FIRE PROTECTION IN GALICIA, SPAIN JOSE FERNÁNDEZ FERNÁNDEZ FIRE Fire calls the chemical reaction of oxidation of a fuel violent matter , with evolution of flame, heat and fumes ( or fume ) . It is a exotherm . The flames of the fire are the parts that emit visible light. The fire has a number of dangers , the first and most obvious are burns . Others such as smoke inhalation poisoning . In the area of psychology is pyromania , which is defined as a condition in which a person feels the need to burn something and the more is the best fire (for him) great. This has caused intentional forest fires. ORIGINATED AS A fire is an occurrence of controlled fire that can burn something that is not meant to burn. It can affect structures and living things. Exposure to fire may cause death, usually by inhalation of smoke or fading caused by poisoning and severe burns later . For a fire to start is necessary are satisfied that these three factors : fuel, oxidizer and heat or activation energy. Fires in buildings can start with faults in electrical or combustion facilities such as boilers , fuel leaks , accidents in the kitchen, children playing with lighters or matches or accidents involving the other sources , such as candles and cigarettes . Fire can spread rapidly to other structures , especially those in which are not met basic safety standards. Therefore, many municipalities provide fire services to extinguish potential fires quickly. AT RISK CAUSED BY FIRE Layer formation Ceiling Called layer formation ceiling to the accumulation of hot gases by the action of heat and in a closed environment , tend to accumulate in the upper parts of an enclosure. Thus the hot gases travel through the interior of the buildings to their roofs and once accumulated certain amount, tends to escape. Firefighters use ventilation to remove this layer of gases and smoke in burning buildings . Also note that in many cases this phenomenon has produced outbreaks of fire by the method of heat transfer called convection ( heat transfer through gases). Backdraft Backdraft , also called flue gas explosion with reverse effect , is a situation that can occur when a fire needs oxygen so combustion ceases but the fuel gases and remain smoke high temperature. If oxygen is reintroduced , for example, opening a door in a closed room, the combustion can restart resulting explosive effect , since the gas is heated and its volume increases suddenly . This effect is the basis for smoke explosion . Flashover Flashover or flashover phenomenon is observed in confined fires in which suddenly all combustible surfaces , which until then were not involved in the fire begin to burn as a result of radiation from the flames walking ceiling (rollover ) causing the entire volume of the enclosure is occupied by the flames. This phenomenon marks the maximum development of fire , generating up to 170 kW radiation / m² that can not be supported by a human being or equipped with a tailored intervention firefighter. Rollover Rollover or Flameover is the term that is called a phenomenon observed in fires in which the product layer combustion gases accumulated under the roof so ignite the flames run through the roof. This phenomenon is considered the first step to achieve the necessary conditions for a flashover or flashover occurs as it represents a significant increase in radiation. Boil over The overflow by boiling (boiling over) is the overflow of a burning liquid fuel, usually crude oil, whose density is higher boiling point than water, which causes the violent boiling of the water beneath the liquid fuel. BLEVE BLEVE is the acronym for "boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion" (explosion of vapors expand when the liquid boil). This type of explosion occurs in tanks storing liquefied gases under pressure and overheating, which rupture or leak from the tank, the liquid inside boils and widely incorporated into the expanding steam. CLASSES OF FIRE SOLIDS. Are called Class A fires which occur in solid fuels that produce coals, for example, paper, cardboard, wood, plastics, etc.. FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. They are called Class B fires which producing liquid fuels, for example, vegetable oils, petroleum derivatives, etc.. GASES. Are called Class C fires occurring in the gases, for example, butane, acetylene, methane, propane, etc.. METAL FUEL. Are called Class D fires which produced in metals and alloys, for example, magnesium, potassium, sodium, etc. METHODS OF PREVENTION TYPES OF MEASURES SPECIFICITY OF ACTION SIGNAL · Using standardized at specific points in the places where there could be a fire hazard signals. · The team of fire safety: · Sufficient training on protection, prevention and first aid. · Proficiency evacuation plan. · Fire extinguishing Practices in collaboration with the relevant park firefighters. · Knowledge of legislation. · All staff of the company: · You must know the evacuation plan. · You have to control the means of extinction within reach. PERSONAL TRAINING · Coordinate activities with the departments involved. · Separate isolating or protecting combustibles from ignition points. Establish clear rules for action. · Provide fighting equipment necessary and appropriate to existing combustible substances. · Check the spark or flame produced during work. Establish permanent monitoring during labor. WORK METHOD INSTALLATION INSPECTION AND POINT FIRE RISK. · Preventive Plan review scheduled inspections risk areas and equipment automatic fire fighting equipment: · In areas of risk: · Check the signs. · Check that the standards are met. · On-site fire equipment and: Absence of obstacles that enables the proper use of equipment. · Viewing the external system or apparatus of systems, including pressure gauge reading and checking the date of recharge. · Operating status whenever possible. OBJECTIVES ON FIRE PROTECTION HUMAN DETECTION : Through continuous monitoring of man that once the alarm is transmitted to appropriate extinction. DETECTION AUTO : It is done by devices called sensors that record the appearances of the products of combustion : smoke, heat, flame and transmit this information to a box signaling that triggers the alarm, and if the automatic termination acts . FIRE FIGHTING FORMS In general, these are grouped into teams PORTABLE AND STATIONARY INSTALLATIONS . · PORTABLE EQUIPMENT OR EXTINTORES : They are portable devices which extinguishing agent contained therein. Its use is suitable for a first appearance on fires underdeveloped. Fire extinguishers shall be located in easily accessible locations , preferably step ( at the door ) , to view properly marked . The use to which it is intended should be clearly marked , indicating the extinguishing agent contained in them and the types of fire that must be used It is necessary that at least once a year inspections are conducted to check the state of charge and replace the downloaded material. · FIXED INSTALLATIONS : This basically consists of a network of distributors or sprayers linked by a pipeline network to devices containing the extinguishing agent so continuously covering areas where there is risk of fire . They can be of different types : 1. EQUIPMENT HOSE consisting of hoses coiled in a closet in the wall with glass front that are connected to a water pipe network . 2 . AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS : valves are designed to distribute water as rain , coupled with a widespread network of pipelines in the area to protect. The installation is activated when a certain temperature is reached, causing the output of water spray. RULES FOR THE USE OF FIRE EQUIPMENT Know the location of fire extinguishers in the workplace environment . Learn to q type of fire can be used. Identify limitations ( the download time can range from 8 to 30 in the case of foam extinguishers , powder co2 ) . Knowing turn the power off and know where to. Knowing how they are used and in what situations . The guidelines to follow are: · With the extinguisher upright, be supported with one hand and with the other you have to remove the seal and the fork. · Locate upwind to avoid the effects of heat and smoke. · Press the gas outlet valve . · Direct the jet to the nearest edge of the base of the flames and move in zig -zag . · No face when acting extinguishers others. · In CO2 extinguishers not touch nozzle gas outlet , as there is danger of burn low temperature. · Use only fighting appliances located in the area of electrical equipment, for use in that area. FIGHTING FIRE TOOLS EXTINGUISHER Called in some countries extinguisher , portable device used to extinguish fires or fires of small magnitude . Fire types are classified into four classes according to the type of material burned . Dry fires are those involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth and paper. Fatty fires are those occurring in flammable liquids , oils and fats . The fires in electrical installations are a separate category, especially if they are running, and the last category is the fire in combustible metals such as magnesium, potassium and sodium. Each type of fire requires a different type of extinguisher . Generally an extinguisher is not actually to fight fire four classes (A, B , C , D ), but is especially designed for a particular class , or even three classes Pressurized water extinguishers . Application: only for fires class "A" (wood, paper , etc.). Management : the water jet should be directed Toward the basis of the fire. Maintenance: refresh yourself immediately after use. Soda - acid extinguishers Application: used to extinguish fires class "A" Maintenance: Always inspect once a year . Change the load every 1 year if you have not used before Foam extinguishers : Application : used to put out fires class "A" and " B". Except alcohol and ether . Maintenance: check every 6 months. Wash after use and load , or annually. Fire Carbon dioxide ( CO2) Application: used to fight Class B and C fires ( electrical ) . It can also be used on Class A fires if no other , while ensuring then the complete extinction of the fire. Fire Extinguishers by class Fire class Type of extinguisher “A” · Water Pressure · Foam · Soda-acid “B” · Carbonic anhydride · Chemical powder “C” · Carbon dioxide · Dry chemical FIREFIGHTERS Fireman is the person who is dedicated, among other tasks, to extinguish fires. Traditionally did their work by hydraulic pumps, which were used to draw water from wells, rivers or any other place close to delsiniestro deposit. Is attributed to Emperor Augustus created the first fire department in Rome. Most firefighters are in public ownership and bodies can be of two types: professionals and volunteers. There are also private fire (as in Denmark FALK), fire departments in factories and companies (such as firefighters PDVSA in Venezuela) and bodies dedicated to university areas firefighters, who usually collaborate in scientific research for the profession, as well perform the typical duties of a fire department. In the case of Spain it can be noted that there are municipal fire (town hall), the consorciosde County Council or Autonomous Community, other national airports (AENA) and finally there are the military firefighters (UME). A firefighter positions accessed through official opposition. Intervention by firefighters in Galicia 1 Conditions of approach and environment 1.1 Approach to buildings 1-approach road vehicles of firefighters to maneuver spaces to which paragraph 1.2 refers , must meet the following conditions: a) minimum clear width 5m b ) minimum clear height or gauge 4.5m c ) bearing capacity of the vial 20 kN/m2 2-On the curved sections, the guide rail should be defined by the trace of an annulus whose minimum radii should be 5.30 m and 12.50 m, with a clear width of 7.20 m for circulation . 1.2 Environment of buildings 1-Buildings with an evacuation height descending greater than 9 m should have a space for maneuver for firefighters who meets the following conditions along the facades in which are located the entrances or inside the building or the open interior space in which those are : a) minimum clear width b ) clear height 5m the one of the building c ) Maximum distance from the entrances to the building needed to reach all areas d ) Maximum slope 10% e) Puncture resistance of floor 100 kN on 20 cm φ . 30m 2-Conditions with regard to punching to be performed in the manhole covers of raceways utility tions located in that space , if its size were greater than 0,15 m x 0,15 m , must conform to the specifications of the UNE- EN 124:1995 . 3-Maneuvering space must be kept free of street furniture , trees , gardens , cairns or other obstacles. Similarly, where access to a facade with stairs or plat-forms is expected hydraulic elements such as overhead power lines or tree limbs that may interfere with stairs , etc. are avoided. 4-In the event that the building is equipped with dry column must have access to a pumping within 18 m of each point of connection to it . The connection point will be visible from the pump truck . 5-From the paths end of more than 20 m long provided a sufficient space for maneuvering vehicles firefighting service . 2 Accessibility Cranes 1-The facades to one referred to in paragraph 1.2 should have holes which allow for access from outside service personnel firefighting . These hollow - ben meet the following conditions : a) Provide access to each floor of the building , so that the height of respect sill level of the plant to which access is not greater than 1.20 m; b ) Its horizontal and vertical dimensions must be at least 0.80 m and 1.20 m respectively. The maximum vertical distance between the axes of two consecutive holes should not exceed 25 m , measured on the facade ; c ) There should be installed on the facade elements that prevent or hinder accessibility into the building through these holes , except for the security holes located at the height of the plants discharge does not exceed 9 m. 2-Robotic parking spaces shall, in every sector of fire that is subdivided , in a compartmentalized way with EI 120 elements and EI2 60 - C5 doors to allow firefighters access to each existing level and a mechanical extraction system smoke renovations able to make 3 / hour.
