LAS TRES DIMENSIONES FUNDAMENTALES DE UN PROBLEMA

Anuncio
Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación en
Matemática Educativa
ISSN: 1665-2436
[email protected]
Comité Latinoamericano de Matemática
Educativa
Organismo Internacional
Gascón, Josep
LAS TRES DIMENSIONES FUNDAMENTALES DE UN PROBLEMA DIDÁCTICO. EL CASO DEL
ÁLGEBRA ELEMENTAL
Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación en Matemática Educativa, vol. 14, núm. 2, julio, 2011, pp.
203-231
Comité Latinoamericano de Matemática Educativa
Distrito Federal, Organismo Internacional
Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33519238004
Cómo citar el artículo
Número completo
Más información del artículo
Página de la revista en redalyc.org
Sistema de Información Científica
Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto
-26(3*$6&Ï1
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6
'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
(/&$62'(/È/*(%5$(/(0(17$/
7+(7+5(()81'$0(17$/',0(16,2162)$','$&7,&352%/
%/(0
7+(&$6(2)(/(0(17$/$/*(%5$
5(680(1
$%675$&7
3$/$%5$6&
3$/$%5$6&/
&/$9(
&RQHOILQGHFDUDFWHUL]DUHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOD'LGiFWLFD
LFD
LFD
GH ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV SURSRQHPRV XQ SDWUyQ KHXUtVWLFRR GHO
GHO 7HRUtD$QWU
RUtD$QWU
QWURSROyJLFDGHOR
GHVDUUROOR GH ORV SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV \ OR HMHPSOLILFDPRV
ILFDP
ILFDPRV
'LGiFWLF
WLFR7$'
FRQ HO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO (O SDWUyQ HVWi HVWUXFWX
FWXUDGR
XUD
HQ 'LPH
'LPHQVLRQHVGHXQSUREOHPD
'LP
WRUQR D ODV WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV EiVLFDV R IXQGDPHQ
PHQWDOHV
QWDO GH
GLGiFWLFRHSLVWHPROyJLFD
G
GLFKRVSUREOHPDVFXDQGRVRQFRQVWUXLGRVHQHOiPELWR
WRGHOD
HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
7HRUtD$QWURSROyJLFDGHOR'LGiFWLFROD HSLVWH
HSLVWHPROyJLFD TXH
T
\HFROyJLFD
VLW~DDORPDWHPiWLFRHQHOFRUD]yQGHOSUREOHPDODHFRQyPLFR
SUREOHPDOD
PDOD
3UREOHPDGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO
LQVWLWXFLRQDO TXH GHVSHUVRQDOL]D OD SUREOHPiWLFD
EOHPiWLFD GLGiFWLFD
G
\ GHOLPLWD OD XQLGDG PtQLPD GH
H DQiOLVLV GH ORV SURFH
SURFHVRV GH
HVWXGLR \ OD HFROyJLFD TXH HQIDWL]D ODV FFRQ
FRQGLFLRQHV
QHFHVDULDV SDUD TXH VHD SRVLEOH
RVLEOH
VLEOH HO HVWXGLR LQVWLWX
LQVWLW
LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGR
GHODVPDWHPiWLFDV\SRQHGHPDQLILHVWRODVUHVWULFFLRQHVGH
RQHGHPDQLILHVWRODVU
GHPDQLILHVWRODV
WRGRWLSRTXHLQFLGHQVREUHGLFKRHVWXGLR
QVREUHGLFKRHVWXGLR
HGLFKRHVWXGLR
.(<:25'6
,Q RUGHU WR LOOXVWUDWH
XVWUDWH WKH SXU
SXUSRVH RI WKH 'LGDFWLFV RI
0DWKHPDWLFV
PDW
PDWL
DDWLFV VWXG\ ZH VX
DWL
VXJ
VXJJHVW D KHXULVWLF SDWWHUQ IRU $QWKURSRORJLFDO7KHRU\RI
WKH GHYHORSP
GHYHORSPHQW
HORS
SPHQW
SP
PHQW RI GLG
GLGDFWLF SUREOHPV GHPRQVWUDWHG ZLWK
GLGDF
'LGDFWLFV$7'
HOHPHQWDO
HPHQWDO DO
DOJHE
DOJHEUD7KH
HEUD7KH SDWWHUQ LV VWUXFWXUHG DURXQG WKUHH 'LPHQVLRQVRIDGLGDFWLF
HE
EDVLFRUIXQGDPHQWDOGLPHQVLRQVRIVDLGSUREOHPVZKHQWKH\
DVLFRUIXQGDP QW
DVLFRUIXQGDPHQW
QWDO
SUREOHPHSLVWHPRORJLFDO
DUH FRQVWUXFWHG
VWUXFWHG LQ
LQ WKH ILHOG RI WKH$QWKURSRORJLFDO 7KHRU\ RI
HFRQRPLFLQVWLWXWLRQDO
'LGDFWLFV
FV HSLVW
SLVWHPRORJLFDOZKLFKSXWVPDWKHPDWLFV
W
DWWKHKHDUW
DQGHFRORJLFDO
RI WKH SUREOHP
EO
HFRQRPLFLQVWLWXWLRQDO ZKLFK GHSHUVRQDOL]HV 3UREOHPRIHOHPHQWDODOJHEUD
WKH GLGDFWLF VHW RI SUREOHPV DQG GHOLPLWV WKH PLQLPXP XQLW
RI DQDO\VLV RI WKH SURFHVVHV RI VWXG\ DQG HFRORJLFDO ZKLFK
HPSKDVL]HVWKHFRQGLWLRQVUHTXLUHGVRWKDWWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HG
VWXG\RIPDWKHPDWLFVLVSRVVLEOHDQGUHYHDOVREYLRXVUHVWULFWLRQV
RIDQ\NLQGWKDWKDYHDQHIIHFWRQVDLGVWXG\
G
l df 1
27/07/2011 06 05 44
-26(3*$6&Ï1
5(6802
5e680e
3$/$95$6&+$9(
&RP D ILQDOLGDGH GH FDUDFWHUL]DU R REMHWR GH HVWXGR GD
'LGiWLFD GD 0DWHPiWLFD VXJHULPRV XP SDGmR KHXUtVWLFR GR 7HRULD$QWURSROyJLFDGR
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRVSUREOHPDVGLGiWLFRVHRH[HPSOLILFDPRV
'LGiWLFR7$'
FRP D iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDU 2 SDGUmR HVWi HVWUXWXUDGR DR 'LPHQV}HVGHXPSUREOHPD
UHGRU GDV WUrV GLPHQV}HV EiVLFDV RX IXQGDPHQWDLV GH WDLV
GLGiWLFRHSLVWHPROyJLFD
SUREOHPDV TXDQGR VmR FRQVWUXtGRV QR KRUL]RQWH GD7HRULD
HFRQ{PLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
$QWURSROyJLFDGR'LGiWLFRD HSLVWHPROyJLFD TXHVLWXDDTXLOR
HHFROyJLFD
TXH p PDWHPiWLFR QR FRUDomR GR SUREOHPD D HFRQ{PLFR 3UREOHPDGDiOJ
iOJHEUDD
LQVWLWXFLRQDO TXH GHVSHUVRQDOL]D D SUREOHPiWLFD GLGiWLFD H
HOHPHQWDU
GHOLPLWDDXQLGDGHPtQLPDGHDQiOLVHGRVSURFHVVRVGHHVWXGR
H D HFROyJLFD TXH Gi rQIDVH jV FRQGLo}HV QHFHVViULDV SDUD
TXH R HVWXGR LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGR GD PDWHPiWLFD VHMD SRVVtYHO
H FRORFD GH PDQHLUD PDQLIHVWD DV UHVWULo}HV GH WRGRV RV WLSRV
TXHLQFLGHPVREUHWDOHVWXGR
$ILQ GH FDUDFWpULVHU O¶REMHW G¶pWXGH TXL HVW FHOXL
L GH OD
'LGDFWLTXH GHV 0DWKpPDWLTXHV QRXV SURSRVRQV
V GDQ
GDQV
G
FHW
DUWLFOH XQ SDWURQ KHXULVWLTXH GX GpYHORSSHP
HPHQW
HQW GHV
SUREOqPHV GLGDFWLTXHV HW QRXV O¶LOOXVWURQV HQ SUHQDQW FRPPH
FRPP
FR
H[HPSOH O¶DOJqEUH pOpPHQWDLUH /D VWUXFWXUH
XUH GH
GH FH SDWURQ
Q HVW
Q
H
D[pHVXUOHVWURLVGLPHQVLRQVEDVLTXHVHWIRQGDPHQWDOHVGHVGLWV
WIRQGDPHQW
DPHQW
LWV
SUREOqPHVORUVTX¶LOVVRQWDERUGpVGDQVOHFDGUHGHOD7KpRULH
DQVOHFDGUHGHOD
FDGUHGHOD
DQWKURSRORJLTXHGXGLGDFWLTXHODG
DGLPHQVLRQ
GLPHQVLRQpSLVWpPROR
pSLVWpPRO
RORJLTXH
TXL SODFH O¶DVSHFW PDWKpPDWLTX
LTXH DX F°XU GX S
SURE
UREOqPH OD
GLPHQVLRQ pFRQRPLFRLQVWLW
WLWXWLRQQH TXL GpS
WLWXWLRQQHOOH
GpSHUVRQQDOLVH
OD SUREOpPDWLTXH GLGDFWLTXH
WLTXH
H HW FLUFRQVFULW OO¶X
O¶XQLWp PLQLPDOH
GHO¶DQDO\VHGHVSURFHVVXVG¶pWXGHHWODGLPHQVLRQ
HVVXVG¶pWXGHHWODGLP
G¶pWXGHHWODGLP
pFRORJLTXH
TXL PHW HQ UHOLHI OHV FRQGLWLRQV
GLWLRQV QpFHVVDL
QpFHVV
QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU TX¶XQH WHOOH
pWXGHLQVWLWXWLRQQDOLVpHGHVPDWKpPDWLTXHVVRLWSRVVLEOHHWTXL
QQDOLVpHGHVPDWKpPDWL
pHGHVPDWKpP
IDLWUHVVRUWLUOHVFRQWUDLQWHVHQWRXWJHQUHD\DQWXQHLQFLGHQFH
OHVFRQWUDLQWHVHQWRXW
WUDLQWHVHQWRX
VXUO¶pWXGHH
HHQTXHVWLRQ
TXHVWLRQ
0276&/
&/e6
7KpR
7KpRUL
7KpRULHDQWKURSRORJLTXHGX
GLGDFWLTXH7$'
G
GL
G
'LPHQVLRQVG¶XQSUREOqPH
GLGDFWLTXHpSLVWpPRORJLTXH
pFRQRPLFRLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOH
HWpFRORJLTXH
3UREOqPHG¶DOJqEUHpOpPHQWDLUH
(/2
2%-(72'((678',2'(/$','È&7,&$'(/$60$7(0È7,&$6
(QHVWHWUDEDMRGHVFULELUHPRVODVWUHVGLPHQVLRQHVEiVLFDVRIXQGDPHQWDOHVTXH
GLVWLQJXHQ D ORV SUREOHPDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV
FXDQGRVRQHQXQFLDGRV\SURSXHVWRV²FRQVWUXLGRV²HQHOiPELWRGHOD7HRUtD
$QWURSROyJLFDGHOR'LGiFWLFRHQDGHODQWH7$''HHVWHPRGRSRVWXODPRVXQD
SULPHUDFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOD'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV
\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDGHHVWDGLVFLSOLQDEDMRHOHQIRTXHGHOD7$'
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 2
27/07/2011 06 05 44
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
6LQHPEDUJRQRSUHWHQGHPRVFDUDFWHUL]DUGHPDQHUDDEVROXWDHOREMHWRGH
HVWXGLRGHOD'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV\DTXHHVWDGLVFLSOLQDVHHQFXHQWUD
WRGDYtDHQXQDHWDSDKLVWyULFDIXQGDFLRQDO\HQFLHUWDPDQHUDSUHSDUDGLJPiWLFD
.XKQ
ÒQLFDPHQWHWUDWDUHPRVGHDQDOL]DU\UHODFLRQDUHQWUHVtDODVWUHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
IXQGDPHQWDOHVGHORVTXHFRQVLGHUDPRVFRPR SUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRV
(VDV WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV TXH GHVFULELUHPRV FRQ FLHUWR
R GHWDOOH
GHWDOO \
SRVWHULRUPHQWHHMHPSOLILFDUHPRVFRQHOFDVRGHOSUREOHPDGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO
JHEUDHOHPHQWD
HOHPHQW
QRGHEHQWRPDUVHFRPRSURSLHGDGHVREWHQLGDVGHXQDQiOLVLVDSRVWHULRULVREUH
DSRVWHULRULVREUH
LRULVREUH
ORV SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV SUHYLDPHQWH GHILQLGRV R HVWDEOHFLGRV
EOHFLGRV
RV VLQR FRP
FRPR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHILQLWRULDV \ FRQVWLWXWLYDV GH OD QRFLyQ GH SUREOHPD
UREOHPD GLGiF
GLGi
GLGiFWLFR
VHJ~QHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHOD7$'
/RDQWHULRUVLJQLILFDTXHHQOXJDUGHHPSH]DUVXSRQLHQGRTXH\DVDEHPRV
]DUVXSRQLHQGRTX
]DUVXSRQLHQGRTXH
OR TXH VRQ ORV SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV D ORV TXH
T XH VH LGHQWLILFD
LGHQWLILFD SRU HMHPSOR
FRQORVSUREOHPDVUHODWLYRVDODHQVHxDQ]D\HODSUHQGL]DMHGHODVPDWHPiWLFDV\
HODS QGL]DMHGHOD
HODSUHQ
QGL]DMHGHO
SURSRQHUOXHJRXQDOLVWDGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVPLVPRVQRVRWURVDFWXDUHPRV
DVGHORVPLVP
GH
PRV
PRVQ
DO UHYpV $VXPLPRV HO SULQFLSLR HSLVWHPROyJLFR
HPROyJLFR
PROyJLFR JHQHUDO
JH
J
TXH VHxDOD TXH
ORV SUREOHPDV FLHQWtILFRV QR HVWiQ
Q GDGRV
G
GH
H DQWHPDQR
DQWHPD
VLQR TXH VH JHQHUDQ
\HYROXFLRQDQFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQODGLVFLSOLQDTXHORVFRQVWUX\H*DVFyQ
QODGLVFLS
GLVFLS
XH O
HQQXHVWURFDVRFRQVWUXLUHPRV\HQXQFLDUHPRVORVSUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRVFRQODV
RV\HQXQFLDUHP
HQXQFLDUHP
KHUUDPLHQWDVTXHQRVSURSRUFLRQDOD7$'HQVXHVWDGRDFWXDOGHGHVDUUROOR
RUFLRQDOD7$'HQ
UFLRQDOD7$'HQ
3$75Ï1+(85Ë67,&2
Ë67,&2'(/'(
'(6$552//2'(/26352%/(0$6','È&7,&26
(QIRUPDHVTXHPiWLFDHOGHVDUUROORYLUWXDOGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRTXHQRHV
PDHVTXHPiWLFDHOG
TXHPiWLFDHO
QHFHVDULDPHQWHKLVWyULFRSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUVHFRPRVLJXH
VDULDP
ULDDP
DPHQWHKLVWyULF
HQWHKLVWyULF
^>3 † 3 1 3@ 1 3`1 3G
(Q DGHODQWH GDUHPRV SRU VHQWDGR TXH HVWH DUWtFXOR VH LQVFULEH HQ HO iPELWR GH OD 7HRUtD
$QWURSROyJLFDGHOR'LGiFWLFR7$'SDUDQRWHQHUTXHUHSHWLUFRQVWDQWHPHQWHDXQTXHDYHFHV
VHUiLQHYLWDEOHH[SUHVLRQHVGHOWLSRʊ´HQHOiPELWRGHOD7$'´ʊ´GHDFXHUGRFRQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
GHOD7$'´\RWUDVVLPLODUHV
(QHVWHWH[WRXWLOL]DUHPRV SUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR FRPRVLQyQLPRGHSUREOHPDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ
'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 3
27/07/2011 06 05 44
-26(3*$6&Ï1
'RQGH33\3UHSUHVHQWDQODVGLPHQVLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOSUREOHPD
PLHQWUDVTXH3 MXHJDXQSDSHOHVSHFLDOSRUTXHFRPRYHUHPRVHVXQDIRUPXODFLyQ
D
LQLFLDOHQFLHUWDIRUPD
O
SUHFLHQWtILFDGHDOJXQRVWLSRVGHSUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRVD
ODTXHKHPRVGHQRPLQDGR SUREOHPDGRFHQWH*DVFyQE9HUHPRVTXH
DXQTXH3 HVHVSHFLDOPHQWH YLVLEOH HQODVSULPHUDVHWDSDVGHOGHVDUUROORGHOD
'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV²HQODVTXHQRVHQFRQWUDPRVDFWXDOPHQWH²QR
FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH FRQVWLWX\D XQD GLPHQVLyQ TXH HVWp QHFHVDULDPHQWH
WH SUHVHQWH
SU
HQWRGRV ORVSUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRV(OVtPEROR† DOXGHDTXH3 HVXQSUREOHPD
XQSUREOH
SUREOH
GLGiFWLFR LQFRPSOHWR \ TXH HV QHFHVDULR DxDGLUOH DO PHQRV
V OD GLPHQVLyQ
GLPHQVLyQ
LPHQVL
HSLVWHPROyJLFD 3 SDUDTXHSXHGDVHUFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRSUREOH
EOHPD
D
(OVtPEROR1QRGHEHLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPRXQDLQFOXVLyQPiVELHQLQGLFD
XVLyQPiVELHQLQG
PiVELHQ
TXHFDGDXQDGHODVGLPHQVLRQHV3
3L HVOyJLFDPHQWHDQWHULRUDODGLPHQVLyQ3
ULRUDODGLPHQVLyQ3
ODGLPHQVLyQ3
3LRDO
PHQRVTXH³3
3YDDQWHVTXH3
3L´HQXQKLSRWpWLFRGHVDUUROORYLUWXDOGHOSUREOHPD
VDUUROORYLUWXDOGHOS
OORYLUWXDOGHOS
L
7DPELpQSRGUtDGHFLUVHTXHXQDIRUPXODFLyQFRPS
PSOHWDGH3
3LUHTXL
UHTX
TXLHUHGHFLHUWD
IRUPXODFLyQSUHYLD²DXQTXHVHDLPSOtFLWD²GH3
GH3
3L
(Q FXDQWR D 3G VH OH SXHGH OODPDU
PDU
U VLPSOHPHQ
VLPSOHP
V
PHQWH SSUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR
\ FRQVLGHUDUOR FRPR XQD IRUPXODFLyQ TXH
XH SXHGH VHU
VHU YLUWXDO GRQGH HVWiQ
FRQWHQLGDVODVWUHVGLPHQVLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOSUREOHPDODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUH
HVGHOSURE
HOODV \ DOJXQDV FXHVWLRQHV QXHYDV
V TXH QQR DSDUHFtDQ
HFtDQ
t H[SOtFLWDPHQWH HQ QLQJXQD
GHDTXHOODV
$TXt HV LPSRUWDQWH VXEUD\DU
XEUD\DU GRV FDUDF
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO GHVDUUROOR KLVWyULFR
HIHFWLYRHVWRHVGHODKLVWR
VWRULDUHDO
DUHDOGHODLQY
OGHODLQ
LQYHVWLJDFLyQGLGiFWLFD
D (Q OD SUiFWLFD
FWLFD
FD FLHQWtILFD QRU
QQRUPDO ²LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHO HQIRTXH
WHyULFRTXHVHDGRSWH²QRVHVXHOHQH[SOLFLWDUWRGDVODVGLPHQVLRQHV
TXHVHDGRSWH²QR
VHDGRSWH²QR
GH ORV
RV SUREOHPDV
UREOHPDV GLGiF
GLGi
GLGiFWLFRV QRUPDOPHQWH VH HVWXGLD XQ DVSHFWR GH
DOJXQDGHODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOSUREOHPD(OGHVDUUROORSRVWHULRUGHOD
JXQDGHODVGLPHQ
GHODVGLPH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
HVWLJDFLyQ SXHG
SXHGH GDU RULJHQ D OD IRUPXODFLyQ \ DO HVWXGLR GH RWURV
DVSHFWRVGHDOJ
SHFWRVGHDOJ
DOJXQDGHODVUHVWDQWHVGLPHQVLRQHVDVtFRPRDVXFRQH[LyQ
FRQ
FRQ
RQRWURVS
RQRWURVSU
SUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRV
E (O GHV
GHVDUU
DUUROOR KLVWyULFR GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD QR VLHPSUH VH
DWLHHQHQLUHVSHWDGHPDQHUDHVWULFWDHOSDWUyQKHXUtVWLFR\DTXHHQOD
DWLHQH
KLVWRULD
KLV
L
UHDO SXHGH FDPELDU HO RUGHQ HQ TXH VH HVWXGLDQ DOJXQDV GH
ODV GLPHQVLRQHV EiVLFDV GH XQ SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR $GHPiV SXHGHQ
YDORUDUVH FRPR SULQFLSDOHV R SULRULWDULDV D ODV GLPHQVLRQHV TXH DTXt
FRQVLGHUDPRV VHFXQGDULDV ²SRU HMHPSOR ODV GLPHQVLRQHV FRJQLWLYD
SHUVRQDORVWHQVLYDLQVWUXPHQWDOHWF²\GHVGHOXHJRSXHGHTXHGDU
LPSOtFLWD\QRVHUQLVLTXLHUDSODQWHDGDDOJXQDGLPHQVLyQTXHGHVGHOD
7$' VH MX]JXH FRPR EiVLFD R IXQGDPHQWDO
O FRPR OD HSLVWHPROyJLFD
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 4
27/07/2011 06 05 44
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
6HFRQILUPDDVtODDILUPDFLyQGH/DNDWRVODKLVWRULDUHDOHVXQD
FDULFDWXUDGHVXVUHFRQVWUXFFLRQHVUDFLRQDOHV
$ ILQ GH GDU XQD IRUPXODFLyQ JHQHUDO VREUH ODV GLPHQVLRQHV EiVLFDV GH XQ
SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR \ HPSH]DU D FODULILFDU HO REMHWR GH HVWXGLR GH OD 'LGiFWLFD
GH ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV DVLJQDUHPRV XQD GHQRPLQDFLyQ D FDGD XQD GH HOODV \
ODDFRPSDxDUHPRVGHXQDEUHYHGHVFULSFLyQ
/RVSUREOHPDVGRFHQWHVFRPRSRVLEOHSXQWRGHSDUWLGD
¢4XpWHQJRTXHHQVHxDUDPLVDOXPQRV\
p
VDOXPQRV
PQRV FyPRWHQJRTXHHQVHxDUORDSURSyVLWRGH
WHQ
ODJHRPHWUtDGHODHVWDGtVWLFDGHOFiOFXORGLIHUHQFLDORGHODSURSRUFLRQDOLGDG"
LFDGHOFiOFXORG
HOFiOFXORG
3
/ODPDPRVSUREOHPDVGRFHQWHVDORVTXHVHSODQWHDHOSURIHVR
VRUFRPRWDOSURIHVR
PRWDOSURIHVR
IHVRU
FXDQGRWLHQHTXHHQVHxDUXQWHPDPDWHPiWLFRDVXVDOXPQRV/RVSUREOHPDV
DOXPQRV/RVSUREOH
RV/RVSURE
GRFHQWHVVHIRUPXODQFRQODVQRFLRQHVGLVSRQLEOHV HQODFXOWXUDHVFRODUTXHHQ
QODFXOWXUDHVFRODU
OWXUDHVFRO
PXFKDVRFDVLRQHVVRQLPSRUWDGDVGHORVGRFXPHQWRVFXUULFXODUHVSRUHMHPSOR
QWRVFXUULFXODUHVSR
XUULFXODUHVSR
ODV QRFLRQHV GH PRWLYDFLyQ DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR
LFDWLYR LQGLYLGXDO
LQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQ GH OD
HQVHxDQ]D DGTXLVLFLyQ GH XQ FRQFHSWR DEVWUDFFLyQ
WUDF yQ R FRPSHWHQFLD
WUDFFLy
FRPSHWH
FRPSHW
7DQWR ODV
QRFLRQHV FRPR ODV LGHDV GRPLQDQWHV GH OD
D FXOWXUD
F
HVFRODU
HVFRODU QR VH FXHVWLRQDQ
8Q SURWRWLSR GH SUREOHPD GRFHQWH JHQpULFR
FR
R SXHGH H[SU
H[SUHVDUVH HQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV
WpUPLQRV
/RV SUREOHPDV GRFHQWHV DGPLWHQ
GPLWHQ IRUPXODFLRQHV
IRUPXODF
PiV HVSHFtILFDV TXH VXHOHQ
DOXGLUDDOJ~QDVSHFWRSDUWLFXODUGHOSUREOHPD3RUHMHPSOR
SDUWLFXODUGHOSUREO
3¶ ¢&yPRSXHGR PRWLYDU
PR
U DPLVDOXPQR
DPLVDOXPQ
PQRVDXPHQWDUVXLQWHUpV SRUHOHVWXGLR\PHMRUDU
VX DFWLWXG
G HQ UHODFLyQ
DFLyQ FRQ FFLHUW
FLHUWR iPELWR GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV" 2 WDPELpQ ¢FyPR
SXHGR XWLOL
LOL]DUODV7,&
ODV7,&
&DILQG
DILQG
QGHPHMRUDUHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DGHGLFKRiPELWR"
¢&yPR
PR LQGLYLGXDOL]DU
YLGXDOL]DUODH
UODH
DHQVHxDQ]DGHWDORFXDOFRQFHSWR"
+D\TXHVHxDODUGHQXHYRTXHQRWRGRSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
XH
XHV
HHVHxDODUGHQXHYR
HV
xDODUGHQXH
SDUWHQHFHVDULDPHQWH
GH XQ
XQ SUREO
SURREO
REOHPD
EOHPD GRFH
GR
RFHQWH DXQTXH KLVWyULFDPHQWH OD SUREOHPiWLFD GRFHQWH KD
FRQ
RQVWLWXLGR D SSUREO
RQVWLWXLGROD
REOHPiWLFDGLGiFWLFDLQLFLDO3HURDPHGLGDTXHXQDGLVFLSOLQDVH
GHVDUUROODVXREMHWRGHHVWXGLRHYROXFLRQDGHPRGRSDUDOHOR
VDUUROODVXRE
DUUROODVX E
>«@
«@ QQR GHEHUtD VRUSUHQGHUQRV TXH D PHGLGD TXH HYROXFLRQD OD 'LGiFWLFD
GHODV0DWHPiWLFDVORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHSUREOHPDVTXHYDQDSDUHFLHQGR
TXHGHQDSDUHQWHPHQWHFDGDYH]PiVDOHMDGRVGHODSUREOHPiWLFDLQLFLDO'H
KHFKRHVWRHVORTXHKDVXFHGLGR\VLJXHVXFHGLHQGRHQWRGDVODVGLVFLSOLQDV
FLHQWtILFDVGHVGHOD ItVLFDOD TXtPLFDOD ELRORJtDOD SVLFRORJtD \OD HFRQRPtD
KDVWDODVSURSLDV PDWHPiWLFDV
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 5
27/07/2011 06 05 44
-26(3*$6&Ï1
>«@ (O DOHMDPLHQWR TXH VXIUHQ ORV SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV UHVSHFWR GH OD
SUREOHPiWLFDGRFHQWHLQLFLDOQRGHEHUtDLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPRXQROYLGRGHpVWD
VLQRFRPRXQDUHIRUPXODFLyQTXHSXHGHVHUPX\SURIXQGDHLQHVSHUDGD\TXH
HVWiSURSLFLDGDSRUODHODERUDFLyQGHQXHYRVLQVWUXPHQWRVWHyULFRV\WpFQLFRV
*DVFyQES
6LQHPEDUJRDFWXDOPHQWHPXFKRVGHORVSUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRVTXHDSDUHFHQ
HQ OD ELEOLRJUDItD VH VLJXHQ IRUPXODQGR GH XQ PRGR UHODWLYDPHQWH SUy[LPR
SUy[L
D
ORVSUREOHPDVGRFHQWHV(VWRVHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRHQTXHDOJXQDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
QYHVWLJDFLRQ
LJDFLRQ
GLGiFWLFDVQRFXHVWLRQDQHOiPELWRGHODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDTXHHVWiLQYROXFUDGR
HHVWiLQYROXFUDGR
YROXFUDGR
HQ HO SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD WDPSRFR FRQVLGHU
GHUDQ OD
OD UHODWLYLGDG
DG
LQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOVDEHUPDWHPiWLFR3RUHMHPSORVLHOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRDWDxH
O
REOHPDGLGiFWLFRDWD
PDGLGiFWLFRDW
D OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD JHRPHWUtD QR HV KDELWXDO TXH VH WRPH
RPH FRPR SDU
SDUWH GHO
SUREOHPDODGLOXFLGDFLyQGHORTXHVHHQWLHQGHSRUJHR
JHRPHWUtD
WUtDHQODLQVWLW
HQODLQVW
VWLWXFLyQGH
UHIHUHQFLD²GRQGHVHKDSODQWHDGRHOSUREOHPD²QLTXHVHVLHQWDODQHFHVLGDG
²QLTXHVHVLHQWD
²QLTXHVHVLHQWDO
GH HODERUDU XQ PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR GH OD
D JHRPHWUtD
JHRPHWUtD SDUD XWLOL]DUOR
X
HQ HO
HVWXGLRGHOSUREOHPD
'LFKRFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRVHJ~QODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOD7$'HVLPSUHVFLQGLEOH
SHFWLYDGHOD7
HFWLYDGHOD
3DUDTXHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRSXHGDVHUFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRWDOGHEHPRVHPSH]DU
GDV
GHUDGR F
GHUDGRF
H[SOLFLWDQGR VXGLPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFD
HPROyJLFD
yJLFD
'LPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
PROyJLFDGHXQSUR
PROyJLFDGHXQSURE
(Q OD IRUPXODFLyQ
Q GH FXDOTXLHU SURE
SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR HO GLGDFWD VLHPSUH XWLOL]D
DXQTXHVyORVHDLPSOtFLWDPHQWHXQDGHVFULSFLyQ\XQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ²HVGHFLU
DLPSOtFLWDPHQWHXQ
tFLWDPHQWH
XQPRGHORHSLVWHPROyJLFR²GHOiPELWRPDWHPiWLFRTXHHVWiHQMXHJR/D7$'KD
SLVWHPROyJLFR²GHO
PROyJLFR²GH
VXEUD\DGRGHVGHHOSULQFLSLRODQHFHVLGDGGHH[SOLFLWDUGLFKRPRGHOR\XWLOL]DUOR
RGHVGHHOSULQFLSLR
HOSULQFLSLR
U
FRPRUHI
UHI
HIHUHQFLD
HI
HQFLDSDUDDQD
SDUDDQ
DQDOL]DUORVKHFKRVGLGiFWLFRPDWHPiWLFRV*DVFyQ
D D $FWXDOPHQWH VH OH OODPD PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR
GH UHIHUHQF
UHIHUHQFLD
D 0(5
0(5 \ WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU VLHPSUH SURYLVLRQDO &RQ EDVH HQ HO
0(5HOGLGDFWDSXHGHGHFRQVWUXLU
(5HOGLGD D
(5HOGLGDFWD
U \ UHFRQVWUXLUODVSUD[HRORJtDVFX\DGLIXVLyQ
U
LQWUDLQVWLWXFLRQDOHLQWHULQVWLWXFLRQDOSUHWHQGHDQDOL]DU
LQVWLWXFLR
LWXFLR
/D7HRUtDGHOD7UDQVSRVLFLyQ'LGiFWLFD&KHYDOODUGQRVHQVHxD
7
TXH QRH[LVWHXQVLVWHPDGHUHIHUHQFLDSULYLOHJLDGRDSDUWLUGHOFXDOVHREVHUYH
DQDOLFH \ MX]JXH HO PXQGR GH ORV VDEHUHV 3HUR OD DXVHQFLD GH XQ VLVWHPD GH
UHIHUHQFLDDEVROXWR QRKDFHPHQRVLPSUHVFLQGLEOH²GHIRUPDEDVWDQWHDQiORJDD
ORTXHSDVDHQODPHFiQLFD²ODXWLOL]DFLyQGHVLVWHPDVGHUHIHUHQFLDUHODWLYRV
DGHFXDGRV D FDGD SUREOHPD \ VLWXDFLyQ %RVFK *DVFyQ 4XHUHPRV
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 6
27/07/2011 06 05 44
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
LQVLVWLU XQD YH] PiV HQ TXH ORV PRGHORV HSLVWHPROyJLFRV TXH FRQVWUX\H OD
'LGiFWLFD GH ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV GHEHQ WRPDUVH FRPR KLSyWHVLV GH WUDEDMR \
FRPR WDOHV GHEHQ VHU FRQVWDQWHPHQWH FRQWUDVWDGRV \ UHYLVDGRV (V HQ HVWH
SXQWR GRQGH WRPD SOHQR VHQWLGR HO QRPEUH GH HSLVWHPRORJtD H[SHULPHQWDO
TXH*X\%URXVVHDXGLRLQLFLDOPHQWHDOD'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV
(O 0(5 WDPELpQ HV QHFHVDULR SDUD HVWXGLDU HO VDEHU PDWHPiWLFR DQWHV
GHTXHVHWUDQVIRUPHSDUDVHUHQVHxDGR6yORDVtSRGUHPRVGDUFXHQWDQRVyORGH
DQRV
OD IRUPD HQ TXH VH LQWHUSUHWD OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG OD JHRPHWUtD R OD WRSROR
WRSRORJtD
GHQWUR GHO VLVWHPD GH HQVHxDQ]D VLQR WDPELpQ GHO SRUTXp HV SRVLEOH HQFRQWUDU
HQFRQWUD
HQ GLFKR VLVWHPD XQRV REMHWRV PDWHPiWLFRV \ QR RWURV 3RU HMHPSOR
SOR SRGUHPRV
LGHQWLILFDU HO SRUTXp GH OD LQVLVWHQFLD DFWXDO HQ HQVHxDU OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG
SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG
RSRUFLRQDOLGDG \
SRUTXp HQ XQ PRPHQWR KLVWyULFR UHFLHQWH GHVDSDUHFLy
y OD JHRPHWUtD
HRPHWUtD HXFOLGLDQD
HXFOL
HXFO
GHO FRUSXV GH OD PDWHPiWLFD HQVHxDGD \ SRUTXp KD
D YXHOWR
R D DSDUHFHU
DSDUHFH
DSDUHFHU DXQTXH
WtPLGDPHQWHHQOD(QVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULDGH(VSDxD(QFXDOTXLHU
DWRULDGH(VSDxD
DWRULDGH(VSDxD(
FDVRHVLPSRUWDQWHTXHHO0(5TXHVHXWLOL]DHQXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQGLGiFWLFDVHD
HQ
QXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
H[SOtFLWR²RSRWHQFLDOPHQWHH[SOLFLWDEOH²\DTXHFRQGLFLRQDUiGHFLVLYDPHQWH
\DT FRQGLFLRQDU
\DTXH
FRQGLFLRQD
D /D DPSOLWXG GHO iPELWR PDWHPi
PiWLFR
WLF PiV DG
DGHFXDGD
GHFX
GHFXD
SDUD SODQWHDU HO
SUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRHQFXHVWLyQ3RUHMHPSORVLXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
RUHMHPSORV
KDFHUHIHUHQFLDDORV OtPLWHVGHIXQFLRQ
WHVG
RQHVHO
RQHV
HOGLGDFWDGHEHUiXWLOL]DUXQ
HO
0(5PiVRPHQRVDPSOLRTXHFRQWHQJDRQRODVSUREOHPiWLFDVGHOD
PSOLRTXH
TXH
JD
H[LVWHQFLDGHOOtPLWHODFRQWLQXLGDGRODGHULYDELOLGDG%DUEp%RVFK
HODFRQWLQXLGD
(VSLQR]D*DVFyQ
FyQ
Q E /RV IHQyPHQRV
RV GLGiFWLFRV
GiFWLFRV TXH
TXH VHUiQ
V
YLVLEOHV SDUD HO LQYHVWLJDGRU 6L
VHFRQVLGHUDSRUHMHPSORTXHHOVDEHUPDWHPiWLFRHVXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQ
DSRUHMHPSORTXH
SRUHMHPSORTX
D[LRPiWLFD
FDVHUiPX\GLItFL
VHUiPX\GLItFL
ItFLOGHWHFWDUIHQyPHQRVGLGiFWLFRVOLJDGRVFRQ
ODDFWLYLGDGGHUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDV
LYLGDGGHUHVROXFLyQ
GGHUHVROXF
F /RVWLSRVGHSUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHVHSXHGHQSODQWHDU3DUD
VWLSRVGHSUREOHP
RVGHSUREOH
U
ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV
YHVWLJDGRUHV HQ GLGiFWLFD TXH WRPDQ HO VDEHU PDWHPiWLFR FRPR
XQ
Q VLVWHPD FRQF
FR
RQFHSWXDO
O HV PX\ GLItFLO SURSRQHU SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV
IXHUDGHXQP
IX
XHUDGHXQP
QPDUFR²QRUPDOPHQWHSVLFRORJLVWD²HQHOTXHDSUHQGHU
PDWH
PDWH
DWHPiWLF
WLFDV VHLGHQWLILFDFRQDGTXLULUFRQFHSWRV
G /DV
/DV H[
H[SOLFDFLRQHV
[S
WHQWDWLYDV TXH VH SRGUiQ SURSRQHU
U HVWR HV HO WLSR
GHV
GHVR
HVROXFLRQHVTXHVHFRQVLGHUDUiQDGPLVLEOHV %RVFK*DVFyQ
3RU HMHPSOR VL HO PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR DVXPLGR FRQVLGHUD DO VDEHU
3
(Q HVWH WUDEDMR XWLOL]DUHPRV OD QRFLyQ GH IHQyPHQR GLGiFWLFR FRPR XQ WpUPLQR SULPLWLYR WDO
FRPRVXHOHKDFHUVHFXDQGRVHKDEODGHIHQyPHQRVItVLFRVIHQyPHQRVELROyJLFRVRIHQyPHQRVVRFL
ROyJLFRV(ODQiOLVLVVREUHFyPRXQDWHRUtDGLGiFWLFDFRQVWUX\HORVIHQyPHQRVGLGiFWLFRV\FyPRORV
XWLOL]DPHUHFHXQHVWXGLRHQSURIXQGLGDGTXHQRSRGHPRVKDFHUDTXtYHU*DVFyQ$UWLJXH
%RVFK*DVFyQ
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 7
27/07/2011 06 05 44
-26(3*$6&Ï1
PDWHPiWLFRFRPRXQOHQJXDMHHQWRQFHVODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVUHODWLYDVD
ODVGLILFXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOVHSODQWHDUiQ
IRU]RVDPHQWHHQWpUPLQRVGHDGTXLVLFLyQ\XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO OHQJXDMH
DOJHEUDLFR
(QUHVXPHQOD GLPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRHVXQD
GLPHQVLyQQXFOHDUSXHVWRTXHFRPRYHUHPRVLPSUHJQD\FRQGLFLRQDIXHUWHPHQWH
DOUHVWRGHODVGLPHQVLRQHV<HVWRVXFHGHLQFOXVRHQODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGLGiFWLFDV
GLGi
GRQGHODVFXHVWLRQHVUHODWLYDVDHVWDGLPHQVLyQVRQPiVRPHQRVWUDQVSDUHQWHV\
DQVSDUHQWH
UHQWH
HQFRQVHFXHQFLDQRVHFRQVLGHUDQGHPDQHUDH[SOtFLWD
&XDQGR OD GLPHQVLyQ HSLVWHPROyJLFD VH SRQH HQ SULPHU
ULPHU
U SODQR FRPR
FRPR
VHPXHVWUDHQORVHQIRTXHVTXHVHVLW~DQHQHO3URJUDPD(SLVWHPROyJLFRGH
PD(SLVWHPROyJLFR
LVWHPROyJLFR
,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV HQWRQFHV
QFHV VH KDFH XQ HVI
HVIXHU]R
SRUH[SOLFLWDUHO0(5²VHDFRQHVWHQRPEUHRFRQRWUR²\DSDUHFHQFXHVWLRQHV
WUR²\DSDUHFHQFX
DSDUHFHQF
UHODWLYDV D OD IRUPD GH GHVFULELU H LQWHUSUHWDU ORV
V FRQRFLPLHQWRV
RFLPLHQWRV PD
PDWHPiWLFRV
(Q IRUPD PiV FRQFUHWD ORV WLSRV GH SUHJXQWDV
DV TXH LQWHJUDQ OD
O GLPHQVLyQ
HSLVWHPROyJLFDGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRVRQORVVLJX
ORV JXLHQWHV
ORVVLJ
D ¢4Xp HV HO FRQRFLPLHQWR PDWHPiWLFR"
PiWLFR"
iWL
(VWR
(VWR HV
HV ¢FyPR VH LQWHUSUHWD
\ FyPR VH GHVFULEH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR
LHQWR
HQWR PDWHP
PDWHPiWLFR" ¢&XiOHV VRQ VXV
FRPSRQHQWHV\FyPRVHHVWUXFWXUDQ"
VWUX
"
E ¢&yPR SXHGHQ PRGHOL]DUVH
HOL]DUVH
UVH GHVGH OD
OD SRVLFLyQ GHO GLGDFWD ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV PDWHPiWLFRV
PiWLFRV
FRV PRG
PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR JHQHUDO \ FDGD
XQRGHORViPELWRVGHODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDPRGHORVHSLVWHPROyJLFRV
VGHODDFWLYLGDGPD
GHODDFWLYLGDGPD
HVSHFtILFRV"
F ¢&XiOHVVX UD]
D]yQGHV "(VWRHV
D]yQGHVHU
(VWRH
RHV¢FXiOHVVRQODVFXHVWLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDV
RH[WUDPDWHPiWLFDVDODVTXHUHVSRQGHFDGDXQRGHORViPELWRVGHOD
DWHPiWLFDVDODVTX
WLFDVDODVTX
DFWLYLGDG
DGPDWHPiWLFD"
DWHPiWLFD
G ¢4Xp
p VH HQWLHQGH SRU KDFHU PDWHPiWLFDV \ SRU DGTXLULU
U FRPXQLFDU
U
DSU
SUHQGHU
GHU
UHQVHxDU
DUR
UR
R DSOLFDUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVPDWHPiWLFRV"
U
H ¢&yPRVHJHQHUDQ
¢&yPRVHJHQHUDQ\FyPRVHGHVDUUROODQORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVPDWHPiWLFRV"
yPRVHJHQHUDQ
¢¢&yPRVHWUDQV
&yPRVHWUDQ
DQVIRUPDQDOHPLJUDUHQWUHODVGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXFLRQHV"
I ¢&X
¢&X
&XiOHVOD
&XiOHVODD
DDPSOLWXGGHOiPELWRPDWHPiWLFRPiVDGHFXDGDSDUDSODQWHDU
XQ SUR
XQSUR
SUREOH
EOHPDGLGiFWLFRGHWHUPLQDGR"
*X\ %URXVVHDX
URX
GHQRPLQy LQLFLDOPHQWH GLGiFWLFD IXQGDPHQWDO DO QXHYR SXQWR GH YLVWD
HQ'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDVTXHVXUJLyDSULQFLSLRVGHORVDxRVGHOVLJORSDVDGR(OQXHYR
HQIRTXHSURYRFyXQDDPSOLDFLyQLQHVSHUDGDGHODSUREOHPiWLFDGLGiFWLFDGHELGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHD
TXHLQFOXtDDO FRQRFLPLHQWRPDWHPiWLFR FRPR REMHWRSULPDULRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(Q*DVFyQ
VHDQDOL]DODHYROXFLyQGHODGLGiFWLFDKDVWDGHVHPERFDUHQOD GLGiFWLFDIXQGDPHQWDO\HQ*DVFyQ
DVHKDEODDELHUWDPHQWHGHXQQXHYRSURJUDPDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ'LGiFWLFDGHODV
0DWHPiWLFDVHOSURJUDPDHSLVWHPROyJLFR
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 8
27/07/2011 06 05 44
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
'LFKDVFXHVWLRQHVHVWiQVLHPSUHSUHVHQWHVHQHOWUDVIRQGRGHORVSUREOHPDV
GLGiFWLFRVLQFOXVRHQHOFDVRGHTXHHVWRVVyORVHUHILHUDQH[SOtFLWDPHQWHD
RWURVGHVXVDVSHFWRVRGLPHQVLRQHV$GHPiVODVUHVSXHVWDVDHVWDVFXHVWLRQHVTXH
SURSRQHRDVXPHLPSOtFLWDPHQWHFDGDHQIRTXHHQ'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV
FRQGLFLRQDQFRPSOHWDPHQWHDODSUREOHPiWLFDGLGiFWLFD
(Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR ODV SUHJXQWDV TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH GH OD GLPHQVLyQ
HSLVWHPROyJLFDGHMDQHQWUHYHUTXHHVWDQRVyORRFXSDXQDSRVLFLyQSULYLOHJLDGD
SULYLOH
HQ WRGR SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR VLQR TXH DGHPiV HV LQVHSDUDEOH GH
H ODV UHVWDQWHV
UHVWDQW
GLPHQVLRQHV OD HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO \ OD HFROyJLFD TXH
H DQDOL]DUHPRV
DUHPRV DD
FRQWLQXDFLyQ
'DGR TXH ODV SUHJXQWDV GH FDUiFWHU HSLVWHPROyJLFR
R VRQ ODV IXQGDPHQWDOHV
IXQGDPHQ
IXQGDPH
GHODWHRUtDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHODGLPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDGH
GLPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROy
LyQHSLVWHP
XQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRHVPiVEiVLFDRIXQGDPHQWDOTXHODTXHSRGUtDPRVOODPDU
DOTXHODTXHSRGUtDP
ODTXHSRGUtDP
GLPHQVLyQFRJQLWLYD3RUHOOROD7$'QRFRQVLGHUDTXHODVFXHVWLRQHVGLUHFWDPHQWH
DTXHODVFXHVWLRQHV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQORFRJQLWLYRHQHOVHQWLGRGHODSVLFRORJtDFRJQLWLYDLQWHJUHQ
GHOD SVLFRORJtDFRJ
GHODS
SVLFRORJtDFR
XQD GH ODV GLPHQVLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV R EiVLFDV
Ei
GH
G XQ SUREOHPD
S
GLGiFWLFR
VLQRTXHIRUPHQSDUWHGHXQDGLPHQVLyQVHFXQGDULDDXQTXHQRSRUHOORPHQRV
VHFXQGDULDDX
FXQGDULDDXQT
LPSRUWDQWH
3DUDWRPDUHQFXHQWDODGLPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
HQVLyQHS
yQHS
OyJ
HOGLGDFWDGHEHFRQVWUXLUHIHFWLYDPHQWH²\GHSUHIHUHQFLDHQIRUPDH[SOtFLWD²
WLYDPHQWH²\
PHQWH²\
XQ0(5UHODWLYRDOiPELWRGHODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDTXHHVWiHQMXHJRHQGLFKR
GHODDFWLYLGDGPD
SUREOHPD (VWH 0(5 GH DOFDQFH
FDQFH ORFDO R
R UHJLRQDO GHEH VHU FRPSDWLEOH FRQ HO
PRGHORHSLVWHPROyJLFRJHQHUDOGHODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDTXHHQHOFDVRGHOD
FRJHQHUDOGHODDF
RJHQHUDOGHOD
7$'VHIRUPXODHQWpUPLQRVGHRUJDQL]DFLRQHVSUD[HROyJLFDVRSUD[HRORJtDV
HQWpUPLQRVGHRUJ
pUPLQRVGHRUJ
/D7$'LQWURGXFHXQDFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQXQLWDULDHQWpUPLQRVGH
'LQWURGXFHXQDFRQFHS
XFHXQDFRQFHS
SUD[HRORJtDV ±XQLyQGHORV
WpUPLQRVJU
JULHJRV
J
RVSUD[LV
SUD[LV\
\ORJRV
ORJRV±SDUDUHIHULUVHDHVDXQLGDGLQGLYLVLEOHIRUPDGDSRUODDFWLYLGDG\
HOFRQRFLPLHQWRKXPDQRV6HSDUWHGHOSRVWXODGRTXHDILUPDTXHWRGDDFWLYLGDGKXPDQDVHSXHGH
RFLPLHQ
FLPL
PLHQWRKXPDQRV6
PLHQ
WRKXPDQRV6
GHVFULELUFRPRODDFWLYDFLyQGHSUD[HRORJtDVDVXPLHQGRDVtTXHWRGDSUiFWLFDRVDEHUKDFHU
VFULELUFRPROD
FRPROD
RODDFWLYDFL
RODDFWLYDFLy
OD
U SUD[LV
DSDUHFHVLHPSUHDFRPSDxDGDGHXQGLVFXUVRR
SDUHFHVLHPSU DFR
SDUHFHVLHPSUHDFR
DFRPS
VDEHU
U ORJRVHVGHFLUXQDGHVFULSFLyQH[SOLFDFLyQR
UDFLRQDOLGDGPtQLPDVREUHORTXHVHKDFHHOFyPRVHKDFH\HOSRUTXpGHORTXHVHKDFH/DSUD[LV
LRQDOLGDGPtQLP
QDOLGDGPtQ
HVWiIRUPDGDDVXYH]SRUGRVFRPSRQHQWHV>7W
UPDGDD
GD D
@XQWLSRGHWDUHDV7\XQD
7
WpFQLFD WRPDQHUD
LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGD\FRPSDUWLGDGHOOHYDUDFDERODVWDUHDVGHOWLSR7HQFLHUWDLQVWLWXFLyQ(OORJRV
QDOL
DVXYH]WLHQHRWUDVGRVFRPSRQHQWHV>T4@XQDWHFQRORJtD TRGLVFXUVRUD]RQDGRORJRVVREUHOD
WpFQLFDSDUDKDFHULQWHOLJLEOHODWpFQLFD WFRPRPHGLRSDUDUHDOL]DU7\XQFRPSRQHQWH
7
WHyULFR
4 TXH ULJH OD SURSLD WHFQRORJtD T DSRUWDQGR HOHPHQWRV GHVFULSWLYRV MXVWLILFDWLYRV \ JHQHUDWLYRV
GHORVGHPiVFRPSRQHQWHVGHODSUD[HRORJtD$OXQLUOD SUD[LV \HO ORJRV WHQHPRVOD SUD[HRORJtD
TXH VH GHVLJQD FRPR >7W
T4@ +DEODUHPRV DVt GH SUD[HRORJtDV PDWHPiWLFDV X RUJDQL]DFLRQHV
PDWHPiWLFDV20\SUD[HRORJtDVGLGiFWLFDVXRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGLGiFWLFDV2'&KHYDOODUG
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 9
27/07/2011 06 05 45
-26(3*$6&Ï1
(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHORV0(5GHEHQGHVFULELUVHFRQIRUPHDODJpQHVLV\HOGHVDUUROOR
LQFOX\HQGR DPSOLDFLRQHV \ FRPSOHWDFLRQHV SURJUHVLYDV GH GHWHUPLQDGDV
SUD[HRORJtDVPDWHPiWLFDV
(Q HVWH SXQWR DSDUHFHQ FRPR LQVHSDUDEOHV ODV GRV FDUDV GH OD DFWLYLGDG
GLGiFWLFRR \ HO SURGXFWR R UHVXOWDGR GH
PDWHPiWLFD HO SURFHVR GH HVWXGLR OR
HVDFRQVWUXFFLyQORPDWHPiWLFR
HQVHQWLGRFOiVLFR(OSURFHVRGHHVWXGLRDOVHUXQD
DO
DFWLYLGDGKXPDQDWDPELpQSXHGHVHUPRGHOL]DGRHQWpUPLQRVGHSUD[HRORJtDVTXH
[HRORJtDV
J
VHUiQOODPDGDV GLGiFWLFDV &KHYDOODUG/DQRFLyQGHHV
HVWXGLR
LR LQWHJ
LQWHJU
HJUD
WRGRV ORV SURFHVRV GH PDQLSXODFLyQ GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV
V HQ ODV GLYHUVDV
GLYHUVDV
LQVWLWXFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\DVHDQGHSURGXFFLyQGLIXVLyQXWLOL]DFLyQRHQVHxDQ]D
LOL]DFLyQRHQVHxDQ
yQRHQVHxDQ
&KHYDOODUG%RVFK*DVFyQ(OREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOD'LGiFWLFDGHODV
GLRGHOD'LGiFWLFDG
HOD'LGiFWLFD
0DWHPiWLFDVSXHGHIRUPXODUVHDKRUDFRQODQRFLyQGHS
GHSUD[HRORJtD
RORJt
(O FRQFHSWR GH SUD[HRORJtD QRV SHUPLWH IRUPXODU
ODU FRPSOHWDPHQWH
FRPSOHWDPHQWHH
FRPSOHWDPHQWHHO REMHWR
GHODGLGiFWLFD ODGLGiFWLFDVHSUHRFXSDSRUHOHVWXGLRGHODVFRQGLFLRQHV
RUH HVWXGLRGHODV
RUHOH
\UHVWULFFLRQHVEDMRODVFXDOHVODVSUD[HRORJtDVFRPLHQ]DQVXYLGDPLJUDQ
RORJtDVFRPL
RJ
HQ]DQVX
FDPELDQIXQFLRQDQPXHUHQGHVDSDUHFHQUHYLYHQHWFGHQWURGHORVJUXSRV
HQUHYLYHQHWF
UHYLYHQHWF GH
G
KXPDQRV3RUVXSXHVWRHVWRFRQOOHYDXQDFRQVLGHUDEOHDPSOLDFLyQGHOFDPSR
RQVLGHUDEOHD
QVLGHUDEOHD
GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHODGLGiFWLFD OD GLG
LGiFWLFDHVWXGLD
XGLD
GL OORGLGiFWLFRHQFXDOTXLHU
IRUPDTXHSXHGDDSDUHFHU'iQGRVHHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRDGHFXDGRODGLGiFWLFD
'iQGRVHHOREMH
HHOREMH
DXPHQWD SURJUHVLYDPHQWH
WH VXV HVSHUDQ]DV GH HYLWDU TXHGDU GRPLQDGD SRU
FDPSRVGLVFLSOLQDUHVHVWDEOHFLGRVHQODHVFXHOD&KHYDOODUG
HVWDEOHFLGRVHQODHVF
EOHFLGRVHQOD
&RPRGLFH&KHYDOODUGHOHVWXGLRGHOD
HYDOODUGHOHVWXGLR
OODUGHOHVWXGLR
WUDQVSRVLFLyQGLGiFWLFD\DxDGLPRV
HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV
RV 0(5 TXH HVWH HVWXGLR UHTXLHUH \ SHUPLWH FRQVWUXLU VRQ
ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV
QWRV TXH KDQ SHUPL
SHUPLWLGR
SHUP
D OD 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV URPSHU
FRQODGLGiFWLFDFOiVLFD\FRQVWUXLUVXSURSLRREMHWRGHHVWXGLRLQWHJUDQGR
GiFWLFDFOiVLFD\FR
DFOiVLFD\F
GHILQLWLYDPHQWHDOVDEHUPDWHPiWLFR
YDPHQWHDOVDEHUP
HQWHDOVDEH
>«@
«@ HHQ
Q OD PHGLG
GLGD HQ TXH HO ³VDEHU´ GHYLHQH SDUD HOOD SUREOHPiWLFR SXHGH
ILJXUDU QD
ILJXUDUHQD
Q DGH
QDGH
DGHODQWHFRPRXQWpUPLQRHQHOHQXQFLDGRGHSUREOHPDVQXHYRV
RVLPSOHHPHQWHUHIRUPXODGRV\HQVXVROXFLyQ&KHYDOODUGS
RVLPSOHP
3DUD
UD IRUPXODU XQ SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR HQ WpUPLQRV GH OD 7$' VH UHTXLHUH
WRPDU XQ 0(5 FRPR VLVWHPD GH UHIHUHQFLD 'LFKR HQ IRUPD EUHYH DO SODQWHDU
XQ SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR HV LPSUHVFLQGLEOH WRPDU HQ FXHQWD VX GLPHQVLyQ
HSLVWHPROyJLFDSRUTXHHVWDWLHQHXQFDUiFWHUQXFOHDU7RPDDVtSOHQRVHQWLGROD
LGHDWDQUHSHWLGDGH*X\%URXVVHDXODFXDOVHxDODTXHWRGRSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
WLHQH XQ FRPSRQHQWH PDWHPiWLFR HVHQFLDO DO WLHPSR TXH VH VXEUD\D XQD YH]
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 10
27/07/2011 06 05 45
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
PiV OD LPSRUWDQWH DPSOLDFLyQ GH OR PDWHPiWLFR GHIHQGLGD SRU HO SURJUDPD
HSLVWHPROyJLFR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV DO LQWHJUDU
GHPDQHUDLQVHSDUDEOHHQODGLPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDODJpQHVLVHOGHVDUUROOR
HOHVWXGLRODXWLOL]DFLyQ\ODWUDQVSRVLFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOVDEHUPDWHPiWLFR
*DVFyQSS
'LPHQVLyQ HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO GH XQ SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR
iFWLFR \ XQLGDG
XQLGD
XQLG
PtQLPDGHDQiOLVLVGHORVSURFHVRVGHHVWXGLR
'HPDQHUDFRORTXLDOSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHODGLPHQVLyQHFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFL
yPLFRLQVWLWX
GH XQ SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR LQFOX\H FXHVWLRQHV TXH JLUDQ
UDQ HQ WRUQR D OD
OD SU
SUHJXQWD
¢FyPR VRQ ODV FRVDV ODV 20 \ ODV 2' HQ OD FRQWLQJHQFLD
QWLQJHQFLD
JHQFLD LQVWLWXFLRQDO"
LQVWLWXFL
LQVWLWXFLR
&RQ
HOOR DEDUFD DO VLVWHPD GH UHJODV \ SULQFLSLRV QRPRVV TXH UHJX
HJXODQ ±HQ XQD
LQVWLWXFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD± OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR
IXQFFLRQDPLHQWR GH ODV 20 \ ODV
IX
2'LQYROXFUDGDVHQHOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
&DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH FXDOTXLHU UHVSXHVWD
HVWD
VWD TXH SUHWH
SUHWHQGDPRV
SUHW
GDU D OD FLWDGD
SUHJXQWDGHEHUiDSR\DUVHHQXQ0(5\HQXQPRGHORGLGiFWLFRGHUHIHUHQFLD0'5
5\H
RGHOR GLG
RGHORGLG
VXVWHQWDGR SRU GLFKR 0(5 $GHPiV
PiV QQR KD\ TXH ROYLGDU TXH FXDQGR QRV
SUHJXQWDPRV FyPR VRQ ODV
DV FRVDV DSDUHF
UHFHQ FXHVWLRQHV TXH VyOR SXHGHQ
UHVSRQGHUVH LQYHVWLJDQGR OR TXH VXFHGH FXDQGR
FXD
LQWHQWDPRV FDPELDU ODV FRVDV
HQ XQD GLUHFFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD
HUPLQDGD
UPLQDGD (Q UHVXPHQ
UHVXP
SRGUtDPRV GHFLU TXH OD DFWLYLGDG
TXHVHKDGHOOHYDUDFDERSDUDUHVSRQGHUODVSUHJXQWDVWRFDQWHVDODGLPHQVLyQ
DFDERSDUDUHVSRQ
DERSDUDUHVSR
HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
WXFLRQDO
QDO GH XQ SU
SUR
SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR HVWi PX\ OLJDGD D OR TXH
&KHYDOODUGHQSUHQVDGHVLJQyFRPRHODQiOLVLVFOtQLFRGHODGLGiFWLFD
HQSUHQVDGH
HQSUHQVDGH
\ TXH HQJORED
JORED OR TXH VXHOH
VXHOH GHQRPLQDUVH LQJHQLHUtD GLGiFWLFD 'LFKR DQiOLVLV
LQFOX\H
H OD REVHUYDFLyQ
REVHUYDFLyQ \\ OD GHVFULSFLyQ GHWDOODGD GH ODV 20 \ ODV 2' TXH
H[LVWHQHIHFWLYDPHQWHHQGHWHUPLQDGDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVXWLOL]DQGRFRPRUHIHUHQFLD
WHQHIHF
QHIIHF
IHFWLYDPHQWHH
FWLYDPHQWHH
GHWHUPLQDGRV0(5\0'5DVtFRPRHOGLVHxRH[SHULPHQWDFLyQ\HYDOXDFLyQGH
GHWHUPLQDG
GHWHUPLQDGRV0
RV0(5
RV
RV0
QXHYDV2'FRQVWUXLGDVFRQORVFULWHULRVPHQFLRQDGRV(VWHDQiOLVLVSUHWHQGHSRU
XHYDV2'FRQV
HYDV2'F QV
XQDSDUWHHVWXGLDUORVKHFKRVGLGiFWLFRVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQORVVLVWHPDVGRFHQWHV
SDUWHHVW
H HVW
FXDQGRVHLQWURGXFHQFDPELRVGLGiFWLFRVFRQWURODGRVDOLJXDOTXHVXYLDELOLGDG
VH
SRURWUDFRQWUDVWDUGHWHUPLQDGRVIHQyPHQRVGLGiFWLFRVSUHYLDPHQWHIRUPXODGRV
\H[SOLFLWDGRVHQIRUPDWHyULFD
'DGR TXH HO 0(5 VH HVWUXFWXUD PHGLDQWH XQD VXFHVLyQ FUHFLHQWH GH
SUD[HRORJtDVPDWHPiWLFDVQLQJ~QSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRSXHGHDERUGDUVHKDFLHQGR
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 11
27/07/2011 06 05 45
-26(3*$6&Ï1
UHIHUHQFLDDXQD20SXQWXDO HVWRHVTXHKD\DVLGRJHQHUDGD~QLFDPHQWHSRU
XQFRQFHSWRXQDWpFQLFDRXQWLSRGHSUREOHPDVPDWHPiWLFRV
(QIRUPDDQiORJD\WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDGHQXHYRTXHHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH
XQ0(5KD\TXHDWHQGHUDORVGDWRVHPStULFRVTXHSURYLHQHQGHWRGDV\FDGDXQD
GHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQHOSURFHVRGHWUDQVSRVLFLyQGLGiFWLFD YHU
)LJXUDQLQJ~QSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRSRGUiFRQVLGHUDU~QLFDPHQWHORVGDWRVTXH
GD
HPDQDQGHXQDVRODLQVWLWXFLyQ²SRUHMHPSORHODXODRODLQVWLWXFLyQHVFRODU²\
HVFRODU²
PXFKRPHQRVSRGHPRVUHVWULQJLUQRVDORVGDWRVTXHHPDQDQGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR
RPSRUWDPLHQW
UWDPLHQ
LQGLYLGXDOGHORVVXMHWRVGHXQDRPiVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
6DEHUDSUHQ
GLVSRQL
PX
GH5HIHUHQFLD
WL
G
)LJXUD(WDSDVGHODWUDQVSRVLFLyQGLGiFWLFD
(WDSDVGHODWUDQVS
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHOD7$'WRGRSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRWLHQHTXHKDFHU
YLVWDGHOD7$'W
YLVWDGHOD7$'WR
UHIHUHQFLDHQIRUPDPiVRPHQRVH[SOtFLWDDWRGDVODVHWDSDVGHODWUDQVSRVLFLyQ
PiVRPHQRVH[SOtF
iVRPHQRVH[S
GLGiFWLFD \ GHEH FRQWHQHU
HQHU XQD SUD[H
SUD[HRORJtD PDWHPiWLFD VXILFLHQWHPHQWH DPSOLD
+D\TXHUHFRUGDU
GDUTXHOD
TXHODXQLGDGP
XQLGDG
DGPtQLPDGHDQiOLVLVGHORVSURFHVRVGLGiFWLFRV
%RVFK*DVFyQGHEHFRQWHQHUHOSURFHVRGHHVWXGLRLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHXQD
*DVFyQGHEHF
QGHE
20ORFDOUHODWLYDPHQWHFRPSOHWD%RVFK)RQVHFD*DVFyQ(QUHDOLGDG
OUHODWLYDPHQWHFRP
DWLYDPHQWHFRP
OD XQLGDG
GDG
GDG
DG PtQLPD GH DDQ
DQiOLVLV GH ORV SURFHVRV GLGiFWLFRV HV XQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ
GLGiF
iFWLFD
FDDVR
DVR
DVRFLDGDDX
VRFLDGDD
DXQD20ORFDO
/DFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHXQD20FRPR
FDUDFWHUL]D
DFWHUL]
SXQWXDOORFDORUHJLRQDOQRHVDEVROXWD\DTXHGHSHQGH
GHORTXHHQFDGDLQVWLWXFLyQVHFRQVLGHUHFRPRXQ~QLFR
HHQFD
WLSRGHWDUHDVPDWHPiWLFDV\GHOiPELWR
TXH DEDUTXH HO GLVFXUVR WHFQROyJLFR TXH VH OH DVRFLH 6H SXHGH PRVWUDU )RQVHFD %RVFK
)RQVHFD *DVFyQ TXH XQD GH ODV GLVFRQWLQXLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV TXH VH DSUHFLDQ HQ OD
DUWLFXODFLyQ HQWUH OD HQVHxDQ]D VHFXQGDULD \ OD XQLYHUVLWDULD HV OD GLILFXOWDG SDUD KDFHU YLYLU
HQODHQVHxDQ]DVHFXQGDULDODV20ORFDOHVUHODWLYDPHQWHFRPSOHWDV\ODFRQVLJXLHQWHDXVHQFLDHQ
OD XQLYHUVLGDG GH 20 ORFDOHV TXH VHDQ FDSDFHV D VX YH] GH FRQVWLWXLU HO SXQWR GH SDUWLGD
SDUDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODV20GHQLYHOVXSHULRUUHJLRQDOHV\JOREDOHVGHXQDIRUPDQRPHUDPHQWH
WHRULFLVWD *DVFyQD
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 12
27/07/2011 06 05 45
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
(V HQ HVWH FRQWH[WR GRQGH WLHQH VHQWLGR SODQWHDU OD GLDOpFWLFD HQWUH OR
SHUVRQDO\ORLQVWLWXFLRQDOWDOFRPRODFRQVLGHUDOD7$'(QHIHFWRDODFHSWDU
ODFLWDGDXQLGDGPtQLPDGHDQiOLVLVGHORVSURFHVRVGLGiFWLFRVVHVHxDODOD
SUHHPLQHQFLDGHORLQVWLWXFLRQDOVREUHORSHUVRQDOWDQWRHQODGHVFULSFLyQGHORV
IHQyPHQRVGLGiFWLFRVFRPRHQODIRUPXODFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
GLGiFWLFD\KDVWDHQHOWLSRGHUHVSXHVWDVDGPLVLEOHV
3DUDOD7$'QRKD\IHQyPHQRVQLSUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRVTXHVHUHILHUDQHQ
UHILHU
~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDDODUHODFLyQSHUVRQDOFRQXQiPELWRGHOVDEHUPDWHPiWLFRSXHVWR
PiWLFRSXHV
FRSXH
TXHGLFKDUHODFLyQHVWiHQJUDQPHGLGDGHWHUPLQDGD²\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDSXHGH
QVHFXHQFLDSXHGH
FLDSXHGH
VHUH[SOLFDGD²DSDUWLUGHODUHODFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDO3RUHMHPSORODUHODFLyQ
HMHPSORODUHODFLyQ
SORODUHODFLyQ
SHUVRQDOGHXQDOXPQRFRQODSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGRPHMRUFRQXQDSUD[HRORJtD
UFRQXQDSUD[HROR
QXQDSUD[H
PDWHPiWLFDGHWHUPLQDGDTXHYLYHHQFLHUWDLQVWLWXFLyQODFXDOLQFOX\HDODQRFLyQGH
DFXDOLQFOX\HDODQRF
LQFOX\HDODQR
SURSRUFLRQDOLGDGGHSHQGHHQJUDQPHGLGD\SXHGHH[SOLFDUVHHQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLD
H[SOLFDUVHHQ~OWLPD
FDUVHHQ~OWLPD
DSDUWLUGHODUHODFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDODGLFKDSUD[HRORJtDHVWRHVDSDUWLUGHOWLSRGH
ORJtDHVWRHVDSDU
ORJtDHVWRHVDSDUW
DFWLYLGDGHVPDWHPiWLFDVTXHHVSRVLEOHOOHYDUDFDERHQWRUQRDODSURSRUFLRQDOLGDG
FDERHQWRUQRDODSU
FDER
RHQWRUQRDODS
HQODLQVWLWXFLyQGHUHIHUHQFLDVLQTXHHVWRQLHJXHODVGLIHUHQFLDVHYLGHQWHVHQWUH
QLHJ
QLHJXHODV
VGLIHUHQF
ODVGLYHUVDVUHODFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVDXQDSUD[HRORJtDGHWHUPLQDGD
UD[HRORJtDGHWH
[HRORJtDGHWHHUP
(VSRUHOORTXHHQOD7$'VHFRQVLGHUDODUHODFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDODXQD20
ODUHODFLyQ
\HQIRUPDPiVDPSOLDODYLGDLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHXQD20HVWRHVODJpQHVLV
LQVWLWX
GHXQ
HOGHVDUUROORODGLIXVLyQLQWUDLQVWLWXFLRQDOODPLJUDFLyQDRWUDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\OD
QVWLWXFLRQDO
FLRQDO
GHVDSDULFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHODVSUD[HRORJtDVPDWHPiWLFDVFRPRREMHWRSULPDULR
HODVSUD[HRORJtDV
ODVSUD[HRORJtDV
GH HVWXGLR PLHQWUDV TXH
H OD UHODFLyQ SHUVRQDO
SHUVRQ
SHUV
HV YLVWD FRPR REMHWR VHFXQGDULR
DXQTXH QR SRU HOOR PHQRV LPSRUWDQWH
LPSRUWDQWH $Vt OD 7$' QR WRPD HQ FXHQWD D OD
GLPHQVLyQSHUVRQDOFRPRIXQGDPHQWDOREiVLFDHQXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
OFRPRIXQGDPHQWD
RIXQGDPHQWD
/DVFXHVWLRQHVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHODGLPHQVLyQHFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
LRQHVTXHIRUPDQS
TXHIRUPDQ
GH XQ SUREOHPD
HPD GLGiFWLFR UH
UHTX
UHTXLHUHQ TXH VH H[SOLTXH SUHYLDPHQWH OD GLPHQVLyQ
HSLVWHPROyJ
OyJLFD (Q SDUWLFX
LFXODU HO 0(5 UHVXOWD LPSUHVFLQGLEOH SDUD DQDOL]DU
HO VDEHU
HU
U PDWHPiWLFR
U
DWHPiWLFR WDO
WWDO FRPR DSDUHFH \ HV LQWHUSUHWDGR HQ FDGD XQD GH ODV
LQVWLWXFLRQHVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQODVVXFHVLYDVHWDSDVGHOSURFHVRGHWUDQVSRVLFLyQ
LWXFLRQHV
FLRQQHV
QHVTXHLQWHUY
HVTXHLQWH
3RUHMHPSORSDUDHVWXGLDUODIRUPDFRPRVHLQWHUSUHWDQORVQ~PHURVGHFLPDOHV
3RUHMHPSOR
3RUHMHPSORSD
SDUD H
SSDUDH
SD
HOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDORODGHULYDFLyQGHIXQFLRQHVHQXQGHWHUPLQDGRVLVWHPD
iOJHEUDHO
iOJHEUDHOHP
GHHQVHxDQ]DHOGLGDFWDQHFHVLWDXWLOL]DUXQ0(5
VHxDQ]D
DQ]D
HVSHFtILFRGHFDGDXQRGHHVRV
iPELWRVGHOVDEHUPDWHPiWLFR
GH
6LSRUHMHPSORTXHUHPRVHVWXGLDUORTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVOODPDQHO
UD]RQDPLHQWRSURSRUFLRQDO GHORVHVWXGLDQWHV \ORVIHQyPHQRVGLGiFWLFRVTXH
VHOHDVRFLDQHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUWLUGHXQDQiOLVLVGHFyPRHVLQWHUSUHWDGD
OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG HQ OD LQVWLWXFLyQ GRFHQWH (VWR LPSOLFD DKRQGDU HQ ODV
SUiFWLFDVPDWHPiWLFDVTXHHVSRVLEOHOOHYDUDFDERHQGLFKDLQVWLWXFLyQVREUH
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 13
27/07/2011 06 05 45
-26(3*$6&Ï1
OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG 3HUR HVWH DQiOLVLV HV WRGDYtD LQVXILFLHQWH 6HUi QHFHVDULR
DGHPiV VLWXDU OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG HQ XQD 20 ORFDO UHODWLYDPHQWH FRPSOHWD
TXHDVXYH]GHEHUiLQWHJUDUVHHQXQD20UHJLRQDO\VREUHWRGRHVWXGLDUWRGDV\
FDGDXQDGHODVHWDSDVGHORVIHQyPHQRVWUDQVSRVLWLYRVORVFXDOHVKDQGDGRFRPR
UHVXOWDGRODV20HQWRUQRDODSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGTXHDSDUHFHQHIHFWLYDPHQWHHQ
ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHVFRODUHV
(QUHVXPHQODGLPHQVLyQHFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
PDGLGi
SODQWHDFXHVWLRQHVVREUHHOUHVXOWDGRTXHHQXQSHULRGRKLVWyULFRGHWHUPLQDGR
RGHWHUPLQDG
UPLQDG
KD SURGXFLGR OD DFFLyQ GH OD WUDQVSRVLFLyQ GLGiFWLFD HQ ODV SUD[HRORJtDV
[HRORJtDV
PDWHPiWLFDV\GLGiFWLFDV/RVWLSRVGHSUREOHPDVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHGLFKD
PDQSDUWHGHGLFKD
SDUWHGHGLFKD
GLPHQVLyQVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
D ¢&XiOHVHOiPELWRLQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHKHPRVGHWRPDUHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
GHWRPDUHQFRQVLG
PDUHQFRQV
SDUDHVWXGLDUHOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRHQFXHVW
HVWLyQ"
Q"
E ¢4XpFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSUHVHQWDQGHWHUPLQDGDV20\ODV2'DVRFLDGDV
QDGDV20\ODV2
HQXQDLQVWLWXFLyQ \HQXQSHULRGRKLVWyULFR
KLVWy LFRGHWHUPLQD
KLVWyUL
GHWHUPLQDG
QDGRV"
F ¢&yPR VH FRQVLGHUD HQ FDGD LQVWLWXFLyQ
QVWLWXFLyQ
WLW
XQ iPE
iPELWR FRQFUHWR GH OD
DFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFD"HVGHFLUFyPRVHGHVFULEH\FyPRODLQWHUSUHWDQ
FyPRVHGHVFUL
PRVHGHVFULEH
ORVVXMHWRVGHODPLVPD
G ¢4XpWLSRVGHSUiFWLFDVPDWHPiWLFDVSXHGHQOOHYDUVHDFDERHQXQD
VPDWHP
SXH
LQVWLWXFLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD
QDGD HQ UHODFLyQ
UHOD
FRQ XQ iPELWR SDUWLFXODU GH
ODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiW
Pi
PiWLFD"
H ¢&XiO HV HQ GHILQLWLYD
HILQLWLYD
LWLYD HO PRGHOR
PRG
PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV
HVSHFtILFRGHXQiPELWR\HOPRGHORGLGiFWLFRDVRFLDGRGRPLQDQWHVHQ
GHXQiPELWR\HOP
HXQiPELWR\HOP
XQDLQVWLWXF
XFLyQGDGD"
GDGD"
I ¢4XpGLIL
GLILFXOWDGHV
OWDG DSDUHFH
DSDUHFHQFXDQGRVHSUHWHQGHPRGLILFDUODV2'HQXQD
GLUHFFLyQGHWHUPLQDGDGHQWURGHXQDLQVWLWXFLyQGDGD"
FFLyQGHWHUPLQDGD
QGHWHUPLQDGD
7RGRSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDODIRUPDGHRUJDQL]DUHOHVWXGLR
GRSUREOHPDGLGiFW
UREOHPDGLGiFW
GHFLHUWDV20HQGHWHUPLQDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHVWRHVDOXGHDXQD2'LQVWLWXFLRQDO
UWDV
WDV
DV20HQGHWHUP
DV
20HQGHWHUP
(Q FRQVHFXH
FRQVHFXHQFLD
VHFXH
XHQFLD
H
HO GLGDFWD QHFHVLWD LQVWUXPHQWRV SDUD GHVFULELU \ DQDOL]DU
HO
ODV
DV FDUDFWHUt
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
WLFDV GH GLFKDV 2' ORV FXDOHV VH ORV SURSRUFLRQDUi XQ PRGHORGH
WLFDV
WLFD
UHIHUHQFLDGHODV2'
HUHQFLDGHOD
HQFLDGH
SRVLEOHVTXHDOLJXDOTXHHO0(5GHEHVHUSUHIHULEOHPHQWH
H[SOtFLWR
LWR (Q
(Q
( HO FDVR GH OD 7$' HO PRGHOR GLGiFWLFR GH UHIHUHQFLD 0'5
(VWH WLSR GH SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV QR VH VXHOHQ SODQWHDU FXDQGR OD SUREOHPiWLFD GLGiFWLFD
VH PDQWLHQH PX\ SUy[LPD D OD SUREOHPiWLFD GRFHQWH SXHVWR TXH HO SURIHVRU FRPR WDO SURIHVRU
WLHQH TXH QHJDU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH ORV SURFHVRV WUDQVSRVLWLYRV SDUD SUHVHUYDU OD OHJLWLPLGDG GH OD
PDWHPiWLFDHQVHxDGDPDQWHQLHQGRDVtODLOXVLyQGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQ~QLFRVDEHUPDWHPiWLFRTXH
QDWXUDOPHQWHFRLQFLGLUtDFRQHOTXHVHHQVHxDHQODHVFXHOD&KHYDOODUG
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 14
27/07/2011 06 05 45
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
VHH[SUHVDHQWpUPLQRVGHODWHRUtDGHORVPRPHQWRVRGLPHQVLRQHVGHODDFWLYLGDG
PDWHPiWLFDTXHSHUPLWHGHVFULELUODGLQiPLFDGHODV2'&KHYDOODUGDVt
FRPRGHORV WLSRVLGHDOHVGH2' 'DGRTXHFDGD2'HPStULFD²KLVWyULFDPHQWH
H[LVWHQWH HQ XQD LQVWLWXFLyQ² HVWi EDVDGD HQ HO PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR
GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV TXH GRPLQD HQ GLFKD LQVWLWXFLyQ OD GHVFULSFLyQ GH ODV 2'
HPStULFDV GHEH LQFOXLU XQD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GHO PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR GH ODV
PDWHPiWLFDVHQTXHFDGDXQDGHHOODVVHVXVWHQWD(QGHILQLWLYDHO0'5WLHQH
0'5
TXHHVWDEOHFHUXQDSURIXQGDUHODFLyQHQWUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOSURFHVR2'\
URFHVR2'
R2'
HOSURGXFWR20GHODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGD*DVFyQD
*DVFyQD
Q
'LPHQVLyQHFROyJLFDGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRQLYHOHVGHFRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
HOHVGHFRGHWHUPLQD
GHFRGHWHUPLQ
PDWHPiWLFRGLGiFWLFD
'H IRUPD PX\ VLPSOLILFDGD SRGUtD GHFLUVH TXH
H OD GLPHQVLyQ HFROyJLFD
HFRO
HFR
GH XQ
SUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRFRQWLHQHODVFXHVWLRQHVTXHJLUDQHQWRUQRDODVLJXLHQWH
TXH JLUDQHQWRUQR
TXH
JLUDQHQWRUQ
SUHJXQWD¢SRUTXpODVFRVDVODV20\ODV2'VRQFRPRVRQHQODFRQWLQJHQFLD
¢
2'
2'VRQF
FRPRVRQ
LQVWLWXFLRQDO\TXpFRQGLFLRQHVVHUHTXHULUtDQSDUDIXHVHQGHRWUDIRUPDGHQWUR
LUtDQSDUDIXHV
DQSDUDIXHVHQ
VHQ
GHOXQLYHUVRGHORSRVLEOH"
&RPR OD GLPHQVLyQ HFROyJLFD
JLFD GH
GH WRGR SUREOHPD
SURE
E
GLGiFWLFR LQFOX\H HQ
FLHUWD IRUPD ODV GLPHQVLRQHV
V HSLVWHPROyJLFD
HSLVWHPROy
VWHPROy
\ HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO VH
SXHGHDILUPDUEDMRHOHQIRTXHGHOD7$'TXHWRGRSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRHVHQ
TXHGHOD7$'TX
DOJXQDPHGLGDXQSUREOHP
EOHPDGH
PDGHHFRORJtDS
HFRORJttDSUD[HROyJLFD RFRQPiVSUHFLVLyQ
TXH OD GLGiFWLFD VH SUHRFXSD
UHRFXSD SRU HO HVWXGLR
HV
GH OD HFRORJtD LQVWLWXFLRQDO GH
ODVSUD[HRORJtDVPDWHPiWLFDV\GLGiFWLFDV%RVFK*DVFyQ3RUHOOR
PDWHPiWLFDV\GLGi
iWLFDV\GLG
HVSUHFLVRWRPDUHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQODVUHVWULFFLRQHV\FRQGLFLRQHVLPSXHVWDVVREUH
UHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQOD
RQVLGHUDFLyQO
ODV SUD[HRORJtDV
JtDV HQ
Q WRGRV ORV Q
QL
QLYHOHV GH FRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD GHVGH ORV
PiVJHQpULFRVFRPRODVRFLHGDG\ODFLYLOL]DFLyQDORVPiVHVSHFtILFRVFRPRHO
LFRVFRPRODVRFLHG
FRPRODVRFLH
WHPD\ODFXHVWLyQPDWHPiWLFDFRQFUHWD
ODFXHVWLyQPDWHPi
XHVWLyQPDWHP
/D7HRUtD$QWURSROyJLFDGHOR'LGiFWLFRSURSRQHXQDMHUDUTXtDGHQLYHOHV
/D7HR
D7
7HRUtD$QWURS
7HR
RUtD$QWU
GH
H FRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
FRGHWHUPL
FRGHWHUPL
PLQDFLy GLGiFWLFD &KHYDOODUG D E HQWUH ODV 20
P
\VXVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV2'HVWUXFWXUDGDPHGLDQWHXQDVXFHVLyQGHQLYHOHV\HQ
VXVFRUUHVSRQG
XVFRUUHVS QG
G
FDGDXQRVXUJHQGHSHQGHQFLDVPXWXDVHQWUHODV20\ODV2'
XQRVXUJ
R VXUJ
&DGDQLYHOFRQWULEX\HDGHWHUPLQDUODHFRORJtDLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHODV20\
ODV2'WDQWRSRUORVSXQWRVGHDSR\RTXHRIUHFHFRPRSRUODVUHVWULFFLRQHVTXH
'
LPSRQH(QFDGDQLYHOVHSURGXFHQUHVWULFFLRQHVHQWUHODV20\ODV2'TXHWLHQHQ
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 15
27/07/2011 06 05 45
-26(3*$6&Ï1
FDUiFWHUUHFtSURFRODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\ODHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODV20HQFDGDQLYHOGH
ODMHUDUTXtDFRQGLFLRQDQODVIRUPDVSRVLEOHVGHRUJDQL]DUVXHVWXGLRPLHQWUDVTXH
UHFtSURFDPHQWH OD QDWXUDOH]D \ ODV IXQFLRQHV GH ORV GLVSRVLWLYRV GLGiFWLFRV
H[LVWHQWHVHQFDGDQLYHOGHWHUPLQDQHQJUDQPHGLGDHOWLSRGH20TXHVHUi
SRVLEOHUHFRQVWUXLU
7RGD FXHVWLyQ ²HQ HVWH FDVR PDWHPiWLFD² TXH JHQHUD XQ SURFHVR GH
HVWXGLR HQ XQD LQVWLWXFLyQ GLGiFWLFD IRUPD SDUWH GH XQ WHPD TXH SHUWHQHFH
SHUWHQ
D
XQ VHFWRU
U HO FXDO TXHGD LQFOXLGR HQ XQ iUHD GH XQD FLHUWD GLVFLSOLQD
SOLQD 6L
HVWDGLVFLSOLQDVRQODVPDWHPiWLFDVOODPDUHPRVDHVWRVQLYHOHVP
PDWHPiWLFRV
iWLFRV(Q
(Q
(Q
FRQWUDSRVLFLyQORVQLYHOHVPiVDOOiGHODGLVFLSOLQDTXHVHGHQR
HQRPLQDQ
LQDQJHQpULFRV
JHQpULFRV
FRV
VRQ FRQVLGHUDGRV FXOWXUDOPHQWH FRPR QLYHOHV SHGDJyJLFRV
FRV HQ HO VHQWLGR
VHQWLGR GH
GH QR
PDWHPiWLFRVVLQHPEDUJRLQFOX\HQUHVWULFFLRQHVTXHWLHQHQIXHUWHLQFLGHQFLDHQ
WLHQHQIXHUWHLQFLGHQ
IXHUWHLQFLGHQ
ODPDWHPiWLFDHVFRODU\SRUWDQWRGHEHQIRUPDUSDUWHGHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOD
UWHGHOREMHWRGHHVWX
OREMHWRGHHVW
'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV
3RU HMHPSOR OD SUHJXQWD ¢FXiOHV VRQ ODV VLPHWUtDV
VVLP
PHWUtDV GH XQ
XQ UHFWiQJXOR QR
FXDGUDGR" HVFRQVLGHUDGDHQODPD\RUtDGHORVVLVWHPDVHVFRODUHVGHODVLJXLHQWH
HORVVLVWHP
ORV
DVHVFRO
PDQHUD SHUWHQHFH DO WHPD VLPHWUtDV GH SROtJRQRV
OtJRQRV TXH
TXH VH
V LQFOX\H HQ HO VHFWRU
VH
GHWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHOSODQRpVWHDVXYH]FRQFLHUQHDOiUHD
FRQFLHUQH
FRQFLHUQH
GHODJHRPHWUtD
TXHIRUPDSDUWHGHODGLVFLSOLQDPDWHPiWLFDV&KHYDOODUG
PDWHPiW
KHYDO
6LQ HPEDUJR HO KHFKR GH TXH VH FRQVWUX\D
FR
HVWD MHUDUTXtD GLVFLSOLQDU
QRJDUDQWL]DODFDOLGDGGHOHVWXGLRGHODSUHJXQWDHQFXHVWLyQ3DUDTXHXQD
HOHVWXGLRGHODSU
HVWXGLRGHODSU
FXHVWLyQPDWHPiWLFDSXHG
XHGDHVWXGLDUVH
HVWXGLDUVHFRQ
FR
RQVHQWLGRHQODHVFXHODVHxDOD*DVFyQ
EHVQHFHVDULR
4XHSURY
URYHQJDGH
QJDGHFXHVWLR
FXHVWL
WLRQHVTXHODVRFLHGDGSURSRQHSDUDTXHVH
HVWXGLHQHQODHVFXHODOHJLWLPLGDGFXOWXUDORVRFLDO
GLHQHQODHVFXHOD
HQODHVFXHODO
4XHDSDUH]FDHQFLH
4XHDSDUH]FDHQFLHUWDVVLWXDFLRQHV
SDUH]FDHQF
XPELOLFDOHV GHODVPDWHPiWLFDV
HVWRHVXELFDGDVHQODUDt]FHQWUDO
HVWRHVXELFDGDV
RHVXELFDGDV
O GHODVPDWHPiWLFDVOHJLWLPLGDG
PDWHPiWLFD
P
DWHPiW D
4XH
4XH
XHFRQGX]
XH
H FRQGX
GX]FDDDOJXQDSDUWHHVWRHVTXHHVWpUHODFLRQDGDFRQRWUDV
FX WLR
FXHVWLR
WLLRQHV TXH VH HVWXGLDQ HQ OD HVFXHOD VHDQ PDWHPiWLFDV R GH
WLRQ
RWUDDVGLVFLSOLQDVOHJLWLPLGDGIXQFLRQDO
RWUDV
6L SDUD
SD XQD FXHVWLyQ GHWHUPLQDGD QR VH HODERUD XQD MHUDUTXtD GH QLYHOHV
TXH FXPSOD FRQ GLFKDV FRQGLFLRQHV HQWRQFHV FDUHFH GH VHQWLGR SRUTXH TXH KD
GHVDSDUHFLGROD UD]yQGHVHUGHVXHVWXGLRHQODHVFXHOD(QHVWHFDVRVHGLFHTXH
HVXQDFXHVWLyQHQFHUUDGDHQVtPLVPDRXQDFXHVWLyQPXHUWD&KHYDOODUG%RVFK
*DVFyQ
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 16
27/07/2011 06 05 45
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
'HHVWDPDQHUDVHDPSOtD\SUHFLVDODDQWLJXDHFRORJtDGHORVVDEHUHV
&KHYDOODUG(VPiVSUHFLVDSRUTXHODHVWUXFWXUDGHODVSUD[HRORJtDVVH
GHVFULEHHQIRUPDPXFKRPiVGHWDOODGDTXHODGHORVVDEHUHV\SRUTXHODV
UHVWULFFLRQHV HVWiQ FRQFUHWDGDV HQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GH FRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
GLGiFWLFD7DPELpQODSUREOHPiWLFDHFROyJLFDVHDPSOtDGHELGRDTXHLQFOX\HODV
SUD[HRORJtDVGLGiFWLFDVDGHPiVGHODVPDWHPiWLFDV
(Q OD QXHYD HFRORJtD SUD[HROyJLFD HV QHFHVDULR SULRUL]DU \ MHUDUTXL]DU
MHUDUT
ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV TXH WRPDUHPRV HQ FXHQWD \D TXH QR WRGDV WLHQHQ
HQHQ OD PLVP
PLVPD
LPSRUWDQFLD QL OD PLVPD UHOHYDQFLD $Vt SXHGH VXFHGHU TXH
H XQD
XQDUHVWULFFLyQ
UHVWULFFLyQ
HVWULFFLyQ
FRQFUHWDVHDWDQGHFLVLYDTXHDQXOHRFRQYLHUWDHQSUiFWLFDPHQWHLUUHOHYDQWHVD
PHQWHLUUHOHYDQWHVD
HLUUHOHYDQWHVD
ODVRWUDV
$PDQHUDGHUHVXPHQGLUHPRVTXHODGLPHQVLyQHFROyJLFDGHXQSUREOHPD
QHFROyJLFDGHXQSU
yJLFDGHXQ
GLGiFWLFRDEDUFDFXHVWLRQHVTXHSUHWHQGHQLQGDJDUTXpWLSRGHUHVWULFFLRQHV\GH
TXpWLSRGHUHVWULFFL
LSRGHUHVWULFFL
TXpQLYHOSURFHGHQVRQFUXFLDOHVSDUDODHFRORJtDGHODVSUD[HRORJtDVPDWHPiWLFDV
GHODVSUD[HRORJtDV
\GLGiFWLFDV(QIRUPDPiVFRQFUHWD
D ¢&XiOHVVRQODV FRQGLFLRQHVTXHSHUPLWHQGDUFXHQWDGHOHVWDGRDFWXDO
HSHUPLWHQGD
HU
UFX
UFXHQ
²RHQXQSHULRGRKLVWyULFRGHWHUPLQDGR²GHODV20\GHODV2'
HUPLQDGR²
UPLQDGR²
DVRFLDGDVHQXQDLQVWLWXFLyQGHWHUPLQD
yQ
QDGD"
E ¢4Xp UHVWULFFLRQHVGLILFXOWDQRLPSLGHQTXHGHWHUPLQDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
FXOWDQRLP
QRLP
TXH
GHODV20\GHODV2'VHGHVDUUROOHQHQXQDLQVWLWXFLyQ"¢(QTXp
V2'VHGHVDUU
VHGHVDUU
QLYHOHVGHODMHUDUTXtDVXUJHQHVDVUHVWULFFLRQHV"
UTXtDVXUJHQHVDVUH
TXtDVXUJHQHVDVUH
F ¢4Xp FRQGLFLRQ
RQHV VH GHEHUtD
GHEHUtDQ
DQ LQVWDXUDU \ HQ TXp QLYHOHV GH OD
MHUDUTXtDSDUDTXHIXHVHSRVLEOHODYLGDGHFLHUWDV20\2'FRQXQDV
DUDTXHIXHVHSRVLE
UDTXHIXHVHSR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWHUPLQDGDV"
VWLFDVGHWHUPLQDGD
GHWHUPLQDGD
G (O PRGHOR
RGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR
HSLVWHPROy
HSLVWHPROyJ
HVSHFtILFR GH XQ iPELWR GH OD DFWLYLGDG
PDWHPiWLFDGRPLQDQWHHQXQDLQVWLWXFLyQ,¢FyPR
DWHPiWLFDGRPLQDQW
iWLFDGRPLQDQW
FRQGLFLRQDODIRUPD
GH RUJDQL]DU
DQL]DU OD HQ
HQVHxDQ]D \ PiV HQ JHQHUDO HO HVWXGLR GH GLFKR
iPELWRHQ,"*D
PELWRHQ,"*DVFyQD
/DV
DV LLQY
QYHVWLJDFL
QYHVWLJDFLR
QY
Y
DFLRQHV VREUH OD SUREOHPiWLFD HFROyJLFD SRQHQ GH PDQLILHVWR
TXH ODV UHVWULFF
TXH
UHV LFF
LFFLR
LRQHV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ODV SUD[HRORJtDV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV²VHDQPDWHPiWLFDVGLGiFWLFDVRGHFXDOTXLHURWURWLSR²VRQ
WLWXFLRQDOHV
XFLRQDOH
HQJHQHUDOLQGHSHQGLHQWHVGHODYROXQWDGGHORVVXMHWRVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQHOODV
QHUDOLL
(VWRQRVLJQLILFDTXHODVUHVWULFFLRQHVVHDQLQDPRYLEOHVQLTXHORVVXMHWRVQR
WHQJDQUHVSRQVDELOLGDGDOJXQD3RUHOFRQWUDULRH[LVWHQUHVWULFFLRQHVTXHSXHGHQ
VHUPRGLILFDGDVGHVGHFLHUWDSRVLFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDOFRPRODGHSURIHVRUU RODGH
GLUHFWRU GH XQ FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR &XDQGR XQD UHVWULFFLyQ HV PRGLILFDEOH GHVGH
XQDSRVLFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDOSRUHMHPSORODGHSURIHVRURODGH
U
DOXPQRGLUHPRV
R
TXHVHWUDWDGHXQD FRQGLFLyQPLUDGDGHVGH²RUHODWLYDD²GLFKDSRVLFLyQ
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 17
27/07/2011 06 05 45
-26(3*$6&Ï1
$02'2'((-(03/2/$6',0(16,21(6'(/352%/(0$','È&7,&2'(/
È/*(%5$(/(0(17$/)2508/$'2(1(/È0%,72'(/$7$'
3DUDILMDULGHDVYDPRVDGHVFULELUODVGLPHQVLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOSUREOHPD
GLGiFWLFRGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO\ODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOODVFRQEDVHHQHOVLJXLHQWH
HVTXHPD
^>3 $ † 3$1 3$@1 3$`1 3G $
3UREOHPDGRFHQWHGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO3$
(OSUREOHPDGRFHQWH3$SXHGHHQXQFLDUVHGHOVLJXLHQWHPRGR
OVLJXLHQWHPRGR ¢¢4XpWHQJR
OVLJXLHQWHPRGR
TXHHQVHxDUDPLVDOXPQRVHQUHODFLyQDOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO\FyPRWHQJRTXH
UDHOHPHQWDO\Fy
HQVHxDUOR"
(QODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOFRQIRUPHDODSHUVSHFWLYD
UDHOHPHQWDOF
HO
FRQ
FRQIR
DQWURSROyJLFD KD\ XQD SULPHUD HWDSD TXH FXOPLQD
XOPLQD FRQ OOD SXEOLFDFLyQ D ILQDOHV
GH GH OD QRWD GH VtQWHVLV KHFKD
HFKD SRU &KHYDOODUG
KHYDOODU E OD FXDO LQFOX\H
XQ FRQMXQWR GH VXV WUDEDMRV GHVWDFDPRV
HVWDFDPRV
FDPRV ORV GH
H \ D 'LFKR
HVFULWRSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHJOREDOPHQWHFRPRODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQGRPLQLRGH
OREDOPHQWHFRP
LQYHVWLJDFLyQGLGiFWLFD\RIUHFHODEDVHHQODTXHVHVXVWHQWDQODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
RIUHFHODEDVHHQOD
UHFHODEDVHHQOD
SRVWHULRUHVHQUHODFLyQDOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOSRUSDUWHGH
DOSUREOHPDGLGiF
DOSUREOHPDGLGiFW
QXHVWURJUXSRGHLQYHVW
HVWLJDFLyQ
WLJDFLyQ
&RQIRUPH D HVWH
VWH SXQWR GH
GH YLVWD DQWURSROyJLFR QXHVWUDV SULPHUDV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVUHODWLYDVDOSUREOHPDGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO*DVFyQ
HVUHODWLYDVDOSUREO
DWLYDVDOSUREO
DSXVLHURQGHPDQLILHVWRODQHFHVLGDGGHGDUXQSDVRDWUiVGHVGH
DSXVLHURQGHP
SXVLHURQGH
OD SUREOHPiWLFD
OHPiWLFD
iWLFD GRFHQWH \ SODQWHDU XQD FXHVWLyQ PiV IXQGDPHQWDO VREUH OD
QDWXUDOH]DGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOTXHVXHOHTXHGDULPSOtFLWD
DOH]D
H]D
]DGHOiOJHEUDH
]D
GHOiOJHEUDH
HQPXFKRVHVWXGLRV
GHELG
ELGRDVX
DVX WUD
WUDQVSDU
WUDQVSDUH
UD DUHQFLD
(QHVWHDSDUWDGRQRVHSUHWHQGHDERUGDUH[SOtFLWDPHQWHQLQJXQDGHODVFXHVWLRQHVTXHVHGHULYDQ
WHDSD
GHOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOÒQLFDPHQWHVHSHUVLJXHIRUPXODUH[SOtFLWDPHQWH ORV
FRPSRQHQWHVGHFDGDXQDGHODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHGLFKRSUREOHPD$XQTXHHVFLHUWRTXHVHSRGUtD
KDEHUWRPDGRFRPRHMHPSORFXDOTXLHURWURSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRHVWDHVSUHFLVDPHQWHXQDGHODV
WHVLV GHO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR OD HOHFFLyQ QR KD VLGR FDVXDO 6H GHEH D TXH HO SUREOHPD GHO iOJHEUD
HOHPHQWDOKDVLGRHVWXGLDGRSURIXVDPHQWHHQHOiPELWRGHOD7$'DORODUJRGHORV~OWLPRVDxRV
\ HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD GLVSRQHPRV GH P~OWLSOHV WUDEDMRV GRQGH VH H[SOLFLWDQ \ UHODFLRQDQ HQWUH Vt
ODVFXHVWLRQHVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQFDGDXQDGHVXVWUHVGLPHQVLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHV
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 18
27/07/2011 06 05 45
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
3RUHOORQRVYLPRVOOHYDGRVDFXHVWLRQDUHOPRGHORHSLVWHPROyJLFRGHO
iOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOTXHGRPLQDEDQRVyORHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHVFRODUHVVLQRWDPELpQ
HQ OD QRRVIHUD \ KDVWD HQ PXFKDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUH HO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO
(QHVWHVHQWLGRDQWHVGHLQWHQWDUGDUQLWDQVyORXQDUHVSXHVWDSURYLVLRQDOD3$
QRVSODQWHDPRVXQSUREOHPDGHLQJHQLHUtDPDWHPiWLFDODHODERUDFLyQGHVGHOD
GLGiFWLFDGHXQPRGHORHSLVWHPROyJLFRHVSHFtILFRGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO
'LPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDGHOSUREOHPDGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO
WDO3$
(ODERUDPRV XQ 0(5 GHO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO FRPR XQD
QD DOWHUQDWLYD
WHUQDWLYD D OOD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQTXHVHKDFHGHHOODFXDQGRVHODLGHQWLILFDFRQXQDHVSHFLHGH
LFDFRQXQDHVSHFLH
RQXQDHVSH
DULWPpWLFDJHQHUDOL]DGDTXHFRQVWLWX\HHOPRGHORGRPLQDQWHHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
PLQDQWHHQODVLQVWLWX
WHHQODVLQVWLWX
HVFRODUHV1XHVWURPRGHORLGHQWLILFDHQSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO
QVWDQFLDHOiOJHEUD
FLDHOiOJHEUD
FRQ XQ LQVWUXPHQWR GH PRGHOL]DFLyQ GH WRGR WLSR GH 20 3DUD
3DUD OD 7$' OD
PRGHOL]DFLyQDOJHEUDLFD²\HQUHDOLGDGWRGRWLSRGHPRGHOL]DFLyQPDWHPiWLFD²
WLSR GHPRGHOL]DFLy
WLSR
SRVHHXQFDUiFWHUFRQVWLWXWLYRGHOVLVWHPDTXHPRGHOL]D3RUHMHPSORHOFiOFXOR
TXHPRGHO
XHP OL]D3RUH
DOJHEUDLFRFRPRDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDHVXQ
XQHOHPHQWRHV
HOHPHQWRHV
HVHQFLDOGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
HQF
GH OR QXPpULFR WDQWR HQ OD JpQHVLV KLVWyULFD
ULFD
LFD FRPR HHQ OD WHRUtD PDWHPiWLFD
TXHUHEDVDODFRQFHSFLyQGHTXHORDOJHEUDLFRHVXQVLPSOHHSLIHQyPHQRGHOR
ORDOJ
HV XQ
HVXQ
QXPpULFR6HSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRXQDQXHYDPDQHUDGHLQWHUSUHWDUODVUHODFLRQHV
WRXQDQXHY
DQXHY
HQWUHORDOJHEUDLFR\ORQXPpUL
pU pULFR
$GHPiVHO0(5GHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOTXHSURSXVLPRVKL]RTXHVHDPSOLDUD
HOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO
JHEUDHOHPHQW
HOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOFRQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHQRFLRQHVFRPR
GHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQW
HOiOJHEUDHOHPHQW
SURFHVRGHDOJHEUL]D
]DFLyQQGHODVPDWHP
GHODVPDWH
DWHPiWLFDVHVFRODUHV\JUDGRGHDOJHEUL]DFLyQ
GHXQD20%ROHD%RVFK*DVFyQDE
OHD%RVFK*DVFy
%RVFK*D
(QUHVXPHQHOWLSRGHFXHVWLRQHV\SUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRVUHODWLYRVDOD
XPHQHOWLSRGHF
QHOWLSRGH
GLPHQVLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDGHOSUREOHPDGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOVRQHQWUHRWURVORV
QHSLVWHPROyJLFDGH
VWHPROyJLFDGH
VLJXLHQWH
QWH
QWHV
WHV
WH
WHV
D ¢¢4X
4Xp
4X
X HV HHO
HO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO \ TXp SDSHO MXHJD HQ OD DFWLYLGDG
P HP
PDWHP
HPiW
iWLFD"
/D QRFLyQ
RFLyQ QRRVIHUD GHO VLVWHPD GH HQVHxDQ]D IXH LQWURGXFLGD SRU &KHYDOODUG HQ
HOFRQWH[WRGHOD7HRUtDGHOD7UDQVSRVLFLyQ'LGiFWLFDSDUDGHVLJQDUODHVIHUDHQODTXHVHSLHQVDHO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPDGLGiFWLFR6HWUDWDGHOYHUGDGHURWDPL]SRUGRQGHRSHUDODLQWHUDFFLyQ
HQWUHHOVLVWHPDGHHQVHxDQ]D\HOPHGLRVRFLDO&RPRKHPRVYLVWRHQOD)LJXUDTXHHVTXHPDWL]D
ODV HWDSDV GH OD WUDQVSRVLFLyQ GLGiFWLFD OD QRRVIHUD YLQFXOD OD LQVWLWXFLyQ SURGXFWRUD GHO VDEHU
FRQODHVFXHOD/DVSURGXFFLRQHVGHOD QRRVIHUDSURJUDPDVRILFLDOHVOLEURVGHWH[WRUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV
SDUDSURIHVRUHVPDWHULDOHVGLGiFWLFRVHWFFRQGLFLRQDQIXHUWHPHQWHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\KDVWDOD
QDWXUDOH]DGHO FRQRFLPLHQWRTXHGHEHVHUHQVHxDGR HQODHVFXHOD
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 19
27/07/2011 06 05 45
-26(3*$6&Ï1
E ¢&yPR SXHGH GHVFULELUVH HO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO PHGLDQWH XQ 0(5
FRPSDWLEOH FRQ HO PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR JHQHUDO GH OD DFWLYLGDG
PDWHPiWLFDTXHSURSRQHOD7$'"
F ¢&XiOHVVRQODVUHODFLRQHVSRVLEOHVHQWUHORDOJHEUDLFR\ORQXPpULFRHQ
ODHQVHxDQ]DREOLJDWRULD"
G ¢(VSRVLEOHODLQWURGXFFLyQGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOHQXQPDUFRGLIHUHQWH
GHO PDUFR DULWPpWLFR KDELWXDO HQ HO TXH OR DOJHEUDLFR HV FRQVLGHUDGR
FRQVLGH
FRPRXQHSLIHQyPHQRGHORQXPpULFR"
H ¢(QTXpFRQVLVWHOD DFWLYLGDGDOJHEUDLFD\FyPRVHSXHGHLQWHUSUHWDU
SXHGHLQWHUSUHWDU
QWHUSUHWDU
HO GHQRPLQDGR SHQVDPLHQWR DOJHEUDLFR FRQ ODV
V KHUUDPLHQWDV
UDPLHQWDV TX
TXH
SURSRUFLRQDHO0(5"
I ¢&XiOHVVRQODVFXHVWLRQHVDODVTXHUHVSRQGHHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOHVWR
HHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQW
JHEUDHOHP
HVFXiOHVVX UD]yQGHVHU"
J ¢&XiO HV OD DPSOLWXG GHO iPELWR PDW
DWHPiWLFR PiV DG
DWHPiWLFR
DGHFXDGD SDUD
SODQWHDUHOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOODYDULDEOHHO
OiOJ EUDHOHPHQWD
OiOJHE
VLJQRLJXDOHOVLJQLILFDGRGHODVH[SUHVLRQHVVLPEyOLFDVORVFRQFHSWRV
H[SUHVLRQHV
[SU
VLPEyO
ODVHFXDFLRQHV"2SRUHOFRQWUDULR¢GHEHPRVSODQWHDUHOSUREOHPDDXQ
LR¢GHEHPRVS
¢GHEHPRVSO
QLYHOPiVDPSOLRTXHDEDUTXHHOSDSHOGHORVSUREOHPDVYHUEDOHV\GHOD
TX
HOGHORVS
PRGHOL]DFLyQPDWHPiWLFDHQODHQVHxDQ]DVHFXQGDULD"
FDHQOD
OD
Q]D
6LVHWRPDHO0(5GHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOTXHFRQVWUXLPRVFRPRXQVLVWHPD
OiOJHEUDHOHPHQWD
iOJHEUDHOHPHQWD
GH UHIHUHQFLD SURYLVLRQDO
DO \ UHODWLYR SXHGHQ
SXHGHQ
SXHGH SODQWHDUVH HQ WpUPLQRV GH OD 7$'
QXHYDV FXHVWLRQHV TXH
H UHODFLRQDQ OD
OD GLPHQVLyQ
G
HSLVWHPROyJLFD GHVFULWD FRQ
OD GLPHQVLyQ HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
QyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQD
LFRLQVWLWXFLRQ GHO SUREOHPD GHO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO TXH
GHVFULELUHPRVDF
DFRQWLQXDFLyQ
LQXDFLyQ
'LPHQVLyQHFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO\XQLGDGGHDQiOLVLVGHOSUREOHPDGHO
LP
PHQVLyQHFRQyPLF
P
VLyQHFRQyP
iOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO3
iOJHEUD
OJHEEUD
EUDHOHPHQWDO
DHOHPHQWDO 3$
$O FRQVLGHUDU
FRQVLGHU HQ HO 0(5 SURSXHVWR D OD DFWLYLGDG DOJHEUDLFD FRPR XQ
LQVWUXPHQWRGHPRGHOL]DFLyQPDWHPiWLFD\GHVSXpVGHFXHVWLRQDUODDPSOLWXGGHO
XPHQWRG
WR G
iPELWRPDWHPiWLFRPiVDGHFXDGDSDUDSODQWHDUHOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRGHOiOJHEUD
HOHPHQWDOVXUJHODFXHVWLyQGHODXQLGDGGHDQiOLVLV
D ¢&XiOHVODXQLGDGGHDQiOLVLVDGHFXDGDSDUDHVWXGLDUHOSUREOHPDGHO
iOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO"&RQPiVSUHFLVLyQ¢TXpiPELWRLQVWLWXFLRQDOKHPRVGH
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 20
27/07/2011 06 05 45
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
WRPDUHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQHODXODODHVFXHODHOVLVWHPDGHHQVHxDQ]D
GHODVPDWHPiWLFDVODVRFLHGDGRLQFOXVRODFLYLOL]DFLyQ"
(O HVWXGLR GH HVWH SUREOHPD SXVR GH PDQLILHVWR TXH SDUD HQWHQGHU OR
TXH VXFHGH HQ ORV VLVWHPDV GLGiFWLFRV HV SUHFLVR WRPDU HQ FXHQWD HO VLVWHPD
GH HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV HQ VX FRQMXQWR \ OD QRRVIHUD TXH LQFOX\H
D OD VRFLHGDG \ VX FXOWXUD (O GHVDUUROOR GH GLFKR WUDEDMR FRQVWLWX\y
y HO SSULPHU
HMHPSOR GH DQiOLVLV PDFUR
R HFROyJLFR VREUH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH SRVLELOLGDG
LOLGDG GH
XQWLSRGDGRGHIHQyPHQRVGLGiFWLFRVHQXQHQWRUQRLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHWHUPLQDGR
QDOGHWHUPLQDGR
HUPLQDGR
(VWH WLSR GH DQiOLVLV KL]R KLQFDSLp HQ OD UHODWLYLGDG LQVW
QVWLWXFLRQDO
FLRQDO GH OR
ORV
RV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV PDWHPiWLFRV \ RULJLQy XQD FUtWLFD GH OD SUHVXQWD
SUH XQWD XQLYHUVDOLG
LYHUVDOLGDG
DEVWUDFWD\DLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHORVFRQFHSWRV &KHYDOODUG
GE
E
6XUJHQ DVt QXHYDV FXHVWLRQHV SDUD LQGDJDU FXiO HV HO SDSHO \ OD IXQFLyQ
GHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOHQODVGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXFLRQHVORTXHKHPRVGHQRPLQDGR
QHVORTXHKHPRV
UHODFLyQ LQVWLWXFLRQDO D OR DOJHEUDLFR
R ODV FXDOHV
FXDOHV WDPELpQ IRU
FXDO
IRUPDQ SDUWH GH OD
GLPHQVLyQHFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOSUREOHPDGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO
REOHPDGHOiO
OHP
OJHEUD
OJHEUDH
E ¢&yPR VH FRQVLGHUD FyPR
PR VH GHVFULEH
VFULEH FyPR
Fy
VH LQWHUSUHWD \ TXp
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSUHVHQWDHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDODFWXDOPHQWH
HOiOJHE
J
PHQW
HQFDGDXQD
GHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV TXHLQWHUYLHQHQ
TXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQHOSURFHVRGHWUDQVSRVLFLyQ"
QWHUYLHQHQ
F ¢4XpWLSRVGHDFWLYLGDGHVFRQVLGHUDGDVFRPRDOJHEUDLFDV
WLYLGDGHVFRQVLGHUD
YLGDGHVFRQVLGHUD
HQHO0(5
SXHGHQOOHYDUVHDFDERHQOD(QVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD(62
VHDFDERHQOD(QVH
DERHQOD(Q
TXHFRPSUHQGHDDOXPQRVGHDDxRV"
HQGHDDOXPQRVGH
GHDDOXPQRVG
G ¢&yPRVHSXHGHFDUDFWHUL]DUHO
VHSXHGHFDUDFWHUL]D
XHGHFDUDFWHUL]
JUDGRGHDOJHEUL]DFLyQ GHODV20TXH
YLYHQHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHVFRODUHV"
HQODVLQVWLWXFLRQH
VLQVWLWXFLRQ
H (OPRGHORHSLVWHPROyJLFRGRPLQDQWHHQXQDLQVWLWXFLyQHVFRODU¢FyPR
PRGHORHSLVWHPROy
GHORHSLVWHPR
FR
FRQGLFLRQD
RQD OD IRUP
IRUPD GH RUJDQL]DU OD HQVHxDQ]D GHO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO
HQGLFKDLQVWLWX
QGLFKDLQVWLW
LWXFLyQ"¢4XpVHHQWLHQGHHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGRFHQWHVSRU
HQVHxDUiOJ
HQVHxDUiOJH
HQV
iOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO"
I ¢4
¢4Xp
Xp GLI
Xp
GGLILFXOWDGHV DSDUHFHQ FXDQGR VH SUHWHQGH LQWURGXFLU HQ OD (62
HOiiOJHEUDFRPRXQLQVWUXPHQWRGHPRGHOL]DFLyQ"¢4XpSRVLELOLGDGHV
HOiOJ
QXHYDVHPHUJHQ"¢4XpKHFKRVGLGiFWLFRV VHSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWR"
QXH
&RQD\XGDGHO0(5HODERUDGRFRPRUHVSXHVWDD3$ HVSRVLEOHREVHUYDU
HOIHQyPHQRGHODGHVDOJHEUL]DFLyQ GHODVPDWHPiWLFDVHVFRODUHV\DQDOL]DUVXV
FRQVHFXHQFLDVGLGiFWLFDV%ROHD%ROHD%RVFK*DVFyQD*DVFyQ
E
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 21
27/07/2011 06 05 45
-26(3*$6&Ï1
'LPHQVLyQHFROyJLFDGHOSUREOHPDGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO3$
/DV FXHVWLRQHV TXH DWDxHQ D OD GLPHQVLyQ HFROyJLFD GHO SUREOHPD GHO iOJHEUD
HOHPHQWDOFRQVWLWX\HQODSUREOHPiWLFDHQWRUQRDOSRUTXpp OD UHODFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDO
D OR DOJHEUDLFR HV FRPR HV \ TXp FRQGLFLRQHV VH UHTXHULUtDQ SDUD PRGLILFDUOD
HQXQDGLUHFFLyQGHWHUPLQDGD(QHOPDUFRGHOD7$'HOHVWXGLRGHODUHODFLyQ
SHUVRQDOGHODOXPQRDORDOJHEUDLFRHVSUiFWLFDPHQWHIXQGDPHQWDOSHURUHVXOWD
SHURUH
HSLVWHPROyJLFDPHQWHVHFXQGDULRSDUDOD'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFD
LFDV
3DUD OOHYDU D FDER HO DQiOLVLV GH OD HFRORJtD GH OR DOJHEUDLFR
FR HQ ORV
VLVWHPDVGLGiFWLFRV VHXWLOL]DQGLYHUVRVPDWHULDOHVHPStULFRV²ORVPDQXDOHV
LFRV²ORVPDQXDOHV
²ORVPDQXDOHV
ORV WH[WRV RILFLDOHV ODV FODVHV ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH DOXPQRV
XPQRV
RV \ SURIHVRU
SURIHVR
SURIHVRUHV D
GHWHUPLQDGRV FXHVWLRQDULRV² \ VH VXEUD\DQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV
UHQFLDV UHVSH
UHVSHFWR
UH
DO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OR DOJHEUDLFR FRPR REMHWR GH VD
VDEHU
HU
U (VWR HV VH
VH DWLHQGH D
ODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHOiOJHEUDHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHVFRODUHV\HOiOJHEUDHQODV
QHVHVFRODUHV\HOi
LQVWLWXFLRQHVSURGXFWRUDVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRPDWHPiWLF
DWHPiWLFR
DWHPi
iWLFR
(VWH DQiOLVLV VREUH DOJXQRV UDVJRV GH OD
OD HFRORJtD
HFRORJttD GH
GH OR
O DOJHEUDLFR HQ ORV
VLVWHPDVGLGiFWLFRVVXJLHUHXQIXHUWHJUDGRG
RGH
GHGHVDOJHE
JHE
HEUL]DFLyQGHOFXUULFXOXP
HVFRODU
U \ SODQWHD XQD SUREOHPiWLFD
WLF FX\R DOFDQFH
DOFDQFH GHVERUGD DPSOLDPHQWH
ORVVLVWHPDVGLGiFWLFRVODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDGHORDOJHEUDLFRHQORVVLVWHPDV
LFLRQHVG
QHVG
GH O
GLGiFWLFRVWDOFRPRKDQVLGRGHVFULWDV¢VRQDEVROXWDPHQWHQHFHVDULDVRSRUHO
GHVFULWDV¢VRQ
ULWDV¢VRQ
FRQWUDULRVRQFRQWLQJHQWHV\SXHGHQVHUPRGLILFDGDV"
\SXHGHQVHUPRG
\SXHGHQVHUPRGL
$SDUHFH GH QXHYR
YR OD QHFHVLGDG GGH UHDOL]DU XQ HVWXGLR HFROyJLFR TXH
FRQVLGHUHODQDWXUDOH]D
]DDELHUWD
DELHUWDGHOVLVW
GHOVLVWHP
WHPDGLGiFWLFRSDUDLGHQWLILFDUODVUHODFLRQHV
GHORDOJHEUDLFRFRQ
FRQOD
OD PDWHPiWLFD
FDVDELDOD FXOWXUDODVSUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHVOD
QRRVIHUD\HO VLVWHPDGHHQVHxDQ]DIRUPXODQGRODVVLJXLHQWHVSUHJXQWDV
LVWHPDGHHQVHxDQ]
GHHQVHxDQ
D ¢3
¢3RU
U TXp OD
OD PRGH
RGHOL]DFLyQ DOJHEUDLFD HVWi DXVHQWH HQ OD PDWHPiWLFD
RGH
GHOD(62"¢&X
HOD(62"¢&
¢&XiOHVVRQODVFDXVDV~OWLPDVGHODGHVDOJHEUL]DFLyQGHO
FXUULFXOXP
FXUULFXOXPH
FXU
PHVFRODU"
E ¢4XpS
¢4XpS
Xp SDS
XpSDS
DSHOMXHJDQODQRRVIHUDODVRFLHGDG\ODFXOWXUDHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GH OOD UUHODFLyQ HVFRODU DO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO" ¢&yPR HV FRQVLGHUDGD HO
iOJHEUDHQODFXOWXUDRFFLGHQWDO"
iOJH
F ¢&yPR RUJDQL]DU HO HVWXGLR GHO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO GH PDQHUD TXH
SHUPLWDLPSODQWDUHQODVSULPHUDVHWDSDVGHOD(62HOXVRIXQFLRQDOGHO
LQVWUXPHQWR DOJHEUDLFR \ HO GHVDUUROOR SURJUHVLYR GH OD PRGHOL]DFLyQ
DOJHEUDLFD"
G ¢4Xp FRQGLFLRQHV VH GHEHUtDQ LQVWDXUDU SDUD TXH IXHVH SRVLEOH OD
YLGD GH GHWHUPLQDGDV 20 FRQ FLHUWR JUDGR GH DOJHEUL]DFLyQ"
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 22
27/07/2011 06 05 45
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
/D KLSRWpWLFD DOJHEUL]DFLyQ GH ODV 20 HVFRODUHV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR
OD 20 HQ WRUQR D OD GLYLVLELOLGDG *DVFyQ E ¢GH TXp PDQHUD
WUDQVIRUPDUtDODVSRVLEOHVIRUPDVGHHVWXGLDUODV"
H ¢(Q TXp QLYHOHV GH OD HVFDOD GH FRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD VXUJHQ
ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV TXH GLILFXOWDQ HO SURFHVR GH DOJHEUL]DFLyQ GH ODV
PDWHPiWLFDVHVFRODUHVSRUHMHPSORHQOD(62"
I ¢4Xp GLVSRVLWLYRV GLGiFWLFRV VH UHTXLHUHQ SDUD FRQVWUXLU
QVWUX OD
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GLGiFWLFRPDWHPiWLFD QHFHVDULD SDUD RUJDQL]DU
RUJDQL]DU
DQL]DU HO
HVWXGLRGHODV20GHOD(62SUHYLDPHQWHDOJHEUL]DGDV"
DV"
&RPR \D KHPRV VHxDODGR XQR GH ORV SULQFLSLRV EiVLFRV
RV GHO HVWXGLR GH OD
SUREOHPiWLFD HFROyJLFD ²R VL VH TXLHUH GH OD GLPHQVLyQ
LPHQVLyQ
VLyQ HFROyJLF
HFROyJLFD
HFROyJL GH
ORV SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV² SXHGH IRUPXODUVH GLFLHQGR
QGR TXH
XH ODV FDUD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
FDUDFWH
GHODV20\ODV2'TXHYLYHQHQXQDLQVWLWXFLyQGHWHUPLQDGDQRSXHGHQFDPELDUVH
HUPLQDGDQRSXHGHQ
QDGDQRSXHGHQ
FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD H[FOXVLYD GH OD YROXQWDG GH
H ORV DJHQWHV
DJHQWHV VHDQ
VHD SURIHVRUHV
DXWRUHV GH FXDOTXLHU WLSR GH PDWHULDOHV HVFRODUHV
VFROD HV R DXWRULGDGHV
VFRODUH
DXWRULGD
HGXFDWLYDV
(Q SDUWLFXODU OD DOJHEUL]DFLyQ GH ODV 20
0 HHVFRODUH
HVFRODUHV
V QR SXHGH
SX
LPSRQHUVH GH
XQPRGRSXUDPHQWHYROXQWDULVWD %ROHD%RVFK*DVFyQ
%RVFK*DVFy
VFK*DVFyQ
275267,326'(352%/(0$6','È&
','È&7,&265(/$&,21$'26&21
(/352%/(0$
/(0$'(/È/
È/*(%5$(/(0(17$/
È/*
/RV SUREOHPDV FLHQWtILFRV
tILFRV QR VH
V GGHVDUUROODQ HQ IRUPD DLVODGD H LQGHSHQGLHQWH
VLQRTXHLQWHJU
HJUDQGLIHUHQWHV
GLIHUHQWHVWLSR
WLSRVGHSUREOHPDV$ORODUJRGHVXGHVDUUROORORV
SUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRVVHUHODFLRQDQQRVyORFRQSUREOHPDVGHVXPLVPDtQGROH
VGLGiFWLFRVVHUHOD
FWLFRVVHUHOD
VLQRWDPELpQFRQRWURVTXHHQDSDULHQFLDHVWiQPX\DOHMDGRV
PELpQFRQRWURVTX
P
QFRQRWURVT
(QHOFDVRGHQXHVWURHMHPSOR\DKHPRVYLVWRTXHHOSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFRGHO
(QHOFD
QHOOFD
OFDVRGHQXH
FDVRGHQX
iOJHEUDHOHPHQWDOVHGHVDUUROOySDUDGDURULJHQDXQSULPHUWLSRGHSUREOHPDVTXH
OJHEUDHOHPHQW
OJHEUDHOHPHQW
HQWDO V
HHQWDOV
JLUDEDQHQWRUQRDOSURFHVRGHDOJHEUL]DFLyQGHODVPDWHPiWLFDVHVFRODUHV%ROHD
UDEDQHQWRUQR
EDQHQWR
,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVPRVWUDURQTXHGLFKRWLSRGHSUREOHPDVHVWDED
,QYHVW
YHVW
SURIXQGDPHQWH
DP
UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR GH OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG
TXH D VX YH] VH DPSOLy UDGLFDOPHQWH SDUD VLWXDUVH HQ HO iPELWR GHO SUREOHPD
GH ODV UHODFLRQHV IXQFLRQDOHV HOHPHQWDOHV *DUFtD *DUFtD *DVFyQ
5XL]+LJXHUDV%RVFK
'HVSXpV GH ORV WUDEDMRV GH WHVLV GH 3LODU %ROHD \ -DYLHU *DUFtD VXUJLy
OD QHFHVLGDG GH HVWXGLDU HO SUREOHPD HFROyJLFR GH OD PRGHOL]DFLyQ IXQFLRQDO
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 23
27/07/2011 06 05 46
-26(3*$6&Ï1
/D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ KHFKD FRQIRUPH D QXHVWUR SDWUyQ YLUWXDO GHO GHVDUUROOR GH
XQ SUREOHPD GLGiFWLFR UHTXLULy OD HODERUDFLyQ SUHYLD GH XQ 0(5 GH HVD
PRGHOL]DFLyQ IXQFLRQDO HQ HO EDFKLOOHUDWR HVSDxRO TXH FRPSUHQGH D DOXPQRV
GHDDxRV3XGLPRVDERUGDUGHHVWHPRGRHOFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHSUREOHPDGH
LQJHQLHUtD GLGiFWLFD ²TXH FRQVWLWX\H XQ DVSHFWR HVHQFLDO GH OD GLPHQVLyQ
HFRQyPLFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO² PHGLDQWH HO GLVHxR \ H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ GH XQD
RUJDQL]DFLyQGLGiFWLFDTXHKLFLHVHSRVLEOHODYLGDGHODPRGHOL]DFLyQIXQFLRQDO
QIXQ
HQ HO EDFKLOOHUDWR (O DQiOLVLV GH HVWD H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ PRVWUy OD H[LVWHQFLD
H[LVWHQ
[LVWHQ
GH P~OWLSOHV UHVWULFFLRQHV HQWUH ODV TXH GHVWDFy HO FDUiFWHU SUH
SUHDOJHEUDLFR
EUDLFR GH
ODPDWHPiWLFDHVFRODU5XL]0XQ]yQ%RVFK*DVFyQD
DE
E
3RUHOORVXUJLyODQHFHVLGDGGHGLVHxDUXQ0(5TXHIXHUDFDSD]GHDUWLFXODU
IXHUDFDSD]GHDUWLFX
FDSD]GHDU
JOREDOPHQWH OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GHO iOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO HQ
Q ORV SULPHURV FXUVRV
FXU
GH
OD(62HQGRQGHDSDUHFHQHOOHQJXDMHDOJHEUDLFR\ORVQ~PHURVQHJDWLYRV
FR\ORVQ~PHURVQ
ORVQ~PHURVQ
&LG%RVFK*DVFyQ5XL]0XQ]yQHQSUHQVDFRQHOGHVDUUROORGHO
QSUHQVDFRQHOG
QSUHQVDFRQHOGH
LQVWUXPHQWRDOJHEUDLFRHQODVHJXQGDHWDSDGHOD(62DOXPQRVGHDDxRV
OD
OD(
(62DOXPQRV
(62DOXPQRVG
\ODPRGHOL]DFLyQIXQFLRQDOHQHOEDFKLOOHUDWRDOXPQRVGHDDxRV'LFKR
DWRDOXPQ
WR
QRVGH
0(5 VH IRUPXOy HQ WpUPLQRV GH XQD VXFHVLyQ
XFHVLyQ
VLyQ GH 20
20
0 FFD
FDGD YH] PiV DPSOLDV
\ FRPSOHWDV GH WDO PDQHUD TXH FDGD XQD
D GH ODV 20
20 TXH DSDUHFHQ SXHGH
FRQVLGHUDUVHFRPRXQPRGHORPDWHPiWLFRGHODDQWHULRU5XL]0XQ]yQ
WHPiW
OD DQWH
ODDQWH
7DOLQWHJUDFLyQGHORVVXFHVLYRVWLSRVGHSUREOHPDV\VXGHVDUUROORFRQMXQWRHV
VWLSRVGHS
RVGHS
RWURVtQWRPDGHPDGXUH]GHXQDGLVFLSOLQDFLHQWtILFD
] XQDGLVFLSOLQDFLH
&21&/86,Ï1
6,Ï1¢
¢&Ï026((/,*
(/,*(<'(/,0,7$81352%/(0$','È&7,&2"
+HPRVPHQFLRQDGRTXHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQGLGiFWLFDQRVHLQLFLDQHFHVDULDPHQWH
PHQFLRQDGRTXHXQD
DGRTXHXQD
FRQ XQ
Q SSUREOHPD
REOHPD GRF
GRFHQWH
GRFHQ \ TXH HO SDWUyQ YLUWXDO SURSXHVWR QR FRLQFLGH
IRU]RVDPHQWH
RVDPHQW
DPHHQW
HQWH
QWH FRQ HO
H RRUGHQ WHPSRUDO HQ HO TXH VH GHVDUUROOD OD KLVWRULD UHDO
GHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHODVGLIHUHQWHVGLPHQVLRQHVGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFR
HODLQYHVW JDF
HODLQYHVWLJDF
JDFLyQV
JD
^>3 †3 13@ 1 3`1 3G
(VWHSDWUyQKHXUtVWLFRLGHDOO SUHWHQGH~QLFDPHQWHSRQHUGHPDQLILHVWRODV
SULQFLSDOHVGLPHQVLRQHVGHXQSUREOHPDGLGiFWLFREDMRHOHQIRTXHGHOD7$'DVt
FRPRODUHODFLyQIXQFLRQDOHQWUHHOODV$GHPiVFRPRKHPRVPRVWUDGRHQHOFDVR
GHOiOJHEUD HOHPHQWDO XQD PLVPD GLPHQVLyQ GHOSUREOHPDSXHGH VHU HVWXGLDGD
HQGLYHUVRVPRPHQWRVGHOSURFHVRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 24
27/07/2011 06 05 46
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
3RUWRGRORGLFKRTXHGDFODURTXHWDPSRFRHVVHJXURTXHFDGDGLPHQVLyQ
3L SURYRTXH HIHFWLYDPHQWH OD HPHUJHQFLD GH OD GLPHQVLyQ 3L GHO SUREOHPD
HQHOVHQWLGRGHTXHODFRPXQLGDGFLHQWtILFDVHYHDIRU]DGDDIRUPXODU\HVWXGLDU
GLFKDGLPHQVLyQ$XQTXHODVUHVSXHVWDVSURYLVLRQDOHVDODGLPHQVLyQ3
3L SHUPLWDQ
YLUWXDOPHQWH TXH ODV FXHVWLRQHV UHODWLYDV D OD GLPHQVLyQ 3L VHDQ SODQWHDGDV \
HVWXGLDGDV ² H LQFOXVR FRQVWLWX\DQ XQD FRQGLFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD HOOR ² QR QRV
JDUDQWL]DTXHODFRPXQLGDGFLHQWtILFDDFDEDUiHVWXGLDQGR3
3L HQXQSHULRGRGH
SHULR
WLHPSRSUXGHQFLDO
< SRU ~OWLPR HV REYLR TXH HO SDWUyQ QR D\XGD D VHOHFFLRQDU
LRQDU ORV
ORV
SUREOHPDV GLGiFWLFRV UHOHYDQWHV SXHVWR TXH HVWR HV XQD
QD SUHUURJDWLYD
UHUURJDWLYD GGH
ODFRPXQLGDGFLHQWtILFD6HWUDWD~QLFDPHQWHGHXQSDWUyQLGHDOTXHHVTXHPDWL]D
QLGHDOTXHHVTXHPD
DOTXHHVTXHP
XQD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ UDFLRQDO
O /DNDWRV GH OD HYROXFLyQ
FLyQ KLVWyULFD GH ORV
SUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRV
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDSDUDHOHJLU\GHOLPLWDUXQSUREOHPDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ
QSUREOHPDGHLQY
'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDVVHQHFHVLWDWRPDUXQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHGHFLVLRQHV
PDUXQDJUDQFDQWLG
PDUXQ
TXHQRYLHQHQGHWHUPLQDGDVGHDQWHPDQR\TXHPX\GLItFLOPHQWHSXHGHDIURQWDU
\TXHPX\G
TX
GLItFLOP
XQLQYHVWLJDGRUHQVROLWDULR3DUDTXHGLFKDVHOHFFLRQHVVHDQIHFXQGDV\DFDEHQ
KDVHOHFFLRQHV
VHOHFFLRQHV VH
FRQVWLWX\HQGRXQDDSRUWDFLyQUHOHYDQWHDOGHVDUUROORGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGLGiFWLFR
VDUUROORGH
GHEHQHVWDUJXLDGDVSRUORVFULWHULRVHPDQDGRVGHODFRPXQLGDGFLHQWtILFD
LRVHPD
GHOD
O
'H DFXHUGR FRQ ODV WUHV
UHV GLPHQVLRQH
GLPHQVLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH XQ SUREOHPD
GLGiFWLFRTXHKHPRVGHVFULWRSUHVHQWDPRVDOJXQDVGHODVFXHVWLRQHVSULQFLSDOHV
LWRSUHVHQWDPRVDO
RSUHVHQWDPRVDO
TXHGHEHUiQVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVSDUDHOHJLU\GHOLPLWDUDGHFXDGDPHQWHXQSUREOHPD
UDGDVSDUDHOHJLU\G
VSDUDHOHJLU\
GLGiFWLFR
¢&yPRUHFRUWDUHOiPELWRGHODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDTXHHVWiHQMXHJR"
HFRUWDUHOiPELWRGH
WDUHOiPELWRGH
¢&yPR GHVFULELU
ELU FRQ TXp QRFL
QRFLR
QRFLRQHV EiVLFDV \ FRQ TXp PRGHOR HSLVWHPROyJLFR
GLFKR iPELWR
WR UHFRUWDGR
FRUWDGR GH OD
O DFWLYLGDG PDWHPiWLFD" ¢4Xp HV OR SULPDULDPHQWH
SUREOHPiWLFR\SRUWDQWRORTXHOD'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDVGHEHPRGHOL]DU
iWLFR\SRUWDQWROR
R\SRUWDQWROR
HQSULP
LPHU
PHU
PHUWpUPLQR"
HU pUPLQR
¢4Xp
¢4Xp
XpUHIHUHQ
p
UHQFLDHPStULFDGHEHQWHQHUORVSUREOHPDVGLGiFWLFRV"(VWRHV
¢FXiOHVHOXQLYHUVRHPStULFRRHOHVSDFLRLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOTXHGHEHUiQH[WUDHUVH
FXiOHVHOX YH
FXiOHVHOXQLYH
YHUV
ORV GDWRV
WRV HPS
HPStULFRV"
HP
¢&XiO HV OD XQLGDG PtQLPD GH DQiOLVLV GH ORV SURFHVRV
GLGiFWLFRV"
FRV"
¢4Xp WLSRV GH SUREOHPDV SXHGHQ SODQWHDUVH HQ 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV
0DWHPiWLFDV" ¢/RV SUREOHPDV D WUDWDU GHEHQ KDFHU XQD UHIHUHQFLD SULRULWDULD D
ODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDLQGLYLGXDORDODVFRQGLFLRQHV\UHVWULFFLRQHVHFROyJLFDV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHVTXHODKDFHQSRVLEOHDOWLHPSRTXHODFRQGLFLRQDQ"¢4XpWLSRVGH
UHVSXHVWDVDGLFKDVFXHVWLRQHVVHUiQDGPLVLEOHV"
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 25
27/07/2011 06 05 46
-26(3*$6&Ï1
<HQFXDOTXLHUFDVR¢TXpSDSHOGHEHMXJDUHOPDUFRWHyULFRHVWRHVODWHRUtD
GLGiFWLFDTXHSURSRUFLRQDORVFULWHULRVSDUDWRPDUFDGDXQDGHODVGHFLVLRQHVTXH
KHPRV GHVFULWR FRPR QHFHVDULDV SDUD GHOLPLWDU XQ SUREOHPD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
GLGiFWLFD"
3RGHPRVFRQFOXLUTXHGHORDQWHULRUVHGHGXFHQGRVWHVLV\XQFRURODULR
HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ OD FXHVWLyQ GH FyPR HOHJLU \ GHOLPLWDU XQ SUREOHPD GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV
ODSUREOHPiWLF
EOHPiWL
7HVLV/DVHOHFFLRQHVEiVLFDVGHODXQLGDGGHDQiOLVLVGHODSUREOHPiWLFD
SULPDULDGHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOiPELWRHPStULFRDWRPDUHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
HQFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
LGHUDFLyQ
VRQ UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH OD FRPXQLGDG GH LQYHVWLJDGRUHV QR
R GH XQ LQYHVWLJDGR
LQYHVWLJDGRU
DLVODGR
7HVLV'LFKDVHOHFFLRQHVGHILQHQ\HVWiQGHWHUPLQDGDVSRUXQSDUDGLJPD
UPLQDGDVSRUXQSD
DVSRUXQS
²R SURJUDPD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ² TXH FDUDFWHUL]D
]D HQ FDGD PRPHQWR
PRPHQW KLVWyULFR
PRPH
DODGLVFLSOLQDFLHQWtILFDHQFXHVWLyQ
&RURODULR 1R HV HO LQYHVWLJDGRU TXLHQ
TXLH GH
GHH PDQHUD LQGLYLGXDO HOLJH
ORV SUREOHPDV &XDQGR XQ SDUDGLJPD R XQD WHRUtD FLHQWtILFD
FLHQ
FLHQW
F
LQFOXLGD HQ pO
VH HQFXHQWUDQ VXILFLHQWHPHQWH GHVDUUROODGRV
GRV
RV HV OD FRPXQLGDG
F
FLHQWtILFD OD
TXHHOLJHORVWLSRVGHSUREOHPDVTXHSXHGHQDERUGDUVHHQFDGDPRPHQWRKLVWyULFR
HSXH
UGDUVH H
UGDUVHH
ODTXHGHWHUPLQDVXSRWHQFLDOUHOHYDQFLD\ODTXHGHOLPLWDGLFKRVSUREOHPDVHQ
HOHYDQFLD\
DQFLD\
FRKHUHQFLD FRQ VXV SRVWXODGRV
RV EiVLFRV \ FRQ
FRQ D\XGD GH ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV TXH OD
SURSLDWHRUtDSURSRUFLRQD
+DVWDWDOSXQWRHVWRHVDVtTXHPHWDIyULFDPHQWHQRVyORSRGUtDPRVGHFLU
HVWRHVDVtTXHPHW
VWRHVDVtTXHPH
TXHQRHVHOLQYHVWLJDGRUHOTXHHOLJHORVSUREOHPDVTXHHVWXGLDUiVLQRTXHVRQORV
JDGRUHOTXHHOLJHOR
HOTXHHOLJHOR
SURSLRVSUREOHPDVORVTXHVHLPSRQHQDOLQYHVWLJDGRUHQWDQWRTXHHVPLHPEURGH
DVORVTXHVHLPSRQ
VTXHVHLPSRQ
XQDFRPXQLGDG
DGFLHQWtILFD
HQWtILFD6HSR
6HSR
SRQHGHPDQLILHVWRODLPSRUWDQFLDPHWRGROyJLFD\
ILORVyILFDGHORTXH.XKQGHQRPLQyHVWUXFWXUDFRPXQLWDULDGHODFLHQFLD
GHORTXH.XKQ
TXH.XKQ
5(&212&,0,(1726
(VWHWUDEDMRIXHUHDOL]DGRHQHOPDUFRGHO3UR\HFWR,'L('8
VWH W
('8& GHO0LQLVWHULRGH&LHQFLDH,QQRYDFLyQGH(VSDxD
$OJXQDVGHODVLGHDVTXHDTXtVHGHVDUUROODQIXHURQH[SXHVWDVHQXQD
YHUVLyQSURYLVLRQDOGXUDQWHXQVHPLQDULRLPSDUWLGRHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG
GH-DpQHQPD\RGH
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 26
27/07/2011 06 05 46
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5È),&$6
$UWLJXH 0 %RVFK 0 *DVFyQ - HQ SUHQVD 5HVHDUFK SUD[HRORJLHV DQG QHWZRUNLQJ
WKHRULHV,Q75RZODQGHWDO(GV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK&RQJUHVVRIWKH(XURSHDQ6RFLHW\IRU
5HVHDUFKLQ0DWKHPDWLFV(GXFDWLRQ &(50(5]HV]yZ3RODQG8QLYHUVLW\RI5]HV]yZ
%ROHD3 (OSURFHVRGHDOJHEUL]DFLyQGHRUJDQL]DFLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDVHVFRODUHV0RQRJUDItD
GHO6HPLQDULR0DWHPiWLFR*DUFtDGH*DOGHDQR1R=DUDJR]D(VSDxD'HSDUWDPHQWRGH
UWDP
0DWHPiWLFDV8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]D
%ROHD3%RVFK0*DVFyQ-D/DWUDQVSRVLFLyQGLGiFWLFDGHRUJDQL]DFLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDV
LRQHVPDWHPiWL
PDWHPiWL
HQ SURFHVR GH DOJHEUL]DFLyQ (O FDVR GH OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG 5HFKHUFKHV
HV HQ 'LGDFWLTXH
GDFWLTXH GHV
GH
0DWKpPDWLTXHV %ROHD3%RVFK0*DVFyQ-E¢&yPRVHFRQVWUX\HQORVSUREOHPDVHQ'LGiFWLFDGHODV
REOHPDVHQ'LGiFWLFDGH
HQ'LGiFWLFDGH
0DWHPiWLFDV" (GXFDFLyQ0DWHPiWLFD %ROHD3%RVFK0*DVFyQ-:K\LVPRGHOOLQJQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKHWHDFKLQJRIDOJHEUD
QFOXGHGLQWKHWHDFKLQJR
LQWKHWHDFKLQ
DWVHFRQGDU\VFKRRO" 4XDGHUQLGL5LFHUFDLQ'LGDWWLFD %DUEp - %RVFK 0 (VSLQR]D / *DVFyQ - 'LGDFWLF UHVWULFWLRQV RQ
R WKH WHDFKHU¶V
SUDFWLFH WKH FDVH RI OLPLWV RI IXQFWLRQV DW VSDQLVK
VK KLJ
KKLJK VFKRROV
VFKRROV (GXF
(GX
XFDWLRQDO 6WXGLHV LQ
0DWKHPDWLFVGRLV
]
%RVFK 0 )RQVHFD & *DVFyQ - ,QFRPSOHWLWXG
FRPSOHWLWXG
PSO
GH ODV R
RUJD
RUJDQL]DFLRQHV PDWHPiWLFDV
ORFDOHV HQ ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV HVFRODUHV 5HFKHUFKHV
KHV
V HQ 'LGDFWLTX
'LGDFWLTXH GHV 0DWKpPDWLTXHV %RVFK0*DVFyQ-/DSUD[pRORJLHFRPPHXQLWpG¶DQDO\VHGHVSURFHVVXVGLGDFWLTXHV
RORJLH
QLWp G¶
QLWpG¶D
,Q $ 0HUFLHU HW & 0DUJROLQDV
V &RRUGV
RUGV %DOLVHV HQ 'LGDFWLTXH GHV 0DWKpPDWLTXHV
SS*UHQREOH)UDQFH/D3HQVpH6DXYDJH
H/D3HQVpH6DXY
3HQVpH6DXY
%RVFK0*DVFyQ-DxRVGH7UDQVSRVLFLyQ'LGiFWLFD(Q/5XL]+LJXHUDV$(VWHSD
DxRVGH7UDQVSRVLFLyQ
DxRVGH7UDQVSRVLFLy
\)-*DUFtD(GV 6RFLHGDGHVFXHOD\PDWHPiWLFDV$SRUWDFLRQHVGHOD7HRUtD$QWURSROyJLFD
HGDGHVFXHOD\PDWHPi
HVFXHOD\PDWHP
GHOR'LGiFWLFRSS-DpQ(VSDxD8QLYHUVLGDGGH-DpQ
-DpQ(VSDxD
-DpQ(VSDxD
%URXVVHDX*7KHRU\RIGLGDFWLFDOVLWXDWLRQVLQPDWKHPDWLFV'LGDFWLTXHGHV0DWKpPDWLTXHV
KHRU\RIGLGDFWLFDOVLWXD
IGLGDFWLFDOVLWXD
'RUGUHFKW1HWKHUODQGV.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV
GUHFKW1HWKHUODQGV.O
W1HWKHUODQGV.
&LG ( %RVFK 0 *DVFyQ
DVFyQ - 5XL]
5XL] 0XQ]yQ 1 HQ SUHQVD$FWLYLGDGHV GH HVWXGLR H
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
FLyQ SDUD LQWURGXFL
LQWURGXFLU OORV Q~PHURV QHJDWLYRV HQ XQ HQWRUQR DOJHEUDLFR7UDEDMR
SUHVHQWDG
WDGR HQ UGG &RQIHUHQF
QFH RQ WKH $QWKURSRORJLFDO 7KHRU\ RI WKH 'LGDFWLF %DUFHORQD
(VSDxD6DQW+LODUL6DFDOP
DxD6DQW+LODUL6DFDOP
6DQW+LODUL6DF
&KHYDOODUG
DOODUG
DUG
G < /H
/H SDVVDJH GH O¶DULWKPpWLTXH j O¶DOJqEUH GDQV O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW GHV
PDWKpPDWLTXHVDXFROOqJHO¶pYROXWLRQGHODWUDQVSRVLWLRQGLGDFWLTXH
PDWKpPDWLT
KpPDWLT
DWLTXHVDXFR
WLTXHVDXF
T
3HWLW[
&KHYDOODUG <
< /H SDVVDJH GH O¶DULWKPpWLTXH j O¶DOJpEULTXH GDQV O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW
GHV PDWKp
PDWKpPDWLTXHV DX FROOqJH 'HX[LqPH SDUWLH 3HUVSHFWLYHV FXUULFXODLUHV OD QRWLRQ GH
PDWKpPDW
PRGHOLVDWLRQ
PRGHOLVDWLR
VDWLR 3HWLW[
&KHYDOODUG
G <
< D /H SDVVDJH GH O¶DULWKPpWLTXH j O¶DOJpEULTXH GDQV O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW GHV
PDWKpPDWLTXHVDXFROOqJH7URLVLqPHSDUWLH3HUVSHFWLYHVFXUULFXODLUHVYRLHVG¶DWWDTXHHW
SUREOqPHVGLGDFWLTXHV 3HWLW[
&KHYDOODUG<E $VSHFWVG¶XQWUDYDLOGHWKpRULVDWLRQGHODGLGDFWLTXHGHVPDWKpPDWLTXHV
(WXGH GX FDV GH O¶DOJqEUH pOpPHQWDLUH 1RWD GH VtQWHVLV GLVSRQLEOH HQ HO ,5(0 G¶$L[
0DUVHLOOH
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 27
27/07/2011 06 05 46
-26(3*$6&Ï1
&KHYDOODUG</D7UDQVSRVLWLRQ'LGDFWLTXH'XVDYRLUVDYDQWDXVDYRLUHQVHLJQpGDHG
*UHQREOH)UDQFH/D3HQVpH6DXYDJH
&KHYDOODUG < )XQGDPHQWDO FRQFHSWV LQ GLGDFWLFV SHUVSHFWLYHV SURYLGHG E\ DQ
DQWKURSRORJLFDO DSSURDFK ,Q 5 'RXDG\ $ 0HUFLHU (GV 5HVHDUFK LQ 'LGDFWLTXH RI
0DWKHPDWLFV 6HOHFWHG3DSHUV SS*UHQREOH)UDQFH/D3HQVpH6DXYDJH
&KHYDOODUG</DWUDQVSRVLFLyQGLGiFWLFD'HOVDEHUVDELRDOVDEHUHQVHxDGR%XHQRV$LUHV
$UJHQWLQD$LTXH
&KHYDOODUG < /¶DQDO\VH GHV SUDWLTXHV HQVHLJQDQWHV HQ WKpRULH DQWKURSRORJLTXH
RORJ
GX
GLGDFWLTXH 5HFKHUFKHVHQ'LGDFWLTXHGHV0DWKpPDWLTXHV
&KHYDOODUG < $VSHFWRV SUREOHPiWLFRV GH OD IRUPDFLyQ GRFHQWH &RQIHUHQFLD
IHUHQFLD
D LPSDUW
LPSDUWL
LPSDUWLGD
HQ ODV ;9, -RUQDGDV GHO 6HPLQDULR ,QWHUXQLYHUVLWDULR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ 'LGiFWLFD
FWLFD GH ODV
0DWHPiWLFDV+XHVFD(VSDxD&RQVXOWDGRHQODSiJLQDZHEKWWSZZZXJUHVORFDOMJRGLQR
ZZXJUHVORFDOMJRGLQR
UHVORFDOMJRGLQR
VLLGPKWP
&KHYDOODUG<D 2UJDQLVHU O¶pWXGH 6WUXFWXUHV HW IRQFWLRQV ,Q 'RULHU
ULHU -/ $UWDXG
$UWD
$UWDX 0
$UWLJXH 0 %HUWKHORW U )ORULV 5 (GV $FWHV GH OD H eFROH G¶eWp GH 'LG
'LGDFWLTXH GHV
'LGDFW
0DWKpPDWLTXHV SS *UHQREOH)UDQFH/D3HQVpH6DXY
DXYDJH
H
&KHYDOODUG< E 2UJDQLVHU O¶pWXGH eFRORJLH UpJXODWLRQ
pJXODWLRQ ,Q 'RULHU -/$UWDXG
-/
-
0
$UWLJXH 0 %HUWKHORW U )ORULV 5 (GV $FWHV GH
H OD H eFROH G¶eWp
G¶eWp
Wp GH
G 'LGDFWLTXH GHV
0DWKpPDWLTXHV SS *UHQREOH)UDQFH/D3HQVpH6DX
3HQV
3HQVpH6
DXYDJH
&KHYDOODUG</DGLGDFWLTXHGDQVODFLWHDYHFOHVDXWUHVVFLHQFHV7UDEDMRSUHVHQWDGRHQHO
HFOHVDXWUHVVF
OHV
LHQFH
LHQFHV7
6\PSRVLXPGH'LGDFWLTXH&RPSDUpH 0RQWSHOOLHU)UDQFLD8QLYHUVLWp0RQWSHOOLHU
OLHU)UDQFLD8QLY
U)UDQFLD8QLYHU
&KHYDOODUG<HQSUHQVD/DQRWLRQG¶LQJpQLHULHGLGDFWLTXHXQFRQFHSWjUHIRQGHU$FWHVGH
HGLGDFWLTXHX
GLGDFWLTXHX
OD;;9HeFROHG¶eWpGH'LGDFWLTXHGHV0DWKpPDWLTXHV
HV0D
XHV &OH
XHV
&OHUPRQW)HUUDQG)UDQFH,5(0GH
&OHUPRQW)HUUDQG
&KHYDOODUG<%RVFK0*DVFyQQ-
(VWXG
XGLDUPDWHPiWLFDV(OHVODEyQSHUGLGRHQWUHOD
HQVHxDQ]D\HODSUHQGL]DMH%DUFHORQD,&(+RUVRUL
%DUFHORQD,&(+RUVRU
DUFHORQD,&(+RUVRU
)RQVHFD& 'LVFRQWLQXLGDGHVPDWHPiWLFDV\GLGiFWLFDVHQWUHODVHFXQGDULD\ODXQLYHUVLGDG
LGDGHVPDWHPiWLFDV\G
HVPDWHPiWLFDV\
G
7HVLVGHGRFWRUDGRQRSXEOLFDGD8QLYHUVLGDGGH9LJR(VSDxD
SXEOLFDGD8QLYHUVLGDG
*DUFtD- /DPRGHOL]DFLyQFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODPDWHPiWLFDHVFRODU'H
GHOL]DFLyQFRPRKHUUDP
]DFLyQFRPRKHUUD
ODSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGDODVUHODFLRQHVIXQFLRQDOHV
GDGDODVUHODFLRQHVIXQ
ODVUHODFLRQHVIXQ
7HVLVGHGRFWRUDGRQRSXEOLFDGD8QLYHUVLGDG
GH-DpQ(VSDxD
xD
*DUFtD)-*DVFyQ-5XL]+LJXHUDV/%RVFK00DWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOOLQJDVDWRRO
DVFyQ-5XL]+LJXHUD
-5XL]+LJXHUD
IRU WKH FRQQHFWLRQ
WLRQ RI VFKRRO P
PDWKHPDWLFV =HQWUDOEODWW IU 'LGDNWLN GHU 0DWKHPDWLN *DVFyQQ-
-
(ODSUHQGL]
(ODSUHQG
QGL]DMHGHPpWRGRVGHUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDVGHPDWHPiWLFDV7HVLVGH
GRFWRUDGR8QLYHUVLWDW$XWzQRPDGH%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
GRFWRUDGR
RUDGR
GR8QLYHUVLWD
R8QLYHUVLW
*DVFyQ-'HVDUUROORGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRPDWHPiWLFR\DQiOLVLVGLGiFWLFR'HOSDWUyQDQiOLVLV
*DVFyQ-
*DVFyQ-
'HVD
'HVD
VtQWHVLVDODJpQHVLVGHOOHQJXDMHDOJHEUDLFR
VtQWHVLVDO
VtQWHVLVDODJpQ
p
5HFKHUFKHVHQ'LGDFWLTXHGHV0DWKpPDWLTXHV
*DVFyQ - 8Q QRXYHDX PRGqOH GH O¶DOJqEUH pOpPHQWDLUH FRPPH DOWHUQDWLYH j
O¶©DULWKPpWLTXHJpQpUDOLVpHª 3HWLW[ *DVFyQ - (O SDSHO GH OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV
(GXFDFLyQ0DWHPiWLFD
*DVFyQ - (YROXFLyQ GH OD GLGiFWLFD GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV FRPR GLVFLSOLQD FLHQWtILFD
5HFKHUFKHVHQ'LGDFWLTXHGHV0DWKpPDWLTXHV *DVFyQ-D/DQDWXUDOH]DSUHDOJHEUDLFDGHODPDWHPiWLFDHVFRODU(GXFDFLyQ0DWHPiWLFD
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 28
27/07/2011 06 05 46
/$675(6',0(16,21(6)81'$0(17$/(6'(81352%/(0$','È&7,&2
*DVFyQ-E)HQyPHQRV\SUREOHPDVHQ'LGiFWLFDGHODV0DWHPiWLFDV(Q72UWHJD(G
$FWDVGHO,,,6LPSRVLRGHOD6(,(0
0 SS9DOODGROLG(VSDxD6(,(0
*DVFyQ-D,QFLGHQFLDGHOPRGHORHSLVWHPROyJLFRGHODVPDWHPiWLFDVVREUHODVSUiFWLFDV
GRFHQWHV 5HYLVWD/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQHQ0DWHPiWLFD(GXFDWLYD *DVFyQ - E 5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD GLYLVLELOLGDG HQ OD (QVHxDQ]D 6HFXQGDULD 4XDGUDQWH
5HYLVWDGH,QYHVWLJDomRHP(GXFDFmR0DWHPiWLFD *DVFyQ-(OSUREOHPDGHOD(GXFDFLyQ0DWHPiWLFD\ODGREOHUXSWXUDGHOD'LGiFWLFDGHODV
0DWHPiWLFDV *DFHWDGHOD5HDO6RFLHGDG0DWHPiWLFD(VSDxROD *DVFyQ - D )URP WKH FRJQLWLYH WR WKH HSLVWHPRORJLFDO SURJUDPPH LQ WKH
KH 'LGDFWL
'LGDFWLFV RI
0DWKHPDWLFV WZR LQFRPPHQVXUDEOH VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK SURJUDPPHV" )RU WKH
H /HDUQL
/HDUQLQJ
/HDUQ
RI0DWKHPDWLFV *DVFyQ-E/DSHGDJRJtD\ODGLGiFWLFDIUHQWHDODSUREOHPiWLFDGHOSURIHVRUDGR&RQIHUHQFLD
SURIHVRUDGR&RQIHUHQFL
RUDGR&RQIHUHQFL
SUHVHQWDGDHQHO &RQJUHVRGHOD$VRFLDFLRQGRV(QVLQDQWHVGH&LHQFL
QFLDVGH*DOLFLD
GH*DOLFLD
(1&,*
(1&,
&,*$
3RQWHYHGUD(VSDxD&DQJDVGR0RUUD]R
*DVFyQ - ¢4Xp SUREOHPD VH SODQWHD HO HQIRTXH SRU FRPSHWHQFLDV"
QFLDV" 8Q DQ
DQiO
DQiOLVLV GHVGH
OD7HRUtD$QWURSROyJLFDGHOR'LGiFWLFR 5HFKHUFKHVHQ'LGDFWLTXHGHV0DWKpPDWLTXHV
HQ'LGDFWLTXHGHV0D
GDFWLTXHGHV0D
.XKQ767KHVWUXFWXUHRIVFLHQWLILFUHYROXWLRQV&KLFDJR86$8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR
QV&
QV
&KLFDJR86$8QL
&KLFDJR86$8Q
3UHVV
/DNDWRV , +LVWRU\ RI VFLHQFH DQG LWV UDWLRQDO
LRQDO
QDO UHFRQVWUXF
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQV
WLRQ ,Q 5 & %XFN 5 6
WLRQV
&RKHQ (GV 36$ %RVWRQ 6WXGLHV LQ WKH
KH
H 3KLORVRSK\ R
RI
RI 6FLHQFH 9RO 9,,, SS 'RUGUHFKW 1HWKHUODQGV 5HLGHO >>7UDGXFFLyQ
yQ HVSDxROD
HVSDxROD +LVWRULD GH OD FLHQFLD \ VXV
UHFRQVWUXFFLRQHVUDFLRQDOHV0DGULG7HFQRV@
7HFQR
/DNDWRV,3URRIVDQGUHIXWDWLRQVWKHORJLFRIPDWKHPDWLFDOGLVFRYHU\&DPEULGJH86$
RQVWKHORJLF
KHORJLF
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
5XL] 0XQ]yQ 1 %RVFK 0 *DVFyQ - D 0RGHOL]DFLyQ
0
IXQFLRQDO FRQ SDUiPHWURV HQ
XQ WDOOHU GH PDWHPiWLFDV
V FRQ:,5,6
:,5,6 (Q / 5
5XL]+LJXHUDV$ (VWHSD \ ) - *DUFtD (GV
6RFLHGDGHVFXHOD\PDWHPiWLFDV$SRUWDFLRQHVGHOD7HRUtD$QWURSROyJLFDGHOR'LGiFWLFR
PDWHPiWLFDV$SRUWDFLRQ
WHPiWLFDV$SRUWDF
SS
-DpQ(VSDxD8QLYHUVLGDGGH-DpQ
SDxD8QLYHUVLGDGGH8QLYHUVLGDGGH5XL]0XQ]yQ1%RVFK0*DVFyQ-E7KHIXQFWLRQDODOJHEUDLFPRGHOOLQJDWVHFRQGDU\
RVFK0*DVFyQ-
0*DVFyQ-
OHYHO ,Q ' 3LWWD3DQ]DWL
3DQ]DWL * 3
3KLOLSSRX
3K
(GV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH )LIWK &RQJUHVV RI WKH
(XURSHDQ6RFLHW\IRU5HVHDUFKLQ0DWKHPDWLFV(GXFDWLRQ
Q6RFLHW\IRU5HVHDUFK
HW\IRU5HVHDUFK
SS1LFRVLH&K\SUH
8QLYHUVL
UVLW\RI&K\SUH
K\SUH
5XL]0XQ]yQ1%RVFK0*DVFyQ-/DDOJHEUL]DFLyQGHORVSURJUDPDVGHFiOFXOR
XQ
XQ]
Q]yQ1%RVFK0
Q
Q]
1%RVFK0
DULWPpWLFR\ODLQWURGXFFLyQGHOiOJHEUDHQVHFXQGDULD,Q$%URQQHU0/DUJXLHU0$UWDXG
DULWPpWLF
PpWWLF
WLFR\ODLQWURGXF
R\ODLQWURGXF
0 %RVFK<
%RVFK<
%RVFK<
K<
< &KHYDOODUG
&KHYD
&KHY
* &LUDGH & /DGDJH eGV 'LIIXVHU OHV PDWKpPDWLTXHV HW OHV
DXWUHVVDY UV
DXWUHVVDYRLUV
UVFR
FRPPHRXWLOVGHFRQQDLVVDQFHHWG¶DFWLRQ SS0RQWSHOOLHU)UDQFH
,8)0GHO¶$FDGpPLHGH0RQWSHOOLHU
,8)0GHO¶$F
8)0GHO¶
5XL]0XQ]yQ1
XQ]yQ1
Q 1
/DLQWURGXFFLyQGHOiOJHEUDHOHPHQWDO\VXGHVDUUROORKDFLDODPRGHOL]DFLyQ
IXQFLRQDO7HVLVGHGRFWRUDGRQRSXEOLFDGD8QLYHUVLWDW$XWzQRPDGH%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
RQ
$XWRU
-RVHS*DVFyQ'HSDUWDPHQWRGH0DWHPiWLFDV8QLYHUVLWDW$XWzQRPDGH%DUFHORQDJDVFRQ#PDWXDEFDW
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 29
27/07/2011 06 05 46
5HOLPH9RO -XOLRGH
G
l df 30
27/07/2011 06 05 46
Descargar