8vdqgr odv sodqwdv gh qxhvwur hqwruqr

8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
• 3DUDODFRUUHFWDSUHSDUDFLyQGHHVWRVSURGXFWRVHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHTXHWRGDVODV
PH]FODVHVWpQELHQKHFKDVSXHVGHORFRQWUDULRSXHGHTXHQRHVSHVHQFRUUHFWDPHQWH
• $OJXQRVDFHLWHVFRPRHOGHWRPLOOR\HXFDOLSWRGHEHQVHUXVDGRVFRQPRGHUDFLyQSRUVX
WR[LFLGDG
&21/$63/$17$63$57,&,3$026(/9,9(52'(6(0,//$$87Ð&721$
2%-(7,926
o &RQVWUXLUXQYLYHURGHSODQWDDXWyFWRQD
o 6HQVLELOL]DUVREUHHOYDORUGHQXHVWURVERVTXHVDXWyFWRQRV
o 'HIHQGHUHOPHGLRQDWXUDOPHGLDQWHSUiFWLFDVGHUHSREODFLyQHQHOFDPSR
o 3RWHQFLDUODFXULRVLGDGLQYHVWLJDGRUD\HOWUDEDMRHQJUXSR
&212&,0,(172635(9,26
Π&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOERVTXHPHGLWHUUiQHR)ORUDUHSUHVHQWDWLYD
Π7LSRVGHIUXWRV\VHPLOODV
Π$QH[R,,
0$7(5,$/(61(&(6$5,26
$]DGDV\SDODV
(VFDUEDGRUHV
7LMHUDVGHSRGDU
0DQJXHUD
4XHUFXVS\UHQDLFD
5HJDGHUD
7HWUDEULN
Fig. II.28
$OYpRORVGHVLHPEUD
)ULJRUtILFR
5HFLSLHQWHVGHFULVWDO
6XVWUDWRVWLHUUDWXUEDPDQWLOORHVWLpUFRORFRPSRVWDUHQD
)UXWRVRVHPLOODVGHGLIHUHQWHVSODQWDVUHFROHFWDGDV
HQHOHQWRUQREHOORWDVSLxRQHVDULORVViPDUDVHWF
5HFLSLHQWHVVHPLOOHURV
(WLTXHWDVDGKHVLYDV
5RWXODGRUHVLQGHOHEOHV
/LEUHWDREORFGHQRWDV
+RUQLOOD
$FLGRV&O+62+
3DSHOGHOLMDQRPX\JUXHVD
8QOXJDUSDUDHOFXOWLYRWHUUD]DMDUGtQSDWLRKXHUWRHO
SURSLRHQWRUQRRERVTXHFXDQGRODVLHPEUDODKDFHPRV
GLUHFWDPHQWH
,1752'8&&,Ð1
3RQHUHQSUiFWLFDXQYLYHUR\ODVWDUHDVTXHFRQOOHYDDVRFLDGDVHVXQDDFWLYLGDGTXH
HQWURQFDSOHQDPHQWHFRQORVREMHWLYRV~OWLPRVGHOD(GXFDFLyQ$PELHQWDODGTXLULU
VHQVLELOLGDGDQWHORVSUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHVDFHUFDUQRVDQXHVWURHQWRUQRGHIRUPD
DIHFWLYDHQWHQGHUHOPHGLRFRPRXQWRGRRVLVWHPDHFRVLVWHPDGHVDUUROODUHOWUDEDMR
74
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
JUXSDO\SDUWLFLSDWLYRUHVROYHUSUREOHPDV\SDUWLFLSDUGHIRUPDDFWLYD$GHPiVOD
H[SHULHQFLDHQODPLVPDOtQHDTXHODVSODQWHDGDVHQHVWHOLEURSUHVHQWDODYHQWDMDGH
SRGHUDGDSWDUODDOPHGLRFHUFDQR\FRQFUHWRGHODVSHUVRQDVTXHSDUWLFLSHQHQVX
UHDOL]DFLyQ$VtFRQHOODSRGHPRVKDFHUFRQYHUJHUWUHVREMHWLYRV
6HQVLELOL]DU(1HOPHGLR
6HQVLELOL]DU62%5(HOPHGLR
(GXFDU$)$925GHOPHGLR
(VLPSRUWDQWHWHQHUHQFXHQWDYDULRVIDFWRUHVSDUDODFRUUHFWDUHDOL]DFLyQGHODV
DFWLYLGDGHVDTXtSODQWHDGDV
D /DRUJDQL]DFLyQ\ODSODQLILFDFLyQVHFRQYLHUWHQHQDVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHXQYLYHUR
E 1XHVWURYLYHURLUiFDPELDQGRDPHGLGDTXHORKDJDQODVHVWDFLRQHVGHODxR(QLQYLHUQR
VHGHVDUUROODUiQWDUHDVGHWUDWDPLHQWR\UHFRJLGDGHDOJXQDVVHPLOODVSRFDVWDPELpQ
VHKDFHXQVHPEUDGRHQHOFDPSRGHHVTXHMHVGHHVSHFLHVGHERVTXHULSDULR\WDUHDVGH
PDQWHQLPLHQWR(QYHUDQRVHUiQHFHVDULRXQULHJRPiVIUHFXHQWHVRPEUHDGRGHODV
SODQWDV\OLPSLH]DGHKLHUEDV(QSULPDYHUDKD\XQDVLHPEUDLPSRUWDQWHGHODVVHPLOODV
GHHVWDpSRFDVHDERQD\VHGHVDUUROODQWDUHDVGHPDQWHQLPLHQWRULHJRTXLWDU
KLHUEDV3RU~OWLPRHQRWRxRVHUHFRJHQPXFKDVVHPLOODVVHWUDWDQ\VHSODQWDQ
RWUDVLJXDOPHQWHVHKDFHHOWUDVSODQWHDOFDPSRGHODVSODQWDVGHODxRDQWHULRU
UHSREODFLyQ
F 3RUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVVHPLOODVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHOERVTXHPHGLWHUUiQHRTXH
SUHVHQWDQGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHODWHQFLDVVLPSOHV\FRPSOHMDV$1(;2,,FRQVHJXLUXQ
Q~PHURVLJQLILFDWLYRGHHVSHFLHVJHUPLQDGDVQRVOOHYDUiWLHPSRSXHGHTXHYDULRVDxRV
SRUORTXHQRSRGHPRVSODQWHDUQRVXQYLYHURDPX\FRUWRSOD]R
'(6$552//2
• &LWDUHPRVHQHVWHDSDUWDGRSRURUGHQDOIDEpWLFRORVWUDWDPLHQWRVGHVHPLOODVGHODV
SODQWDVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYDVGHQXHVWURERVTXHDXWyFWRQR
• 3DUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODVWDUHDVHVQHFHVDULRFRQVXOWDUSUHYLDPHQWHHO$QH[R,,
$\%
$%('8/%HWXOD
½ /DVHPLOODUHFROHFWDGDHQYHUDQR%SpQGXODGHODVUDPDV\FRQVHUYDGDHQOXJDU
VHFRVHSXHGHVHPEUDUHQRWRxRVLQWUDWDPLHQWRDOJXQR6HPEUDUHPRVHQ´HUDVµGH
YLYHURRHQUHFLSLHQWHVDODUJDGRVVLQFXEULUDSHQDVODVHPLOODSHURPDQWHQLpQGROD
K~PHGDFRQVWDQWHPHQWH/DJHUPLQDFLyQWLHQHOXJDUHQSRFRVGtDV6LQR
PDQWHQHPRVODVVHPLOODVVLHPSUHK~PHGDVSRGHPRV´DFROFKDUµFXEULpQGRODVFRQ
KLHUED\KRMDVHOORD\XGDUiDPDQWHQHUHOIUHVFRUQHFHVDULRSDUDODJHUPLQDFLyQ
½ /DVSODQWLWDVGHDEHGXOVRQPX\GHOLFDGDVHQVXVSULPHURVGtDVQHFHVLWDQGROD
KXPHGDG\HOULHJRSHUPDQHQWHV
½ +D\RWUDVHVSHFLHVGHDEHGXOHVFX\DVHPLOODPDGXUDHQSULPDYHUDSRUHMHPSOR%
QLJUDSHURTXHQRHQFRQWUDPRVHQQXHVWURHQWRUQRSRUORTXHQRPHQFLRQDUHPRV
VXWUDWDPLHQWR
75
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$%(723,16$32$ELHVSLQVDSR
½ 5HFRJHUHPRVODVVHPLOODVGHOVXHORHQORVPHVHVGH6HSWLHPEUH2FWXEUH1R
FRQYLHQHVHPEUDUHQRWRxRSRUORTXHGHEHPRVJXDUGDUODVHPLOODELHQVHFDHQ
UHFLSLHQWHVKHUPpWLFRV\HQHOIULJRUtILFRSXHVVRQQHFHVDULDVWHPSHUDWXUDVHQWUH
ž&HOORFRQWULEX\HDODSRVWHULRUJHUPLQDFLyQ\DTXHDJXDQWHyDxRV
½ 6HUHFRPLHQGDKDFHUODVLHPEUDDILQDOHVGH0DU]RHQUHFLSLHQWHVGHWHWUDEULN
WUDVXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGXUDQWHGRVPHVHV\DTXHHVWDV
VHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQOHWDUJRLQWHUQR
½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQHVOHQWD\DIHFWDDXQGHODVVHPLOODVVHPEUDGDV
$&(%8&+(2OHDHXURSDHDYDUV\OYHVWULV
½ (OIUXWRVHUHFROHFWDGHODVUDPDVHQORVPHVHVGH1RYLHPEUH'LFLHPEUH\VH
SXHGHUHVHUYDUHQUHFLSLHQWHKHUPpWLFRHQHOIULJRUtILFRDXQRVž&
½ $QWHVGHODVLHPEUDHVQHFHVDULRKDFHUXQD(6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$SDUD
YHQFHUODLPSHUPHDELOLGDGGHODFXELHUWD3DUDHOORSRGHPRVXVDUSDSHOGHOLMD/D
VLHPEUDVHKDUiHQ0DU]RHQWHWUDEULN
½ ,JXDOPHQWHSRGHPRVUHSURGXFLUORSRUHVWDTXLOODGRYHU9(*(7$&,Ð15,3$5,$
$*5$&(-2%HUEHULVKLVSiQLFD
½ /RVIUXWRVVHUHFRJHQDPDQRHQRWRxRRSULQFLSLRVGHLQYLHUQR6RQED\DVFRQXQD
SDUWHFDUQRVDTXHFRQWLHQHVXVWDQFLDVLQKLELGRUDVGHODJHUPLQDFLyQSRUORTXH
KDEUiTXHOLPSLDUODVGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQODVPDQRVRPDFHUDQGRHQDJXD\
H[WUD\HQGRODSXOSD'HHVWDIRUPDSRGHPRVFRQVHUYDUORDXQRVž&HQUHFLSLHQWHV
ELHQFHUUDGRV
½ (VQHFHVDULDXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDDž&GXUDQWHGtDVWUDV
ODFXDOODVVHPLOODVVHVLHPEUDQHQSULPDYHUDHQWHWUDEULN
½ 7DPELpQVHSXHGHKDFHUXQDVLHPEUDGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOIUXWRWUDVVXUHFRJLGDHQ
RWRxRDXQTXHHVPiVVXVFHSWLEOHGHDWDTXHSRUKRQJRV
$/$',(5125KDPQXVDODWHUQXV
½ /RVIUXWRVPDGXURVVHUHFRJHQDPDQRDILQDOHVGHYHUDQR
½ /DVVHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQOHWDUJRLQWHUQRSRUORTXHQHFHVLWDQXQD
(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGtDVDž&HQHOIULJRUtILFRWUDVODFXDO
VHSXHGHQVHPEUDUHQORVDOYpRORVRHQEULN
$/*$552%2&HUDWRQLDVLOLTXD
½ 5HFRJHPRVHOIUXWRDOJDUUREDVGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOiUERORGHOVXHORHQYHUDQR
(VWRVVHFRQVHUYDQELHQYDULRVPHVHVHQVLWLRVVHFRV\IUHVFRV3DUDREWHQHUODV
VHPLOODVRJDUURILQHVVHGHEHQH[WUDHUGHODVDOJDUUREDVSXGLpQGRVHFRQVHUYDUHQ
ORVPLVPRVOXJDUHVTXHpVWDV
½ /DVHPLOODSUHVHQWDQXQDVFXELHUWDVPX\GXUDVSRUORTXHVRQQHFHVDULRVORV
WUDWDPLHQWRVSUHVLHPEUDKDELHQGRYDULDVSRVLELOLGDGHV
D 680(5*,5ODVHPLOODHQ62+FRQFHQWUDGRXQDKRUD\OXHJRHQDJXDGXUDQWH
KRUDV
E +(59,5DJXD\HFKDUODVVHPLOODVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ/DVGHMDUHPRVHQIULDUHQHO
PLVPRDJXDKRUDV
½ 6HVXHOHQVHPEUDUHQSULPDYHUDGiQGRVHODJHUPLQDFLyQHQHOPHVVLJXLHQWHDOD
VLHPEUD
½ (QODSULPDYHUDGHODxRVLJXLHQWHKDUHPRVHOWUDQVSODQWHGHVGHORVWHWUDEULND
RWURVUHFLSLHQWHVPiVJUDQGHVEROVDVGHEDVXUDFDMDVGHSOiVWLFRUHFRUWDQGR
FRQODVWLMHUDVGHSRGDUODVUDLFHVSHURVLQWRFDUODVSDUWHVDpUHDV'HVSXpVGH
76
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
DxRVODVSODQWDVHVWDUiQOLVWDVSDUDVHUUHSREODGDVHQHOPHGLRVHUiQHFHVDULR
DOWHUQDUSLHVGHSODQWDVPDVFXOLQRV\IHPHQLQRVSDUDTXHSXHGDQUHSURGXFLUVH\D
TXHHVXQiUEROGLRLFR
$/0(=&HOWLVDXVWUDOLV
½ 5HFROHFWDPRVHQLQYLHUQRORVIUXWRVPDGXURV\OLPSLDPRVLQPHGLDWDPHQWHSRGHPRV
FRPHUORVSDUDH[WUDHUODVHPLOOD
½ /RV680(5*,026PLQXWRVHQiFLGR&O+\PLQXWRVHQDJXDDQWHVGH
VHPEUDUORVHQORVDOYpRORVRWHWUDEULNHQRWRxR/RVIUXWRVVHSXHGHQFRQVHUYDU
HQWHURVHQOXJDUHVIUHVFRV\VHFRV
½ 7DPELpQSRGHPRVYHQFHUHOOHWDUJRLQWHUQRGHODVHPLOODPHGLDQWHXQD
(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGtDVDž&HQHOIULJRUtILFR,QFOXVRVH
SXHGHQHVWUDWLILFDUORVIUXWRVFRPRWDOHVSHURUHVSRQGHQSHRUDOSURFHVRGH
JHUPLQDFLyQTXHODVVHPLOODVOLPSLDV
½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQVHGDHQODSULPDYHUDVLJXLHQWH
½ (VWDSODQWDSUHVHQWDXQDOWRtQGLFHGHVHPLOODYDQDSRUORTXHODJHUPLQDFLyQVHYH
PHUPDGD
&+23263RSXOXV6$8&(66DOL[6$8&266DPEXFXV9(*(7$&,Ð15,3$5,$HQ
JHQHUDO
½ /RViUEROHVWtSLFRVGHOERVTXHULSDULRVHSURSDJDQPX\ELHQSRU(67$48,//$'2
DXQTXHVHSXHGHQWDPELpQVHPEUDUGHVHPLOODYHU$1(;2,,
½ /DVHVWDTXLOODVVHSUHSDUDQHQLQYLHUQRFXDQGRODVDYLDGHODSODQWDHVWi
´DGRUPHFLGDµSDUDHOORFRUWDUHPRVYDUDVMyYHQHVGHXQRVFPGHODUJR
SURFXUDQGRTXHHOFRUWHVHDHQWUHGRVQXGRV\FRQFLHUWDLQFOLQDFLyQDVtHODJXDQR
VHUiUHWHQLGDFRQIDFLOLGDGHYLWDQGRLQIHFFLRQHVGHKRQJRV
½ /DVHVWDTXLOODVVHHQWHUUDUDQXQDVóSDUWHVGHVXDOWXUDHQ]RQDVSUy[LPDVDORV
FDXFHVGHDJXD
½ /DVVHPLOODVVHUHFRJHQHQSULPDYHUDQDGDPiVPDGXUDU\WLHQHQTXHVHPEUDUVH
VHJXLGDPHQWH\DTXHVHVHFDQFRQPXFKDIDFLOLGDG
&251,&$%5$3LVWDFLDWHUHELQWKXV
½ /DVVHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQXQDFXELHUWDLPSHUPHDEOHTXHLPSLGHVXJHUPLQDFLyQSRU
HOORKD\TXHKDFHUWUDWDPLHQWRVSUHYLRV
½ (OPpWRGRXWLOL]DGRHVOD(6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$TXHFRQVLVWHHQ´URPSHUµ
ODVFXELHUWDVGHODVHPLOODSDUDTXHSXHGDSHQHWUDUHODJXD(OORVHFRQVLJXHOLMDQGR
FRQSDSHOGHOLMDQRPX\JUXHVRODSDUWHH[WHUQDGHODVHPLOODFXLGDQGRGHQR
SHQHWUDUHQOD]RQDPiVFDUQRVD
½ $FRQWLQXDFLyQKDUHPRVXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1HQDJXDKRUDVDQWHVGHVHPEUDUHQ
ORVEULNyVHPLOODVSRUUHFLSLHQWH
½ 7DPELpQSRGHPRVVXPHUJLUHQiFLGRVXOI~ULFRGXUDQWHKRUDVODVVHPLOODV\D
FRQWLQXDFLyQKLGUDWDUODVKRUDVHQDJXDDQWHVGHVHPEUDUODVGHILQLWLYDPHQWH
'85,//29LEXUQXPWLQXV
½ /RVIUXWRVPDGXUDQKDFLDILQDOHVGHOYHUDQRSULQFLSLRVGHORWRxRpSRFDHQODTXH
GHEHPRVUHFRJHUORV\PDFHUDUORVXQWLHPSRHQDJXDSDUDH[WUDHUODSDUWHFDUQRVD
GHODGUXSD
½ 6RQVHPLOODVGHJHUPLQDFLyQPX\OHQWDSRUORTXHQHFHVLWDQGHXQD
(675$7,),&$&,Ð1'2%/(SULPHURHQDUHQDK~PHGDRWXUEDGXUDQWHGtDVD
77
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
½
½
ž&HOORLQGXFHODSURGXFFLyQGHUDLFHV6HJXLUiRWUDHVWUDWLILFDFLyQDXQRV
ž&TXHIDYRUHFHUiODSURGXFFLyQGHWDOORV
/DVLHPEUDVHKDFHHQSULPDYHUDRILQDOHVGHYHUDQRSULQFLSLRVGHRWRxR
/RVUHFLSLHQWHVGHEHQGHFXEULUVHFRQUHVWRVYHJHWDOHVPXHUWRVDFtFXODVSDMDHWF
(1&,1$\GHPiViUEROHVGHO*HQ4XHUFXV
½ (VHOJpQHURPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRGHOERVTXHPHGLWHUUiQHR\HOPiVDIHFWDGRSRU
FDXVDVDQWUySLFDV6LDHOORVXPDPRVTXHSUHVHQWDQXQFUHFLPLHQWRPX\OHQWRHQHO
PHGLRQDWXUDOFRQFOXLUHPRVTXHHVLPSRUWDQWHFRQWULEXLUDVXVLHPEUDHQHOFDPSR
½ 7RGRVSURGXFHQEHOORWDGHIUXWR
½ /DVUHFRJHUHPRVHQRWRxRGHORViUEROHVGHVHFKDQGRDTXHOODVTXHSUHVHQWHQ
KRQJRVRHVWpQLQIHFWDGDVSRUDOJ~QLQVHFWR
½ 3DUDXQDPHMRUJHUPLQDFLyQKDUHPRVXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1HQDJXDGHDKRUDV
XQDYH]TXHKHPRVUHWLUDGRHOFDSXFKyQ(OORWDPELpQSHUPLWLUiGHVFDUWDUODVTXH
IORWHQSXHVVRQODVTXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDQHQEXHQHVWDGR
½ 6HPEUDUHPRVHQWHWUDEULNRHQDOYHRORVSURIXQGRV²GRVRWUHVEHOORWDVSRU
UHFLSLHQWHHQWHUUiQGRODVXQRVFPHQSRVLFLyQWXPEDGD
½ *HUPLQDQFRQPXFKDIDFLOLGDGDORVSRFRVPHVHV\SXHGHQVHUWUDVSODQWDGDVDO
PHGLRQDWXUDODODxRGHVXVLHPEUD
½ 1RFRQYLHQHGHMDUODVPiVWLHPSRHQORVEULNSRUTXHSUHVHQWDQXQDUDt]SLYRWDQWH
ODUJD\JUXHVDTXHOOHJDDHVWUDQJXODUVHDXQTXHHVWRVHSXHGHHYLWDUXVDQGR
FRQWHQHGRUHVGHDXWRUUHSOLFDGR
(63$5726WLSDWHQDQDFLVVLPD
½ /RVIUXWRVVREUHODVHVSLJDVVHUHFROHFWDQDPDQRHQYHUDQR
½ 6HVLHPEUDQHQUHFLSLHQWHVTXHHVWpQPX\ELHQGUHQDGRVSXHVODVSODQWLWDVVH
SXGUHQFRQIDFLOLGDGFXDQGRKD\HQFKDUFDPLHQWR
½ 6HSXHGHQUHSLFDUHQSULPDYHUDFRQVHUYiQGRODVDODVRPEUD
)5(6126)UD[LQXVDQJXVWLIROLD
½ /DVVHPLOODVVHUHFROHFWDQGHOiUEROGLUHFWDPHQWHHQRWRxRLQYLHUQR6HOHFFLRQDPRV
\GHVHFKDUHPRVODVTXHQRHVWpQGXUDV\FDUQRVDV
½ 6HVLHPEUDQHQORVUHFLSLHQWHVRHQILODVVREUHHUDV&RQYLHQHDFROFKDUOD
VXSHUILFLHFRQSDMDDFtFXODV
½ 6HSXHGHQWUDVSODQWDUDOLQYLHUQRVLJXLHQWH
-$5$6*pQ&LVWXV
½ /RVIUXWRVVHUHFRJHQDILQDOHVGHYHUDQRDQWHVGHTXHDEUDODFiSVXOD\VH
SLHUGDQ
½ 6HDSODVWDQ\VHH[WUDHQODVVHPLOODV
½ 6HWUDWDUiQFRQXQ(6&$/'$'2GHYDULRVPLQXWRVSXHVIDYRUHFHODJHUPLQDFLyQ
½ 6LVLHPEUDQHQSULPDYHUDHQEULNRUHFHSWiFXORVPiVJUDQGHVSXGLHQGRVHU
UHSLFDGDVHQYHUDQRFRQXQEXHQVRPEUHR
0$'52f2$UEXWXVXQHGR
½ 9HU(67$48,//$'2HQ9(*(7$&,Ð15,3$5,$
78
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
/$%,e51$*23KLOO\UHDDQJXVWLIROLD
½ /RVIUXWRVHQIRUPDGHGUXSDPDGXUDQDILQDOHVGHYHUDQRORVUHFRJHUHPRV
GLUHFWDPHQWHGHODSODQWD\ORVVHFDUHPRVDOVROFRPRWDOHVSXHVQRVHUHFRPLHQGD
VHSDUDU
½ ODVHPLOODGHODSDUWHFDUQRVD8QDYH]VHFRVORVFRQVHUYDUHPRVHQOXJDUHVIUHVFRV
\VLQKXPHGDG
½ 1HFHVLWDPRVURPSHUHOOHWDUJRTXHSUHVHQWDQSDUDORTXHUHDOL]DUHPRVXQD
,10(56,Ð1HQÉFLGR6XOI~ULFRKRUDVVHJXLGRGHXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1RWUDV
KRUDV
½ 3DUDHVWRVIUXWRVWUDWDGRVODVLHPEUDVHKDFHHQSULPDYHUDYDULRVIUXWRVSRU
FRQWHQHGRU\ODJHUPLQDFLyQRFXUUHHVDPLVPDSULPDYHUD
½ /RVIUXWRVTXHQRVRPHWHPRVDQLQJ~QWUDWDPLHQWRSUHYLRGHEHQVHUVHPEUDGRVHQ
RWRxRODJHUPLQDFLyQRFXUUHHQODSULPDYHUDVLJXLHQWHGHXQDPDQHUDPX\LUUHJXODU
0$-8(/2&UDWDHJXVPRQRJ\QD
½ (VWHIUXWRSUHVHQWDVXVWDQFLDVLQKLELGRUDVHQODSXOSD\GREOHOHWDUJRHQODV
VHPLOODVSRUORTXHHVPX\GLItFLOGHJHUPLQDU
½ 'DEXHQRVUHVXOWDGRVFRJHUORVIUXWRVGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOiUEROHQYHUDQRSRFR
DQWHVGHTXHPDGXUHQGHILQLWLYDPHQWHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHOLPSLDODVHPLOODSDUD
HYLWDUODVVXVWDQFLDVLQKLELGRUDVGHODSXOSD\VHVLHPEUDQWUHVRFXDWURSRU
FRQWHQHGRUGHEULN
½ &RQHVWHPpWRGRVHFRQVLJXHQJHUPLQDFLRQHVGHXQDODSULPDYHUD
VLJXLHQWHHVGHFLUXQRVPHVHVGHVSXpVGHKDEHUKHFKRODVLHPEUD
0,5720\UWXVFRPPXQLV
½ (VXQDUEXVWRTXHIORUHFHDSULQFLSLRVGHYHUDQRVXVIUXWRVFRPHVWLEOHVPDGXUDQ
HQRWRxR\ORVSRGHPRVUHFROHFWDUGLUHFWDPHQWHGHODSODQWD
½ ([WUDHUHPRVODVVHPLOODVGHODSXOSDSUHVLRQDQGRVREUHXQDVXSHUILFLHUXJRVDSDUD
TXHVHGHVKDJDQ8QDYH]OLPSLDVVHSXHGHQJXDUGDUHQUHFLSLHQWHVDELHUWRVD
WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH\OXJDUHVVHFRV
½ /DVVHPLOODVQRQHFHVLWDQQLQJ~QWUDWDPLHQWRSUHYLRSXHVVXQLYHOGHJHUPLQDFLyQHV
DOWRGHVSXpVGHVHPEUDGDVHQSULPDYHUDHQUHFLSLHQWHV²GHDVHPLOODVSRUEULN
RVREUHHUDV$SHVDUGHHOORVHUHFRPLHQGDXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1GHKRUDV
DQWHVGHODVLHPEUDFRQHOORDVHJXUDPRVJHUPLQDFLRQHVGHORUGHQGHO
2/028OPXVVS
½ /DVHVSHFLHVTXHSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUFHUFDQDVVRQHO8PLQRU8JODEUD\8SXPLOD
WRGDVHOODVPDGXUDQVXVIUXWRVHQSULPDYHUDORVFXDOHVUHFROHFWDUHPRV
GLUHFWDPHQWHGHORViUEROHV
½ 3RGHPRVVHPEUDUGLUHFWDPHQWHHQFDMRQHUDVGHIRUPDVXSHUILFLDO8VDUHPRVGH
VXVWUDWRDUHQD\WXUEDDO\XQSRFRGHPDQWLOORFULEDGR
½ 3RGHPRVWUDVSODQWDUDOXJDUGHILQLWLYRFXDQGRODVSODQWDVJHUPLQHQ\XQRVDOFDQFHQ
FPGHDOWXUD
½ $SHVDUGHVHUXQDHVSHFLHULSDULDQRVHUHSURGXFHFRQIDFLOLGDGDWUDYpVGHHVWDTXLOODGR
3,1263LQXVVS
½ (QQXHVWURHQWRUQRVROHPRVHQFRQWUDUFLQFRFODVHVGHSLQRV3KDOHSHQVLV3QLJUD
3V\OYHVWULV3SLQDVWHU\3SLQHD7RGRVHOORVVHSURSDJDQIiFLOPHQWHSRUVHPLOOD
79
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
½
½
½
5HFROHFWDPRVODVSLxDVWRGDYtDFHUUDGDVHQHOPHVGH2FWXEUH\ODVSRQHPRVDOVRO
KDVWDTXHDEUDQ\VXHOWHQORVSLxRQHVHVWRVVHSXHGHQFRQVHUYDUHQHQYDVH
KHUPpWLFRDž&SDUDIXWXUDVVLHPEUDV
(VDFRQVHMDEOHXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1SUHYLDGHODVVHPLOODVXQDVKRUDVHQDJXD
SXHVIDFLOLWDODJHUPLQDFLyQ
/DVLHPEUDVHKDFHHQLQYLHUQRSRQLHQGRSLxRQHVSRUUHFLSLHQWH
5$6&$9,(-$6$GHQRFDUSXVGHFRUWLFDQV\5(7$0$65HWDPDVS
½ 5HFROHFWDUHPRVORVIUXWRVGHODVUDPDVHQ2FWXEUH\VDFDUHPRVODVHPLOODGHORV
PLVPRVGHIRUPDPDQXDOODVFXDOHVSXHGHQVHUFRQVHUYDGDVHQOXJDUHVVHFRV\IUtRV
HQIUDVFRVKHUPpWLFRV
½ /DVVHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQFXELHUWDLPSHUPHDEOHSRUORTXHVRQQHFHVDULRVORV
WUDWDPLHQWRVSUHYLRV/RVTXHGDQPHMRUHVUHVXOWDGRVVRQ
½ 9HUWHUDJXDDSXQWRGH(%8//,&,Ð1VREUHODVVHPLOODV\GHMDUODVGHQWURKDVWDHO
HQIULDPLHQWR
½ 680(5*,5HQ$F6XOI~ULFRODVVHPLOODVGXUDQWHPLQXWRV
½ (6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$FRQSDSHOGHOLMDILQRSURFXUDQGRQRGDxDUODSDUWH
LQWHUQDGHODVHPLOOD
½ /DVLHPEUDODKDUHPRVHQ0DU]RSRQLHQGRVHPLOODVSRUEULN\ODJHUPLQDFLyQ
RFXUUHDODVVHPDQDV
½ 3RGHPRVWUDQVSODQWDUODVSODQWDVHQHOFDPSRDODxRGHVXVLHPEUD
526$/(65RVDVS
½ (OHVFDUDPXMRRIUXWRVHUHFROHFWDXQDYH]PDGXURHQHOPHVGH1RYLHPEUH
½ 3DUDOLPSLDUODVVHPLOODVHFKDPRVORVIUXWRVHQDJXD\ORVEDWLPRVSRUGHFDQWDFLyQ
SRGHPRVVHSDUDUODV\SRQHUODVDVHFDUDQWHVGHVHUDOPDFHQDGDVHQOXJDUHV
IUHVFRV\IUtRV
½ 3DUDYHQFHUHOOHWDUJRVHUiQHFHVDULDXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDR
YHUPLFXOLWDGXUDQWHPHVHV
½ 8QDYH]WUDWDGDVSRGUHPRVVHPEUDUODVVHPLOODVHQSULPDYHUDRELHQVHPEUDUHQ
RWRxRDTXHOODVTXHQRKDQUHFLELGRWUDWDPLHQWRSUHYLRDXQTXHODJHUPLQDFLyQDVt
REWHQLGDHVPX\EDMDPHQRVGHO
½ 2WUDIRUPDPiVIiFLOGHSURSDJDUORVURVDOHVVLOYHVWUHVHVSRU(67$48,//$'2YHU
9HJHWDFLyQ5LSDULDTXHUHDOL]DUHPRVHQHOPHVGH1RYLHPEUHFRQPDGHUDVHPLGXUD
6$%,1$6<(1(%526-XQLSHUXVVS
½ /RVIUXWRVVHUHFROHFWDQHQHOPHVGH2FWXEUHGHODPLVPDSODQWD
½ 'HELGRDVXFDUiFWHUUHVLQRVRFRQYLHQHSRQHUORVHQXQDVROXFLyQGH&O+XQD
FXFKDUDGLWDGHFDIpGHiFLGRSRUOLWURVGHDJXDGXUDQWHGLDGHHVWDPDQHUD
OLPSLDPRVODVVHPLOODVGHODSXOSD$VtODVSRGUHPRVJXDUGDUHQUHFLSLHQWHV
KHUPpWLFRVHQOXJDUHVVHFRV\IUtRV'HELGRDOOHWDUJRLQWHUQR\DOD
LPSHUPHDELOLGDGGHODVFXELHUWDVVRQQHFHVDULRVWUDWDPLHQWRVSUHYLRVTXH
FRQVLVWHQSULPHUDPHQWHHQXQD(6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$FRQSDSHOGHOLMD
VHJXLGDGHXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGXUDQWHPHVHVDž&
½ /DVLHPEUDVHPLOODVSRUEULNVHSXHGHKDFHUHQRWRxRVHPLOODQRWUDWDGDRHQ
SULPDYHUDVHPLOODWUDWDGDHQUHFLSLHQWHVTXHFXEULUHPRVFRQDUHQD
½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQRFXUUHDORVWUHVDxRVHQHOFDVRGHVHPLOODVVLQWUDWDPLHQWRV
SUHYLRV\DODxRHQODVWUDWDGDV/RVPD\RUHVp[LWRVGHJHUPLQDFLyQURQGDQHO
80
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
½
2WUDDOWHUQDWLYDHVUHFROHFWDUIUXWRVH[FUHWDGRVSRUHO]RUURRHO]RU]DOXQDYH]
TXHKDQSDVDGRVXVWUDFWRVGLJHVWLYRVVXHOHQJHUPLQDUPHMRU
7(-27D[XVEDFFDWD
½ (OIUXWRRDULORFDUQRVR\URMRFRQWLHQHXQDVRODVHPLOODTXHSUHVHQWDGREOHOHWDUJR
)LJ,,3XHGHVHUUHFROHFWDGRDILQDOHVGHYHUDQRRSULQFLSLRVGHRWRxR
½ 8QDYH]VHSDUDGDODVHPLOODGHODULORODVRPHWHUHPRVDXQ(6&$/'$'2FRQDJXD
KLUYLHQGR\DXQDSRVWHULRU(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGXUDQWH
PHVHV
½ /DVHPEUDUHPRVHQSULPDYHUDGHVHPLOODVSRUUHFLSLHQWH/DJHUPLQDFLyQSXHGH
RFXUULUSDUWHHQHVDPLVPDSULPDYHUD\SDUWHHQODVLJXLHQWH
720,//26K\PXVVS</$9$1'$6/DYDQGXODVS
½ 6RQPX\QXPHURVDVODVHVSHFLHVTXHHQFRQWUDPRVHQQXHVWURHQWRUQRTXHVH
LQFOX\DQHQHVWRVGRVJpQHURV)LJ,,WRGDVHOODVSXHGHQUHFLELUORV
WUDWDPLHQWRVDTXtSURSXHVWRV\DOJXQDRWUDSODQWDDURPiWLFDGHRWURVJpQHURV
FRPRSRUHMHPSORHOURPHUR²5RVPDULQXVRIILFLQDOLV
½ 5HFROHFWDUHPRVODVIORUHVVHFDVHQYHUDQR\H[WUDHUHPRVODVVHPLOODVSRU
IURWDPLHQWRDVtREWHQGUHPRVUHVWRVGHSODQWDPH]FODGRVFRQODVVHPLOODV
½ 6HPEUDUHPRVHVWDPH]FODDSULQFLSLRVGH0DU]RHQFDMRQHUDVRUHFLSLHQWHVJUDQGHV
HQ´FDPDFDOLHQWHµFXEULHQGRFRQPDQWLOOR\DUHQDDSDUWHVLJXDOHV
½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQWHQGUiOXJDUDODVyVHPDQDVGHVSXpVGHODVLHPEUD
½ 2WUDIRUPDGHSURSDJDFLyQGHODPD\RUtDGHODVSODQWDVDURPiWLFDVHVSRU
(67$48,//$'2TXHSRGUHPRVUHDOL]DUFRQPDGHUDVXDYHHQSULPDYHUDRFRQ
PDGHUDVHPLGXUDHQYHUDQR(OSURFHVRVHUHDOL]DUiFRQVXILFLHQWHKXPHGDG\HQ
FRQGLFLRQHVGHFDORUGHIRQGR
/DYDQGXODVWRHFKDV
7D[XVEDFFDWD
Fig. II. 30. Cantueso.
Fig. II. 29. Fruto (arilo) y semilla de tejo.
81
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
2%6(59$&,21(6
• &RQYLHQHXWLOL]DUFRPRVXVWUDWRODSURSLDWLHUUDGHGRQGHVHUHFROHFWDODVHPLOODHVR
SHUPLWLUiXQDPHMRUPLFRUUL]DFLyQGHODVSODQWDV\XQPHMRUFUHFLPLHQWR(QVXGHIHFWR
XWLOL]DUHPRV
0$17,//2785%$$5(1$),1$7,(55$
• (OPDQWLOORODWLHUUD\ODWXUEDDSRUWDQPLQHUDOHV\QXWULHQWHV/DDUHQDGDODSRURVLGDG
RDLUHDFLyQDGHFXDGDSDUDTXHQRKD\DDSHOPD]DPLHQWR
• $HVWHVXVWUDWRVHOHSXHGHDxDGLUSHUOLWDIHOGHVSDWR\YHUPLFXOLWDTXHFRQWULEX\HQD
ODDLUHDFLyQHLQWHUFDPELRGHPLQHUDOHV
• 3DUDHOHQWHUUDPLHQWRGHODVVHPLOODVWHQGUHPRVHQFXHQWDVXWDPDxRDVtHVDFRQVHMDEOH
KXQGLUODVHOGREOHGHVXWDPDxRPi[LPR
• 'XUDQWHVXHVWDQFLDHQHOYLYHURQRHVFRQYHQLHQWH´PLPDUµGHPDVLDGRDODVSOiQWXODV6H
OHVGDUiULHJRVXILFLHQWHSHURFXLGDQGRGHTXHODKXPHGDGH[FHVLYDQRSXGUDODUDt]SRU
ODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHKRQJRV
• 'tDVDQWHVGHVHPEUDUODVSODQWDVHQHOFDPSRXQDRGRVVHPDQDVHVUHFRPHQGDEOH
GLVPLQXLUORVULHJRVSDUDTXHVHYD\DQ´DFOLPDWDQGRµDVXVQXHYDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHpVWD
IRUPDODUHSREODFLyQWLHQHPD\RUHVSUREDELOLGDGHVGHp[LWR
• 3DUDHOWUDQVSODQWHHQHOFDPSRGHSODQWDVGHXQDRGRVVDYLDVGHEHPRVDEULUKR\RVGH
XQRVFPFPFP6LHVSRVLEOHHQOXJDUHVVRPEUHDGRV\SURWHJLGRVSRU
RWUDVSODQWDVFHUFDQDV8QDYH]DELHUWRVORVKR\RVVHUHOOHQDODEDVHFRQXQSRFRGHOD
WLHUUDUHPRYLGD\VHJXLGDPHQWHHQWHUUDPRVODSODQWDFRQHOUHVWRGHWLHUUD
DSUHWiQGRODDOUHGHGRU6HGHMDUiXQSRFRGHFRQFDYLGDGSDUDTXHHODJXDGHOOXYLDVHD
UHWHQLGD
• 6LODUHSREODFLyQHVHQSHQGLHQWHHODJXMHURORDEULUHPRVGHIRUPDTXHHODJXDQR
UHVEDOH\VHDFRQWHQLGDYHUHVTXHPD
3ODQWDGHXQDRGRVVDYLDV
'HVQLYHOGHOWHUUHQR
82
+R\RSDUDUHWHQHUDJXD
Fig. II.31
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
/$63/$17$6126$/,0(17$1
)(50(17$&,21(6(/$%25$026<2*857<48(62
2%-(7,926
o &RQRFHUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOSURFHVRGHODIHUPHQWDFLyQSDUDODDOLPHQWDFLyQKXPDQD
o (ODERUDUSURGXFWRVIHUPHQWDGRV
&212&,0,(172635(9,26
Π(OSURFHVRGHODIHUPHQWDFLyQ
Π/DVOHYDGXUDV*pQ6DFKDURP\FHV
0$7(5,$/(61(&(6$5,26
&D]RV
7HUPyPHWUR+LHUEDVDURPiWLFDV\SLPLHQWD
7HODGHJDVDSDxRVGHFRFLQDPDQWD
+RUQLOOD
&XFKLOOR\FXFKDUDV
7DEODGHPDGHUD
6DO\D]~FDU
3OHLWD
/LPRQHV
<RJXU
/HFKH
&XDMR
,1752'8&&,Ð1
/DVIHUPHQWDFLRQHVVRQWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQ]LPiWLFDVOOHYDGDVDFDERSRUOHYDGXUDV\
EDFWHULDVGHVXVWUDWRVRUJiQLFRVHQHVSHFLDOFDUERKLGUDWRV6XHOHQFRQOOHYDUSURGXFFLyQ
GHJDV\TXtPLFDPHQWHVRQORFRQWUDULRDODR[LGDFLyQVHJ~QVHREVHUYDHQODVVLJXLHQWHV
UHDFFLRQHV
/HYDGXUDV
)HUPHQWDFLyQDOFRKyOLFD
$QDHURELRVLV
$=Ó&$5(6$/&2+2/HWtOLFRYLQRFHUYH]D&2
)HUPHQWDFLyQEXWDQyOLFD
/HYDGXUDV
$QDHURELRVLV
0$Ì=0(/$6$%87$12/
)HUPHQWDFLyQOiFWLFD
/HYDGXUDV
$QDHURELRVLV
$=Ó&$5(6/É&7(26$&/É&7,&2<RJXUWTXHVR&2
6HSXHGHREVHUYDUHQHVWDVUHDFFLRQHVTXHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDDOLPHQWDULRWLHQHQ
XQDJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDSRUTXHGHHOODVVHREWLHQHQSURGXFWRVFRPRHOYLQRODFHUYH]DHOSDQ
HOTXHVRHO\RJXUDOJXQRViFLGRV
3UHVHQWDQDGHPiVXQDVHULHGHYHQWDMDVUHVSHFWRDODVPDWHULDVSULPDVLQLFLDOHVDVtORV
SURGXFWRVIHUPHQWDGRVVHFRQVHUYDQPHMRUDXPHQWDQODVSURSLHGDGHVEHQpILFDV\
QXWULFLRQDOHVPD\RUIDFLOLGDGGHDEVRUFLyQGHORVQXWULHQWHVHLQFUHPHQWRGHpVWRV\
WDPELpQPHMRUDQVXVSURSLHGDGHVRUJDQROpSWLFDVDURPD\VDERUGHORVDOLPHQWRV
83
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
+D\RWUDVHULHGHIHUPHQWDFLRQHVSHURSDUDHVWDSUiFWLFDQRVYDPRVDFHQWUDUHQOD
)(50(17$&,Ð1/É&7,&$GHODFXDOREWHQHPRVQRVyORHOTXHVR\HO\RJXUWVLQRRWURV
SURGXFWRVFRPRODOHFKHDJULDHOUHTXHVyQODQDWDDJULDHOFKHGGDUGHSHQGLHQGRGHORV
PLFURRUJVQLVPRVTXHLQWHUYHQJDQHQHOSURFHVR
$(ODERUDPRV\RJXU
'(6$552//2
• 7HPSODPRV/GHOHFKHHQXQFD]R
• &XDQGRHVWpDXQRVž&QRVD\XGDPRVGHOWHUPyPHWURSDUDFRPSUREDUOROD
UHWLUDPRVGHOIXHJR\OHDxDGLPRVXQ\RJXUW
• 3RGHPRVDxDGLUD]~FDUHQXQDFDQWLGDGVHJ~QJXVWRV\UHPRYHPRVWRGR
• 7DSDPRVHOFD]RORFXEULPRVFRQXQSDxRRPDQWDSHTXHxD\ORGHMDPRVUHSRVDUXQDV
KRUDVHQXQOXJDUQRPX\IUtR
2%6(59$&,21(6
• 8QDYH]KHFKRVHOHSXHGHDxDGLUWUR]RVGHIUXWDV\EDWLUOR
• (QHOIULJRUtILFRSXHGHGXUDUYDULRVGtDV
%+DFHPRVTXHVR
'(6$552//2
• 7HPSODPRVODOHFKHDXQRVž&\OHDxDGLPRVHOFXDMRGLVXHOWRHQXQSRFRGHDJXD
UHPRYLHQGRSDUDKRPRJHQHL]DUODVROXFLyQ
• (QYROYHPRVHOFD]RHQXQDPDQWD\ORPDQWHQHPRVHQOXJDUVROHDGR\FiOLGR
• &XDQGRSDVHPHGLDKRUDFRUWDPRVODOHFKHFXDMDGDHQYDULDVGLUHFFLRQHV\SXHGD
H[SXOVDUHOVXHUR'HMDPRVUHSRVDUXQFXDUWRGHKRUD
• $FRQWLQXDFLyQORSRQHPRVVREUHXQDWDEOD\HQUROODUHPRVDOUHGHGRUODSOHLWDDSUHWDQGR
SDUDH[WUDHUHOVXHURUHVWDQWH
• /RGHMDPRVHVFXUULUXQGtDHQWHURSDUDHOORORPDQWHQGUHPRVFRQSHVRHQFLPD
• 3DVDGRHVWHWLHPSRVHVXHOWDODSOHLWD\VHHVSROYRUHDFRQVDOWRPLOORSLPLHQWD
2%6(59$&,21(6
• (QUHDOLGDGORTXHRFXUUHDOKDFHUTXHVRHVXQDVHSDUDFLyQGHODSDUWHDFXRVDGHOUHVWR
GHORVFRPSRQHQWHV
• +D\RWUDIRUPDPX\UiSLGDGHHODERUDUXQTXHVRTXHQRHVSURGXFWRGHODIHUPHQWDFLyQ
VLQRGHXQDFRDJXODFLyQGHODVSURWHtQDVSRUXQFDPELRGHS+(VHOTXHVRTXHVHKDFtDHQ
HODQWLJXR$O$QGDOXVGHOTXHUHFLEHVXQRPEUH48(62$1'$/86Ì3DUDHODERUDUOR
EDVWDHFKDUHO]XPRGHXQOLPyQRXQDFXFKDUDGDGHYLQDJUHRLQFOXVRYDULDVDOFDSDUUDV
DXQOLWURGHOHFKHTXHUHWLUDUHPRVGHOIXHJRDQWHVGHKHUYLUUHPRYHUHPRV\
ILOWUDUHPRVHQWHODGHJDVD/RSRGHPRVDFRPSDxDUGHKLHUEDVDURPiWLFDVSLPLHQWD
PLHOVDOHWF$KRUDELHQHVWHSURGXFWRSLHUGHSDUWHGHOFDOFLR\GHOVXHURGHODOHFKH
TXHVHHVFXUUHFRQHODJXDSRUHOORSUHVHQWDPHQRVSURSLHGDGHVQXWULWLYDVTXHHO
TXHVRIHUPHQWDGR
84
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
&216(59$026/26$/,0(1726
2%-(7,926
o +DFHUFRQVHUYDVFRQUHFHWDVDQWLJXDV
&212&,0,(172635(9,26
Œ $QH[R,,´&RQVHUYDUORVDOLPHQWRVµ
0$7(5,$/(61(&(6$5,26
%DODQ]D
7UDSRVGHFRFLQD
%DWLGRUD
&XFKDUDVGHSDOR
&RODGRU
&XFKLOORV
2OODV\FD]RV
+RUQLOOD
)ULJRUtILFR
7DUURV
3DSHOFHEROOD
/LFRUEUDQG\FRxDF
)UXWDVFKXPERVQDUDQMDVKLJRV
/LPyQ
$]~FDUPRUHQR\PLHO
+LJRV
(WLTXHWDV
,1752'8&&,Ð1
/DHVSHFLHKXPDQDKDGHVDUUROODGRGHVGHDQWLJXRGLVWLQWDVWpFQLFDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQGH
DOLPHQWRV
• 3ULPHURVHXVyODFHQL]DODPLHO\ODVDOSDUDHYLWDUHOGHWHULRURGHODVED\DV\UDLFHV
• 0DVWDUGHDSUHQGLyDXWLOL]DUODQLHYH\HOIULyGHOLQWHULRUGHODVFDYHUQDVDVtFRPROD
GHVHFDFLyQ\HODKXPDGR7RGRHVWROHSHUPLWtDJXDUGDUORVDOLPHQWRVSDUDODVpSRFDVGH
HVFDVH](QOD(0HGLDVHSHUIHFFLRQyODWpFQLFDGHODVDOD]yQ\DFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR
;,;1LFRODV$SSHUWGHVDUUROOyODHVWHULOL]DFLyQPX\XVDGD\YLJHQWHSRUVXHILFDFLD
&RPRDFWLYLGDGSUHYLDDQWHVGHGHVDUUROODUHOWDOOHUSDUWLUHPRVGHXQD//89,$'(
,'($6KDUHPRVXQDSXHVWDHQFRP~QVREUHORTXHFRQRFHPRVDFHUFDGHORVWLSRVGH
FRQVHUYDV¢TXpFRQVHUYDVVHFRQVXPHQDKRUD"¢TXpDGLWLYRVOOHYDQ"¢FyPRHUDQODVGH
QXHVWUDVDEXHODV"LQFOXVRSRGHPRVUHVFDWDUDOJXQDVUHFHWDVDQWLJXDV\HODERUDUODVFRPR
HVHOFDVRGHODVWUHVUHFHWDVTXHVHDGMXQWDQ,JXDOPHQWHVXJHULPRVGHJXVWDUFRQVHUYDV
KHFKDVSRUQRVRWURV\RWUDVFRPSUDGDVHQHOPHUFDGR$VtFRPSUREDUHPRVODVGLIHUHQFLDV
GHVDERU\ORVDGLWLYRVLQGLFDGRVHQHOHWLTXHWDGR
3UHWHQGHPRVFRQVHJXLUGHHVWDIRUPDSODQWHDUQRVODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHQODV
FRQVHUYDVSDUDODHVSHFLHKXPDQD\YDORUDUODVIRUPDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHKDFHUODV(V
LPSUHVFLQGLEOHKDEHUOHtGRHO$QH[R,,DQWHVGHDERUGDUHVWDDFWLYLGDG
$0HUPHODGDGHPRUDV
'(6$552//2
• /LPSLDPRVNJGHPRUDV\ODVPDFHUDPRVFRQJUGHD]~FDUKRUDV
• &RFHPRVKDVWDTXHHVWpHQVXSXQWRXQRVPLQXWRV
• 5HPRYHPRVFRQFXFKDUDGHPDGHUD5HVHUYDPRVHQWDUURVHVWHULOL]DGRV
%0HUPHODGDGHFKXPERV
'(6$552//2
• 4XLWDPRVSLHOD.JGHFKXPERVWURFHDPRVODSXOSD\ODSRQHPRVHQFD]XHODGHEDUUR
85
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
• $xDGLPRVòGH/GHDJXD\XQRVWUR]RVGHFiVFDUDGHOLPyQ3RQHPRVDOIXHJRKDVWDOD
HEXOOLFLyQ\GHMDUHPRVKHUYLUPLQXWRVVLQGHMDUGHTXLWDUODHVSXPD
• &RODUHPRVODPH]FODSRUXQDPDOODRJDVDHOUHVXOWDGRGHEHWHQHUXQDFRQVLVWHQFLD
VLPLODUDODGHODPLHO
• &RORFDPRVGHQXHYRHQODFDFHUROD\DJUHJDPRV.JGHD]~FDUGHMiQGRORKHUYLUGH
QXHYROHQWDPHQWHUHPRYLHQGR
• &XDQGRXQSHOOL]FRGHODPHUPHODGDVHHVWLUDVLQURPSHUVHXQRVFPUHWLUDUHPRVGHO
IXHJR\DxDGLUHPRVHO]XPRGHOLPyQ0H]FODUELHQ0HWHUHPRVHQWDUURVHVWpULOHV
FHUUDQGRKHUPpWLFDPHQWH
2%6(59$&,21(6
• (QPXFKRVSDtVHVPHGLWHUUiQHRVGHVGH6LFLOLDD0DUUXHFRVHVWDPHUPHODGDVHXWLOL]D
FRPREDVHGHGXOFHVWtSLFRV
• (VLPSRUWDQWHHOXVRGHOLPyQHQODVPHUPHODGDVGHIUXWDVTXHQRWLHQHQGHPDVLDGD
FRQVLVWHQFLD\DTXHHVHOTXHDSRUWDODSHFWLQDVXILFLHQWHSDUDTXHHVSHVHELHQ
&0HPEULOORGHQDUDQMD
'(6$552//2
• 6HSHODQGRV.JGHQDUDQMD\VHPDFHUDQXQGtDHQWHURFRQ.JGHD]~FDUPRUHQD\
JUGHPLHOVHGHMDQORVKXHVRVGHODQDUDQMDGHQWURSDUDDSRUWDUODSHFWLQD
• 6HOLPSLDGHKXHVRV\VHSRQHDOIXHJR1RVHDxDGHDJXD
• 5HPRYHUHPRVGHYH]HQFXDQGRFRQXQDFXFKDUDGHSDORKDVWDTXHODFRQVLVWHQFLDVHDHVSHVD
• 7ULWXUDUHPRVFRQXQDEDWLGRUD\UHVHUYDUHPRVHQWDUURV
2%6(59$&,21(6
• (VFRQYHQLHQWHSRQHUHQFLPDGHORVWDUURVGRQGHVHUHVHUYHHOPHPEULOORXQSDSHO
FHEROODRVLPLODUHPSDSDGRHQOLFRUDVtHYLWDPRVODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHKRQJRV2WUD
IRUPDGHHYLWDUORVHVUHVHUYDQGRORVWDUURVFRQODFDEH]DERFDDEDMRDVtKDFHPRVHO
YDFtR\QRTXHGDDLUHSDUDTXHVHGHVDUUROOHQORVPLFURRUJDQLVPRVHVWRHV
HVSHFLDOPHQWH~WLOHQHOFDVRGHODVPHUPHODGDV
'+LJRVHQDOPtEDU
'(6$552//2
• 6HFXHFH.JGHKLJRVFRQDJXD\D]~FDUDJXVWR6HKLHUYHQPLQXWRV\VHDSDUWDQ
• &XDQGRHQIUtHQVHFXHFHQRWURVPLQXWRVPiV(VWDRSHUDFLyQVHUHSLWHKDVWDHVSHVDU
HOOtTXLGRDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQDVYHFHV
2%6(59$&,21(6
• 6HUHFRPLHQGDTXHpVWHSURFHVRGHKHUYLGRVHKDJDGXUDQWHGRVGtDV
86
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
&5,7(5,26'((9$/8$&,Ð13$5$(/&$3Ì78/2,,
• 9DORUDUHOOHJDGRHWQRERWiQLFRGHQXHVWURVDQWHSDVDGRV
• 7HQHUDFWLWXGFUtWLFDIUHQWHDOXVRDEXVLYRGHSURGXFWRVFRVPpWLFRV
• 'HVDUUROODUDFWLWXGHVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQUHSREODFLRQHVSURGXFFLyQGHSODQWD
DXWyFWRQD
• $SUHQGHUORVXVRVGHODVSODQWDVTXHQRVURGHDQ
• ,QYHVWLJDU\UHVFDWDUUHPHGLRVFXUDWLYRVGHSODQWDVGHQXHVWURVSXHEORVR
FLXGDGHV
$&7,9,'$'(6&203/(0(17$5,$648(32'5Ì$1
'(6$552//$56(
•
•
•
•
•
9LVLWDVDXQDIiEULFDRWDOOHUGHSHUIXPHV\DOJ~QOXJDUGHOD]RQDGRQGHVH
REWHQJDQHVHQFLDVVHJ~QPpWRGRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV
&RQVWUXFFLyQGHXQGHVWLODGRUFDVHUR
9LVLWDDOKHUEDULRGHODXQLYHUVLGDGXRWUDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
,WLQHUDULRERWiQLFRSRUORVDOUHGHGRUHVGHOD]RQD
+DFHPRVXQWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHVFDWDPRVDQWLJXRVUHPHGLRVFDVHURVHQ
ORVTXHHVWpQSUHVHQWHVODVSODQWDVOLFRUHVFRQVHUYDVLQVHFWLFLGDVQDWXUDOHV
87
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$1(;2,,275$63/$17$67,17Ð5($6
&DVLWRGRVORVFRORUHVH[LVWHQWHVVHSXHGHQREWHQHUGHODVSODQWDV$FRQWLQXDFLyQGDPRV
GHWDOOHVGHDOJXQDVGHHOODV
$0$5,//2$=8/
$OLDJD*HQLVWDVFRUSLXV)ORUHV$xLO,QGLJRIHUDWLQFWRUHD+RMDV
$]DIUiQ&URFXVVDWLYXV(VWLJPDV
%UH]R&DOOXQDYXOJDULV7RGDODSODQWD1$5$1-$
&HEROOD$OOLXPFHSD&iVFDUDVVHFDV²*DOLR*DOLXPYHUXP)ORUHV
&KRSR3RSXOXVQLJUD+RMDV\FRUWH]D
(QFLQD4XHUFXVURWXQGLIROLD&RUWH]D
)XPDULD)XPDULDRIILFLQDOLV5DL]
*D\RPED6SDUWLXPMXQFHXP5DPDV
*XDOGD5HVHGDOXWHROD+RMDVIORUHV\WDOORV
+HOHFKRFRP~Q3WHULGLXPDTXLOLQXP%URWHV\UDPDVMyYHQHV
0RUHUD0RUXVQLJUD+RMDV
=DQDKRULD'DXFXVFDURWD7DOORV\KRMDVYHUGHV
=XPDTXH5KXVFRULDULD+RMDV\WDOORVWLHUQRV
*5,6
0$55Ð1
(QFLQD4URWXQGLIROLD&RUWH]D
(QFLQD45RWXQGLIROLD&RUWH]D
=DU]D5XEXVVS)UXWRV
(XFDOLSWR(JOREXOXV&RUWH]D
0DOYD0DOYDV\OYHVWULV)ORUHV
=XPDTXH5XVFRULDULD%D\DV
1RJDO-XJODQVUHJLD5DL]FRUWH]D
QXH]
1(*52
52-2
$OLVR$OQXVJOXWLQRVD&RUWH]D
²$FHGHUD5XPH[DFHWRVD5DL]
%UH]R&DOOXQDYXOJDULV7RGDODSODQWD
²$PDSROD3DSDYHUUKRHDV3pWDORV
²%RUUDMD%RUDJRRIILFLQDOLV5DtFHV
(PERUUDFKDFDEUDV&RULDULDP\UWLIROLD+RMDV
+LHGUD+HGHUDKHOL[+RMDV
²*DOLR*DOLXPYHUXP5DtFHV
/LULRDPDULOOR,ULVSVHXGDFRUXV5L]RPD
2QRTXLOHV$WLQFWRULD5DL]VHFD
=DU]D5XEXVVS%URWHV
²3RWHQWLOODUDVWUHUD3UHSWDQV)ORU
=XPDTXH5KXVFRULDULD)UXWR
9(5'(9,2/(7$
ÉODPR3RSXOXVDOED+RMDV²6D~FR6DPEXFXVQLJUD%D\DV
&RODGHFDEDOOR(TXLVHWXPDUYHQVH+RMDV
+HOHFKRFRP~Q3DTXLOLQXP%URWHV\UDPDVMyYHQHV526$
+LHGUD+HGHUDKHOL[+RMDV\EURWHV7RUQDVRO&KUR]RSKRUDWLQFWRULD
6D~FR6DPEXFXVQLJUD+RMDV)ORUHV
88
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$1(;2,,/$63/$17$60(',&,1$/(6/$632'(02686$5&202
%iOVDPR3UHSDUDGRSDVWRVRFUHPRVRGHSODQWDVDURPiWLFDVSDUDDSOLFDUVREUHKHULGDVGHOD
SLHO
&DWDSODVPD7ySLFRGHFRQVLVWHQFLDEODQGD²JHQHUDOPHQWH6HSUHSDUDFRQXQDGHFRFFLyQ
GHODSODQWD\XQSRVWHULRUPDFKDTXHGHVSXpVVXMHWDUHPRVHOSURGXFWRHQWUHGRV
JDVDVWRGDYtDFDOLHQWH\ORDSOLFDUHPRVXQRVPLQXWRVVREUHODSLHO
&ROXWRULR6HPLOtTXLGRDSOLFDGRVREUHDPtJGDODVIDULQJHRHQFtDV
'HFRFFLyQ(ODJXDVHKLHUYHMXQWRFRQXQSXxDGRGHODSODQWDDIXHJROHQWRGXUDQWHy
PLQXWRV3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHSDVDSRUFRODGRU\VHHQGXO]DFRQPLHO
(PSODVWR3UHSDUDGRVHPLVyOLGRPH]FODGRFRQJUDVDV\TXHVHSUHVLRQDVREUHODSDUWH
DIHFWDGD
([WUDFWR6HREWLHQHSRQLHQGRODSODQWDHQOtTXLGRDGHFXDGRDJXDDOFRKROSDVDQGRVXV
SULQFLSLRVDFWLYRVDHVWHOtTXLGR/DVROXFLyQVHFRQFHQWUDSRVWHULRUPHQWHSRU
HYDSRUDFLyQ
)ULFFLyQ5HVWUHJDUXQDSDUWHGHWHUPLQDGDGHOFXHUSRFRQOtTXLGRFDOLHQWHRIUtRDPDQR
FRQSDxRHVSRQMD
*DUJDULVPR0DQWHQHUXQOtTXLGRHQODJDUJDQWDVLQWUDJDUORXQWLHPSR
,QIXVLyQ3RQHPRVXQDFXFKDUDGLWDGHSODQWDSRUFDGDWD]DGHDJXD+HUYLPRVHODJXD\OD
YHUWLPRVVREUHODSODQWD'HMDUHPRVUHSRVDUCDQWHVGHEHEHU(QHOWpHODJXD
SDVDVREUHODSODQWDDWUDYpVGHXQILOWUR
-DUDEH6HDxDGHDODLQIXVLyQFRFFLyQ]XPRHWFKDVWDXQGHD]~FDU
/RFLyQ/DYDUXQDSDUWHGHOFXHUSRFRQXQOtTXLGRHVSHFLDOSDUDFXUDUOODJDVUDVJXxRV
0DFHUDFLyQ6HSRQHODSODQWDHQIUtRKRUDVHQXQOtTXLGRDJXDYLGDOFRKRO\OXHJRVH
ILOWUD
3ROYR6HPDFKDFDODSODQWDWRWDOPHQWHVHFDHQXQPRUWHUR\VHWDPL]D
3RPDGD0L[WXUDGHVXVWDQFLDJUDVDFRQSROYRGHXQDSODQWD8VRH[WHUQR
7LVDQD'HFRFFLyQGHXQDFXFKDUDGLWDGHSODQWDHQXQYDVRGHDJXDGXUDQWHWUHVPLQXWRV
7LQWXUD0DFHUDFLyQGHSODQWDVVHFDVHQDOFRKROSRUXQWLHPSRODUJR6HILOWUD\VHEHEH
8QJHQWR0H]FODGHSODQWDVRHO]XPRGHpVWDVFRQXQDVXVWDQFLDJUDVD
9LQRPHGLFLQDORWyQLFR6HYLHUWHQVREUHpOODVSODQWDVVHFDV\WULWXUDGDVPDFHUiQGRVH
GXUDQWHPHVHV
=XPR6HH[WUDHH[SULPLHQGRHOIUXWRUDVJDQGRHOWDOOR
&DOpQGXODVS
Fig. II.32
89
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$1(;2,,7e50,12686$'26(1+(5%25,67(5Ì$
$FHLWHHVHQFLDO$FHLWHYROiWLOTXHVHREWLHQHGHODVSODQWDVSRUGHVWLODFLyQ\FRQDURPD
VLPLODUDOGHODPLVPDSODQWD$FHLWHGHODYDQGD
$IURGLVtDFR6XVWDQFLDTXHHVWLPXODODH[FLWDFLyQVH[XDO$MHGUHD$OEDKDFD
$OXFLQyJHQR6XVWDQFLDTXHDIHFWDDXQRRYDULRVVHQWLGRVGDQGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRYDULDV
UHDFFLRQHVHQODSHUFHSFLyQ$PDQLWDPXVFDULD
$QDOJpVLFR &DOPDQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHSURGXFHLQVHQVLELOLGDGDOGRORUVLQSpUGLGDGHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR$MHQMR&HOLGRQLD&LODQWUR&OHPiWLGH6DXFH
$QWLFROLQpUJLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHEORTXHDODDFFLyQGHODDFHWLOFROLQD
$QWtGRWR6XVWDQFLDTXHFRQWUDUUHVWDRQHXWUDOL]DXQYHQHQR
$QWLHVFRUE~WLFR4XHSUHYLHQHRFXUDHOHVFRUEXWR$JUDFHMR$SLR%HUUR
$QWLKHOPtQWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHHOLPLQDH[SXOVDJXVDQRVLQWHVWLQDOHV$MHQMR
$QWLUUHXPiWLFR4XHFRPEDWHHOUHXPDWLVPR$EHWR&LSUpV2UWLJD3HUDO
$QWLSLUpWLFR4XHSUHYLHQHRUHGXFHODILHEUH$EHGXO$FHER&HQWiXUHD
$QWLWXVLYR %pTXLFR4XHUHGXFHRHOLPLQDODWRV$MR0DUUXELR0HQWD
$VWULQJHQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHSURYRFDODFRQWUDFFLyQ\VHTXHGDGGHORVWHMLGRVYLYRVD
PHQXGRGHODVPHPEUDQDVPXFRVDVPRGHUDODVVHFUHFLRQHV\IDFLOLWDODFLFDWUL]DFLyQ
$PDSROD$UUR](QFLQD/LPRQHUR=DU]D
$QWLEURQTXtWLFR4XHFRPEDWHODEURQTXLWLV+LHGUD2UpJDQR3LQR
&DUGLRYDVFXODU3DUDWUDWDUHQIHUPHGDGHVGHOFRUD]yQ\FLUFXODWRULDV9LQFD
&DUPLQDWLYR6XVWDQFLDTXHDOLYLDODIODWXOHQFLD\HOFyOLFR$QtV&RPLQR
&RODJRJR6XVWDQFLDTXHHVWLPXOD\IDYRUHFHODH[SXOVLyQGHODELOLVFRQWHQLGDHQODYHVtFXOD
ELOLDU$OFDFKRID%ROGR5iEDQR
'HPXOFHQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHVXDYL]D\FDOPDDOVHUDSOLFDGDVREUHXQDVXSHUILFLHLQIODPDGDR
GRORURVD/HFKXJD6DXFH
'HSXUDWLYR3XULILFDGRUGHODVDQJUHTXHHOLPLQDWR[LQDV0DQGDULQD
'HVWLODFLyQ3URFHVRGHFDOHQWDUXQOtTXLGRSDUDFRQYHUWLUORHQYDSRUDPHQXGR
HIHFWXiQGRORDEDMDSUHVLyQFRQGHQVDUHOYDSRU\UHFRJHUODVXVWDQFLDFRQGHQVDGDR
GHVWLODGD
'LDIRUpWLFR4XHDXPHQWDODWUDQVSLUDFLyQVHSXHGHXVDUSDUDFRPEDWLUODILHEUH
9DOHULDQD9LROHWD
'LXUpWLFR$XPHQWDHOYROXPHQGHRULQD\ODIUHFXHQFLDGHPLFFLyQ(TXLVHWR
(PHQDJRJR4XHHVWLPXODHOIOXMRPHQVWUXDO%ROVDGHSDVWRU
(PpWLFR4XHSURYRFDHOYyPLWR1XH]D3HQVDPLHQWR5REOH
(VSDOPROtWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHFXUDRDOLYLDODVFRQYXOVLRQHVRORVGRORUHVHVSDVPyGLFRV
$OEDKDFD(VSOLHJR0DQ]DQLOODFRP~Q
(VWLPXODQWH4XHH[FLWDXQyUJDQRRVLVWHPDSRUXQWLHPSR$EUyWDQR%ROGR
([SHFWRUDQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHIDYRUHFHRSURYRFDODH[SXOVLyQGHPDWHULDVOtTXLGDVR
VHPLOtTXLGDVGHORVSXOPRQHV\ODVYtDVUHVSLUDWRULDVSRUPHGLRGHODWRV$PDSROD
$QtV&HEROOD6DOYLD5HJDOL]7RPLOOR
(XSpSWLFR4XHIDYRUHFHODGLJHVWLyQ$MHGUHD%ROGR&DUGR&DUGRVDQWR
)HEUtIXJR,GHPTXHDQWLSLUpWLFR
*DODFWRJRJR6XVWDQFLDTXHLQGXFHDXPHQWDODVHFUHFLyQGHOHFKH$YHQD
+HPRVWiWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHGHWLHQHODKHPRUUDJLD&LSUpV(QFLQD/ODQWpQ
90
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
+LSRWHQVRU4XHGLVPLQX\HODSUHVLyQVDQJXtQHD%ROVDGHSDVWRU/LPRQHUR
+LSRJOXFpPLFR4XHGLVPLQX\HODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHJOXFRVDHQVDQJUH1RJDO
0LGULiWLFR4XHSURGXFHGLODWDFLyQGHODSXSLOD$PDQLWDPXVFDULD
1DUFyWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHHQSHTXHxDVGRVLVLQGXFHDOVXHxR\DOLYLDHOGRORUSHURTXHHQ
GRVLVPD\RUHVSURGXFHLQWR[LFDFLyQFRQFRPDRFRQYXOVLRQHV&ixDPR&HOLGRQLD
PD\RU'XOFDPDUD
3DUDVLWLFLGD6XVWDQFLDTXHGHVWUX\HORVSDUiVLWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHORVGHODSLHO$OWUDPX]
3HFWRUDO6XVWDQFLDHPSOHDGDHQODVGROHQFLDVWRUiFLFDV%RUUDMD0DOYD7LOR
3ODFHER6XVWDQFLDIDUPDFROyJLFDPHQWHLQDFWLYDTXHVHDGPLQLVWUDFRPRPHGLFLQDHQHO
WUDWDPLHQWRGHHQIHUPHGDGHVSVLFROyJLFDVRHQHOFXUVRGHH[SHULPHQWRV
3URILOiFWLFR4XHD\XGDDSUHYHQLUODVHQIHUPHGDGHV$MR$QtV$UiQGDQR&HEROOD
/LPRQHUR
3VLFRWUySLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHDIHFWDDODPHQWHRDODSVLTXH%HOHxREODQFR
5XEHIDFLHQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHFDXVDHQURMHFLPLHQWRGHODSLHO
6LDODJRJR4XHHVWLPXODRDXPHQWDODVDOLYDFLyQ%ROGR
7LPROpSWLFR6XVWDQFLDDQWLVpSWLFD+LSpULFR0Dt]0HQWD5RPHUR6DOYLD
9DVRFRQVWULFWRU4XHSURYRFDODFRQWUDFFLyQGHORVYDVRVVDQJXtQHRV$YHOODQR%ROVDGH
3DVWRU&LSUpV+LHGUD2UWLJD
9HUPtIXJR4XHH[SXOVDRGHVWUX\HORVJXVDQRVLQWHVWLQDOHV$MR*UDQDGR
9HVLFDQWH4XHSURGXFHYHMLJDVRDPSROODVHQODSLHO$GHOID
9XOQHUDULR6XVWDQFLDHPSOHDGDSDUDFXUDUKHULGDVÉORH+LSpULFR
6LO\EXPPDULDQXP
Fig. II.33. Cardo.
91
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$1(;2,,/263(5)80(67,326
(QHOSHUIXPHODVPDWHULDVHVHQFLDOHVHOHJLGDVORVDFRUGHVGHEHQIRUPDUXQDXQLGDG
XQWRGRDUPRQLRVR3DUD´FRQVWUXLUµXQSHUIXPHGHEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHHOGHVDUUROOR
GHXQRORUVHGDHQWUHVIDVHV
• 1RWDVGHVDOLGDRGHFDEH]DTXHVHSHUFLEHQHQORVSULPHURVPRPHQWRVGHROHUXQ
SHUIXPH'HEHQVHUSURGXFWRVYROiWLOHVTXHHVFDSHQGHIRUPDUiSLGDGHOSHUIXPHSRU
HMHPSORORVFtWULFRV
• 1RWDVPHGLDVTXHIRUPDQHOFXHUSRHODUPD]yQFHQWUDOHOFRUD]yQRHOWHPD(VODSDUWH
GHWHUPLQDQWHGHOSHUIXPHIORUHVHVSHFLDVURPHURWRPLOOR(VWDVPDWL]DQORVRORUHV
UHVLVWHQWHV\IXHUWHVSHUFLELGRVGHODVQRWDVGHIRQGR\ORVVXDYL]DQ
• 1RWDVGHIRQGRTXHQRGHMDQHVFDSDUHOFXHUSRRFRUD]yQFHQWUDOPDGHUDVPXVJRV
SDFKXOtLULVYDLQLOODYHWLYHUQRWDVDQLPDOHV\DOGHKtGRVSURGXFWRVTXtPLFRVGHQRWD
JUDVDFtWULFD\IORUDO&RPRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDOTXHORVFDUDFWHUL]DHVTXHVRQ
PX\SRFRYROiWLOHV\DTXHGHEHQSHUPDQHFHU\ILMDUHOFXHUSRGHOSHUIXPH
6HJ~QHOGHHVHQFLDV\DOFRKROHPSOHDGRWHQHPRV
(/(;75$&723URGXFWRGHJUDQFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQHVHQFLDGHJUDQFDOLGDG
(VHQFLDJU
$OFRKROžPO
(VODPDVFRQFHQWUDGD\GXUDGHUDGHODVIUDJDQFLDVOtTXLGDV\FRQWLHQHODPi[LPD
FDQWLGDGGHHVHQFLDSXUDVXVSHQGLGDHQDOFRKRO8QDVFXDQWDVJRWLWDVEDVWDQSDUDTXHHO
RORUSHUVLVWDGHK
3(5)80('(72,/(77(6RQHVHQFLDVGHPXFKDFDOLGDGSHURPHQRVFRQFHQWUDGDVTXH
ORVH[WUDFWRV
(VHQFLDJU
$OFRKROžPO
(VDOJRPDVVXDYHTXHHOH[WUDFWR/DFDQWLGDGGHFRQFHQWUDGRVSXHGHOOHJDUDVHUOD
PLWDGTXHODGHOH[WUDFWR(OHIHFWRHVPHQRVGXUDGHUR
($8'(72,/(77(6HSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUODIRUPDPiVFRPHUFLDO
(VHQFLDJU
$OFRKROžPO
$JXDGHVWLODGDPO
(VPHQRVSHUIXPDGDTXHHOSHUIXPHGHWRLOHWWH
($8'()5$,&+(7LHQHODPLVPDHVWUXFWXUDTXHODDQWHULRUSHURFRQXQDIUDJDQFLD
GHILQLGDFUtWLFDIORUDODPDGHUDGD
($8'(&2/2*1(2&2/21,$3UHVHQWDODPHQRUFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHVHQFLDGHQWURGH
ODIDPLOLDGHORVSHUIXPHV
(VHQFLDJU
$OFRKROžPO
$JXDGHVWLODGDPO
(VODIRUPDPDVOLJHUDGHSHUIXPH6XQRWDHVODTXHHVWiPHQRVILMDGDODPHQRV
GXUDGHUD\ODPDVUHIUHVFDQWH
92
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
6HJ~QODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVXVIUDJDQFLDVVHDJUXSDQODVEDVHVGHORVSHUIXPHVHQ
IDPLOLDVFRQFRPSRQHQWHVFRPXQHV
$JXDVGHFRORQLD&RPSRVLFLRQHVGHHVHQFLDVFtWULFDVOLPyQQDUDQMDEHUJDPRWD\
GHIORUGHQDUDQMRQHUROL6RQPX\UHIUHVFDQWHV\HVWLPXODQWHVFRQIRQGRVGHQRWDV
YDULDGDVSHURJHQHUDOPHQWHDPEDUDGRV\DOPL]FODGRV
(DX[IUDvFKH&UHDFLRQHVQDWXUDOHVGHVDOLGDIUHVFD\FtWULFDSHURPRGLILFDGRVHQVX
FRUD]yQ\IRQGRSRUGLIHUHQWHVDFRUGHVIORULGRVDURPiWLFRVDPDGHUDGRV
HVSHFLDGRVTXHOHVGDQWHQDFLGDG\FDUiFWHU
$JXDVGHODYDQGD6HUHSURGXFHSULQFLSDOPHQWHHORORUGHODIORUGHODYDQGD(OIRQGR
HVDOJRFRPSOHMR\EDVWDQWHILMDGR
6LOYHVWUHDJUHVWH)DPLOLDFRPSXHVWDGHODFRUGHODYDQGDFRQRWUDVQRWDVKHUEiFHDV
DJUHVWHVVLOYHVWUHVVDOYLDHVSOLHJR\RWUDVODYDQGDVDJXMDVGHSLQR\IRQGRVPDV
FRPSOHMRVGHPDGHUDVHVSHFLDVHWF
)RXJqUH+HOHFKR&UHDFLyQLQVSLUDGDHQHORORUDERVTXH(VXQDFRUGHHQWUHOD
ODYDQGDHOPXVJRGHHQFLQDODKDED\HOJHUDQLRPRGLILFDGRSRUGLIHUHQWHVQRWDVTXHOH
GDQHOFDUiFWHU6HKDQLPSXHVWRHQHOVHFWRUGHODVIUDJDQFLDVPDVFXOLQDV
$URPiWLFDV)DPLOLDGHYDULRVDFRUGHVGHKLHUEDVDURPiWLFDVDQtVKLQRMRURPHUR
WRPLOORHWFÓOWLPDPHQWHWDPELpQVHDxDGHQFRPRQRWDVDFUHDFLRQHVPDVFXOLQDV
$PDGHUDGDV&RQRORUDFHGURViQGDORFRPRDFRPSDxDPLHQWRHQODQRWDGHIRQGRHQ
IUDJDQFLDV´GXUDVµ
(VSHFLDGDV6XFDUiFWHUSULQFLSDOHVWiGHILQLGRSRUODQRWDFiOLGD\GXOFHGHGLIHUHQWHV
HVSHFLDVFODYRSLPLHQWDFDQHODYDLQLOOD
9HUGHV&UHDFLRQHVGHWHPDYHUGHIDPLOLDVIORUDOHV\FKLSUHDEDVHGHSODQWDV
VLOYHVWUHV,QVSLUDGDVHQRORUHVGHFpVSHGRKLHUEDFRUWDGD6RQIUDJDQFLDVIUHVFDV
OLPSLDVVHFDVQDWXUDOHV\YLJRURVDV(VODIDPLOLDPDVUHFLHQWHTXHKDVXUJLGRGHVSXpV
GHOD*XHUUDPXQGLDO
)ORUDOHV7HPDGHXQDVRODIORUGHIUDJDQFLDVXDYHURVDMD]PtQ
)ORULGDV0H]FODGHYDULRVDURPDVGHIORUHVGLVWLQWDV
D)ORULGRFiOLGR(OFDUiFWHUIORULGRYDDFRPSDxDGRGHQRWDVFiOLGDVHQHOFRUD]yQ
ILMDGDVSRUXQIRQGRGHJUDQYROXPHQ
E)ORULGRIUHVFR&DUiFWHUIORULGRPRGLILFDGRSRUQRWDVIUHVFDVH[SDQVLYDVGH
PHQRUYROXPHQSHURPX\YLYDFHV
$OGHKLGDGDV6RQQRWDVIORULGDVIXHUWHPHQWHPRGLILFDGDVSRUHOFDUiFWHUJUDVR\
SXQ]DQWHGHORVDOGHKtGRVDOLIiWLFRV3RUVXIXHU]DSRGHUGHGLIXVLyQ\FDUiFWHUSURSLR
UHYROXFLRQDURQODSHUIXPHUtD
&KLSUH(ODJXDGH&KLSUHVHFRQRFHGHVGHKDFHVLJORV\IXpSUHSDUDGDHQODLVODGH
&KLSUH(VXQDFRPSRVLFLyQGHPXVJRGHHQFLQDiPEDUURVDEHUJDPRWD\RWUDVQRWDV
DPDGHUDGDVHVSHFLDGDVFXHURDOPL]FOHHVWRUDTXHEiOVDPRGHXQiUEROGHODV
HEDQiFHDVHWF
2ULHQWDOHV)DPLOLDTXHQDFHGHRORUHVGHOOHMDQR2ULHQWHFDQHODYDLQLOOD6RQ
SHUIXPHVFiOLGRVWHQDFHV\DOJRGXOFHV
&XHURWDEDFR/DQRWDWDEDFRHVHODFRUGHGHQRWDVDPDGHUDGDVEDOViPLFDV
PHORVDVSROYRURVDVTXHGDQHOWRQRFiOLGR\GXOFHGHOWDEDFR6LDpVWHDFRUGHVHOH
DxDGHQQRWDVDQLPDOHVDOTXLWUDQDGDVDKXPDGDVREWHQHPRVXQRORUGHFXHUR6RQ
SHUIXPHVPX\YLJRURVRV\FRQPXFKDSHUVRQDOLGDG
93
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$1(;2,,$7,326'(/(7$5*2<75$7$0,(1726
$ODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHJHUPLQDUGHXQDVHPLOODOROODPDPRV/(7$5*2'20,1$1&,$R68(f2
+D\GLVWLQWRVWLSRV
/(7$5*2(;7(5122'(&8%,(57$6
&XELHUWDVLPSHUPHDEOHV5HWDPDV5DVFDYLHMDV
&XELHUWDVGXUDV)UXWDOHVFRQKXHVR
,QKLELGRUHVHQODVFXELHUWDV&RUQLFDEUD
75$7$0,(1726(6&$5,),&$&,Ð1
5HPRMR(QFLQD
/DYDGRHQDJXD3LQRV
0HFiQLFD5HWDPDV
4XtPLFD(VFDOGDGRÉFLGRV
5DVFDYLHMD
/(7$5*2%,2/Ð*,&22025)2/Ð*,&2
(PEULRQHVLQPDGXURV
TXHQRKDQFRPSOHWDGRHOGHVDUUROOR$FHER
75$7$0,(1726
6HPLOODVFiOLGDVIUtDVRDOWHUQDQWHV(;326,&,Ð1$
',67,17$67(03(5$785$6
/(7$5*2,17(512248Ì0,&2
6RQHPEULRQHVFRQOHWDUJRTXHVH
SXHGHYHQFHUFRQXQWLHPSRGHHQIULDPLHQWR
HQKXPHGDG0DMXHOR3LQVDSR
75$7$0,(1726(675$7,),&$&,Ð1
'2%/(/(7(5*2
3UHVHQWDQGRVWLSRVGHOHWDUJR7HMR
75$7$0,(1726(675$7,),&$&,Ð1
'2%/((675$7,),&$&,Ð1
)UtRK~PHGR+~PHGRFiOLGR
Fig. II.34. Frutos
94
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$1(;2,,%0e72'26'(3523$*$&,Ð1'(3/$17$6
6H[XDOSRUVHPLOODV
$VH[XDOYHJHWDWLYD
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3RULQMHUWRUDt]FRURQDFRSD
3RU\HPD
3RUDFRGDGR
3RUHVWRORQHV
3RUKLMXHORV
3RUVHSDUDFLyQEXOERVFRUPRV
3RUHVWDFDV
7,326'((67$&$6
Fig. II.35
(VWDFDVGHUDt]DOJXQDV&UXFtIHUDV
(VWDFDVGHKRMD&RQ\HPD5XEXVIUXWLFRVXV
6LQ\HPD*HUDQDFHDV
(VWDFDVGHWDOOR'HPDGHUDGXUD6DOL[3RSXOXV
'HPDGHUDVHPLGXUD5RVPDULQXV
'HPDGHUDVXDYH/LOR
+HUEiFHDV&KU\VDQWHPXP
95
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
$1(;2,,&216(59$5/26$/,0(1726
/DVWpFQLFDVHPSOHDGDVVRQ
&2&&,Ð1(1$=Ó&$5
&RQILWXUD
• 6HSUHSDUDXQDOPtEDUFRFLHQGRDJXD\D]~FDUHQODSURSRUFLyQGHOGHDJXDSRUNJ
GHD]~FDUGXUDQWHPLQXWRV
• 6HLQFRUSRUDODIUXWDOLPSLD\HQWHUDRHQWUR]RVJUXHVRV
• 6HOOHYDQXHYDPHQWHDHEXOOLFLyQ\VHFXHFHGXUDQWHPLQXWRVUHPRYLHQGRFRQFXFKDUD
GHPDGHUDSDUDHYLWDUTXHVHSHJXHDOIRQGRGHOUHFLSLHQWH
• 6HSUXHEDHOSXQWR\VHSURFHGHDOHQYDVDGRHQWDUURVHVWHULOL]DGRV
-DOHD
• 6yORSXHGHSUHSDUDUVHFRQIUXWDVULFDVHQSHFWLQDFRPRPDQ]DQDPHPEULOOR
• 6HFXHFHQOLPSLDV\FRQSLHOOLWURGHDJXDHQJUGHIUXWDVXQRVPLQXWRV
• 6HILOWUDQVLQUHPRYHUDWUDYpVGHXQWDPL]GHWHODGXUDQWHyKRUDV
• 6HPLGHHOOtTXLGR\VHFXHFHFRQODPLVPDFDQWLGDGGHD]~FDUHQWUHPLQXWRV
VHJ~QODIUXWD
• 3DUDVDEHUVLHVWiHQVXSXQWRVHSRQHXQDJRWDGHMDOHDHQHOERUGHGHXQSODWRIULyVL
TXHGDDGKHULGDDpOVHSXHGHHQYDVDU\XQDYH]IUtDWDSDUORVWDUURV
$OPtEDU
• 6HSHODODIUXWDVHHVFDOGD\VHFRORFDHQORVWDUURVHVWHULOL]DGRV
• 6HOOHQDQORVERWHVFRQDOPtEDUVHFLHUUDQ\VHHVWHULOL]DQ
3DVWDGHIUXWDV
• /DIUXWDFRFLGD\SRVWHULRUPHQWHUHGXFLGDDSXUpVHFXHFHFRQHOPLVPRSHVRGHD]~FDU
GXUDQWHXQWLHPSRSURORQJDGRKDVWDTXHHVSHVH
&RQVHUYDVYHJHWDOHV
• /DVYHUGXUDVOLPSLDVHQWHUDVRWURFHDGDVVHHVFDOGDQSRUWDQGDVGHJUHQXQ
UHFLSLHQWHFRQDEXQGDQWHDJXDKLUYLHQGRXQRVOFRQJUGHDFLGRFtWULFRR]XPRGH
OLPyQSRUOGHDJXDQRPDVGHPLQXWRVVHJ~QODYHUGXUD/XHJRVHHQIUtDQODV
YHUGXUDVEDMRHOJULIR\VHFRORFDQHQORVHQYDVHVHVWHULOL]DGRVGHMDQGROLEUHVFP
KDVWDHOERUGH
• 6HUHOOHQDQFRQXQDVDOPXHUDKHFKDFRQHOOtTXLGRGHOHVFDOGDGR\VDOJUGHVDOOGH
DJXDFRQOLPyQPX\FDOLHQWHRYLQDJUHGHYLQRGHž
• /DVYHUGXUDVHQVDOPXHUDVHHVWHULOL]DQPLHQWUDVTXHORVHQFXUWLGRVVHGHMDQUHSRVDU
KDVWDHOPRPHQWRGHFRQVXPLUORV
• 6LODYHUGXUDTXHVHYDDHQFXUWLUWLHQHPXFKDDJXDVHGHMDPDFHUDUXQRVGtDVFRQVDO
SDUDTXHVXHOWHHOH[FHVRGHOtTXLGRSXHVDODOLJHUDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHYLQDJUH
LPSHGLUtDODFRQVHUYDFLyQ
(VWHULOL]DFLyQ
• &XEULUHOIRQGRGHODFD]XHODFRQSDxRV\SRQHUSDxRVHQWUHORVERWHV
96
8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR
• &XEULUHODJXDVDWXUDGDFRQVDODODDOWXUDGHOFRQWHQLGRGHORVERWHVVLQTXHOOHJXHDOD
WDSD
• +HUYLUKRUDSDUDERWHVGHNJ\KRUDVSDUDORVGHNJ
• (QODROODDSUHVLyQORVWLHPSRVVHUHGXFHQDPLQXWRV
&216(59$6
'HVHFDFLyQ
• (OLPLQDHODJXDGHORVWHMLGRVSDUDHYLWDUODSXWUHIDFFLyQ\ODIHUPHQWDFLyQ
• 6HXWLOL]DFRQODVIUXWDVORVIUXWRVVHFRVODVOHJXPEUHV\ODVKLHUEDVDURPiWLFDV
$KXPDGR
• (OKXPRSRUVXFRQWHQLGRHQIHQROPHWDQRO\DFHWRQDHMHUFHXQHIHFWRDQWLVpSWLFR
HYLWDQGRDVtHOGHVDUUROORGHORVPLFURRUJDQLVPRV
6DOPXHUD
• /RVDOLPHQWRVVHVXPHUJHQHQXQOtTXLGRVDWXUDGRGHVDOTXHHYLWDODSUROLIHUDFLyQGH
EDFWHULDV6XSRGHUFRQVHUYDQWHHVLQIHULRUDOGHODVDOD]yQ
(QFXUWLGR
• )UXWDV\YHUGXUDVVHVXPHUJHQHQXQPHGLRiFLGRJHQHUDOPHQWHYLQDJUHSDUDVX
FRQVHUYDFLyQ/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHYLQDJUHQRGHEHVHULQIHULRUDž
&RFFLyQFRQD]~FDU
• 3URWHJH\FRQVHUYDODVIUXWDV(VODEDVHGHPHUPHODGDVFRQILWXUDVGXOFHGHIUXWDV\
IUXWDVHQDOPtEDU
$FHLWH6HVXPHUJHQORVDOLPHQWRVWDQWRDQLPDOHVFRPRYHJHWDOHVHQDFHLWH
$OFRKRO
• 6HXWLOL]DFDVLH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSDUDIUXWDVTXHVHVXPHUJHQHQDJXDUGLHQWHEODQFRGH
JUDGXDFLyQQRVXSHULRUDORVž(QFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVVXSHULRUHVGHDOFRKROODIUXWDVH
DUUXJD\WUDQVILULHQGRVXVDERUDOOtTXLGRHQHOTXHHVWiVXPHUJLGD
6DOD]yQ
• $OH[WHQGHUVDOVREUHORVDOLPHQWRVpVWDDEVRUEHHOOtTXLGR\ORVGHVHFDLPSLGLHQGRTXH
VHGHWHULRUHQ
9DFtR
• /RVDOLPHQWRVVHLQWURGXFHQHQEROVDVGHSOiVWLFRFRQDOJRGHVXSURSLRMXJR\PHGLDQWH
ODPDTXLQDULDGHYDFtRVHHOLPLQDHODLUHHQXQ$OJXQRVSURGXFWRVIUiJLOHVUHTXLHUHQ
XQDSHTXHxDFDQWLGDGGHJDVDOLPHQWDULRTXHORVDtVOD\HYLWDTXHVHUHGX]FDQDSXUpSRU
HIHFWRGHODSUHVLyQ
97