Research proposal by CENIT Innovation, productivity and competitiveness in the Argentine manufacturing sector Submitted for the IDB Call for research proposals on “Innovation, R&D Investment and Productivity in Latin American & Caribbean Firms” Buenos Aires September 2008 Table of Contents 1) DATA AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES ................................................................................................................ 3 2) SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES .............................................................................................................................. 4 3) PLAN OF ANALYSIS (QUANTITATIVE STUDY) ................................................................................................... 5 a) Innovation in Argentina and issues that call for further study.................................................................. 5 b) Research questions and specific objectives............................................................................................... 6 c) Research design......................................................................................................................................... 6 d) Innovation and performance: the CDM approach in the literature .......................................................... 7 e) Methodology: econometric approach........................................................................................................ 8 4) RESEARCHERS CVS......................................................................................................................................... 9 5) BUDGET ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 2 1) Data availability and sources CENIT will undertake the research jointly with the Centro de Estudios para la Producción (CEP), a research organization belonging to the Secretariat of Industry (Ministry of Economy and Production). This will allow us to use a database recently constructed by the Argentine government called Base de Datos de Desempeño Empresarial (BDDE) –Firms’ Performance Database – , which contains microdata at firm level with information on different aspects of the productive, commercial and technological behaviour and performance of the Argentine manufacturing firms. This database is located at the National Institute of Statistics of Argentina (INDEC) and was built merging different databases, including the Monthly Industrial Survey (1998-2007), the Yearly Industrial Survey (2004), the Foreign Trade Flows database (1998-2006), the Technological Innovation Survey (1998-2004) and the Big Enterprises National Survey (ENGE), all containing data produced by INDEC. The BDDE contains information on more than 200 variables for 1200 manufacturing firms with more than ten employees. The database contains information, among other variables, on: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sector of operation Ownership Sales of own products Other incomes Employment Skills profile of the labor force Hours worked Wages Energy costs Intermediate consumption Foreign trade (exports/imports) o Amounts o Volumes o Products o Origins/destinations Expenditures on R&D Expenditures on R&D by objective Expenditures in other innovation activities Employment in R&D activities Employment in other innovation activities Innovations obtained Types of innovations obtained Patents 3 • • • Linkages within the National Innovation System Obstacles for innovation activities Sources of funds for innovation activities As the Industrial and Technological Surveys include representative samples of the manufacturing industry, results obtained when working with them can be safely assumed to be representative of the industrial sector as a whole. In this regard, note must be taken of the fact that the manufacturing firms included in the Monthly Industrial Survey represent more than 90 per cent of the gross industrial production as well as of the manufacturing value added. Moreover, they contribute with 88 per cent of the employment in the Argentina’s industry. In addition, an important feature of the Argentine innovation surveys is that, as opposed to the European CIS, both innovators and non-innovators are required to answer the whole questionnaire—in particular, to report innovation expenditures. This avoids the selectivity problem in CIS surveys acknowledged in Crepon et al (1998). It is also worthwhile to mention that the information coming from the different databases has already been matched by INDEC, hence the database is ready to use to undertake econometric work with the microdata. 2) Survey questionnaires See in separate annexes the forms used for innovation surveys. 4 3) Plan of analysis (quantitative study) a) Innovation in Argentina and issues that call for further study There is one element of the Argentinean national innovation system which has remained present over time: the limited previsibility of the macroeconomic environment, which blurs the returns of any innovative effort (Arza, 2005a). In the 1990s, relying on a currency-board regime, Argentinean GDP per capita grew at an annual rate of 3%. However, growth was not smooth; the economy was affected by the Tequila crisis in 1995 and entered into a recession period after the Russian and Brazilian crises of 1998/9 which ended in one of its major crisis of Argentinean history at the end of 2001. Since 2003, the economy has recovered fast growth rates (of around 8%), led predominantly by commodities prices and by the price-competitiveness of national production enhanced by the exchange rate policy. As a matter of fact, these last two decades make a clear example of what the literature has been saying about stability and coherence of Argentinean policy regimes 1 . This historically unstable setting might have created a general lack of confidence in the sustainability of any existing state of affairs, which could, in turn, explain firms’ defensive or short-term practices –also highlighted in the Argentinean literature 2 . In this context, it might be worth questioning whether there is a pay-off for those firms interested in long-term strategies such as improving their innovative capabilities. This will be one research goal of the present proposal. In fact, in a recent paper Lugones et al (2008) claim that most Argentinean firms not only survive but also manage to become innovators 3 without necessarily following long-term innovative strategies (i.e. without committing large resources to innovative activities or doing it so very sporadically). However, as the same authors acknowledge this cannot be generalized, there are also some other firms (a minority group of 8% of their sample) that do commit to innovation and also achieve better results in terms of productivity 4 . There are successful stories of firms committed to long-term strategies. For example, IADB funded research on export discoveries highlighted the existence of successful cases that relied on their internal capabilities and their connections in the global value chains to actively discover new export opportunities. Successful cases were reported in the areas of wooden furniture, ships and TV programmes by Artopoulos et al. (2007) and on blueberries, chocolate and biotechnology for human health by Sánchez et al. (2007) As these examples highlight, heterogeneity prevails in Argentinean firms’ behaviour 5 . Therefore, another research goal of our proposal is to identify the main determinants that would explain firms’ heterogeneous innovative behaviour. Our research will cover the period 1998-2004, which therefore encompasses the change in the macroeconomic regime (from convertibility of the peso to devaluation). The new regime, as said above, heavily relies on expanding exports. However, beyond the economic recovery of 1 See for example, Spiller and Tommasi, 2003, Arza, 2005a: 69 and Rauch and Evans, 2000. Arza, 2005b, Bonvecchi and Porta, 2003, Chudnovsky, 2001, Fanelli, 2002, Katz, 2004, Kosacoff, 2000 3 Defined in broad terms, which includes firms’ perceptions on product and process improvements, therefore innovation here does no necessarily imply technologically significant improvements. 4 Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the Argentinean private sector in general is not deeply committed to innovative activities. In fact, private R&D represented in 2004 only 33% of total R&D, which was just below the Latin-American average (36%) and much lower than the share of Korea (77%) and other developed countries. 5 Some examples: Arza, 2005a, Chudnovsky, et al., 2006, Lugones, et al., 2008, Marin, 2006 2 5 last years, improving international competitiveness should be at the core of the national strategy. Exports are important because they enlarge the markets, enabling economies of scales, and because they increase the likelihood of technological learning (e.g. via collaboration agreements within the global value chain 6 ), which creates learning economies. This might create a virtuous cycle of innovation as a cause and consequence of export behaviour 7 . For this reasons, it is worth analyzing the determinants of firms’ export performance, which is the last goal of this research. b) Research questions and specific objectives The research goals highlighted in bold letters above drive us to formulate the following research question: Are firms that have been traditionally interested in innovative activities currently more successful in export markets than non innovative firms? Or, on the contrary, has currency devaluation benefited more those firms that did not commit to long-term innovative strategies during the previous macroeconomic regime? One hypothesis would be that firms committed to innovation are always (regardless the macroeconomic context) in a better position than non-innovative firms to improve productivity and become successful in export markets, because they have accumulated knowledge assets and absorptive capabilities. The alternative hypothesis would be that, on the contrary, firms that do not commit their resources to long-term innovative strategies (i.e. firms that adopt instead defensive strategies) are in a better position to adapt their strategies to any new macroeconomic setting. This helps them to be more productive and competitive, at least in the short-term (which is what matters in unstable macroeconomic regimes). To answer these questions we need to fulfill the following specific research objectives: 1) Analyze the determinants of firms’ innovative behaviour 2) Estimate the effect of firms’ innovative behaviour on firms’ labour productivity. 3) Estimate the effect of cost-competitiveness (measured as wages/labour productivity) on export performance in general, and also in particular for firms that follow different strategies in the previous macroeconomic regime. c) Research design The specific objectives enumerated above reflect the simultaneous nature of the variables under analysis. Formally, (I) X=f(W/Q, Z) (II) Q= g(Y,I) (III) I=h(V) X: exports Q: labour productivity W: salary costs W/Q: cost-competitiveness 6 See Arza and López, 2008b The literature on the relation between exports and innovation is quite recent but yet broad. Many papers analyze learning by exporting as a driver to subsequent innovation (e.g. Baldwin and Gu, 2004, Crespi, et al., 2008, Gonçalves, et al., 2008) but more relevant for the present research are those that analyse innovative behaviour as a determinant for export performance (e.g. Barrios, et al., 2003, Basile, 2001, DiPietro and Anoruo, 2006, Gourlay and Seaton, 2004, Gourlay, et al., 2005, Kumar and Siddharthan, 1994, O¨z and Taymaz, 2004, Rodriguez and Rodriguez, 2005, Sterlacchini, 1999, Wakelin, 1998). 7 6 Z: exogenous determinants of exports Y: exogenous determinants of productivity I: innovative behaviour V: exogenous determinants of innovative behaviour To empirically estimate this system, we will adapt the framework proposed Crepon, B.; Duguet, E. and Mairesse, J (1998) (CDM, hereafter). Section 4 describes this framework and relates it to the existing literature for developing countries in general and for Argentina in particular. Section 5 presents the methodological issues related to our research. d) Innovation and performance: the CDM approach in the literature The CDM framework proposes an interdependent relation between innovative activities (e.g. R&D, acquisition of embodied and disembodied technologies, among others), innovative outputs (e.g. patents, share of new products in total sales, etc.) and firms’ performance (e.g. productivity, profitability, growth, etc.). This framework has been adopted by many scholars analyzing the direct and indirect impacts of innovative activities 8 . In developing countries and particularly in Latin-America, evidence about the effect of innovation on performance is more scattered and usually rather descriptive or based on simple regression analysis. In the Argentinean case the issues more often tackled in the literature regarding innovation and economic performance are related to: insufficient commitment to long-term innovative activities 9 , unsatisfactory structural change which went against knowledge intensive activities 10 , the role of MNCs in enhancing innovation, productivity and competitiveness 11 and the types of innovative activities and their effectiveness 12 . The CDM framework has been very rarely used in developing countries. Some exceptions attempting to account for simultaneity in the relation between innovation and performance are worth mentioning. 1. Jefferson et al (2006) used Chinese panel data to estimate the impact of R&D in terms of productivity and profitability. The paper establishes a lag structure to offset simultaneity biases and corrects for endogeneity. They find that R&D has positive effect both, on profitability and on productivity. 2. Antoncic et al (2007) used structural equation framework on cross-sectional data for Slovenia and Romania to test hypotheses about the positive impact of organisational support and alliances on innovativeness and, in turn, a positive impact of innovativeness on firms performance (measured by growth, profitability and wealth). They found empirical support for their hypotheses. 3. Benavente (2006) applied an adapted version of the CDM framework using Chilean cross-section data, and found that neither R&D nor innovative results (share of innovative sales) have an effect on productivity (measured as value added per worker). 8 See for example Benavente, 2006, Duguet, 2006, Galia and Legros, 2004, Jefferson, et al., 2006, Lööf and Heshmati, 2002, Lööf, et al., 2001, Lööf and Heshamti, 2006, Parisi, et al., 2006, van Leeuwen, 2002, etc. 9 Arza, 2005b, Lugones, et al., 2008, 10 Katz and Stumpo, 2001, Katz, 2001, 11 Arza and López, 2008a, Chudnovsky and López, 2001, Marin, 2006, Marin and Bell, 2005 12 Lugones, et al., 2006, Lugones, et al., 2007 7 For the Argentinean case, Chudnovsky, López and Pulpato (CLP, hereafter) (2006) applied a modified version for the CDM framework using panel data from two consecutive innovation surveys, covering the period 1992-2001. They showed that R&D performers had better chances of becoming innovators who, in turn, perform better in terms of labour productivity than non-innovators. The CLP approach estimated each equation of the CDM system separately. Their results, therefore, might be affected by simultaneity biases. As will be seen below, this proposal attempts to methodologically improve the CLP research. Moreover, we will conceptually enlarge CLP framework including equation [I] on export performance. e) Methodology: econometric approach To estimate equations [I] to [III] we need to decide about: i. ii. iii. iv. Measures of endogenous variables I, Q, X List of exogenous variables included V, Y, Z Functional forms f, g, h Methods to estimate the system of equations Regarding i. we will adopt alternative measures of dependent variables. I will be measured as total expenditures in innovative activities, R&D, R&D plus industrial engineering and investment in machinery for innovation, etc (all of them normalized by sales). We will also measure I as dichotomous. Q will be labour productivity defined as value added 13 of own products over total employment. Finally, X will be total exports or propensity to export normalized by sales. Regarding ii. we will control for size and other firms’ characteristics (group, ownership, age, etc.) and sector affiliation. Moreover, while I accounts for the degree of innovative behaviour, vector Y and Z will include variables that characterize this behaviour (e.g. continuous, balanced, unbalanced, etc.). Finally, since we want to analyze whether innovative behaviour has a differential impact on exports after devaluation, in some exercises we will measure the effect of W/Q (on X after devaluation) interacted by a dummy that accounts for some aspects that represent innovative behaviour in the pre-devaluation regime. Regarding iii. we will account for the main characteristics of the data being studied (censored, truncated, discrete, etc.). As said in i different versions of the dependent variables will be estimated (e.g. propensity and intensity of exports), therefore we will need different functional forms to appropriately fit the data. Finally, regarding iv. we will follow the methodology proposed by CDM framework 14 (asymptotic least square estimation, ALS). In this way, we will be improving the methodology followed by CLP who did not account for the simultaneous determination of the system. 13 The database we will use does not have ready-to-use information on value added. It does have information on cost atructure for one year. We were told this could be extrapolated for other years, but in case this was not possible, we would be obliged to use information on sales rather than on value added. 14 As might have been noticed, we have not included in our system one of the equations of the CDM framework also included in the CLP paper. That is the equation that estimates innovation output as a function of innovative activities. CDM uses patents as proxies of innovation output. In Argentina –as in other developing countries- patents are a very poor indicator of innovation performance. For this reason CLP decided to use a variable that measures firms’ own assessment on innovative output (i.e. answers to the question on whether firms have achieved any new product or process or have improved them). Answers to this question are proved to be very subjective. For example, more than 60% of firms will be considered innovative according to the last Innovation Survey in Argentina (2005). In fact, the findings by Lugones, et al., 2007 of firms that although being innovative (in the former sense) have done very little innovative activities, could actually be explained by the way innovativeness is being measured. Finally, a question of data availability also justify the decision of leaving this variable aside, since our database do not report this information for every year, but only in relation to periods whose length varies in each survey. 8 4) Researchers CVs VALERIA ARZA I. PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of birth E-mail Address December 13th, 1973 [email protected] Callao 796 6to piso, 1023 Buenos Aires, Argentina II. ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS Postdoc on university industry linkages 2008-current: Matisse – Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne – Paris 1 – Sorbonne. France Phd on Science and Technology Policy Studies (2006) 2001-2006: SPRU (Science and Technology Research), University of Sussex Thesis: The Impact of Business Confidence and Macroeconomic Uncertainty on Firms' Investment Behaviour in Argentina During the 1990s. Supervised by Nick von Tunzelmann. Master in Science in Development Studies (2001) 2000-2001: London School of Economics and Political Science Final grade: High Merit First Degree in Economics (1999) 1992-1999: School of Economics, University of Buenos Aires Final grade: Magna Cum Laude, the best Honours Diploma of the School of Economics. Average mark: 8.44/10, one of the five best of the School in 1999 (out of 30,000 student) and the third amongst student who graduated in Economics in 1999. III. CREDENTIALS: SCHOLARSHIPS AND AWARDS Scholarships for postdoc at the Centre d´Economie de la Sorbonne-Paris. Bourses de recherche de la Ville de Paris. Oct-Dec 2008 Scholarships for PHD at SPRU Antorchas Foundation. May 2004- March 2005 YPF Foundation. Estensoro Scholarship. British Council. Oct 2001-Sept. 2004 Overseas Research Students Scheme (ORS) – British Government. Oct 2001-Sept. 2004 Scholarships for Masters degree at LSE Japan-Inter-American Development Bank Scholarship Program. Oct. 2000-Sept. 2001 World Bank Scholarship Program. Withdrawn in favour of the above Other Scholarships and Awards Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), for course on Pooled Time-Series CrossSection Analysis at Essex University, UK. Summer term 2002 Spanish Agency of International Co-operation (AECI), for an internship on the use of econometric procedures at Pompeu Fabra University, Spain. Summer term 1999 IV. FUNDED RESEARCH FROM 2007 TO 2008 Interactions between public research organizations and the private sector in Argentina. CENIT, funded by UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires). In progress MERCOSUR: as an export platform. The automotive industry. CENIT, funded by UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires). In progress University Industry-linkages in Latin-America: the Argentinean case. CENIT funded by IDRC. In progress Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications from National Innovation Surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean. Argentinean case. CENIT, funded by IDRC. Latest stage. 9 Growth diagnosis in MERCOSUR: the regional and competitiveness dimensions. CENIT – Red Mercosur, funded by IDRC. Completed. The Evolving Role of MNEs in Latin American and Caribbean National Innovation System. SPRU, Funded by IDRC. Completed Productive Complementation in the Automotive Industry in MERCOSUR from Regional to Global Integration. CENIT-Red Mercosur, Funded by IDRC. Completed. V. MAIN PUBLICATIONS (* USING PANEL DATA ECONOMETRICS) *Arza, V. and Espanol, P. (2008). 'Les Liaisons Dangereuses: A Minskyan Approach to the Relation of Credit and Investment in Argentina During the 1990s', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 739-59. Marín, A. and Arza, V. (2008, forthcoming). 'Chapter 9. The Role of Multinational Corporations in Innovation Systems of Developing Countries. From Technology Diffusion to International Involvement', in B. Lundvall, K. J. Joseph, C. Chaminade and J. Van (ed.), Handbook of Innovation Systems and Developing Countries – Building Domestic Capabilities in a Global Context, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Giuliani, E. and Arza, V. (2008). 'What Drives the Formation of ‘Valuable’ UniversityIndustry Linkages? An under-Explored Question in a Hot Policy Debate', SPRU Electronic Working Papers,, Vol. 170, No., pp. 1-35. *Arza, V. (2007) '¿Cómo influye el contexto macroeconómico en el comportamiento de largo plazo de las empresas? Decisiones empresariales de inversión en I+D y En maquinaria en Argentina durante los años 1990s', Desarrollo Económico, Vol. 47, No. 187, pp. 459-85. Arza, V. and López, A. (2007). Chapter 1 'La Visión Regional'; Chapter 2 'Tendencias Internacionales En La Industria Automotriz'; Chapter 3 'El Caso Argentino' in A. L. (coord.), Complementación Productiva En La Industria Automotriz En El Mercosur, Buenos Aires: MERCOSUR Network-IDRC. *Arza, V. (2005). The Impact of Business Confidence and Macroeconomic Uncertainty on Firms' Investment Behaviour in Argentina During the 1990s, Doctoral Thesis, Brighton: SPRU - Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex *Arza, V. (2005). “Technological Performance, Economic Performance and Behaviour: A Study of Argentinean Firms During the 1990s”, Innovation: management, policy and practice. Vol. 7 Nro. 2/3 VI. MAIN WORK EXPERIENCE 2007-2008: CONICET – Research Council in Science and Technology, Argentina; based at CENIT Role: Researcher. Tenure track 2006-2008: School of Economics, UBA (Buenos Aires University), Argentina Role: 1) Professor in the Seminar for integrating and applying acquired knowledge (last subject for the Economics degree); 2) Lecturer in economics of technology, for Masters students; 3) Lecturer in research methods for writing a Masters dissertation 2001-2006: SPRU, University of Sussex, UK Role: 1) Lecturer (2004/06) and Tutor (2001/03) in Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods for Masters and DPhil degrees; 2) Lecturer (2004/06) in Economic Perspectives of Innovation for Masters degrees; 3) Lecturer (2004/06) in Analytical and Modelling Skills for Masters degrees; 4) Lecturer (2004) in Research Methods (qualitative) for DPhil students 1999-2000: United Nations and Government of Buenos Aires City Role: Junior Economist 10 ANDRES LOPEZ I. PERSONAL DATA DATE OF BIRTH March 15, 1962 PLACE OF BIRTH Buenos Aires, Argentina MARITAL STATUS Married, two children E-MAIL: [email protected] II. CURRENT POSITION Director, Centro de Investigaciones para la Transformación (CENIT), Argentina. Head of Department of Economics, University of Buenos Aires. Full Professor of Development Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Buenos Aires. III. STUDIES Doctor in Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Buenos Aires. 2001. Licenciado en Economía, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Buenos Aires. 1985. IV. RECENT SELECTED PUBLICATIONS i) Books La industria automotriz en el MERCOSUR (cooordinator), RED MERCOSUR, Montevideo, 2008. Desarrollo económico y sistema nacional de innovación: el caso argentino desde 1860 hasta 2001, Consejo Profesional de Ciencias Económicas, Buenos Aires, 2007. The elusive quest for growth in Argentina (with Daniel Chudnovsky), Palgrave, 2007. Los transgénicos en la agricultura argentina: una historia con final abierto (with E. Trigo, D. Chudnovsky and E. Cap), Libros del Zorzal/IICA, 2002, Buenos Aires. La transnacionalización de la economía argentina (with Daniel Chudnovsky). Eudeba, 2001, Buenos Aires. ii) Articles in books “Argentina: nuevas estrategias empresarias en un modelo más abierto” (with Daniela Ramos), in P Bastos Tigre y F Silveira Marques, Desafios y Oportunidades de la Industria de Software para América Latina, Mc Graw Hill. “Comercio, inversión y fragmentación del mercado global: ¿está quedando atrás América Latina” (with Bernardo Kosacoff y Mara Pedrazzoli), in R Bouzas (ed.), Después de Doha: la agenda emergente del sistema de comercio internacional, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2007. “Innovation and export performance in Argentine manufacturing firms” (with D. Chudnovsky and E. Orlicki), in J. De Negri and L. Turchi (org.), Innovacao nas firmas industriais brasileiras e argentinas, IPEA, 2007. 11 “Environmental management and innovative capabilities in Argentine industry” (with D. Chudnovsky), in S. Parto and B. Copley (eds.), Industrial Innovation and Environmental Regulation. Developing Workable Solutions, United Nations University Press, 2007. “Inversión Extranjera Directa y Desarrollo: la experiencia del MERCOSUR” (with Daniel Chudnovsky), in 15 años de MERCOSUR, Red MERCOSUR, Montevideo, 2006. “Derrames de la Inversión Extranjera Directa, políticas públicas y capacidades de absorción de las firmas nacionales del sector manufacturero argentino (1992-2001)” (with D. Chudnovsky and G. Rossi), in M. Laplane (coord.), El desarrollo industrial del MERCOSUR: ¿qué impacto han tenido las empresas extranjeras?, Siglo XXI Editora Iberoamericana, 2006. “Multinationals and technology development in East Asia and Latin America” (with M. Miozzo), in S. Prasad and P. Ghauri (eds), Global Firms and Emerging Markets in the Age of Anxiety, Praeger, 2004. iii) Artícles in refereed journals “Argentina y la industria de software y servicios informáticos” (with Daniela Ramos), Revista Comercio Exterior, May 2008. “Money for Science? The Impact of Research Grants on Academic Output” (with D. Chudnovsky, M. Rossi and D. Ubfal), Fiscal Studies, Vol 29, Nº 1. “Inversión extranjera directa y desarrollo: la experiencia del MERCOSUR” (with D. Chudnovsky), Revista de la CEPAL, Nº 92, August 2007. “Foreign direct investment spillovers and the absorptive capabilities of domestic firms in the Argentine manufacturing sector (1992-2001)” (with D. Chudnovsky and G. Rossi), Journal of Development Studies, forthcoming. “Innovation and productivity in developing countries: A study of Argentine manufacturing firms´ behavior “(with D. Chudnovsky and G. Pupato), Research Policy, 35 (2006), 266-288. “Sobreviviendo en la Convertibilidad. Innovación Empresas Transnacionales y Productividad en la Industria Manufacturera” (with D. Chudnovsky, G. Pupato and G. Rossi), Desarrollo Económico Revista de Ciencias Sociales, October-December 2004. “Transtional corporations´strategies and foreign trade patterns in MERCOSUR countries in the 1990s” (with D. Chudnovsky), Cambridge Journal of Economics, September 2004. v) Other publications and documents “La exportación de servicios en América Latina y su integración en las cadenas globales de valor” (with Daniela Ramos and Ivan Torre), prepared for CEPAL, forthcoming. “Subprograma de Apoyo a la Innovacion y Mejora de la Competitividad de las Empresas (Programa de Desarrollo Tecnológico –PDT- Uruguay): una Evaluación de sus Beneficios Sociales a Través de Estudios de Casos” (with Gustavo Svarzman), prepared for the InterAmerican Development Bank (IADB), Buenos Aires, 2007. “Evaluating a Program of Public Funding of Scientific Activity. A Case Study of Foncyt in Argentina” (with D. Chudnovsky, M. Rossi and D. Ubfal), Working Paper, OVE/BID, Washington, November 2006. “Evaluating a Program of Public Funding of Private Innovation Activities. An Econometric Study of FONTAR in Argentina” (with D. Chudnovsky, M. Rossi and D. Ubfal), Working Paper, OVE/BID, Washington, November 2006. “Programa de aportes no reembolsables del FONTAR: una evaluación de sus beneficios sociales a través de estudios de casos” (with D. Chudnovsky, V. Gutman and D. Ubfal), report prepared Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Marzo 2006. 12 PAULA ESPAÑOL Born: July 15th, 1975 in Buenos Aires (Argentina) Nationality: Argentine E-mail: [email protected] Studies: • 2002-2006: PhD at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France, Supervisor: Robert Boyer, with Honors (“Très honorable avec felicitations”). • 2001-2002: Diploma in Economics, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France (Diplôme d´Etudes Approfondies in « Economie des Institutions ») : Thesis Major: « Fragilité Financière, Contrainte Macroéconomique : Le Mercosur à l´ère de la Finance » Externe et Coordination Thesis Minor: « Crise Financière et Fragilité Bancaire : L´Argentine et le Brésil pendant les années 1990 ». • 1994-1999: Diploma in Economics, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas of the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, with Honors (Magna Cum Laude). Fellowship and Grants: • October 2005: Scholarship to present at the LACEA 10th Annual Meeting, from the Argentina’s Central Bank (BCRA). • October 2003 October 2005 : Position of ATER (Attachés temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche). University of Lille2 – Paris (one year) and University of Nanterre – Paris X (one year). • July 2001: Scholarship for PhD studies from José A. Estenssoro – YPF Fondation (Repsol-YPF), for the period September 2001- August 2003. • July 2001: Saint-Exupéry Scholarship for PhD studies from Argentina’s Ministry of Education. Work experience • June 2007- : Director of the Centro de Estudios para la Producción (CEP), Secretaria de Industria, Comercio y Pyme, Ministerio de Economía y Producción, Argentina. • October 1997- August 2001: Researcher assistant, Economics and Development Unit of the Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología of the Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina. • January 1999-April 1999: Researcher assistant in the CEPAL´s Programe evaluation Municipios Productivos”, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. • October- November 1999 : Stage in the Centre de recherche en économie internationale (CESSEFI) – Université de Paris I (Sorbonne), in the framework of the ECOS Project "Régionalisation et Mondialisation", project in co-operation program SECYT, Argentine Government (A/97 HO4) and Université de Paris I. Teaching activities: 13 • September 2004- August 2005: Teacher in the University Nanterre - Paris X. • October 2003- August 2004: Teacher in the University Lille2. • March 2000- August 2001: Teaching Assistant in the Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina. • April 2000-August 2001: Teacher in the long distance training, Universidad Virtual de Quilmes (UVQ). • August 1999- August 2001: Teacher in the Social Diploma and International Commerce Career of the Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ). Languages skills: Spanish (Mother Tongue), French, English and Italian. Publications: - “Les liaisons dangereuses: a Minskyan approach to the relation of credit and investment in Argentina during the 1990s”, (con V. ARZA), Cambridge Journal of Economics 32 (5), September 2008, pp.739-760. - “El impacto asimétrico de la restricciones al financiamiento en Argentina. Comparación por sector, tamaño y origen de capital (1995-2003), (con E. BLANCO, P. ELOSEGUI y D. PANIGO), BCRA, Ensayos Económicos 48, julio-septiembre 2007, pp. 67-104. - “Exports, Sunk Costs and Financial Restrictions in Argentina during the 1990s”, PSE Paris School of Economics Working Paper, N° 2007-01, January 2007. http://www.pse.ens.fr/document/index.html - “Metodologías alternativas para el análisis de las restricciones al financiamiento en Argentina”, (avec P. ELOSEGUI, J. SOTES et D. PANIGO), Documentos de Trabajo 2006|1, Subgerencia General de Investigaciones Económicas de la Banque Centrale de la République Argentine (BCRA). http://www.bcra.gov.ar - “Speculative and entrepreneurial behaviour: a study of microeconomic sustainability in Argentina during the 1990s” (avec V. ARZA), SPRU Working Paper (SEWPS), N° 135, University of Sussex, Octobre 2005. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/documents/sewp135.pdf - “From Microeconomic Change to Macroeconomic Vulnerability: Imported Inputs, Productivity Gains and Export Performance in Argentina During the Nineties” (F. ALBORNOZ, P. ESPANOL et Y. KALANTZIS), présenté presented at 8th Annual meeting of the LACEA, Puebla (Mexico), October 9th–11th 2003, and at Buenos Aires, September 2nd et 3rd 2003. In the book “La economía argentina y su crisis (1976-2003) : visiones institucionales y regulacionistas”, R. BOYER y J. NEFFA (Coord), Miño y Dávila/Caisse de Dêpots et Consignations/ CEIL-PIETTE CONICET, Buenos Aires, November 2004. - Theoretical framework and macroeconomic chapter of the book “Apertura económica e innovación en la industria argentina: una respuesta ambigua”, R. Bisang, G. Lugones, G. Yoguel (Editores), Editorial Miño y Dávila, Universidad Nacional de Gral. Sarmiento and Centro REDES, Buenos Aires, 2002. 14 5) BUDGET See separate annex 15 References Antoncic, Bostjan; Prodan, Igor; Hisrich, Robert D. and Scarlat, Cezar, (2007). 'Technological Innovativeness and Firm Performance in Slovenia and Romania', Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 28198. Artopoulos, Alejandro; Friel, Daniel and Hallak, Juan Carlos, (2007). Challenges of Exporting Differentiated Products to Developed Countries: The Case of Sme-Dominated Sectors in a Semi-Industrialized Country, Second Draft to the IADB Project on Export Discoveries, UDESA-Universidad de San Andrés. Arza, Valeria, (2005a). The Impact of Business Confidence and Macroeconomic Uncertainty on Firms' Investment Behaviour in Argentina During the 1990s, Brighton: DPhil (Thesis). SPRU - Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex. Arza, Valeria, (2005b). 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