Redalyc.El Extremo Oriente y la condición del indio en el siglo XVI

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Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Sistema de Información Científica
Marco Antonio Urdapilleta Muñoz
El Extremo Oriente y la condición del indio en el siglo XVI
Ciencia Ergo Sum, vol. 12, núm. 1, marzo-junio, 2005, pp. 35-43,
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
México
Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10412104
Ciencia Ergo Sum,
ISSN (Printed Version): 1405-0269
[email protected]
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
México
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