La Ribera Baja del Ebro en la Edad Media

-B3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSP
FOMB&EBE.FEJB
*(50É11$9$552(63,1$&+
-BDJWJMJ[BDJÊOEFM*TMBNFOFMWBMMFEFM&CSPEFTEFFMTJHMP7***
/D FULVLV GHO PXQGR URPDQR \ OD pSRFD YLVLJRGD KDQ
JHQHUDGR SRFRV GDWRV D OD DOWXUD GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
DFWXDOHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUFRQFODULGDGFyPRVHSURGX
MR OD WUDQVLFLyQ GH OD $QWLJHGDG D OD (GDG 0HGLD HQ
ODV WLHUUDV GH OD DFWXDO FRPDUFD GH OD 5LEHUD %DMD GHO
(EUR7DPSRFRFRQVWDSRUDKRUDODH[LVWHQFLDGHDOJ~Q
FHQWUR XUEDQR UHOHYDQWH HQ pSRFD PXVXOPDQD \ WRGR
KDFHSHQVDUTXHPiVELHQVHWUDWDUtDGHXQHVSDFLRIRU
PDGRSRUSHTXHxDVFRPXQLGDGHVFDPSHVLQDVGLVSHUVDV
GHSHQGLHQWHVGHODFLXGDGGH=DUDJR]D$OUHVSHFWRKD\
UHVWRVGHIRUWLILFDFLRQHVLVOiPLFDVHQ9HOLOODGRFXPHQ
WDGRVSRUODVIXHQWHViUDEHVRHQ4XLQWRVLQGRFXPHQWDFLyQHVFULWD+R\SHU
GXUDQWDPELpQODVUXLQDVGHOOODPDGRFDVWLOORGHOD3DOPDHQ6iVWDJRGHRULJHQ
iUDEH \ FLWDGR SRU ORV WH[WRV FULVWLDQRV GHO VLJOR ;,,, 7RSyQLPRV GH RULJHQ
iUDEH VRQ $OERUJH DOEXUM OD WRUUH /D =DLGD VD\\LGDK VHxRUD R TXL]iV
VD·LGDK IHOL]\$OIRUTXH"(QVXPDWRGRVHVWRVLQGLFLRVQRKDUtDQPiVTXH
GHMDUHQWUHYHUODH[LVWHQFLDGHOWtSLFRVLVWHPDGHFDVWLOORV\WRUUHVTXHVHUYtDSDUD
FRQWURODUHOSREODPLHQWRUXUDOGLVSHUVRHQDOTXHUtDVRDOGHDVVLHPSUHWHQLHQGR
FRPRUHIHUHQWHSROtWLFRSULQFLSDOGHWRGRHVHVLVWHPDFDVWUDODO(VWDGRDQGDOXVt
\ VX FLXGDG GRPLQDQWH HQ FDGD UHJLyQ HQ HVWH FDVR =DUDJR]D 8QD HVWUXFWXUD
GHSREODPLHQWRHQWRUQRDSHTXHxDVDOTXHUtDVHQOD5LEHUD%DMDGHO(EURTXH
HQFDMDDGHPiVFRQODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVTXHQRVKDEODQGHXQDHFRQRPtDDJUtFROD
SUHGRPLQDQWH EDVDGD HQ SHTXHxDV XQLGDGHV IDPLOLDUHV GH SURGXFFLyQ HQ ODV
YHJDVKXHUWDV\YHUJHOHVGHOUtRPHGLDQWHXQDSUHVHQFLDFODUDGHUHJDGtRVFRQ
FXOWLYRVGHYHUGXUDV\GHIUXWDV'HKHFKRHQODDFWXDOLGDGWRGDYtDVHFRQVHU
YDQSUHVDVRD]XGHVKHUHGDGRVGHOPXQGRDQGDOXVtFRPRHOGHOD5HFKXHODHQ/D
=DLGDGHWUHLQWDPHWURVGHORQJLWXG\WUHVPHWURVGHDQFKXUDSRUGRVGHDOWXUD
FRPSXHVWRSRUFLQFRKLODGDVGHVLOODUHVDOPRKDGLOODGRV
%FMBIJTUPSJB
-BDPORVJTUBDSJTUJBOBZMBJOTUBVSBDJÊOEFMGFVEBMJTNPFOMPTTJHMPT9**9***
(OUHLQRFULVWLDQRGH$UDJyQIXQGDGRHQHOVLJOR;,HQORVYDOOHVSLUHQDLFRVLQLFLy
VXH[SDQVLyQPLOLWDUPiVGHVWDFDGDDSDUWLUGHOUHLQDGRGH$OIRQVR,HO%DWDOODGRU
FX\DV KXHVWHV IHXGDOHV FRQTXLVWDURQ =DUDJR]D HQ FDSLWDO GHO
UHLQRPXVXOPiQTXHRFXSDEDODIURQWHUDQRUWHGHDO$QGDOXV'HVGHHVHPRPHQWR
WRGDVODVFRPXQLGDGHVFDPSHVLQDVGHSHQGLHQWHVGHOGLVWULWR]DUDJR]DQRVHVRPH
WLHURQDXQQXHYRRUGHQVRFLDOGLIHUHQWHHQPXFKRVDVSHFWRVGHODQWHULRUPRGHOR
LVOiPLFRGHFLYLOL]DFLyQ(QHVHVHQWLGRODRFXSDFLyQPLOLWDUDFDUJRGHORVJXHUUH
URVDUDJRQHVHVFRQVROLGDGDHQWUHORVVLJORV;,,\;,,,VLJQLÀFyODHYDQJHOL]DFLyQ
FULVWLDQDGHOWHUULWRULRIXQGDFLyQGHSDUURTXLDV\PRQDVWHULRVODLPSODQWDFLyQGH
VHxRUtRVUXUDOHVFRPRHVSDFLRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHHQFXDGUDPLHQWRQLQJXQDWLHUUD
VLQVHxRUODLFRRHFOHVLiVWLFR\ODDVXQFLyQGHOUpJLPHQIHXGDOYDVDOODMH\MXVWLFLDHQ
PDQRVGHXQRVSRFRVPDJQDWHVFRPRIRUPDHVHQFLDOGHJRELHUQRVREUHORVKDEL
WDQWHV7RGRHOORFRURQDGRSRUXQDLGHRORJtDIHXGDOHVSHFtÀFDXQRGHFX\RVYDORUHV
IXQGDPHQWDOHVHUDODFRQFHSFLyQHVWDPHQWDOGHODVRFLHGDGHQWUHVyUGHQHVORVTXH
KDFtDQODJXHUUDFDEDOOHURVORVTXHUH]DEDQSDUDODVDOYDFLyQGHWRGRVFOpULJRV\
ORVTXHWUDEDMDEDQFDPSHVLQRVpVWRV~OWLPRVODJUDQPD\RUtDVRFLDO
/DGRQDFLyQGHWLHUUDV\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHFDVWLOORV\PRQDVWHULRVSRULQLFLDWLYDGH
ORVUH\HVDUDJRQHVHVMXJDURQXQSDSHOHVHQFLDOHQODFUHDFLyQGHORVQXHYRVSRGHUHV
IHXGDOHVGHQWURGHOWHUULWRULRUHFLpQFRQTXLVWDGR$OJXQRVGRFXPHQWRVVREUHOD5L
EHUD%DMDGHO(EURDVtORSRQHQGHPDQLÀHVWR4XL]iVHOHMHPSORPiVVLJQLÀFDWLYR
ORFRQVWLWX\DODIXQGDFLyQGHOPRQDVWHULRFLVWHUFLHQVHGH1XHVWUD6HxRUDGH5XHGD
GH(EURTXHKDEtDFRQWDGRHQHOVLJOR;,,FRQFXDWURFDVDVPDWULFHVSUHGHFHVRUDV
DQWHV GH VX LQVWDODFLyQ GHÀQLWLYD 6DO] GH *iOOHJR -XQFHUtD 6DPSHU GH /DJDWD \
(VFDWUyQ)XHHQHQWLHPSRVGH3HGUR,,FXDQGRFRPHQ]yODYLGDFRQYHQ
WXDOHQHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGDFX\RVHxRUtRGHYLQRHOPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHWRGDOD
KLVWRULDGHQXHVWUDFRPDUFD6XVSRVHVLRQHVFRPSUHQGtDQHOVHFWRUGHO(EURHQWUH
/D=DLGD\(VFDWUyQ\ODOODQXUDTXHGHVGHODRULOODPHULGLRQDOVHH[WHQGtDHQWRUQR
DOUtR$JXDVYLYDVHQHO&DPSRGH%HOFKLWHVLWXiQGRVHHOPRQDVWHULRHQODPDUJHQ
L]TXLHUGDGHOUtR(EURIUHQWHD(VFDWUyQ6XSDWULPRQLRVHFRQFHQWUDEDSULQFLSDO
PHQWH HQ ODV WLHUUDV GH %HOFKLWH FRQ XQD WUHLQWHQD GH SRVHVLRQHV OD PD\RUtD HQ
ODVFHUFDQtDVGHOSURSLRPRQDVWHULR\FRQYDULDGDVKHUHGDGHVHQQXHVWUDFRPDUFD
DFWXDO$OUHVSHFWRHOSULQFLSDOVLVWHPDGHH[SORWDFLyQXWLOL]DGRWtSLFRGHODFRORQL
]DFLyQFLVWHUFLHQVHIXHHOGHODSXHVWDHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHJUDQMDVDJURSHFXDULDV
WUDVODFRQFHVLyQGHGLYHUVDVFDUWDVSXHEODV<KD\TXHVXEUD\DUTXHODOOHJDGDGH
ORVPRQMHVGHO&tVWHUIXHSRULQLFLDWLYDGHOFRQGH5DPyQ%HUHQJXHU,9HVSRVRGH
OD UHLQD 3HWURQLOD GH $UDJyQ DVt FRPR GH VX KLMR HO PRQDUFD $OIRQVR ,, FRQ HO
LQWHUpVDPERVGHOOHYDUDFDERXQDYHUGDGHUDFRORQL]DFLyQFULVWLDQRIHXGDOWDQWR
HVSLULWXDOFRPRPDWHULDOGHHVWDVWLHUUDVUHFLpQFRQTXLVWDGDVHQODIpUWLO\DSDFLEOH
YHJDGHO(EUR
3HUR ORV PRQDUFDV QR SUHFLVDURQ QHFHVDULDPHQWH GH ORV PRQMHV SDUD FRQVROLGDU VXV
QXHYDVSRVHVLRQHV\GHKHFKRHQRWURVPRPHQWRVUHFXUULHURQDODDWUDFFLyQGHUHSR
3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSP
&DVWLOORGHOD3DOPDWpUPLQRGH6iVWDJRGHRULJHQPXVXOPiQ
EODGRUHV GLYHUVRV SDUD OD RFXSDFLyQ \ H[SORWDFLyQ HIHFWLYDV GH HVWRV OXJDUHV 3RU
HMHPSOR XQD GH ODV UHIHUHQFLDV PiV DQWLJXDV TXH SRVHHPRV HQ HVH VHQWLGR DOXGH
DOOXJDUGH3LQDHOGHIHEUHURGHFXDQGR$OIRQVR,HO%DWDOODGRUFRQFHGH
IXHURVDORVKDELWDQWHVGH=DUDJR]DSDUDIRPHQWDUVXUHSREODFLyQFLWDQGRHQWUHORV
OtPLWHVFRQTXHDIURQWDQORVWpUPLQRVGHODFLXGDGWRGRVDTXHOORVVRWRVTXHKDEtD
GHVGH1RYLOODVKDVWD3LQDSDUDTXHFRUWDVHQODOHxDVHFDTXHQHFHVLWDUDQSXGLHUDQ
SDFHUVXVJDQDGRVHQORVKHUED]DOHV\HODERUDVHQFDUEyQ0iVGHFLHQDxRVGHVSXpV
HOGHQRYLHPEUHGH-DLPH,FRQFHGHUtDWDPELpQDOPRQDVWHULRGH6LMHQDOD
YLOODGH$OFDOiFRQSHUPLVRDVXVSREODGRUHVVREUHHOXVRGHSDVWRV\ODH[WUDFFLyQ
GHOHxDHQORVPRQWHV\ERDODUHVGH3LQD
(QFXDQWRD(VFDWUyQVHWLHQHXQDSULPHUDUHIHUHQFLDDVXWpUPLQRHQQRYLHPEUH
GH FXDQGR VH HVWDEOHFHQ ORV OtPLWHV GH $OFDxL] KDVWD HO UtR (EUR XVTXH LQ
,EHUXPHWXVTXHDGWHUPLQXPGH6FDWURQHWGHLOORWHUPLQRGH6FDWURQXVTXHDG
SRGLRV GH &RQIUDWULEXV (Q SDUHFH TXH $OIRQVR ,, YHQGLy HO FDVWLOOR \ OD
YLOODGH(VFDWUyQDODDEDGtDGHOD-XQFHUtDFRPSOHWDQGRODKHUHGDGTXHHQSDUWH
\HUPD\HQSDUWHFXOWLYDGD\DWHQtDQORVPRQMHVHQHVWHWHUULWRULR/RFLHUWRHVTXH
XQVLJORGHVSXpVHOGHMXOLRGHHODEDGGH6DQWD0DUtDGH5XHGDGLVSRQtD
TXHORVKDELWDQWHVGH5RPDQDQRSXGLHUDQVXIULUFDORQLDVDQWHVGHVHUMX]JDGRVHQ
(VFDWUyQDIXHURGH$UDJyQ<\DHQSOHQRVLJOR;,9(VFDWUyQDSDUHFHFRPRXQD
GH HVDV WtSLFDV JUDQMDV R H[SORWDFLRQHV GHO PRQDVWHULR GH 5XHGD VHJ~Q UHÁHMD OD
FDUWDSXHEODGHOOXJDUGH9DOLPDxDHOGHGLFLHPEUHGH(QHVWHWH[WRVHFLWD
DIUD\1LFROiVGH7DUEDSURFXUDGRUJHQHUDOGHOGLFKRPRQDVWHULRFRPRJUDQMHUR
GH(VFDWUyQDOXGLpQGRVHDVLPLVPRHQHOGRFXPHQWRDOFDPLQRTXHVDOtDGHVGHHVWH
OXJDUKDVWD+tMDU
'HODPLVPDPDQHUD$OERUJHIXHFHGLGRSRU$OIRQVR,,DPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR;,,D
ORVPRQMHVFLVWHUFLHQVHVSUHGHFHVRUHVGHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGD(QIXHHODEDG
GH6DQWD0DUtDGH-XQFHUtDTXLHQHQWUHJyXQDFXDUWDSDUWHGHOWpUPLQRGH$OERU
JHD3HGUR&DSDOER\VXVVXFHVRUHVSDUDSREODUOREDMRGHWHUPLQDGDVFRQGLFLRQHV
%FMBIJTUPSJB
D IXHUR GH =DUDJR]D (QWUH HOODV VH DOXGtD
D TXH HO GLFKREHQHÀFLDULR GH OD GRQDFLyQ
GHEtDFRQVWUXLUXQD]XGXQDVDFHTXLDV\XQ
FDVWLOOR(QFRQFUHWRHOFDVWLOORGH$OERUJH
²TXHD~QVHFRQVHUYDVREUHXQDOWR]DQRD
PX\FRUWDGLVWDQFLDGHOSXHEORVHSDUDGRGH
pVWHSRUXQEDUUDQFR²GHEtDHGLÀFDUVHFRQ
XQD WRUUH GH GRV WHUUDGRV \ FDVD FXELHUWD
GH GRV WDSLDV FRQ XQ DOEDFDU HQ OR DOWR \
XQ SRUWDO FRQ VXV SXHUWDV (O DSDUHMR \ HO
VLVWHPD FRQVWUXFWLYR GH HVWD IRUWLÀFDFLyQ
FULVWLDQDHUDQVLQGXGDRWUDKHUHQFLDLVOiPL
FDIUHFXHQWHHQHOYDOOHGHO(EUR
8Q EXHQ HMHPSOR GH OD UHGLVWULEXFLyQ GH
OXJDUHV VHPLGHVSREODGRV HQWUH ODV LQVWLWX
FLRQHVUHOLJLRVDVVHSURGXMRHQFXDQ
GR 3HGUR RELVSR GH =DUDJR]D HQWUHJy D
OD PLOLFLD GHO 7HPSOH XQ OXJDU GHQRPLQD
GR/D=DLGDGRQGHQXQFDKXERLJOHVLD\D
5XLQDVGHOFDVWLOORGH$OERUJH
TXH GHVGH TXH KDEtD VLGR DVRODGR SRU ORV
VDUUDFHQRVGLFHHOGRFXPHQWRTXHGy\HUPRHLQFXOWR3RUORWDQWRORVWHPSODULRV
GHEtDQ HQFDUJDUVH GH URWXUDU GH QXHYR HVWDV WLHUUDV EDOGtDV HQ OD FXHQFD LQIHULRU
GHOUtR$JXDVYLYDV\WHQtDQGHUHFKRDTXHGDUVHFRQORVGLH]PRV\SULPLFLDVGHOD
SURGXFFLyQDJUtFRODUHFLELHQGRHORELVSRXQFDKL]GHWULJRRWURGHRUGLR\XQDPH
GLGDGHYLQRFRPRUHFRQRFLPLHQWRDVXSUHHPLQHQFLD(OGRFXPHQWRFRQWHPSODED
LQFOXVRODSRVLEOHYHQLGDDOOXJDUGHFRORQL]DGRUHVFULVWLDQRVDXQTXHQRQRVFRQVWD
TXHOOHJDVHQXQFDDSURGXFLUVH
7DPELpQ XQ GRFXPHQWR IHFKDGR HO GH PDU]R GH DOXGH D TXH ORV FRPHQ
GDGRUHVGHOSXHQWHGH=DUDJR]DFHGLHURQDORVKDELWDQWHVGH&LQFR2OLYDVODVKH
UHGDGHVGHGLFKRSXHQWHHQHVWDORFDOLGDGDFDPELRGHXQDUHQWDRWUHXGRDQXDO
(QHOWH[WRVHFLWDQDGHPiVORVQRPEUHVGHORVVHLVSREODGRUHVTXHMXQWRFRQVXV
UHVSHFWLYDVIDPLOLDVVHEHQHÀFLDURQGHODFHVLyQ*DUFtDGH$UUH]$UQDOGRFDSHOOiQ
GH$UPDFKRO-XDQGH$UPDFKRO'RPLQJR6DQFKRFRJQDWRGH3DUGR'RPLQJR
GH$UWDVRQD\3HGURGH6HQD$ODYLVWDHVWiSRUWDQWRTXH&LQFR2OLYDV4XLQTXH
2OLYLVDÀQDOHVGHOVLJOR;,,HUDXQDSHTXHxDFRPXQLGDGFDPSHVLQDFRPSXHVWDSRU
YHLQWHRWUHLQWDSHUVRQDVHQKLSyWHVLVVLFDGDXQRGHHVRVSREODGRUHVHQFDEH]DED
XQDIDPLOLDGHDOPHQRVFXDWURRFLQFRPLHPEURV
3RU~OWLPRUHVSHFWRDOD]RQDGHORVPHDQGURVGH6iVWDJRFRQVWDODQRWLFLDGHVX
YHQWDDÀQDOHVGHOVLJOR;,,3HGUR,,HPSHxyYDULDVGHVXVSRVHVLRQHVDGLYHUVRV
QREOHV SDUD VXSHUDU DSXURV HFRQyPLFRV \ DVt OR KL]R FRQ OD YLOOD \ HO FDVWLOOR GH
6iVWDJRDIDYRUGH$UWDOGH$ODJyQHQSRUPRUDEHWLQHV'HHVOD
FHVLyQGH6iVWDJR\VXFDVWLOORD%ODVFRGH$ODJyQKLMRGHODQWHULRUHQFX\RVGHV
3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSP
FHQGLHQWHVSHUGXUDURQGXUDQWHVLJORVEDMRHOWtWXORGHFRQGHVGH6iVWDJRXQRGHORV
OLQDMHVDULVWRFUiWLFRVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHOUHLQRGH$UDJyQ
&RPRVHKDSRGLGRYHUGXUDQWHORVVLJORV;,,;,,,ORVDUDJRQHVHVOOHYDURQDFDER
XQDHYLGHQWHGHVHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODFLYLOL]DFLyQPXVXOPDQDSUHH[LVWHQWHHQHOYDOOH
GHO (EUR GHVGH KDFtD FLHQWRV GH DxRV \ D SDUWLU GH HQWRQFHV HO UHLQR GH $UDJyQ
SDVyDLQWHJUDUVHSOHQDPHQWHHQHOFRQMXQWRGHODVVRFLHGDGHVIHXGDOHVHXURSHDV
6LQ HPEDUJR OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ LVOiPLFD YHQFLGD SRU SDUWH GH ORV
QXHYRV JREHUQDQWHV FULVWLDQRV QR VLJQLÀFy QL PXFKR PHQRV VX GHVDSDUDFLyQ HQ
ODVWLHUUDVGHOD5LEHUD%DMDPiVELHQWRGRORFRQWUDULRSXHVWRTXHFRPRVXFHGLy
HQ PXFKDV ]RQDV GHO YDOOH GHO (EUR HVWDV SREODFLRQHV VH PDQWXYLHURQ FRPR LP
SRUWDQWHVFRPXQLGDGHVPXGpMDUHVFRQVXVSURSLRVFRQVHMRVGHJRELHUQRRDOMDPDV
GHSHQGLHQWHVGHOPRQDUFD\FRQSHUPLVRSDUDVHJXLUSUDFWLFDQGRVXVFRVWXPEUHV
UHOLJLyQHLGLRPDVLHPSUHHVRVtEDMRODYLJLODQFLD\FRHUFLyQGHORVIHXGDOHVPX
GpMDU PXGD\\DQ DTXHODOTXHVHKDSHUPLWLGRTXHGDUVH
-B3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSPFOMB#BKB&EBE.FEJB
6HJ~QORVGDWRVTXHRIUHFHQORVIRJDMHVGHÀQDOHVGHOVLJOR;9ODSREODFLyQPiV
LPSRUWDQWH GH WRGD OD FRPDUFD HUD 3LQD 'H IXHJRV FDVDV IDPLOLDV KRJDUHV
RFRQWULEX\HQWHVTXHWHQtDHQORVDxRVGLVPLQX\yDHQ7DO
YH]HVWHPRVKDEODQGRGHXQDVSHUVRQDVVLPXOWLSOLFDPRVSRUFXDWURFDGD
IXHJR D IDOWD GHO Q~PHUR GH LQPLJUDQWHV \ UHVLGHQWHV QR OHJDOHV TXH HV GLItFLO GH
FDOFXODUD~QFRQFHQVRVSURVRSRJUiÀFRV H[KDXVWLYRVVREUHIXHQWHVKHWHURJpQHDV
$GHPiV3LQDHVWDEDHQWUHODVYLOODVDUDJRQHVDVTXHDVLVWtDQFRQPiVIUHFXHQFLDDODV
FRUWHVGHOUHLQR(QVHJXtDVLHQGRXQDYLOODGHOVHxRUtRGHORV$ODJyQFRQGHV
GH6iVWDJR6XWLWXODUHQHOPRPHQWRGHOIRJDMHHUD%ODVFRGH$ODJyQKDFLHQGRKR
QRUFRQHVHQRPEUHDVXVPiVYLHMRVDQWHSDVDGRV/DHVWUXFWXUDGHGLFKDSREODFLyQ
DSDUHFHGLYLGLGDHQGRVFROHFWLYRVGHLJXDOHVGLPHQVLRQHVHVWRHVHOFRQFHMRGHORV
FULVWLDQRV\ODDOMDPDGHORVPRURV3RURWURVGRFXPHQWRVQRVFRQVWDWDPELpQOD
H[SORWDFLyQGHVDOLQDVHQHOWpUPLQRGH3LQDGXUDQWHOD%DMD(GDG0HGLD
/DYLOODGH(VFDWUyQVHxRUtRGHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGDDOFDQ]DEDFRPRPXFKROD
PLWDG GHO WDPDxR TXH WHQtD 3LQD HVWDEOH HQ ORV IRJDMHV HQWUH \ IXHJRV 6X
HVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQDHQSUHVHQWDEDXQDSHTXHxDGHVSURSRUFLyQHQWUHHOFRQFHMR
GHORVFULVWLDQRVSRUFLHQWRGHORVKDELWDQWHV\ODDOMDPDGHORVPRURVPD\RUtD
FRQHOSRUFLHQWR7HQHPRVQRWLFLDVSURFHGHQWHVGHO$UFKLYRGHOD&DWHGUDOGH
%DUFHORQDHQODVTXHDOOiSRUHODxRODDOMDPDPXVXOPDQDGH(VFDWUyQYHQ
GLyODGpFLPDSDUWHGHVXSURGXFFLyQWDQWRDJUtFRODFRPRJDQDGHUDDVtFRPRGH
ODFD]DSHVFDRFXDOTXLHURWUDDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDDXQPHUFDGHUEDUFHORQpVSRU
XQSHUtRGRGHFDWRUFHDxRVDFDPELRGHXQSUpVWDPRGHVXHOGRVMDTXHVHV
SDUDVXIUDJDUORVDSXURVHFRQyPLFRVGHOSXHEOR(VFDWUyQHUDXQRGHORVSXQWRV
QHXUiOJLFRVGHOFRPHUFLRDUDJRQpVHQOD%DMD(GDG0HGLDSRUTXHDOOtFRQÁXtDOD
ODQD SURFHGHQWH GH ODV FRPDUFDV GHO LQWHULRU SDUD VHU WUDQVSRUWDGD SRU YtD ÁXYLDO
%FMBIJTUPSJB
D7RUWRVDGRQGHHUDHPEDUFDGDUXPERD,WDOLDR3URYHQ]D(VWRVHVDEHSRUTXH
(VFDWUyQHUDXQRGHORVOXJDUHVGHFREURGHORVLPSXHVWRVRJHQHUDOLGDGHVTXHDSOL
FDEDHOUHLQRVREUHHOFRPHUFLRH[WHULRU\VHFRQVHUYDQORVUHJLVWURVGHODFROHFWD
TXHDOOtVHKDFtD
&RQXQDVGLPHQVLRQHVVLPLODUHVHVWDED4XLQWRRWUDYLOODGHVHxRUtRTXHGLVPLQX\y
GHDIXHJRVHQWUH\(VWDSREODFLyQHQHOVLJOR;,9\DHVWDED
EDMRHOVHxRUtRGHORV7RUUHOODVYLQFXODGDOXHJRDORVFRQGHVGH/XQD(QIXH
LQFRUSRUDGDDOD&RURQDGH$UDJyQSRU$OIRQVR9SDUDVHUYHQGLGDXQDxRGHVSXpV
SRUÁRULQHVGHRURDOYLFHFDQFLOOHUGRQ-XDQGH)XQHVFX\RVGHVFHQGLHQWHV
ORFRQVHUYDURQSRFRPiVGHXQVLJORHQVXSURSLHGDG6HJ~QHOIRJDMHGHVXV
KDELWDQWHV HUDQ WRGRV FULVWLDQRV $VLPLVPR HQ HVH GRFXPHQWR VH FLWD FRPR GHV
SREODGRDItQHOFDVHUtRGHODHUPLWDGH1XHVWUD6HxRUDGH0DWDPDODDOVXUHVWHGHO
WpUPLQRGH4XLQWR
6iVWDJRYLOODGHOVHxRUtRFRQGDOGHOPLVPRQRPEUHHQPDQRVGHORV$ODJyQFUHFLy
GHDKRJDUHVHQWUHORVGRVIRJDMHVFLWDGRVDXQTXHPDQWHQLHQGRXQDGLPHQ
VLyQXQSRFRPiVUHGXFLGDTXH(VFDWUyQR4XLQWR6XVKDELWDQWHVHUDQWRGRVPX
GpMDUHVEDMRODYLJLODQFLDGHXQSURFXUDGRURUHSUHVHQWDQWHGHOVHxRUGHOOXJDU(Q
HO$UFKLYRGHOD&DWHGUDOGH%DUFHORQDVHFRQVHUYDODYHQWDGHOOXJDUGH6iVWDJRTXH
UHDOL]yHQVXVHxRU%ODVFRGH$ODJyQSDUDVXIUDJDUODVSpUGLGDVSRUODVPDODV
FRVHFKDV\ODOODPDGD*XHUUDGHORV'RV3HGURVDSDUWHGHORVHVWUDJRVTXHGHELy
GHMDUHQHVWDVWLHUUDVODSHVWHQHJUDGH
&DVWLOOR\HUPLWDGHOGHVSREODGRGH0DWDPDOD WpUPLQRGH4XLQWR
3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSP
&XULRVDPHQWH *HOVD HV HO FDVR TXH RIUHFH PiV GLVSDULGDG
HQ HO Q~PHUR GH FRQWULEX\HQWHV FRPSDUDQGR ORV GDWRV GH
IXHJRVFRQORVGHIXHJRVORTXH
GLFHTXHHQFXDWURDxRVODSREODFLyQÀVFDORÀFLDOFUHFLyPiV
DOOiGHOGREOH7RGRVHUDQPXGpMDUHVVDOYRHOSURSLRVHxRU
GHOOXJDU\HODOFDLGH
$OERUJHHUDXQOXJDUGHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGDTXHFUHFLyGH
DFRQWULEX\HQWHVHQWUHDPERVIRJDMHV6HWLHQHQRWLFLDGH
TXHHQODDOMDPDGH$OERUJHYHQGLyXQDRFWDYDSDUWHGH
VXSURGXFFLyQGXUDQWHGLH]DxRVDXQPHUFDGHUGH%DUFHORQD
DFDPELRGHXQSUpVWDPRGHVXHOGRVMDTXHVHV(QXQD
SURFXUDFLyQGHODDOMDPDGH$OERUJHIHFKDGDHOGHPDU]R
GHSRUPRWLYRGHFLHUWRVFHQVDOHVTXHGHPDQGDEDDHVWD
DOMDPDHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGDDSDUHFHXQDQyPLQDGHPX
VXOPDQHVGH$OERUJHUHXQLGRVHQODSOD]DGHOGLFKROXJDU\HQ
FDEH]DGRVSRUVXVPi[LPRVUHSUHVHQWDQWHV2WURVSHUJDPLQRV
GHOVLJOR;9HQHO$UFKLYR+LVWyULFR3URYLQFLDOGH=DUDJR]D
DOXGHQ WDPELpQ DO HQGHXGDPLHQWR TXH WXYR OD DOMDPD PXVXO
9HOLOODGH(EURÉEVLGH
PDQDGH$OERUJHGXUDQWHPXFKRVDxRVDOQRSRGHUSDJDUORV
URPiQLFRGHODHUPLWDGH
6DQ1LFROiVGH%DUL
SUpVWDPRVTXHHQIRUPDGHFHQVDOHVOHKDEtDQLGRIDFLOLWDQGRHO
SURSLRPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGDRDOJXQRVPHUFDGHUHVMXGtRVSDUD
VXSHUDUVXVGLÀFXOWDGHVHFRQyPLFDV(QXQRGHHVWRVGRFXPHQWRVIHFKDGRHQ
DSDUHFHKDVWDXQDOLVWDGHORVELHQHVHPSHxDGRVHQHOSXHEORLQIRUPDQGRLQGLUHFWD
PHQWHVREUHODVIRUPDVGHVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHVXVKDELWDQWHVFDVDVFDVDOHVFRUUDOHVSD
ORPDUHVFDPSRVYLxDVKXHUWRVROLYDUHVD]DIUDQDOHVWLHUUDVODEUDGDVPRQWHVUHJDGtRV
DOEDUHVJDQDGRVJUXHVRV\PHQXGRV\KDVWDEHVWLDVGHDUDU
/D=DLGDHUDRWUROXJDUGHOVHxRUtRPRQiVWLFRGH5XHGDFX\DSREODFLyQRVFLOyGH
DIXHJRVHQWUH\WRGRVHOORVPXGpMDUHV3RUFRQWUDORVKDEL
WDQWHVGH9HOLOODGHDIXHJRVHQHVHSHUtRGRHUDQWRGRVFULVWLDQRV(VWDYLOOD
HUDRWUDGHODVSRVHVLRQHVGHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGD&LQFR2OLYDVHUDXQOXJDUGH
VHxRUtRtQWHJUDPHQWHPXVXOPiQTXHSDVyGHDFDVDVHQDTXHOHQWRQFHV'H
HVODYHQWDGH6iVWDJR\&LQFR2OLYDVSRUVXVHxRU%ODVFRGH$ODJyQGHELGR
DODVSpUGLGDVHFRQyPLFDVVXIULGDVSRUODVPDODVFRVHFKDV\ODJXHUUDFRQ&DVWLOOD
&RSLDGHHVDYHQWDVHFRQVHUYDHQHO$UFKLYRGHOD&DWHGUDOGH%DUFHORQD3RU~OWL
PR$OIRUTXHFRQ\IXHJRVFULVWLDQRVHQWUH\HUDODSREODFLyQ
PiVSHTXHxDGHODVGLH]UHVHxDGDV
(QFRQFOXVLyQGXUDQWHOD%DMD(GDG0HGLDODVWLHUUDVGHODDFWXDOFRPDUFDGHOD
5LEHUD%DMDGHO(EURHVWXYLHURQUHSDUWLGDVIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQWUHHOVHxRUtRGHO
PRQDVWHULR GH 5XHGD (VFDWUyQ $OERUJH /D =DLGD 9HOLOOD \ ODV SRVHVLRQHV GHO
OLQDMHGHORV$ODJyQFRQGHVGH6iVWDJR3LQD6iVWDJR&LQFR2OLYDV6LVXPDPRV
HOQ~PHURGHIXHJRVTXHHQWHQtDQODVGLH]ORFDOLGDGHVLGHQWLÀFDGDVREVHUYD
UHPRVTXHXQSRUFLHQWRGHVXVYHFLQRVHUDQPXGpMDUHV
%FMBIJTUPSJB
#JCMJPHSBGÄB
%$5%$6752*,// (OVHxRUtRGHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGD*RELHUQRGH$UDJyQ=DUDJR]D
&217(/%$5($& (O&tVWHU]DUDJR]DQRHQHOVLJOR;,,DEDGtDVSUHGHFHVRUDVGH1XHVWUD6HxRUDGH
5XHGDGH(EUR,QVWLWXFLyQ)HUQDQGRHO&DWyOLFR=DUDJR]D
&217(/%$5($& (O&tVWHU]DUDJR]DQRHQORVVLJORV;,,,\;,9$EDGtDGH1XHVWUD6HxRUDGH5XHGD
GH(EUR,QVWLWXFLyQ)HUQDQGRHO&DWyOLFR=DUDJR]D
)$/&Ð13e5(=0, ´$SRUWDFLyQDOHVWXGLRGHODSREODFLyQDUDJRQHVDDÀQHVGHOVLJOR;9µ(Q
´
$UDJyQ
HQOD(GDG0HGLDYRO9SS=DUDJR]D
/$/,(1$&25%(5$&´(O&tVWHUHQHOYDOOHPHGLRGHO(EURUHSREODFLyQ\URWXUDFLRQHVHQHOGRPLQLR
GHOPRQDVWHULRGH5XHGDµ$QXDULRGH(VWXGLRV0HGLHYDOHVSS
/Ð3(=3e5(=0' ´/DVUHSHUFXVLRQHVHFRQyPLFDVGHOD*XHUUDGHORV'RV3HGURVHQODVDOMDPDV
PXVXOPDQDVDUDJRQHVDVHOFDVRGH(VFDWUyQ\$OERUJHµ $FWDVGHO9,,,6LPSRVLR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH0XGHMDULVPR
7HUXHO &HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0XGpMDUHVSS7HUXHO
1$9$552(63,1$&+*\9,//$18(9$0257(-HQSUHQVD ´3RUXQHVWXGLRSURVRSRJUiÀFR\JHQHD
OyJLFRGHORVPXGpMDUHVGH$UDJyQHQOD(GDG0HGLDODVWLHUUDVWXUROHQVHV\GRVHMHPSORVFRQFUHWRVGHOYDOOHGHO
(EUR$OERUJH\&RGRµ $FWDVGHO,;6LPSRVLR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH0XGHMDULVPR 7HUXHO
6(55$120217$/92$ /DSREODFLyQGH$UDJyQVHJ~QHOIRJDMHGH,QVWLWXFLyQ)HUQDQGRHO
&DWyOLFR=DUDJR]D
6(60$08f2=-$\6$5$6$6É1&+(=(´(OFRPHUFLRGHODQDSRUHO(EURKDFLDHO0HGLWHUUiQHR
(OSXHUWRÁXYLDOGH(VFDWUyQDPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR;9µ6HJXQGR&RQJUHVR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH(VWXGLRVVREUHODV
&XOWXUDVGHO0HGLWHUUiQHR2FFLGHQWDOSS%DUFHORQD
6(60$08f2=-$875,//$875,//$-)\/$/,(1$&25%(5$&$JXD\SDLVDMHVRFLDOHQ
HO $UDJyQ PHGLHYDO /RV UHJDGtRV GHO UtR $JXDVYLYDV HQ OD (GDG 0HGLD &RQIHGHUDFLyQ +LGURJUiÀFD GHO (EUR
=DUDJR]D
3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSP
1JODFMBEBTIJTUÊSJDBTTPCSFFMNPOBTUFSJPEF3VFEB
%$87,67$$1725É1=$%$<
/RVPRQMHVYLHQHQD5XHGD
)XH XQ KLMR GH 5DPyQ %HUHQJXHU ,9 \ GRxD 3HWURQLOD $OIRQVR ,, TXLHQ HQ PD\R
GH RWRUJy HO FDVWLOOR \ OD YLOOD GH (VFDWUyQ D *XLOOHUPR 3pUH] DEDG GH 6DQWD
0DUtD GH -XQFHUtD SDUD TXH IXQGDUD XQ PRQDVWHULR VHJ~Q ODV IRUPDV GH OD 6DQWD
2UGHQGHO&LVWHU
>WUDGXFLGR GHO RULJLQDO ODWLQR@ (Q HO QRPEUH GH 1XHVWUR 6HxRU -HVXFULVWR
6DOYDGRU VHSDQ WRGRV ORV SUHVHQWHV \ IXWXURV TXH \R $OIRQVR SRU OD JUDFLD
GH'LRV5H\GH$UDJyQ&RQGHGH%DUFHORQD\0DUTXpVGH3URYHQ]DGHEXHQ
FRUD]yQ\FRQOLEUHYROXQWDGSRUHODPRUGH'LRV\UHPLVLyQGHPLVSHFDGRV\
WDPELpQSRUODVDOPDVGHPLSDGUH\GHPLPDGUH\GHWRGRVPLVDQWHSDVDGRV
DODER D 'LRV 1XHVWUR 6HxRU \ D OD %LHQDYHQWXUDGD 9LUJHQ GH -XQFHULD GR\ \
FRQFHGR SDUD VLHPSUH D YRV *XLOOHUPR \ DO FRQYHQWR GH HVWH VLWLR XQ FDVWLOOR \
XQDYLOODTXHVHOODPD(VFDWUyQFRQWRGRVVXVWpUPLQRV\\HUPRV\FRQWRGDVX
SREODFLyQ FRQ WRGD VX H[WHQVLyQ FRQ WRGDV VXV FDVDV TXH GH XQ PRGR GLUHFWR
SHUWHQHFHQDOPLVPRFDVWLOORFRQIUDQFD\OLEUHHQWUDGD\VDOLGDFRQODVDJXDV
ODVOHxDV\SDVWRVFRQWRGDVODVWLHUUDVFXOWLYDGDV\QRFXOWLYDGDVFRQODVYLxDV
\WRGRVORViUEROHVGRPpVWLFRVRDJUHVWHVGHFXDOTXLHUFODVH\WRGRORTXHWHQJRR
GHERWHQHUHQHOPHQFLRQDGRFDVWLOOR\HQODYLOODHQWRGRVVXVWpUPLQRV\DJXDV
FRPRPHMRUSXHGDGHFLUVHRHQWHQGHUVHSDUDYXHVWURSURYHFKR\XWLOLGDG>«@<
RVKDJRVDEHUTXHHQHOPHQFLRQDGRWpUPLQRQRKDJiLVRWUDQXHYDSREODFLyQFRQ
YXHVWURVKHUPDQRV\VHUYLGRUHVDQRVHUJUDQMDV
&RPHQ]DURQDOOHJDUORVPRQMHVHQHOPHVGHQRYLHPEUHGH\VHHVWDEOHFLHURQ
HQ 5XHGD ]RQD HQ OD TXH KDEtD QXPHURVD SREODFLyQ PXGpMDU (Q SULQFLSLR FRQV
WUX\HURQXQDLJOHVLDPX\SHTXHxDPiVELHQFDSLOODEDMRODDGYRFDFLyQGHO$SyVWRO
6DQ 3HGUR \ TXH HVWXYR HQ SLH FHUFD GHO FODXVWUR MXQWR DO FHPHQWHULR KDVWD TXH
)UD\0LJXHOGH9DOHQ]XHODODGHUULEyHQSDUDKDFHUHOGRUPLWRULRQXHYR)XH
XQPRQMHDUTXLWHFWR)UD\*LO5XELRTXH\DKDEtDGDGRWUD]D\PRGHORDODLJOHVLD
GHODV6DQWDV0DVDVHOTXHFRPHQ]y HQHOWHPSORGHGLFDGRD1XHVWUD6HxRUD
GH5XHGD
6RODPHQWH WUHFH DxRV WDUGDURQ HQ HGLILFDU OD LJOHVLD TXH IXH FRQVDJUDGD HO GH
PDU]RGHSRUHORELVSRGH=DUDJR]D%HUQDUGRGH0RQWHDJXGRDXQTXHSXHGH
TXHIXHVHVyORHODOWDUPD\RU\ODFDEHFHUDSDUDKDELOLWDUODSDUDHOFXOWRVHJ~QHUD
FRVWXPEUH (Q GLFKD pSRFD HO PRQDVWHULR UHFLELy QXPHURVDV GRQDFLRQHV &RGR \
VXVWpUPLQRVHQ6HQLDODVJUDQMDVGH5RPDQD\9DOLPDxD\ODHUPLWDGH0RQ
WOHU0iVODYDOLRVDSURWHFFLyQGHORVURPDQRVSRQWtILFHVDVtGRVEXODVGH*UHJRULR
,; FRQILUPDQ ODV GRQDFLRQHV \ HO SULYLOHJLR DSRVWyOLFR GH ,QRFHQFLR ,9 OH
H[LPLy GHSHDMH\GHPiVGHUHFKRVUHDOHV\OHFRQFHGLyODFDSDFLGDGGHKHUHGDUWRGD
FODVHGHELHQHVQRIHXGDOHV7DPSRFRIDOWDDODDEDGtDHODPSDURGHORV5H\HVGH$UD
JyQ-DLPH,HO&RQTXLVWDGRUWRPDDOPRQDVWHULREDMRVXVDOYDJXDUGLD\SURWHFFLyQ
\ORPLVPRKDFHQ3HGUR,,,-DLPH,,\3HGUR,9HQ7DODPSDUR\SURWHFFLyQ
QRHUDHQYDQRVLQRSRUTXHDOSDUHFHUHOPRQDVWHULRKDEtDVLGRDWDFDGRHQYDULDV
RFDVLRQHV SRU ODV JHQWHV GH ORV VHxRUHV GH 6iVWDJR TXH UHFODPDEDQ DO PRQDVWHULR
DOJXQRVGHUHFKRVVREUHHOWpUPLQRGH*RWRUGRQDGRSRU$OIRQVR,,HQ'LFHQ
%FMBIJTUPSJB
,QWHULRUGHODLJOHVLDGH6DQWD0DUt
U DGH5XHGD
ODVFUyQLFDVTXHHQXQDRFDVLyQDXQRGHORVPRQMHV*DVWyQGH$\HUEHOHFRORFD
URQHQOD FDEH]DXQFDSDFHWHGHKLHUURFDQGHQWHDFDEiQGROHGHPDWDUDSXxDODGDV\
DUURMDQGRGHVSXpVDOIXHJRVXFDGiYHUMXQWRFRQORVGRFXPHQWRVGHOPRQDVWHULR
(OSOHLWRTXHHOVHxRUGH6iVWDJRWHQtDHQWDEODGRFRQHOPRQDVWHULRVHVDOGy FRQHOSHU
GyQGH5RPD\DILDQ]yODSURSLHGDGGH*RWRUDIDYRUGHO0RQDVWHULR\HVDKRUDFXDQGR
XQSHUVRQDMHGHODQREOH]DDUDJRQHVDYDDWRUQDUORVKiELWRVHQHOPRQDVWHULR(OQXHYR
UHOLJLRVRHV3HGUR)HUQiQGH]GH+tMDUULFRKRPEUHGHOUHLQRYLXGRTXHGHFLGHUHFRJHUVH
HQ5XHGDTXH\DKDEtDVLGRSURWHJLGDSRUVXVDQWHSDVDGRVKD\XQHVFXGRGHODFDVDHQ
HODUFRGHODQDYHPD\RUGHODLJOHVLDTXHQRVKDFHSHQVDUTXHXQDSDUWHGHODPLVPDVH
KL]RDH[SHQVDVGHVXVDQFHVWURV$VXPXHUWHVHOHGLRVHSXOWXUDHQXQKHUPRVRW~PXOR
HQHOFHQWURGHODQDYHGHODLJOHVLDDEDFLDOGRQGHVHPDQWXYRKDVWDDxRHQTXHIXH
WUDVODGDGRDODFDSLOODGH6DQ/RUHQ]RFRQRFDVLyQGHODYLVLWDGH)HOLSH,9HQVXYLDMHGH
=DUDJR]DD)UDJDSDUDFRQYR\DUHOHMpUFLWRUHDOFRQWUDHOOHYDQWDPLHQWRGHORVFDWDODQHV
)XHURQPXFKDVODVGLILFXOWDGHVTXHVXIULHURQORVPRQMHVHQWUHPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR;9\
HO;9,DSHVDUGHODSURWHFFLyQGHORVPRQDUFDVDUDJRQHVHVFRQVHFXHQFLDWDPELpQGHOD
DFWLWXGFRUUXSWDGHWRGRVORVDEDGHVGHODpSRFDHQWUHORVTXHGHVWDFD0DUWtQ(VSDxRO
HQFX\DpSRFDQRSDJRSHQVLyQDOJXQDDORVFXULDOHVGH5RPD\DOUHFODPDUODHVWRVSLGLy
DODFRPXQLGDGTXHWRPDUDGLQHURDFHQVRSDUDFDVDUODVSHQVLRQHV\H[FXVDUVHGHSDJDU
ODVUHQWDVGHHOODVGLQHURTXHSRUVXSDUWHFRQVXPLy\JDVWyDEXVLYDPHQWHYLYLHQGRFRQ
SRFRIHUYRU\PXFKRHVFiQGDOR)XHGHVWLWXLGRHQ\WRGDYtDVHOHFRQVLJXLyXQDUHQWD
GHGXFDGRVTXHGHEtDSDJDUOH5XHGDFDGDDxRSHUPLWLpQGROHYLYLUIXHUDGHOPRQDV
WHULRHOLJLHQGR=XHUDHQFX\DLJOHVLDHVWiHQWHUUDGR
(OUHVXUJLPLHQWRGHODYLGDUHOLJLRVD
$QWHWDQODVWLPRVDVLWXDFLyQHOUH\)HOLSH,,FRQILy ODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHOPRQDVWHULR
DO PRQMH SURIHVR GH 3LHGUD 0LJXHO 5XELR TXH KDEtD VLGR FRQIHVRU GH ODV +XHOJDV
3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSP
GH%XUJRV)XHSUHVHQWDGRDO3DSD3DXOR,9HQFRQXQDFpGXODSDUDJREHUQDU
WHPSRUDOPHQWH KDVWD TXH IXHVH GHELGDPHQWH DXWRUL]DGR SRU HO *HQHUDO GHO &LVWHU
KDFLHQGRXQEDODQFHLQYHQWDULRTXHHPSLH]DDVt
´<R)U0LJXHO5XELRYLQHDUHVLGLUD5XHGDHORFKRGHQRYLHPEUHGH\
HO HVWDGR TXH \R KDOOH HO PRQDVWHULR IXH GH OD PDQHUD VLJXLHQWH (Q HO JUDQHUR
KDEtDFLQFRFDKLFHVGHWULJR\VHLVGHFHEDGDQRKDEtDVHPHQWHURDOJXQRWRGDVODV
WLHUUDV\YLxDVHVWDEDQHQSRGHUGHVHJODUHV6RORKDEtDHQHOPRQDVWHULRXQSDU
GHPXODVSDUDWUDHUOHxD\VRORXQPR]RFRQHOODVPX\SRFRYLQR\QDGDEODQFR
SRFRDFHLWH\JDQDGRQRKDEtDWRGDVODVWLHUUDVEODQFDVGHO0RQDVWHULRHVWDEDQ
DSUHKHQGLGDV SRU OD &RUWH GHO -XVWLFLD GH $UDJyQ SRU UD]yQ GH OLEUDV
GDQGRODFRUWHSHTXHxDVPLVHULDVGHDOLPHQWRVSDUDORVUHOLJLRVRVµ
0LJXHO 5XELR VROLFLWy OLFHQFLD GHO UH\ )HOLSH ,, SDUD YHQGHU OXJDUHV GH OD DEDGtD
DXQTXHHQVXIXHURLQWHUQRQXQFDORTXLVRFRQHOORORTXHWUDWDED~QLFDPHQWHHUD
GH DPHGUHQWDU D ORV YDVDOORV SDUD TXH DSRUWDVHQ OR QHFHVDULR SDUD VDFDU DO PRQDV
WHULRGHODSHQXULDHQTXHVHKDOODED6HQHJRFLyFRQGRQ5X\*yPH]GH6LOYDSDUD
YHQGHU HQ QRPEUH GHO PRQDVWHULR OD YLOOD GH (VFDWUyQ \ ORV OXJDUHV GHO DEDGLDGR
&RGR /DJDWD 6DPSHU GHO 6DO] \ ODV JUDQMDV GH 9DOLPDxD \ 5RPDQD SDJDQGR FDGD
DxROLEUDVMDTXHVDVGHWUHXGRSHUSHWXR\DOFRQWDGRFRQORTXHHOFRQ
YHQWR\DSRGtDVDWLVIDFHUODVGHXGDVTXHDVFHQGtDQD/GHVWLQDQGRHOUHVWRD
ODUHSDUDFLyQGHORVHGLILFLRVGH5XHGD /RVYDVDOORVGH5XHGDDOWHQHUODQRWLFLDGH
ODYHQWDVHSUHVHQWDURQVXPLVRVHQ5XHGDRIUHFLpQGRVHYROXQWDULDPHQWHDIDFLOLWDU
HO GLQHUR QHFHVDULR SDUD VDFDU DO PRQDVWHULR GH VX DQJXVWLRVD VLWXDFLyQ HYLWDQGR
GH HVWD IRUPD VHU YHQGLGRV D XQ VHxRU VHFXODU \ TXHGDU VXMHWRV DO SRGHU DEVROXWR
6H DFHSWy HO RIUHFLPLHQWR \ SRU OR WDQWR VH REOLJDURQ ORV YDVDOORV HQ =DUDJR]D D
OD VXPD GH HVFXGRV TXH VH UHVWLWX\HURQ D GRQ 5X\ *RPp] UHYRFiQGRVH OD
YHQWD TXHGDQGR ODV YLOODV \ OXJDUHV FRPR IHXGRV GHO PRQDVWHULR \ pVWH VLQ GHXGD
DOJXQD /D JHVWLyQ GH 5XHGD QR SXGR VHU PiV DFHUWDGD QL PiV SURYHFKRVD SDUD HO
PRQDVWHULRGHVSXpVGHWDQWRVDxRVGHDEDQGRQR\GHDEDGHVLQHSWRVTXHORKDEtDQ
OOHYDGRDVXPiVFRPSOHWDUXLQD&RQUD]yQODVFUyQLFDVOROODPDQ´UHVWDXUDGRUGHO
0RQDVWHULRGH5XHGDµ
$SULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;9,,FRPHQ]yDJREHUQDU-XDQ+XJDUWHTXHULJLyODDEDGtD
FRQ SUXGHQFLD \ VROtFLWR FXLGDGR FRQWLQXDQGR FRQ ODV REUDV HPSUHQGLGDV HQ OD
JDOHUtDKRVSHGHUtDSDODFLRDEDFLDOSRUWHUtD\SXHUWDUHDODVt FRPRODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GHOPDJQLILFRUHWDEORGHDODEDVWURTXHHQFDUJy DOPDHVWUR(VWHEDQHQSDUDHO
DOWDUPD\RUGHODLJOHVLDKHUPRVDREUDTXHIXHWHUPLQDGDXQRVDxRVPiVWDUGHSRU
HOPD]RQHUR'RPLQJR%RUXQGD'XUDQWHHOPDQGDWRGHHVWHDEDGTXHGDURQGHVLHU
WRVODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVOXJDUHVGHODEDGLDGRFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODH[SXOVLyQ
GH ORV PRULVFRV GH SHUR pO SXGR YHUORV GH QXHYR UHSREODGRV WUDV JUDQGHV
HVIXHU]RV$VXPXHUWHVHOHHQWHUUyHQODLJOHVLDDEDFLDOFRQXQDODXGDVHSXOFUDO\
VXHVFXGRGHDUPDVFRURQDGRSRUHOVRPEUHURHSLVFRSDO7RGDYtDSXHGHYHUVHHQ
HO 0XVHR 3URYLQFLDO GH %HOODV $UWHV GH =DUDJR]D FRQ OD IHFKD JUDEDGR
HQpO&RQODPXHUWHGHHVWHDEDGVHWHUPLQDODpSRFDGHORVDEDGHVSHUSHWXRVSDUD
SDVDUDODpSRFDGHORVDEDGHVFXDGULHQDOHV(VWRVWUDVODH[SHULHQFLDVXIULGDHQOD
pSRFDGHODGHFDGHQFLDDSDUHFHQVLHPSUHFRPRPX\FXLGDGRVRV\HVFUXSXORVRVDG
PLQLVWUDGRUHVGHORVELHQHVGHODDEDGtD3RQHQVXHPSHxRHQVDQHDUUHQWDVUHGL
PLUFHQVRVPHMRUDUORVFXOWLYRV\DXPHQWDUODSURGXFFLyQGHVXVJUDQMDVJDQDGRV
\KXHUWRV&RQHOGLQHURVREUDQWHDPSOtDQ\HPEHOOHFHQORVHGLILFLRVORVPROLQRV
\ PHMRUDQ \ SHUIHFFLRQDQ HO ]DIDUDFKH GHO DJXDUGLHQWH 7RGR LQGXFH D FUHHU TXH
%FMBIJTUPSJB
%DMRUUHOLHYHHQODSRUWDGDGHOPRQDVWHULRREUDDXVSLFLDGDSRUHODEDG-XDQ+XJDUWH
ORV~OWLPRVDxRV GHOPRQDVWHULRVHGHVOL]DURQSOiFLGRVHQPHGLRGHXQDHQYLGLDEOH
WUDQTXLOLGDG\ORVHVFULWRVGHHVWD~OWLPDpSRFDQRVORSUHVHQWDQFRPRXQDFDVDGH
JUDQSLHGDG\HMHPSODUREVHUYDQFLD
(ODEDG&RPHFKFDVSROLQRGHQDFLPLHQWRDEDQGRQyHOPRQDVWHULRHQVHSWLHPEUHGH
DQWHODDPHQD]DGHORVERQDSDUWLVWDVWRPDQGRDVtODYLOODGH(VFDWUyQMXULVGLF
FLyQSURSLDDXQTXHORVPRQMHVYROYLHURQHQXQDYH]ILQDOL]DGDOD*XHUUDGHOD
,QGHSHQGHQFLD&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODIDPRVDOH\GH0HQGL]iEDOTXHGHFUHWDEDOD
H[WLQFLyQGHODVyUGHQHVUHOLJLRVDVHQODPLWUDDEDFLDOGH5XHGDVHKDOODEDVLQ
SURYHHU8QDxRDQWHV\FXDQGRORVPRQMHVYLHURQDFHUFDUVHODLQHYLWDEOHFDWiVWURIH
VHKDEtDKHFKRFDUJRGHODGLUHFFLyQGHOPRQDVWHULRFRPRSUHVLGHQWH-HUyQLPR$JXL
Oy/DFRPXQLGDGGH5XHGDFRPSXHVWDSRUWUHLQWDPRQMHVVDFHUGRWHVYHLQWHOHJRV\
YHLQWHFULDGRVVHGLVROYLyHQ
8QD FRPLVLyQ OLTXLGDGRUD SURFHGLy D OD HQDMHQDFLyQ GH WRGR HO SDWULPRQLR $ $O
ERUJH IXH D SDUDU HO UHWDEOR GH 6DQ %HQLWR 6iVWDJR UHFRJLy HO yUJDQR \ JUDQ SDUWH
GHODVLOOHUtDGHHVWLORJyWLFRIODPtJHURRWUDSDUWHGHODVLOOHUtDIXHOOHYDGDD-DWLHOHO
0RQXPHQWRIXHD6DPSHUGH&DODQGD\HOHVSOpQGLGRUHWDEORGHDODEDVWURIXHOOHYDGR
DODLJOHVLDSDUURTXLDOGH(VFDWUyQVLHQGRXQDGHORVSULQFLSDOHVREUDVGHDUWHTXH
SRGHPRVYHUHQODDFWXDOLGDG\DTXHWRGRORGHPiVGHVDSDUHFLyHQODSDVDGD*XHUUD
&LYLO/DELEOLRWHFDIXHDEDQGRQDGD\ODPD\RUSDUWHGHVXFRQWHQLGRTXHGyGLVSHU
VR R GHVDSDUHFLy 4XHGDQ EDVWDQWHV GRFXPHQWRV HQ HO $UFKLYR +LVWyULFR 1DFLRQDO
\ HOORV KDQ VHUYLGR SDUD LPSRUWDQWHV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV SRU &RQFHSFLyQ &RQWHO
%DUHD /DV WLHUUDV IXHURQ DGMXGLFDGDV D FRPSUDGRUHV TXH WUDV S~EOLFD VXEDVWD ODV
DGTXLULHURQXQRVDxRVGHVSXpVGHODH[FODXVWUDFLyQ
3JCFSB#BKBEFM&CSP