHJHWDFLyQ\FDGDYH]HQPD\RUPHGLGD
GHODVUHSHUFXVLRQHVGHODDFFLyQKXPDQDHQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
/DVFXHQFDVUHFLEHQDJXDHQIRUPDGHSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVFRPRSDUWHGHO
FLFORKLGUROyJLFR
/DVDJXDVTXHVHLQILOWUDQ \ DOFDQ]DQ OD ]RQD GH DJXDV VXEWHUUiQHDVSHU
PDQHQWHPHQWH VDWXUDGD DJXD IUHiWLFD SRU GHEDMR GHO QLYHOIUHiWLFR
DFW~DQFRPRFDXGDOEDVDOGHORVUtRVGHODFXHQFDODVDJXDVGHOD
]RQDSDUFLDOPHQWHVDWXUDGDDJXDYDGRVDIOX\HQSRUDFFLyQGHODJUD
YHGDGSRUHOVXHOR\SRUODViUHDVVLWXDGDVSRUHQFLPDGHOQLYHOIUHi
WLFR/DVDJXDVTXHQRORJUDQILOWUDUVHHQHOVXHORGLVFXUUHQSRUODVX
SHUILFLH
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
35,1&,3$/(6&8(1&$6'(/3(5Ó
9HUWLHQWHKLGURJUiILFDGHO3DFtILFR
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
,PSRUWDQFLD
)RUPDQIpUWLOHVYDOOHVSDUDOD
DJULFXOWXUDLQWHQVLYD
$EDVWHFHGRUHVGHDJXDSDUD
ODVFLXGDGHV
6RQIXHQWHVHQHUJpWLFDVSDUD
ODSURGXFFLyQGHHQHUJtD
HOpFWULFD
6RQUtRVGHFRUWDORQJLWXG7DPERFRQ
• 6RQIXHQWHVGHUHFXUVRV
.P 0DMHV FRQ .P 6DQWD FRQ .P
KLGURELROyJLFRVWUXFKDV
&KLOLFRQNP2FRxDFRQNPHWF
FDPDURQHVOLVDVSHMHUUH\HV
6RQWRUUHQWRVRVFDtGDYLROHQWD\HVWUHSLWRVDFRQJUDQ EDJUHVULFRHQODQJRVWLQRV
IXHU]DHURVLYD
• 6HRULJLQDQHQHOIODQFRRFFLGHQWDOGHODFRUGLOOHUDGH •
ORVDQGHV (VWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU ORVUtRVTXHWLHQHQVX
RULJHQHQORVDQGHV\YLHUWHQVXVDJXDVHQHO2FpDQR •
3DFtILFR
• 'HVHPERFDQXQWRWDOGHUtRVSULQFLSDOHV5HFR •
UUHQGHHVWHDRHVWH
•
•
•
•
• (URVLRQDQSURIXQGDPHQWHVXFDXFHIRUPDQSRQJRV\
FDxRQHV
• 5pJLPHQLUUHJXODU\QRVRQQDYHJDEOHVH[FHSWRWXP
EHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35,1&,3$/(65Ì26'(/$&267$
/$/,%(57$'
/$0%$<(48(
3,85$
780%(6
=DUXPLOOD 1DFHHQHO(FXDGRUIRUPDNP'HIURQWHUDFRQHVWHSDtV5tRIURQWHUL
]R
7XPEHV~QLFRUtRQDYHJDEOH\HOPDVFDXGDORVRGHODFRVWDQDFHHQHO(FXDGRU
FRQHOQRPEUHGHUtR3X\DQJR6XORQJLWXGHQHO3HU~HVGHNP
&KLUD 1DFHDOQRUWHGHODFLXGDGGH/RMDHQHO(FXDGRUHQVXFXUVRVHHQFXHQWUD
HOUHVHUYRULRGH3RHFKRV/RQJLWXGDSUR[LPDGDGHNP(VHOUtRPiVLUUHJXODU
GH OD FRVWD )RUPD XQ LPSRUWDQWH YDOOH HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH DOJRGyQ SLPD
OLPRQHV\PDQJRV
3LXUD1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH+XDQFDEDPED\GHVHPERFDHQODEDKtDGH6HFKXUD
/RQJLWXGDSUR[LPDGDGHNP6XFDXFHSHUPDQHFHVHFR
D ORODUJRFDVLGHWRGRVXUHFRUULGRSRUORTXHVHKDFRQVWUXLGRHOUHVHUYR
ULRGH6DQ/RUHQ]RTXHDOPDFHQDODVDJXDVGHORVUtRV&KLSLOOLFR\
4XLUR]
/DOHFKH 1DFHHQ&XWHUYR&DMDPDUFD/RQJLWXGHVGHNP/DVDJXDV
GHHVWHUtRVRQPX\ELHQDSURYHFKDGDVSRUORTXHQROOHJDDGHVHPERFDUHQ
HOPDU
/DPED\HTXH1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH6DQWD&UX]&DMDPDUFDHQVXFXUVR
VHXELFDHOUHVHUYRULRGH7LQDMRQHV
6DxD1DFHHQORVOtPLWHVGH&DMDPDUFD\/DPED\HTXHIRUPDXQYDOOHGHGLFDGRDO
FXOWLYRGHFDxDGHD]~FDU
-HTXHWHSHTXH 1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH&DMDPDUFDIRUPDHOYDOOHDUURFHUR
PiVJUDQGHGHO3HU~(QVXFXUVRVHHQFXHQWUDHOUHVHUYRULRGHO*DOOLWR&LHJR\OD
FHQWUDOKLGURHOpFWULFDGHOPLVPRQRPEUH6XORQJLWXGHVGHNP
&KLFDPD 1DFH HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH +XDPDFKXFR HQ /D /LEHUWDG )RUPD HO YDOOH
D]XFDUHURPiVJUDQGHGHO3HU~7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP
0RFKH1DFHHQOD/DJXQD*UDQGHHQODVFHUFDQtDVGHOSXHEORGH4XLUXYLO
FD FRQ HO QRPEUH GH UtR *UDQGH D OD DOWXUD GH OD ORFDOLGDG GH 6DQ -XDQ WRPD HO
QRPEUHGHUtR0RFKH6XORQJLWXGHVGHNP
9LU~6HIRUPDHQ6DQWLDJR GH&KXFRHQ/D/LEHUWDGIRUPDHOSULQFLSDOYDOOHSUR
GXFWRUGHHVSiUUDJRV6XORQJLWXGHVGHNP
&KDR7LHQHVXRULJHQDOSLHGHOFHUUR8UXUXSDHQODVSUR[LPLGDGHVGHOSDUDMHORV
7RULWRV)RUPDXQLPSRUWDQWHYDOOHGHSURGXFWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHWRPDWHV
- -
,&$
/,0$
$1&$6+
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6DQWD 1DFHHQODVFHUFDQtDVGHOQXGRGH7XFR(QVXFXUVRVXSHULRU
IRUPDHO&DOOHMyQGH+XD\ODVHVXQRGHORVUtRVPiVFDXGDORVRVGHOD
&RVWD&RUWDDODFRUGLOOHUD1HJUD\IRUPDHOFDxyQGHO3DWR7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGH
NP
1HSHxD1DFHHQODVDOWXUDVGHODODJXQD&KXSLFRFKDIRUPDXQYDOOHGHVWL
QDGRDOFXOWLYRGHFDxDGHD]~FDU
&DVPD7LHQHVXRULJHQHQODVFXPEUHVGHODFRUGLOOHUD1HJUD/RQJLWXGGHNP
)RUPD XQ YDOOH GRQGH VH FXOWLYD PDt] DOJRGyQ HVSiUUDJRV \ SURGXFWRV GH SDQ
OOHYDU
+XDUPH\1DFHDODDOWXUDGHOSREODGRGH+XDPEDHQODFRUGLOOHUDQHJUD7LHQHXQD
ORQJLWXG GH XQ SRFR PDV GH NP )RUPD XQ YDOOH SURGXFWRV GH DOJRGyQ IUXWDV
PDt]\IUtMRO
3DWLYLOFD 1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH%RORJQHVLHQ$QFDVKHQVXFXUVRVHKDFRQVWUXL
GRODKLGURHOpFWULFDGH&DKXD
)RUWDOH]D1DFHHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$QFDVKIRUPDXQYDOOHGHGLFDGRDOFXOWLYR
GHFDxDGHD]~FDUD]~FDUSDUDPRQJD
+XDXUD 1DFH HQ ORV QHYDGRV GH &DMDWDPER VXV DJXDV VH XWLOL]DQ HQ OD FHQWUDO
KLGURHOpFWULFDGH6DQWD5RVD)RUPDXQYDOOHGHVWLQDGRDOFXOWLYRGHIUXWDVKRUWDOL
]DVIORUHVFDxDGHD]~FDU\DOJRGyQ
&KLOOyQ 'HVFLHQGHSRUODTXHEUDGDGH&DQWDFUX]DHOQRUWHGH/LPDPHWUR
SROLWDQD
5LPDF (QVXFXUVRPHGLRIRUPDHO&DxyQGHO,QILHUQLOOR(QVXGHV
HPERFDGXUDVHXELFDHOSXHUWRGHO&DOODRIRUPDHOYDOOHPiVSREODGRGHO3HU~(V
HO UtR TXH FXHQWD FRQ PDV FHQWUDOHV KLGURHOpFWULFDV FRPR +XLQFR %DUED %ODQFD
-XDQ&DURVLR+XDPSDQL\3DEOR%RQHU
/XUtQ1DFHHQ+XDURFKLUtIRUPDXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHDOJRGyQIUXWDV\SURGXFWRV
GHSDQOOHYDU
0DOD 1DFHHQ0DWXFDQD/LPDIRUPDXQYDOOHDOJRGRQHUR\IUXWtFRODHVSH
FLDOPHQWHGHPDQ]DQDV\SOiWDQRV
&DxHWH 6HIRUPDHQORVGHVKLHORVGHOJODFLDU7LFOOD3RUVXLPSRUWDQWHFDX
GDOVXVDJXDVVRQXWLOL]DGDVHQODLUULJDFLyQ,PSHULDO
&KLQFKD 1DFHHQ+XDQFDYHOLFD7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP6XYDOOHHVSURGXF
WRUGHDOJRGyQIULMROYLGSDSD\IUXWDOHV
3LVFR1DFHHQ+XDQFDYHOLFD7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP6XYDOOHFXOWLYD
YLG\DOJRGyQ
*UDQGH 1DFHHQ$\DFXFKR)RUPDXQYDOOHGHVWLQDGRDOFXOWLYRGHDOJRGyQ\
YDULHGDGGHIUXWDOHV(OUtRJUDQGHILQDOPHQWHWRPDHOQRPEUHGHVDQ-XDQ
,FDQDFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH&DVWURYLUUH\QD6XORQJLWXGHVGH.P
- -
7$&1$
02(48(*8$
$5(48,3$
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
$FDULIRUPDXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHROLYRHVXQUtRGHSRFRFDXGDO<DXFD
IRUPDXQYDOOHPX\DQJRVWRGHGLFDGRDOFXOWLYRH[FOXVLYRGHROLYR
2FRxD&RWDKXDVLIRUPDHOFDxyQGHOPLVPRQRPEUHHQHOSREODGRGHTXHFKXDF
OODDOUHFLELUODVDJXDVGHOUtRFKLFKDVSDVDDOODPDUVHRFRxD6XORQJLWXGHVGH
NP
&ROFD0DMHV²&DPDQi$WUDYLHVDODSDPSDGH&ROFDGRQGHWRPDHVHQRPEUH
7LHQHFRPRSULQFLSDODIOXHQWHDOUtR1HJULOORGRQGHVHKDFRQVWUXLGRODUHSUH
VDGH&RQGRURPD$OFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR$QGDPD\RWRPDHOQRPEUHGH0DMHV
\ HQVXFXUVRLQIHULRUVHOODPDUtR&DPDQD)RUPDHOYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHDUUR]
PDt]\IUXWDOHV
&KLOL9tWRU²6LKXDVDQWHVGHODHVWDFLyQGH,PDWDWRPDHOQRPEUHGHUtR&KLOL\
IRUPDHOYDOOHGH$UHTXLSD7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP$OFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR<XUD
WRPDHOQRPEUHGHUtR9tWRU\HO9tWRUDOFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR6LJXDVIRUPDHO4XLOFD
KDVWDGHVHPERFDUHQHO3DFtILFR(QVXFXUVRVHKDFRQVWUXLGRODVUHSUHVDVGH
HO)UDLOH$JXDGD%ODQFD\(O3DxH7DPELpQVXVDJXDVVLUYHQDODFHQWUDOKLGUR
HOpFWULFDGH&KDUFDQL9
7DPER7LHQHFRPRDIOXHQWHSULQFLSDODOUtR&DUXPDV6XORQJLWXGHVGH
NP&RQVLGHUDGRFRPRHOUtRPDVODUJRGHODYHUWLHQWHGHO3DFtILFR
0RTXHJXD² 2VPRUH² ,OR 1DFHDOHVWHGHOYROFiQ3LFKX3LFKX\HOYROFiQ
0LVWL(VXQRGHORVUtRVPiVWRUUHQWRVRV)RUPDXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHROLYRV(Q
VXFXHQFDVHKDGHVDUUROODGRHO3UR\HFWR(VSHFLDO3DVWR*UDQGH\VHKD
FRQVWUXLGRODSODQWDGHWUDWDPLHQWRGHDJXDSRWDEOHGH&KHQ&KHQ
/RFXPED 1DFHHQ0RTXHJXD/RQJLWXGGH.P6XVDJXDVVHDFXPXODQ
HQODUHSUHVDGH$ULFRWD$QWHVGHGDUVXVDJXDVDOPDUUHFLEHORVUHODYHVPLQHURV
GH 7RTXHSDOD UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO OD ]RQD GHO PDU HQ OD TXH GHVHPERFD HO UtR QR
H[LVWHQLQJ~QWLSRGHIORUD\IDXQD
6DPDDOWpUPLQRGHODJXHUUDFRQ&KLOHHVWHUtRIXHILMDGRFRPROtPLWHHQWUHHVWRV
GRVSDtVHV
&DSOLQD(VWHUtRVyOROOHYDDJXDHQVXUHFRUULGRSRUODVLHUUDVXFDXFHHQODFRVWD
VHVHFDOOHYDPX\SRFRFDXGDOGXUDQWHODPD\RUSDUWHGHODxRVLQHPEDUJR
VXSRFDDJXDHVDSURYHFKDGDSDUDHOFXOWLYRGHYLG\RWURVIUXWDOHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6LVWHPD+LGURJUiILFRGHO$PD]RQDV´&XHQFD3XOPyQGHO0XQGRµ
&$5$&7(5Ì67,&$6
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8ELFDGR DO HVWH GHODFRUGLOOHUDGH
ORVDQGHVFRQIRUPDGRSRUORVUtRV
PiV ODUJRV \ FDXGDORVRV GH QXHVWUR
SDtV
9LHUWHQVXVDJXDVHQHOUtRPiVJUDQGH
\ FDXGDORVRGHOPXQGRTXHGHVDJXDHQ
HO2FpDQR$WOiQWLFRHOUtR$PD]RQDV
6XRULJHQHVWiHQHOQXGRGH3DVFR
\ 9LOFDQRWDSDUWHRULHQWDO
6RQ GH PD\RU ORQJLWXG 8FD\DOL
RULJHQ HQ OD FRUGLOOHUD GH &KLOD FRQ
NP
6RQ WRUUHQWRVRV GH OHQWR UHFRUULGR
SRFDLQFOLQDFLyQ\IRUPDQPX\XQDV R
UHPROLQRV
6RQGHUpJLPHQUHJXODUSRUVXDEXQGDQ
WH FDXGDO TXH RVWHQWDQ GXUDQWH WRGR HO
DxR
6XV FDXFHV VRQ DUHQRVRV FRQ VXHORV
DUFLOORVRV)RUPDQ SRQJRV PHDQGURV \
FRFKDV
6RQORVPiVFDXGDORVRVGHO3HU~LQXQ
GDFLyQHQWDKXDPSDVRDJXDMDOHV
6RQ XQD UHG IOXYLDO QDYHJDEOH PiV
JUDQGH GHO PXQGR \ VH HQFXHQWUDQ ORV
LPSRUWDQWHVSXHUWRV
,03257$1&,$
• 6RQYtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ\SHQH
WUDFLyQDODVHOYD
• )RUPDQLPSRUWDQWHVYDOOHVDJURSH
FXDUtRVHQODVHOYDDOWD
• (OYDOOHGH-DpQHVLPSRUWDQWHSRU
VXJUDQSURGXFFLyQDUURFHUDFDIH
WDOHUD\IUXWDOHV
• 6RQ IXHQWHV GH UHFXUVRV LFWLROyJL
FRVSDLFKHHO]~QJDURHOGRUD
GR OD SDORPHWD HO ViEDOR HO ER
TXLFKLFRODJDPLWDQDHOWXFX
QDUHODSDxDRSLUDxDHOFDUD
FKD]D \ YDULDV HVSHFLHV GH WRUWX
JDFRPRODFKDUDSDHOFDLPiQ
R ODJDUWRODDQDFRQGDHWF
• 6RQ LQPHQVDV UHVHUYDV DFXtIHUDV
TXHSXHGHQVHUDSURYHFKDGDVHQOD
LUULJDFLyQGHODVSDPSDVFRVWHxDV
• 6RQ JUDQGHV IXHQWHV HQHUJpWLFDV
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH KLGURHOpFWULFDV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQORVSRQJRV
3ULQFLSDOHVUtRV
D $PD]RQDV
• 2ULJHQ 1HYDGR0LVPLHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$UHTXLSD
• 'HVWDFD SRU VX FDXGDO ILJXUD FRPR HO PD\RU GHO PXQGR HQ WpUPLQRV GH
FDSWDFLyQGHDJXDQ~PHURGHDIOXHQWHV\YROXPHQTXHGHVFDUJD/RVDSRU
WHVDQXDOHVGHOUtRVXPDQXQDTXLQWDSDUWHGHOWRWDOGHDJXDGXOFHTXHGHV
HPERFDHQORVRFpDQRVHQWRGRHOPXQGR
• $IOXHQWHV 1DSR3XWXPD\R7LJUH3XUXV<DUDYt
• 'HVHPERFDGXUD 2FpDQR$WOiQWLFR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E0DUDxyQ
• 2ULJHQ 1DFHDPHWURVVREUHHOQLYHOGHOPDUHQHOJODFLDUGHOQHYDGR
GH <HUXSDMD HQ OD ODJXQD GH /DXULFRFKD D .P DO VXURHVWH GHO GHSDUWD
PHQWRGH+XiQXFR
• /RQJLWXG )OX\H GHVXU D QRUWH D OR ODUJR GH XQRV NLOyPHWURVKDVWD
XQLUVHFRQHOUtR8FD\DOLSDUDIRUPDUHO$PD]RQDV
• &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV 3RVHH HO PD\RU SRWHQFLDO KLGURHOpFWULFR 5HFRUUH GHSDU
WDPHQWRV3DVFR+XiQXFR$QFDVK/D/LEHUWDG&DMDPDUFD$PD]RQDV\
/RUHWR3RUVXFDQWLGDGGHFDVFDGDV\UiSLGRVHVXQUtRQDYHJDEOHVyORHQ
VXFXUVREDMR
• $OVXUFDUSRUHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$PD]RQDVFRUWDODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDOHQHO
SRQJRGH5HQWHPD\DODFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOHQHOSRQJRGH0DQVHULFKH
GLFKD UHJLyQ GH ORV SRQJRV HV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH SRU TXHGHQRH[LVWLUHO0D
UDxyQQROOHJDUtDDMXQWDUVHFRQHO8FD\DOL
• $IOXHQWHV &KDPD\D8UXEDPED&HQHSD6DQWLDJR0RURQD3DVWD]D+XD
OODJD\7LJUH
• 'HVHPERFDGXUD HQHOUtR$PD]RQDVDOFRQIOXLUFRQHO8FD\DOL
F 0DQWDUR
• 2ULJHQ VXQRPEUHTXHFKXD+DWXQPD\RUtRJUDQGH1DFHHQ&HUUR
GH3DVFRHQODODJXQDGH$FDFRFKD\HQVXUHFRUULGRFUX]DORVGHSDUWDPHQ
WRVGH-XQtQ+XDQFDYHOLFD\$\DFXFKRSDVDSRUODSURYLQFLD GH 6DWL
SRGRQGHFRQIOX\HFRQHOUtR$SXUtPDFSDUDIRUPDUHOUtR(QH
• /RQJLWXG WLHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNLOyPHWURV
• &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV6XUHFRUULGRHVGHQRURHVWHDVXUHVWH\GDRULJHQDOYDOOH
GHO 0DQWDUR SULQFLSDO SURYHHGRU GH DOLPHQWRV GH OD FLXGDG GH/LPD
• (QVXFRUULHQWHVHKDFRQVWUXLGRODFHQWUDOKLGURHOpFWULFDPiVJUDQGHGHO
3HU~6DQWLDJR$QW~QH]GH0D\ROR<5HVWLWXFLyQJHQHUDQGRFHUFDGHO
GHWRGDODHQHUJtDHOpFWULFDTXHVHJHQHUDHQHOSDtV
• 'HVHPERFDGXUD UtR(QH
G 3HUHQH
• 2ULJHQ 5HJLyQFHQWUDOHQHOODGRRULHQWDOGHORVDQGHVQDFHHQ-XQtQ
DOQRUWHGHOSXHEORGH6DQ$QWRQLRGH2FRSDGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDXQ
PRQDVWHUtRGHODRUGHQGHORVIUDQFLVFDQRV
• &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV(QVXFXUVRVXSHULRUUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGH&KDQ
FKDPD\RIRUPDQGRXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHPDGHUDVFDIp\IUXWDVTXH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
OOHYDVXQRPEUH/ODPiQGRVHUHFLpQ3HUHQpDSDUWLUGHODFRQIOXHQFLDFRQHO
UtR3DXFDUWDPER
• 3RVHHFRUWRUHFRUULGRSHURXQUpJLPHQSOXYLDO\SHULJODFLDO\XQJUDQFDXGDO
WRGRHODxR
• 'HVHPERFDGXUD 5tR3HUHQpTXHFRQIOX\HFRQHOUtR(QHHQHOSXHEOR
GH3XHUWR3UDGRDPVQPSDUDIRUPDUHOUtR7DPER
H+XDOODJD
• 2ULJHQ QDFHFHUFDGHOQXGRGH3DVFRQHYDGRGH3XFD\DFR\GHV
FLHQGHSRUXQDTXHEUDGD\FDOOHMyQFRQLQQXPHUDEOHVUiSLGRVHQWUHOD
FRUGLOOHUDEODQFDDORHVWHSDUWHGHODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDO\ODFRUGLOOHUD$]XO
DOHVWHFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOGHORVDQGHVHQHOWUDPRHQWUH+XiQXFR\3D
FKL]D
• /RQJLWXG 3RVHHNLOyPHWURVGHORQJLWXG
• &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV &RUWD OD FDGHQD RFFLGHQWDO HQ HO SRQJR GH $JXLUUH
$IOXHQWH GHO 0DUDxyQ SRU OD PDUJHQ GHUHFKD 3RVHH XQD JUDQ ULTXH]D LF
WLROyJLFD VLHQGR QDYHJDEOH HQ EDOVDV \ FDQRDV (V QDYHJDEOH VX WUDPR
VHOYiWLFR DXQTXH SUHVHQWD SDVRV GLItFLOHV (Q VXV RULOODV VH HQFXHQWUDQ
PXFKDV SREODFLRQHV LPSRUWDQWHV FRPR +XDULDFD $PER +XiQXFR 7LQJR
0DUtD-XDQMXt3LFRWD<XULPDJXDV6DQWD&UX]\/DJXQDV
• $IOXHQWHV5tR7XOOXPD\RFRUGLOOHUD$]XO\&KLSXUDQDSRUODL]TXLHUGD<D
QDKXDQFD&D\DPED0RQ]yQ0DJGDOHQD0D\R\+XD\DEDPED
• 'HVHPERFDGXUD5tR0DUDxyQ
I8UXEDPED
• 2ULJHQ RXUXSDPSDQDFHHQHOQXGRGH9LOFDQRWD5HFRUUHJUDQSDUWH
GHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&XVFRFRQHOQRPEUHGHUtR9LOFDQRWD
• /RQJLWXG NLOyPHWURV
• &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV(QVXWUDPRVXSHULRUHVGHQRPLQDGRUtR6DJUDGRR+XLO
FDPD\RSRUORTXHGDYLGDDO9DOOH6DJUDGRGHORVLQFDV$OSDVDUSRU
ODFLXGDGGH8UXEDPEDUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGHUtR8UXEDPED(QVXV
RULOODVVHHQFXHQWUDQORVUHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRVGH0DFKX3LFFKX2OODQWD\
WDPER\3tVVDF&RUWDODFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOGHORVDQGHVDWUDYpVGHO
SRQJRGH0DLQLTXH$OSDVDUSRU2OODQWD\WDPERHOUtR8UXEDPEDVH
HVWUHFKD\VHSURIXQGL]D)RUPDHOFDxyQGH7RURQWR\%DxDODVSREOD
FLRQHVGH6LFXDQL&XVFR8UXEDPED\4XLOODEDPED
• $IOXHQWHV 6XV SULQFLSDOHV DIOXHQWHV VRQ SRU OD GHUHFKD HO <DQDWLOH 3DX
FDUWDPERGH9LOFDQRWDWDPELpQFRQRFLGRSRU<DYHUR7LPSLD&DPLVHD
0LVKDKXD6HSDKXDH,QL\DSRUODL]TXLHUGD&DVLUHQL\0DQWDOR
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
• 'HVHPERFDGXUD HQHOUtR8FD\DOLDOFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR7DPER
J 8FD\DOL
• 2ULJHQ 1DFH HQ HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH 8FD\DOL VH IRUPD GH ODDIOXHQ
FLD GHO UtR 7DPER \ GHO 8UXEDPED DO HVWH GH ORV DQGHV FHUFDGH$WDOD\D
FRQXQDGLUHFFLyQVXUQRUWH
• /RQJLWXG NLOyPHWURV GH ORQJLWXG VREUH XQ WHUULWRULR GH VXDYH SHQ
GLHQWH&RQVWLWX\HQGRXQDYtDGHWUDQVSRUWHLPSRUWDQWH
• $IOXHQWHV 3RU HO PDUJHQ GHUHFKD VRQ HO 7DPD\D \ HO 7DSLFKH \ SRU OD
PDUJHQL]TXLHUGDHO3DFKLWHD\HO$JXD\WLDV
• FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV6XVSULQFLSDOHVSXHUWRVHVWiQHQODVFLXGDGHVGH3XFDOOSD
&RQWDPDQD\5HTXHQD
• 'HVHPERFDGXUD HQHOUtR$PD]RQDVDOFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR0DUDxyQ
5tRVGHODFXHQFD$PD]yQLFD
7LJUH
3DVWD]D
0RURQD
6DQWLDJR
1LHYD
&HQHSD
,PD]D
&KLQFKLSH
8WFXEDPED
&KDPD\D
/ODXFDQR
&ULVQHMDV
$OWRPDUDxyQ
%DMRPDUDxyQ
0D\R
%LDER
6LVD
6DSRVRD
+XDOODEDPED
%DMR+XDOODJD
$OWR+XDOODJD
3XWXPD\R
1DSR
1DQD\
<DYDUL
,QWHUFXHQFD GHODPD]R
QDV
$JXD\WLD
3DFKLWHD
8UXEDPED
<DYHUR
- -
3HUHQH
7DPER
(QH
0DQWDUR
$SXUtPDF
3DPSDV
8FD\DOL
<DUXD
3XUXV
'HODVSLHGUDV
7DPERSDWD
,QDPEDUL
$OWRPDGUHGHGLRV
,QWHUFXHQFDVPDGUHGH
GLRV
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
+R\D+LGURJUiILFDGHO7LWLFDFD
•
•
•
•
•
)RUPDGRSRUHOODJR7LWLFDFDTXHKDFHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPHGLRPLOOyQ
GHDxRVIRUPySDUWHGHOJUDQODJRFHQWUDOOODPDGR%DOOLYLDQMXQWRFRQHO
3RRSRGH%ROLYLD\RWURVODJRVPHQRUHV
6XSHUILFLHDSUR[LPDGDGHNPGHORVFXDOHVOHFRUUHVSRQGHDO3HU~
NP
6HHQFXHQWUDDPVQP\HVHOODJRQDYHJDEOHPiVDOWRGHO
PXQGR
7LHQHLPSRUDWDQWHVLVODVHQWUHODVTXHGHVWDFDQ(Q3HU~7DTXLOH$PDQ
WDQ6RWR\HQ%ROLYLDOD,VODGHO6ROODPiVJUDQGH\GHOD/XQD
$O7LWLFDFDVHGLULJHQYDULRVUtRV\GHpOVDOHXQ~QLFRHIOXHQWHHO'HVDJXD
GHURTXHOOHYDVXVDJXDVDOODJR3RRSRGH%ROLYLD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
GEOGRAFÍA
/DVDJXDVGHO7LWLFDFDFXPSOHQXQDIXQFLyQHVWDELOL]DGRUDGHODWHPSHUDWX
UDGHODV]RQDVDOHGDxDV
&$5$&7(5Ì67,&$6
• 6X RULJHQ VH HQFXHQWUD HQ ODV FRUGLOOH
UDV9ROFiQLFD&DUDED\D\QXGRGH9LO
FDQRWD
• 'HVHPERFDHQHOODJR7LWLFDFD
• 6RQ GH FRUWD ORQJLWXG \ SRFR WRUUHQWR
VRV
• 6RQ GH VXDYH GHFOLYH SRU OR TXH VRQ
SRFR WRUUHQWRVRV FRQ FDXFH SRFR SUR
IXQGR
• 6H DOLPHQWDQ GH ODV OOXYLDV VRQ GH
UpJLPHQ,UUHJXODUSRUORTXHQRSRVLELOL
WDQODQDYHJDFLyQ
3ULQFLSDOHVUtRV
,03257$1&,$
• )RUPDQXQDFXHQFDHQGRUUHL
FDYDOOHVRFHQWURVDJUtFRODV
GHODUHJLyQ
• &RQIRUPDQHOPD\RUFHQWUR
JDQDGHURGHO3HU~
• )DYRUHFHODJDQDGHUtDH[WHQ
VLYD
• &RQVWLWX\HQHQ]RQDVWXUtVWL
FDV
• 6RQIXHQWHGHUHFXUVRVKLGUR
ELROyJLFRV
D6XFKHV
/LPLWHHQWUH3HU~\%ROLYLD
E5DPLV
(OPiVODUJRFDXGDORVRHLPSRUWDQWHGHO7LWLFDFD
F&RDWD
6XVDIOXHQWHVVRQORVUtRV/DPSD\&DEDQLOODV
G,ODYH
6HIRUPDGHOD
XQLyQGHOUtR+XHQTXH\GHO$JXDV&D
OLHQWHV
H'HVDJXDGHUR ÒQLFRUtRHIOXHQWH
(QWUH RWURV UtRV GH HVWD FXHQFD VH
HQFXHQWUDQ +XDQFDQp &DEDQLOODV
,OOSD=DSDWLOOD&DOODFDPH0DXUHFKLFR
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
&XHQFDGHOUtR0DGUHGH'LRVR$PDUX0D\R
•
•
•
•
•
&$5$&7(5Ì67,&$6
(VFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRFXDUWDFXHQFDSRUODRULHQWDFLyQ
GHORVUtRVTXHVHGLULJHQKDFLD%ROLYLD\%UDVLO
6HHQFXHQWUDHQODSDUWHQRUWHGHO7LWLFDFDVHSDUDGR
SRUODFRUGLOOHUDGH&DUDED\D
6RQGHUpJLPHQUHJXODU
1DFHQHQODFRUGLOOHUDGH&DUDED\D\$X]DQJDWH
6RQFDXGDORVRV\QDYHJDEOHV
,PSRUWDQFLD
• 6HFRQVWLWX\HQHQXQDFXHQFDGHUHVHUYDDFXtIHUD
• &XHQFDPHQRVFRQWDPLQDGD\PHQRVSREODGD
• (VIXHQWHGHUHVHUYDGHUHFXUVRVSDUDHOIXWXURGHOD
KXPDQLGDG
- -
•
•
•
•
•
•
$)/8(17(6
0DQX
'HODV3LHGUDV
7DPERSDWD
,QDPEDUL
+HDWK
/LGLD
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
35É&7,&$
6HxDOHORFRUUHFWR
• 3RQJRGH$JXLUUH\0DQVHULFKH
ORFDOL]DGRHQORV$QGHV0HULGLRQD
OHV
• /RVUtRVGHO$PD]RQDVVRQYtDVGH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ
• (OQHYDGRGH$X]DQJDWHVHORFDOL]D
HQODFRUGLOOHUDRFFLGHQWDOGHORVDQ
GHV&HQWUDOHV
• (QHOUtR0DQWDURVHHQFHQWUDOD
KLGURHOpFWULFDGH6DQWLDJR$QW~QH]
GH0D\ROR
• (OUtR3HUHQpIRUPDHOYDOOHGH
&KDQFKDPD\R
D9)9)9E)999)
F99)99
G)9)99
H)999)
5tRPiVDIHFWDGRSRUODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
PLQHUDHQOD&XHQFDGHO/DJR7LWLFDFD
D'HVDJXDGHUR
E,ODYH
F6XFKHV
G5DPLV
H,QDPEDUL
/DFRQIOXHQFLDGHORVUtRV7DPER\
8UXEDPEDGDQRULJHQDOUtR
D$PD]RQDV
E8FD\DOL
F+XDOODJD
G0DUDxyQ
H$SXUtPDF
/RVUtRVGHODVHOYDVRQGHUpJLPHQ
UHJXODUSRU
D/DDEXQGDQWHYHJHWDFLyQ
E3RUODOODQXUDGHODVHOYDEDMD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
F(OFOLPDWURSLFDO
G/RVUtRVGHORVDQGHV
H6RQH[WHQVRV\FDXGDORVRV
(OUtRIURQWHUL]RHQWUH3HU~\&RORPELD
HVHV
D=DUXPLOOD
E+XDOODJD
F0DUDxyQ
G(QH
H3XWXPD\R
5tRSHUXDQRFRQPD\RUFDQWLGDGGH
&HQWUDOHV+LGURHOpFWULFDV
D$PD]RQDV
E8FD\DOL
F6DQWD
G0DUDxyQ
H5tPDF
(OSUR\HFWRGHODJXQLOODVVHXELFDHQ
D/DVSDPSDVGHROPRV
E/RVYDOOHVGHO&KLUD\3LXUDF/D
FXHQFDGHO3DFtILFR
G/DFXHQFDGH7LWLFDFD
H/DPHVHWDGH&DVWURYLUUH\QD
3RUTXpGHFLPRVTXHORVUtRVGHOD
$PD]RQtDFRQVWLWX\HQXQIDFWRUGHLQ
WHJUDFLyQ"
D 3RUTXHSHUPLWHQHODWHUUL]DMHGH
ORVKLGURDYLRQHV
E 3RUTXHSHUPLWHQHOFRPHUFLR
F 3RUTXHORVUtRVGHODVHOYDIDFLOL
WDQHOWXULVPR
G 3RUTXHXQHQDORVSXHEORV\VRQ
YtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQH3RUTXH
VRQORVPHGLRVPiVUiSLGRVGH
YLDMH
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6XVUtRVVRQGHFRUWDORQJLWXG6LHQ
GRHOPDVODUJRHO5tR7DPER
(VXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHORVUtRVGHOD
9HUWLHQWHGHO
D$PD]RQDV
E$PDUX0D\R
F7LWLFDFD
G3DFtILFR
H0DGUHGH'LRV
(VHO5tRPDVODUJRGHOD&XHQFDGHO
7LWLFDFD
D$]iQJDUR
E+XDQFDQp
F5DPLV
G,ODYH
H'HVDJXDGHUR
(V HO ~QLFR 5tR HIOXHQWH TXH YDFtD
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH XQ GH ORV H[FH
VRVGHDJXDGHO7LWLFDFD
D&RDWD
E+XDQFDQp
F6XFKHVG,ODYH
H'HVDJXDGHUR
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VHxDODPRV DOJXQDV GH
ODVLPSRUWDQFLDVGHO/DJR7LWLFDFD8QDQR
HVFRUUHFWD
D +DFH GHO &ROODR OD UHJLyQ JHRHFR
QRPLFD PDV LPSRUWDQWH GH ORV DQ
GHV
E $OEHUJDXQHQRUPHSRWHQFLDOGH
UHFXUVRVLFWLROyJLFRV
F +DFHGHO&ROODRXQFHQWURQRPX\
SREODGR
G ,PSRUWDQWHSRWHQFLDOHQHUJpWLFR
H )RUPDXQDJUDQUHVHUYDDFXtIHUD
'HODVVLJXLHQWHVODJXQDVTXHPHQFLR
QDPRVXQDQRVHXELFDHQHOGHSDUWD
PHQWRGH3XQR
D6DOLQDV
E$UDSD
F/DJXQLOODV
G$QDQWD
H8PD\R
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
7,(032< &/,0$
&21&(3726*(1(5$/(6
GEOGRAFÍA
7LHPSR3HULRGRGXUDQWHHOTXHUHSUHVHQWDXQDVXFHVLyQGHDFFLRQHV
R DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV(QODDFWXDOLGDGVHHPSOHDQWUHVPpWRGRVDVWURQyPLFRV
SDUD H[SUHVDU HO WLHPSR /RV GRV SULPHURV VH EDVDQ HQ OD URWDFLyQ GLDULD GH OD
7LHUUD VREUH VX HMH \ VH UHILHUHQ DOPRYLPLHQWR DSDUHQWH GHO 6RO WLHPSR VRODU \
GHODVHVWUHOODVWLHPSRVLGpUHR(OWHUFHUPpWRGRDVWURQyPLFRSDUDPHGLUHOWLHPSR
VHEDVDHQODURWDFLyQGHOD7LHUUDHQWRUQRDO6ROWLHPSRGHHIHPpULGHV
'HQWURGHHVWRSRGHPRVGLVWLQJXLU
D 7LHPSR $WPRVIpULFR&RQMXQWRGH9DORUHVTXHHQXQPRPHQWR\XQOXJDU GH
WHUPLQDGR FDUDFWHUL]DQ HO HVWDGR DWPRVIpULFR (V GHFLU HV HOHVWDGR HQ TXH
VHHQFXHQWUDODDWPyVIHUDHQXQPRPHQWRGHWHUPLQDGR
E 7LHPSR 6LGpUHR &RPRHOWLHPSRVRODUPHGLR VH EDVD HQ HOPRYLPLHQ
WR GH XQ VRO ILFWLFLR VH HVWDEOHFLy XQD SRVLFLyQ EiVLFD SDUD SRGHU FDOFXODU D
SDUWLUGHHOODHOWLHPSRPHGLR(VWDSRVLFLyQHVHOHTXLQRFFLRGHSULPDYHUD
XQSXQWRLPDJLQDULRHQHOFLHOR(QODSUiFWLFD OD VLWXDFLyQ GHO HTXLQRFFLR
GHSULPDYHUDVHKDOODDSDUWLUGHODSRVLFLyQGHODVHVWUHOODILMDV(OWLHPSRVRODU
EDVDGRHQODSRVLFLyQGH ODV HVWUHOODV VH GHQRPLQD WLHPSR VLGpUHR \ ORV UHOR
MHVUHJXODGRVSDUDUHJLVWUDUHVWHWLHPSRVHOODPDQUHORMHVVLGpUHRV
F 7LHPSR 6RODU 'HVGHKDFHPXFKRWLHPSR VH HPSOHD HO PRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWH
GHO6ROHQHOFLHORFRPREDVHSDUDODPHGLGDGHOWLHPSR(QFXDOTXLHUSXQWRGHO
SODQHWDFXDQGRHO6RODOFDQ]DHOSXQWRPiVDOWRHQHOFLHORGXUDQWHHVHGtDHV
PHGLRGtD/DOtQHDHQGLUHFFLyQ1RUWH6XU TXH SDVDSRU HO FLHOR HQHVH SXQWR
VHGHQRPLQD PHULGLDQR (OLQWHUYDORHQWUHSDVRVVXFHVLYRVGHO6ROSRUHOPLVPR
PHULGLDQR HV XQ GtD TXH SRU FRQYHQLR VH GLYLGH HQ KRUDV 6LQ HPEDUJR
VHJ~QHOWLHPSRVRODUODORQJLWXGGHOGtDQRHVODPLVPDDORODUJRGHODxR
GHELGRDODVYDULDFLRQHVGHOPRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWHGHO6RO/DGLIHUHQFLD
GHGXUDFLyQGHODVKRUDVGHXQGtDHQODVGLVWLQWDVHVWDFLRQHVSXHGH
OOHJDUDVHUGHPLQXWRV&RQODLQYHQFLyQGHUHORMHV GH SUHFLVLyQ HQ HO VL
JOR ;9,, HVWDV GLIHUHQFLDV HPSH]DURQ DVHU VLJQLILFDWLYDV 3RU HOOR VH LQYHQWy
HO WLHPSR VRODU PHGLR EDVDGRHQXQVROLPDJLQDULRTXHVH GHVSOD]DGHIRUPD
XQLIRUPHGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
&OLPD /D SDODEUD FOLPD YLHQH GHO JULHJR NOLPD TXH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D OD
LQFOLQDFLyQGHO6RO$GHPiVGHORVHIHFWRVGHODUDGLDFLyQVRODU\VXV YDULDFLRQHV
HOFOLPDVLHPSUHHVWiEDMRODLQIOXHQFLDGHODFRPSOHMDHVWUXFWXUD\FRPSRVLFLyQGH
OD DWPyVIHUD \ GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV SRU ORV TXH pVWD \ ORV RFpDQRV WUDQVSRUWDQ HO
FDORU
(QWRQFHV &OLPD HV HO FRQMXQWR GH FDUDFWHUHV DWPRVIpULFRV TXHGLVWLQJXHQD
XQD GHWHUPLQDGD UHJLyQ HQ IRUPD SHUPDQHQWH $GHPiV HV HO UHVXOWDGR GH OD
DFFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVHOHPHQWRVGHOFOLPDFRPRODWHPSHUDWXUDODKXPH
GDGODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHV \ ORV YLHQWRV \ OD LQIOXHQFLD TXH
HMHUFHQ ORV IDFWRUHVGHOFOLPDDOWHUiQGRORRPRGLILFiQGROR
(O&OLPDHIHFWRDODUJRSOD]RGHODUDGLDFLyQVRODUVREUHODVXSHUILFLH\ODDWPyVIH
UDGH OD7LHUUDHQURWDFLyQ (OPRGRPiVIiFLOGHLQWHUSUHWDUORHVHQWpUPL
QRVGHPHGLDVDQXDOHVRHVWDFLRQDOHVGHWHPSHUDWXUD\SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV
(OFOLPDVHPLGHSRUPHGLRGHWHUPyPHWURVSOXYLyPHWURVEDUyPHWURV\RWURVLQV
WUXPHQWRVSHURVXHVWXGLRGHSHQGHGHODVHVWDGtVWLFDV
3DUDHVWDEOHFHUHOFOLPDGHFXDOTXLHUiUHDGHOD7LHUUDGHEHFRQVLGHUDUVHQRVyORVX
ODWLWXG TXH GHWHUPLQD OD LQFOLQDFLyQ GHO 6RO VLQR WDPELpQ VX DOWLWXG HO WLSR GH
VXHOR OD GLVWDQFLD GHO RFpDQR VXUHODFLyQFRQVLVWHPDVPRQWDxRVRV\ODFXVWUHV
\ RWUDVLQIOXHQFLDVVLPLODUHV
(/(0(1726
5DGLDFLyQ
6RODU
7HPSHUD
WXUD
•
•
(VODFDQWLGDGGHHQHUJtDTXHUHFLEHODVXSHUILFLH\ODDWPyVIHUDGH
ODWLHUUDSURFHGHQWHGHOVRO/DHQHUJtDVRODURULJLQDWRGRORV
IHQyPHQRVPHWHRUROyJLFRVTXHDFRQWHFHQHQODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH
0D\RURPHQRUFDQWLGDGGHFDORUTXHSRVHHHODLUHGHODDWPyVIHUD
JUDFLDV DO FDOHQWDPLHQWR GH OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH SRU DFFLyQ GH OD
HQHUJtDVRODU9DUtDGHXQOXJDUDRWUR\GHXQPRPHQWRD
RWUR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
3UHVLyQ
DWPRVIpUL
FD
•
•
9LHQWRV
+XPHGDG
DWPRVIpUL
FD
•
GEOGRAFÍA
(VODIXHU]DTXHHMHUFHHODLUHDWPRVIpULFRVREUHODVXSHUILFLH
WHUUHVWUH(QODV]RQDVEDMDVOD3$HVPD\RU \GLVPLQX\HHQ
ODV]RQDVDOWDV
(O EDUyPHWUR LQYHQWDGR SRU HO LWDOLDQR 7RUULFHOOL HV HO LQVWUXPHQWR
TXHVLUYHSDUDPHGLUODSUHVLyQ8QDXPHQWRGHODKXPHGDG
DWPRVIpULFDFRQWULEX\HDTXHODSUHVLyQWDPELpQVHLQFUHPHQWH
6RQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVGHDLUHHQVHQWLGRSDUDOHORDOVXHOR6H
RULJLQDQSRUGLIHUHQFLDVGHSUHVLyQHQWUHGLVWLQWDViUHDV
/DYHORFLGDGFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOYLHQWRGHODWLHUUDHVGHPVRGH
.PKU/DYHOHWDHVHOLQVWUXPHQWRTXHVLUYHSDUDGHWHUPL
QDUODGLUHFFLyQGHOYLHQWRPLHQWUDVTXHHODQHPyPHWUR
VLUYHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODYHORFLGDG(ODQHPRVFRSLRUHDOL]DODVGRV
FRVDVDODYH]
&DQWLGDGGH9DSRUGHDJXDH[LVWHQWHHQODDWPyVIHUDSURYHQLHQWH
GHODHYDSRUDFLyQGHORVUtRVPDUHVODJRVHWF9DUtDGHDFXHUGRD
OD SUHVLyQ \ D OD 7HPSHUDWXUD \ &RQWULEX\H D DXPHQWDU OD SUHVLyQ
DWPRVIpULFD$GHPiVSHUPLWHODIRUPDFLyQGHQXEHV\
SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV(OKLJUyPHWUR\HO3VLFUyPHWURVRQORVLQVWUXPHQWRV
FRQORVTXHVHPLGHODKXPHGDG
(ODLUH TXH FRQWLHQHYDSRUGHDJXDVHHQIUtD SRUGHEDMRGHOSXQWR
HQTXHVHIRUPDHOURFtRVHFUHDXQSUHFLSLWDGRGHDJXD
OtTXLGDGHQWURGHODIDVHJDVHRVD(OSOXYLyPHWURHVHOLQVWUX
PHQWRTXHPLGHODFDQWLGDGGHDJXDSUHFLSLWDGD
&ODVHV
3UHFLSLWDF • &RQYHFFLyQ6HRULJLQDQSRUORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHODLUHVRQWtSL
LyQ
FRVGHODVHOYDEDMD
• 2URJUiILFDV6HRULJLQDQHQORVIODQFRVGHODVPRQWDxDVH[SXHVWRV
D ODDFFLyQGHORVYLHQWRVGRPLQDQWHV
• &LFOyQLFDV6RQSURGXFLGDVHQ]RQDVGHEDMDSUHVLyQ\DOWDV
WHPSHUDWXUDVGHODV]RQDVWURSLFDOHV
•
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
&Ð60,&26
)$&725(6
•
•
•
•
/$7,78'
•
•
•
&217,1(17$
/,'$'
9(*(
*(7$
7$
&,Ð1
$/7,78'
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2&($1,'$'
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
0RYLPLHQWRGH5RWDFLyQ
0RYLPLHQWRGH7UDVODFLyQ
5DGLDFLyQ6RODU
)RUPDGHODWLHUUD
'HWHUPLQDPD\RURPHQRULQFOLQDFLyQFRQTXHFDHQORVUD\RVVRODUHVVREUH
XQOXJDU\HVWDEOHFHODGXUDFLyQGHORVGtDV\QRFKHVODFXDOVHPDQLILHVWD
HQWHPSHUDWXUD
(Q]RQDVFHUFDQDVDO(FXDGRUORVUD\RVVRODUHVFDHQGLUHFWDPHQWH
SRU OR WDQWR OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV PD\RU 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ ODV ]RQDV SRODUHV
$XVWUDO\%RUHDOODWHPSHUDWXUDHVPHQRU
(QHOFDVRSHUXDQRGHEHUtDPRVWHQHUXQFOLPDFiOLGR\WURSLFDOSRU
HVWDU XELFDGRV HQWUH OD /tQHD (TXLQRFFLDO \ HO 7UySLFR GH &DSULFRUQLR 6LQ
HPEDUGRHVWHIDFWRUGH/DWLWXGHVDQXODGRSRURWURIDFWRUODDOWLWXG
(VODGLVWDQFLDTXHH[LVWHUHVSHFWRDOQLYHOGHOPDUKDVWDHOSXQWR
FXDTXLHUDGHODWLHUUD
'HWHUPLQDHOJUDGRGHWHPSHUDWXUDTXHSXHGHUHJLVWUDUD XQD
GHWHPLQDGDDOWXUD
/DSRFDFDSDFLGDGGHUHWHQHUHQODVQRFKHVHOFDORUUHFLELGRGHGtD
5HGXFFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGPHQWDOHQXQGHVGHP
/DYHJHWDFLyQMXHJDXQUROIXQGDPHQWDOHQHOFOLPDHQORVOXJDUHV
GRQGHH[LVWHH[XEHUDQWHYHJHWDFLyQODWHPSHUDWXUDHVHOHYDGR6HOYD
6RQORVOXJDUHVGHODOLWRVIHUDGLVWDQFLDGRVGHOPDUTXHORJUDQ
FDOHQWDUVHFRQJUDQIDFLOLGDGSHURDOD³SXHVWD´GHOVROWDPELpQVH
HQIUtDUiSLGDPHQWH
5HFLEHODHQHUJtDVRODU\QRODSURSDJDHQVXPDVDSRUQRVHUEXHQDFRQ
GXFWRUDGHOFDORU(QVXHORV\URFDVODHQHUJtDVHFRQFHQWUDHQVXVXSHUIL
FLHHOHYDQGRUiSLGDPHQWHVXWHPSHUDWXUD
(VWiUHODFLRQDGRDODGLVWDQFLDTXHH[LVWHUHVSHFWRDOPDU/RV2FpDQRVDE
VRUEHQHOFDORUHQHOGtD\ORH[SDQGHQSRUODQRFKH&OLPDPDUtWLPRFRQV
WLWX\pQGRVHXQUHVHUYRULRGHHQHUJtD
(ODJXDDOHQWUDUHQFRQWDFWRFRQODHQHUJtDVRODUDEVRUEH\ODSURSDJDHQ
WRGDVXPDVDHOHYDQGRVXWHPSHUDWXUDHQIRUPDPX\OHQWD
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODVPDVDVGHDJXDVHFDOGHDQOHQWDPHQWHHLUUDGLDQOD
HQHUJtDFDOyULFDHQIRUPDWDPELpQPX\OHQWD
- -
27526
25,(1&$
&,Ð1
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
GEOGRAFÍA
'HWHUPLQDGRSRUODPD\RURPHQRULQFLGHQFLDGHORVUD\RVVRODUHV
VHJ~QGRQGHVHKDOOHXELFDGR\SRUHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHORVYLHQWRV
&DVR3HUXDQR
• &RUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHV
• 0DU3HUXDQR)ULDOGDGGHVXVDJXDVGHWHUPLQDODEDMDWHPSHUDWXUD
DWPRVIpULFDODDXVHQFLDGHOOXYLDVUHJXODUHVHOFLHORQXEORVRODDULGH]HWF
• &RUULHQWHV0DULQDV/D&RUULHQWHGHO1LxRDYDQ]DKDFLDHO6XUHQWUHOD&R
UULHQWH3HUXDQD\HOOLWRUDODOFDQ]DQGRDOJXQDVYHFHVODVFRVWDVGH/LPDH
OFDRFDVLRQDQGROOXYLDVLUUHJXODUHVVHTXtDVHQHO6XU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
$PDQHUDGHFRQFOXVLyQ
• /RVFRQWLQHQWHVLUUDGLDQPiVHQHUJtDTXHORVPDUHV\RFpDQRV
• $ ODSXHVWDGHOVROORVFRQWLQHQWHVVHHQIUtDQUiSLGDPHQWH(ODLUHTXHVH
HQFXHQWUDVREUHHOORVWDPELpQVHHQIUtDEUXVFDPHQWH
• /DHQHUJtDVRODUOOHJDDODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH\KDFHGHpVWDTXHWUDVPL
WD HQHUJtD D ODV PDVDV GH DLUH FRQ ODV TXH HVWi HQ FRQWDFWR (O PDU HQ
FDPELR LUUDGLD PHQRU FDQWLGDG GH HQHUJtD SRUTXH OD WLHQH GLVWULEXLGD HQ
WRGDVXPDVD
• (QFDPELRORVPDUHV\RFpDQRVLUUDGLDQHQHUJtDLQFOXVLYHGXUDQWHODVQR
FKHV
• (ODLUHTXHHVWiHQFLPDGHORVFRQWLQHQWHVVHFDOLHQWDPiVUiSLGRTXHHO
DLUHTXHHVWiVREUHORVPDUHV
• /DDWPyVIHUDHPSLH]DDHOHYDUVXWHPSHUDWXUDDSDUWLUGHODVXSHU
ILFLHWHUUHVWUH
• 5HJLRQHV GH EDMD ODWLWXG OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV DOWD HQ ODWLWXGHV PHGLDV OD
WHPSHUDWXUDHVLQWHUPHGLDRWHPSODGD\HQUHJLRQHVSRODUHVHVPX\EDMD
,03257$1&,$&DGDWLSRGHFOLPDGHWHUPLQD
• 'LYHUVLGDGGHIDXQD\IORUDHQODVGLIHUHQWHVUHJLRQHV
• )RUPDFLyQGHWLSRVGHVXHOR
• $FWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVGHFDGDUHJLyQ
• (OJUDGRGHGHVDUUROOR
• *UDQLQIOXHQFLDHQODYHJHWDFLyQ\ODYLGDDQLPDOLQFOX\HQGRDORVVHUHV
KXPDQRV
• 'HVHPSHxDXQ SDSHO VLJQLILFDWLYRHQ PXFKRVSURFHVRV ILVLROyJLFRVGHVGH
ODFRQFHSFLyQ\HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHORVVHUHVYLYRVKDVWDODVDOXG\ODHQ
IHUPHGDG
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
)(120(0260(7(252/2*,&26
GEOGRAFÍA
3UHFLSLWDFLRQHV(VXQIHQyPHQRPHWHRUROyJLFRTXHVHPDQLILHVWDHQIRUPD
VLPXOWiQHDDFWLYDGRVSRUODHQHUJtDVRODU\ODJUDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH
/,48,'$6
D /ORYL]QD
E)ORWDQFRQHOYLHQWR
F/OXYLD
G&DHQDOVXHOR
H$JXDFHUR
I%RUUDVFD
H&KXEDVFR
6Ð/,'$6
&21'(16$&,Ð1
D 1LHYH
D 5RFtR /LTXLGR
E&ULVWDOHV \ 3ULVPDV GHKLHOR E(VFDUFKD
F*UDQL]R
G1~FOHRGHQLHYH\ FDSDVGH
KLHOR3DUWtFXODGHDJXDVROL
GLILFDGD
H3HGULVFR
9LHQWRV6RQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHDLUHGHVGHODV]RQDVGHDOWDSUHVLyQ
D ODV]RQDVGHEDMDSUHVLyQ/RVYLHQWRVVHSURGXFHQSRUGLIHUHQFLDVGHSUH
VLyQ DWPRVIpULFD DWULEXLGDV VREUH WRGR D GLIHUHQFLDV GH WHPSHUDWXUD /DV
YDULDFLRQHVHQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUDVHGHEHQHQJUDQPHGL
GDDODGLVWULEXFLyQGHVLJXDO GHO FDOHQWDPLHQWR VRODU MXQWR D ODV GLIHUHQWHV SURSLH
GDGHVWpUPLFDVGHODVVXSHUILFLHVWHUUHVWUHV\RFHiQLFDV
&ODVLILFDFLyQ
9LHQWRV3ODQHWDULRV
5HFRUUHQJUDQGHVUHJLRQHVGHOSODQHWD$EDUFDQRFpDQRV\FRQWLQHQWHV
'RPLQDQWHVGHO
$OLVLRV
3RODUHVGHO(VWH
2HVWH
• 9LHQWRV SUHGRPLQDQWHV
• 6RSODQ GHVGH • 6H GHVSOD]DQ
GHO (VWH TXH VRSODQ
ORV
SRORV
GHVGHODVIUDQ
GHVGH ODV iUHDV GH DO
KDFLD ORV FtUFX
MDVWURSLFDOHVHQ
WDV SUHVLRQHV VXEWURSL
ORV SRODUHV
GLUHFFLyQ D ORV
FDOHVKDFLDHOFLQWXUyQ
6RQ IUtRV \ VH
FtUFXORV SROD
GH ODV EDMDVSUHVLRQHV
FRV 3URYRFDQ
UHV 6H PXHYHQ
GH (VWH D 2HV
HFXDWRULDOHV FRQ GLUHF
FLFORQHV FKR
WHSRUORVRFpD
FLyQ 1(62 HQ HO
TXH GH GRV FR
QRV
KHPLVIHULR 1RUWH DOL
UULHQWHVGHDLUH
VLRV GHO QRUHVWH R ER
UHDOHV\6(12HQHO
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
9,(1726&217,1(17$/(6
3URGXFLGRVSRUODEDMDGHSUHVLyQHQWUHHOFRQWLQHQWH\ODPDVDRFHiQLFD
021=21(6
• 3URGXFLGRV
FRPR FRQVH
FXHQFLD GHO
FDOHQWDPLHQWR
GHO FRQWLQHQWH
\ ORV RFpDQRV
6RSODQGR
GHVGH HO PDU
KDFLD HO FRQWL
QHQWH 6RQ
YLHQWRV HVWD
FLRQDOHV GHO
6XU GH $VLD
GH YHUDQR H
LQYLHUQR
• (O PRQ]yQ GH
YHUDQR SRU
VX DEXQGDQWH
KXPHGDG FRQ
YLHUWH D HVWD
UHJLyQ HQ OD
PiV OOXYLRVD
GHODWLHUUD
%5,6$6
• 6HRULJLQDQHQWRGDV•
ODVFRVWDVGHOPXQGR
SRUGLIHUHQFLDGH
SUHVLRQHVHQWUHOD
SOD\D\HOPDU
3UHVHQWDQEDMDYHOR
FLGDG
• &DPELDQGHGLUHF
FLyQHQWUHHOGtD\OD
QRFKH3XHGHQVHU
GHGRVFODVHV
•
• %ULVDVGHPDU $FW~D
HQHOGtDGHVGHHO
RFpDQRDOWDSUHVLyQ
KDVWDHOFRQWLQHQWH
EDMDSUHVLyQ6H •
OODPDWDPELpQ9L
UD]yQ
• %ULVDVGHWLHUUDDFW~D
HQODQRFKHGHVGH
HOFRQWLQHQWH
DOWDSUHVLyQKDFLD
HORFpDQR%DMDSUH
&,&/21(6
6RQ YLHQWRV TXH VH GHV •
SOD]DQ FLUFXODUPHQWH D
PDQHUD GH UHPROLQRV
DpUHRV /D YHORFLGDG GHO
DLUH GHQWUR GHO UHPROLQR
DOFDQ]D KDVWD .P
VX GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HQ
FRQMXQWR DOFDQ]D .PKHVWRVFLFORQHVWLHQH
OXJDUDOILQDOL]DUHOYHUDQR
\ DFRPLHQ]RVGHORWRxR
$17,&,&/21(6
'HVSOD]DPLHQWR
GHODLUHGHVGHHO
FHQWURKDFLDHO
H[WHULRU(QXQ
DQWLFLFOyQHODLUH
VHFREDMDGHOD
WURSRVIHUDVXSHULRU
3RUHVRVREUHORV
OXJDUHVGRQGHVH
HQFXHQWUDHODQWL
FLFOyQHODLUHHV
FODUR\GHVSHMDGR
6RQ ORV YLHQWRV PiV VHIRUPDQHQiUH
YLROHQWRV \ GHYDVWDGRUHV DVGHDOWDSUHVLyQ
FXDQGR VX GLiPHWUR HV \ WLHQHQVHQWLGR
PHQRUUHFLEHHOQRPEUH FRQWUDULRDORVFL
FORQHVRULJLQDQGR
GHWRUQDGR
HOPRYLPLHQWRFLU
$ HVWRV YLHQWRV WDPELpQ FXODWRULRGHODV
DJXDV
VHOHVOODPDKXUDFDQHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
1XEHV&RQMXQWRGHGLPLQXWRVFULVWDOHVGHKLHORTXHHVWiQHQVXVSHQ
VLyQHQODDWPyVIHUDSRUHIHFWRGHFRQGHQVDFLyQ
6HJ~Q$OWXUD
.P
$OWDRVXSHULRU
±
%DMDRLQIHULRU
±
0HGLD
±
6HJ~QVX)RUPD
&LUURV)LQtVLPRVILODPHQWRV9HORV±)LEURVD
$OWRF~PXORV
$OWRHVWUDWRV
(VWUDWRV&DSDVEDMDVDSODQDGDVKRUL]RQWDOHV\VXSHU
SXHVWDV
1LPERV$PRUIDV1XEHGH/OXYLDFRORUJULVRVFXUR
\ GHIRUPDLUUHJXODU
&~PXOR1LPER)RUPDGH<XQTXHQXEHVFRP
SXHVWDVSURGXFHQODVWHPSHVWDGHV
&~PXORV&RSRVGHDOJRGyQ*OyEXORVGHIRUPDFyQLFDFRQ
EDVHSODQD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
0HWHRURV 6RQ DTXHOORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ VXVSHQGLGRV HQ OD
DWPyVIHUD
/80,12626
$UFR,ULV
+DORV
5HOiPSDJR
&UHS~VFXOR
(VSHMLVPR
(VHOPiVYLVWRVR6HSURGXFHDOVHUGHVFRPSXHVWDODOX]VRODU
HQORVVLHWHFRORUHVGHOHVSHFWURVHUHJLVWUDHQ]RQDVGHOOXYLD
6RQFRURQDVOXPLQRVDVGHDVSHFWRVLPLODUDODUFRLULVTXHVHIRUPDQ
DOUHGHGRUGHOVRO\GHODOXQD
/X]TXHVHSURSDJDYHUWLJLQRVDPHQWHHQHOPRPHQWRGHSURGX FLUVH
HOUD\R
6RQODVOXPLQRVLGDGHVTXHVHREVHUYDQDQWHVGHODVDOLGDGHOVROR
GHVSXpVGHODSXHVWD
6H SURGXFH GHELGR D OD UHIUDFFLyQ GH OD OX] VH PDQLILHVWD HQ ODV
FDUUHWHUDV\OODQXUDVGHVpUWLFDVDSDUHFLHQGRFRPRFKDUFRVGH
DJXD
(OpFWULFRV )HQyPHQRVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQODDWPyVIHUDGHELGRDOD HOHFWULFLGDGTXH
H[LVWHHQHOOD
&KLVSDHOpFWULFRSURGXFLGRSRUODGHVFDUJDDFXPXODGDSRUQXEHV
5D\R
GHFDUJDSRVLWLYD
6RQ IHQyPHQRV OXPLQRVRV GH DVSHFWR EULOODQWH REVHUYDGR HQ ODV
$XURUDVERUHDOHV
QRFKHVHQODVDOWDVFDSDVGHODDWPyVIHUDGHODVUHJLRQHVSRODUHV
$F~VWLFRV
7UXHQR
(FR
$pUHRV
9LHQWRV
$OLVLRV
$OWDQR
$SDUHQWH
(WHVLR
0DHVWUDORPLVWUDO
0DUHUR
7HUUDO
5XLGRTXHSURGXFHODH[SDQVLyQYLROHQWDGHODLUHSRUODHOHYDGD
WHPSHUDWXUDGHODGHVFDUJDHOpFWULFDGHOUD\R
5HSHWLFLyQGHDOJ~QVRQLGRRUXLGRDOFKRFDUODVRQGDVVRQRUDV
FRQXQREMHWRGXUR
&RUULHQWHGHDLUHSURGXFLGDHQODDWPyVIHUDSRUFDXVDVQDWXUD
OHV
/RVILMRVTXHVRSODQGHOD]RQDWyUULGDFRQLQFOLQDFLyQDOQRU
GHVWHRDOVXGHVWHVHJ~QHOKHPLVIHULRHQTXHUHLQDQ
5HSHWLFLyQGHDOJ~QVRQLGRRUXLGRDOFKRFDUODVRQGDVVRQRUDV
FRQXQREMHWRGXUR
(O TXH DFW~D VREUH ODV YHODV HO FXDO HV HO YHFWRU UHVXOWDQWH GH OD
VXPDGHOYLHQWRUHDOTXHVRSODVREUHHODJXD\GHOUHODWLYR
(OTXHVHPXGDHQWLHPSRGHWHUPLQDGRGHODxR
(OTXHVHGHVSOD]DGHVGHGHODSDUWHLQWHUPHGLDHQWUHHOSR
QLHQWH\ODWUDPRQWDQD
(OTXHVHGHVSOD]DGHVGHHOPDU
(OTXHVHGHVSOD]DGHVGHODWLHUUD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
$FXRVRV 6HSURGXFHQGHELGRDODKXPHGDGRYDSRUGHDJXD
9DSRU GH DJXD FRQGHQVDGR HQ SDUWtFXODV SHTXHxDV GH JRWDV GH
1XEH
DJXDFULVWDOHVGHKLHORRFRSRVGHQLHYH
9DSRUGH DJXDFRQGHQVDGRD SRFD DOWXUDVHRULJLQDFRQXQDPDVD
1LHEOD±1HEOLQD
GH DLUH FDOLHQWH \ K~PHGD VH SRQH HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ XQD VXSHUILFLH
IUtD(QHOPDUHVFRQRFLGRFRPREUXPD
/OXYLD1LHYH9DSRUGHDJXDFRQGHQVDGRDWHPSHUDWXUDVLQIHULR
1LHYH
UHVDž&(QIRUPDGHFULVWDOHVGHKLHOR
5RFtRPDWLQDO
*RWLWDV PLFURVFySLFDV GH YDSRU GH DJXD FRQGHQVDGR HQ ORV
REMHWRVIUtRV
(VFDUFKD
'HOJDGD FDSD GH KLHOR TXH FXEUH HO VXHOR DO FRQGHQVDUVH HO YDSRU
GHDJXDGHODDWPyVIHUDDWHPSHUDWXUDVLQIHULRUHVDž&
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
G5HOLHYHODWLWXG\KXPHGDG
/RVYLHQWRVVRQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVGH
H2FHDQLGDGYLHQWR\WHPSHUDWXUD
PDVDVGHDLUHGHVGH]RQDV
D 3RODUHVKDFLDORVPDUHV
6H FRQVLGHUD OD SULQFLSDO FDXVD GH
E 7URSLFDOHVKDFLDODVWHPSODGDV
ODVLQWHQVDVOOXYLDVTXHVHSURGX
F (FXDWRULDOHVKDFLDODVWURSLFDOHV
FHQHQODV]RQDVPiVDPSOLDVGH
G 3RODUHVKDFLDODVVXESRODUHV
$PpULFDGHO6XU
H 'H DOWDV SUHVLRQHV KDFLD ODV GH
D /RVDQWLFLFORQHVVXEWURSLFDOHV
EDMDVSUHVLRQHV
E /DVXEVLGHQFLDGHDLUHK~PHGR
F /DVDOWDSUHVLRQHVVXEWURSLFDOHV
1RFRQVWLWX\HQIDFWRUHVGHOFOLPD
G /D ]RQD GH FRQYHUJHQFLD LQWHU
D 3UHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDE6XHOR
WURSLFDO
F +XPHGDG$WPRVIpULFD
H /DV EDMDV SUHVLRQHV VXEWURSLFD
G 3UHFLSLWDFLRQHV
OHV
H 7HPSHUDWXUD
6H FRQVLGHUD XQD FDXVD GH ORV
/D SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD VH PLGH
YLHQWRV
FRQ
D /OXYLDV
D 7HUPyPHWUR
E 7UXHQRV
E9HOHWD
F &DPELRVGHWHPSHUDWXUD
F $QHPyPHWUR
G 'LIHUHQFLDGHSUHVLRQHV
G $QHPRVFRSLR
H 3UHVHQFLDGHQXEHV
H %DUyPHWUR
6RQ ORV YLHQWRV PiV YLROHQWRV \
/RVYLHQWRVTXHVRSODQHQWRGDV ODV
GHYDVWDGRUHV
FRVWDV GHO PXQGRVHOODPDQ
D 0RQ]RQHV
D 0RQ]RQHV
E &DWDEDWLFRV
E 7LIRQHV
F 7RUQDGRV
F +XUDFDQHV
G $QDEDWLFRV
G %ULVDV
H 9LUD]RQHV
H 9LHQWRV$OLVLRV
/D 7HPSHUDWXUD HQ QXHVWUR SODQHWD
/RV HOHPHQWRV EiVLFRV GHO FOLPD
QR HV FRQVWDQWH YDUtDGHELGRDOD
DWPRVIpULFRVRQ
H[LVWHQFLDDOJXQRVIDFWRUHVFRPR
D &RQWLQHQWDOLGDG KXPHGDG \
D /DWLWXG
SUHVLyQ
E (VWDFLRQHV
E +XPHGDG SUHVLyQ \ WHPSHUDWX
F $OWLWXG
UD
G 1XERVLGDG
F 1XERVLGDGDOWLWXG\SUHVLyQ
H 'LIHUHQFLDGHSUHVLRQHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
(QOD]RQDHFXDWRULDOODWHPSHUDWXUD
HVHOHYDGDUHVSHFWRDRWURVOXJDUHV
GHOSODQHWD(VWRVHGHEHSRU
D /DSUHVHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVPDUL
QDVFiOLGDV
E /RV UD\RV VRODUHV FDHQ GH PD
QHUDGLUHFWD
F /D FRQYHUJHQFLD GH ORV YLHQWRV
DOLVLRV
G /DKXPHGDGUHODWLYDHVPX\DOWD
H 4XH SRVHH PD\RU GLiPHWUR TXH
ORVSRORV
&LQFRHVWXGLDQWHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ
GLIHUHQWHV UHJLRQHV GH QXHVWUR
SDtV &XDO GH HOODV VRSRUWD PHQRU
SUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFD"
D 3DQFKLWD6XQL
E &RTXLWR±<XQJD
F /XFKLWR±4XHFKXD
G -XDQLWD±3XQD
H 3HGULWR&RVWD
6LYLDMDPRVHQDXWRE~VGHODFRVWD
D OD UHJLyQ 6XQL HQWRQFHV H[SHUL
PHQWDPRV
D 0HQRUWHPSHUDWXUD
E 0HQRUSUHVLyQ
F 0HQRUKXPHGDG
G 0HQRVR[LJHQR
H 0D\RUSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
(/0$5'(/3(5Ó</$6&255,(17(60$5,1$6
(O0$5'(/3(58
&RQVWLWX\H SDUWH GHO 2FpDQR 3DFtILFR TXH EDxD ODV FRVWDV GHO OLWRUDO3HUXD
QR 7LHQH FRPR OtPLWH HO SDUDOHOR GH %RFD GH &DSRQHV SRU HO 1RUWH \HO SDUDOHOR
GHO+LWR1RGHOD&RQFRUGLDSRUHO6XU\XQDOtQHDLPDJLQDULDSDUDOHODDOOLWRUDO
TXHVHH[WLHQGHKDVWDODVPLOODVPDULQDV.PDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH&RQ
XQDH[WHQVLyQGH.P
/LPLWHV
1RUWH
3DUDOHORGHOD%RFDGH&DSRQHVž¶OLPLWHFRQ
(FXDGRU
6XU
3DUDOHORGHO+LWR1RGHOD&RQFRUGLDž¶/LPLWHFRQ
&KLOH
2HVWH
3DUDOHOD DO OLWRUDO KDVWD PLOODV .P ([WHQVLyQGH
.P
%DVH /HJDO )XH HVWDEOHFLGR SRU 'HFUHWR 6XSUHPR 1ƒ GHO UR GH
DJRVWRGHVHDPSOLyDPLOODVQXHVWURPDUWHUULWRULDOILUPDGRSRUHO
3UHVLGHQWH'U/XLV%XVWDPDQWH\5LYHUR
)XQGDPHQWRV3DUDHO3HU~ODWHVLVGHODVPLOODVGHO0DU7HUULWRULDO
UHSRVDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVIXQGDPHQWRV
*HRJUiILFRV
*HROyJLFR
%LROyJLFR
(FRQyPLFR
3ROtWLFR
-XUtGLFRV
/DIULDOGDGGH
*UDQSDUWHGHO
(OILWRSODQFWRQ\
(O0DUGHO
/DH[SHGLFLyQGHO'6
VXVDJXDV
]yFDORFRQWL
HO=RRSODQFWRQ
3HU~HQXQR
SRUHOFXDOVHHVWDEOH
GHELGRDO
QHQWDOFRQIRU
KDFHQGHO0DU
GHORVPiV
FLyODVREHUDQtD\
IHQyPHQRGH
PDEDODFRVWD
XQDHVSHFLHGH
ULFRVGHOD
MXULVGLFFLyQVREUHODV
$IORUDPLHQWR
SHUXDQDSULPL
VRSDPDULQD
7LHUUDSRUOD
PLOODVHVXQD
6XVDJXDV
WLYD
SUROLIHUDFLyQ
PDQLIHVWDFLyQGHO
YHUGRVDVSRUOD
GHOILWRSODQF
GHUHFKRGHDXWRGHWHU
DEXQGDQWH
WRQ\]RR
PLQDFLyQTXHFRPSH
SUHVHQFLDGHO
SODQFWRQ\GH
WHDO(VWDGR
ILWRSODQFWRQ
ORVFDUG~PH
QHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
D )ULDOGDG 'HELGR DO IHQyPHQR GH DIORUDPLHQWR ODV DJXDV VLWXDGDV DSURIXQGL
GDGHVGH\PDVFLHQGHQDODVXSHUILFLHGHELGRDOPRYLPLHQWR GH UR
WDFLyQ GH OD 7LHUUD /D WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLD GHO PDU SHUXDQR HV GH ž&
H[FHSWROD]RQDPDUtWLPDGHO1RUWHWHPSHUDWXUDTXHQROHFRUUHVSRQ
GH SRU VX FHUFDQtD DO (FXDGRU*HRJUiILFR3RUVXXELFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDFR
UUHVSRQGHDO0DU3HUXDQRWHPSHUDWXUDVGHDž&HQSURPHGLR/DDQR
PDOtDWpUPLFDVHGHEHDODVFRUULHQWHVGHDJXDVIUtDV\HVWDVGHEHQ
VXEDMDWHPSHUDWXUDDOIHQyPHQRGHDIORUDPLHQWR
E )HQyPHQRGH$IORUDPLHQWR (VHODVFHQVRGHODVDJXDVPiVSURIXQGDV
D OD VXSHUILFLH pVWDV DJXDV VRQ IUtDV SRU OD QR OOHJDGD GHORVUD\RVVRODUHV(O
DVFHQVR HVGHELGRD TXHODVDJXDVVXSHUILFLDOHVGHPD\RUGHQVLGDGSRUHO
PD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHVDOHVPLQHUDOHVSUHVLRQDQGRKDFLDDEDMRFRQHOFRQ
VLJXLHQWHDIORUDPLHQWRGHODVDJXDVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQyPGHSUR
IXQGLGDGLQLFLiQGRVHGHHVWDPDQHUDXQFLFORRQGXODWRULR
/DWHPSHUDWXUDGHODVDJXDVGHQXHVWURPDUQRHVFRQVWDQWHYDUtDFRQOD
(VWDFLyQ žEDMRFHURGHWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLDYHUDQRž&LQYLHUQRž&
/DWLWXG (QODSDUWH6XUGHO3HU~HQ$WLFR$UHTXLSDVHKDQUHJLVWUDGRWHSHUD
WXUDVGHž&
3URIXQGLGDG /DV DJXDV VXSHUILFLDOHV VRQ PiV FDOLHQWHV GHELGR D TXH UHFLEHQ
ORVUD\RVVRODUHVGLUHFWDPHQWH
'LVWDQFLD(QUHODFLyQDOOLWRUDO+XPEROGWVHxDOyTXHODWHPSHUDWXUD
GHOPDUVHLQFUHPHQWDDPD\RUGLVWDQFLDGHODFRVWD
F &RORUDFLyQ YHUGRVD 7LHQH VX RULJHQ HQ OD SUHVHQFLD GHOILWRSODQF
WRQTXHHVGHFRORUYHUGHSRUTXHWLHQHFORURILOD3HURFXDQGR PXHUHQ
HVWDVDOJDVPDULQDVHOFRORUGHODVDJXDVVHYXHOYHPDQFKDVDJXDMH
G 6DOLQLGDG (QFDGDOLWURGHDJXDH[LVWHyJUDPRVGHVDOHVPLQHUDOHV
(OFRQWHQLGRGHVDOGHODVDJXDVGHO0DU3HUXDQRQRHVFRQVWDQWHYDULDFRQ
/D ODWLWXGODVDOLQLGDGGLVPLQX\HGH1RUWHD6XU
/DSURIXQGLGDGODVDJXDVVXSHUILFLDOHVVRQPDVVDODGDVSRUODHYDSRUDFLyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/DGLVWDQFLDDOOLWRUDO/RVUtRVFRQVXGHVFDUJDGLOX\HQODV
DJXDVPiVSUy[LPDVDODFRVWD
H 5HOLHYHDFFLGHQWDGD 3UHVHQWD YDULRV GHVQLYHOHV TXH YDQ GHVGHODSODWDIRUPD
FRQWLQHQWDOWDOXGFRQWLQHQWDOIRVDVPDULQDV\GRUVDOHV
&DXVDV GH OD ULTXH]D GHO PDU SHUXDQR 1XHVWUR PDU HV PX\ ULFR HQ
VXVWDQFLDV RUJiQLFDV H LQRUJiQLFDV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ VX JUDQ SRWHQFLDO LFWLROyJLFR
/D)$2SUHFLVDTXHHQQXHVWURPDUH[LVWHQYDULHGDGHVGHSHFHV(QWUHODV
FDXVDVGHQXHVWURPDUSRGHPRVPHQFLRQDU
• /RFDOL]DFLyQGHQXHVWURWHUULWRULRHQOD]RQDLQWHUWURSLFDOGHOSODQHWDTXH
FDOLHQWDHLOXPLQDODVDJXDV
• /DSUHVHQFLDGHODFRUULHQWHSHUXDQDGHDJXDVIUtDV
•
•
•
•
•
•
(OIHQyPHQRGHODIORUDPLHQWRTXHVDFDQDODVXSHUILFLHVDOHV\PD
WHULDOIDQJRVRTXHDOLPHQWDHOSODQFWRQ
/RVUtRVTXHGDQVXVDJXDVDOPDUOOHYDQHOHPHQWRVPLQHUDOHV\ELR
OyJLFRVTXHFRQWULEX\HQDODULTXH]DSODQFWyQLFDGHOPDUSHUXDQR
$OKXPXVRUJiQLFRGHRULJHQDQLPDO\YHJHWDO
/DDPSOLWXG\SRFDSURIXQGLGDGGHO]yFDORFRQWLQHQWDOTXHSHUPLWHXQD
EXHQDLOXPLQDFLyQSDUDHOSURFHVRGHIRWRVtQWHVLV
/DGH\HFFLyQGHODVDYHVJXDQHUDVTXHDERQDQODVSODQWDVPDULQDV
&RQIOXHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVGHGLIHUHQWHVWHPSHUDWXUDV
,PSRUWDQFLD
• /D FDQWLGDG GH UHFXUVRV KLGUR
ELROyJLFRV TXH SUHVHQWD HO PDU GHO
3HU~
• 6XVSURGXFWRVVRQGHH[SRUWDFLyQ\
IXHQWHVGHGLYLVDV
• 6HFRQVWLWX\HQHQUHFXUVRVDOLPHQWL
FLRV
,QIOXHQFLD
• 'LVPLQX\HODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWDO
GHODFRVWD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3URGXFHHOIHQyPHQRGHLQYHUVLyQWpUPLFD
,QIOX\HHQODIRUPDFLyQGHODVQXEHVHVWUDWRV
)RUPDODVQHEOLQDV\EUXPDVGHOSDLVDMHFRVWHxR
GEOGRAFÍA
'HWHUPLQDODDXVHQFLDGHOOXYLDVHQODFRVWDFHQWUDO\PHULGLRQDO
(QODFRVWDQRUWHODFRUULHQWHGH(O1LxRURPSHODLQYHUVLyQWpUPLFD
'HWHUPLQDODIRUPDFLyQGHODVORPDV
(OHYDODWHPSHUDWXUDGHODVDJXDVGHOPDU
• 3URGXFHDOWHUDFLyQELROyJLFDHQHOPDUGHO3HU~
&255,(17(60$5,1$6'(/0$53(58$12
/D&RUULHQWH3HUXDQD´&RUULHQWHGH9RQ+XPEROGWµ6XVDJXDVVRQ
IUtDVGHELGRDOIHQyPHQRGHDIORUDPLHQWR(VRULJLQDGDSRUXQDPDVDGHDLUHIUtR
OODPDGD DQWLFLFOyQ GH 3DFtILFR 6XU 3RVHHXQDORQJLWXGGH.P$SUR[GHVGH
HO OLWRUDO &KLOHQR KDVWD &DER %ODQFR 3LXUD 4XH UHFRUUH D XQD YHORFLGDG GH .PK3RVHHXQDFRORUDFLyQYHUGRVRSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHOILWRSODQFWRQGLDWRPHDV
6XDQFKRHVYDULDEOHHQWUHDPLOODVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH(VLQPHQVD
PHQWHULFDHQIDXQDLFWLROyJLFDSRUVHUGHDJXDVIUtDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
D&RQVHFXHQFLDV
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
0RGLILFDHOFOLPDGHODUHJLyQ&RVWDFHQWUDO\PHULGLRQDOGHWURSLFDO
D VXEWURSLFDO
5HGXFHODHYDSRUDFLyQSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHODHVFDVH]GHOOXYLDV
'HWHUPLQDODDULGH]GHODFRVWDFHQWUDO\PHULGLRQDO
'HWHUPLQDODIRUPDFLyQGHORPDV
/D &RUULHQWH (FXDWRULDO R &RUULHQWH GHO 1LxR 6XV DJXDV VRQ FiOLGDV
3RVHH VX RULJHQ HQ ODVLQPHGLDFLRQHV GHO JROIR GH*XD\DTXLO 5HFRUUH VLJXLHQGR
XQDGLUHFFLyQGHGHQRURHVWHDVXUHVWH OXHJR DO RHVWH 6H OOHJD D PH]FODUVH
FRQODVDJXDVIUtDVGHOD&RUULHQWH3HUXDQDDODDOWXUDGHODEDKtDGH&DER%ODQFR
OXJDUGHGRQGHVHGHVYtDQKDFLDHO2HVWH
D &RQVHFXHQFLDV
• 3URYRFDODSUHFLSLWDFLyQGHLQWHQVDVOOXYLDVHQODFRVWDVHSWHQ
WULRQDO
• 3UHVHQFLDGHGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVPDULQDVWUDtGDVGHVGHHO(FXDGRU
• 2ULJLQDDQRPDOtDVHQHORFpDQR\HQHOFOLPD
•
3URYRFDHO³)HQyPHQRGHO1LxR´
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E )HQyPHQRGHO1LxR
(O IHQyPHQR GH ³(O 1LxR´ VH UHILHUH D OD DSDULFLyQ SHULyGLFD GH DJXDFiOLGD HQ OD
]RQDRULHQWDO \FHQWUDO GHORFpDQR3DFtILFRDORODUJR GHOHFXDGRU/DOOHJDGDGH
DJXDLQXVXDOPHQWHFiOLGDSURYRFDFDPELRVLPSUHYLVWRVHQODVUHJLRQHVWURSLFDOHV
(O1LxRDSDUHFHFDGDFXDWURDxRV\PHGLRSHURSXHGHUHSHWLUVHHQ
VyORGRVDxRVRWDUGDULQFOXVRDxRVHQYROYHUDRFXUULU
7RGRV ORV DxRV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D ILQHV GH GLFLHPEUH ORV YLHQWRV DOLVLRV VH
GHELOLWDQ\HOSURFHVRGHFRUULHQWHDVFHQGHQWHVHKDFHPiVOHQWRORTXHSURGXFH
XQFDOHQWDPLHQWRHVWDFLRQDODORODUJRGHODFRVWDGHOFHQWURGH6XGDPpULFD(O
FDOHQWDPLHQWR HVWDFLRQDO VXHOH GXUDU XQRV PHVHV \ WHUPLQD FXDQGR YXHOYHQ ORV
YLHQWRV\HOSURFHVRGHFRUULHQWHDVFHQGHQWHVHKDFHPiVYLJRURVR
/RVIHQyPHQRVGH(O1LxRSXHGHQVHU
• 'pELO HV DTXHO HQ HO TXH OD WHPSHUDWXUD VXSHUILFLDO GHO PDU HV GHXQR R
GRV JUDGRV SRU HQFLPD GH OD PHGLD \ FXEUH OD SDUWH RULHQWDO GHO 3DFtILFR
HFXDWRULDO
• )XHUWH 6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQDXPHQWRHQODWHPSHUDWXUDVXSHUIL
FLDOGHWUHVRFXDWURJUDGRV\FXEUHXQDJUDQSDUWHGHO3DFtILFRHFXD
WRULDO
• ([WUDRUGLQDULR 7LHQHOXJDUFXDQGRODWHPSHUDWXUDVXSHUILFLDOGHO3DFtILFR
HFXDWRULDODXPHQWDXQRVFLQFRJUDGRVRPiV
E (VWXGLRVR -DNRE %MHUNQHV 86$ IXH HO SULPHUR HQ VXJHULU TXH(O 1LxR HUD
XQD SHUWXUEDFLyQ FOLPiWLFD TXH DEDUFDED WRGR HO RFpDQR 3DFtILFR XQ IHQyPHQR
FRQRFLGRDFWXDOPHQWHFRPROD2VFLODFLyQ0HULGLRQDO $GHPiV SUHVHQWy OD WHRUtD
GH TXH OD DSDULFLyQ GH DJXDFiOLGDDORODUJRGHODFRVWDGHOFHQWUR GH6X
GDPpULFD HVWDED UHODFLRQDGD FRQ WUDVWRUQRV DWPRVIpULFRV DO RWUR ODGR GHO
RFpDQR3DFtILFR
E 2VFLODFLyQ 0HULGLRQDO 0RYLPLHQWR GH YDLYpQ HQ OD SUHVLyQ GHODLUH PHGLGD
HQ GRV ]RQDV UHSUHVHQWDGDV SRU GRV SXQWRV VLWXDGRV D DPERV ODGRV GH OD
FXHQFD SDFtILFD 'DUZLQ $XVWUDOLD \ 7DKLWt&XDQGR OD SUHVLyQ HV EDMD HQ XQD
GH ODV ]RQDV VXHOH VHU DOWD HQ ODRWUD /D FRPELQDFLyQ GH ORV GRV SURFHVRV
(162SURGXFHHO(162XQIHQyPHQRLQWHJUDGRPDUtWLPR\DWPRVIpULFRTXH
DEDUFDWRGDODFXHQFDGHO3DFtILFR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
E,PSDFWRVSODQHWDULRV
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
6HTXtDHQHOVXUGHÈIULFDHOQRUHVWHGH%UDVLO,QGRQHVLDHOHVWHGH$XV
WUDOLDHOVXUGH)LOLSLQDV\$PpULFD&HQWUDO
,QXQGDFLRQHVHQHOQRUWHGH3HU~HOVXUGH(FXDGRUHOVXUGH
%UDVLOHOQRUWHGH$UJHQWLQD\8UXJXD\HQWUHRWUDV]RQDV
,QPHQVRVLQFHQGLRVIRUHVWDOHVHQ,QGRQHVLD\%UDVLO
(QODFRVWD SDFtILFDGHOQRURHVWHGH((88HOLQYLHUQRWLHQGHD
VHUFiOLGR\VHFR(OLQYLHUQRGHOQRUHVWHVXHOHVHUFiOLGR\K~PHGR
(O 1LxR FRQWULEX\H D OD UHGXFFLyQ GHO Q~PHUR GH KXUDFDQHV D ORODUJRGH
ODVFRVWDVGHO$WOiQWLFR\HOJROIRGH0p[LFR
7UDQVWRUQDQHFRVLVWHPDV\SRQHQHQSHOLJURDPXFKDVHVSHFLHV
&RQWULEX\HQDODGLIXVLyQGHRUJDQLVPRVSDWyJHQRV
$ ODOOHJDGDGHDJXDFiOLGDDO3DFtILFRRULHQWDOSHUWXUEDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH
OD FDGHQD WUyILFD PDULQD \ SRQH HQ SHOLJUR D OD YLGD PDULQD DQFKRDV
VDOPRQHVSXOSRVRFDODPDUHVDYHV\PDPtIHURV
0XFKDVYHFHVSURYRFDPXHUWHVGHRVRVPDULQRVVHSWHQWULRQDOHV\OHRQHV
PDULQRVGH&DOLIRUQLDTXHKDEtDQVXFXPELGRDOKDPEUH
3URYRFDODPLJUDFLyQGHRWUDVHVSHFLHVFRPRHOPDUOtQHOSH]HVSDGD
FDEDOOD\RWUDVHVSHFLHVGHDJXDVFiOLGDV
)RPHQWDHO FUHFLPLHQWR GH RUJDQLVPRV TXH WUDQVPLWHQ HQIHUPHGDGHV GHO
VHUKXPDQRGHELGRDOD KXPHGDG H[FHVLYD \FKDUFRVGHDJXDHQ]RQDV
QRUPDOPHQWHVHFDV3URYRFDQHQIHUPHGDGHVFRPRODKHSDWLWLVODGL
VHQWHUtD R HO FyOHUD $Vt FRPR OD SUHVHQFLD GH PRVTXLWRV TXH SXHGHQ
WUDQVPLWLUHQIHUPHGDGHVFRPRODPDODULDODILHEUHDPDULOODRODHQFHIDOLWLV
F)HQyPHQRGH/D1LxD
(QHOFLFORGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRHOIHQyPHQRGH(O1LxRLQFOX\HXQDIDVHRSXHVWD
GHQRPLQDGD³/D1LxD´TXHDSDUHFHFXDQGRHODJXDVXSHUILFLDOGHO3DFtILFRRULHQ
WDO HVWi DQRUPDOPHQWH IUtD (Q ODV ~OWLPDV GRV GpFDGDV KD KDELGR PHQRV LQWHUpV
FLHQWtILFR HQ /D1LxD SRUTXHVHKDQSURGXFLGRPHQRVIHQyPHQRVIUtRVTXHFiOLGRV
&RUULHQWH6XE6XSHUILFLDOGH&URQZHOO(VXQDPDVDGHDJXDVVXSHUILFLDOHV
TXH VH GHVSOD]DQ SRU GHEDMR GH OD &RUULHQWH 3HUXDQD7LHQHVXRULJHQFHUFDDODV
LVODV *DOiSDJRV (FXDGRU 6H GHVSOD]D HQ VHQWLGR GH RHVWH D HVWH \ OXHJR
FDPELD GHQRURHVWHD VXUHVWHDIORUDQGRHQHOOLWRUDOGHODFRVWDFHQWUDOGHO3HU~
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/D&RUULHQWH2FHiQLFD6HGHVSOD]DDORHVWHGHODDQWHULRU\OOHJDKDVWD
XQRVPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDG6XVDJXDVVRQPiVFiOLGDVSRUHQFLPDGH
ORV ž & 3RU DOWHUDFLRQHV HQ OD &RUULHQWH 3HUXDQD VXVDJXDV SXHGHQ OOHJDU
KDVWDODFRVWD
/D &RQWUDFRUULHQWH GHO 3HU~ 6H GHVSOD]D HQ VHQWLGRFRQWUDULRQRUWHVXU
GH ODV GRV DQWHULRUHV \ SRU GHEDMR GH HOODV (V ODUHVSRQVDEOHSULQFLSDOGHO
DIORUDPLHQWR GH DJXDV SURIXQGDV \ VHPDQLILHVWDHQWUHORV\ORVP
GH SURIXQGLGDG6HSDUDOD&RUULHQWH3HUXDQDGHOD2FHiQLFDVLHQGRVXSHUIL
FLDOYHUDQRRVXEVXSHUILFLDO(QHOSULPHUFDVRHVWitQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGD
DOIHQyPHQRGH(O1LxR
/D &RUULHQWH 6XEPDULQD R 6XEVXSHUILFLDO GHO 3HU~ 6H PDQLILHVWD
HQWUHORV \ORVPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDG \VHGHVSOD]DHQGLUHFFLyQ
1RUWH6XUPX\SHJDGDDODFRVWD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
35$&7,&$
6HxDOH OR LQFRUUHFWR VREUH HO
IHQyPHQRGHO(O1LxR
D (V XQ IHQyPHQR GH HVFDOD
PXQGLDO
E 6HSURGXFHSRUD GLVPLQXFLyQ
GHYLHQWRV
F 2FXUUHDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD
G 6H SURGXFH HQ FLFORV PHGLD
QRV
H 3URYRFDJUDQGHVFDWiVWURIHV
(OPDUSHUXDQRWLHQH XQDWHPSH
UDWXUDGHž&HQSURPHGLRWHP
SHUDWXUD TXH QR GHEH FRUUHVSRQ
GHUOH SRUVXFHUFDQtD DOHFXDGRU
(VWD DQRPDOtD WpUPLFD VH GHEH
SULQFLSDOPHQWHD
D /DSURIXQGLGDG
E /DVHVWDFLRQHV
F /DGLVWDQFLDDOOLWRUDO
G /DSUHVHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVGH
DJXDVIUtDV
H /RVUD\RVVRODUHV
1R HV XQD FDXVD GHO IHQyPHQR
GHODIORUDPLHQWR
D $FWLYLGDG GH ORV YLHQWRV DOL
VLRV
E (VWDFLRQHV
F 'LIHUHQFLDGHGHQVLGDGGHODV
FDSDV PDULQDV VXSHUILFLDOHV \
SURIXQGDV
G 0RYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQ
H )XHU]D&RULROLV
/DFRUULHQWHSHUXDQDVHFDUDFWHUL
]DSRUOOHYDUDJXDV
\ VX DQ
GEOGRAFÍA
FKRDXPHQWDHQHO
DWHPSODGD LQYLHUQR
EFiOLGD YHUDQR
FIUtD LQYLHUQRGIUtD YHUDQR
HWHPSODGD RWRxR
8QD GH ODV FDXVDV GH OD FRUULHQWH GHO
QLxRHV
D /DUDGLDFLyQVRODU
E $XPHQWR GHO IHQyPHQR GHO DIORUD
PLHQWR
F'LVPLQXFLyQGHODIXHU]DGHORVYLHQ
WRVDOLVLRV
G $XPHQWRGHSRWHQFLDGHORVYLHQWRV
DOLVLRV
H 3UHVHQFLDGHEULVDV
(VXQHIHFWRSRVLWLYRGHO)HQyPHQRGHO
1LxR
D 7UDVWRUQRV GH HFRVLVWHPDV GHV
DSDULFLyQ GH ORERV PDULQRV DSDUL
FLyQGHSHFHVWURSLFDOHV
E /OXYLDVWRUUHQFLDOHVH LQXQGDFLRQHV
F 6HTXtDV HQ OD ]RQD VXU DQGLQD G
$XPHQWRGHOUHFXUVRKtGULFR
H 6HTXtDVHQHOVXUGHÈIULFD
1R VH FRQVLGHUD XQ IXQGDPHQWR
HFRQyPLFRGHODWHVLVGHODVPLOODV
D &RQWULEXFLyQ GH OD SHVFD DO GHVD
UUROORGHODHFRQRPtD
E 3RVLELOLGDGHV IXWXUDV GH H[SORWD
FLyQ
F 5HVSRQVDELOLGDG HQ OD GLVSRVLFLyQ
GH ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV SDUD HO
GHVDUUROOR
G ,QWHUpVGHODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
SHFLHV
H 'HVDUUROORGHODLQGXVWULD\ DF
WLYLGDGHVFRQH[DV
6HxDOH OD DOWHUQDWLYD LQFRUUHFWD
VREUH OD YDULDFLyQ GH OD VDOLQLGDG
GHOPDUSHUXDQR
D/DODWLWXG
E/DSURIXQGLGDG
FFRORUGHODVDJXDV
G/DGLVWDQFLDDOOLWRUDO
H7HPSHUDWXUD
6HxDOH OD DOWHUQDWLYD LQFRUUHFWD
UHVSHFWR D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO
PDUSHUXDQR
GEOGRAFÍA
D 3UHVHQFLD GH OD FRUULHQWH SHUXDQD
E $O KXPXV RUJiQLFR GH RULJHQ
DQLPDO\ YHJHWDO
F &RQIOXHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVG GLIHUHQ
WHVWHPSHUDWXUDV
G /DGH\HFFLyQGHODVDYHVJXDQHUDV
H /D IDOWD GH QLWURJHQDFLyQ GH VXV
DJXDVSRUODDWPyVIHUD
8QDGHODV]RQDVGHPD\RUDIORUDPLHQ
WRHQQXHVWURSDtVHVIUHQWHD
D7XPEHV
E7DFQD
F0ROOHQGR
G0DWDUDQL
H&KLPERWH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
92/&É1
$63(&726*(1(5$/(6
'HILQLFLyQYROFiQSURYLHQHGHOODWtQ9XOFDQRUHIHULGRDOGLRVGHOIXHJRGH
OD PLWRORJtD URPDQD TXH D VX YH] GHULYD GHO GLRV KHIHVWR9ROFiQHVDTXHOOXJDU
GRQGHODURFDIXQGLGDRIUDJPHQWDGDSRUHOFDORU \ JDVHV FDOLHQWHV HPHUJHQ D
WUDYpVGHXQDDEHUWXUDGHVGHODVSDUWHVLQWHUQDVGHODWLHUUDDODVXSHUILFLH
• /RVYROFDQHVVRQHQHVHQFLDDSDUDWRVJHROyJLFRVTXHHVWDEOHFHQXQDFR
PXQLFDFLyQWHPSRUDORSHUPDQHQWHHQWUHODSDUWHSURIXQGDGHODOLWRVIHUD\
ODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH
• (VXQDIRUPDFLyQJHROyJLFDTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQDILVXUDHQODFRUWH]D
WHUUHVWUHVREUHODTXHVHDFXPXODXQFRQRGHPDWHULDYROFiQLFD
• (VODDEHUWXUDHQODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHSRUODIXHU]DGHOPDJPDSURYH
QLHQWHGHODDVWHQyVIHUD
• /DPD\RUtDGHORVYROFDQHVVRQ HVWUXFWXUDV FRPSXHVWDV IRUPDGDV HQ
SDUWH SRU FRUULHQWHV GH ODYD \ PDWHULD IUDJPHQWDGD0XFKRVYROFDQHVQD
FHQEDMRHODJXDHQHOIRQGRPDULQRODVPLVPDVTXHOOHJDQDIRUPDV
ODVGRUVDOHVRFHiQLFDV
• (OPDJPD\ORVJDVHVURPSHQODV]RQDVPiVGpELOHVGHODFRUWH]D
H[WHUQD GH OD 7LHUUD R OLWRVIHUD SDUD OOHJDU D OD VXSHUILFLH(VWDVGHELOLGD
GHVVHHQFXHQWUDQVREUHWRGRDORODUJRGHORVOtPLWHVHQWUHSODFDV
WHFWyQLFDVTXHHVGRQGHVHFRQFHQWUDODPD\RUSDUWHGHOYXOFDQLVPR
3DUWHV
D )RFRYROFiQLFRRFiPDUDPDJPiWLFD
=RQDGHGRQGHSURFHGHODURFDIXQGLGD
R PDJPDTXHIRUPDODODYDHVGHFLUHVHO
OXJDU GRQGH VH DOEHUJD DO PDJPD OD
PLVPDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDDQWHVGHHPHU
JHUSRUXQDHUXSFLyQ
E &RQRYROFiQLFR(VWi IRUPDGR SRU OD DJOR
PHUDFLyQGHODYDV\SURGXFWRVIUDJPHQWDGRV
&RQIUHFXHQFLDIUDFWXUDVGHOFRQRYROFiQL
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
FRRH[SORVLRQHVHUXSWLYDVGDQ OXJDU D FUiWHUHV DGYHQWLFLRV TXH VH DEUHQ HQ
ORV IODQFRV R HQVXEDVH\FX\DVFKLPHQHDVVHFXQGDULDVFRPXQLFDQFRQ
ODSULQFLSDO
F &KLPHQHD &DQDO SRU HO TXHUHPRQWD OD ODYD\ ORV PDWHULDOHVGHSUR\HFFLyQ
YROFiQLFD
G &UiWHU=RQDSRUGRQGHORVPDWHULDOHVVRQDUURMDGRVDOH[WHULRUGXUDQWHOD
HUXSFLyQ7DPELpQHVFRQRFLGDFRPRHOKR\RRGHSUHVLyQ HQ IRUPD GH FXHQFR
VREUH OD VXSHUILFLH GH XQ SODQHWD R XQD OXQD /RV FUiWHUHV VH IRUPDQ GH GRV
PDQHUDVSRUODDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFDRSRUHOLPSDFWRGHXQPHWHRULWR(QOD7LH
UUDODFDXVDPiVFRP~QGHIRUPDFLyQHVODDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD
/RV FUiWHUHVYROFiQLFRVVHIRUPDQELHQSRUH[SORVLyQRELHQSRUKXQGLPLHQWR
(Q XQD H[SORVLyQ YROFiQLFD ORV JDVHV FDOLHQWHV DVRFLDGRV FRQ OD DFWLYLGDG
YROFiQLFD FUHDQ XQDJUDQSUHVLyQ\SXHGHQDUUDQFDUHOPDWHULDOURFRVRTXH
IRUPDODFXPEUHRODGHUDGHOYROFiQRULJLQDQGRXQFUiWHU
/RV FUiWHUHV SRU KXQGLPLHQWR VH IRUPDQ FXDQGR OD URFD IXQGLGD RPDJPDGHO
LQWHULRUGHOYROFiQQRSXHGHVRSRUWDUHOSHVRGHODURFDRODYDTXHKD\SRUHQ
FLPD OR TXH SXHGH VXFHGHU GHVSXpV GH TXH OD PD\RU SDUWH GHO PDJPD
KD\DVLGRH[SXOVDGRGXUDQWHXQDHUXSFLyQ
(OPDWHULDOTXH\DQRVHVXMHWDVHGHVSORPDVREUHHOHVSDFLRTXHDQWHULRUPHQ
WH RFXSDEDHOPDJPDIRUPDQGRGHHVHPRGRXQFUiWHU (Q ODFXPEUH
GHO 0DXQD /RD HQ +DZDL KD\ EXHQRVHMHPSORVGHFUiWHUHVSRUKXQGLPLHQ
WR9pDVHWDPELpQ9XOFDQLVPR
H )LVXUDV²JULHWDV5XSWXUDHQXQDPDVDGHURFD7LSRGHHUXSFLyQYROFiQLFD D
OR ODUJR GH XQD ILVXUD OLQHDO XQD IDOOD R FXDOTXLHU RWUDGHELOLGDGHVWUXFWXUDOGH
ODFRUWH]D
0DWHULDOHV YROFiQLFRV 3RU
GHEDMR GH FDVL WRGRV ORV YROFDQHV
DFWLYRVKD\XQDFiPDUDPDJPiWLFDOOHQD
GHURFDIXQGLGD(OPDJPDTXH FRQWLHQH
6XUJLySUREDEOHPHQWH GH OD DVWHQRVIHUD
OD FDSD PyYLO VLWXDGD LQPHGLDWDPHQWH
SRUGHEDMRGHODOLWRVIHUD(VWDFiPDUD
HVXQD µSDUDGD LQWHUPHGLD¶ HQ HO FDPLQR
KDFLD OD VXSHUILFLH &XDQGR HO PDJPD
6XUJH SXHGH EURWDU HQ IRUPD OtTXLGD
VyOLGDRJDVHRVD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
D 0DJPD HV OD URFD IXQGLGD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD SDUWH LQWHUQD GHO YROFiQ
TXH FXDQGR DOFDQ]D OD VXSHUILFLH SLHUGH SDUWH GH ORV JDVHVTXHOOHYDHQVROX
FLyQ(OPDJPDDQWHVGHHPHUJHUHQXQDHUXSFLyQVHDFXPXODEDMRHOYROFiQD
SURIXQGLGDGHVGHXQRVFXDQWRVNLOyPHWURVHQXQDFiPDUDPDJPiWLFD
&RPSRVLFLyQ&DVLWRGRVORVPDJPDVFRQWLHQHQJDVHVGLVXHOWRVFRPR GLy[L
GR GH FDUERQR \ GH D]XIUH TXH VH OLEHUDQ FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD
EUXVFDUHGXFFLyQGHSUHVLyQTXH H[SHULPHQWDHOPDJPDFXDQGRDVFLHQGHKDFLD
ODVXSHUILFLH
E 5RFDVtJQHDV 5RFDVTXHVHKDQIRUPDGRDSDUWLUGHOHQIULDPLHQWRGHXQ
PDJPD(VWDVSXHGHQVHU
• ,QWUXVLWD&XDQGRHOHQIULDPLHQWRWXYROXJDUHQHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUD\
ODVURFDVIXQGLGDVQROOHJDURQDHPHUJHUDODVXSHUILFLH
• ([WUXVLYD &XDQGRODURFDVHKDIRUPDGRDSDUWLUGHOHQIULD
PLHQWRGHODYDHQODVXSHUILFLH
$ WRGDV ODV URFDV TXH KDQ VLGR SURGXFLGDV SRU DOJ~Q WLSR GH DFWLYLGDG
YROFiQLFDVHDQLQWUXVLYDVRH[WUXVLYDVVHOHVOODPDQURFDVYROFiQLFDV3HURQR
WRGDVODVURFDVtJQHDVVRQYROFiQLFDV
([LVWHQJUDQGHVPDVDVGHURFDVtJQHDVLQWUXVLYDVGHQRPLQDGDSOXWyQLFDVTXH
VHKDQHQIULDGRDJUDQSURIXQGLGDGVLQHVWDUDVRFLDGDVDQLQJ~QWLSRGHDFWLYL
GDGYROFiQLFD
F /DYD 0DJPDRPDWHULDOURFRVRQXHYROtTXLGRRVyOLGRTXHKDVLGRDUURMDGRD
OD VXSHUILFLH &RP~QPHQWH ODV ODYDV UHFLpQ HPLWLGDV VHHQFXHQWUDQ HQ HO
UDQJRGHWHPSHUDWXUDVHQWUHƒ&\ƒ&GHSHQGLHQGRGHVXFRPSRVL
FLyQTXtPLFD
(VHOWpUPLQRDSOLFDGRSRUORVJHyORJRVDOPDJPDTXHVDOHDODVXSHUILFLH
GH OD 7LHUUD D WUDYpV GH JULHWDV \ GH ILVXUDV HQ SDUWLFXODUGXUDQWH OD HUXSFLyQ
GH XQ YROFiQ (O HQIULDPLHQWR \ VROLGLILFDFLyQ GHODODYDGDRULJHQDODVURFDV
tJQHDVH[WUXVLYDVRYROFiQLFDVFX\DFRPSRVLFLyQ \ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHSHQGHQ
WDQWR GHO WLSR GH ODYD FRPRGH OD YHORFLGDG GH HQIULDPLHQWR GH ODODYD /DV OD
YDVVHFODVLILFDQHQIXQFLyQGHVXFRPSRVLFLyQHQVtOLFH
ÈFLGDVRVLOtFHDV &XDQGRFRQWLHQHQPiVGHOGHVtOLFH
%iVLFDV
FXDQGRFRQWLHQHQPHQRVGHO
/DFRPSRVLFLyQFRQGLFLRQDODYLVFRVLGDGGHODODYD\FRQHOODHOFDUiFWHU H[
SORVLYR R YLROHQWR GH ODV HUXSFLRQHV YROFiQLFDV D PD\RUFDQWLGDG GH VtOLFH VX
SRQH PD\RUYLVFRVLGDG \SRUWDQWRPD\RUH[SORVLYLGDG HUXSWLYD /DV URFDV
YROFiQLFDV R tJQHDV H[WUXVLYDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
GHSHQGHQSRUWDQWRGHODFRPSRVLFLyQGHODODYDTXHODVRULJLQy/DVSULQFLSDOHV
VRQ
• /D5LROLWD
• /DDQGHVLWD(OEDVDOWR
G &RUULHQWHV GH ODYD (QDOJXQDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ OXJDU GH VDOLU SRUODFKLPH
QHDFHQWUDOODODYDVHGHUUDPDSRUILVXUDVTXHSXHGHQH[WHQGHUVHDOR
ODUJRGH YDULRV NLOyPHWURVVREUHODVXSHUILFLHGHODWLHUUD/DVFRUULHQWHVGH
HVWHWLSRKDQFUHDGROiPLQDVJUXHVDVGHEDVDOWRTXHFXEUHQFLHQWRV GH
NLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRV(QQXHVWUDpSRFD VH KDQ REVHUYDGR HUXSFLRQHV GH IL
VXUDHQJHQHUDOGHPHQRUHVFDODHQ,VODQGLD\HQ+DZDL
3URGXFWRVDUURMDGRVSRUORVYROFDQHV/RVPDWHULDOHVTXHDUURMDQORV
YROFDQHVGXUDQWHODVHUXSFLRQHVSXHGHQVHUGHWUHVFODVHVJDVHRVRVOtTXLGRV
\ VyOLGRV
D 0DWHULDOHVJDVHV 0H]FODVFRPSOHMDVFX\DFRPSRVLFLyQYDUtD/RVPiVDEXQ
GDQWHVVRQYDSRUGHDJXDGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRQLWUyJHQRKLGUyJHQR
iFLGRFORUKtGULFR\FORUXURVYROiWLOHVJDVHVVXOIXURVRV\VXOIKtGULFRVPHWDQR\
RWURVKLGURFDUEXURV$GHPiVGH ORV JDVHV SRU HO FUiWHU VH GHVSUHQGHQ
WDPELpQODVODYDVIXQGLGDV6LVRQSRVWHULRUHVDODVHUXSFLRQHVVHGH
QRPLQDQIXPDURODV
/RVJDVHVH[SXOVDGRVGXUDQWHODVHUXSFLRQHVSXHGHQWHQHUXQDGHQVLGDGWDO
TXH DUUDVWUHQ FHQL]DV HQ VXVSHQVLyQ IRUPiQGRVH ODV OODPDGDV QXEHV DUGLHQ
WHV 1XEHV GH HVWH WLSR GHELHURQ SURGXFLUVH HQ OD HUXSFLyQ GHO 9HVXELR GHO
DxR G 'H F TXH GHVWUX\y ODVFLXGDGHVGH3RPSH\D\+HUFXODQR
E 0DWHULDOHVOtTXLGRV0DJPDVTXHVDOHQSRUHOFUiWHU\VHGHVOL]DQSRUODVXSHU
ILFLHFLUFXQGDQWH/DVTXHVRQPX\IOXLGDVFRPRODVEDViOWLFDV DO GHVERUGDU
SRU HO FUiWHU R ODV ILVXUDVGHO FRQRYROFiQLFR VH GHVOL]DQ FRQ IDFLOLGDG SRU
ODV YHUWLHQWHV IRUPDQGR D YHFHV YHUGDGHUDV FDVFDGDV \ SRU OD VXSHUILFLH GHO
VXHOR IRUPDQGRFRODGDV IRUPDQGR HVWUtDV\ RQGXODFLRQHV R UHWRUFL
PLHQWRVSDUHFLGRV D XQD FXHUGD GH DKt HO QRPEUH GH ODYDV FRUGDGDV TXHORV
QDWLYRVGH+DZDLOODPDQSDKRHKRH
&XDQGRHOHQIULDPLHQWRGHJUDQGHVPDVDVGHODYDEDViOWLFDVHGHVDUUROOD
HQUHJLRQHVVXEDpUHDVVHSURGXFHXQDUHWUDFFLyQRFRQWUDFFLyQ WpUPLFD
TXH SURGXFH XQD GLV\XQFLyQ FROXPQDU HQ SULVPDV IRUPDQGR FROXPQDWDV
EDViOWLFDV WDQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPR OD FDO]DGD GH ORV JLJDQWHV HQ LUODQGD
FDVWHOIXOOLWGHODURFDHQJHURQDHOFDERGHJDWDDOPHUtD7HQHULIHHWF
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
(QODVODYDVPX\IOXLGDVDOHQIULDUVHODVXSHUILFLHHOLQWHULRUSXHGHTXHGDUFR
PR XQD FDYLGDG EDMR OD FRVWUD VXSHUILFLDO IRUPDQGR W~QHOHV YROFiQLFRV
&XDQGR VH GHVSORPD SDUWH GHO WHFKR GHO W~QHOYROFiQLFR VH IRUPDQ VLPDV TXH
FRPXQLFDQFRQHOH[WHULRUTXHHQODQ]DURWHVHGHQRPLQDQMDPHRV
F 0DWHULDOHV VyOLGRV 7DPELpQ OODPDGRV SLURFODVWRV SLURV IXHJR FODVWRV
IUDJPHQWRVVRQGHSUR\HFFLyQ6HJ~QVXWDPDxRVHGLYLGHQHQ
• %ORTXHV \ ERPEDV GH WDPDxR FRPSUHQGLGR HQWUH YDULRVFHQWtPH
WURVDPHWURV6LODVODYDVVRQPX\YLVFRVDVDOSURGXFLUVH OD H[
SORVLyQ VRQ ODQ]DGDV DO DLUH \ VX SDUWH H[WHUQD FULVWDOL]D UiSLGDPHQWH
SHUPDQHFLHQGRVXLQWHULRUIOXLGRSRUORTXHDOFDHUDOVXHORVH
DJULHWDQFRPRFRUWH]DGHSDQOODPiQGRVH SDQHV YROFiQLFRV 6L ODV
ODYDVVRQPHQRVYLVFRVDVODVERPEDVDGTXLHUHQIRUPDVGHKXVRDOLU
JLUDQGRHQVXWUD\HFWRULD
• /DSLOOL\JUHGDVGHWDPDxRHQWUHHOGHXQJXLVDQWH\XQDQXH]
• &HQL]DVRSROYR YROFiQLFRSDUWtFXODVGHPHQRVGHPPTXHGHELGRD
VXWDPDxRSXHGHQVHUWUDQVSRUWDGDVSRUHOYLHQWRDJUDQGHVGLVWDQFLDV
&XDQGRHQODVODYDVYLVFRVDVVHOLEHUDQORVFRPSRQHQWHV YROiWLOHV RFD
VLRQDQXQDH[SDQVLyQTXHIRUPDFDYLGDGHVQRFRPXQLFDGDV HQWUH
Vt GDQGR HO DVSHFWRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHODVSXPLWDVRSLHGUDSyPH]/D
FRQVROLGDFLyQGHHVWRVSLURFODVWRVIRUPDQODVWREDVYROFiQLFDV\DJORPHUD
GRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
=21$692/&$1,&$6
GEOGRAFÍA
7,326 '( 92/&$1(6 SRU VX PRUIRORJtD ORV YROFDQHV VHSXHGHQFODVLILFDU
HQ
D &RQRVGHFHQL]DHVWRVFRQRVVHIRUPDQSRUHODSLODPLHQWRGHHVFRULDVR
FHQL]DGXUDQWHODVHUXSFLRQHVEDViOWLFDVHQODVTXHSUHGRPLQDQORVPDWHULD
OHV FDOLHQWHV VROLGLILFDGRV HQ HO DLUH \ TXHFDHQHQ ODV SUR[LPLGDGHV GHOFHQ
WUR GH HPLVLyQ /DV SDUHGHV GHXQFRQRQRSXHGHQWHQHUHQHVWHFDVRSHQGLHQ
WHVPX\DOWDVSRUORTXHJHQHUDOPHQWHWLHQHQiQJXORVFRPSUHQGLGRVHQWUHž \
ž
6RQGHIRUPDFyQLFDEDVHFLUFXODU\QRSRFDVYHFHVH[FHGHQORVPGHDO
WXUD&RPRHMHPSORVHSXHGHPHQFLRQDUDOYROFiQ[LWOHXELFDGRHQODIDOGD1RU
WHGHODMXVFRGI<RWURVPXFKRVYROFDQHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQOD]RQDPR
QRJHQpWLFDGH0LFKRDFiQ±*XDQDMXDWR
E 9ROFDQHV HQ HVFXGR VRQ DTXHOORV FX\R GLiPHWUR HV PXFKRPD\RUTXH
VXDOWXUD6HIRUPDQSRUODDFXPXODFLyQVXFHVLYDGHFRUULHQWHVGHODYDPX\
IOXLGDVSRUORTXHVRQGHSRFDDOWXUD\SHQGLHQWHOLJHUD6XWRSRJUDItDHV
VXDYH\VXFLPDIRUPDXQDSODQLFLHOLJHUDPHQWHLQFRUSRUDGDV&RPRHMHPSOR
GHHVWHWLSRGHYROFDQHVHVWiQORVYROFDQHVKDZDLDQRV\ORVGHODV
LVODVJDOiSDJRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
2FDVLRQDOPHQWHVHREVHUYDQ YROFDQHVGHHVFXGRFRQ XQ FRQR GHFHQL]DRHV
FRULDHQVXF~VSLGHFRPRHVHOFDVRGHOYROFiQ7HXWOLHQPLOSDDOWDGI
F9ROFDQHV HVWUDWLILFDGRV VRQ ORV IRUPDGRV SRU FDSDV GH PDWHULDOIUDJPHQWDULR
\ FRUULHQWHVGHODYDLQWHUFDODGDVORTXHLQGLFDTXH6XUJLHURQHQpSRFDVGH
DFWLYLGDGH[SORVLYDVHJXLGDVSRURWUDVGRQGHVHDUURMDURQFRUULHQWHVGHOD
YDIOXLGD&RPRHMHPSORGHHVWRV HVWiQ ORV YROFDQHV PiV DOWRV GH QXHVWUR
SDtVSRSRFDWpSHWOIXHJRGHFROLPDHQWUHRWURV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
H 'HVLQWHJUDFLyQ GHO ]yFDORFRQ
6HxDOH¢&XiOHVXQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQ
WLQHQWDO
YROFiQLFD"
D(SLFHQWUR
$FHUFDGHOYXOFDQLVPR
E+LSRFHQWUR
• /XJDU GRQGH VH SURGXFH OD
F,VRVWDVLD
IULFFLyQ \ FROLVLyQGHSODFDVVH
G'LDVWURILVPR
GHQRPLQD(SLFHQWUR
H*H\VHU
• &XDQGR ODV URFDV tJQHDV VD
OHQ DO H[WHULRU VH GHQRPLQD
/RVFDxRQHVVRQIRUPDVGHOUHOLHYH
H[WUDFFLRQHVtJQHDV
JHQHUDGRVSRUODHUR
•
$PSDWR &KDFKDQL 3LFKX 3L
VLyQ««\ORV PiVSURIXQ
FKX VHORFDOL]DQHQ$UHTXLSD
GRVVHHQFXHQWUDQ
• (O &UiWHU HVWi IRUPDGR SRU
HQ«««««««««
URFDVtJQHDVVROLGLILFDGDV
D*ODFLDU 0HVHWDV
• (O FtUFXOR GH )XHJR HV XQD
E)OXYLDO± FRUGLOOHUDGH&KLOD
]RQD GH PD\RU DFWLYLGDG
F.iUVWLFD± FRUGLOOHUD6XEDQGLQD
VtVPLFDD QLYHOPXQGLDO
G(yOLFD± $QGHVGHO1RUWH
D 99)9)
H3OXYLDO± $QGHVGHO6XU
E 999))F)9)9)
G )99)9
3XQWRGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHGRQ
H )999)
GHVHVLHQWHQORVHIHFWRVGHODVRQ
GDVVtVPLFDV
D ,QWHQVLGDG
E ,VRVWDVLDF0DJQLWXG
G +LSRFHQWUR
H (SLFHQWUR
/RVVLVPRVHQHO3HU~VHSXHGHQ
RULJLQDUSRU
D 'LYHUJHQFLDVGHOD3ODFD6XGD
PHULFDQD\ QD]FD
E 'LYHUJHQFLDV GH ODV SODFDVFRQ
WLQHQWDOHV
F &RQYHUJHQFLDGHODSODFD6XGD
PHULFDQD\ 1D]FD
G 0D\RUKXQGLPLHQWRGHODIRVDGHO
&DOODR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
)(1Ð0(126<'(6$675(61$785$/(6
GEOGRAFÍA
35,1&,3$/(6&21&(3726
D $IHFWDGR 3HUVRQD DQLPDO WHUULWRULR R LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD TXH VXIUHSHUWXUED
FLyQHQVXDPELHQWHSRUHIHFWRVGHXQIHQyPHQR3XHGHUHTXHULUGHDSR\R
LQPHGLDWR SDUD HOLPLQDU R UHGXFLU ODV FDXVDV GH OD SHUWXUEDFLyQ SDUD OD FRQWL
QXDFLyQGHODDFWLYLGDGQRUPDO
E 'DPQLILFDGR 3HUVRQD DIHFWDGD SDUFLDO R tQWHJUDPHQWH SRU XQDHPHUJHQ
FLDRGHVDVWUH\TXHKDVXIULGRGDxRRSHUMXLFLRHQVXVELHQHVHQFX\R
FDVRJHQHUDOPHQWHKDTXHGDGRVLQDORMDPLHQWRRYLYLHQGD HQ IRUPD WRWDO R
SDUFLDO SHUPDQHQWH R WHPSRUDOPHQWH SRU OR TXH UHFLEH UHIXJLR \ D\XGD
KXPDQLWDULDWHPSRUDOHV1RWLHQHFDSDFLGDGSURSLDSDUDUHFXSHUDUHO
HVWDGRGHVXVELHQHV\SDWULPRQLR
F 'HIHQVD &LYLO &RQMXQWR GH PHGLGDV SHUPDQHQWHV GHVWLQDGDV DSUHYHQLU
UHGXFLUDWHQGHU\UHSDUDUORVGDxRVDODVSHUVRQDV\ELHQHVTXHSXGLHUDQ
FDXVDURFDXVHQORVGHVDVWUHVRFDODPLGDGHV
G (IHFWR ,QYHUQDGHUR 3URFHVR SRU HO FXDO OD UDGLDFLyQ VRODU DWUDYLHVDOD DWPyV
IHUD OD HQHUJtD HV DEVRUELGD SRU OD WLHUUD $ VX YH] OD WLHUUDLUUDGLDFDORUTXH
HVUHWHQLGRHQODWURSyVIHUDSRUODDEVRUFLyQGHJDVHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHYDSRU
GHDJXD\ELy[LGRGHFDUERQR
H 0LWLJDFLyQ 5HGXFFLyQ GH ORV HIHFWRV GH XQ GHVDVWUH SULQFLSDOPHQWH GLVPLQX
\HQGRODYXOQHUDELOLGDG/DVPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQTXHVHWRPDQDQLYHO
GHLQJHQLHUtDGLFWDGRGHQRUPDVOHJDOHVODSODQLILFDFLyQ\RWURVHVWiQ
RULHQWDGRV D OD SURWHFFLyQ GH YLGDV KXPDQDV GH ELHQHV PDWHULDOHV \ GH
SURGXFFLyQFRQWUDGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOELROyJLFRV\WHFQROyJLFRV
I &DWiVWURIH 6XFHVR TXH FDXVD DOWHUDFLRQHV LQWHQVDVHQODVSHUVRQDV
ORV ELHQHV ORV VHUYLFLRV \ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH H[FHGLHQGR OD FDSDFLGDG GH
UHVSXHVWD GH ODFRPXQLGDG DIHFWDGD (Q SRFDVSDODEUDVHVHOSURGXFWR
WDQWRGHXQ)HQyPHQRQDWXUDOH[WUHPRFRPRGHXQD,QDGHFXDGDUHODFLyQGHO
KRPEUHFRQVXPHGLR
J 3HOLJUR /DSUREDELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLDGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDORWHFQROyJL
FR SRWHQFLDOPHQWH GDxLQR SDUD XQ SHULRGR HVSHFtILFR \ XQD ORFDOLGDG R ]RQD
FRQRFLGDV6HLGHQWLILFDHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVFRQ HO DSR\R GH OD FLHQFLD
\ WHFQRORJtD (V GHFLU HV OD SUREDELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLDGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDO
SRWHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRGHXQDPDJQLWXGGDGDSDUDXQSHULRGRHVSHFtILFR\
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
K
L
M
N
GEOGRAFÍA
XQDORFDOLGDGR]RQDFRQRFLGDV7HUUHPRWRVPDUHPRWRVDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD
LQXQGDFLRQHV DOXGHV DOXYLRQHV GHVOL]DPLHQWRV GHUUXPEHV KXQGLPLHQWRV VRQ
DOJXQRVGHORV3HOLJURV1DWXUDOHV
5LHVJR (YDOXDFLyQ HVSHUDGD GH SUREDEOHV YtFWLPDV SpUGLGDV \GDxRV D
ORV ELHQHV PDWHULDOHV D OD SURSLHGDG \ HFRQRPtD SDUD XQSHULRGRHVSHFtILFR
\ iUHDFRQRFLGRVGHXQHYHQWRHVSHFtILFRGHHPHUJHQFLD 6H HYDO~D HQ
IXQFLyQ GHO SHOLJUR \ OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG (OULHVJRHOSHOLJUR\ODYXOQHUDELOLGDG
VHH[SUHVDQHQWpUPLQRVGHSUREDELOLGDGHQWUH\
(V OD HVWLPDFLyQ R HYDOXDFLyQPDWHPiWLFD GH SUREDEOHV SpUGLGDV GHYLGDVGH
GDxRVDORVELHQHVPDWHULDOHVDODSURSLHGDG\ODHFRQRPtD SDUD XQ
SHULRGR HVSHFtILFR \ XQ iUHD FRQRFLGD (O ULHVJR 5 VH HVWLPD R HYDO~D HQ
IXQFLyQGHODPDJQLWXGGHO3HOLJUR3\HOJUDGRGH9XOQHUDELOLGDG9WHQLHQGR
HQFXHQWDODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQSUREDELOtVWLFD5 3[9
9XOQHUDELOLGDG (V HO JUDGR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \R H[SRVLFLyQ ItVLFD VRFLDO
FXOWXUDO SROtWLFD HFRQyPLFR HWF GH XQ HOHPHQWR R FRQMXQWRGH HOHPHQWRVHQ
ULHVJR YLGD KXPDQD SDWULPRQLR VHUYLFLRV YLWDOHVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDiUHDVDJUtFR
ODV FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH OD RFXUUHQFLD GHXQSHOLJURQDWXUDOGHXQDPDJQLWXGGD
GD6HH[SUHVDHQWpUPLQRVGHSUREDELOLGDGHQSRUFHQWDMHGHD
)HQyPHQRV 1DWXUDOHV 6H GHQRPLQDQ ³IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV´ D ODVPDQLIHVWD
FLRQHV SURSLDV GH OD QDWXUDOH]D FRPR ODV OOXYLDV PDUHDVYLHQWRV VLVPRV WH
UUHPRWRV YROFDQHV $GHPiV VRQ ORV SURFHVRV GHSHUPDQHQWHVPRYLPLHQWRV\
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHODQDWXUDOH]D
7RGDH[SUHVLyQGH OD QDWXUDOH]D \ DFWLYLGDG GHOD7LHUUDHV OODPDGDIHQyPHQR
QDWXUDO LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH VX LQFLGHQFLD DO KRPEUH \ VX IRUPD GH YLGD
1RWRGRVORVIHQyPHQRVDGTXLHUHQHOFDUiFWHUGHGHVDVWUHQDWXUDO
7RGRORTXHRFXUUHHQODQDWXUDOH]DSXHGHVHUSHUFLELGRSRUORVVHQWLGRV\
VHUREMHWRGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR$GHPiVGHOIHQyPHQRQDWXUDOH[LVWHHOWHF
QROyJLFRRLQGXFLGRSRUODDFWLYLGDGGHOKRPEUH
'HVDVWUH 8QDLQWHUUXSFLyQ JUDYHHQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGH XQDFRPXQLGDG
FDXVDQGRJUDQGHVSpUGLGDVDQLYHOKXPDQRPDWHULDORDPELHQWDOVXILFLHQWHV
SDUDTXHODFRPXQLGDGDIHFWDGDQRSXHGDVDOLUDGHODQWHSRUVXVSURSLRVPH
GLRVQHFHVLWDQGRDSR\RH[WHUQR/RVGHVDVWUHV VH FODVLILFDQ GHDFXHUGR
D VXRULJHQQDWXUDORWHFQROyJLFR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
&/$6,),&$&,Ð1'(3(/,*526
3HOLJURVJHQHUDGRVSRUSURFHVRVGLQiPLFRVHQHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUD
D 6LVPRV 6RQORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHTXHJHQHUDQGHIRUPD
FLRQHVLQWHQVDVHQODVURFDVGHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUDDFXPXODQGRHQHUJ
tDTXHV~ELWDPHQWHHVOLEHUDGDHQIRUPDGHRQGDVTXHVDFXGHQODVXSHUILFLHWH
UUHVWUH
E 7VXQDPLV PRYLPLHQWR GH OD FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH HQ HO IRQGR GHORFpDQR
IRUPDQGR\SURSDJDQGRRODVGHJUDQDOWXUD
F(UXSFLRQHV9ROFiQLFDV (VHOSDVRGHOPDWHULDOPDJPDFHQL]DV\JDVHVGHO
LQWHULRUGHODWLHUUDDODVXSHUILFLH
3HOLJURV JHQHUDGRV SRU SURFHVRV GLQiPLFRV GH ODVXSHUILFLHGH
ODWLHUUD
D 'HVOL]DPLHQWRGH7LHUUDV4XHRFXUUHQFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHFDPELRVV~ELWRV R
JUDGXDOHV GH OD FRPSRVLFLyQ HVWUXFWXUD KLGURORJtD RYHJHWDFLyQGHXQWH
UUHQRHQGHFOLYHRSHQGLHQWH
E 'HUUXPEHV (VODFDtGDGHXQDIUDQMDGHWHUUHQRTXHSLHUGHVXHVWDELOLGDG
R ODGHVWUXFFLyQGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDFRQVWUXLGDSRUHOKRPEUH
F $OXGHV 0DVDGHQLHYHTXHVHGHVSOD]DSHQGLHQWHDEDMR
G $OXYLRQHV )OXMRVGHJUDQGHVYRO~PHQHVGHORGRDJXDKLHORURFHVRULJLQDGRV
SRUODUXSWXUDGHXQDODJXQDRGHVOL]DPLHQWRGHXQQHYDGR
H +XD\FRV 'HVSUHQGLPLHQWRVGHORGR\URFDVGHELGR D SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV SOXYLDOHV
VHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQJROSHGHDJXDORGRVDTXHVHGHVYtDDJUDQYHORFLGDG
SRUTXHEUDGDVVHFDV\GHSRFRFDXGDODUUDVWUDQGRSLHGUDV\WURQFRV
3HOLJURVJHQHUDGRVSRUIHQyPHQRVPHWHRUROyJLFRVRKLGUROyJLFRV
D ,QXQGDFLRQHV ,QYDVLyQ OHQWD R YLROHQWD GH DJXDV GH UtR ODJXQDV R ODJRV
GHELGRDIXHUWHV3UHFLSLWDFLRQHVIOXYLDOHVRUXSWXUDVGHHPEDOVHVFDX
VDQGRGDxRVFRQVLGHUDEOHV6HSXHGHQSUHVHQWDU HQ IRUPD OHQWD R JUDGXDO HQ
OODQXUDV\GHIRUPDYLROHQWDRV~ELWDHQUHJLRQHVPRQWDxRVDVGHDOWDSHQGLHQWH
E6HTXtDV 'HILFLHQFLDGHKXPHGDGHQODDWPyVIHUDSRU SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV SOXYLDOHV
LUUHJXODUHV R LQVXILFLHQWHV LQDGHFXDGR XVRGHODVDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDVGHSyVL
WRVGHDJXDRVLVWHPDVGHLUULJDFLyQ
F +HODGDV 3URGXFLGDV SRU ODVEDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV FDXVDQGR GDxRDODVSODQWDV
\ DQLPDOHV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
G 7RUPHQWDV )HQyPHQRVDWPRVIpULFRVSURGXFLGRVSRUGHVFDUJDVHOpFWULFDV
HQODDWPyVIHUD*UDQL]DGDV 3UHFLSLWDFLyQGHDJXDHQIRUPDGHJRODVVyOL
GDVGHKLHOR
H 7RUQDGRV 9LHQWRVKXUDFDQDGRVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQIRUPDJLUDWRULDDJUDQGHV
YHORFLGDGHV
I +XUDFDQHV 6RYLHQWRVTXHVREUHSDVDQPiV.PKFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD
GH OD LQIUDFFLyQ GHO DLUH FDOLHQWH \ K~PHGR TXH YLHQH GHO RFpDQR 3DFtILFR R
$WOiQWLFRFRQHODLUHIUtR
3HOLJURVGHRULJHQELROyJLFR
D 3ODJDV6RQ FDODPLGDGHV SURGXFLGDV HQ /$ (526,Ï1 (V OD DFFLyQGHGHV
JDVWHDFDUUHRRWUDQVSRUWH\GHSRVLWRGHPDWHULDOLQWHPSHUL]DGR/DVFRVHFKDV
SRUFLHUWRVDQLPDOHV
E (SLGHPLDV6RQODJHQHUDOL]DFLyQGHHQIHUPHGDGHVLQIHFFLRVDVDXQJUDQ
Q~PHURGHSHUVRQDV\HQXQGHWHUPLQDGROXJDU
25,*(1'(/263(/,*526
7,326'(3(/,*526
6LVPRV
7VXQDPLR0DUHPRWR
$FWLYLGDG9ROFiQLFD(UXSFLRQHV
*HQHUDGRVSRUSURFHVRVGLQiPLFRV
HQHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUD
'HVOL]DPLHQWRVGH7LHUUD
'HUUXPEHV
$OXGHV
+XD\FRVR$OXYLRQHV
*HQHUDGRVSRUSURFHVRVGLQiPLFRV
HQODVXSHUILFLHGHODWLHUUD
*UDQL]DGDV
+HODGDV
6HTXtDV
,QXQGDFLyQ
9LHQWRV)XHUWHV
7RUPHQWDV
*HQHUDGRVSRUIHQyPHQRVPHWHR
UROyJLFRVRKLGUROyJLFRV
3ODJDV
(SLGHPLDV
2ULJHQ%LROyJLFR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
,QFHQGLR)RUHVWDO
,QFHQGLR8UEDQR
([SORVLRQHV
'HUUDPHGH6XVWDQFLDV4XtPLFDV
&RQWDPLQDFLyQ$PELHQWDO
*XHUUDV
6XEYHUVLyQ
)HQyPHQRV7HFQROyJLFRV
3HOLJURV$QWUySLFRV
D &RQWDPLQDFLyQ $PELHQWDO /RV FDXVDQWHV GH OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQ DPELHQWDO GHO
VXHOR DJXD \ DLUH SXHGHQ VHU ORV DJHQWHV ELROyJLFRV FRPR UHVLGXRV VyOLGRV
DJXDVVHUYLGDVFRQWDPLQDQWHVItVLFRVFRPRODUDGLRDFWLYLGDG FDORU UXLGR VHGL
PHQWRVUHODYHVSROYRVFRQWDPLQDQWHVTXtPLFRVFRPRFRPSXHVWRVGHPLQHUD
OHVWy[LFRViFLGRViOFDOLVSOiVWLFRVSHVWLFLGDVDERQRVVLQWpWLFRVGHWHUJHQWHV
HWF
E&RQWDPLQDFLyQGHOVXHOR3URFHVRSRUHOFXDOHOHPHQWRVItVLFRVELROyJLFRV
WHFQROyJLFRVHFRQyPLFRV\ODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVGHOKRPEUHSURGXFHQHIHFWRVQH
JDWLYRVVREUHHOVXHOR/RVSULQFLSDOHVFRQWDPLQDQWHVGHOVXHORHQOD5HJLyQ0R
TXHJXDWHQHPRV
F &RQWDPLQDFLyQ GHO DJXD (VWH HOHPHQWR SULPRUGLDO SDUD OD YLGD GH ORV VHUHV
YLYRV\VXVDFWLYLGDGHVHVWiVLHQGRLUUDFLRQDOPHQWHFRQWDPLQDGR&RQWDPLQD
FLyQFRQYHUWLPLHQWRGHDJXDVUHVLGXDOHVWUDWDGRVLQDGHFXDGDPHQWHFRQWDPLQD
FLyQGHDJXDVPDULQDVSRUGHVHFKRVGHODDFWLYLGDGSHVTXHUD\PLQHUD
G &RQWDPLQDFLyQGHODLUH/DFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODLUHHVXQRGHORVSUREOHPDV
PiV FUtWLFRV ORFDOPHQWH &UHFLPLHQWR H[SORVLYR GH SDUTXH DXWRPRWRU VRQ ORV
PD\RUHVFRQWDPLQDQWHVJDOyQGHSHWUyOHRFRQVXPLGRSURGXFHHLQ\HFWDDOD
DWPyVIHUDGH.JGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR4XHPDGHFDUEyQDFWLYLGDGPLQHUD\
IiEULFDV
35(9(1&,Ð1<*(67,Ð1
D $WHQFLyQ GH XQD HPHUJHQFLD $FFLyQ GH DVLVWLU D ODV SHUVRQDV TXH VH HQ
FXHQWUDQHQXQDVLWXDFLyQGHSHOLJURLQPLQHQWHRTXHKD\DQVREUHYLYLGRD
ORVHIHFWRVGHYDVWDGRUHVGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDORLQGXFLGRSRUHOKRPEUH
%iVLFDPHQWHFRQVLVWHHQODDVLVWHQFLDGHWHFKRDEULJR\DOLPHQWRDVtFRPR
ODUHFXSHUDFLyQSURYLVLRQDOUHKDELOLWDFLyQGHORVVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRVHVHQFLDOHV
E &HQWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GH (PHUJHQFLD ÈUHD ItVLFD LPSOHPHQWDGD TXH HP
SOHD HO &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO SDUD H[KLELU \ FRQVROLGDU ODVHYDOXDFLRQHVGH
GDxRV\QHFHVLGDGHV\ ODLQIRUPDFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHV TXH SHUPLWDQ FRRUGLQDU
GLULJLU\VXSHUYLVDUODVRSHUDFLRQHVSDUDODDWHQFLyQGHODHPHUJHQFLD
)XHQWH1DFLRQHV8QLGDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
F &XOWXUDGH3UHYHQFLyQ (OFRQMXQWRGHDFWLWXGHVTXHORJUDXQD6RFLHGDG
DOLQWHULRUL]DUVHHQDVSHFWRVGHQRUPDVSULQFLSLRVGRFWULQDV \YDORUHV GH 6HJX
ULGDG \ 3UHYHQFLyQ GH 'HVDVWUHV TXH DOVHULQFRUSRUDGRVHQHOODODKDFHQ
UHVSRQGHUGHDGHFXDGDPDQHUDDQWHODVHPHUJHQFLDVRGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQD
WXUDORWHFQROyJLFR
G *HVWLyQ DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO 5LHVJR /D DSOLFDFLyQ VLVWHPiWLFD GHDGPLQLVWUD
FLyQGHSROtWLFDVSURFHGLPLHQWRV\SUiFWLFDVGHLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHWDUHDVDQiOLVLV
HYDOXDFLyQWUDWDPLHQWR \ PRQLWRUHRGHULHVJRV/DWDUHDJHQHUDOGHODJHV
WLyQGHOULHVJRGHEHLQFOXLUWDQWR OD HVWLPDFLyQ GH XQ ULHVJR SDUWLFXODU FRPR
XQD HYDOXDFLyQ GHFXiQLPSRUWDQWHHV3RUWDQWRHOSURFHVRGHODJHVWLyQ
GHOULHVJRWLHQHGRVSDUWHVODHVWLPDFLyQ\ODHYDOXDFLyQGHOULHVJR/D
HVWLPDFLyQUHTXLHUHGHODFXDQWLILFDFLyQGHODGDWD\HQWHQGLPLHQWRGHORVSUR
FHVRVLQYROXFUDGRV/DHYDOXDFLyQGHOULHVJRHVMX]JDUTXpOXJDUHVGHODVRFLH
GDGHQULHVJRGHEHQHQFDUDUpVWRVGHFLGLHQGRTXpKDFHUDOUHVSHFWR
H ,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR1DWXUDO,QFOX\HHQSULPHUOXJDUODLGHQWLILFD
FLyQGHOIHQyPHQRItVLFROXHJR ODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVHIHFWRV SRU HMHP
SOR OD LQWHQVLGDG GH VDFXGLPLHQWR GHO VXHOR GHELGRD XQ VLVPR ORV QLYHOHV
GHLQXQGDFLyQJUDGRGH HVWDELOLGDGGHODGHUDVDORVFXDOHVXQDFRPXQL
GDGSRGUtDHVWDUH[SXHVWD/DLGHQWLILFDFLyQ SUHOLPLQDU \ UHDOLVWD GHO 3HOL
JUR VH REWLHQH FRQ HOFRQFXUVRGHODFLHQFLDVJHRItVLFDVVLVPRORJtDRFHD
QRJUDItDPHWHRURORJtDYXOFDQRORJtD \ RWURV \JHROyJLFDV /D LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GHO
3HOLJURHVXQSURFHVRGLQiPLFR\DTXHUHTXLHUHGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\DFWXDOL]D
FLyQSHUPDQHQWH
I 3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD 'HQWURGHOFRQWH[WRGHODHWDSDGH5HGXFFLyQ
GHO5LHVJRVRQODVPHGLGDVRFRQMXQWRGHPHGLGDVHVSHFtILFDVGHLQJH
QLHUtDOHJLVODFLyQ\RWURVGLVHxDGDVSDUDSURSRUFLRQDUSURWHFFLyQFRQWUDORV
HIHFWRVGHXQGHVDVWUHFRQVLGHUDQGRSHOLJURVHVSHFtILFRV
J 3UHYHQFLyQ (OFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVGLVHxDGDVSDUDSURSRUFLR
QDUSURWHFFLyQSHUPDQHQWHFRQWUDORVHIHFWRVGHXQTXHFKXD ³KXD\FR´
TXH VLJQLILFD TXHEUDGD D OR TXH WpFQLFDPHQWH HQ JHRORJtD VH GHQRPLQD DOX
YLyQ(O³KXD\FR´R³OORFOOD´HOPiVFRUUHFWRHQHOLGLRPDTXHFKXDHVXQWLSRGH
DOXYLyQGHPDJQLWXGHVOLJHUDVDPRGHUDGDVTXHVHUHJLVWUDFRQIUHFXHQ
FLD HQ ODV FXHQFDVKLGURJUiILFDVGHOSDtVJHQHUDOPHQWHGXUDQWHHOSHULRGR
GHOOXYLDV
K 6LVWHPD1DFLRQDOGH'HIHQVD&LYLO6,1$'(&, &RQMXQWR LQWHUUHODFLRQDGR GH
RUJDQLVPRVGHOVHFWRUS~EOLFR\ QRS~EOLFRQRUPDV UHFXUVRV \ GRFWULQDV
RULHQWDGRV D OD SURWHFFLyQ GH ODSREODFLyQHQFDVRGHGHVDVWUHVGH
FXDOTXLHUtQGROHXRULJHQPHGLDQWHODSUHYHQFLyQGHGDxRVSUHVWDQGRD\XGD
DGHFXDGDKDVWDDOFDQ]DUODVFRQGLFLRQHVEiVLFDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
L*HVWLyQDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGH'HVDVWUHV &RQMXQWR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV PHGLGDV
DFFLRQHV \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV TXH MXQWDPHQWH FRQ HO XVR UDFLRQDO GH UHFXUVRV
KXPDQRV \ PDWHULDOHV VH RULHQWDQ DOSODQHDPLHQWRRUJDQL]DFLyQGLUHFFLyQ \
FRQWUROGHDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ
• 3UHYHQFLyQ$QWHVOD(VWLPDFLyQGHO5LHVJR,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR
HO $QiOLVLV GH OD 9XOQHUDELOLGDG \ HO &iOFXOR GHO 5LHVJROD5HGXFFLyQGH
5LHVJRV3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQ
• 5HVSXHVWD 'XUDQWH DQWH ODV (PHUJHQFLDV LQFOX\H OD $WHQFLyQSURSLD
PHQWHGLFKDOD(YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRV\OD5HKDELOLWDFLyQ\
• 5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ'HVSXpV
(675$7(*,$63$5$/$5('8&&,21'(/$98/1(5$%,/,'$'62
&,$/
/D*HVWLyQ3HUPDQHQWHSDUDOD5HGXFFLyQGHO5LHVJRVXJLHUHODVVLJXLHQWHVHVWUD
WHJLDV SDUD URPSHU HVWDV EDUUHUDV DQWHV GH TXH VH SUHVHQWH ODHPHUJHQFLD
D /DLQGLIHUHQFLD6HFRPEDWHFRQFDPSDxDVHQPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFD
FLyQ TXH GHVSLHUWHQ HO LQWHUpV \ OD DWHQFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ VLQ DODUPLVPR QL
VHQVDFLRQDOLVPR
E /DLJQRUDQFLD(VVXSHUDEOHPHGLDQWHODHGXFDFLyQHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHV\
PRGDOLGDGHV
F /D GHVLGLD 6H YHQFH SURPRYLHQGR \ DSR\DQGR OD RUJDQL]DFLyQFRPXQDO
TXHSHUPLWDDODSREODFLyQHMHUFHUVXVFDSDFLGDGHVGHGHFLVLyQHQDFFLRQHV
FRQMXQWDVSDUDHOGHVDUUROOR\
G /RV UHFXUVRV 6H JHQHUDQ SRU SODQLILFDFLyQ HVWUDWpJLFD GH ORVJRELHUQRV
FRQVLGHUDQGRHVFDORQDGDPHQWHODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVODV
WUDGLFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVORVLQVXPRVSURSLRVGHOPHGLRODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVORFD
OHVODGHVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQSUHVXSXHVWDOHO LQWHUFDPELR GH H[SHULHQFLDV \ OD FROD
ERUDFLyQWpFQLFD\ILQDQFLHUDGHODFRRSHUDFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO
6DEHPRVTXHORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVYDQDSUHVHQWDUVHSHURQXHVWUDFXOWXUD
GHULHVJRGHVDItDORVLQWHQWRVGHSUHGHFLUORV
*(67,Ð1'(/26'(6$675(6
&RQMXQWRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVPHGLGDVDFFLRQHV\SURFHGLPLHQWRVTXHMXQWD
PHQWHFRQHOXVRUDFLRQDOGHOSRWHQFLDOKXPDQR\ ORVUHFXUVRVPDWHULDOHV
VH RULHQWDQ DO SODQHDPLHQWR RUJDQL]DFLyQ GLUHFFLyQ \ FRQWURO GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODSUHYHQFLyQ\DWHQFLyQGHGHVDVWUHV
/DVPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQHVSHFtILFDSXHGHQVHUVHJ~QVXQDWXUDOH]DHVWUXF
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
WXUDOHVREUDV\QRHVWUXFWXUDOHVDSOLFDFLyQGHQRUPDVHVWXGLRVIRUPXODFLyQ
\ DFWXDOL]DFLyQGHSODQHV'LFKDVDFWLYLGDGHVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
• /D (YDOXDFLyQ(VWLPDFLyQ GHO 5LHVJR /D ,GHQWLILFDFLyQ GHO 3HOLJUR (O
$QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV(O&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR
• /D5HGXFFLyQGHO5LHVJR /D3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD/D3UHSDUDFLyQ\
• (GXFDFLyQ/D5HVSXHVWDDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLDTXHLQFOX\H(YDOXDFLyQGH
'DxRV\$QiOLVLVGH1HFHVLGDGHV$VLVWHQFLD/D5HKDELOLWDFLyQ
• /D5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ
(O&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOHQOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV
(O&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOGHFDGDORFDOLGDG'LVWULWDO3URYLQFLDO\5HJLRQDOHV HO
FRQGXFWRU SULQFLSDO \ UHVSRQVDEOH GH OOHYDU D FDER ODV DFFLRQHVFRUUHVSRQ
GLHQWHVGHFDGDXQDGHODVIDVHVGHOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV
7DOFRPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUHQODJUiILFDGHOFXDGURVLJXLHQWHHQOD*HV
WLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHVH[LVWHQGRVPRPHQWRV3UHYHQFLyQ\$WHQFLyQDVtFRPRWUHV
IDVHV$QWHV'XUDQWH\'HVSXpVFODUDPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGDV
D $QWHVGHO'HVDVWUH HQHVWDIDVHHO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOHQFRRUGL
QDFLyQFRQHO,1'(&,GHEHFRQGXFLUDORVGLIHUHQWHVVHFWRUHVUHVSRQ
VDEOHV SDUD TXH VH UHDOLFHQ WRGRV ORV WUDEDMRV \ REUDV GH SUHYHQFLyQ FRUUHV
SRQGLHQWHVDORVVLJXLHQWHVSURFHVRVGHOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV
• /D,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR
• (O$QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV(O&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR
• /D3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD
• /D3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQ
/D,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJURHO$QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV\HO&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR
TXH VRQ ORV HOHPHQWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH OD (YDOXDFLyQ GHO 5LHVJRVRQ SURFHVRV
TXHGHEHSURPRYHU\HMHFXWDUOD2ILFLQDGH'HIHQVD&LYLO/D3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtIL
FD\OD3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQVRQSURFHVRVTXHGHEHQ LPSXOVDU \ SURPR
YHU WRGDV ODV &RPLVLRQHV TXH FRQIRUPDQ ORVUHVSHFWLYRV&RPLWpVGH'HIHQVD
&LYLO
E 'XUDQWH HO 'HVDVWUH HO &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO XWLOL]DQGR HO &2( \ FRQ OD
FRRUGLQDFLyQ\DVHVRUDPLHQWRGHO,1'(&,\GHORVGLIHUHQWHVVHFWRUHVUHV
SRQVDEOHVGHEH GH UHDOL]DUODVDFFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV SDUD OD$WHQ
FLyQGHOD(PHUJHQFLDHMHFXWDQGRWRGRVORVWUDEDMRV\REUDVFRUUHV
SRQGLHQWHVDODVVLJXLHQWHVWDUHDVGHOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
(YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRV\$QiOLVLVGH1HFHVLGDGHV$VLVWHQFLD/D5HKDELOLWDFLyQ
/D 5HVSXHVWD HV XQD DFWLYLGDG TXH GHEHQ GHVDUUROODU ODV FLQFR FRPLVLRQHVRSHUD
WLYDVGHO&RPLWp'HVSXpVGHO'HVDVWUHVHOOHYDDFDEROD5HFRQVWUXF
FLyQGHOD]RQDGDPQLILFDGDDFDUJRGHORV6HFWRUHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
&XDQGROD]RQDDIHFWDGDKDVLGRWRWDOPHQWHUHFRQVWUXLGD
VHUHLQLFLDHOFLFOR
(YDOXDFLyQ(VWLPDFLyQGHO5LHVJR
/D (YDOXDFLyQ GHO 5LHVJR HV HO FRQMXQWR GH DFFLRQHV \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV TXH VH
UHDOL]DQLQVLWXDILQGHOHYDQWDUODLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVSHOL
JURVHODQiOLVLVGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYXOQHUDELOLGDG\FiOFXORGHOULHVJRSURED
ELOLGDGGHGDxRVSpUGLGDVGHYLGDVHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDFRQODILQDOLGDGGHUHFR
PHQGDUODVPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQ
'HEHQVHUHMHFXWDGDVSRUSHUVRQDOSURIHVLRQDOGHGLYHUVDVHVSHFLDOLGDGHVGHEL
GDPHQWHFDSDFLWDGRGHODV2ILFLQDV\R&RPLWpVGH'HIHQVD&LYLODQWH
ODSUHVHQFLDSRWHQFLDORLQPLQHQWHGHXQSHOLJURQDWXUDORLQGXFLGRSRUHOKRP
EUH
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH GHWDOODQ FDGD XQD GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH FRPSUHQGH OD
(YDOXDFLyQGHO5LHVJR
D,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR
• 7RGRV ORV SHOLJURV QDWXUDOHV \ ORV LQGXFLGRV SRU HO KRPEUH UHSUHVHQWDQ
XQDDPHQD]DSDUDODYLGD\HOSDWULPRQLRGHQXHVWURVKRJDUHV
LQGXVWULDV \ FRPXQLGDG HQ JHQHUDO (V DVt TXH ORV YLHQWRV IXHUWHV
SXHGHQ GDxDUORV WHFKRV GH QXHVWURV KRJDUHV \ TXH ODV IXHUWHV OOXYLDV
SXHGHQFDXVDULQXQGDFLRQHV\RDYHQLGDVTXHDIHFWDQDODV
FRPXQLGDGHV ULEHUHxDV (O KLVWRULDO GH GHVDVWUHV QDWXUDOHV VXIULGRV SRU
FDGD FRPXQLGDG HV QRUPDOPHQWH FRQRFLGR SRU OD PD\RUtD GH VXV
LQWHJUDQWHV3RUHOORKDQRFXUULGRLQXQGDFLRQHVWHUUHPRWRVLQFHQGLRV
DOXYLRQHV \ DOXGHV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HV QHFHVDULR WHQHU DFFHVR D
HVWXGLRVWpFQLFRVTXHD\XGHQDLGHQWLILFDUQXHVWURVSHOLJURVQDWXUDOHV
• WDOHVFRPRIDOODVJHROyJLFDV
• /D LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH ORV SHOLJURV QDWXUDOHV R LQGXFLGRV SRU HO KRPEUH HQ
FDGDFRPXQLGDGOHVLUYHDORVPLHPEURVGHO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLO
SDUDSULRUL]DUODVDFFLRQHVGHSUHYHQFLyQTXHSHUPLWDQSURWHJHUODV
]RQDVH[SXHVWDVDSHOLJURVSRWHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRV
• (O3HOLJURHVODSUREDELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLDGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDOR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
LQGXFLGRSRUHOKRPEUHSRWHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRGHXQDPDJQLWXG
FRQRFLGD SDUD XQ SHUtRGR HVSHFtILFR \ SDUD XQD ORFDOLGDG R ]RQD
FRQRFLGD
/D HODERUDFLyQ GH 0DSDV GH 3HOLJUR GH FDGD FRPXQLGDG SHUPLWH D ORV
PLHPEURV GHO &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO LQLFLDU HO SURFHVR GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ
GH ODV iUHDV HQ ODV TXH SRGUtDQ WHQHU DOWR ULHVJR \ SRU HQGH ODV iUHDV
HQ ODV TXH VH UHTXLHUH FRQFHQWUDU ORV SURJUDPDV GH UHGXFFLyQ GH
YXOQHUDELOLGDGHVGHODFRPXQLGDG7DPELpQSURYHHQXQDEDVHREMHWLYD
SDUD VXV GHFLVLRQHV SRU HVR PLHQWUDV PiV SUHFLVRV \ GHWDOODGRV VHDQ
HVWRVPDSDVPiVFRPSOHWDVVHUiQODVGHFLVLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD
UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV YXOQHUDELOLGDGHV 6L VH FRQRFHQ ODV SUREDELOLGDGHV GH
SHOLJUR ULHVJR SDUD FDGD iUHD VH SRGUi DSOLFDU XQ HQIRTXH GH FRVWR
EHQHILFLRDODVGHFLVLRQHVGHO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLO
(VQHFHVDULDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHOOXJDULQWHQVLGDGPDJQLWXGIUHFXHQFLD\
SUREDELOLGDG GHHYHQWRVQDWXUDOHVIXWXURV FRQVLGHUDGRVFRPRSHOLJURVSR
WHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRVFRPRSRUHMHPSORGHVOL]DPLHQWRVGHWLHUUDVWH
UUHPRWRVLQXQGDFLRQHVVHTXtDVDOXYLRQHVOORFOODVRKXD\FRVLQ
FHQGLRV\RWURVIHQyPHQRVDWPRVIpULFRV
6HUHTXLHUHXQVHJXLPLHQWRDORVFDPELRV\HYROXFLyQGHORVSHOLJURV
QDWXUDOHV
/XHJR GH RFXUULGR XQ GHVDVWUH VH GHEHUiQ UHDOL]DU ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
SHUWLQHQWHV SDUD UHFRJHU WRGRV ORV GDWRV DGLFLRQDOHV VREUH HO SHOLJUR TXH
JHQHUyHOGHVDVWUH
E $QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV
• /D YXOQHUDELOLGDG HV GHILQLGD FRPR HO JUDGR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \ H[SRVLFLyQ
ItVLFD\RVRFLDOGHXQHOHPHQWRRFRQMXQWRGHHOHPHQWRVYLGDV
KXPDQDV SDWULPRQLR VHUYLFLRV YLWDOHV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD iUHDV DJUtFRODV \
RWURV FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH OD RFXUUHQFLD GH XQ SHOLJUR GH RULJHQ QDWXUDO R
LQGXFLGRSRUHOKRPEUH6HH[SUHVDHQWpUPLQRVGHSUREDELOLGDGHQ
SRUFHQWDMH GH D (V HO JUDGR GH IDFLOLGDG FRQ TXH HVWRV HOHPHQWRV
VXIUHQGDxRVSRUH[SRVLFLyQDOSHOLJUR
• 3DUDVXDQiOLVLVODYXOQHUDELOLGDGGHEHSURPRYHUODLGHQWLILFDFLyQ\
FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVYXOQHUDEOHVH[SXHVWRVDORVHIHFWRV
GHVIDYRUDEOHVGHXQHYHQWRDGYHUVR
• /D YXOQHUDELOLGDG SXHGH YDULDU GHELGR D XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRQGLFLRQHV \R
SURFHVRVTXHUHVXOWDQGHORVIDFWRUHVGHRUGHQQDWXUDOItVLFD
HFRQyPLFDVRFLDOFLHQWtILFD\WHFQROyJLFDSROtWLFDFXOWXUDOHGXFDWLYD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
GEOGRAFÍA
HFROyJLFD LGHROyJLFD H LQVWLWXFLRQDO (VWRV IDFWRUHV YDUtDQ FRQ HO WLHPSR
3DUDORFXDOGDGRXQQLYHOGHSHOLJURVHGHEHQYLJLODUORVFDPELRV
RFDVLRQDGRVHQORVHOHPHQWRVH[SXHVWRV
/D YXOQHUDELOLGDG GH XQD FRPXQLGDG HV HO UHIOHMR GHO HVWDGR LQGLYLGXDO \
FROHFWLYRGHVXVFRQGLFLRQHVItVLFDVVRFLDOHVFXOWXUDOHVHFRQyPLFDV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV\RWURVTXHFDPELDQFRQWLQXDPHQWH
VHJ~QVXQLYHOGHSUHSDUDFLyQDFWLWXGFRPSRUWDPLHQWRQRUPDV
FRQGLFLRQHV VRFLRHFRQyPLFDV \ SROtWLFDV HQ ORV LQGLYLGXRV IDPLOLDV
FRPXQLGDGHVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\SDtVHV
/RV YDORUHV REWHQLGRV SRU FDGD WLSR GH YXOQHUDELOLGDG VH FRQVROLGDUiQ HQ
XQDPDWUL]JHQHUDOFRQODILQDOLGDGGHREWHQHUVXYDORUL]DFLyQWRWDO\
GHWHUPLQDUiDODHYDOXDFLyQGHULHVJRV/DH[SHULHQFLD\FRQRFLPLHQWR
GHOHYDOXDGRUVREUHOD]RQDGHWHUPLQDUiORVWLSRVGHYXOQHUDELOLGDGD
DQDOL]DUGHDFXHUGRDVXLPSRUWDQFLD
F&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR
• (VWLPDFLyQ PDWHPiWLFDSUREDEOHGHSpUGLGDV GH YLGDV GHGDxRVD ORV
ELHQHVPDWHULDOHVDODSURSLHGDG\DODHFRQRPtDSDUDXQSHULRGR
HVSHFtILFR\XQiUHDFRQRFLGD6HFDOFXODHQIXQFLyQGHOSHOLJUR\OD
YXOQHUDELOLGDG
• /D(VWLPDFLyQGHO5LHVJRGHILQHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVSRWHQFLDOHVGHXQ
GHVDVWUHHQEDVHDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHOSHOLJUR\DO DQiOLVLVGHOD
YXOQHUDELOLGDG
• 5LHVJR SHOLJUR\ YXOQHUDELOLGDG VRQ IXQFLRQHV GHO WLHPSR\ HO OXJDUGH
RFXUUHQFLDGHO IHQyPHQR QDWXUDO R IXHQWH GHO SHOLJUR DVt FRPR OD
XELFDFLyQGHOHOHPHQWRH[SXHVWR,QFOX\HLQIRUPDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYD\
FXDQWLWDWLYDGHWDOODGD\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOULHVJR\VXVIDFWRUHV\
FRQVHFXHQFLDV ItVLFDV VRFLDOHV HFRQyPLFDV \ PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV HQWUH
RWURV(VXQSDVRLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHFXDOTXLHU
PHGLGDGHSUHYHQFLyQ\VHRULHQWDDODUHGXFFLyQGHORVHIHFWRVGHO
GHVDVWUH
5HGXFFLyQGHOULHVJR
D 3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD(VHOFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVGLVH
xDGDVSDUDSURSRUFLRQDUSURWHFFLyQSHUPDQHQWHFRQWUDORVHIHFWRVGHXQGH
VDVWUH ,QFOX\H HQWUH RWUDV PHGLGDV HVWUXFWXUDOHV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VLVPR
UHVLVWHQWHVSURWHFFLyQULEHUHxDHQWUHRWUDV\PHGLGDVQRHVWUXFWXUD
OHVRUGHQDPLHQWRXUEDQRXVRDGHFXDGRGHWLHUUDVGHODJXDHQWUHRWUDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
(QWUHODVSULQFLSDOHVDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVSRGHPRVPHQFLRQDUODVVL
JXLHQWHV
0HGLGDV(VWUXFWXUDOHV
• /LPSLH]D\GHVFROPDWDGRGHFDXFHVGHORVUtRV\TXHEUDGDVGHFDX
FHVVHFRVSDUDHYLWDUSRVLEOHVGHVERUGHVHLQXQGDFLRQHV
• &RQVWUXLU UHSUHVDV GLTXHV \ FDQDOHV SDUD FRQWURODU HO FXUVR GH ODV
DJXDV
• 3URWHJHUODVULEHUDVGHORVFXUVRVGHDJXDFRQWUDSUREDEOHVHURVLRQHV
• /DV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV GHEHUiQ VHU VLVPRUHVLVWHQWHV GHELpQGRVH HVWDEOHFHU
\ DFWXDOL]DU ODV QRUPDV SDUD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ODV RQVWUXFFLRQHV GH
DFXHUGRDORVFyGLJRV\UHJODPHQWDFLRQHVYLJHQWHV
0HGLGDVQR(VWUXFWXUDOHV
• 'HFODUDUFRPRLQWDQJLEOHVDORV&RQRVGH'H\HFFLyQGHODVTXH
EUDGDVYHULILFDQGRTXHQDGLHVHDVLHQWHHQHOORV
• 'LFWDU\DSOLFDUPHGLGDVGHUHIRUHVWDFLyQSDUDSUHYHQLUORVGHVOL]DPLHQWRV\
HURVLyQGHODVODGHUDVGHORVUtRV
• 9HULILFDUTXHODVFRPXQLGDGHVQRVHDVLHQWHQHQODV)UDQMDV
0DUJLQDOHVLQWDQJLEOHVGHORVUtRV
• 3URPRYHUODSODQLILFDFLyQGHOXVRGHWLHUUDVPHGLDQWHODOHJLVODFLyQDGH
FXDGD
• 3ULRUL]DUOD3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQGHODVDXWRULGDGHV\SREODFLyQSDUD
FUHDUXQDFXOWXUDGHSUHYHQFLyQ
• (YDFXDUORVDVHQWDPLHQWRVKXPDQRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQiUHDVGHSHOL
JUR
• )RUPXODU(VWXGLRVGH0LFUR]RQLILFDFLyQ
• )RUPXODUHO(VWXGLRVREUHHO3ODQGH3UHYHQFLyQDQWH'HVDVWUHV8VRGHO
6XHOR\0HGLGDVGH0LWLJDFLyQ
• 3UHYHU UHFXUVRV SUHVXSXHVWDOHV\ RULHQWDU ORV PD\RUHVPHGLRV
KXPDQRV \PDWHULDOHV KDFLD ODV ]RQDV GRQGH VH UHTXLHUD UHGXFLU ODYXO
QHUDELOLGDG
E 3UHSDUDFLyQ \ (GXFDFLyQ /D 3UHSDUDFLyQ VH UHILHUH D OD FDSDFLWDFLyQGH OD
SREODFLyQ SDUD ODV HPHUJHQFLDV UHDOL]DQGR HMHUFLFLRV GH HYDFXDFLyQ \HOHVWD
EOHFLPLHQWRGHVLVWHPDVGHDOHUWDSDUDXQDUHVSXHVWDDGHFXDGDUiSLGD\
RSRUWXQDGXUDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/D(GXFDFLyQVHUHILHUHDODVHQVLELOL]DFLyQ\FRQFLHQWL]DFLyQGHODSREODFLyQVREUH
ORV SULQFLSLRV \ OD ILORVRItD GH OD 3UHYHQFLyQ \ $WHQFLyQ GH 'HVDVWUHV RULHQWDGRV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHDFUHDUHQHOORVXQD&XOWXUDGH3UHYHQFLyQ(QHVWDIDVHSRGH
PRVPHQFLRQDUHQWUHRWUDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVDUHDOL]DU
+D\TXHHODERUDU\PDQWHQHUDFWXDOL]DGRHOLQYHQWDULRGHSRWHQFLDOKXPDQR\UHFXU
VRVPDWHULDOHVGHVXiUHDGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDG
3ODQLILFDURSRUWXQDPHQWHODVDFFLRQHVGHHYDFXDFLyQSULPHURVDX[LOLRVE~VTXHGD\
UHVFDWH\RWUDVRSHUDFLRQHVGHUHVSXHVWDGXUDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLD
(VWDEOHFHUVLVWHPDVGHPRQLWRUHRGHORVSHOLJURVLGHQWLILFDGRV\IRUPDVGHFRPXQL
FDFLyQSDUDODGLIXVLyQGHDYLVRVGHDOHUWD
'LIXQGLULQIRUPDFLyQGLVSRQLEOHVREUHORVSULQFLSDOHVSHOLJURVSDUDTXHODSREODFLyQ
WRPHFRQFLHQFLDGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOUROTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGH
HQODDWHQFLyQTXHGHPDQGHXQDHPHUJHQFLD
5HDOL]DUHMHUFLFLRVGHVLPXODFURV\RVLPXODFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVSHOLJURVDORVTXH
HVWiH[SXHVWDODSREODFLyQ
&RQFLHQWL]DU D ODV DXWRULGDGHV HQ TXH GHEHQ PDQWHQHU ODV H[LVWHQFLDV PtQLPDV
DVLJQDGDVDORVDOPDFHQHVDGHODQWDGRV
2FXUULGRXQGHVDVWUHUHDOL]DUODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVSHUWLQHQWHVSDUDUHFRJHUODVHQVH
xDQ]DVGHOPLVPR
0DQWHQHUHQWUHQDGRDO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOVREUHWRGRHQORTXH
UHVSHFWDDOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV
'LFWDGR GHFXUVRV GH HGXFDFLyQ \FDSDFLWDFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ VREUH PHGLGDV GH
SUHYHQFLyQ\HQODVWDUHDVGH'HIHQVD&LYLO
F5HVSXHVWDDQWHOD(PHUJHQFLD6XPDGHGHFLVLRQHV\DFFLRQHVWRPD
GDVGXUDQWHHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHOGHVDVWUHLQFOX\HQGRDFFLRQHV
GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH GDxRV DVLVWHQFLD LQPHGLDWD \ UHKDELOLWDFLyQ (Q HVWD IDVH
SRGHPRVPHQFLRQDUHQWUHRWUDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVDUHD
OL]DU
• /XHJRGHRFXUULGDODHPHUJHQFLDHQHOSULPHUPRPHQWRGLVSRQLEOHKD\TXH
HIHFWXDUOD(YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRVVLJXLHQGRHOIRUPDWRGHODQH[R
• (QEDVHDOD(YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRVHIHFWXDUHO$QiOLVLVGHODVQH
FHVLGDGHVSDUDDWHQGHUDODSREODFLyQDIHFWDGDHQIRUPDRSRUWXQD\DGH
FXDGD
• 3URSHQGHU D OD WHQHQFLD GH ORFDOHV \ DOPDFHQHV FRQ HO VWRFN GH
PDWHULDOHVQHFHVDULRVTXHSHUPLWDQXQDDGHFXDGDDWHQFLyQGHOD
HPHUJHQFLD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
• (O&2(H[KLELUiODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVUHIHUHQWHVDODHPHUJHQFLD
• (O &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO GHEHUi SURSRUFLRQDU DOLPHQWRV DWHQFLyQ
PpGLFDWHFKR\DEULJRDODSREODFLyQGDPQLILFDGDHQFRRUGLQDFLyQFRQORV
6HFWRUHV3~EOLFR\3ULYDGR\21*
• 5HDOL]DUODUHPRFLyQGHHVFRPEURVFRQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHOSHUVRQDOHV
SHFLDOL]DGR \ ODV %ULJDGDV GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO FXDQGR HO FDVR ORUH
TXLHUD
• (V GHWHUPLQDQWH UHDOL]DU OD UHKDELOLWDFLyQ GH ORV VHUYLFLRV EiVLFRV HQ HO
SOD]RPiVEUHYHSRVLEOH
• /XHJR GH RFXUULGR XQ GHVDVWUH UHDOL]DU ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SHUWLQHQWHVSD
UDPHMRUDUODDFWLYLGDGGHUHVSXHVWDGXUDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLD
/DUHFRQVWUXFFLyQ
• (V HO ~OWLPR SURFHVR GH OD *HVWLyQ GH ORV 'HVDVWUHV FRPR SDUWH GH OD
$WHQFLyQ TXH VH HMHFXWD GHVSXpV GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO
ULHVJR6HJ~QHOGLFFLRQDULRUHFRQVWUXLUHVVLQyQLPRGHUHSDUDU
DUUHJODUGDxRVDODVDOXG\GHORVVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRVUHKDFHUUHHGLILFDUUHV
WDXUDUHOSDWULPRQLRItVLFRGHYLYLHQGDV\RHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVUHSUR
GXFLUUHSHWLU\UHFREUDUODVDFWLYLGDGHVVRFLDOHV\HFRQyPLFDV
• /D UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ VH UHDOL]D OXHJR GH OD UHPRFLyQ GH ORV HVFRPEURV GH
SURYHHUDVLVWHQFLDPpGLFD\SVLFROyJLFDGHODSREODFLyQGHUHSDUDUHO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRQRUPDOGHORVVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRV\UHSRQHUODVIDFLOLGDGHVGH
SURGXFFLyQHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHRSHUDFLyQDVtFRPRGHUHDOL]DUODVLQYHVWL
JDFLRQHVSRVWGHVDVWUH
• &DEHSUHFLVDUTXHORVGHVDVWUHVGHMDQOHFFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDOD
DGRSFLyQGHPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQHQODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQ
• /DUHFRQVWUXFFLyQHVWi DFDUJRIRUPDOPHQWHGH ORVGLYHUVRVVHFWRUHV RPL
QLVWHULRVTXHFRQIRUPDQHO6HFWRU3~EOLFRVHJ~QVHDHOiPELWRRDFWL
YLGDGGRQGHVHKD\DSURGXFLGRHOGHVDVWUH
• $GHPiV GH FRQVLGHUDU ODV OHFFLRQHV GHO GHVDVWUH HQ HO GLVHxR GH
PHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQHVSHFtILFDVHQODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQVHGHEH
HYDOXDUODVFDXVDVUHJLRQDOHV\ORFDOHVTXHGLHURQRULJHQDODPDJQLWXGGHO
IHQyPHQRUHHYDOXDUORVFRVWRV\UHDQDOL]DUODVSROtWLFDVGHGHVDUUR
OORGHOD]RQDRHOiPELWRDIHFWDGR
• (YLGHQWHPHQWH WRGR SUR\HFWR LQWHJUDO GH GHVDUUROOR TXH VH IRUPXOH SDUDOD
UHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDGHWHUPLQDGD]RQDGHEHWRPDUHQFXHQWDODViUHDV
PiV YXOQHUDEOHV R DTXHOODV GRQGH HO LPSDFWR VRFLR HFRQyPLFR IXH PD\RU
FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH XQ GHWHUPLQDGR SHOLJUR FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH HYLWDU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
VLPLODUHVRPD\RUHVGHVDVWUHVHQHOIXWXUR
• (QHOFDVRTXHHOGHVDVWUHVHKD\DSURGXFLGRHQHOiPELWRUHJLRQDO
SURYLQFLDO R GLVWULWDO OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GHEHUtD VHU FRQGXFLGR FRQ HO
UHVSHFWLYR &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO \ ORV VHFWRUHV LQYROXFUDGRV 'H
WUDVFHQGHUHOiPELWRJHRJUiILFRDYDULDVUHJLRQHVGHEHUtDHVWDUDFDUJRGH
XQD&RPLVLyQR&RPLWp(VSHFLDOGH5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ,JXDOPHQWHVHJ~Q
VHDODPDJQLWXGRHOQLYHOGHOGHVDVWUHVHGHEHWHQHUHQFXHQWDHOSURFHVR
GHGHFODUDWRULDGHO(VWDGRGH(PHUJHQFLDGHFUHWDGRSDUDXQGHWHUPLQDGR
iPELWRJHRJUiILFRRFLUFXQVFULSFLyQWHUULWRULDO
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
5(&856261$785$/(6'(/3(5Ò
GEOGRAFÍA
&21&(372
/RVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVVRQDTXHOORV TXHVHGLVWULEX\HQ HQODWLHUUD(VGHFLUFXDO
TXLHUIRUPDGHPDWHULDRHQHUJtDTXHH[LVWHGHPRGRQDWXUDO\TXHSXHGHVHU
XWLOL]DGDSRUHOVHUKXPDQR
•
•
1DWXUDOHV $TXHOORVTXHVHGLVWULEX\HQHQODWLHUUD
(FRQyPLFRV $TXHOORVDSURYHFKDGRVSRUORVKRPEUHVDOVHUWUDQV
IRUPDGRV
&/$6,),&$&,Ð1
6HJ~QVXSHUPDQHQFLD
D ,QDJRWDEOHVRGHIOXMRVRQDTXHOORVFX\DGLVSRQLELOLGDGQRVHYHDIHFWDGD
LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHTXHVHOHVXWLOLFHRVHOHVGHMHIOXLU&OLPDWRSRJUDItD
HQHUJtDVRODUHQHUJtDHyOLFD
E 5HQRYDEOHV 6RQ$TXHOORVTXHOXHJRGHVHUGHSUHGDGRVDOWUDQVFXUULU
XQGHWHUPLQDGRFLFORVHUHSRQHQQXHYDPHQWH9HJHWDOHViUEROHV PDPtIHURV
DYHV SHFHV DJXD VXHOR HWF (O FDUiFWHUUHQRYDEOHGHXQUHFXUVRVH
SXHGHPDWL]DUH[LVWHQUHFXUVRVUHQRYDEOHVTXHVRQSRUGHILQLFLyQLQDJR
WDEOHVDHVFDODKXPDQDFRPR ODHQHUJtD VRODU OD HyOLFD ROD HQHUJtD GH ODV
PDUHDV \D TXHSRULQWHQVLYRTXHVHDVXXVRVLHPSUHHVWiQGLVSRQLEOHVGH
PRGRHVSRQWiQHR
• $SDUHQWHV $TXHOORV TXH VRQ FDSDFHV GH IRUPDUVH UHFLFODUVH RDXWRGHSX
UDUVH(MHPSOR6XHORDJXDDLUH
• 9HUGDGHURV 6RQFDSDFHVGHUHSURGXFLUVH(MHPSOR)ORUD\IDXQD
F 1R5HQRYDEOHV 6RQDTXHOORVTXHQRORJUDQUHQRYDUVH7DUGDQPLOORQHV
GHDxRV3HWUyOHRPLQHUDOHVJDVFDUEyQIRVIDWRV6RQORVUHFXUVRVPLQH
URV HQWUH ORV TXH VH SXHGH FRQWDU WDPELpQ D ORV FRPEXVWLEOHV IyVLOHV HO
FDUEyQ R HO SHWUyOHR ([LVWHQ HQ OD FRUWH]DWHUUHVWUH FDQWLGDGHV ILQLWDV GH
HVWRVPDWHULDOHVTXH SXHGHQVHUDSURYHFKDGRVSRUHOVHUKXPDQRHVWDGLV
SRQLELOLGDGOLPLWDGDLPSOLFDODQHFHVLGDGGHEXVFDUVLVWHPDVGHUHFLFODGRGH
PDWHULDOHVGHDKRUUR\DOWHUQDWLYDVDVXXVRHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOFDVRGH
ORVFRPEXVWLEOHV TXHQRSXHGHQ VHUUHFLFODGRVTXHQRFRPSURPHWDQHOGHVD
UUROOR\ODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HJ~QVXRULJHQ6HFODVLILFDQHQUHFXUVRV
D $QLPDOHV WRGDVODVHVSHFLHVGHQXHVWUDIDXQD
E 9HJHWDOHV YHJHWDOHV\ODVSODQWDVVLOYHVWUHV
F 0LQHUDOHV PHWiOLFRV\QRPHWiOLFRV
G (QHUJpWLFRV3HWUyOHRJDVQDWXUDOFDUEyQHWF$VtPLVPRHVWHWLSRGH UHFXU
VRVWDPELpQSXHGHQVHUDOWHUQDWLYRVHQWUHORVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ
+LGURHQHUJLD)OXYLDO(ODJXDHVXWLOL]DGDSDUDJHQHUDUHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD(QHO
3HU~SRUVXVGHVQLYHOHVDOWLWXGLQDOHVODGLVSRVLFLyQGHODKLGURHQHUJtDHVDOWD
*HRWpUPLFD(QHUJtDJHQHUDGDSRUHOFDORULQWHUQRGHODWLHUUD
(yOLFD (V OD HQHUJtD FUHDGD SRU ORV YLHQWRV IRUPD GH HQHUJtD PiV DQWLJXD VH
XVDQHQORVPROLQRVGHYLHQWR\HOHFWURERPEDV
0DUHRPRWUL] )XHQWH GH HQHUJtD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO PDU SXHGHVHU XWLOL]DGD
GH WUHV IRUPDV 0DUHDV RODV \ GLIHUHQFLDV WpUPLFDV GHVXVGLVWLQWDVFDSDV
6RODU FRPR IXHQWH GH FDORU \ SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ GH HOHFWULFLGDG /DRWUD PDQHUD
HV OD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH OD HQHUJtD VRODU PHGLDQWHFpOXODVVRODUHVFRQVWUXLGDV
FRQPDWHULDOHVFDSDFHVGHWUDQVIRUPDUHQHOHFWULFLGDGODVUDGLDFLRQHVVRODUHV
1XFOHDU (V RWUD IRUPD GH JHQHUDU HQHUJtD PHGLDQWH HO XVR GHPLQHUDOHV
FRPRXUDQLR\HOWRULRSRUSURFHVRVGHILVLyQ\IXVLyQQXFOHDU VH SURGXFH
HQHUJtDGLFKDHQHUJtDHVDSURYHFKDGRSDUDFRQYHUWLUORHQHQHUJtDTXHHV~WLOD
ODKXPDQLGDG
=21$6'(3527(&&,Ð1
6HJ~QODWHRUtDGH7KRPDV0DOWKXV/DSREODFLyQFUHFHHQIRUPDJHRPp
WULFDPLHQWUDVTXHORVDOLPHQWRVHQIRUPDDULWPpWLFDUD]yQSRUODTXHHVQHFH
VDULR FRQWURODU OD WDVD GH QDWDOLGDG UHGXFLU OD SREODFLyQ$GHPiVVHxDODED
TXHODVJXHUUDV\HSLGHPLDVD\XGDQDUHGXFLUDODSREODFLyQ
$ UDt]GHODGHVPHVXUDGDGHSUHVLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVORVJRELHUQRVRSWDURQ
SRUSURWHJHUDOJXQDV]RQDVFRQHOREMHWLYRGHVDOYDJXDUGDUODELRGLYHUVLGDG
H[LVWHQWHHQHOORVHVDVtVHFUHDODVXQLGDGHVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ
3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHV/XJDUHV\R]RQDVQDWXUDOHVGHSURWHFFLyQ\SUHVHUYD
FLyQGHODIORUD\ IDXQDGHFDUiFWHULQWDQJLEOH'RQGHHVWiFRPSOHWDPHQWHSURKL
ELGRHODSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\HODVHQWDPLHQWRKXPDQR
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
1ž
'HQRPLQDFLyQ
8ELFDFLyQ
&HUURVGH
7XPEHV\6XOODQD
$PRWDSH
3LXUD
&RQVHUYDQ
%RVTXHV6HFRVGHOQRURHVWH
/RUHWR6DQ0DUWtQ\
&RUGLOOHUDD]XO
&XWHUYR
&XWLYLUHQL
8FD\DOL
&XWHUYR&DMDPDUFD
-XQtQ&XVFR
RWLVKL
+XDVFDUiQ
0DQXPiVH[WHQVR
5tR$ELVHR
7LQJRPDUtD
&KHPLOOHQ
%DKXDMD6RQHQH
/DFRUGLOOHUDGH7DOORV
%RVTXHV+~PHGRV7URSLFDOHVGHODFRUGLOOHUD
GH9LOFDEDPED
*UDQSDUWHGH
)RUPDFLRQHVHFROyJLFDVUHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV
$QFDVK
FRGLOOHUD%ODQFD3X\DGH5DLPRQGL
3DXFDUWDPER&XVFR
)ORUD\IDXQDGHVDUUROODUXQSURJUDPDDQWURSROy
0DQX0'LRV
JLFRGHHWQLDV
0DULVFDO&iFHUHV
%RVTXHVGH1HEOLQD0RQR&KRURGHFROD
6DQ0DUWtQ
$PDULOOD
/HRQFLR
/D%HOOD'XUPLHQWHFXHYDGH
3UDGR+XiQXFR
/HFKX]DV4XHEUDGD%HOOD
%RVTXHV(QDQRV1XERVRVKiELWDWGH
<DQDFKDJD
/RVUHFXUVRVGHODFRUGLOOHUD$]XO
3DVFR2[DSDPSD
8OFXPDQX
ÒQLFD&RQtIHUDQDWXUDOGHO3HU~
0DGUHGH'LRV3XQR
)DXQDVLOYHVWUH/RERGH5tR7DPERSDWD
&DQGDPR5tR+HDWK\VXVSDPSDV
2WLVKL
$OWR3XUXV
-XQtQ&XVFR
%RVTXHVYtUJHQHV
3XUXV$WDOD\D
8FD\DOL
%RVTXHVK~PHGRVWURSLFDOHV
5HVHUYDV 1DFLRQDOHV /XJDUHVGHVWLQDGDVDODSURWHFFLyQ\SURSDJDFLyQ
GHODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHVyORSXHGHVHUXWLOL]DGRSUHYLDDXWRUL]DFLyQGHO(VWDGR
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
'HQRPLQDFLyQ
8ELFDFLyQ
&RQVHUYD
3U R WH JH 3
D
F
D
\D
6
D
P
L
U
D
0
D
V
$
P
D
]
R
Q
D
V
/
R
U
H
W
R
\
)O
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
G
H
O
D
V
HO
Y
D
%
DM
D
8
WL OL
]
D FL
y
Q
U
D
FL
R
Q
D
O
(
[
W
H
Q
V
R
8
F
D
\
D
OL
G
H
O
D
I
D
X
Q
D
VLO
Y
H
V
W
U
H
3
D
P
S
D
9L
/
X
F
D
Q
D
V
$
\D
F
X
F
K
R
F
X
x
D
V
S
D
U
D
L
Q
F
U
H
P
H
Q
W
D
U
O
D
U
H
Q
W
D
G
H
O
D
WL
H
U
U
D
H
Q
*
D
O
H
U
D
V
E
H
Q
H
I
L
FL
R
G
H
O
D
V
F
R
P
X
Q
L
G
D
G
H
V
)O
7L
WL
F
D
F
D
+
X
D
Q
F
D
Q
p
3
X
Q
R
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
G
HO
7
L
WL
F
D
F
D
0
D
Q
W
H
Q
H
U
O
D
F
XO
W
X
U
D
G
H
O
D
S
R
EO
D
FL
y
Q
(
F
R
VL
V
W
H
P
D
V
0
D
UL
Q
R
V
3
D
W
U
L
P
R
Q
L
R
F
XO
W
X
U
DO
H
+L
V
3
D
U
D
F
D
V
3L
V
F
R
,
F
D
8
V
R
U
D
F
L
R
Q
DO
G
H
O
R
E
R
V
P
D
U
L
Q
R
V
6
D
Q
WL
D
J
R
G
H
&
K
X
F
R
/
D
&
DOL
S
X
\
*
/L
E
H
U
W
D
G
X
D
Q
D
F
R
/
D
F
K
D
\
&
K
D
Q
F
D
\
/L
P
D
$
O
D
F
R
V
W
D
F
H
Q
D
W
U
DO
9
H
J
H
W
D
FL
y
Q
D
X
W
y
F
W
R
&
6
DOL
Q
D
V
\
$
J
X
D
G
D
D
Q
F
D
D
\O
O
R
P
D
$
U
H
T
X
L
S
D
6
%O
i
Q
F
K
H
]
&
H
U
U
R
0
R
T
X
H
)O
R
U
\
I
D
X
Q
D
±
3
DL
V
DM
H
V
J
X
D
7
D
P
E
R
S
D
W
D
0
D
G
U
H
G
H
'L
R
V
)O
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
-
X
Q
t
Q
-
X
Q
t
Q
3
D
V
F
R
- -
5
H
F
X
U
V
R
V
Q
D
W
X
U
DO
H
V
IO
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
Q
D
W
y
U
L
F
R
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6DQWXDULR1DFLRQDO/XJDUHVGHSURWHFFLyQGHIORUD\IDXQDIRUPDFLR
QHVQDWXUDOHVLQWDQJLEOHSRVHHFDUiFWHUFLHQWtILFR\RWXUtVWLFR
'HQRPLQDFLyQ
+HDWK
PiVH[WHQVR
7DPERSDWD 0DGUH
'LRV
&DOLSX\
6DQWLDJRGH&KXFR
/D/LEHUWDG
/DJXQDGH0HMtD
,VOD\±$UHTXLSD
0DQJODUHVGH
7XPEHV
+XD\OOD\
7DEDFRQDV1DQED
OOH
$PSD\
8ELFDFLyQ
0HJDQWRQL
&RQVHUY3URWHJH
&LHUYRGH3DQWDQRV/RERGH&ULQ
&RFRGULOR$PHULFDQR2VR0DQJOHUR/DQJRV
WLQRVFRQFKDVFUXVWiFHRV\PROXVFRV
7XPEHV=XUXPLOOD
3X\DGH5DLPRQGL
3DVFR
%RVTXHGH3LHGUDVGH+XD\OOD\
&DMDPDUFD
5HIXJLRGHUDQDV2VR$QGLQR7DSLUGH
$OWXUD(O9HQDGR(QDQR&RQtIHUDV1DWLYDV
1HYDGR$PSD\
$SXUtPDF
&XVFR8UXEDPED
$YLIDXQD
5RGDOHVGHSRGRFDUSXV IORUD\IDXQD
VLOYHVWUH
5tR8UXEDPED3ODQWDVPHGLFLQDOHV
ERVTXHVLQWDFWRVPRQWDxDV
6DQWXDULRV+LVWyULFRV/XJDUHVLQWDQJLEOHVGHVWLQDGRVDODSURWHF
FLyQ VRQ DTXHOORV OXJDUHV GRQGH VH GHVDUUROODURQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV JORULRVRV GH
QXHVWUDKLVWRULDQDFLRQDO
'HQRPLQDFLyQ
8ELFDFLyQ
0DFKXSLFFKX
8UXEDPED&XVFR
3DPSDVGH
4XLQXD
+XDPDQJD$\DFX
FKR
3DPSDVGH
$\DFXFKR
$\DFXFKR +XD
PDQJD
&KDFDPDUFD
%RVTXHGH
3RPDF
3XQD-XQtQ
3LWLSR)HUUDxDIH
/DPED\HTXH
- -
&RQVHY3URWHFFLyQ
5HVWRV$UTXHROyJLFRV5XLQDV,QFDV
3DLVDMHVGHORVUHVWRV
3DPSDVGH4XLQXD±%DWDOODGH
$\DFXFKR
(VFHQDULRGHOD%DWDOODGH-XQtQ
(VFHQDULRGHOD%DWDOODGH$\DFXFKR
5XLQDVSUHLQFDVGHODFXOWXUD:DUL
UHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV
5HVWR$UTXHROyJLFRV6LFDQ)ORUD\
)DXQD%RVTXHV'HQVRV
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
5HVHUYD3DLVDMtVWLFD3URWHJHDTXHOORVOXJDUHVSDLVDMtVWLFDV
'(120,1$&,Ð1
8%,&$&,Ð1
3527(*(
• &XHQFD$OWDGHO&DxHWH
<DX\RV±/LPD
• (FRVLVWHPDVGH3DFKD
1RU<DX\RV&RFKDV
-DXMD±-XQtQ
PD\R
5HVHUYD&RPXQDO3URWHJHQDODVHWQLDVQDWLYDVHQSHOLJURGHH[WLQFLyQ
'HQRPLQDFLyQ
8ELFDFLyQ
6XSHUILFLH
<DQHVKD
5tR8FD\DOL
(O6LUD
0DWVLJXHQJD
$PDUNDHUL
&RQVHUY3URWHJH
3DUWH&XVFR
5HFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
%RVTXHVK~PHGRVWURSL
FDOHV
-XQtQ
%RVTXHV VHFRV K~PH
GRV9DORUHVFXOWXUDOHV
0DGUHGH'LRV
$VKDQLQND
)ORUD\ IDXQD
=RQDV UHVHUYDGDV 6RQ iUHDV GH SURWHFFLyQ WUDQVLWRULDSDUD XVRWXUtVWLFR
\ SDUD OD GHIHQVD GH DOJ~Q HFRVLVWHPD HQ SHOLJUR GHH[WLQFLyQ (Q HO 3HU~
H[LVWH]RQDVUHVHUYDGDVFRQXQDH[WHQVLyQGHKHFWiUHDV
' (120,1$& ,Ð1
/
D
T
XL
S
D
P
S
D
8 %,& $& ,Ð1
/
/
3
D
Q
W
D
Q
R
V
G
H
9 LOO
D
L
P
D
D
P
E
D
\
'
H
L
T
V
W
X
U
L
H
W
& 216(59$3527(*(
R
)
G
D
$
K
R
U
ULOO
R
V
7
X
P
E
H
V
7
X
P
E
H
V
$O
J
D
U
U
R
E
D
O
(O
YL
D
~
5
/L
R
U
R
E
H
U
W
D
G
H
V
W
U
H
3
D
Y
D
$OL
EO
D
Q
F
D
I
D
X
X
Q
Q
D
D
)O
(
Q
R
G
U
p
D
6LO
P
L
F
D
Y
H
V
%
W
U
R
H
V
0
T
X
L
J
H
U
V
D
W
V
R
H
UL
F
D
R
V
P
H
G
R
V
W
U
R
SL
F
DO
H
V
U
U
H
R
V
$
E
W
R
IO
R
V
V
R
U
i
Q
D
U
T
X
H
R
O
y
JL
F
R
V
%
R
V
T
X
H
V
G
H
D
O
J
D
D
P
L
H
Q
W
R
G
H
D
J
X
D
V
W
H
U
P
D
O
H
V
6
X
E
&
K
D
Q
F
D
\
E
D
x
R
V
W
&
DM
D
P
D
U
F
D
H
V
)O
$
\P
D
U
D
/
X
S
D
F
D
3
X
Q
R
U
U
H
D
V
D
J
X
D
G
XO
F
H
(
Y
6LO
0
K
D
)
Q
H
&
X
S
R
U
H
FL
D
H
\
V
I
6LO
D
X
&
- -
XO
W
X
U
DO
H
V
Y
Q
H
D
V
W
UH
V
LO
V
Y
H
H
Q
V
W
U
HO
H
%
R
5
V
H
T
F
X
X
U
H
V
R
V
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
7
D
P
E
R
S
D
W
D
&
D
Q
G
D
P
R
0
*
X
H
S
SL
5
t
R
5
t
P
D
G
D
F
D
Q
WL
D
J
H
L
P
D
R
G
R
U
H
H
'
W
L
'L
R
V
R
V
R
W
U
X
)O
R
W
U
W
U
L
W
R
G
X
Q
DL
P
\
K
R
U
ULOO
U
D
V
I
D
X
Q
D
V
LO
Y
H
V
W
U
H
5
H
F
X
U
V
R
V
F
X
O
R
V
DO
H
\
V
I
D
X
Q
D
V
LO
YH
V
W
U
H
U
H
F
X
U
V
R
V
F
X
O
H
2
$
R
H
ULOO
D
V
U
t
R
V
G
H
Y
H
J
H
W
D
W
U
FL
y
Q
&
D
DO
)O
U
&
6
U
/
/
)O
D
P
D
]
R
Q
D
V
OH
P
D
]
R
Q
D
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
G
H
VLO
Y
H
V
H
U
H
F
X
U
V
R
V
F
XO
W
X
U
D
$
R
V
V
%
H
&
R
U
GLOO
H
U
D
G
H
F
RO
D
Q
Q
W
U
H
O
R
V
U
t
R
V
E
8
&
R
U
GLOO
H
U
D
X
D
G
H
U
X
E
D
P
E
D
V
DM
T
D
X
V
H
IO
V
R
U
D
Q
\
I
H
D
EOL
X
Q
Q
D
D
&
X
H
Q
F
D
V
P
H
G
L
R
V
\
$
R
Q
F
D
V
K
+
X
i
Q
X
F
R
(
F
R
VL
V
W
H
P
D
G
H
DO
W
D
P
R
Q
W
D
x
D
H
[
F
H
S
F
L
R
Q
DO
+
X
D
\K
V
K
/L
P
D
E
HOO
H
]
D
S
DL
V
DM
t
V
WL
F
D
%
D
W
D
Q
*
0
$
S
D
X
U
Q
UL
D
X
P
Q
G
H
/
0
D
F
D
D
P
G
U
E
H
D
\
G
H
H
T
X
'L
H
R
)O
V
)O
R
R
U
U
D
D
\
\
I
I
D
D
X
X
Q
Q
D
D
-
X
Q
t
Q
\
3
D
V
F
R
)O
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
)O
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
)O
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
)O
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
)O
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
R
U
D
\
I
D
X
Q
D
$O
W
R
&
D
x
H
W
H
\
&
R
F
K
D
V
/L
D
$O
F
S
$O
K
D
D
K
F
X
D
D
\R
\R
0
D
3
P
L
S
V
D
K
K
D
X
Q
D
D
\R
L
V
K
D
Q
D
R
U
H
W
R
/
R
U
H
W
R
0
/
$O
W
R
3
X
U
~
V
0
D
G
U
H
G
H
'L
R
V
\
8
F
D
\
D
OL
)O
$
P
D
U
D
N
H
L
U
t
0
D
G
U
H
G
H
'L
R
V
%RVTXHVGHSURWHFFLyQ6RQGHSURSLHGDGHVWDWDOGHGLFDGDVDODFRQVHUYD
FLyQGHERVTXHVGHODVFXHQFDVDOWDVRFROHFWRUDVODVULEHUDVGHORVUtRVHWF
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
'(120,1$&,Ï1
$OHGDxRDOD%RFD
WRPDFDQDOQXHYR
3XTXLR6DQWD
5RVD
3XL3XL
8%,&$&,Ï1
/LPD
/LEHUWDG
-XQtQ
6DQ0DWtDV6DQ
3DVFR2[DSDPSD
&DUORV
3DJD\EDPED
&DMDPDUFD
$OWR0D\R
6DQ0DUWtQ
GEOGRAFÍA
&216(59$3527(*(
6XHORV$OHGDxRV,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDGHOD
ERFDWRPDGHOFDQDO1XHYR,PSHULDO
&RQVXPR DJUtFROD 6XHORVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUD
YLDO&HQWURVSREODGRV7LHUUDVDJUtFRODV\
%RVTXHV
,QIUDHVWUXFWXUD9LDO&XHQFDKLGURJUiILFDGH
ORVUtRV7XOXPD\R
7LHUUDV$JUtFRODV
*DUDQWL]DUHO$EDVWHFLPLHQWRGH$JXD
6XHORV±%RVTXHV
(VSHFLHVGHIDXQD\IORUD
&RWRVGH&D]D6RQiUHDVGHPDQHMRGHODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHHQWLHUUDVGH
GRPLQLRS~EOLFRRSULYDGR(VWiQGHGLFDGDVDODFD]DGHSRUWLYD
'HQRPLQDFLyQ
8ELFDFLyQ
ÉUHDV HVSHFLILFDV
(O$QJROR
3LXUD
6XQFKXEDPED
&DMDPDUFD
- -
%RVTXHVVHFRVGH3LXUD\
7XPEHV(VWDWDO
1DFLHQWHVGHO 5tR&KLFDPD\
-HTXHWHSHTXH3ULYDGR
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
6HFFLyQ
$&7,9,'$'(6(&21Ï0,&$6(1(/3(5Ò
,1752'8&&,21
/DVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVVRQODVDFFLRQHVGHOKRPEUHTXHVLUYHQSDUDVXV
WHQWDUODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHXQ(VWDGR\SDUDREWHQHUGLYLVDVDILQGHGHVDUUR
OODUVXHFRQRPtD6HFODVLILFDQHQ
D ([WUDFWLYDV3HVFDODPLQHUtD\ODH[WUDFFLyQIRUHVWDOE3URGXFWLYDV$JULFXO
WXUD\JDQDGHUtD
F 7UDQVIRUPDWLYDV,QGXVWULD\DUWHVDQtD
G 'LVWULEXWLYDV&RPHUFLR\ORVVHUYLFLRV
0,1(5,$
(VODDFWLYLGDGSRUODTXHHOKRPEUHH[WUDHORVUHFXUVRVPLQHUDOHVTXHQHFH
VLWD 6H UHODFLRQD FRQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH FDWHR H[SORUDFLyQH[SORWDFLyQH[LVWHQWHV
HQHOVXHOR\VXEVXHORDVtFRPRVXSRVWHULRUEHQHILFLRUHILQDFLyQFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ
\ WUDQVSRUWH
(VXQDDFWLYLGDGTXHGDWDGHWLHPSRVSUHKLVSiQLFRV\HQODDFWXDOLGDGHVODDFWLYL
GDGHFRQyPLFDPiVLPSRUWDQWH
(O 3HU~ HV XQ SDtV ULFR HQ PLQHUDOHV SRU OD GLYHUVLGDG GH UHOLHYH HV XQ SDtVSROL
PHWiOLFRGRQGHHQFRQWUDPRVKDVWDWLSRVGHPHWDOHV
(QVXVLQLFLRVODPLQHUtDHVWDEDDFDUJRGHFRPSDxtDVH[WUDQMHUDVOXHJRGHOHVWD
GR HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG ORV SULQFLSDOHV FHQWURV PLQHURV HVWiQ HQ PDQRV GHHPSUHVDV
SULYDGDV
&ODVLILFDFLyQ
D 0HWiOLFRV VRQPHWDOHVFRPRHORURSODWDFREUH]LQJHWF
E 1RPHWiOLFRV FRPRHOJUDQLWRPiUPRO\HVRHWF6XXWLOL]DFLyQHVGLYHUVD
SRUHMHPSORFRQHOD]XIUHVHHODERUDSDSHOFRQHOFXDU]RYLGULR
F (QHUJpWLFRVVRQODSULQFLSDOIXHQWHGHHQHUJtDVHXELFDQHQHOVXEVXHOR
FRPRHOSHWUyOHRHOJDVQDWUDO\HOFDUEyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
3ULQFLSDOHVPLQHUDOHVPHWiOLFRV
D &REUH 0X\ XWLOL]DGR HQ OD LQGXVWULD EpOLFD HOHFWUyQLFD DXWRPRYLOtVWLFD \ HQ OD
IDEULFDFLyQGHFDEOHVFRQGXFWRUHV(OFREUHHVHOVHJXQGRPHWDOPiVXWLOL]DGR
HQHOPXQGR\HVYDORUDGRSRUVXFRQGXFWLYLGDGPDOHDELOLGDG\UHVLVWHQFLDD
ODFRUURVLyQ
/RV\DFLPLHQWRVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQ&XDMRQH\7RTXHSDOD2WURVLPSRUWDQ
WHV\DFLPLHQWRVVRQ&HUUR9HUGH7LQWD\D4XHOODYHFR0LFKLTXLOOD\$QWDPLQD
/RVSULQFLSDOHVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVGHFREUHDQLYHOPXQGLDOVRQ&KLOH
((88,QGRQHVLD$XVWUDOLD&DQDGi\3HU~
E +LHUUR6HHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGRQDWLYRRIRUPDQGRFRPSXHVWRVFRPRODKHPD
WLQDODOLPRQLWDODVLGHULWD\ODPDJQHWLWD(O\DFLPLHQWRGHKLHUURPiVLPSRU
WDQWHHQHOSDtVHV0DUFRQD3URYGH1D]FD±,FD6XH[SORWDFLyQHVDWDMR
DELHUWR 8QD SDUWH GH VX SURGXFFLyQ VH GHVWLQD D ODV VLGHU~UJLFDV GH
&KLPERWH$QFDVK$FHURV$UHTXLSD$UHTXLSD\HOUHVWRVHH[SRUWD2WURV
\DFLPLHQWRVIHUUtIHURVVRQ$FDUt$UHTXLSD7DPERJUDQGH3LXUD5RQGRUL
+XDQXFR &HUUR 0RULWR 7DFQD /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHV GH
DFHUR VRQ ((88 5XVLD $OHPDQLD ,QJODWHUUD -DSyQ )UDQFLD &KLQD ,WDOLD
HWF
F 3ORPR6HHQFXHQWUDIRUPDQGRFRPSXHVWRVFRPRJDOHQDODDQJOHVLWD
OD JHUXVLWD HWF 6X DSOLFDFLyQ HV HQ OD IDEULFDFLyQ GHFDxHUtDVSLQWXUDV
VROGDGXUDLPSUHQWDEDODV\PXQLFLRQHVHWF6HHQFXHQWUDSRUORJHQHUDODVR
FLDGRDO]LQF\ODSODWD/RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVSO~PELFRVHQHO3HU~VRQ
&DVDSDOFD/LPD 0LOSR 3DVFR 0RURFRFKD -XQtQ $UFDWD $UHTXLSD -XOFD
QL+XDQFDYHOLFD6DQ9LFHQWH-XQtQ&HUURGH3DVFR3DVFR<DXULFRFKD/L
PD 5HFXSHUDGD +XDQFDYHOLFD %XHQDYHQWXUD +XDQFDYHOLFD &RTXLMLUFD
3DVFRHWF/RVSULQFLSDOHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHVGHSORPRVRQ&KLQD$XV
WUDOLD((883HU~\&DQDGi
G =LQF6HHQFXHQWUDIRUPDQGRFRPSXHVWRVFRPRODEOHQGDODHVFDOHULWD
ODFDODPLQDHWF6XDSOLFDFLyQHVDOHDFLRQHVSDUDSURGXFLUODWyQSODWDDOHPDQD
LQGXVWULDDXWRPRYLOtVWLFDHWF
/RV\DFLPLHQWRVGH]LQFPiVLPSRUWDQWHVHQHO3HU~VRQ$QWDPLQD$QFDVK
&DVDSDOFD/LPD0LOSR3DVFR$UFDWD$UHTXLSD-XOFDQL+XDQFDYHOLFD6DQ
9LFHQWH -XQtQ +XDUyQ 3DVFR 6DQ &ULVWyEDO -XQtQ 5DXUD 3DVFR &D
UDKXDUD-XQtQ$WRFRFKD3DVFR+XDUyQ3DVFR6DQWDQGHU/LPD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVPXQGLDOHVGH]LQFVRQ&KLQD$XVWUDOLD&DQDGi
3HU~\((88
H 2UR6XDSOLFDFLyQHVODHODERUDFLyQGHMR\DVPHGDOODVPRQHGDVGHFROHFFLyQ
\ FRPRUHVSDOGRHFRQyPLFRDODVPRQHGDVGHSDSHOUHVHUYDV
/RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVDXUtIHURVGHO3HU~VRQ<DQDFRFKD&DMDPDUFD
/DEHULQWR 0DGUH GH 'LRV 6DQ $QWRQLR GH SRWR 3XQR $QWDPLQD $QFDVK
3LHULQD $QFDVK 3DUFR\ /D OLEHUWDG %XOGLEX\R /D /LEHUWDG &HUUR &RUQRD
$UHTXLSD 3D~FDU $UHTXLSD 1DWRPDV$UHTXLSD/DHVWUHOOD /D /LEHUWDG
3DWD]/D/LEHUWDG5LQFRQDGD3XQR6DUDPDUFD,FD5HWDPDV3XQR0DU
VD/D/LEHUWDGHWF
/RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVPXQGLDOHVGHRURVRQ5HS~EOLFDVXGDIULFDQD((88
$XVWUDOLD&KLQD\&DQDGi
I 3ODWD6XDSOLFDFLyQHVHQODIDEULFDFLyQGHMR\DVPRQHGDVPHGDOODV
HQWUHRWURV
/RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVDUJHQWtIHURVHQHO3HU~VRQ&DVDSDOFD/LPD
&HUURGH3DVFR3DVFR-XOFDQL+XDQFDYHOLFD$UFDWD$UHTXLSD0LOSR
3DVFR0RURFRFKD-XQtQ6DQ9LFHQWH-XQtQ+XDUyQ 3DVFR 6DQ &ULVWy
EDO -XQtQ 5DXUD 3DVFR %XHQDYHQWXUD+XDQFDYHOLFD&D\OORPD$UHTXLSD
HWF
/D SODWDXQ PHWDO EODQFR \ EODQGR HQ HVWDGRSXURVXHOH GDUVH HQ ODQDWXUDOH
]DDVRFLDGRFRQRWUDVPHQDVGHPHWDOHV/DPD\RUtDGHODSODWDTXHVHRE
WLHQHKR\VHH[WUDHFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQSORPR\FREUHFRPR XQ VXESURGXFWR
/DV PLQDV GH .RQVEHUJ HQ 1RUXHJD VRQFpOHEUHVSRUVXVHVSHFLPHQHVGH
DODPEUHVGHSODWDSXUD
/RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVGHSODWDHQHOPXQGRVRQ0p[LFR3HU~((88
$XVWUDOLD\&KLOH
3ULQFLSDOHVPLQHUDOHVHQHUJpWLFRV
D 3HWUyOHR6XRULJHQVHDWULEX\HDODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHUHVWRVGHVXVWDQ
FLDVRUJiQLFDVIyVLOHV(V XQOtTXLGRROHRVRELWXPLQRVR GHRULJHQQDWXUDO
FRPSXHVWRSRUGLIHUHQWHVVXVWDQFLDVRUJiQLFDV7DPELpQUHFLEHORVQRP
EUHVGHSHWUyOHRFUXGRFUXGRSHWUROtIHURRVLPSOHPHQWH³FUXGR´
6H HQFXHQWUD HQ JUDQGHV FDQWLGDGHV EDMR OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH \ VHHPSOHD
FRPR FRPEXVWLEOH \ PDWHULD SULPD SDUD OD LQGXVWULD TXtPLFD/DV VRFLHGDGHV
LQGXVWULDOHVPRGHUQDVORXWLOL]DQVREUHWRGRSDUDORJUDU XQJUDGR GH PRYLOL
GDGSRU WLHUUD PDU\ DLUH LPSHQVDEOH KDFHVyORDxRV$GHPiVHOSHWUyOHR
\ VXV GHULYDGRV VH HPSOHDQ SDUDIDEULFDU PHGLFLQDV IHUWLOL]DQWHV SURGXFWRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
DOLPHQWLFLRVREMHWRVGHSOiVWLFRPDWHULDOHVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQSLQWXUDV\WH[WLOHV
\ SDUDJHQHUDUHOHFWULFLGDG
• <DFLPLHQWRV /RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVGHHVWHPLQHUDOHQHOWHUULWRULR
SHUXDQRVRQ
• &RVWD 7XPEHV3LXUD\]yFDORFRQWLQHQWDOGHOQRUHVWHSHUXDQR
• 6LHUUD FXHQFDGHOODJR7LWLFDFD
• 6HOYD DJXDVFDOLHQWHV&DSLURQDWURPSHWHURV3DYD\DFX7XQFKHSOD
\D3DXMLO9DOHQFLD1XHYDHVSHUDQ]D\3ODQWD\DFX
• /RUHWR
• 5HILQHUtDV 7DODUD 3LXUD HV OD PDV DQWLJXD 3DPSLOOD /LPD OD PiV
JUDQGH&RQFKiQ/LPD,TXLWRV/RUHWR\3XFDOOSD
• 7UDQVSRUWH 6HOYD DPD]yQLFD 3DUD HO WUDQVSRUWH GHO SHWUyOHR GHODVHOYD
DPD]yQLFDVHFRQVWUX\yGXUDQWHHOJRELHUQRUHYROXFLRQDULRGH-XDQ9HODVFR
$OYDUDGRHO³2OHRGXFWR1RUSHUXDQR´TXHSDUWHGHODORFDOLGDGGHVDQ
-RVpGH6DUDPXUR6LJXHHOFXUVRGHOUtR0DUDxyQDWUDYLHVDORVSRQJRVGH
0DQVHULFKH \ 5HQWHPD HO 3DVR GH 3RUFXOOD FUX]D HO GHVLHUWR GH6HFKXUD
KDVWDOOHJDUD%D\yYDU3LXUD 'HVGH DPERV SXQWRVH[WUHPRV HO ROHR
GXFWRWLHQHXQDH[WHQVLyQGH.PSHURSRVHH GRV UDPDOHV HO GH
&DSDKXDUL UDPDO 1RUWH\ HO UDPDO GHFRUULHQWHVTXHSDUWHGH3DYD\DFX
FRQORVTXHODORQJLWXGGHOROHRGXFWRDOFDQ]DUtDORV.P
• ([SORWDFLyQSHWUROHUD (OSHWUyOHRHVHOPLQHUDOFRPEXVWLEOHOtTXLGRGH
PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD SDUD HO KRPEUH HQ HO PXQGR DFWXDOHVXQFRPSXHVWR
GHKLGUyJHQR\FDUERQRHQSURSRUFLRQHVYDULDGDV
• 'HULYDGRV 6H WLHQH OD JDVROLQD SHWUyOHR NHURVHQH GRPpVWLFR R LQGXV
WULDO DFHLWHV SDUD PRWRUHV JUDVDV OXEULFDQWHV DVIDOWRVEHQFLQDYDVH
OLQDSDUDILQDHWF3URGXFWRVLQGXVWULDOHV,QVHFWLFLGDVGLVROYHQWHVSOiVWLFRV
DLVODQWHVIHUWLOL]DQWHVILEUDVVLQWpWLFDVHWF
E *DVQDWXUDO(VXQFRPEXVWLEOHIyVLOIRUPDGRSRUXQFRQMXQWRGHKLGURFDU
EXURVTXHHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHUHVHUYRULRVHHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGR JDVHRVR R
HQ GLVROXFLyQ FRQ HO SHWUyOHR \ FRPR ³JDV QDWXUDOQRDVRFLDGR´FXDQGRQRHVWi
DFRPSDxDGRGHSHWUyOHR
(OiUHDGHPD\RUUHVHUYDGHOJDVQDWXUDOHQHO3HU~HVHO\DFLPLHQWRGH &DPL
VHD &XVFR TXH LQLFLy VX IDVH GH H[SORWDFLyQ HO DxR 2WURV\DFLPLHQWRV
JDVtIHURVVRQ6HSDKXD0DGUHGH'LRV7DODUD3LXUD\$JXD\WtD8FD\DOL
/RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHVGH JDV QDWXUDOHQ HO PXQGRVRQ 5XVLD&DQDGi
5HLQR8QLGR$UJHOLD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
F &DUEyQPLQHUDO7DPELpQOODPDGRFDUEyQGHSLHGUDRKXOOD6XVDSOLFDFLR
QHV VRQ HQ ODV LQGXVWULDV VLGHU~UJLFD SHWURTXtPLFD H[SORVLYRV FRORUDQWHV LQ
VHFWLFLGDVSOiVWLFRVHWF
7LSRV6HGLVWLQJXHQFXDWURWLSRV
7XUED
FDUEyQHQIRUPDFLyQ
/LJQLWR FDUEyQUHFLHQWHPHQWHIRUPDGR
+XOOD
HOPiVDEXQGDQWHHQHOPXQGR
$QWUDFLWD PiVDQWLJXR\GHDOWRUHQGLPLHQWR
7,326
•
&$5$&7(5Ì67,&$
&$3$&,'$' &$/25Ì),&$
(
V
H
O
P
H
Q
R
V
W
U
D
Q
V
I
R
U
P
D
G
R
\
F
•
X
U
E
D
•
H
•
6
W
W
R
•
•
D
H
D
(
F
QL
Q
V
LF
V
J
R
S
W
D
LH
F
R
V
Q
W
R
H
Y
H
J
J
UD
H
Q
WD
F
OH
V
D
Q
Q
W
LG
R
D
F
G
D
G
UE
H
R
Q
•
•
L
I
/L
P
U
7
R
&
&
(
I
V
V
R
G
V
R
UP
P
O
R
V
D
H
Q
]
R
Q
D
V
S
D
Q
W
D
W
Q
R
3
R
(
V
E
3
R
(
V
6
H
6
H
F
U
H
D
V
H
R
Q
S
F
R
D
G
UE
H
U
R
Q
F
R
D
OR
U
t
I
LF
R
U
t
I
LF
R
H
Q
Y
Q
R
R
i
U
Q
V
H
S
H
V
D
J
U
V
W
U
UG
D
y
X
R
OLG
F
W
R
F
R
X
R
U
D
Q
T
H
P
X
OH
J
S
H
x
UR
D
F
R
OD
VD
X
U
E
D
W
D
\
G
H
•
•
•
•
•
0
E
F
i
U
H
D
X
V
T
X
V
V
H
R
D
H
Q
S
H
Q
P
H
F
R
D
Q
U
D
G
UE
H
MR
V
LT
U
\
H
Q
F
H
LQ
X
R
U
K
F
R
D
t
OR
D
X
P
LG
D
R
F
D
U
E
+
XOO
D
•
&
W
•
•
$
Q
W
U
D
FL
W
D
X
D
LJ
/
H
Q
V
L
LR
OD
E
V
P
U
Q
Y
D
LOOR
R
H
G
V
J
R
H
H
F
E
W
D
D
H
OH
UE
Q
V
y
F
X
H
Q
G
H
W
UD
Q
Y
H
V
•
$
V
G
X
UD
F
R
P
S
D
F
W
D
S
\
L
H
G
G
H
UD
F
•
R
U
LOOD
Q
WH
OR
U
OW
R
R
S
\
R
G
H
H
U
OH
F
P
D
H
OR
U
Q
t
I
W
R
LF
V
R
R
Oi
W
LOH
V
V
0
i
R
V
Q
R
H
Q
\
S
U
LT
H
X
OH
H
F
P
LG
H
D
Q
W
R
V
H
Y
Q
R
0
D
\
R
U
R
G
H
U
F
D
O
R
U
t
I
LF
R
<DFLPLHQWRV/RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVFDUERQtIHURVGHO3HU~VRQ
35,1&,3$/(6<$&,0,(1726
• *R\OODULVTXL]JD3DV
FR
• &XHQFDGHOUtR6DQWD
$QFDVK
• 2\yQ/LPD
• +DWXQKXDVL-XQtQ
• &XHQFDGHOUtR
&KLFDPD/D/LEHU
WDG
• &DUXPDV0RTXHJXD
- -
• 3DUXUR\/LYLWDFD
&XVFR
• /LUFD\+XDQFDYHOLFD
• 3DOFD7DFQD
• <DQDFDQFKD&DMD
PDUFD
• 4XHURSDOFD+XDQXFR
F
Oi
•
E
Q
Q
E
(
R
D
W
U
LOH
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/RV FLQFR PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV GH FDUEyQ PLQHUDO HQ HO PXQGR VRQ &KLQD
((88,QGLD$XVWUDOLD\5XVLD
,PSRUWDQFLDGHODPLQHUtD
• (VODSULQFLSDOIXHQWHGHGLYLVDVFRPRSURPHGLRSURGXFWRGH
QXHVWUDVH[SRUWDFLRQHVGHPLQHUDOHV
• (VODDFWLYLGDGTXHFDSWDPD\RUHVLQYHUVLRQHVH[WUDQMHUDVVREUHWRGRSRU
ODWHFQRORJtDDHPSOHDUVHSDUDODH[WUDFFLyQGHORVPLQHUDOHV
• (VIXHQWHRFXSDFLRQDOGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDHQWUHORVDOWDPHQWHFD
OLILFDGRVSURIHVLRQDOHVSHUVRQDOHVSHFLDOL]DGR\WUDEDMDGRUHVQRFDOLIL
FDGRV DSDUWH GH VHU XQD HVSHUDQ]D SDUD GHVRFXSDGRV \HVWX
GLDQWHV
• &RQWULEX\H DO GHVDUUROOR LQWHJUDO SRU OD LQVWDODFLyQ GH QXPHURVDV REUDV
FRPSOHPHQWDULDV TXH UHTXLHUH XWLOL]DUKLGURHOpFWULFDVFDUUHWHUDVIH
UURFDUULOHVYLYLHQGDVPRGHUQDVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRVKRVSLWDOHVPHU
FDGRV
• 3URPXHYH HO GHVDUUROOR GH RWUDV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV WUDQVSRUWH
FRPHUFLRDJULFXOWXUDJDQDGHUtDDUWHVDQtDVHUYLFLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV
• \ GHUHFUHDFLyQDVtFRPRODVREUDVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVFRPR
FRQFHQWUDGRUDVIXQGLFLRQHVUHILQHUtDVHWF
• 6HKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQRGHORVUXEURVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODHFRQRPtDSH
UXDQD WDQWR SRU FRQVWLWXLU XQD DOWHUQDWLYD H[FHOHQWH SDUD OD FDSWDFLyQGHGL
YLVDVFRPRSRUSUHVHQWDUXQDIXHQWHGHWUDEDMR\VXEVLVWHQFLDSDUDPLOHVGH
SHUXDQRV\VXVIDPLOLDV/DPLQHUtDVHGLYLGHHQPLQHUtDGHPHWiOLFRV
KLHUUR RUR SODWD ]LQF FREUH GH QR PHWiOLFRV SLHGUD \HVRD]XIUHHWF\
GHFRPEXVWLEOHVSHWUyOHR\JDV
3(6&$
(V XQD GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV PiV DQWLJXDV GHO KRPEUH SRU OR TXHDSUR
YHFKD ORV UHFXUVRV LFWLROyJLFRV GH ORV PDUHV UtRV \ ODJRV HPSOHiQGRORV GLUHFWD
PHQWH HQ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ R FRPR PDWHULD SULPD HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ GHORVGLYHUVRV
SURGXFWRVGHULYDGRV
(QQXHVWURSDtVHOGHHVWRVUHFXUVRVVHREWLHQHQGHOPDUSHUXDQRULFRSRU OD
PLQHUDOL]DFLyQ GH VXV DJXDV \ OR GHPiV GH ODJRV UtRV \ FRFKDV GHOLQWHULRUGHO
SDtV
$ SDUWLU GH ORV DxRV GHO VLJOR SDVDGR OD SHVFD WXYR XQ JUDQ GHVDUUROOR SRU OD
GHPDQGDH[WUDQMHUDHQODLQGXVWULDFRQVHUYHUD\OXHJRHQODLQGXVWULDKDULQHUD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
/D H[WUDFFLyQ GHO SHVFDGR GHVWLQDGR D OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ HV VyOR XQD SHTXHxDSDUWH
GHO YROXPHQ WRWDOGHSHVFD 3RUHVR SRUODLQWHQVLGDGRYROXPHQ GHSHVFD\OD
LQYHUVLyQGHFDSLWDOVHFRQRFHQGRVWLSRV
D /DSHVFDDUWHVDQDO3UDFWLFDGDSRUORVSHVFDGRUHVGHQXHVWUROLWRUDOXWLOL
]DQGRHPEDUFDFLRQHVSULPLWLYDV\ GHUHGXFLGDVGLPHQVLRQHVFRPRORVFDEDOOL
WRVGHWRWRUDHQHO1RUWHODVFKDODQDV\ERWHVDUHPRDYHODRLPSXOVDGRVSRU
SHTXHxRVPRWRUHV
8WLOL]DQLQVWUXPHQWRVSHVTXHURVGHSRFRDOFDQFHFRPRFRUGHOHVFRQDQ]XH
ORVUHGHVDJDOOHUDVDWDUUD\DVHVSLQHOHV\FKLQFKRUURV3HVFDQHQODQRFKH
SDUDUHJUHVDUDORVSXHUWRVSRUODPDxDQD
E /DSHVFDHPSUHVDULDO/DUHDOL]DQHPSUHVDVSHVTXHUDVQDFLRQDOHV\H[
WUDQMHUDVTXHLQYLHUWHQJUDQGHVFDSLWDOHV\HPEDUFDFLRQHVJUDQGHVPRGHU
QDV\PX\ELHQHTXLSDGDVEROLFKHUDVEDUFRVIDFWRUtDV/RVHTXLSRVTXH
XWLOL]DQVRQSURGXFWRGHODDOWDWHFQRORJtDFRPRUHGHVGHHQFLHUUHHTXLSRV
DEVRUEHQWHVFiPDUDVGHUHIULJHUDFLyQ\SODQWDVGHEHQHILFLR
7LHQHQVXVEDVHVHQPRGHUQRVFRPSOHMRVWHUPLQDOHV\IULJRUtILFRVSHV
TXHURV]RQDOHVHQORV SULQFLSDOHV SXHUWRVGHOSDtVDORVTXHUHWRUQDQGHVSXpV
GHYDULRVGtDVGHRSHUDFLRQHVHQDOWDPDU
(QODVSULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHVWDPELpQWLHQHQWHUPLQDOHVSHVTXHURVUHIUL
JHUDGRV GRQGH VH FRQVHUYD \ GLVWULEX\H HO SHVFDGR SDUD HO FRQVXPRKXPDQR
GLUHFWR
$VSHFWRVFRPSOHPHQWDULRV
D $FWLYLGDGH[WUDFWLYD 'HVDUUROODGD HQ HO PDU SHUXDQR ODJRV \ UtRV GHQXHVWUR
SDtV
E ,QGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ 6HFR FRQJHODGR IUHVFR FRQVHUYDV DFHLWHV \ KDULQDV GH
SHVFDGR
F 3ULQFLSDOHVSXHUWRV &KLPERWH&DOODR3LVFR3DLWD,OR0DWDUDQL\0ROOHQ
GR
G &RPSOHMRVLQGXVWULDOHV &KLPERWH3LVFR3DLWD6DQ-RVp&DOODR7DODUD
3LPHQWHO
H 3ULQFLSDOHVSHFHV (QWUHODVHVSHFLHVGHSHVFDGRGHVWLQDGRDOFRQ
VXPR KXPDQR GLUHFWR ILJXUDQ OD &RUYLQD MXUHO FRMLQRYD ERQLWRFDEDOOD
DQFKRYHWDSHMHUUH\VDUGLQDHWF
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
7$/$
• 3URFHVRSRUHOTXHVHH[WUDHORVUHFXUVRVGHIORUDGHORViUEROHV(O
KRPEUH OH GD XQD XWLOL]DFLyQ GLYHUVD FRPR XVR GH PDGHUD \ VXV
GHULYDGRVPXHEOHV HQ JHQHUDO SDSHO SXHUWDV HWF (O 3HU~ HVXQRGHORV
SDtVHVTXHPHQRUXVRKDFHGHVXVUHFXUVRVIRUHVWDOHV
• (Q OD FRVWD HV /DPED\HTXH OD SULQFLSDO IXHQWH GH DOJDUURER XVDGD SDUD
OHxDFDUEyQ\VHSURFHVDSDSHO\FDUWyQ
• (QODVLHUUDVRORVHXWLOL]DOD PDGHUDGHORVERVTXHVGHHXFDOLSWR([LVWHHO
SUR\HFWR6LHUUD9HUGH
• (VVLQGXGDHQODVHOYDTXHWHQHPRVODPD\RUSURGXFFLyQGHPDGHUD
• FRPRHOFHGURHOWRUQLOORFDRED
$*5,&8/785$
(V OD DFWLYLGDG HFRQyPLFD TXH FRQVLVWH HQ FXOWLYDU OD WLHUUD KDFLHQGR XVR GHDER
QRV\ SULQFLSDOPHQWH DJXD SDUD REWHQHU ORV SURGXFWRVDOLPHQWLFLRV TXHUHTXLHUH
HO KRPEUH SDUD VXEVLVWLU 5HSUHVHQWD XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV UXEURVGHODHFRQRPtD
SHUXDQD\RFXSDJUDQGHVQLYHOHVGHPDQRGHREUD
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODDJULFXOWXUD
D (QODFRVWD
• (VHOVHFWRUSHUXDQRPiVSHTXHxRHQVXSHUILFLHVLQHPEDUJRODDJULFXO
WXUD HVWi QRWDEOHPHQWH GHVDUUROODGD VLHQGR HO UHQGLPLHQWR SRU +HFWiUHD HO
PiVDOWRHVWRVHYHIDYRUHFLGRSRUTXHORVWHUUHQRVVRQSODQRV
• 3UHGRPLQD OD DJULFXOWXUD LQWHQVLYD PHFDQL]DGD SRU HO XVR LQWHQVLYRGHOD
PDTXLQDULDDJUtFRODORTXHGHWHUPLQDDVXYH]XQDJUDQSURGXFFLyQ
VHXWLOL]DQDERQRVSHVWLFLGDVDSRUWHWpFQLFRGHDJUyQRPRVHOFXO
WLYRHVLQWHQVLYRiUHDVUHGXFLGDVVHHPSOHDQIXHUWHVFDSLWDOHV\VHXWLOL
]DQVHPLOODVPHMRUDGDV
• 6H FXOWLYDQ SURGXFWRV LQGXVWULDOHV FRPR DOJRGyQ \ FDxD GH D]~FDU GH DOWR
YDORUHFRQyPLFR\VLUYHSDUDH[SRUWDUDGHPiVGHHVSiUUDJRV\DUUR]
• &RQ OD LUULJDFLyQ GH ODV SDPSDV VH KD DPSOLDGR HO GHVDUUROOR DJUtFROD HQ
JUDQPHGLGDSRUHMHPSOR0DMHV\&KDYLPRFKLF
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
E (QODVLHUUD
• $ SHVDU GH WHQHU VXHORV PX\ IpUWLOHV QR KD DOFDQ]DGR QRWDEOHGHVD
UUROOR
• 3UHGRPLQDODDJULFXOWXUDH[WHQVLYD\DTXHHQODPD\RUtDGHiUHDVGHFXOWLYR
VH HPSOHDQ WRGDYtD PpWRGRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV FRPR OD \XQWD \ ODFKDTXLWDFOOD
QR VH HPSOHDQ DERQRV VDOYR ORV H[FUHPHQWRV GH RYLQRV YDFXQRV
DXTXpQLGRV QR VH FXHQWD FRQ DVLVWHQFLD DJUtFRODQLRULHQWDFLyQFLHQWtILFD
QLWpFQLFDODVFRVHFKDVVRQDWDFDGDVSRUSODJDVVHTXtDVRKHODGDV
• 6H FXOWLYDQ PD\RUPHQWH SURGXFWRV DOLPHQWLFLRV FRPR ODV SDSDVPDt]
WULJRFHEDGDTXLQXDTXHWLHQHQXQEDMRYDORUHFRQyPLFR\TXHVHXWLOL]DQHQ
PXFKRVFDVRVSDUDHODXWRFRQVXPR
F(QODVHOYD
• 6HFWRUPiVH[WHQVRGHO3HU~SHURSDUDGyMLFDPHQWHHOGHPHQRUSUR
GXFFLyQ
• (O FOLPD PX\ FiOLGR OOXYLRVR \ K~PHGR QR SHUPLWHQ XQ HILFD]GHVD
UUROORGHODDJULFXOWXUDVREUHWRGRHQODVHOYDEDMD\DSHVDUGHVHU HO GH QXHVWUR WHUULWRULR VyOR VH FXOWLYDQ KHFWiUHDVVyORVHXWLOL]DQORV
WDKXDPSDOHVHQODVULYHUDVGHORVUtRV
• (QODVHOYDDOWDVLKD\ EXHQRVWHUUHQRVSDUDFXOWLYDUFDIpFRFDWpTXHVt
WLHQHQXQJUDQYDORUHFRQyPLFR
• /DVH[FHVLYDVOOXYLDVODWXSLGDYHJHWDFLyQLPSLGHHOGHVDUUROORGHODVWLHUUDV
GHFXOWLYRODDEXQGDQFLDGHLQVHFWRVSURYRFDXQDVHULHGHHQIHUPHGD
GHVFRQWRGRODVHOYDVLJXHVLHQGRHOHPSRULRIXWXURGHOSDtV
7LSRV
D ,QWHQVLYD FXDQGRFXHQWDFRQWRGRVORVDGHODQWRVGHODFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJ
tD VH GD PiV HQ OD FRVWD TXH HQ OD VLHUUD \ VHOYD 5HFXUUH DO HPSOHR GH
DERQRV TXtPLFRV DJUyQRPRV PiTXLQDV WUDFWRUHVVLVWHPDVGHULHJRLQ
VHFWLFLGDVKHUELFLGDV\VHOHFFLyQGHVHPLOODV
E ([WHQVLYD(VODWUDGLFLRQDOFXHQWDVRORFRQODH[SHULHQFLDGHODJULFXOWRU
DERQDQFRQHVWLpUFRODQLPDOGHSHQGHGHODVOOXYLDVVHFDQRVHYHIXHU
WHPHQWHDIHFWDGDSRUVHTXtDVKHODGDVSODJDVQRXVDVHPLOODVPHMRUDGDVHV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVLHUUD\VHOYDGHO3HU~
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRV
D &RVWD DOJRGyQ WLSR SLPD \ WDQJXLV HQ 3LXUD H ,FD $UUR] VXSHULRU HQ&DPDQi
\ HO1RUWHYDOOHVGH&KDQFD\\-HTXHWHSHTXH&DxDGHD]~FDU YDOOHV GH
&KLFDPD \ &KDQFD\ FHQWUR GH /LPD \ 6XU GHO YDOOHGH 7DPER &KXFDUDSL HQ
$UHTXLSD /D PHMRU D]~FDU VH H[SRUWD 6XVGHULYDGRVFRPRODPHOD]DD]~FDU
UXELDDOFRKROSDSHO2WURVFXOWLYRVSDOODUHVIULMROHVFDODED]DVIUXWDOHVDMtPDt]
IRUUDMHURHWF
E 6LHUUD0Dt]WULJR\FHEDGDWDPELpQSDSD\VXVGHULYDGRVFRPRFKXxR \
WXQWD<TXLQXDTXLZLFKDNDxLZXDRFDROOXFRWDUZLPDFDHWF
F 6HOYD FRFD FDIp FDFDR Wp WDEDFRDUUR]\XFD \ JUDQ YDULHGDG GHIUXWDV
3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRVGHODFRVWD
D $UUR] (QHO3HU~VHFXOWLYDHQODFRVWD\HQODUHJLyQDPD]yQLFD/RVGHSDUWD
PHQWRV SURGXFWRUHVGH DUUR] VRQ /LEHUWDG /DPED\HTXH7XPEHV3LXUD
$QFDVK$UHTXLSDHQODFRVWD&DPDQiYDOOHGH7DPER$PD]RQDV\6DQ
0DUWtQHQOD$PD]RQtD
(ODUUR]HVXQRGHORVFHUHDOHVPiVFXOWLYDGRV&DVLWRGDVODVHVSHFLHV
H[LJHQXQVXHORPX\K~PHGRGXUDQWHODJUDQSDUWHGHODHVWDFLyQ GH FUHFL
PLHQWR (ODUUR] VHFXOWLYD HQ $VLD ÈIULFD $PpULFDGHO6XU(VWDGRV8QLGRV
(XURSDPHULGLRQDO\RWUDVUHJLRQHVGHOPXQGR
E &DxDGHD]~FDU(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURGXFWRUHVGHFDxDGHD]~FDU\
GHULYDGRVDOFRKROFKDQFDFDPHOD]DSDSHOHWFVHHQFXHQWUDQORVOOD
PDGRV³LQJHQLRVD]XFDUHURV´ORVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQ
'HSDUWDPHQWR
/D/LEHUWDG
,QJHQLRVD]XFDUHURV
&DVDJUDQGH/DUHGR&DUWDYLR
/DPED\HTXH
3RPDOFD7XPiQ3XFDOi\&D\DOWL
$UHTXLSD
3DPSD%ODQFD\&KXFDUDSL
/LPD
$QFDVK
3DUDPRQJD\$QGDKXDVL
6DQ-DFLQWR
/D FDxD GH D]~FDU VH FXOWLYD HQ ODV UHJLRQHV WURSLFDOHV \ VXEWURSLFDOHV GH WRGR HO
PXQGR\HVLPSRUWDQWHIXHQWHGHD]~FDU
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
F $OJRGyQ (V HO SULQFLSDO FXOWLYR GH OD FRVWD 6H XWLOL]D HQ OD LQGXVWULDWH[WLO OD
LQGXVWULDROHDJLQRVDDFHLWHVFRPHVWLEOHV\GHMDERQHV$GHPiVODFiVFD
UDGHVXVHPLOODVHXWLOL]DHQODSUHSDUDFLyQGHDOLPHQWRSDUDJDQDGRYD
FXQR (O DOJRGyQ SLPD VH FXOWLYD HQ HOGHSDUWDPHQWR GH 3LXUD PLHQWUDV
TXHHODOJRGyQWDQJLVVHFXOWLYDHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH,FD\/LPD
3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRVGHODUHJLyQDQGLQD
D 3DSD (V XQD SODQWD RULJLQDULD GHO 3HU~ HV OD EDVH GH OD HFRQRPtD \ GH OD
DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ DQGLQD 'H OD SDSD VH HODERUD HOFKXxRODPR
UD\D\ODSDSDVHFDTXHOHGDQJUDQUHVLVWHQFLDGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ
/RV GHSDUWDPHQWRV SURGXFWRUHV GH SDSD HQ HO 3HU~ VRQ 3XQR -XQtQ &XVFR
$SXUtPDF$\DFXFKR$UHTXLSD+XiQXFR$QFDVK/D/LEHUWDG\/LPD/DSDWDWD
R SDSDRULJLQDULDGHORVDQGHVSHUXDQRVVHFXOWLYDKR\HQODVUHJLRQHVWHP
SODGDVGHWRGRHOPXQGR6HGHVWLQDDOFRQVXPRKXPDQRGLUHFWR\DODHOD
ERUDFLyQGHODOFRKRO\DGKHVLYRV
/RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVGHSDSDDQLYHOPXQGLDOVRQ5XVLD3RORQLD
)UDQFLD$OHPDQLD(VWDGRV8QLGRV\HO5HLQR8QLGR
E 0Dt] (O PDt] WLSR GXUR R DPDULOOR VH FXOWLYD HQ OD FRVWD /LPD HV HOPD\RU
SURGXFWRU XWLOL]DGR HQ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH DYHV PLHQWUDV TXH HO PDt] WLSR
EODQGRVHFXOWLYDHQODUHJLyQDQGLQDGHVWLQDGDDODDOLPHQWDFLyQHOPHMRU
PDt]EODQFRGHOPXQGRVHFXOWLYDHQHOYDOOHGH8UXEDPED&XVFR
/RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHV GH PDt] HQ HO PXQGR VRQ ((88 &KLQD
%UDVLO0p[LFR)UDQFLD\$UJHQWLQD
F 4XLQXD 6X FRQVXPR GHVGH WHPSUDQD HGDG HV FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR XQD
YDFXQDFRQWUDODGHVQXWULFLyQRXQD³LQPXQL]DFLyQFRQWUDHOKDPEUH´/RV
SULQFLSDOHVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURGXFWRUHVVRQ3XQR\&XVFR
3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRVGHODUHJLyQDPD]yQLFD
D &DIp(VXQFXOWLYRDOLPHQWLFLRHLQGXVWULDO6HKDOODGLIXQGLGRVXFXOWLYR
HQWRGDODVHOYDDOWD/RVSULQFLSDOHVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURGXFWRUHVVRQ
-XQtQ &XVFR &DMDPDUFD +XiQXFR 6DQ 0DUWtQ $PD]RQDV \ 0DGUH GH
'LRV /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV GH FDIp HQ HOPXQGRVRQ%UDVLO&RORPELD9H
QH]XHOD(O6DOYDGRU\*XDWHPDOD
E 7H (Q HO 3HU~ VX FXOWLYR VH KDOOD UHGXFLGR HQ ORV YDOOHV GH VHOYD DOWDGHORV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGHO&XVFR-XQtQ\+XiQXFR/RVWUHVWLSRVEiVLFRV GH Wp
SURFHGHQ GH OD PLVPD HVSHFLH VH GLIHUHQFLDQ VyOR SRUHOWUDWDPLHQWRTXHUHFL
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
EHQ/DVKRMDVGHOWpQHJURTXHHODERUDQWRGRVORVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVVHVH
FDQHQSDUWH\VHH[SULPHQDQWHVGHIHUPHQWDUODV\GHVHFDUODV/DVGHWp
YHUGH VH WUDWDQ DO YDSRU VH WULWXUDQ \ VH VHFDQ /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV
PXQGLDOHVGHWpVRQ/D,QGLD&KLQDSRSXODU,QGRQHVLD-DSyQ\3DNLVWiQ
F &RFD 6X FXOWLYR VH KDOOD GLIXQGLGR HQ WRGD OD VHOYD DOWD SXHV HV GHDOWD UHQ
WDELOLGDG SDUD ORV FDPSHVLQRV (V XQ DOFDORLGH TXH WLHQH XVRDOLPHQWLFLRHLQ
GXVWULDOIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQODLQGXVWULDIDUPDFpXWLFD/RV GHSDUWDPHQWRV SUR
GXFWRUHV GH KRMD GH FRFD VRQ +XiQXFR 6DQ0DUWtQ&XVFR\3DVFR
/DV KRMDV GH FRFD FRQWLHQHQ HO DOFDORLGH FRFDtQD \ RWURV FRPSXHVWRV SDUHFL
GRV/DFRFDtQDDLVODGDHQHPSH]yDXWLOL]DUVHFRPRDQHVWpVLFRORFDO
HQFLUXJtDPHQRU
,PSRUWDQFLD6XLPSRUWDQFLDUDGLFDSRUODVVLJXLHQWHVUD]RQHV
D $ HVWDDFWLYLGDGVHGHGLFDXQDJUDQSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQHFRQyPL
FDPHQWH DFWLYD GHO 3HU~ HO DXQTXH HVWH SRUFHQWDMH KDVXIULGR XQD JUDQ
GLVPLQXFLyQ SRU HO DEDQGRQR GHO FDPSR SUREOHPDVGHSREUH]DH[WUHPDVHTX
tD\WHUURULVPR
E 3RUTXH HVWD DFWLYLGDG SURGXFH OD PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH DOLPHQWRV TXH VH FRQVX
PHQHQ HOSDtVDXQTXH QRVHOOHJDD VDWLVIDFHUODGHPDQGDGHODFUHFLHQWHSR
EODFLyQ
F (VIXHQWHGHGLYLVDVGHELGRDODH[SRUWDFLyQGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSURGXFWRV
FRPRHODOJRGyQFDxDGHD]~FDUFDIpHWF
*$1$'(5Ì$
/DJDQDGHUtDHVXQDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVPiVDQWLJXDVGHOKRPEUHTXHFRQ
VLVWH HQ OD FUtD VHOHFFLyQ \ UHSURGXFFLyQ GH DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV GHDQLPDOHV
FRPR YDFXQRV RYLQRV FDSULQRV HWF FRQ HO REMHWR GH DSURYHFKDUVXVSURGXFWRV\
GHULYDGRVHQODDOLPHQWDFLyQ\HQODVDFWLYLGDGHVDUWHVDQDOHV
H LQGXVWULDOHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
7LSRV
*$1$'(5Ì$(;7(16,9$235,0,7,9$
• &RQIRUPDGDSRUHVSHFLHVGHEDMDFDOL
GDGJHQpWLFDPXFKDVGHODVFXDOHV
KDQ GHJHQHUDGRHQHVSHFLPHQHVFR
QRFLGRVFRPR&ULROORV
• 6HFDUDFWHUL]D
• 3RUVXEDMDSURGXFFLyQR UHQGLPLHQWRHQ
FDUQHOHFKHRODQD
• 3RUTXHVHFUtDQDFDPSRDELHUWRRHQ
JUDQGHViUHDV
• 6HDOLPHQWDQHQEDVHDSDVWRVQDWXUDOHV
HQODVSXQDVGHODVLHUUD\HQODVORPDV
GHODFRVWD
• &DUHFHQGHXQDDGHFXDGDRULHQWDFLyQ
WpFQLFD\FLHQWtILFD
• 3UHGRPLQDHQODUHJLyQDQGLQD\HQOD
VHOYDEDMD
GEOGRAFÍA
*$1$'(5Ì$,17(16,9$2$9$1=$'$
• &RQIRUPDGDSRUHVSHFLHVVHOHFFLRQDGDV
FX\DSURGXFFLyQ\PHMRUDPLHQWRJHQpWL
FRVHUHDOL]DSRULQVHPLQDFLyQDUWLILFLDO
• 6HFDUDFWHUL]D
• 3RUVXODWRUHQGLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFR\HOH
YDGDSURGXFWLYLGDGHQFDUQHOHFKHJUD
VDVFXHURVRODQDV
• 6HFUtDQHQHVSDFLRVUHGXFLGRVOODPD
GRVHVWDEORVRJUDQMDV
• 6HDOLPHQWDQGHIRUUDMHVGHFXOWLYRVRFRQ
DOLPHQWRVEDODQFHDGRV
• (QVXFULDQ]DHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHODRULHQ
WDFLyQWpFQLFD\FLHQWtILFDDFDUJRGHSHU
VRQDORSURIHVLRQDOHVSHFLDOL]DGRDSDUWH
GHODIXHUWHLQYHUVLyQGHFDSLWDO
• 3UHGRPLQDHQOD&RVWD\HQDOJXQRVFHQ
WURVJDQDGHURVGHODUHJLyQDQGLQD\
VHOYiWLFD
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODJDQDGHUtDGHODFRVWD
• 6HGHVDUUROODPD\RUPHQWHODJDQDGHUtDLQWHQVLYDRDYDQ]DGDGHV
WDFDQGRODGHYDFXQRVGHODVUD]DV+ROVWHLQ\%URZQ6ZLVVRSDUGR
VXL]RGHDOWDSURGXFFLyQHQFDUQH\OHFKHHQFXDQWRDSRUFLQRVGHVWDFD OD
FULDQ]D PDVLYD GH ODV UD]DV <RUNVKLUH GXURFMHUVH\ ODQGUDVVH \ HO
KDPSVKLUH
• (QHOiUHDJDQDGHUDGHO6XUIRUPDGDSRUODVORPDVGH$UHTXLSD\0R
TXHJXDSURGXFWRGHDEXQGDQWHVOOXYLDVWHPSRUDOHVTXHKDFHQFUHFHU
KLHUEDVIRUUDMHUDVGHYDULDVFODVHVVHLQYHUQDJDQDGRRYLQRYDFXQRFULR
OORFDSULQR\RWUDV
• (QORVERVTXHFLOORVGHDOJDUURERV\KXDUDQJRVHQWUH/DPED\HTXH3LXUD
\ 7XPEHVVHFUtDQFDEDOORVPXODVFDEUDVHWF
• (QODVKDFLHQGDVPHGLDQD\SHTXHxDSURSLHGDGGHORVYDOOHVFRVWH
xRVVHFUtDJDQDGRYDFXQRRYLQR\RWURVGHVWLQDGRVDOFRQVXPRGHOHFKH\
FDUQHGHODVFLXGDGHV\SDUDHODXWRFRQVXPR
• /DDYLFXOWXUDRFULDQ]DGHSROORV\JDOOLQDVGHVWDFDSRUVXHQRUPHLPSRU
WDQFLDGHVXFRQVXPRHQVXV~OWLPRVWLHPSRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODJDQDGHUtDHQODVLHUUD
• 6HSUDFWLFDPD\RUPHQWHODJDQDGHUtDH[WHQVLYDRWUDGLFLRQDOHQEDVH
• D JDQDGR RYLQR YDFXQR FDSULQR \ DXTXpQLGRV TXH VH DOLPHQWDQ GHOLFKX
HQODVDOWDVPHVHWDVDQGLQDVRiUHDVJDQDGHUDV
• /D FULDQ]D GH DXTXpQLGRV HQ ODV DOWDV SXQDV WLHQH RULHQWDFLyQ WpFQLFDSDUD
PHMRUDUODSURGXFFLyQGHFDUQH\ODQD
• 6HGHEHFRQVLGHUDUHOSURJUHVLYRFDPELRGHODFUtDDUWHVDQDODODHP
SUHVDULDOGHOFX\WDQWRHQODVLHUUDFRPRHQODFRVWD
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODJDQDGHUtDHQODVHOYD
• *HRJUiILFDPHQWHVHDSURYHFKDORVVXHORV\FOLPDWURSLFDOGHODVHOYDDOWD
• (QIRUPDLQWHQVLYDVHFUtDHOJDQDGRYDFXQRFHE~GHOTXHVHDSURYH
FKD FDUQH OHFKH FXHURV HWFSDUD HO FRQVXPR GH HVD UHJLyQ6H HVWi PH
MRUDQGR VX FDOLGDG \ SURGXFWLYLGDG PHGLDQWH HO FUXFH FRQ OD UD]D %URZQ
6ZLVV
*DQDGRYDFXQR
D (QODFRVWDHVWiFRQIRUPDGDSRUUD]DVVHOHFFLRQDGDV+ROVWHLQ\%URZQ
6ZLVVGHDOWDFDOLGDGJHQpWLFD\SURGXFWLYLGDGHQOHFKH\FDUQH
E (QODUHJLyQDQGLQD DH[FHSFLyQGHORVYDOOHVGH&DMDPDUFD\$UHTXLSD
VHFUtDJDQDGRYDFXQRFULROORHVGHFLUGHEDMDFDOLGDGJHQpWLFD\SRFRV
SURGXFWLYRV
F (QODUHJLyQDPD]yQLFDVHFUtDQODVHVSHFLHVGH&HE~\$PD]RQDVFUXFHGHO
FHE~GHODUD]D1HOORUH\%URZQ6ZLVVTXHWLHQHQJUDQSURGXFWLYLGDGGHFDU
QH\OHFKH
5D]D%UDKPDQ/D%UDKPDQHVXQDVHULHGHUD]DVFULDGDVGHIRUPDVHOHFWLYD
SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ GH FDUQH GH DOWD FDOLGDG )XH GRPHVWLFDGD LQLFLDOPHQWH HQ
,QGLDDODYH]TXHRWUDVUD]DVHQ(XURSDKDFHXQRDxRV/RVGDWRVKLVWyUL
FRVUHYHODQTXHHVWDVYDFDVVHFULDEDQSRUVXOHFKHSDUDVDFULILFLRVUHOLJLRVRV\
SDUDHOGHSRUWH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
5$=$6'(67,1$'$6$/$352'8&&,Ð1'(&$51(
6KRUWRQ
6KRUWRQDFRUQH
*DOORZD\
2ULJLQDULDGH*UDQ%UHWDxD
'HULYDFLyQGHO6KRUWRQHVHOPiVDOWRSHURPHQRV
FDUQRVR
2ULJLQDULRGH(VFRFLDHVGHSLHOPX\JUXHVD
%UDKPDQR 2ULJLQDULRGHOD,QGLDWLHQHSLHOH[FHVLYDHQODJDUJDQ
&HE~
WD\SDSDGDVXFRORUHVJULVURMR
&KDURODLV
6DQWD
*HUWUXGLV
6KRUWRQ
/HFKHUD
3DUGDVXL]D
'HUHJLyQIUDQFpVWLHQHPXVFXODWXUDYROXPLQRVDVREUH
WRGRHQHOORPR
&UXFHGHOJDQDGR6KRUWRQ\%UDKPDQ
5$=$6'('2%/($37,78'
'HRULJHQLQJOpVGHVWLQDGDSDUDFDUQH\OHFKH
'HRULJHQVXL]R\PX\YROXPLQRVD
5$=$6'(67,1$'$6$/$352'8&&,Ð1'(/(&+(
'HRULJHQKRODQGpVHVODPiVSHVDGDGHODV
+ROVWHLQ)ULHVLDQ
OHFKHUDV
-HUVH\
3URGXFHOHFKHFRQDOWRFRQWHQLGRGHJUDVD
*XHUQVH\
7DPDxRPHGLDQR\FRQPDQFKDVEODQFDV
*DQDGRGHJUDQWDPDxR\GHEXHQD
%URZQ6ZLVV
SURGXFFLyQOHFKHUD
/RVVHLVSURGXFWRUHVPXQGLDOHVGHJDQDGRYDFXQRVVRQ((88&KLQD
$UJHQWLQD5XVLD$XVWUDOLD
,PSRUWDQFLD
/DJDQDGHUtDHVLPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHSURSRUFLRQDDOVHUKXPDQRDOLPHQWRVEiVL
FRVFRPRODFDUQHOHFKHJUDVDV\RWURVSURGXFWRVGHULYDGRVDSDUWHGHPDWHULD V
SULPDVSDUDDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVFRPRODDUWHVDQtD \ODLQGXVWULD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
,1'8675,$
(VODDFWLYLGDGGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVFRQYLHUWHORVUHFXU
VRV TXH RIUHFH OD QDWXUDOH]D HQ PDWHULD SULPD R SURGXFWRV HODERUDGRV6DWLVIDFH
ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQYHVWLGR YLYLHQGD KHUUDPLHQWDVPDTXLQDULDVGH
QXHVWUDSREODFLyQ
7LSRV
D ,QGXVWULD GH HTXLSR R LQGXVWULD SHVDGD 3URYHH ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV \FRQGLFLR
QHVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODLQGXVWULDOLJHUD\GHODVDFWLYLGDGHV
HFRQyPLFDV$HVWHWLSRSHUWHQHFHQODLQGXVWULDVLGHU~UJLFDLQGXVWULD
TXtPLFDSHVDGDIDEULFDFLyQGHPDTXLQDVKHUUDPLHQWDVHWF
E ,QGXVWULD/LJHUD3URGXFHELHQHVGHXVR\GHFRQVXPRHMHPSOREHELGDV
(V OD TXH SUHGRPLQD HQ HO 3HU~ D SHVDU GH FRQWDU FRQ ODVPDWHULDVSULPDV
SDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODLQGXVWULDSHVDGD
3ULQFLSDOHVLQGXVWULDVGHO3HU~
D ,QGXVWULD6LGHU~UJLFD3DUDSURGXFLUHODFHURHQEDVHDOKLHUURFDOL]D\
KXOODGDOLJDUDODLQGXVWULDPHWDOPHFiQLFD\ODIDEULFDFLyQGHGLYHUVDVPDTXL
QDV
E ,QGXVWULD PHWDO PHFiQLFD 3DUD IDEULFDU KHUUDPLHQWDV LPSOHPHQWRVGRPpVWL
FRV PDTXLQDV SHTXHxDV \ PHGLDQDV SDUD OD DJULFXOWXUDPLQHUtDFRQV
WUXFFLyQKDVWDORVFRPSOHMRVHTXLSRVGHWUDQVSRUWH\PDTXLQDULDSDUDODLQ
GXVWULD
F ,QGXVWULDWH[WLO(VODTXHPD\RUGHVDUUROORKDDOFDQ]DGR(QEDVHDODOJRGyQ
ILEUDVVLQWpWLFDVODQD\VHKDFHGLYHUVDFDOLGDGGHWHODVWHMLGRV KLORV FRU
GHOHV FLQWDV /D SURGXFFLyQ QDFLRQDO FXEUH ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHOSDtV
'HVWDFDQ/LPDPHWURSROLWDQD$UHTXLSD\&XVFR
G ,QGXVWULD GH SURGXFFLyQ TXtPLFD 3DUD SURGXFLU SURGXFWRV TXtPLFRV EiVLFRV
ILEUDVWH[WLOHVVLQWpWLFDVSOiVWLFRVSLQWXUDVSURGXFWRVIDUPDFpXWLFRVMD
ERQHVGHWHUJHQWHVHWF
H ,QGXVWULDGHEHELGDV*DVHRVDVILGHRVJDOOHWDVSDQLILFDFLyQHQJHQHUDO
OiFWHDVGHHODERUDFLyQGHD]~FDU
I ,QGXVWULD GH PDWHULDOHV GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ FRPR FHPHQWR \HVR YLGULR
PiUPROHVORVHWDVODGULOORVWHMDVHWHUQLW
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODLQGXVWULDQDFLRQDO
D 6H SURGXFH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH PDWHULDV SULPDV SDUD H[SRUWDUODV HMHPSOR /D
PHWDOXUJLD
E (VWDDOWDPHQWHFRQFHQWUDGDHQ/LPD\&DOODRSRUTXHDOOtHVWDODFXDUWD
SDUWHGHSREODFLyQSHUXDQD\SRUTXHRIUHFHQPD\RUIDFLOLGDGSDUDOD
LPSRUWDFLyQGHLQVXPRVH[WUDQMHURVPD\RUGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHLQIUDHVWUXFWX
UDPD\RUPDQRGHREUDHVSHFLDOL]DGD\FHQWUDOL]DFLyQGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQILVFDO
\ FUHGLWLFLD
F 'HVWDFDQ HO VHFWRU PDQXIDFWXUHUR HQ OR UHIHUHQWH D DOLPHQWRV \EHELGDV
OHFKHHYDSRUDGDILGHRVKDULQDFHUYH]DLQVXPRV\ELHQHVLQWHUPHGLRVFRPR
FHPHQWRSLQWXUDHWFODLQGXVWULDWH[WLO\GHFRQIHFFLRQHV
G (Q OR DJURSHFXDULR DUUR] SDSD D]~FDU DOJRGyQ DMR FHEROOD HWF H (Q OD
PLQHUtDODH[WUDFFLyQGHFREUH]LQFSORPRHVWDxR
I 6HHQIUHQWDXQDFULVLVSRUIDOWDGHLQYHUVLRQLVWDVQDFLRQDOHV\H[WUDQMH
URV TXH GD OXJDU D DO GLVPLQXFLyQ GHO SRGHU DGTXLVLWLYRGHVRFXSDFLyQ
FLHUUHGHIDEULFDV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
H/DIXHU]DHyOLFD\RFiUVWLFD
6RQ UHOLHYHV FRVWHxRV FRQ XQ JUDQ SRWHQFLDO DJUtFROD TXH FDUHFHQ GH (VXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHODJDQDGHUtD
DJXD \ HV DOOt GRQGH JHQHUDOPHQWH
H[WHQVLYD
VHFRQVWUX\HQODVLUULJDFLRQHV
D&ULDQ]DHQLQFXEDGRUDV
E,QVHPLQDFLyQDUWLILFLDO
D 7DEOD]RV
F$OWDSURGXFWLYLGDG
E 9DOOHV
F 3DPSDV
G&RQVXPHSDVWRVQDWXUDOHV
G 'HSUHVLRQHV
H(PSOHDJDQDGRLPSRUWDGR
H (VWULEDFLRQHV
$FHUFD GH QXHVWUD PLQHUtD VHxDOH OR
)RUPD HO UHOLHYH SUHGRPLQDQWH HQ
FRUUHFWR7RTXHSDOD\&XDMRWH0D\RU
SURGXFWRUGH&REUH<DQDFRFKDPD
ODVHOYDEDMD
D 3RQJRV
\RUSURGXFWRUGH2UR0DUFRQDPD
E 5HVWLQJDV
\RU SURGXFWRU GH +LHUUR &DPLVHD
F %DUUL]DOHV
PD\RUUHVHUYDGH*DV/D2UR\DH[
G 7DKXDPSDV
SORWDFLyQSROLPHWiOLFDV
H %DUUDQFRV
D9)999
E99))9
/D DJULFXOWXUD LQWHQVLYD VH FDUDFWHUL
]DSRU
F9999)
D 'HSHQGHQFLD GH OOXYLDV HVWDFLR
G)9)9)
QDULDV
H9)99)
E 3UHIHUHQFLD GH FXOWLYRV DXWyFWR QRV
/RV ERVTXHV GH PDQJODUHV
SDUWH GH QXHVWUD ULTXH]D IRUHVWDO VH
F $OWDWHFQLILFDFLyQ\SURGXFWLYLGDG
XELFDQHQ
G $OWD YXOQHUDELOLGDG D ODV VHTXtDV
D 3LXUD
\ KHODGDV
E /RUHWR
H *UDQGLIXVLyQHQORV$QGHV
F $PD]RQDV
G 7XPEHV
/RVYDOOHVLQWHUDQGLQRVVHKDQ
H 0DGUHGH'LRV
IRUPDGRSRU
D /RV HIHFWRV PDJQpWLFRV \ RURJp 8QDGHODDOWHUQDWLYDVQRFRUUHVSRQ
QLFRV
GH D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH OD JDQD
E /D VHGLPHQWDFLyQ IOXYLDO \ DOX
GHUtDHQODVLHUUD
YLDO
D 6HSUDFWLFDPD\RUPHQWHODJDQD
F /DGHQXGDFLyQGHORV$QGHV
GHUtDWUDGLFLRQDOHQEDVHDJDQD
G /DHURVLyQ\VHGLPHQWDFLyQPDUL
GR RYLQR YDFXQR FDSULQR \ DX
QD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
TXpQLGRV TXH VH DOLPHQWDQ GHO
LFKX HQ ODV DOWDV PHVHWDV DQGL
QDVRiUHDVJDQDGHUDV
E *HRJUiILFDPHQWH VH DSURYHFKD
ORV VXHORV GH VXDYH SHQGLHQWH \
FOLPDWURSLFDO
F 6H GD SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH HQ
YDOOHV\PHVHWDV
G &DUHFH GH DSR\R HFRQyPLFR \
WpFQLFR
H /DPHVHWDGHO&ROODRDOEHUJD
HOGHODVDSODFDVGHWRGRHO
SDtV
6RQiUHDVGHVWLQDGDVDODSURWHFFLyQ
GHIORUD\IDXQDVLOYHVWUHFRQ FDUiF
WHUGHLQWDQJLELOLGDG
D 5HVHUYD1DFLRQDO
E 3DUTXH1DFLRQDO
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
F =RQDV5HVHUYDGDV
G =RQDVGH3URWHFFLyQ
H 6DQWXDULRV1DFLRQDOHV
(V HO 3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO DQXDOPHQWH
PDVYLVLWDGRSRUORVWXULVWDV
D &XWHUYR
E 7LQJR0DUtD
F +XDVFDUiQ
G &DQGDPR
H &HUURVGH$PRWDSH
$FWXDOPHQWH HV HO SURGXFWR GH
PD\RU H[SRUWDFLyQ HQ HO 3HU~
DHVSiUUDJRV
E DOJRGyQ
F &DxDGHD]~FDU
G &DIp
H PDFD
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
&$3,78/2,,,*(232/,7,&$< 25*$1,6026
,17(51$&,21$/(6
6HFFLyQ
*(232/Ë7,&$
&21&(3726%$6,&26'(/$*(232/,7,&$
&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRVGHODJHRSROtWLFD
/DSDODEUD*HRSROtWLFDIXHXWLOL]DGDSRUSULPHUDYH]HQFRQODSXEOLFDFLyQGH
OD REUD ´(O (VWDGR FRPR IRUPD GH 9LGDµ HVFULWD SRU 5XGROI .MHOOHQ SURIHVRU
GH +LVWRULD \ &LHQFLDV 3ROtWLFDV GH OD8QLYHUVLGDG GH 8SVDOD 6XHFLD /D
XVy SDUD GDU D HQWHQGHU ODLQIOXHQFLD GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV
(VWDGRV 3DUWLHQGRGH HVWH VLJQLILFDGR HO SURIHVRU .MHOOHQ LQGLFy ³*HRSROtWLFD
HV OD FLHQFLD TXH FRQFLEH DO (VWDGR FRPR XQ RUJDQLVPR JHRJUiILFR R FRPR XQ
IHQyPHQR HQ HO HVSDFLR´ 6HJ~Q HVWH FRQFHSWR OD *HRJUDItD GHWHUPLQD OD
IRUPD \ OD VLWXDFLyQ GHO (VWDGR GH PRGR TXH ORWHUULWRULDOLQIOX\DHQORSROtWL
FR
(VWD SXEOLFDFLyQ HQPDUFDGD GHQWUR GHO FDPSR GH OD FLHQFLD SROtWLFD PRWLYy XQ
SURIXQGR LQWHUpV HQ HO iPELWR FLHQWtILFR SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ $OHPDQLD $ SDUWLU GH
HVWDREUDVHYDVLVWHPDWL]DQGRHOFRQFHSWRODWHRUtDORVREMHWLYRV\ODPHWRGRORJtD
GHWUDEDMRGHODJHRSROtWLFD
&RQFHSWRVPRGHUQRVGH*HRSROtWLFD\*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD
/D *HRSROtWLFDHVXQDGLVFLSOLQDTXHHVWXGLDODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOHVSDFLR \ OD
FDSDFLGDG GHO HVWDGR SDUD DVHJXUDU OD LQWHJULGDGWHUULWRULDOVXGHVDUUROORLQWH
JUDO\ODYLGDSROtWLFDWDQWRQDFLRQDOFRPRLQWHUQDFLRQDO
(VODGRFWULQDTXHSHUPLWHTXHORVHVWDGRVXWLOLFHQVXiUHDJHRJUiILFDRWHUULWRULRGH
ODPHMRUPDQHUDSRVLEOHDSURYHFKDQGRVXSRWHQFLDOKXPDQR\PDWHULDOSDUD
DVtDGTXLULUSRGHU6HFRQVLGHUDODVSRVLFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVFRPRHVWUDWpJLFDV
ORTXHGHWHUPLQDODIRUPDFLyQGHEORTXHVGHSRGHUHFRQyPLFRSROtWLFR
(Q QXHVWUR FDVR HO 3(5Ò HVWD GLVFLSOLQD QRV HQVHxD D DQDOL]DU ODHYROXFLyQ GH
QXHVWURWHUULWRULR\ODQHFHVLGDGGHHYLWDUPiVSpUGLGDVWHUULWRULDOHVIRPHQWDQGRHO
UHVJXDUGRGHQXHVWUDVREHUDQtD\HODGTXLULUFRQFLHQFLDQDFLRQDO
7HQHPRVODGHILQLFLyQGHOJHRSROtWLFRSHUXDQR*HQHUDO(GJDUGR
0HUFDGR-DUUtQ ³/D*HRSROtWLFDHVXQDFLHQFLDTXHDSR\DGDHQORV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
+HFKRV KLVWyULFRV JHRJUiILFRV VRFLROyJLFRV HVWUDWpJLFRV HFRQyPLFRV \ SROtWLFRV
SDVDGRV \ SUHVHQWHV HVWXGLD HQ FRQMXQWR OD YLGD \ HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ JUXSR
KXPDQR RUJDQL]DGR HQ XQ HVSDFLRWHUUHVWUHDQDOL]DQGRVXVP~OWLSOHV\UHFtSURFDV
LQIOXHQFLDV SDUD GHGXFLU VXV REMHWLYRV \ HVWXGLDU VXV SUR\HFFLRQHV FRQ HO ILQ GH
ORJUDUXQPD\RUELHQHVWDU\VHJXULGDGSDUDOD1DFLyQ´
(V OD GLVFLSOLQD GH ODV FLHQFLDV SROtWLFDV TXH HVWXGLD OD LPSRUWDQFLDGHOHVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFRHQHOGHVDUUROORGHXQHVWDGRRSDtV(OREMHWLYR HV VHxDODU DO JR
EHUQDQWHDOSRGHUODIRUPDPiVDGHFXDGDGHPDQHMDUHOWHUULWRULRTXHSRVHHXQ
(VWDGRHVGHFLUXQDPHMRUFRQGXFFLyQSROtWLFDSDUDHOWHUULWRULR
(OREMHWLYRGHIRQGRGHOD*HRSROtWLFDHVHOKHFKRGHMXVWLILFDUODH[SDQVLyQ
WHUULWRULDOGHORVHVWDGRVLPSHULDOLVWDVVREUHORVSXHEORVVXEGHVDUUROODGRV R GpEL
OHVPLOLWDUPHQWH6HLQYHQWySDUDMXVWLILFDUODFDUUHUDDUPDPHQWLVWD\ODJXHUUD
*HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFD (V XQD UDPD GH OD *HRJUDItD +XPDQD TXHHVWXGLD OD
RUJDQL]DFLyQGHXQSXHEORVREUHXQGHWHUPLQDGRWHUULWRULRHVGHFLUODIRUPDFLyQ
GHXQ(VWDGRVXXELFDFLyQVXVOtPLWHVRGHPDUFDFLyQ VX DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ \
VXVUHODFLRQHVFRQORVGHPiVHVWDGRV
5HODFLRQHV\GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH OD*HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFD \*HRSROtWLFD
$PEDVVRQUDPDVGHOD*HRJUDItDHQJHQHUDO6HRFXSDQGHORV(VWDGRV GH
VXV IURQWHUDV GH VXV UHFXUVRV \ GH ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUHHOORV(Q/DQWHQ
VDFK HVWDEOHFLy TXH OD JHRSROtWLFD HUD GLQiPLFD \ OD JHRJUDItD SROtWLFD HUD
HVWiWLFD
/XHJR HQ 5LFKDUG +HQQLQJ VHxDOy TXH OD *HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFDHUDXQDHV
SHFLHGHLQVWDQWiQHDIRWRJUDItDHVGHFLUXQDYLVWDILMDPLHQWUDVTXHOD*HRSROtWL
FDHUDXQD
HVSHFLHGHFLQWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD
(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH KDQ OOHJDGR D HVWDEOHFHU FRQ PiV SUHFLVLyQODVGLIHUHQFLDV
HQWUHDPEDVGLVFLSOLQDVODVFXDOHVVHSXHGHQUHVXPLUGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
*(2*5$)Ì$32/Ì7,&$
(VWXGLD OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH
GLYLGLGDHQQDFLRQHV
(VWXGLDODYLGDGHFDGD
JUXSRpWQLFRVRFLDOUHOLJLR
VR SROtWLFR UHVSHWDQGR VXV
SDUWLFXODULGDGHV
&RQVLGHUDDORV(VWDGRV
FRPR DOJR HVWiWLFR LQIOXHQ
FLDGR SRU HO PHGLR JHRJUiIL
FR
*(232/Ì7,&$
(VWXGLDHOYDORUHVWUDWpJLFR\SRVLFLR
QDOGHSDtVHVRFHQWURVGHSRGHU
(VWXGLDODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHJUXSRVRSRORV
GH SRGHU \ MXVWLILFD IRUPDV GH H[SDQVLyQ
LPSHULDOLVWD
&RQVLGHUDDORV(VWDGRVFRPRRUJDQLV
PRVELROyJLFRV\GLQiPLFRVTXHFUHFHQ
D~QDH[SHQVDVGHRWURV
(VFLHQFLDGHVFULSWLYD
(VXQDFLHQFLDDQDOtWLFDHLQWHUSUHWDWLYD
(VWXGLDOD7LHUUDFRPRPR
UDGD GHO KRPEUH \ HYROXFLyQ
GHODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDV
HQUHODFLyQFRQVXWHUULWRULR
(VWXGLD OD LQIOXHQFLD LQWHJUDO GH OD 7LHUUD
VREUHODHYROXFLyQKXPDQD\ODLQIOXHQFLD
KXPDQDVREUHHOGHVDUUROORGHOD7LHUUD
(V XQD UDPD GH OD *HRJUDItD
+XPDQD
(VWXGLDDO(VWDGRFRPRXQ
IHQPHQRGHODQDWXUDOH
]D VLWXDFLyQ H[WHQVLyQ
IRUPD OtPLWHV GLYLVLyQ SROtWL
(VVyORODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGH
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV KXPDQR WH
UUHVWUHV
3HUWHQHFHDOD&LHQFLD3ROtWLFD
(VWXGLD DO(VWDGR FRPRXQ HQWHYLYR
HQUHODFLyQFRQHOHVSDFLRTXHORURGHD
\ ODVVLWXDFLRQHVSROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDV
D UHVROYHU
6HSODQWHDHOHVWXGLRGHORVIDFWRUHV
TXHGLQDPL]DQHOGHVDUUROORGHO(VWDGR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35,1&,3$/(65(35(6(17$17(6'(/$*(232/Ì7,&$
)HGHULFR 5DW]HO *HyJUDIR DOHPiQ TXH HVFULELy XQD GHVWDFDGD REUD
WLWXODGD ³*HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFD´ HQ OD TXH KDEOD GHO ³HVSDFLR YLWDO´ DILUPD TXH ORV
KRPEUHV QHFHVLWDQ XQ HVSDFLR SDUD YLYLU \ FUHFHU 6L OHV IDOWD HVSDFLR HVWiQ
FRQGHQDGRV D GHVDSDUHFHU LQGLYLGXDO \ FROHFWLYDPHQWH 6HJ~Q )HGHULFR
5DW]HOHOWHUULWRULRIRUMDUtDODFRQFLHQFLD\GHHVWDPDQHUDHOKRPEUHSRGUtD
DSURYHFKDUORPHMRU
5XGROINMHOOHQ 4XLHQEDXWL]yOD*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFDGH5DW]HOFRQHOQRPEUH
GH*HRSROtWLFD.MHOOpQDILUPDTXHHO(VWDGRHVFRPRXQRUJDQLVPRYLYRFX\R
FXHUSRHVVXWHUULWRULRHOFRUD]yQODFDSLWDOODVDUWHULDV \ YHQDV HVWiQ UHSUHVHQWD
GDV SRU ORV UtRV \ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV VRQ ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV (O WHUPLQR ³*HR
SROtWLFD´ IXH XWLOL]DGR SRUSULPHUD YH] SRU HVWH DXWRU VXHFR HQ VX REUD ³(O (VWDGR
FRPRIRUPDGHYLGD´HQ
+DOIRUG0DFNLQGHU,QJOpV TXH PDQLIHVWy TXH OD HUD GH ODVSRWHQFLDV
WHUUHVWUHVVHKDOODEDQHQDVFHQVRSRUHQFLPDGHODHUDPDUtWLPD TXH OOHJDED D
VXILQ/ODPyDORVRFpDQRVHQVXFRQMXQWR2FpDQR0XQGLDO\ DORVFRQWLQHQWHV
(XURSD$VLD\ÈIULFD,VOD0XQGLDO FRQXQFRUD]yQRKHDUWODQGTXHVH
H[WHQGtDGHVGH$OHPDQLDKDVWD5XVLD3RUWDOUD]yQ0DFNLQGHUDILUPDED
• 4XLHQGRPLQDD(XURSD2ULHQWDOGRPLQDHO+HDUWODQG
• 4XLHQGRPLQDHO+HDUWODQGGRPLQDODLVODPXQGLDO
• 4XLHQGRPLQDODLVODPXQGLDOGRPLQDHOPXQGR
(/(67$'2'(6'((/ 38172'( 9,67$*(232/Ì7,&2
(O(VWDGR HVXQHOHPHQWR GLQiPLFR TXH QDFHVHGHVDUUROOD \PXHUH(VWDGLQiPL
FDHVWiHQIXQFLyQDVXSREODFLyQVXFODVHGLULJHQWH\ODVRUJDQL]DFLR
QHV SROtWLFDV FRQGXFWRUDV GHO GHVWLQR GHO SDtV DSR\DGD HQ XQDEDVHHFRQyPLFD
/DFODVHGLULJHQWH\ODSREODFLyQVRQODVHQFDUJDGDVGHGDUOHIXQFLRQDELOLGDGDO
(VWDGR(O(VWDGRVHHQFXHQWUDOLJDGRDDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVFRPRODJHRJUDItD
SREODFLyQHFRQRPtD\HOJRELHUQRODPDQHUDFRPRpVWRVHOHPHQWRVVHLQWHUUHOD
FLRQDQHVXQRGHORVREMHWLYRVGHODJHRSROtWLFD
',9,6,Ð1
/DJHRSROtWLFDHVXQDGLVFLSOLQDTXHFRQVROLGDHLQWHUUHODFLRQDHOFRQR
FLPLHQWRGHODFLHQFLDDUWHILORVRItD\WHRORJtDDIDYRUGHODVHJXULGDG\GHVDUUROOR
GHORVSXHEORV6HGLYLGHHQVHLViUHDVGHHVWXGLRVSULQFLSDOHV
FLHQFLD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
D*HRSROtWLFD
E(WQRSROtWLFD
F'HPRSROtWLFD
G6RFLRSROtWLFD
H&UDWRSROtWLFD
GEOGRAFÍA
(VWXGLRGHO WHUULWRULR FRPRRUJDQLVPR JHRJUiILFR
7UDWDGHOHVWXGLRGHODVUD]DV
6HRULHQWDDOHVWXGLRGHODVSREODFLRQHV
&LHQFLDTXHHVWXGLDODVRFLHGDG
(VWXGLDODIRUPDGHJRELHUQR
,03257$1&,$
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGH(VWDGR1DFLyQHQWpUPLQRVJHRSROtWLFRVHVWDFLHQFLD
SRVLELOLWDWUD]DUORVREMHWLYRVHVWUDWpJLFRVGHGHVDUUROORDHVFDODQDFLRQDODILQ
GHWHQHUFXRWDGHSUHVHQFLDHLQMHUHQFLDHQODHVFHQDPXQGLDOD QLYHO SROtWLFR \
HFRQyPLFR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH QR VLQ DQWHV GH XQDHYDOXDFLyQH[KDXVWLYDGHO
SRGHUQDFLRQDO\VXSRWHQFLDOLGDGSDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHORVREMHWLYRV\VXSHUDU
ODSUREOHPiWLFDFRQHOXVRUDFLRQDO \HVWUDWpJLFR GH VXV UHFXUVRV FRPSHWLWLYRV OR
TXH YLDELOL]D HO IRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ \ FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH OD LGHQWLGDG \
FRQFLHQFLDFRPR(VWDGR1DFLyQ
(/(0(1726%É6,&26
5HDOLGDG1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQMXQWRLQWHUUHODFLRQDGRGHDVSHFWRVHVSDFLD
OHV JUXSDOHV H LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV GH FDUiFWHU HFRQyPLFR SROtWLFR \ VRFLRFXOWXUDO TXH
LQWHJUDQ XQD QDFLyQ HQ XQ PRPHQWR GHWHUPLQDGR GH VX KLVWRULD $Vt PLVPR HV OD
H[LVWHQFLDUHDOGHOSDtVFRQWRGRVVXVHOHPHQWRV QDWXUDOHV FXOWXUDOHV \ VRFLDOHV
HQ VXV PiV GLYHUVRVDVSHFWRVGHPRVWUDEOHVWDQJLEOHPHQWH$VtPLVPRVHGHEH
FRQVLGHUDU TXH WRGD GHPRVWUDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD WLHQH TXH SDUWLU GH OD UHDOLGDG HQ OD
TXH VH HQPDUFD VX GHPRVWUDFLyQ 6HSXHGHGDU GRVJUDQGHVHVWUXFWXUDV
D (VWUXFWXUDEDVH &RQVWLWX\HORJHRJUiILFRFRPRIRUPDVItVLFDVPRGLILFDEOHV
WHUULWRULRIURQWHUDV\RWURVSHUPDQHQWHVFRPRDJXD\DLUHV
E (VWUXFWXUD GH HQFXDGUDPLHQWR &RPSUHQGH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO (VWDGR (Q
ODVGLPHQVLRQHVVRFLDOSROtWLFDMXUtGLFDFXOWXUDO\HFRQyPLFD
(VWHHOHPHQWRGHODJHRSROtWLFDFRPSUHQGHODGHVFULSFLyQ\FDUDFWHUL
]DFLyQ GH OD VLWXDFLyQ UHDO HFRQyPLFD SROtWLFD FXOWXUDO VRFLDOHWF HQ OD TXH
VHHQFXHQWUDXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVHQXQFRQWH[WRKLVWyULFR &RPR SRU HMHP
SOR OD VLWXDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD TXH DWUDYHVyQXHVWURSDtVHQHOSHULRGRGHOSULPHU
JRELHUQR GH $ODQ *DUFtD HQ GRQGHVHUHJLVWUyXQDKLSHULQIODFLyQGHELGRDODV
SROtWLFDV SURWHFFLRQLVWDV \ VXEVLGLDULDV HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ HO SHULRGR GHO
JRELHUQR GH $OEHUWR )XMLPRUL TXLHQ WXYR TXH LQLFLDU OD DSHUWXUD GH OD HFRQRPtD
QDFLRQDOSDUDORJUDUODHVWDELOL]DFLyQ\ODUHLQVHUFLyQHQORVRUJDQLVPRVPXOWLODWHUD
OHV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
(O3RWHQFLDO1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQMXQWRGHUHFXUVRVPDWHULDOHV\HVSLULWXD
OHVFRQTXHFXHQWDXQ(VWDGRTXHGHEHQ VHU HVWUDWpJLFDPHQWH UHJXODGRV \R
XWLOL]DGRVSRUHO(VWDGRSDUDHOORJURR FRQVHFXFLyQ GH ORV REMHWLYRV QDFLRQDOHV \
HOGHVDUUROORGHOSDtVDILQGHGDUVROXFLyQDODSUREOHPiWLFDQDFLRQDO/RVIDFWRUHV
IXQGDPHQWDOHVVRQ
D +XPDQR &RQVWLWXLGRSRUORVKDELWDQWHVGHOSDtVHQHVSHFLDOWHQLHQGRHQ
FXHQWDVXQLYHOHOËQGLFHGH'HVDUUROOR+XPDQRHOPLVPRTXHFRQVLGHUD
FRPRYDULDEOHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHOJUDGRGHLQVWUXFFLyQODVHVSHUDQ]DGHYL
GD\HOQLYHOGHDFFHVRDORVVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRV
E (FRQyPLFR 6RQDTXHOORVUHFXUVRVTXHGLQDPL]DQ\DUWLFXODQODHFRQRPtD
QDFLRQDODWUDYpVGHORVGLYHUVRVVHFWRUHVSURGXFWLYRVDILQGHFXEULUTXHHO(V
WDGR SRVHD OD QHFHVDULD FDSDFLGDG GH JDVWR SXEOLFR (VWR VH H[SUHVD IXQGD
PHQWDOPHQWHHQ ORVLQJUHVRV 3%,TXHSRVHHXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtV
F -XUtGLFRRSROtWLFR (VHOVLVWHPDGHOHJLVODFLyQMXUtGLFDTXHHQPDUFD ODV
DFWLYLGDGHV FLYLOHV SROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDVDODVTXHORV FLXGDGDQRV ±SRU FRQ
WUDWRVRFLDOHVWDPRVREOLJDGRVDFXPSOLU
3RURWUDSDUWHDQLYHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOVRQODVQRUPDV\ORVDFXHUGRVOHJDOHVTXH
FHOHEUDQGRVRPiVHVWDGRV
• G)tVLFR /RFRQVWLWX\HODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHRJUiILFDVGHXQSDtVTXH
SRVLELOLWDHOGHVDUUROORGHGLYHUVDVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVIDYRUDEOHVDO
GHVDUUROORGHO(VWDGR1DFLyQ
(O 3RGHU 1DFLRQDO 6H H[SUHVD HQ OD FDSDFLGDG SROtWLFD MXUtGLFDHFRQyPL
FDVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOFRQODTXHGLVSRQHHO(VWDGRSDUDJDUDQWL]DUOD6HJXULGDG
1DFLRQDO HO %LHQHVWDU *HQHUDO \ OD 6REHUDQtD DVt FRPR PDQWHQHU ORV REMHWLYRV D
QLYHOLQWHUQR\H[WHUQR/RVSLODUHVGHHVWHHOHPHQWRVHH[SUHVDQHQODLQMHUHQFLD
GHXQSDtVDHQHOFRQWH[WRLQWHUQDFLRQDOUHVSDOGDGRSRUVXFDSDFLGDG
PLOLWDUHFRQyPLFD\SROtWLFD
3$57(6'(/(67$'2*(232/Ì7,&2
(VSDFLR GH &UHFLPLHQWR R +LQWHUODQG (V HO PHGLR JHRJUiILFRHQ HO FXDO
JHRSROtWLFDPHQWHVHGHVDUUROOD\H[SDQGHHO(VWDGR(VWiGHWHUPLQDGDSRUHOiUHD
JHRJUiILFDRWHUULWRULDOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQWUH HO 1~FOHR 9LWDO \ ODV )URQWHUDV
&RPSUHQGH HQ OD SUiFWLFD D ODPD\RU SDUWH GHO WHUULWRULR GHO (VWDGR GRQGH
HVWiQ ORV Q~FOHRVVHFXQGDULRV\ODVIXHQWHVJHQHUDGRUDVGHODULTXH]DQDFLR
QDO(QHVWD]RQDVHORFDOL]DQODViUHDVDJUtFRODVJDQDGHUDVPLQHUDVGHH[SOR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
WDFLyQSHWUROHUD\IRUHVWDOGHJHQHUDFLyQHOpFWULFD\ORVDWUDFWLYRVWXUtVWLFRV
(O +LQWHUODQG GHEH SURSRUFLRQDU ORV PHGLRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR
HFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOGHOSDtV\SDUDORFXDOVHGHEHFRQVLGHUDUWUHVDVSHFWRV
FRPR
• (OHPHQWREiVLFRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHO(VWDGR
• )XHQWHGHUHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHO(VWDGR
• )DFWRUGHVHJXULGDG
(O HVSDFLR GH FUHFLPLHQWR DOLPHQWD DO Q~FOHR YLWDO \ SHUPLWH LURFXSDQGR ODV
iUHDVKDVWDODVIURQWHUDVPHGLDQWHODDPDOJDPDFLyQFRORQL]DFLyQ\FRQTXLVWD
6HJ~Q.MHOOpQHO(VWDGRSXHGHH[SDQGLUVHDWUDYpVGHWUHVHVWUDWHJLDV
ODVFXDOHVSXHGHQVHUSRU
D $PDOJDPDFLyQ&XDQGRH[LVWHFRQYHQLRVELODWHUDOHVRPXOWLODWHUDOHV
• &RQTXLVWD &XDQGRXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVGHVDUUROODGRGHVSRMDDRWUDSRU
PHGLRGHODIXHU]D
• &RORQL]DFLyQ &RPSUHQGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDGHRFXSDFLyQGHiUHDVGHVSREOD
GDVRGHVSURWHJLGDV
1~FOHR 9LWDO R +HDUWODQG (V DTXHOOD ]RQD GHO WHUULWRULR QDFLRQDOGRQGHVH
FRQFHQWUDQORVSULQFLSDOHVSRGHUHVGHOHVWDGRHOGHPD\RUGHQVLGDG SREODFLRQDO HO
GH PiV DPSOLD JDPD GH DUWLFXODFLyQ YLDO \ HFRQyPLFD \ SRU HQGH HO GH PD\RU
IOXMRGHGLQDPLFLGDGFXOWXUDO
$GHPiVHVOD]RQDGHPD\RUGHVDUUROORGRQGHHQFRQWUDPRVODPD\RU SDUWH
GH ORV UHFXUVRV HFRQyPLFRV \ KXPDQRV GHO (VWDGR DVt FRPR OD FDSDFLGDG GH
GHFLVLyQSROtWLFDGHVGHGRQGHVHLUUDGLDHOSRGHU QDFLRQDO KDVWD ODV IURQWHUDV H
LQFOXVRIXHUDGHHOODV7DPELHQHVHOFHQWURGHOSRGHUSROtWLFR\PLOLWDU
(O+HDUWODQGSHUXDQRHV/LPDTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVXSRVLFLyQH[FpQWULFD
PDUtWLPDSURPRYLHQGRVXEGHVDUUROORHQODV]RQDVPDUJLQDOHVGHOSDtV\
VHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRHOFHQWUDOLVPRFRPRIHQyPHQRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQHFRQy
PLFDSROtWLFDVRFLDOFXOWXUDO\PLOLWDU
/DVHJXULGDGGHOQ~FOHRYLWDOHVSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUHOHVSDFLRGHFUHFLPLHQWR
SXHV FXDQWR PiV DOHMDGR HVWp GH ODV IURQWHUDV VXGHIHQVD \ SURWHFFLyQ HV
PiVHIHFWLYDVLQHPEDUJRHOODUHTXLHUHTXHHVWp GRWDGR FRQ ORV UHFXUVRV VXILFLHQ
WHV \ OD PiV DPSOLD GH UHG GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ WUDQVSRUWHV FRQ HO REMHWR GH
HYLWDUVXDLVODPLHQWRGHOHVSDFLRGHFUHFLPLHQWR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
+LJKODQG 5HSUHVHQWD ORVSXQWRV PiVDOWRV GHO WHUULWRULR SRUHMHPSOR
ODFRUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHV(VWDViUHDVJHRJUiILFDVVRQDSURSLDGRV SDUD OD
LQVWDODFLyQ GH EDVHV PLOLWDUHV REVHUYDWRULRV DVWURQyPLFRV PHWHRUROyJLFRV
HQWUHRWURVFRQILQHV GHGHIHQVD \RFLHQWtILFRV
9tDV GH &RPXQLFDFLyQ6RQ ODV TXH DUWLFXODQ ORVHVSDFLRVJHRJUiIL
FRV\FXOWXUDOHVGHXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVFXPSOHQODHVWUDWHJLDJHRYLDO(V
SRUGRQGHOOHJDQODLQIOXHQFLDGHOQ~FOHRYLWDO\GHORVSRORVGHGHVDUUROOR0HGLDQWH
ODV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV FLUFXODQ XQD PXOWLSOLFLGDG GH UHFXUVRV TXH YDQ GHVGH ORV
PDWHULDOHVKDVWDORVLQPDWHULDOHV
6RQODVYtDVRPHGLRVTXHXQHQODVGLYHUVDV]RQDVGHO(VWDGRHQWUHVtGHQWURGH
HOODV\KDFLDRWURV(VWDGRV
/DV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV GDQ FRQWH[WXUD DO (VWDGR TXLHQHV SRVLELOLWDQ ODFLUFXODFLyQGH
ORV GLYHUVRV PHGLRV HFRQyPLFRV SROtWLFRV FXOWXUDOHV \PLOLWDUHV TXH HO (VWDGR QH
FHVLWDSDUDORJUDUODXQLGDG\HILFDFLDHQHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHVXVREMHWLYRV
$ WUDYpV GH ODV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV VH GHVSOD]DQ GHQWUR GHO (VWDGR ODVULTXH]DV ORV
HOHPHQWRV GH SURJUHVR \ VH HMHFXWD OD DFWLYLGDG SROtWLFD \ PLOLWDU SHUPLWLpQGROH
OOHJDUDORV~OWLPRVFRQILQHVGHOSDtV
/DILQDOLGDGTXHFXPSOHQODVYtDVSRGHPRVDJUXSDUORVHQ
D (FRQyPLFDV 6LUYHQGHLQWHUFDPELRSDUDHOWHUULWRULRSURGXFWRUFRQHOWHUUL
WRULRFRQVXPLGRUHVXQHOHPHQWREiVLFRGHODHFRQRPtDFLUFXODFLyQ
E 7HFQROyJLFDV 3RVLELOLWDQHO DFFHVRDODV7,&\VXDSOLFDFLyQHQGLYHUVDVHVIH
UDVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV
F 3ROtWLFDV 7LHQGHQDXQLILFDUODQDFLyQPiVDXQFXDQGRH[LVWHXQDKHWHURJH
QHLGDGFXOWXUDO\JHRJUiILFD
G ,QWHOHFWXDOHV 8QHQFHQWURVFXOWXUDOHVHLUUDGLDQFXOWXUD
)URQWHUDV/tQHDSHULPpWULFDTXHFLUFXQGDHOHVSDFLRWHUULWRULDORFXSDGR
SRU XQ (VWDGR /tPLWH HQWUH GRV (VWDGRV TXH HVWiQ IUHQWH D IUHQWH 0DUFD TXH
LQGLFD OD H[WHQVLyQ GH GRV VREHUDQtDV /tQHD TXHLQGLFDKDVWDGRQGHSXHGHOOHJDU
ODDFFLyQGHGLUHFWDGHXQ(VWDGR
(QWRQFHV ODV IURQWHUDV VRQ ODV OtQHDV TXH GHOLPLWDQ HO iPELWR GH ODVREHUDQtDGH
GRV(VWDGRV-XHJDQXQSDSHOGHVXPDLPSRUWDQFLDFRPR IDFWRU GH SD] FRPR
VLJQR GH VREHUDQtD \ FRPR HOHPHQWR GHVHJXULGDG 6X VROLGH] R GHELOLGDG UHYHODQ
OD VDOXG GHO (VWDGR SXHVPDUFDVXOtPLWHGHSRGHUHQUHODFLyQFRQVX1~FOHR9LWDO
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
1~FOHRGH&RKHVLyQ(V OD ]RQD TXH SURSRUFLRQD XQLGDG DO+LQWHU
ODQG VXHOH XELFDUVH HQ ]RQDV GHQVDPHQWH SREODGDV \ SXHGHQ VHU YDULRV HQ XQ
PLVPR (VWDGR &DGD 1~FOHR GH &RKHVLyQ GHVWDFD HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV DVSHFWRV OR
TXH LQFLGH HQ HO JUDGR GH DUWLFXODFLyQGHOSDtV/RVOXJDUHVTXHDGTXLHUHQHVWD
FDWHJRUtDVRQ$UHTXLSD&XVFR7UXMLOOR7DFQDHQWUHRWURV
/RV1~FOHRVGH&RKHVLyQWDPELpQVRQOODPDGRVFRPROD=RQD1XFOHDU TXH
FRPSUHQGH XQ HVSDFLR IDYRUHFLGR SRU VX HVWUDWpJLFD XELFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD
DEXQGDQWHVUHFXUVRV\EXHQDDFFHVLELOLGDGGRQGHGHEHVLWXDUVHHOKHDUWODQGGHO
HVWDGRFX\DIXQFLyQHVXQLILFDU
\ FRKHVLRQDU D OD SREODFLyQ \ DO WHUULWRULR TXH DSDUHFH GHVDUWLFXODGR (Q QXHVWUR
SDtVKD\ODQHFHVLGDGGHRUJDQL]DU\IRUWDOHFHUORVQ~FOHRVGHFRKHVLyQTXH
VLUYDGHSXQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUDODJHQHUDFLyQ GH RWURV Q~FOHRV VHFXQGDULRV
GH GHVDUUROOR SRUTXH VL HOHVSDFLRGHFUHFLPLHQWRWHUPLQDHQODVIURQWHUDVLQWHU
QDFLRQDOHVHVQDWXUDOTXHH[LVWDXQQ~FOHRHMHGHVGHGRQGHVHLUUDGLHWRGDOD
LQIOXHQFLDGHOHVWDGR
&XDQGR VH HVWDEOHFH XQ Q~FOHR GH FRKHVLyQ HQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGRSXHEOR \
DGTXLHUHPD\RUSRWHQFLDHVWHQ~FOHRVHWUDQVIRUPDHQQ~FOHRYLWDOHOTXHGD
YHUGDGHUDYLGDDO(VWDGR
$O UHVSHFWRHO JHQHUDO 0HUFDGR -DUUtQ VRVWLHQH TXH H[LVWH XQHVSDFLR TXH
UH~QH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ 1~FOHR GHFRKHVLyQ\SXHGHFRQWUL
EXLU HILFD]PHQWH D ORJUDU ODDUWLFXODFLyQ GHO SDtV (VWH HVSDFLR HV OD DPSOLD
UHJLyQJHRHFRQyPLFDGHODVHOYDFHQWUDO DWUDYHVDGDSRU ORV UtRV3HUHQp6DWLSR
(QH 7DPER %RFD] &DFD]R 3LFKLV 3DFKLWHD \ HO $OWR 8FD\DOL \ HQ FX\R
PDQJRGHODEDQLFRVHXELFDHOFRQMXQWRXUEDQRGH/D0HUFHG\6DQ5DPyQ
OODPDGRVDWUDQVIRUPDUVHHQHOSRORGRPLQDQWHGHOQ~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQ
JHRHFRQyPLFR\HVWUDWpJLFRFHQWUDO
1~FOHRV*HRKLVWyULFRV(VHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRVLWXDGRGHQWURGHOWHUULWR
ULRGHXQ(VWDGR\TXHIXHGXUDQWHHOSDVDGRFHQWURGHRULJHQ\SURSDJDFLyQGH
XQDFXOWXUDUD]yQSRUODFXDOFRQVWLWX\HHQODDFWXDOLGDGXQD³UHVHUYDHVSLULWXDO´
(V HO HVSDFLR QDWXUDO IDYRUHFLGR SRU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV ODVYtDV \ PH
GLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHGRQGHKDVXUJLGRODIXHU]DFUHDGRUDGHXQDFXOWXUD
R GH XQ HVWDGR 7LHQH QXPHURVD SREODFLyQ \ XQD JUDQ UHG GH YtDV \ PHGLRV GH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ
6RQORVHVSDFLRVGHXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVTXHEULQGDQXQLPSXOVRFXOWXUDO D OD
1DFLyQ R SXHGHQ WUDVFHQGHU GH HOOD 3DUD HOOR UHVXOWDQYLWDOHV ODV YtDV \ ORV PH
GLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ OD FRQYHUJHQFLD GHORVJUXSRVKXPDQRV3RUHMHPSOR
5RPD*UHFLD&KDYtQ&XVFR3DULV,QJODWHUUDHQWUHRWURV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
=RQDVGH7HQVLyQ6RQODVUHJLRQHVLQHVWDEOHVSURSHQVDVDFRQVWDQ
WHVIULFFLRQHVTXHVHPDQLILHVWDQHQFKRTXHVRFRQIOLFWRVDUPDGRV&RQVWLWX\HQ
XQSHOLJURSDUDODSD]PXQGLDO*HQHUDOPHQWHGHWUiV GH HVWD VLWXDFLyQ GH LQVH
JXULGDG HVWiQ LQWHUHVHV GH ODVSRWHQFLDVJUXSRVRLGHRORJtDVTXHOXFKDQ
SRUFRQVHJXLUVXVSURSyVLWRV
,QIOXHQFLDVRLQIOXMRVJHRSROtWLFRV7RGRVORVHVWDGRVHVWiQLQIOXHQFLD
GRV HQ VX RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ GHVDUUROOR SRU ORV HOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVGHOPHGLR
JHRJUiILFR HO UHOLHYH HO FOLPD ORV UtRV ORVPDUHV ORV UHFXUVRV YHJHWDOHV R
IORUDORVUHFXUVRVDQLPDOHVRIDXQD\ORVUHFXUVRVPLQHUDOHV$HVWDVLQIOXHQFLDV
VHOHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGH,QIOXMRV*HRSROtWLFRV
(OLQIOXMRJHRSROtWLFRHVODLQIOXHQFLDTXHHMHUFHQORVIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFRV
HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ YLGD GHO (VWDGR (VWRV IDFWRUHV VHWUDGXFHHQDFFLRQHVTXH
RULHQWDHOGHVDUUROORGHVXVDFWLYLGDGHV(QWUHORVLPSRUWDQWHVVHHQFXHQWUDQOD
PRUIRORJtDWHUULWRULDOHOFOLPDODIORUDODIDXQDORVPLQHUDOHVHWF
/$6',(=/(<(6%$6,&$6'(/$*(232/,7,&$
D 3ULPHUD/H\7RGRHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRSRVHHXQSXQWRHO1~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQR
HMHGHGRPLQLRTXHHVODFODYHSDUDHOFRQWUROGHGLFKRHVSDFLR
E 6HJXQGD/H\ 7RGRHVSDFLRFLUFXQGDQWHDOQ~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQVHIUDFFLRQD
HQGLYHUVDVOtQHDVHVWUDWpJLFDVGHGRPLQLRRGHRUGHQJHRYLDO
F 7HUFHUD/H\ /DH[SDQVLyQGH WRGR Q~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQ VHUHDOL]DPHGLDQWH OD
DFFLyQ FHQWULIXJD GH IXHU]DV GHQRPLQDGDV WHQVLyQ \GHTXtQWXSORFDUiFWHUJH
RJUiILFRELROyJLFRGHPRJUiILFRHFRQyPLFRVRFLDOFXOWXUDOVRFLROyJLFR\SROtWLFR
GHFRQWUROWRWDO
G &XDUWD/H\ /DDFFLyQFHQWULIXJDGHODVWHQVLRQHVWLHQGHQDGHVHQFDGHQDU
XQDDFFLyQFHQWUtSHWDKDFLD ODUHJLyQQXFOHDULQWHQVLILFDQGRDVtODFDSDFL
GDGLQLFLDOGHH[SDQVLyQ\HOSRGHUFHQWULIXJRGHWRGRHOVLVWHPD
H 4XLQWD /H\ /DV WHQVLRQHV HQ VX DFFLyQ SHUPDQHQWH VH FRPELQDQ DGRSWDQGR
IRUPDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV EiVLFDV GH Vp[WXSOHFDOLGDGWHFQROyJLFDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD
FRPHUFLDOPLOLWDUFXOWXUDO\PtVWLFD
I 6H[WD /H\ /D SHUPDQHQWH DFFLyQ GH WHQVLRQHV LQIOX\HQSDUD HOHVSDFLRFLU
FXQGDQWHDXQD]RQDQXFOHDUVHIRUPDDOUHGHGRUGHHOODFXDWUR]RQDVGH
PDQLIHVWDFLyQGHVXSRGHUHQIRUPDGHFUHFLHQWHGHVGHHOQ~FOHRDODSHULIH
ULD7DOHVVRQGHDQH[LyQGHSURWHFWRUDGRGHLQIOXHQFLD\GHLQWHUpV
J 6pSWLPD /H\ &DGD ]RQD TXH VH RUJDQL]D DOUHGHGRU GHO Q~FOHRWLHQGH D DG
TXLULUODFDOLGDGGHODTXHORSUHFHGHGDQGRRULJHQHQFDGDSURFHVRGHFRQ
YHUVLyQODDSDULFLyQGHXQDQXHYD]RQDH[WUHPDGHLQWHUpV\DVtDXQDH[
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
SDQVLyQJHQHUDOGHOVLVWHPD
K 2FWDYD/H\/DH[WHQVLyQGHWRGRVLVWHPDRUJDQL]DGRSRUXQQ~FOHR GH
FRKHVLyQHVGHFDUiFWHUSUHYLVLEOH\GHEHUHDOL]DUVHGHSHTXHxRVRJUDQGHVHV
SDFLRV
L 1RYHQD/H\ /DOtQHDGHH[SDQVLyQSHULIpULFDGHXQDQDFLyQHVWiFRQVWLWXLGDSRU
ODOtQHDGHIURQWHUDSHURQRSXHGHUHGXFLUVHDXQDOtQHDPDUJLQDOHQUHDOLGDG
HVXQVLVWHPDGHOtQHDVWDQWDVFRQPDWLFHVRJUDGRVGHWHQVLRQHVVH
KDQSURGXFLGRSXGLHQGRDILUPDUVH TXH DO PHQRV H[LVWHQ FLQFR D OD IURQWHUD
GH OD ]RQDQXFOHDU E GH OD DQH[LyQ F GH OD ]RQD GHO SURWHFWRUDGR G GH OD
]RQDGHLQIOXHQFLD\HGHODGHLQWHUpV
M 'pFLPD /H\ /D QDWXUDO H[SDQVLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV ORV FRQGXFHQIRU]RVDPHQWH
D XQFRQIOLFWRHQWUHVLGHWDOQDWXUDOH]DTXHVyORSXHGH VROXFLRQDUVH PH
GLDQWHODSDFtILFDLQWHJUDFLyQGHHOORVGHQWURGHXQVLVWHPDVXSHULRURPHGLDQWH
ODVXERUGLQDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDDRWURHQIRUPDSDFtILFDRYLROHQWD
/$*(232/,7,&$1$&,21$/
2EMHWLYRVJHRSROtWLFRVGHO3HU~
• /RJUDUODLQWHJUDFLyQQDFLRQDO
• ,QWHQVLILFDUODVUHODFLRQHVDQLYHOQDFLRQDOFRQWLQHQWDO\PXQGLDO
• 2EWHQHUHOGRPLQLRGHOSDFtILFR6XU
• 2FXSDUFRPSOHWDPHQWHODVIURQWHUDV
• 3UR\HFWDUVHVREUHOD$QWiUWLFD
• )RPHQWDUODLQGXVWULD
5HDOLGDG 1DFLRQDO /DVLWXDFLyQJHRJUiILFDHVXQHOHPHQWRYLWDOSDUD HO
GHVDUUROOR GH XQ SDtV 'HSHQGHUi PXFKDV YHFHV FXiO VHD ODSRVLFLyQTXHDVXPD
XQ(VWDGRIUHQWHDODUHDOLGDGPXQGLDO\ DORV(VWDGRVGHVDUUROODGRV\DTXHOORV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDJUXSDGRVHQEORTXHVHFRQyPLFRV(QHOFDVRGHO3HU~
QXHVWUDVLWXDFLyQJHRJUiILFDQRVSHUPLWH HO GHVDUUROOR GHJUDQGHVSRVLELOLGDGHV
SHURGDGDVODVSROtWLFDVGHJRELHUQR\ODGHVUHJXODFLyQGHOPHUFDGRpVWDVVHFRQ
YLHUWHQHQOLPLWDQWHVSDUDHOGHVDUUROOR
&XDQGR KDEODPRV GH 5HDOLGDG 1DFLRQDO QR VyOR VH WRPD HQ FXHQWD HO SDLVDMH
JHRJUiILFR \ OD LQILQLGDG GH UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV VLQRWDPELpQHVLPSRUWDQWH
FRQVLGHUDUHODVSHFWRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO$VtFRPRODLQWHJUDFLyQHQWUHVRFLHGDG
FLYLO\HVWDGRDILQGHORJUDUREMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHV
$FWXDOPHQWH HO SDtV DWUDYLHVD XQD SURIXQGD FULVLV VRFLDO 'HVLQWHJUDFLyQ GHVLJXDO
GDG H[FOXVLyQ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ HFRQyPLFD SREUH]D GHVQXWULFLyQ PRUELPRUWDOL
GDG FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHODV SROtWLFDV HFRQyPLFDV DSOLFDGDV SRU ORV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
JRELHUQRVGHWXUQRREHGHFLHQGRDODVWHRUtDVOLEHUDOHVGHORVRUJDQLVPRV
ILQDQFLHURVPXOWLOiWHUDVFRPRHO)0,%0\HO%,'
D 3RVLELOLGDGHV 1XHVWUD SRVLFLyQ FHQWUDO HQ $PpULFD GHO 6XUIDYRUHFHD
TXHSRGDPRVHMHUFHULQIOXHQFLDHQJUDQSDUWHGHOFRQWLQHQWH1RHVFDVXDO
TXHORVJUDQGHVPRPHQWRVGHODKLVWRULD/DWLQRDPpULFDVHKD\DQYLYLGRHQHO
3HU~GHVGHHOLQFDQDWRKDVWD OD pSRFD YLUUH\QDO HQ OD TXH /LPD HUD HO FHQ
WUR GHO SRGHUSROtWLFR\HFRQyPLFRHQWUHORV6;9±;9,,,FRPRSDUWHGHOD
FRORQLD HVSDxROD \ KDVWD OD FRQYHUJHQFLD GH ODV FRUULHQWHVHPDQFLSDGR
UDVGHO6XU\GHO1RUWHTXHORJUDURQQXHVWUDLQGHSHQGHQFLDHQORV
FDPSRVGH-XQtQ\$\DFXFKR(OGtDGHKR\VHSUR\HFWRFRPRFHQWURLQWHJUDGRU
GHODVGRVJUDQGHVFXHQFDVRFHiQLFDV
3RURWURODGRODGLYHUVLGDGJHRJUiILFDSHUPLWHSRVHHUXQDYDULHGDG GH FOLPDV
\ VXHORV OR TXH D VX YH] YLDELOL]D XQD JUDQPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHUHFXUVRVTXHVRQ
HOHPHQWRVLQGLVSHQVDEOHV\FRPSHWLWLYRV SULPHURSDUD FXEULU ODGHPDQGD LQWHUQD
DVt FRPR SDUD OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ \ GLVWULEXFLyQ GHSHQGLHQGR HQ
JUDQSDUWHGHOPDQHMRLQWHOLJHQWH\UDFLRQDOGHGLFKRVUHFXUVRV
E /LPLWDFLRQHV /DKHWHURJHQHLGDGJHRJUiILFDGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHVHFRQVWL
WX\H HQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH GHVDUUROOR WDPELpQ LQIOX\H QHJDWLYDPHQWH HQ HOOD
FRQVWLWX\pQGRVHDVtHQXQIDFWRUTXHHVWDEOHFHGLYHUVRVJUDGRVGHGHVD
UUROOR\DTXHHOUHOLHYHLUUHJXODU\YDULDGRUHVXOWDGLItFLOGHYHQFHUQRHVOR
PLVPRWHQGHUUHGHVGHIHUURFDUULOHQOODQXUDVTXHKDFHUORDPWVGHDOWXUD
$VtPLVPRODIUDJPHQWDFLyQRSRFDLQWHJUDFLyQHQWUHORVGLYHUVRVVHFWRUHVGHOD
VRFLHGDGSROtWLFD\FLYLOVHFRQVWLWX\HQHQEDUUHUDVSDUDODFRKHVLyQVRFLDO
/D*HRSROtWLFDGHODVIURQWHUDV/DVIURQWHUDVQDFLRQDOHVVHFRQVWLWX\HQ
HQORVOtPLWHVPi[LPRVGHO+LQWHUODQGFRQVWLWX\pQGRVHHQSDUWHGHORVSUR\HFWRV
LQWHJUDOHVGHGHVDUUROOR\GHODVHVWUDWHJLDVGH FUHFLPLHQWR SDUD HOOR UHVXOWD QHFH
VDULR HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQ PD\RU Q~PHUR GH ³IURQWHUDV YLYDV´ D ILQ GH VDOYD
JXDUGDUODVREHUDQtDQDFLRQDO$VtPLVPRHO(VWDGRGHEHLPSOHPHQWDUSROtWL
FDVGHH[SORWDFLyQUDFLRQDO\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQHVWUDWpJLFDGHUHFXUVRVQDWX
UDOHV HQ HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQ D ORV REMHWLYRV QDFLRQDOHV 1XHVWUR SDtV HQ VXV
IURQWHUDVSRVHHXQDJUDQYDULHGDGGHUHFXUVRVSRUHMHPSOR
D (Q OD IURQWHUD FRQ (FXDGRU([LVWH DFWLYLGDGHV DJURSHFXDULDV \IRUHVWDOHVHQ
-DpQ6DQ,JQDFLR7XPEHV$OWR4XLUR]3LXUD/DPD\RUtDVRQDVHQWDPLHQ
WRV GH LQWHJUDFLyQ IURQWHUL]D SHUR HQGRQGHODH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVSHWUR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
OHURV \ IRUHVWDOHV WLHQHQ PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD HV HQ *HSL &DEDOORFRFKD
5DPyQ&DVWLOODIURQWHUDFRQ&RORPELDWRGDVpVWDV]RQDVWLHQHQDFWLYLGD
GHVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVTXHDUWLFXODQHFRQRPtDVUHJLRQDOHV
E (QODIURQWHUDFRQ%UDVLO/DH[SORWDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVVHEDVDHQHO
SHWUyOHRORVUHFXUVRVIRUHVWDOHV\DJURSHFXDULRVRKLGURELROyJLFRV6LQHP
EDUJRGLFKDH[SORWDFLyQHVUHDOL]DGDSRU(71GHOYHFLQRSDtV
F (QODIURQWHUDFRQ%ROLYLD(QODSDUWHVXUGHODIURQWHUDVHGHVDUUROODQ
DFWLYLGDGHV DJURSHFXDULDV \ FRPHUFLDOHV (QWUH WDQWRHQ OD ]RQD QRUWH OD PL
QHUtDDUWHVDQDOGHQWURGHHOORGHVWDFDORVODYDGHURVGHRURHQODIURQWHUDWULSDU
WLWD
G (Q OD IURQWHUD FRQ &KLOH 6H FRQVWDWy OD H[LVWHQFLD GH UHVHUYDV GH RUR \
FREUHUD]yQSRUODTXHGHVSHUWy HOLQWHUpVGHLQYHUVLyQSRU HO YHFLQR SDtV \ D
ODUJRSOD]RODH[SDQVLyQGHOPHQFLRQDGRSDtV
6HJXULGDG 1DFLRQDO \ 6REHUDQtD (V HO FRQMXQWR GH PHGLGDV \DFFLRQHV
TXH VH DGRSWDQ SDUD JDUDQWL]DU TXH OD SREODFLyQ ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV \ HO
SURSLR HVWDGR VH GHVHQYXHOYDQ FRQ WRGD QRUPDOLGDG D ILQ GH ORJUDU ORV
REMHWLYRV QDFLRQDOHV TXH VH H[SUHVDQHQ HO ELHQ FRP~Q 6LQR KD\ VHJXULGDG QD
FLRQDOQRKD\GHVDUUROORQLELHQHVWDU
/D6HJXULGDG1DFLRQDOHVODJDUDQWtDTXHHO(VWDGRRWRUJDDOD1DFLyQPH
GLDQWHDFFLRQHVSROtWLFDVHFRQyPLFDVVRFLDOHV\PLOLWDUHVSDUDODREWHQFLyQ\PDQ
WHQLPLHQWRGHORVREMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHV
D 'HIHQVDQDFLRQDOFRPRVLVWHPD OD'HIHQVDQDFLRQDOFRPRVLVWHPDHVHO
FRQMXQWRGHPHGLGDV\SUHYLVLRQHVTXHDGRSWDHO(VWDGRFRQHOILQGHJDUDQWL
]DU ODVHJXULGDG GHOD1DFLyQ HQWRGRVORVFDPSRVGHODDFWLYLGDGVHDGH
tQGROHSROtWLFDHFRQyPLFDVRFLDO\PLOLWDU/DGHIHQVDHVHOPHGLRSDUD
DOFDQ]DUODVHJXULGDG
/DGHIHQVDQDFLRQDOHVSHUPDQHQWHHLQWHJUDO(VSHUPDQHQWHSRUTXHFRP
SURPHWHDWRGRVORVKDELWDQWHVGH3HU~FLYLOHV\PLOLWDUHVHQODV DFFLRQHV
TXH VH UHDOL]DQGtD DGtD SDUD ORJUDUGHVDUUROORQDFLRQDO<HVLQWHJUDOSRU
TXHDEDUFDDWRGDVODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHOSDtVSURFXUDQGRORJUDU\VRVWH
QHUPHMRUHVQLYHOHVGHYLGDSDUDODSREODFLyQHQVXFRQMXQWR
/D &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD DVLJQD D ODV )XHU]DV $UPDGDV OD PLVLyQGH JDUDQWL]DU
OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD OD VREHUDQtD \ OD LQWHJULGDGWHUULWRULDO\DOD3ROLFtD1D
FLRQDOWLHQHODPLVLyQGHSUHVHUYDU\FRQVHUYDUHORUGHQS~EOLFRJDUDQWL]DU
HOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODVOH\HVODVHJXULGDGGHODVSHUVRQDV\ORVSDWULPRQLRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
S~EOLFR\SULYDGR\SUHYHQLU\FRPEDWLUODGHOLQFXHQFLD
E 2EMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHVGHODVHJXULGDGLQWHJUDO 'HQWURGHHOORVWHQHPRVD
• *DUDQWL]DUODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHOHVWDGRSHUXDQR\ODLQWHJULGDGGHVX
WHUULWRULR
• *DUDQWL]DUODLQWHJUDFLyQGHO3HU~\ODH[SORWDFLyQGHVXVUHFXUVRVQDWXUD
OHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQ]RQDVGHIURQWHUD
• *DUDQWL]DUODHVWDELOLGDGSROtWLFDFRQXQJRELHUQRGHPRFUiWLFR TXH JRELHUQH
DO(VWDGRHQUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOSXHEORTXHORHOLJLy
6REHUDQtD1DFLRQDO(VHOSRGHUTXHWLHQHHO(VWDGRSDUDGHFLGLUVREUHVX
SURSLRGHVWLQR*UDFLDVDODVREHUDQtDHO3HU~HVXQHVWDGRLQGHSHQGLHQWH
/DVREHUDQtDHVXQGHUHFKRLQKHUHQWHDODQDFLyQRSREODFLyQHQYLUWXGGHOFXDO
TXHGDDQXODGRFXDOTXLHULQWHQWRGHLQWHUIHUHQFLDHQVXYLGD\GHVDUUROORSRUSDUWHGH
RWURVHVWDGRVRSRWHQFLDVH[WHUQDV
/D VREHUDQtD UHVLGH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ OD QDFLyQ HV GHFLU HQ HOSXHEOR(O
SRGHU TXH WLHQHQ ORV JREHUQDQWHV HPDQD GHO SXHEOR \ TXLHQHV OR HMHUFHQ OR
KDFHQHQVXSUHVHQWDFLyQFRQODVOLPLWDFLRQHV
\ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVVHxDODGDVHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ\ODVOH\HV/DVREHUDQtD
FRPSUHQGHWUHVDVSHFWRVODOLEHUWDGODDXWRQRPtD\OD
LQGHSHQGHQFLD
D ,QGHSHQGHQFLDH[WHUQD (VODFDSDFLGDGTXHWLHQHHO(VWDGRSDUDREUDU
OLEUHPHQWHFRQDXWRQRPtD\VREHUDQtDQDFLRQDOHVIUHQWH DRWURV HVWDGRV
QRHVWDUVXERUGLQDGRSROtWLFDPHQWHDFXDOTXLHURWUDSRWHQFLD\UHFKD]DUWRGR
WLSRGHLQJHUHQFLDH[WHUQDHQODYLGDQDFLRQDO
E $XWRQRPtD LQWHUQD (V OD FDSDFLGDG TXH WLHQH HO (VWDGR SDUD GDUVH VX
SURSLD FRQVWLWXFLyQ \ OH\HV \ HQ EDVH D HOOR RUJDQL]DUODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV QD
FLRQDOHVTXHSURPXHYDQVXGHVDUUROOR/DDXWRQRPtDHVODOLEHUWDGTXHWLH
QHXQDQDFLyQSDUDJREHUQDUVHFRQ VXVSURSLDV OH\HV HVODFRQGLFLyQ GHO
SXHEORTXH REUD FRQLQGHSHQGHQFLDSROtWLFDTXHQRGHSHQGDGHRWUR(VWDGR
3DWULPRQLR 1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQMXQWRGHELHQHVQDWXUDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV
TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ HO WHUULWRULR GHO HVWDGR SHUXDQR \TXHKHPRVKHUHGDGRGH
QXHVWURVDQWHSDVDGRVDORODUJRGHQXHVWURSURFHVRKLVWyULFR
/RVELHQHVTXHFRQIRUPDQHOSDWULPRQLRQDFLRQDOSXHGHQVHUQDWXUDOHVFRPR
HOWHUULWRULR\VXVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVRFXOWXUDOHVFRQIRUPDGRVSRUODVREUDVTXH
KDQVLGRFUHDGDVSRUHOKRPEUH\ODVRFLHGDGSHUXDQDDWUDYpVGHOWLHPSR
D SDWULPRQLR FXOWXUDO GH OD QDFLyQ )RUPDQ SDUWH GH QXHVWURSDWULPRQLR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
FXOWXUDOODVREUDVKHFKDV\FUHDGDVSRUHOKRPEUHGHVGHVXHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR
HQVXHORSHUXDQRKDFHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDxRVKDVWDHOSUHVHQWH
E 3DWULPRQLRQDWXUDOGHODQDFLyQ(VWiFRQVWLWXLGRSRUORVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHV
TXHIRUPDQHOHVFHQDULRJHRJUiILFRGHO3HU~\GHODVFXOWXUDVTXHVHVXFHGLH
URQHQQXHVWURWHUULWRULRGHVGHFXDQGRVHLQLFLyVXSREODPLHQWRKDFHPiVGH
DxRV
$VSHFWR SVLFRVRFLDO GH OD UHDOLGDG QDFLRQDO (V HO FRQMXQWRGHKHFKRV
\ IHQyPHQRVGHRUGHQSVLFROyJLFR\VRFLDOTXHFRQIRUPDQ HO DVSHFWR
SVLFRVRFLDO\TXHHVWiUHIHULGRDODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHODVRFLHGDGVXFRP
SRUWDPLHQWR VX LGLRVLQFUDVLD VXV YDORUHV LGHDV PRGRV GH YLGD XVRV \ FRVWXP
EUHV
(QHODVSHFWRSVLFRVRFLDOVHSHUFLEHHOHVWDGRDQtPLFRGHODVRFLHGDGHQ
VXFRQMXQWR\GHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVQDFLRQDOHV'HQWURGHORVHOHPHQWRVVHHQFXHQ
WUDQHOFDUiFWHU QDFLRQDOOD FRQFLHQFLDQDFLRQDO OD PRUDO QDFLRQDO \ OD LGHQWL
GDG QDFLRQDO (VWRV HOHPHQWRVIRUPDQHOHVStULWX\HODOPDGHXQDQDFLyQ \WLHQHQ
ODPLVLyQGHVHUJXtD\IXHU]DHVSLULWXDOGHWRGDODSREODFLyQ
D &DUiFWHU1DFLRQDO(VHOPRGRGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQGH
XQ(VWDGRDTXHOORTXHORGLIHUHQFLDPRUDOPHQWHGHODSREODFLyQGHRWUR(VWDGR
(VHOFRQMXQWRGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHLQGLYLGXDOL]DQDOKDELWDQWHSHUXDQR(V
SURGXFWRGHQXHVWURSURFHVRKLVWyULFR)RUPDQSDUWHGHOFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOSH
UXDQRGHKR\ODVVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
• 6RPRVXQDQDFLyQSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHPHVWL]D
• &RQIRUPDPRVXQDQDFLyQFRQPDUFDGDVGLIHUHQFLDVKLVWyULFRFXOWXUDOHV
• &RQIRUPDPRVXQDQDFLyQHQODTXHSUHGRPLQDHOHVSDxROFRPROHQJXD
QDFLRQDO\VHJXLGDGHRWUDVOHQJXDVQDWLYDV
• )RUPDPRV XQD QDFLyQ FRQ PDUFDGD WHQGHQFLD D DFHSWDUPRGHORV\
FRVWXPEUHVIRUiQHRVPHQRVFDEDQGRYDORUHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHO3HU~
E &RQFLHQFLD1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQRFLPLHQWRUHIOH[LYRTXHWHQHPRVGHODUHDOLGDG
SHUXDQDGHORTXHHO3HU~HVHQODDFWXDOLGDGFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHVX
SURFHVRKLVWyULFR\GHODFDSDFLGDGFUHDGRUD GH VX SXHEOR /D FRQFLHQFLD QD
FLRQDOWDPELpQVHIRUPDDWUDYpVGHQXHVWURSURFHVRKLVWyULFR
F 0RUDO 1DFLRQDO (V HO FRQMXQWR GH YDORUHV RSULQFLSLRV pWLFRV TXHVRQ SXHVWRV
HQ SUiFWLFD SRU OD SREODFLyQ GH XQ (VWDGR GHMDQGRGHODGRHOFDUJRTXHVHRV
WHQWDHOVWDWXVHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOTXHVHSRVHHDVtFRPRVXSUHSDUDFLyQSUR
IHVLRQDO/DPRUDOQDFLRQDOSRQHDSUXHEDORVYDORUHVTXHKDQVLGRLQWHUQD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
OL]DGRVHQODFRQFLHQFLDGHODSREODFLyQ
G /D,GHQWLGDG1DFLRQDO (QWHQGHPRVSRULGHQWLGDGQDFLRQDODOVHQWLPLHQWR
GHSHUWHQHQFLDGHXQJUXSRKXPDQRRQDFLyQDXQSDtVFRPRHO3HU~(VWH
VHQWLPLHQWR QRV OOHYDD LGHQWLILFDUQRV FRQVX SDWULPRQLR QDFLRQDO QDWXUDO \
FXOWXUDO FRQ VXV YDORUHVWUDGLFLRQHV H KLVWRULD FRQ VXV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV
\ VXV JUDQGHVSUREOHPDV FRQ VXV XVRV\FRVWXPEUHV TXH ORV VHQWLPRV FRPR
QXHVWURV\FRPRSDUWHGHQXHVWURVHU
/$*27,7,&$&$5,48(=$<352'8&7,9,'$'
D /D5HVHUYDGHO/DJR7LWLFDFDDEDUFDXQDSDUWHGHOVHFWRUSHUXDQRGHO
ODJR\HVWiXELFDGDHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH3XQRSURYLQFLDV GH +XDQFDQp \
3XQR7LHQHXQDH[WHQVLyQGHKHFWiUHDV\FRPSUHQGHGRVVHFWRUHV
6HFWRU 5DPLV
6HFWRU 3XQR
• (QODSURYLQFLDGHOPLVPR
• (QODSURYLQFLDGH+XDQFDQp
QRPEUHFRQKHFWi
FRQKHFWiUHDV
UHDV
E (QFXDQWRDIDXQDSRVHHXQDJUDQGLYHUVLGDGGHDYHVUHVLGHQWHV \
PLJUDWRULDV FRQVWLWX\HQ OD IDXQD PiV DWUDFWLYD GH OD ]RQD 6H HQFXHQWUDQ
PiVGHHVSHFLHVHQWUHODVTXHGHVWDFDQ
$9(6
)DPLOLDV5HVLGHQWHV
‡ 3DWRV $QDWLGDH
‡ &KRFDV5DOOLGDH
)DPLOLDVPLJUDWRULDV
‡ &KRUORV
&KDUDGULLGDH
‡ 3OD\HURV
6FRORSDFLGDH
‡ )ODPHQFRV
3KRHQLFRSWHULGDH
‡ =DPEXOOLGRU
&HQWURSHOPDPLFURSWHUXP
‡ <DQDYLFR
3OHJDGLVULGJZD\L
‡ &RUPRUiQ
3KDODFURFRUD[ROLYDFHXV
‡ 7RWRUHUR
3KOHRFU\SWHVPHODQRSV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
•
•
3(&(6
&DUDFKLV2UHVWLDVVSS
6XFKH7U\FKRPLFWHUXVULYX
ODWXP
(VSHFLHVDPHQD]DGDV
• 3DULKXDQDRIODPHQFR3KRHQL
FRSWHUXVFKLOHQVLV
• )ODPHQFRGHMDPHV3KRHQLFR
SDUUXVMDPHVL
• )ODPHQFRDQGLQR3KRHQLFRSD
UUXV DQGLQXV
$1),%,26
• 6DSRJLJDQWH
• 6DSRDFXiWLFR7HOPDWRELXVVVS
• 6DSRFRP~Q%XIRVSLQXORVXV
0DPtIHURV
• 9L]FDFKD/DJLGLXPSHUXDQXP
• &X\VLOYHVWUH&DYLDWVFKXGLL
• =RUURDQGLQR3VHXGDORSH[FXOSD
HXV
F /DYHJHWDFLyQGHOODJRVHFODVLILFDHQDQILELDVXPHUJLGD\IORWDQWH \ FRP
SRQH XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV HOHPHQWRV GHO FLFORGHOHFRVLVWHPD6XIORUDHVWi
UHSUHVHQWDGDSRUYDULHGDGHVGHSODQWDVDFXiWLFDVUHVDOWDQGR
)ORUD
/DWRWRUD6FKRHQRSOHFWXVWRWRUD
/D\DQDOODFKR(ORGHDSRWDPRJHWRQ
/DOHQWHMDGHDJXDI/HPQDVS/DSXULPD &KDUDVS
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
,03257$1&,$*(232/,7,&$
(VIXHQWHGHULTXH]DLFWLROyJLFDERJDKXPDQWRLVSLFDUDFKLEDJUHWUXFKD
SHMHUUH\
3RUVXVLQIOXHQFLDVFOLPDWLFDVSHUPLWHHOGHVDUUROORDJURSHFXDULRHQODUH
JLRQ+DFHGHODPHVHWDGHOFROODRODUHJLyQJHRHFRQRPLFDPDVLPSRUWDQWH
GHORVDQGHVGHOVXUSHUXDQR
&RQVWLWX\HODJUDQUHVHUYDDFXtIHUDGHDJXDVGXOFHVTXHSHUPLWLUtDODJH
QHUDFLRQGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD\ODLUULJDFLRGHODVSDPSDFRVWHxDV
(VXQPHGLRGHWUDQVSRUWH\FRPHUFLRODFXVWUHELQDFLRQDOHQWUHSHUX\EROL
YLD
(VHOSULQFLSDOUHJXODGRU\JHQHUDGRUGHOPLFURFOLPDHQDOUHJLyQGHORFRQ
WUDULRHODOWLSODQRVHULD]RQDSRFRKDELWDEOH
)RUPDQYDOOHVDPSOLRVTXHSHUPLWHHOGHVDUUROORDJURSHFXDULRGHWLSRH[
WHQVLYR
6RQHVFHQDULRGHFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVKXPDQDVHQVXVULYHUDVHQHOFXUVRGH
ORVSULQFLSDOHVUtRVVHORFDOL]DQODVSULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHV\FHQWURVSREODGRV
GHODUHJLyQ
(VXQDWUDFWLYR]RQDWXUtVWLFDSRUODVEHOOH]DVSDLVDMtVWLFDVTXHSUHVHQWDHO
ODJR
(VGHFODUDG]RQDGHUHVHUYDQDFLRQDOSDUDHYLWDUODGHSUHGDFLyQGHODIORUD
ODIDXQD\ODEHOOH]DSDLVDMtVWLFDGHOODJR7LWLFDFD
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
FRV
G (V XQD UDPD GH OD JHRJUDItD
2ILFLDOPHQWH OD *HRSROtWLFD HVWXGLD
KXPDQD\ HVGHVFULSWLYD
OD
H -XVWLILFD OD FDUUHUD DUPDPHQWLV
D ,QWHUUHODFLyQ KRPEUH ± QDWXUDOH
WD\ODJXHUUD
]D
E 7UDWDGRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV
(Q VH SXEOLFy OD REUD
F ,QWHUUHODFLyQ(VWDGR± WHUULWRULR
³
G 'LYLVLyQ SROtWLFDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD
´ HVFULWD SRU 5XGROI
GHXQSDtV
.MHOOHQ
H 1DWXUDOH]DGHODVJXHUUDV
D /D*HRSROtWLFD%iVLFD
E (O(VWDGRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLV
(O FHQWUR GH SRGHU SROtWLFR \ HFRQy
WDJHRSROtWLFR
PLFRGHXQHVWDGRHVHO
F (O(VWDGRFRPRIRUPDGHYLGD
D +LQWHUODQG
G /D*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD
E 3RGHU1DFLRQDO
H (O(VSDFLR9LWDO
F 3RWHQFLDO1DFLRQDOG+LJKODQG
H +HDUWODQG
/D&UDWRSROtWLFDHVWXGLD
D /DVRFLHGDG
(O+LQWHUODQGHV
E /DVSREODFLRQHV
D /DWRWDOLGDGWHUULWRULDOGHXQSDtV
F /DIRUPDGHJRELHUQRG/DVUD
E 3RORGHGHVDUUROOR
]DV
F (OQ~FOHRYLWDOGHXQSDtV
H (O(VWDGR
G 3RGHU1DFLRQDO
H /D]RQDGHPD\RUGHVDUUROOR
(Q /DQWHQVDFK HVWDEOHFLy
TXH
OD
JHRSROtWLFD
HUD
*HRSROtWLFDPHQWHORV
$QGHV
««««««««««
UHSUHVHQWDQSDUDHO3HU~VX
\ OD JHRJUDItD SROtWLFD HUD
D +LQWHUODQG
E +HDUWODQG
D 'LQiPLFD± HVWiWLFD
F +LJKODQG
E (VWiWLFD± GLQiPLFD
G =RQDV$OWDV
F $QDOtWLFD± GHVFULSWLYD
H =RQDVGH7HQVLyQ
G 9LVWDILMD± FLQWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD
HGHVFULSWLYD± DQDOtWLFD
/D*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD
D 3HUWHQHFHD ODFLHQFLDSROtWLFD
'HQWUR GH ORV (OHPHQWRV %iVLFRV
E (V XQD FLHQFLD DQDOtWLFD H LQWHU
GH
OD
*HRSROtWLFD
SUHWDWLYD
³HV HO FRQ
F&RQVLGHUDD ORVHVWDGRVFRPRRU
MXQWRGHPHGLRV
ODWHQWHV FD
JDQLVPRV ELROyJLFRV \ GLQiPL
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
SDFHV GH VHU WUDQVIRUPDGRV HQ
««´
D (O 3RGHU 1DFLRQDO ± 3RWHQ
FLDO1DFLRQDO
E (O 3RWHQFLDO 1DFLRQDO ± 3R
GHU1DFLRQDO
F /D 5HDOLGDG 1DFLRQDO ± 3R
GHU1DFLRQDO
G (O 3RWHQFLDO 1DFLRQDO ± 3ROtWL
FD1DFLRQDO
H (O 3RGHU 1DFLRQDO ± 3ROtWL
FD1DFLRQDO
³(V HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR VLWXDGR
GHQWUR GHO WHUULWRULR GH XQ (VWDGR \
TXH IXH GXUDQWHHOSDVDGRHOFHQ
WUR GH RULJHQ \ SURSDJDFLyQ GHXQD
FXOWXUD´VHUHILHUHD
D ,QIOXMR*HRSROtWLFR
E 1~FOHR *HRKLVWyULFR F =RQD GH
7HQVLyQ
G 1~FOHR9LWDO
H 1~FOHRGH&RKHVLyQ
'HQWURGHO$VSHFWR3VLFRVRFLDOGHOD
5HDOLGDG
1DFLRQDO
³ HV HO
PRGR GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH OD
SREODFLyQ GH XQ (VWDGR \ HV HO
FRQMXQWR GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHLQGL
YLGXDOL]DQDOKDELWDQWHSHUXDQR´
D (O&DUiFWHU1DFLRQDO
E /D &RQFLHQFLD 1DFLRQDO F /D
0RUDO1DFLRQDO
G /D,GHQWLGDG1DFLRQDO
H (O&RPSRUWDPLHQWR1DFLRQDO
(O Q~PHUR GH KDELWDQWHV TXH WLHQH
XQ SDtV SRU .P GH VXSHUILFLH VH
UHILHUHD
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
D3REODFLyQ$EVROXWD
E3REODFLyQ5HVWULQJLGD
F'HQVLGDG3REODFLRQDO
G3REODFLyQSRU.P
H3REODFLyQ3URPHGLR
(O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH OD %DVH 0D
FKXSLFFKXVLJQLILFySDUDHO3HU~
D ,QJUHVRDO7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFR
E (VWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHVXVVREHUDQ
tD
F 6HUPLHPEURFRQVXOWLYR
G $VXPLU OD FRQGLFLyQ GH GHVLJQD
WDULR
H $SOLFDUOD7HRUtDGHORV6HFWRUHV
/D FDSDFLGDG GH XQ HVWDGR TXH
WLHQH SDUD LPSRQHU VX YROXQWDG \
ORJUDU VXV REMHWLYRV SHVH D ORV
REVWiFXORV LQWHUQRV \ H[WHUQRV VH
GHQRPLQD
D5HDOLGDG1DFLRQDO
E3RGHU1DFLRQDO
F*HRSROtWLFD
G3RWHQFLDOQDFLRQDO
H$QDUTXtD1DFLRQDO
/DWHVLV³$PpULFDSDUD ORV DPHULFD
QRV´IRUPDSDUWHGHODVSUHWHQVLRQHV
JHRSROtWLFDVGH
D ((88
E %UDVLO
F $UJHQWLQD
G 0p[LFR
H(VSDxD
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
3DUD HODERUDU XQ SODQ GH JRELHUQR
3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDOHVIXQGDPHQWDO
D $QDOL]DUODUHDOLGDGQDFLRQDO
E $VHVRUDPLHQWR GH SDtVHV LPSH
ULDOLVWDV
F ([SORWDUORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
G &RQWDUFRQHODSR\RSRSXODU
H /DLQIRUPiWLFD
I (O+LQWHUODQGHV
/DWRWDOLGDGWHUULWRULDOGHXQSDtV
D ,QGHSHQGHQFLD GHO Q~FOHR
GHFRKHVLyQ
E (O1~FOHR9LWDOGH8QSDtV
F ,QYDULDEOHV HQ OD KLVWRULD GH
ORVSDtVHV
G =RQDGHPD\RUODWLWXG\ ORQJLWXG
(OFHQWUR GHSRGHU SROtWLFR \ HFRQy
PLFRGHXQHVWDGRHVHO
D+LQWHUODQG
E+HDUWODQG
F+LJKODQG
G3RWHQFLD1DFLRQDO
H3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDO
/D JHRSROtWLFD VXUJH HQ $OHPDQLD
IXQGDPHQWDGRHQ
D /D WHRUtD GHO HVSDFLRYLWDO\ OD
H[SDQVLyQ
E (O H[SDQVLRQLVPR SROtWLFR F (O
FHQWUDOLVPRSROtWLFR
G /RVSRGHUHVGHOHVWDGR
H /RVSRGHUHVPLOLWDUHVGHXQDQD
FLyQ
'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD JHRSROtWLFR
HOSRWHQFLDOQDFLRQDOH[SUHVD
D /D VLWXDFLyQ SROtWLFD YLJHQWH GH
XQSDtV
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
E /RV UHFXUVRV GLVSRQLEOHV GH
XQDQDFLyQ
F (O JUDQ SRGHUtR PLOLWDU GH ORV
HVWDGRV
G /RVSODQHVGHXQJRELHUQR
H /D SROtWLFD H[SDQVLRQLVWDGH XQ
SDtV
'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD JHRSROtWLFR
HO+LQWHUODQGHV
D (O FHQWUR GH SRGHU SROtWLFR GH
XQHVWDGR
E (O 1~FOHR YLWDO TXH FRKHVLRQD
ODVIURQWHUDV
F (OiUHDFRQUHOLHYHVHOHYDGRV
G (O WHUULWRULR VREUH HO FXDO XQ
SDtVHMHUFHVREHUDQtD
H /D ]RQD PiV YXOQHUDEOH GH
XQSDtV
(O FRQFHSWR GH ³'RFWULQD
TXH
SHUPLWH TXH ORV HVWDGR XWLOLFHQ VX
iUHD R WHUULWRULR GH OD PHMRU PDQHUD
SRVLEOH DSURYHFKDQGR VX SRWHQFLDO
QDFLRQDO SDUD DGTXLULU SRGHU HQ HO
PXQGR\ ORJUDUREMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHV´
FRUUHVSRQGHD
D 5HDOLGDGQDFLRQDO
E 3RGHU1DFLRQDO
F *HRSROtWLFD
G 3RWHQFLDO1DFLRQDO
H 7HUULWRULR
/D FDSDFLGDG GH XQ HVWDGR TXH
WLHQH SDUD LPSRQHU VX YROXQWDG \
ORJUDU VXV REMHWLYRV SHVH D ORV
REVWiFXORV LQWHUQRV \ H[WHUQRV VH
GHQRPLQD
D5HDOLGDG1DFLRQDO
E3RGHU1DFLRQDO
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
F*HRSROtWLFD
G3RWHQFLDOQDFLRQDO
H$QDUTXtD1DFLRQDO
/DVVLJXLHQWHVSUHPLVDV
4XLHQ GRPLQD HO FRUD]yQ WHUUHVWUH
GRPLQDOD,VODPXQGLDO
4XLHQGRPLQDODLVODPXQGLDOGRPLQDHO
PXQGR
(O GRPLQLR GHO PXQGR HV GRPLQLR GHO
RFpDQR\ ODLVODPXQGLDO
)XHURQSODQWHDGRVSRU
D $OH[DQGHUGH6HYHUVNL
E 5XGROI.MHOOHQ
F +DOIRUG0DFNLQGHU
G )HGHULFR5DW]HO
H .DUOKDXVKRIHU
(OWUDWDGRDQWiUWLFRSURKtEH
D /D VREHUDQtD WHUULWRULDO GH ORV
SDtVHVPLHPEURV
E ,QWHUFDPELR GH LQIRUPDFLRQHV
HQWUHSDtVHVPLHPEURV
F (O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH EDVHV
FLHQWtILFDV
G 2SHUDFLRQHV PLOLWDUHV \ H[SOR
VLRQHVQXFOHDUHV
H (OXVRSDFtILFR\ OLPSLRGHOFRQWL
QHQWHEODQFR
1R HV XQ SDtV TXH LQWHJUD HO 3DFWR
$QGLQR
D %ROLYLD
E &RORPELD
- -
F 3HU~
G (FXDGRU
H %UDVLO
GEOGRAFÍA
(O FHQWUR GH SRGHU SROtWLFR \
HFRQyPLFRGHXQHVWDGRHVHO
D +LQWHUODQG
E +HDUWODQG
F +LJKODQG
G 3RWHQFLD1DFLRQDO
H 3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDO
'HQWUR GHO FRQWH[WR GH OD WHRUtD
*HRSROtWLFD 3XQR FRPR FDSLWDO GHO
GHSDUWDPHQWRYHQGUtD D FRQVWLWXLUVH
HQ
«««««««« PLHQWUDV
TXH ODV FLXGDGHV GH -XOLDFD
,ODYH $\DYLUL \ 'HV
DJXDGHUROOHJDUtDQ D VHU«««««
D +HDUWODQG ±
/RV SRORV
GH'HVDUUROOR
E +LQWHUODQG± 1~FOHRV*HRKLVWRUL
FRV
F +HDUWODQG ± (VSDFLR GH &UHFL
PLHQWR
G +LQWHUODQG ± 1~FOHRV GH DWUDF
FLyQ
H +LJKODQG± +LQWHUODQG
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
25*$1,6026,17(51$&,21$/(6
GEOGRAFÍA
75$7$'2'(&223(5$&,Ð1(&21Ð0,&$7&$
1RPEUH (O7UDWDGRGH&RRSHUDFLyQ$PD]yQLFD7&$
)LUPDGR %UDVLOLDHOGHMXOLRGH
,QWHJUDQWHV %ROLYLD %UDVLO &RORPELD (FXDGRU *X\DQD 3HU~6XULQD
PH\9HQH]XHOD%%&(*369
2EMHWLYRV3URPRYHU
• (O GHVDUUROOR DUPyQLFR H LQWHJUDGR GH OD FXHQFD FRPR EDVH GHVXVWHQWD
FLyQGHXQPRGHORGHFRPSOHPHQWDFLyQHFRQyPLFDUHJLRQDO TXH FRQWHP
SOHHOPHMRUDPLHQWRGHODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHVXVKDELWDQWHV\ODFRQVHUYD
FLyQ\XWLOL]DFLyQUDFLRQDOGHVXVUHFXUVRV
• /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD \ WHFQROyJLFD \ HO LQWHUFDPELR GHLQIRUPD
FLyQ
• /DXWLOL]DFLyQUDFLRQDOGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
• /DOLEHUWDGGHQDYHJDFLyQGHORVUtRVDPD]yQLFRV
• /DSURWHFFLyQGHODQDYHJDFLyQ\GHOFRPHUFLR
• /DSUHVHUYDFLyQGHOSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDO
• /RVFXLGDGRVFRQODVDOXGODFUHDFLyQ\RSHUDFLyQGHFHQWURVGHLQYHVWLJD
FLyQ
• (OHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQDDGHFXDGD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GH WUDQVSRUWHV \ FR
PXQLFDFLRQHV
• (OLQFUHPHQWRGHOWXULVPR\HOFRPHUFLRIURQWHUL]R
(VWUDWHJLD7RGDVHVWDVPHGLGDVGHEHQGHVDUUROODUVHPHGLDQWHDFFLRQHV
ELODWHUDOHV R GH JUXSRV GH SDtVHV FRQ HO REMHWLYR GHSURPRYHUHOGHVDUUROOR
DUPyQLFRGHORVUHVSHFWLYRVWHUULWRULRV
&2081,'$'$1',1$
1RPEUH *UXSR$QGLQRH[3DFWR$QGLQR
)LUPDGR1DFHHOGHPD\RGHFRQODILUPDGHO$FXHUGRGH&DUWD
JHQD (Q 9HQH]XHOD VH LQWHJUD DO 3DFWR $QGLQR (Q $XJXVWR3LQRFKHW
DQXQFLDHOUHWLURGH&KLOH(Q3HU~VXVSHQGHVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQEDMRHOSURJUDPD
GHOLEHUDFLyQ
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
,QWHJUDQWHV $FWXDOPHQWH%ROLYLD&RORPELD(FXDGRU\3HU~,QLFLDO
PHQWH WDPELpQ OR LQWHJUDURQ 9HQH]XHOD \ &KLOH TXH VH UHWLUDURQ SRU GLIHUHQFLDV
SROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDV
2EMHWLYRV
• 3URPRYHUHOGHVDUUROORHTXLOLEUDGR\DUPyQLFRGHORVSDtVHVDQGLQRVHQ
FRQGLFLRQHVGHHTXLGDG
• )DFLOLWDU VX LQWHJUDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD SROtWLFD \ FXOWXUDO GH ORV SDtVHV
PLHPEURV
• %XVFDUXQGHVWLQRFROHFWLYRDSDUWLUGHVXVUDtFHVFRPXQHV
• 3URPRYHUHOGHVDUUROORHTXLOLEUDGR\DUPyQLFRGHVXVSDtVHVPLHPEURV
HQFRQGLFLRQHVGHHTXLGDG
• $FHOHUDUHOFUHFLPLHQWRSRUPHGLRGHODLQWHJUDFLyQ\OD
• FRRSHUDFLyQHFRQyPLFD\VRFLDO
• ,PSXOVDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQHOSURFHVRGHLQWHJUDFLyQUHJLRQDOFRQPLUDV
D ODIRUPDFLyQJUDGXDOGHXQPHUFDGRFRP~QODWLQRDPHULFDQR
• 3URFXUDUXQPHMRUDPLHQWRSHUVLVWHQWHHQHOQLYHOGHYLGDGHVXVKDELWDQWHV
-XVWLILFDFLyQ(QHVWRVDxRVHOSURFHVRKDSDVDGRSRUGLYHUVDV
HWDSDVFRQXQUHODWLYRHVWDQFDPLHQWRGXUDQWHORVDxRVRFKHQWD\XQUHQRYDGR
GLQDPLVPRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV
$FFLRQHV(QVXVLQLFLRVHOJUXSRSXVRHQPDUFKDHO3URJUDPDGH/LEHUD
FLyQTXHWHQtDFRPRILQDOLGDGODDSHUWXUDWRWDOHQWUHORVSDtVHVPLHPEURV FRQ HOL
PLQDFLyQ GH WRGR WLSR GH DUDQFHO %ROLYLD &RORPELD \ 9HQH]XHOD FRQFOX\HURQ VX
DSHUWXUD UHFtSURFD HQ (FXDGRU HQ \ 3HU~ UHDVXPLy VXV FRPSURPLVRV
FRQHOJUXSRHQXQSURFHVRTXHGHEtDKDEHUFXOPLQDGRHQHQODFUHDFLyQGH
XQD]RQDGHOLEUHFRPHUFLRORTXHD~QQRKDVXFHGLGR
,QVWDQFLDVSROtWLFDV
• &RQVHMR3UHVLGHQFLDO$QGLQR
• &RQVHMRGH0LQLVWURVGH5HODFLRQHV([WHULRUHV
ÐUJDQRVGHGHSHQGHQFLD
• /D&RPLVLyQ
• /D-XQWD
• (O7ULEXQDO
• (O3DUODPHQWR$QGLQR
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
ÐUJDQRVDX[LOLDUHV
• &RQVHMRV&RQVXOWLYRV(PSUHVDULDO\/DERUDO
• &RUSRUDFLyQ$QGLQDGH)RPHQWR\HO)RQGR/DWLQRDPHULFDQRGH5HVHUYDV
/$&219(1&,Ð1'(/$61$&,21(681,'$662%5((/'(5(&+2'(/
0$5
1RPEUH &RQYHQFLyQ GH ODV 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV VREUH HO 'HUHFKR GHO0DU2
³&RQVWLWXFLyQGHORV2FpDQRV´
)LUPDGR/D&RQYHQFLyQIXHDELHUWDDODILUPDHQ0RQWHJR%D\-DPDLFD
HO GH GLFLHPEUH GH IHFKD HQ OD TXH IXH ILUPDGD SRU 'HOHJDFLRQHV
DQWHOD7HUFHUD&RQIHUHQFLDGHODV1DFLRQHV
8QLGDVVREUHHO'HUHFKRGHO0DU
,QWHJUDQWHVGHQRYLHPEUHGHVHHQFXHQWUDHQYLJRU\DFWXDO
PHQWHIRUPDQSDUWHGHODPLVPDPLHPEURV
2EMHWLYRV 5HJXODUWRGRV ORVDVSHFWRVGHO HVSDFLR RFHiQLFRWDOHVFRPROD
GHOLPLWDFLyQPDUtWLPDODSURWHFFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHPDULQR OD SHVFD OD
PLQHUtDRFHiQLFDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFDPDULQD OD WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH WHFQR
ORJtD\ODVROXFLyQSDFtILFDGHFRQWURYHUVLDVHQPDWHULDGHORVDVXQWRVPDUtWLPRV
HQWUHRWURV
'LVSRVLFLRQHV
• /D ³&RQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV 2FpDQRV´ UHFRQRFH DO (VWDGR ULEHUHxR HOGHUHFKR
D HVWDEOHFHUXQPDUWHUULWRULDOGHKDVWDPLOODVGHVGHVXVOtQHDVGHED
VH GRQGH HMHUFH VREHUDQtD \ GRQGH VH SHUPLWH HOGHUHFKRGHSDVRLQRFHQ
WH
• 6HJ~Q OD &RQYHQFLyQ WRGR (VWDGR ULEHUHxR SXHGH HVWDEOHFHU XQD ]RQD
HFRQyPLFDH[FOXVLYDGHKDVWDPLOODVFRQWDGDVDSDUWLUGHODVOtQHDVGH
EDVHGHVGHGRQGHVHPLGHVXPDUWHUULWRULDO(QGLFKD]RQDHO(VWDGRUL
EHUHxRWLHQHGHUHFKRVGHVREHUDQtDSDUDODH[SORUDFLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQ
FRQVHUYDFLyQ\DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV WDQWR YLYRV
FRPR QR YLYRV DVt FRPRMXULVGLFFLyQ FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD SURWHFFLyQ \
SUHVHUYDFLyQ GHO PHGLRDPELHQWHPDULQR\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFDPDULQD
HQWUHRWURV
• $VLPLVPR HO (VWDGR ULEHUHxR WLHQH GHUHFKRV GH VREHUDQtD SDUD ODH[SORUD
FLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVGHODSODWDIRUPDFRQ
WLQHQWDOWDPELpQHQXQDH[WHQVLyQGHKDVWDPLOODVFRQWDGDVGHVGH
ODVPLVPDVOtQHDVGHEDVH
• )XHUDGHODVMXULVGLFFLRQHVQDFLRQDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDODDOWDPDUTXHGH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
FRQIRUPLGDGFRQOD&RQYHQFLyQGHEHUiVHUXWLOL]DGD~QLFDPHQWHFRQ
ILQHVSDFtILFRV\OD]RQDGHORVIRQGRVPDULQRVTXHFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQ
VXVUHFXUVRVFRQVWLWX\HQSDWULPRQLRFRP~QGHODKXPDQLGDG
• 7RGRVORV(VWDGRV3DUWHHQOD&RQYHQFLyQORVRQLSVRIDFWRGHOD
• $XWRULGDG,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHORV)RQGRV0DULQRVTXHHVODRUJDQL
]DFLyQ SRU FRQGXFWR GH OD FXDO VH RUJDQL]DQ \ FRQWURODQ ODVDFWLYLGDGHVHQ
GLFKD]RQD
75$7$'2$17É57,&2
1RPEUH 7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFR
)LUPDGR)XHVXVFULWRHOSULPHURGHGLFLHPEUHGHSRUORVUHSUH
VHQWDQWHV GLSORPiWLFRV GH ORV SDtVHV LQYLWDGRV D OD FRQIHUHQFLD GLSORPiWLFD GH
:DVKLQJWRQ'LFKRVSDtVHVKDEtDQWHQLGRXQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQDFWLYDHQODVDFWL
YLGDGHVSURJUDPDGDVSDUDOD$QWiUWLGDGXUDQWHHO$xR*HRItVLFR,QWHUQDFLRQDO
,QWHJUDQWHV$XVWUDOLD$UJHQWLQD%pOJLFD&KLOH)UDQFLD-DSyQ1RUXHJD
1XHYD=HODQGD6XGiIULFD5HLQR8QLGR5XVLD((883RORQLD+RODQGD%UDVLO
%XOJDULD$OHPDQLD8UXJXD\,WDOLD(VSDxD3HU~&KLQD,QGLD)LQODQGLD(FXD
GRU6XHFLD&RUHDGHO6XU'LQDPDUFD5XPDQLD3DSXD1XHYD*XLQHD&XED
+XQJUtD$XVWULD&RUHD GHO 1RUWH *UHFLD &DQDGi &RORPELD 6XL]D *XDWH
PDOD8FUDQLD5HSXEOLFD&KHFD(VORYDTXLD7XUTXtD9HQH]XHOD\(VWRQLD
/RV SLDVHV VLJQDWDULRV \ DGKHUHQWHV FRQVXOWLYRV VH OHV FRQRFH FRPR PLHPEURV
FRQVXOWLYRV 7LHQHQ YR] YRWR HQ ODV UHXQLRQHV FRQVXOWLYDV GHO 7UDWDGR 8Q SDtV
DGKHUHQWHSXHGHOOHJDU DVHUFRQVXOWLYRVLKDQFRQVWUXLGREDVHVRUHDOL]DGRLQYHV
WLJDFLRQHVFLHQWtILFDV(QWDOYLUWXGHO3HU~VHDGKLULyDO7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFRHOGH
DEULOGHSRVHHXQDHVWDFLyQFLHQWtILFDHQOD,VOD5H\-RUJHGH
QRPLQDGD0DFKXSLFFKX
2EMHWLYRV
• &RQJHODODVUHFODPDFLRQHVWHUULWRULDOHVHQHOiUHD
• 'HFODUD]RQDVSDUDILQHVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSDFtILFDV
• 3URKtEHWRGDPHGLGDGHFDUiFWHUPLOLWDU
• (VWDEOHFHPHFDQLVPRVGHFRRSHUDFLyQFLHQWtILFDLQWHUQDFLRQDO
• 'HFODUDiUHDGHGLFDGDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFD
• 3URWHJH\FRQVHUYDVXVUHFXUVRVYLYRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
75$7$'281$685
1RPEUH 8QLyQ6XGDPHULFDQDGH1DFLRQHV
)LUPDGR (Q%UDVLOLDHOGHPD\RGH
,QWHJUDQWHV )XHILUPDGRSRUSDtVHVVXGDPHULFDQRVHQWUHORVSULPHURV
SDtVHV TXH ILUPDURQ HO $FWD GH &RQVWLWXFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUDQ%UDVLO(FXDGRU9HQH
]XHOD%ROLYLD3HU~&KLOH\&RORPELD
-XVWLILFDFLyQ6HFRQVWLWX\HHQXQQXHYRPHFDQLVPRGHLQWHJUDFLyQVXEFRQ
WLQHQWDO
2EMHWLYRV
• 3URPRYHUODLQWHJUDFLyQODOLEHUWDG\ODMXVWLFLDHQHOFRQWLQHQWH
• $ILDQ]DUODVUHODFLRQHVFRPHUFLDOHV\SROtWLFDVHQOD5HJLyQ
• /RJUDUDODUJRSOD]RXQDFLXGDGDQtDFRQMXQWD\XQDPRQHGDFRP~QFRPROD
HXURSHD
• (YLWDUIUDFWXUDLQWHUQDVHQORVSDtVHVVXGDPHULFDQRV
• (VWDEOHFHUPHFDQLVPRVGHUHODFLyQFRPHUFLDOFRQRWURVEORTXHVHFRQyPLFRV
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
6HFFLyQ
5(/$&,21(6,17(51$&,21$/(6
GEOGRAFÍA
5(/$&,21(6,17(51$&,21$/(6
6RQ ODV UHODFLRQHV SROtWLFDV HQWUH ORV (VWDGRV ODV TXH WDPELpQ SXHGHQ VHU
HFRQyPLFDV UHOLJLRVDV FXOWXUDOHV HWF 6H LQFOX\HQ DVLPLVPR ODV UHODFLRQHV GL
SORPiWLFDV
&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRVGHODVUHODFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV
D 3ROtWLFDH[WHULRU 3UR\HFFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVSROtWLFRVGHXQ(VWDGR(VODDVSL
UDFLyQDODVHJXULGDG\ELHQHVWDU
E 3ROtWLFDLQWHUQDFLRQDO 5HVXOWDGRGHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRGHLQWHUpVQDFLRQDO
GH XQ (VWDGR FRQ LQWHUHVHV QDFLRQDOHV GH RWURV SDtVHV HOFRQIOLFWRHVFRQWUD
GLFFLyQGHORVLQWHUHVHVGHO(VWDGR
F &RQIOLFWRMXUtGLFR $SOLFDFLyQRLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHXQGHUHFKRHOGHUHFKR
LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVWiOODPDGRDVROXFLRQDUHVWR
G /D GHSHQGHQFLD 6XERUGLQDFLyQTXHWLHQHORV(VWDGRVVXEGHVDUUROODGRV (V OD
SHQHWUDFLyQ GH ORV SDtVHV SRGHURVRV HQ ODVUHJLRQHV VXEGHVDUUROODGDV SDUD
GRPLQDUORV \ VDFDUOHV SURYHFKR(VWDGHSHQGHQFLDSXHGHVHUHFRQyPLFDFXO
WXUDORLGHROyJLFD
H 'HQRPLQDFLyQ &XDQGRXQLPSHULRFRQWURODRWUR(VWDGR
I ,QWHUGHSHQGHQFLD 5HODFLyQHQWUHGRV(VWDGRVRPiV3DUDHOORVVHKDQFUHDGR
RUJDQLVPRVFRPRHO6(/$&(3$/3DFWR$QGLQR
7LSRVGHUHODFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV
D 5HODFLRQHV ELODWHUDOHV &RQWDFWR HQWUH GRV SDtVHV (MP UHODFLRQHVELODWHUDOHV
HQWUH3HU~\&RORPELD
E 5HODFLRQHVPXOWLODWHUDOHV 5HXQLyQGHYDULRV(VWDGRVSDUDORJUDUXQLQWHUpV
PiVDPSOLR\FRQYHQLHQWHSDUDWRGRV
F 5HODFLRQHV FRPXQLWDULDV *UXSRV GH (VWDGR TXH WLHQHQ XQD UHG GHLQWHUHVHV
FRPXQHV(MP3DFWR$QGLQR6(/$
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
GEOGRAFÍA
35$&7,&$
GGHQRYLHPEUHGH
HGHGLFLHPEUHGH
³/D XELFDFLyQ GHO 3HU~ HQ OD &XHQFD
GHO 3DFtILFR HV HVWUDWpJLFD SRUTXH
³
FRQIRUPD XQHMHPHGLRHQWUH$Pp
IXH VXVFULWR HQ OD FLXGDG
ULFDGHO6XU$PpULFDGHO1RUWH$VLD
GH %UDVLOLD HO GH MXOLR GH \ 2FHDQtD OR TXHOHGDGHUHFKR
SRUORVFDQFLOOHUHVGH%ROLYLD%UDVLO
D
VHU
XQ
&RORPELD (FXDGRU *X\DQD 3HU~
SDtV´
6XULQDP \ 9HQH]XHOD\ HQWUyYL
D $QGLQR&HQWUDO
JHQFLDHO GHDJRVWRGH´
E (MH$PD]yQLFR
D (O7UDWDGRGH&RRSHUDFLyQ
F (MH0HGLRGHOD&XHQFDGHO
(FRQyPLFD
3DFtILFR
E (O7UDWDGRGH&RRSHUDFLyQ
G 0DUtWLPR
$PD]yQLFD
H %LRFHiQLFR
F (O*UXSR$QGLQR
G /D&RPXQLGDG$QGLQD
'HQWUR GH OD &RPXQLGDG $QGLQD VH
H (O$FXHUGRGH&DUWDJHQD
ILUPy HQ &DUDFDV XQ FRQYHQLR SDUD
HO PHMRUDPLHQWR LQWHJUDO GH ODV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGD\ WUDEDMRHQORV 'HQWUR GH OD &RPXQLGDG $QGLQD
H[LVWH XQ yUJDQR FRP~Q GHOLEHUDQWH
SDtVHV GH OD &RPXQLGDG $QGLQD VH
GHO SURFHVR GH LQWHJUDFLyQ \ HVWi
DO
UHILHUH
FRQVWLWXLGR SRU UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH
&RQYHQLR
FDGD &RQJUHVR 1DFLRQDO VH UHILHUH
D $QGUpV%HOOR
D
E $QGLQR GH )RPHQWR F +LSyOLWR
D (O&RQVHMR3UHVLGHQFLDO$QGLQR
8QiQXH
E (O &RQVHMR $QGLQR GH 0LQLVWURV
G /DWLQRDPHULFDQR GHO 7UDEDMR H
GH5HODFLRQHV([WHULRUHV
6LPyQ5RGULJXH]
F /D &RPLVLyQ GH OD &RPXQLGDG
$QGLQD
'HQWUR GHO GHUHFKR GHO 3HU~ D OD
G (O3DUODPHQWR$QGLQR
$QWiUWLGD SDUD VHU FRQVLGHUDGR SDtV
H(O 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLFLD GH OD &R
PLHPEUR FRQVXOWLYR VH UHTXLHUH
PXQLGDG$QGLQD
FRQVWUXLU XQD EDVH FLHQWtILFD \
UHDOL]DU LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV < (O 3HU~
LQVWDOy VX EDVH ³0DFKX 3LFFKX´ HO /D &RQYHQFLyQ GH ODV 1DFLRQHV
8QLGDV VREUH HO 'HUHFKR GHO 0DU R
\
³&RQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV 2FpDQRV´ IXH
HPSH]yD UHDOL]DULQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
ILUPDGDHO
DGHIHEUHURGH
EGHDEULOGH
FGHRFWXEUHGH
- -
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
DGHGLFLHPEUHGH
EGHQRYLHPEUHGH
FGHPD\RGH
GGHPD\RGH
HGHGLFLHPEUHGH
8QRGHORVREMHWLYRVQRFRUUHVSRQGH
DO7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFR
D 'HFODUD]RQDVSDUDILQHVH[FOX
VLYDPHQWHSDFtILFDV
E 3URKtEH WRGD PHGLGD GH FDUiF
WHUPLOLWDU
F 'HFODUDiUHDGHGLFDGDH[FOXVL
YDPHQWHD ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
FLHQWtILFD
G 3HUPLWHODVUHFODPDFLRQHVWHUUL
WRULDOHVHQHOiUHD
H (VWDEOHFHPHFDQLVPRVGHFR
RSHUDFLyQFLHQWtILFDLQWHUQDFLR
QDO
(O 7UDWDGR 81$685 VH FRQVWLWX\H
HQXQQXHYRPHFDQLVPRGHLQWHJUD
FLyQ VXEFRQWLQHQWDO \ IXHILUPD
GRSRU
D %ROLYLD %UDVLO &RORPELD (FXD
GRU *X\DQD 3HU~ 6XULQDP \
9HQH]XHOD
E %ROLYLD &RORPELD (FXDGRU
3HU~9HQH]XHOD\ &KLOH
F %ROLYLD &RORPELD (FXDGRU \
3HU~
G SDtVHVVXGDPHULFDQRV
H 3HU~&KLOH%ROLYLD
%UDVLO
&RORPELD(FXDGRU\ &DQDGi
(ORUJDQLVPRTXHUH~QHDFWXDOPHQWH
D ORV HVWDGRV EROLYDULDQRV HQ 6X
GDPpULFD VH GHQRPLQD««««
\ XQRGH VXVRUJDQLVPRVHVSHFLDOL
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
]DGRVGHFDUiFWHU HGXFDWLYR VH
GHQRPLQD«««««««
D *UXSRGHO5tR+LSyOLWR8QiQXH
E &RPXQLGDG6XGDPHULFDQDGH
1DFLRQHV $QGUpV%HOOR
F &RPXQLGDG$QGLQDGH1DFLRQHV
$QGUpV%HOOR
G 0HUFDGR&RP~QGHO6XU±
6LPyQ5RGUtJXH]
H &RRSHUDFLyQ
$PD]yQLFD
± +LSyOLWR8QiQXH
(O3HU~SDUDVHUPLHPEURFRQVXOWLYR
GHO 7UDWDGR $QWiUWLFR HVWDEOHFLy VX
EDVH FLHQWtILFD HQ OD SHQtQVXOD
DQWiUWLFR GHQRPLQDGR«««« \
VHHQFXHQWUDXELFDGDHQODSHQtQVX
ODGH«««««
D +XPEROWK± (VWUHFKRGH'UDNH
E 0DFKXSLFFKX $QWiUWLGD
F +XDVFDUDQ± 3UHWHO
G +XPEROWK± $GHODLGH
H 0DFKXSLFFKX± 3UHWHO
(Q HO JRELHUQR GHO SUHVLGHQWH -RVp
/XLV %XVWDPDQWH \ 5LYHUR VH GLR HO
'6 1ž HQ HO FXDO VH
UHFRQRFtD QXHVWUD VREHUDQtD PDUtWL
PD VREUH ODVPLOODVSRVWH
ULRUPHQWH IXH FRQILUPDGD SRU OD
³'HFODUDFLyQ GH 6DQWLDJR´ (O FXiO
IXH ILUPDGR SRU ORV VLJXLHQWHVSDt
VHV
D 9HQH]XHOD3HU~\ &KLOH
E &KLOH3HU~(FXDGRU
F &KLOH3HU~(FXDGRU\ &RORPELD
G %ROLYLD&KLOH\ 3HU~
H $UJHQWLQD&KLOH\ 3HU~
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
/D GLYHUVLGDG GH FULWHULRV VREUH HO
WUDWDPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR PDUtWLPR \
EpOLFR GH ODV DJXDVRFHiQLFDV
SHUPLWLy TXH OD 218 WRPDUiLQLFLDWL
YDVD FRQIHUHQFLD\ VHHVWDEOHFLyHO
QXHYRGHUHFKRGHOPDUHQHO
D , &RQVHQVRGH:DVKLQJWRQ
E ,9 FRQIHUHQFLD GH GHUHFKRV
GHOPDUGH
F ,,, FRQYHQFLyQ VREUH ORV GHUH
FKRVGHOPDUGH
G ,,, FRQIHUHQFLD UHDOL]DGD HQ
H 9,FRQIHUHQFLDQDFLRQDOGHO0DU
- -
GEOGRAFÍA
GEOGRAFÍA
81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812
%,%/,2*5$),$
$'81,&RPSHQGLRGH*HRJUDItD(GLW/XPEUHUDV/LPD±3HU~
$'81,&RPSHQGLRGH*HRJUDItD(GLW/XPEUHUDV/LPD±3HU~
%(1$9,'(6-XDQ$XJXVWR$WODVGHO3HU~(GLWRULDO(VFXHOD1XHYD/LPD
%52(.-DQ*HRJUDItD6XiPELWR\VXWUDVFHQGHQFLD0p[LFR87(+$
&$3(/+RUDFLR\/XLV8UWHDJD/DVQXHYDVJHRJUDItDV%DUFHORQD6DOYDW
&8$'5$7-03,7$0ž)&OLPDWRORJtD(G&iWHGUD*HRJUDItD6HJXQGD HGLFLyQ0DGULG
)(55(5$6&)LGDOJR%LRJHRJUDItD\HGDIRORJtD(G6tQWHVLV0DGULG
/Ï3(=)UDQFLVFR\RWURV*HRJUDItDItVLFD(G&iWHGUD*HRJUDItD0DGULG
3,7$*25$6*HRJUDItD/LPD3HU~
38/*$5-DYLHU/DDPD]RQtDYtQFXORGHXQLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO/LPD3HU~
38/*$5-DYLHU'LFFLRQDULR*HRJUiILFR7RSRQtPLFRGHO3HU/LPD3HU~
38/*$5-DYLHU(VTXHPDJHRJUiILFRGHO3HU~/LPD3HU~
38/*$5-DYLHU*HRJUDItDGHO3HU~/LPD3HU~
6$/,1$6$XJXVWR(UDWyVWHQHV\HOWDPDxRGHOD7LHUUD6,,,$&5HYLVWDGH*HRJUDItD
1RUWH *UDQGH 3RQWLILFLD 8QLYHUVLGDG &DWyOLFD GH &KLOH ,QVWLWXWR GH *HRJUDItD
6DQWLDJR&KLOH
81:,17LP(OOXJDUGHODJHRJUDItD0DGULG&iWHGUD
9$/&È5&(/-RVp2UWHJD/RVKRUL]RQWHVGHODJHRJUDItD7HRUtDGHODJHRJUDItD%DUFHORQD
$ULHO
9$/(1&,$)UDQFLVFR,QWURGXFFLyQDOD*HRJUDItD)tVLFD(G+HUUHUR0p[LFR
9,//$18(9$-XOLR5(O3HU~HQORVWLHPSRVDQWLJXRV\4XHEHFRU:RUOG3HU~6$
*$//(*266DPXHO&RPSHQGLRGHJHRJUDILD(GL+RUL]RQWH3XQR3HUX
(1/$&(63$5$*(2*5$),$
KWWSZZZDVWURPLDFRPXQLYHUVRHOXQLYHUVRKWP
KWWSZZZDVWURPLDFRPXQLYHUVRRULJHQKWP
KWWSFOXEWHOHSROLVFRPDVWURXQLYHUVRKWPO
KWWSFOXEWHOHSROLVFRPDVWURXQLYHUVRKWPO
KWWSDVWURYHUDGDFRPB0DLQ0BRULJHQKWPO
KWWSZZZXQDYHVFU\IRULJHQXQLYHUVRKWPO
KWWSZZZILVLFDZHELQIRRULWLHUUDLQGLFHKWP
KWWSKWPOULQFRQGHOYDJRFRPRULJHQ\HYROXFLRQGHOSODQHWDWLHUUDKWPO
KWWSZZZWHFQXQHVDVLJQDWXUDV(FRORJLD+LSHUWH[WR$WP+LGU$WPRVIKWP
KWWSZZZIRUWXQHFLW\HVH[SHUWRVSURIHVRUDWPRVIHUDKWPO
KWWSZZZZLQGRZVXFDUHGXWRXUOLQN
KWWSMPDUFDQRWRSFLWLHVFRPEHJLQQHUDWPRVIHUDKWPO
KWWSJRKUZFRPDWODVVSDQBKWPRFHDQVKWP
KWWSZZZWXWLHPSRQHW7LHUUD2FHDQRVKWPO
KWWSPDUHV\RFHDQRVEORJVSRWFRP
KWWSPHOWLQJSRWIRUWXQHFLW\FRPDOEHUQLUHYLVWDBGRFHQWHLYBYLLHKWPO
KWWSPHOWLQJSRWIRUWXQHFLW\FRPDOEHUQLUHYLVWDBGRFHQWHLYBYLLHKWPO
KWWSZZZJHRSROLWLFDZVKRPHSKS
KWWSZZZFLXGDGSROLWLFDFRPPRGXOHVZRUGERRNHQWU\SKS"HQWU\,'
KWWSZZZPLQGHIJRYDUHGQDELEOLRWHFDFROHFFLRQBKWP
KWWSSHNDOLSHGLDFRPJHRJUDILDSHUXWHPDJHRJUDILDHFRQRPLFDDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQRPLFDV
SHUXKWPO"[
HDUWK$WPRVSKHUHRYHUYLHZVSKWPO
NOSJHRJSHB.HV
KWWSZZZHGXFDUHGHGXSH
- -