huella ecológica en el archipiélago de san andrés providencia y

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HUELLA ECOLÓGICA
EN EL ARCHIPIÉLAGO
DE SAN ANDRÉS
PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA
CATALINA, RESERVA DE
BIOSFERA SEAFLOWER
RESUMEN
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Ernesto Mancera Pineda
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ABSTRACT
To assess the current use of the resources of the marine reserve
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Caribe.
Dirección de correspondencia: jemancerap@
unal.edu.co
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MÉTODOS
Cálculo de una hectárea global
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Tabla 1. Tipos de terrenos productivos para el cálculo de la Huella Ecológica
Cultivos
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Transformación de los consumos en superficie biológica productiva
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Tabla 2: Comparación entre la Huella Ecológica y la Capacidad de Carga
Huella Ecológica
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Capacidad de Carga
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Huella Ecológica
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Figura 1. Isla de San Andrés
Figura 2. Isla de Providencia y Santa Catalina
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RESULTADOS
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Hectárea Global
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3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
SAI
PROV
0,5
0,0
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0,5
1
1,5
2
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Hectárea Global
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4,5
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3,5
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1,5
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1
1,5
2
3
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3,5
4
4,5
Figura 4. Promedio de la Huella Ecológica segùn sexo en las Islas de San Andrés y Providencia.
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Hectárea Global
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SAI TURISTAS
PRV RAIZAL
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0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
)LJXUD3URPHGLRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQWUHVGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVGHKDELWDQWHVHQOD,VOD
GH6DQ$QGUpV/DEDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO
3DUDHOFiOFXORGHODELRSURGXFWLYLGDGGHODVLVODVVHLQWURGXMHURQHQXQVRORGDWRODViUHDVGH
ERVTXHV\GHSDVWRVGHLJXDOPDQHUDVHWXYRHQFXHQWDTXHODDJULFXOWXUDHQ6DQ$QGUpV\
3URYLGHQFLDHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHSDQFRJHUGDWRVREWHQLGRVGHOD6HFUHWDULDGH$JULFXOWXUD\
3HVFD'HSDUWDPHQWDO'HHVWDIRUPDUHVXOWDURQKHFWiUHDVELRSURGXFWLYDVJOREDOHVSDUD6DQ
$QGUpV\+HFWiUHDVELRSURGXFWLYDVJOREDOHVSDUD3URYLGHQFLD6LHQGRHQDPERVFDVRVPX\
LPSRUWDQWHHOPDUSURGXFWLYR7DEOD
69
Hectárea Global
+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
18-31,1
31,1-44
44,1-57
57,1-70
70, 1-83
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3,5
3
4,5
4
)LJXUD3URPHGLRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVHJ~QJUXSRGHHGDGHVHQOD,VODGH6DQ$QGUpV/D
EDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO
3,0
Hectárea Global
70
18-31
31,1-44
44,1-57
70,1-83
57,1-70
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0
1
2
3
5
4
6
)LJXUD3URPHGLRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVHJ~QJUXSRGHHGDGHVHQOD,VODGH3URYLGHQFLD
/DEDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO
(OEDODQFHHQWUH+XHOOD(FROyJLFD\ELRSURGXFWLYLGDGDUURMyYDORUHVSRVLWLYRVLQGLFDQGRXQD
UHVHUYDHFROyJLFDGH\KHFWiUHDVSDUD6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
7DEOD
Tabla 3. Valores promedio de Huella Ecológica, discriminados por categorías, en hectáreas
JOREDOHV393URYLGHQFLD396$,6DQ$QGUpVLVOD3DUD6$,VHHVSHFL¿FDQORVVHFWRUHV
Centro, Loma y San Luis
CATEGORIAS
RESIDENCIA
P.V
S.A.I CENTRO LOMA SAN LUIS
RAIZAL
NO RAIZAL
TURISTA
&XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13
CATEGORIAS
SEXO
EDAD
S.A.I CENTRO LOMA SAN LUIS
MASCULINO
FEMENINO
Amas de Casa
Estudiantes
PROMEDIO
,QWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]D
Desviación Estándar
Valor Máximo
Valor Mínimo
Varianza
Número encuestas
ACTIVIDAD
P.V
(OSURPHGLRGHORVGDWRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQORVSDUiPHWURVDQDOL]DGRVSDUDODVGRV
,VODVVHPDQWXYLHURQHQWUHXQYDORUGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD7DEOD(VWHYDORU
LQGLFDTXHODGHPDQGDGHODSREODFLyQGHODV,VODVVREUHODELRVIHUDHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQ
OD ELRFDSDFLGDG SURPHGLR GH KHFWiUHDV JOREDOHV SHUVRQD 7DEOD QR UHSUHVHQWD
WDQWRSHOLJURGHOOHJDUDXQDGHXGDHFROyJLFD\TXHODVLVODVSXHGHQSURGXFLUORVUHFXUVRV
HFROyJLFRVTXHXWLOL]DQ(ODQWHULRUDQiOLVLVVHDSOLFDDOFRQMXQWRGHODVLVODVDOLQGLYLGXDOL]DU
HVWHJUXSRVHREWLHQHTXHSDUDODLVODGH6DQ$QGUpVVHHQFXHQWUDXQGpILFLWRUHVHUYD
HFROyJLFDGHKHFWiUHDVJOREDOHVSHUVRQD7DEOD+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXH
SDUDORVUHVXOWDGRVDQWHULRUHVVHHPSOHDURQORVGDWRVREWHQLGRVGHODWRWDOLGDGGHSHUVRQDV
HQFXHVWDGDVSHUVRQDV
$OUHDOL]DUXQDLQFOXVLyQGHODViUHDVPDULQDVGHORVFD\RVLVORWHV\EDQFRVSHVTXHURVGHO
DUFKLSLpODJRHQODHFXDFLyQGHELRFDSDFLGDG7DEODDVHREWLHQHTXHHVWDDUURMDXQRVYDORUH
GHUHVHUYDDOWRV\DOGLYLGLUORHQWUHHOQ~PHURGHKDELWDQWHVGHODUFKLSLpODJRPXHVWUDTXHHVWH
FXHQWDFRQXQDFDSDFLGDGGHKHFWiUHDVELRSURGXFWLYDVKDELWDQWH)yUPXOD
7DEOD&iOFXORGHODELRFDSDFLGDGXQLGDGHVHQKHFWiUHDVJOREDOHV
Zonas
Agrícolas
Zona de bosques
Zona
marítima
Total
San Andrés
Providencia
Área
71
72
+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU
Tabla 4a. Cálculo de la biocapacidad en hectáreas regionales
Área
Zonas Agrícolas Zona de bosques Zona marítima
Reserva de Biosfera
,QFOX\HÈUHDPDULQDGH
ORVFD\RV
Total
6LWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDODSURGXFWLYLGDGGHODUHVHUYDGHELRVIHUDHQFRQWUDVWHFRQVXSREODFLyQ
VH SXHGH REWHQHU OD FDSDFLGDG GH FDUJD GH OD PLVPD SRU PHGLR GH OD VLJXLHQWH IyUPXOD %LRFDSDFLGDGUHJLRQDO1~PHURGH+DELWDQWHV
Fórmula 1
172444.372
59573
ha
= 2.89 hab
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOUHVXOWDGRGHODDQWHULRUHFXDFLyQ\REVHUYDQGRTXHDQLYHOQDFLRQDOORV
GDWRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVRQGHKHFWDUHDVKDE7DEODVHUHVWDODELRFDSDFLGDGGHO
DUFKLSLpODJRFRQOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDQDFLRQDO\HVWDDUURMDXQYDORUGHKHFWDUHDVKDEGH
VXSHUiYLWHQODUHVHUYDGHELRVIHUD
(ODQWHULRUPpWRGRTXHFRQVLGHUDORVGDWRVGHODSREODFLyQUHJLRQDOWRWDOELRFDSDFLGDGUHJLRQDO
WRWDO\+XHOOD(FROyJLFDDQLYHOQDFLRQDOHVXWLOL]DGRJHQHUDOPHQWHHQORVLQIRUPHVDQXDOHVGH
+XHOOD(FROyJLFDJHQHUDGRVSRUHQWLGDGHVJXEHUQDPHQWDOHV
Tabla 5. Huella Ecológica y Biocapacidad de San Andrés y Providencia y su comparación a nivel
QDFLRQDO\JOREDOLQIRUPH3ODQHWD9LYR
global ha/
persona
'p¿FLWR
UHVHUYD
Ecológica
global ha/
persona
Mundial
Países Ricos
Huella
Ecológica
Total
global ha/
persona
Países Pobres
ÈIULFD
$VLD3DFL¿FR
Asia Central
Norte América
8QLyQ(XURSHD
5HVWRGH(XURSD
América Latina
Colombia
San Andrés
Providencia
Reserva de Biosfera
Población
millones
Biocapacidad
Total
&XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13
Huella Ecológica/RVSURPHGLRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDSDUDODVLVODVGH6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLD
YDULDURQHQXQUDQJRHQWUH\)LJSDUDXQDHVWLPDFLyQFRQ,QWHUYDORGH&RQ¿DQ]DGHO
VHREWXYRYDORUHVGH“SDUD6DQ$QGUpV\“SDUD3URYLGHQFLD)LJ&RPSDUDQGR
FRQOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHO0XQGRTXHHVGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD\ODGH&RORPELDTXHHVGH
KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDLQIRUPHSODQHWDYLYRDQLYHOPXQGLDOODV,VODVSXHGHQHVWDUWHQLHQGRXQD
GHXGDHFROyJLFDSHURDQLYHOUHJLRQDOVHPDQWLHQHHQXQYDORUHVWDEOHGHVRVWHQLELOLGDG
/DYDULDFLyQVHJ~QHOJpQHURHQODVLVODVVHSUHVHQWDSDUDODSREODFLyQIHPHQLQDGH6DQ$QGUpVFRQ
XQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD3DUDODSREODFLyQPDVFXOLQDVHSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLR
GH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD3DUDOD,VODGH3URYLGHQFLDORVYDORUHVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDRVFLODQ
HQWUH\KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDFRQXQLQWHUYDOR GHFRQ¿DQ]DGH“SDUDODSREODFLyQ
0DVFXOLQD\“SDUDODSREODFLyQ)HPHQLQD)LJ
(QOD)LJXUDVHDQDOL]DHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FRORJtDSDUDODVGRVLVODVVHJ~Q
HOOXJDUGHSURFHGHQFLDGHODSREODFLyQ6HREVHUYDTXHSDUDODFRPXQLGDGUDL]DOGH6DQ$QGUpVVH
SUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD“/DSREODFLyQQRUDL]DO
GH6DQ$QGUpVSUHVHQWyXQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD/DSREODFLyQWXULVWDGH6DQ
$QGUpVSUHVHQWyXQSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD(QODLVODGH
3URYLGHQFLDQRVHHQFXHVWyDQLQJXQDFRPXQLGDGQRUDL]DOGHODLVODWXULVWDV/DSREODFLyQUDL]DO
SUHVHQWyXQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD
(QFXDQWRDOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVHJ~QODVHGDGHVVHSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHSDUD
XQDHGDGHQWUHDxRVKD\XQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDDxRVVH
SUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDVHSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH
“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDXQDHGDGGHKD\XQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD
\SDUDXQDHGDGGHVHSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD)LJ
/D FRPSDUDFLyQ GH OD +XHOOD (FROyJLFD SRU HGDGHV SDUD OD LVOD GH 3URYLGHQFLD SUHVHQWy YDORUHV
SURPHGLRSDUDODHGDGHQWUHDxRV+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDOD
HGDGHQWUHGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD“SDUDODHGDGHQWUHVHSUHVHQWyGH“
KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDODHGDGHQWUHDxRVGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD\SDUDOD
HGDGHQWUHDxRVGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD
Hectárea Global
/D )LJXUD SHUPLWH YHU TXH OD +XHOOD (FROyJLFD GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH 6DQ$QGUpV SUHVHQWD XQ
SURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDPLHQWUDVTXHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGH
3URYLGHQFLDSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
ESTUDIANTES SAI
ESTUDIANTES PROV
1,0
0,5
0,0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
Figura. 8: Promedios de Huella Ecológica para estudiantes de San Andrés y Providencia
73
+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU
En la Figura 9 se relaciona a las amas de casa de tres sectores de la isla de San Andrés con sus
UHVSHFWLYRVYDORUHVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFD6HREVHUYDTXHHQHOVHFWRUGHOFHQWURODVDPDVGHFDVD
SUHVHQWDQXQSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDODVDPDVGHFDVD
GHOVHFWRUGHOD/RPDSUHVHQWDQXQ3URPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD\ODVDPDVGHO
VHFWRUGH6DQ/XLVSUHVHQWDQXQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD
3,5
Hectárea Global
74
3,0
2,5
AMAS DE CASA CENTRO
AMAS DE CASA LOMA
AMAS DE CASA SAN LUIS
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0
1
2
4
3
)LJXUD3URPHGLRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDSRU2FXSDFLyQ\SRUVHFWRUHVSDUD6DQ$QGUpV
(QOD)LJXUDVHREVHUYDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHODVGRVLVODV
VHJ~QVXRFXSDFLyQ(QHVWHFDVRDOFRPSDUDUODVDPDVGHFDVDGHFDGDLVODVHSUHVHQWDSDUD
OD LVOD GH 6DQ$QGUpV XQ SURPHGLR GH “ KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD \ SDUD 3URYLGHQFLD VH
SUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH“KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD
6
5
Amas de casa San Andres
Amas de casa Providencia
4
3
2
1
0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
Figura 10. Promedios de Huella Ecológica por ocupación para San Andrés y Providencia
&XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13
DISCUSIÓN
(ODQiOLVLVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDELRFDSDFLGDG\HOEDODQFHHQWUHHVWRVGDXQDLGHDGHODVLWXDFLyQ
GHVRVWHQLELOLGDGDPELHQWDOHQ6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLDDOLJXDOTXHHOFRQMXQWRGHODUFKLSLpODJR
5HVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU
&RPSDUDQGRORVUHVXOWDGRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRFRQORVUHSRUWDGRVHQHO
LQIRUPHGH3ODQHWDYLYR::)HOSURPHGLRSDUD3URYLGHQFLDHVLJXDODOSURPHGLR
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SDUDHOSODQHWDHQVXFRQMXQWR
Figura 11. Distribución de la Huella Ecológica a nivel mundial. Tomado de www.wwf.org.co
75
76
+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU
Figura 12. Huella Ecológica América Latina y El Caribe. Tomado de www.wwf.org.co
&XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13
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RECOMENDACIONES
Para la disminución del índice de Huella Ecológica en la isla de San Andrés, se requiere realizar
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\UHVLGXRV
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77
78
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