Expressing opinions and preferences Tabla de contenido Introducción........................................................................................................... 1 Mapa conceptual ................................................................................................... 2 1. Describing people and places .......................................................................... 2 Modificadores adjetivales ..................................................................................... 2 Adjetivos predicativos .......................................................................................... 3 Adjetivo complemento .......................................................................................... 3 Adjetivos para describir personas ........................................................................ 4 Modismos para describir personas ...................................................................... 5 2. Opinions and preferences ................................................................................ 6 Useful expressions to express your opinion ......................................................... 6 Useful words to express your agreement ............................................................. 6 Useful words to express your disagreement ........................................................ 7 3. How to create a concept map ........................................................................... 7 4. What is a paragraph? ...................................................................................... 10 The three parts of a paragraph........................................................................... 10 The first part of a paragraph ............................................................................... 10 The topic sentence in a paragraph ..................................................................... 11 The third part of a paragraph.............................................................................. 12 Writing paragraphs ............................................................................................. 13 Referencias .......................................................................................................... 14 Introducción En el mundo de los mercados, la competencia laboral es cada vez más fuerte y el idioma inglés es el lenguaje universal de este sistema, por lo tanto, es de suma importancia aprender esta lengua para quien desee estar al tanto de su progreso profesional. Muchas empresas encuentran límites a la hora de proyectar el mercado a otros países de habla inglesa, pero una buena comunicación es la herramienta más poderosa para impulsar el mercado a nivel internacional. Por esta razón, este material de formación trata aspectos relacionados con la proyección del mercado a través de la segmentación, en inglés, especialmente partiendo de las características y las preferencias de la población a la cual va dirigida. Además de lo mencionado anteriormente, es importante saber escribir un buen párrafo, para tener una buena escritura. Los párrafos ayudan a que textos largos sean más fáciles de leer y comprender; además ayudan a que el texto sea más organizado, enfocándose en un propósito en especial. Sin embargo, aprender a escribir un párrafo es un poco complicado y por eso las siguientes instrucciones serán de mucha ayuda para afianzar más las habilidades en construcción de párrafos. 1 Mapa conceptual En el mapa conceptual que se comparte a continuación, se evidencia la interrelación temática del contenido que se plantea en este material de formación. 1. Describing people and places En toda oración se encuentran, tanto sustantivos como verbos, y casi todas las demás palabras que la componen dan información sobre estos. Dichas palabras se conocen como modificadores; existen los modificadores adjetivales y los adverbiales, los primeros cambian los sustantivos y los segundos modifican los verbos, sin embargo, solo se profundizará en este material de formación en los modificadores adjetivales. Modificadores adjetivales Este tipo de modificador usualmente provee información sensorial a las frases cuyo núcleo es el sustantivo o nombre, por ejemplo: • Katty bought a red dress. • The new book costs $0.50oo. 2 • His boring speech put the crowd to sleep. Estas palabras proveen información como: el vestido es rojo, el libro es nuevo y el discurso es aburrido. Muchas palabras pueden funcionar como adjetivos. Ejemplo: Katty bought an evening dress. Evening es un sustantivo pero en esta oración funciona como adjetivo. Adjetivos predicativos Los adjetivos simples van antes del sustantivo que modifican, sin embargo, hay dos tipos de adjetivo que no cumplen esta posición dentro de la oración. Ejemplo: The tree was tall. La palabra tall es un adjetivo y provee información a la palabra tree, pero se encuentra ubicado después del verbo was. Dado que esta construcción tiene una relación con el verbo y es un adjetivo, se le confiere el nombre de adjetivo predicativo. Los adjetivos predicativos solo pueden ir después de los verbos: • Fritz felt tired. • The pizza tasted good. • Fred was angry. Adjetivo complemento Otro tipo de adjetivo es el adjetivo complemento: Ejemplo: Louise painted the wall red. Note que el adjetivo red complete el predicado, pero no va después del verbo. Además, painted no es un verbo de enlace. Modificadores adverbiales Los modificadores adverbiales proveen información a verbos, adverbios y otras frases y oraciones adverbiales. Ellos son versátiles, no son sensoriales pero 3 proveen seis tipos diferentes de información: tiempo, lugar, manera, grado, causa y concesión. Los siguientes ejemplos muestran adverbios que proveen los seis tipos de información anteriormente mencionados. Note que los adverbios de grado modifican adjetivos, o pueden cambiar adverbios: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tiempo: They arrived late. Lugar: We stopped there for a rest. Manera: Fred opened the box slowly. Grado: Charles felt very tired. She opened the box quite rapidly. Causa: We ate because we were hungry. Concesión: Although she didn’t like broccoli, she ate it. Cómo describir personas La persona es… • Edad: old, young, elderly, middle-aged, a teenager, twenty, twentish, about twenty, in her early 30’s, in her mid 30’s, in his late 40’s. • Estatura: tall, short, of medium build. • Contextura: fat, thin, well-built, slim, of medium build. • Apariencia: good-looking, pretty, beautiful (solo para mujeres), handsome (solo para hombres), plain, ugly. La persona tiene… • Cabello: short, mid-length, long, straight, wavy, curly, red, brown, auburn, black, fair, blond, grey and white. • Ojos: blue, green, brown, grey. • Características distintivas: a moustache, a beard, a big nose, glasses. Adjetivos para describir personas Habilidad intelectual: Habilidad Falta de habilidad Intelligent Bright Smart Stupid Foolish Simple 4 Inteligente, en modo negativo Cunning Crafty Sly Able Gifted Clever Shrewd Talented Brainy (colloquial) Silly Brainless (colloquial) Dumb (colloquial) Clueless (colloquial) Actitudes hacia la vida: • • • • • Punto de vista: optimistic or pessimistic. Exterior o interior: extroverted or introverted. Calmado o no calmado: relaxed or tense, anxious. Práctico, no soñador: sensible, down to earth. Que siente intensamente: sensitive. Actitudes hacia otras personas: • Disfruta la compañía de otros: sociable, gregarious, congenial. • En desacuerdo con otros: quarrelsome, argumentative. • Relajado en actitud hacia sí mismo y hacia otros: easy-going, eventempered, affable. • No educado con otros: impolite, rude, ill-mannered. • Decir la verdad / guardar promesas: honest, trustworthy, reliable, sincere. • No es feliz si no tiene lo que otros si: jealous, envious. Modismos para describir personas Cualidades positivas y negativas: Positiva Negativa She has a heart of gold (muy amable, He’s as hard as nails (Sin simpatía generoso). por otros). He’s as good as gold (generous, helpful, well-behaved). She’s kind of a cold fish (distante, no amigable). 5 2. Opinions and preferences A continuación, se encuentran algunas expresiones que serán útiles para dar opiniones y expresar que está de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con algo. Useful expressions to express your opinion In my opinion, ... In my eyes, ... To my mind, ... As far as I am concerned, Speaking personally,… From my point of view, ... As for me / As to me, ... My view /opinion / belief / impression / conviction is that... I hold the view that... I would say that ... It seems to me that … I am of I am under the impression that. It is my the opinion that… My impression is that ... impression that... I have the feeling that ... My own feeling on the subject is that... I have no doubt that ... I am sure / I am certain that... I think / consider / find / feel / believe / suppose / presume / assume that... I hold the opinion that... (I form / adopt an opinion.) I dare say I bet that… I that... I guess that... that... It goes without saying that... Useful words to express your agreement I agree with you / him ... I share your view. I really think so. (The author / the narrator / the protagonist / etc.) is right 6 I think so. gather He is quite right / absolutely right. He may be right. I have no objection. I approve of it. I come to the same conclusion I hold the same opinion. We are of have one mind / of the same mind on that question. I am at one with him on that point. It is true. That That's just it! Fair enough! Quite so! Just so! Yes of course! is right. Useful words to express your disagreement I don't agree. I disagree. I don't think so. You are / he is wrong. I think otherwise. I don't think that's quite right. I don't agree with you/him. I don't agree with what you say. I am afraid that is not quite true. I take a different view. I don't share his/her/your view. This argument does not hold water. Not at all Nonsense. Rubbish! He's off his head! (Baptiste, s.f.) 3. How to create a concept map A continuación se describen algunas indicaciones para crear un mapa conceptual: 1. Identify the general/broad topic that you are interested in. Example: You are interested in the general topic of obesity. 7 2. Brainstorm on the general topic and list all the concepts and themes that are related to the topic on a large piece of paper. Keep the concepts as concise as possible. Example: Who? Kids Obese parents How many? Adult female Unhealthy Diet Reasons or causes Mothers Little physical of Depression exercise Effects of Genetic Soda pop More fast food More TV viewing Dessert Bigger portions Sedentary life style Too much sugar Large fries Low work productivity Commuters Diabetes Low self-esteem Few pedestrians Technology Poor emotional How to prevent dependent health Transportation Stroke Physical fitness at system Heart disease work Exercise programs High-blood pressure Balanced diet Physical fitness in Balanced diet Nutritious meals school Little sugar Less fast food Physical exercise Walk or pedal to work 3. Using unlined paper, write the main theme in the center of the page. 4. Take the other concepts identified in the brainstorming and connect them to the center concept. You can use other organizational patterns such as branches, arrows or groups. More important ideas should be put nearer to the center and less important ones closer to the edge. Identify the 8 relationship between the concepts. (USU Libraries Reference Service Department, s.f.) Fuente: USU Libraries Reference Service Department (s.f.) 5. After the map has been created, look at the organizational patterns to see if the pieces fit together and make sense and if there is anything missing. After the map has been created, look at the organizational patterns to see if the pieces fit together and make sense and if there is anything missing. (USU Libraries Reference Service Department, s.f.) 9 4. What is a paragraph? Un párrafo es un grupo de oraciones relacionadas que tratan por lo regular una idea principal, este puede ser tan corto como una oración o tan largo como diez oraciones, sin embargo, el párrafo debería ser lo suficientemente largo como para desarrollar claramente la idea principal. En la escritura académica a veces se redacta un párrafo para responder una pregunta e incluso puede ser parte de una pieza más grande de escritura como un ensayo o un libro. The three parts of a paragraph All paragraphs have… • Topic sentence. • Supporting sentence. • Concluding sentence. The first part of a paragraph The topic sentence What is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. What does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. How do I write one? 10 Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. In short… The topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph. It does not only name the topic of a paragraph, but it also limits the topic to one specific idea that can be discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph. The part of the topic sentence that announces the specific area to be discussed is called the controlling idea. Let´s see and example: Topic Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. The topic sentence in a paragraph The supporting sentences What are supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. What do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. How do I write them? You should give supporting facts, details, and examples. 11 In short… The supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain or prove the topic sentence by giving more information about it. The following example shows how the topic is developed by using supporting sentences. Example: There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. And third, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live. The third part of a paragraph The closing sentence What is the closing sentence? The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. What does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph. How do I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words. 12 In short… The concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember. Example: There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. And third, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live. Writing paragraphs What is the writing stage? The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences. Five writing steps: 1. Open your notebook and word processor. 2. Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence. 3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning. 4. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph. 5. Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas. (Oshima y Hogue, 2006) 13 Referencias • Baptiste, Y. (s.f.). Useful expressions • Oshima, A. y Hogue A. (2006). Writing academic English. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Pearson Education Inc. • USU Libraries Reference Service Department. (s.f.). How to create a concept map. Consultado el 02 de agosto de 2016, en https://library.usu.edu Control del documento Nombre Cargo Autor Ismari Herrera Jerez Experta técnica Adaptación Paola Andrea Bobadilla Gutiérrez Guionista Línea de producción 14 Dependencia Centro de Servicios Empresariales y Turísticos Regional Santander Centro Agroindustrial Regional Quindío Fecha Junio de 2016 Julio de 2016
