Pangaea about 200 million years ago, before it began breaking up.

Pangaea about 200 million years ago, before it began
breaking up.
Wegener named the southern portion of Pangaea, Gondwana, and the northern
portion Laurasia.
Tectónica y Mineralización
durante el Mesozoico y
Cenozoico en los Andes
de Chile y Argentina
Choiyoi Large Igneous Province
El León, high silica, leucocratic granites
(250 Ma), Cochiguás valley, 30°S
Pastos Blancos fm ignimbrites, Permian,
Cerro del Toro, 6700 m, High Andes, 29°S
32°
36°
Patagonia suture?
40°
44°
48°
During the Permian to lower
Triassic, thick ignimbritic
sheets (mostly high silica
rhyolites) erupted under
extensional conditions
covered more than
106 km2 in central and
northern Chile and Argentina
52°
Choiyoi LIP: Field examples
1
70°
60°
50°
Entre Rios
basalts
TRIASSIC
RIFT BASINS
Pampia Craton
Cuyo
Basin
Buenos Aires
30°
30°
Huincul
Rift
Normal faults
Red beds
40°
40°
Alkaline basalt
Patagonia
Malvinas
Basin
Corteza Oceánica
Corteza continental
1000 km
70°
60°
50°
2
Jurassic Patagonian acid LIP
Central Patagonian Batholith
225-205 Ma
40°
Subcordilleran Batholith
200-180 Ma
Marifil (V1)
200-180 Ma
(crustal melting associated to
the Karroo hot spot)
44°
El Quemado-Ibáñez (V3)
ca. 150 Ma
Ignimbrites &lavas with arc-like
geochemical signatures
(renewed subduction?)
?
48°
?
Chon-Aike-Tobífera (V2)
170-160 Ma
(post-collisional rhyolites?)
52°
Isla de los Estados
Mid Jurassic (Lemaire Fm) ignimbrites, Isla de los Estados, Argentina
Dirección de
extensión
N
T
K
an
ell
ait
S tr
β
J
Cuenca de
Magallanes, ChileArgentina
Legend
Calafate hemigraben, Magallanes
West-dipping faults
East-dipping faults
Chile
Jurassic basins
Argentina
g
Ma
Distribución de fallas
normales y ceuencas
extensionales
jurásicas
0
5
10 km
S. Harambour, 1998
3
170 Ma
Bajocian
(Middle Jurassic)
Bartolini & Larson, 2001
Coastal
Cordillera
W
150 Ma
Cordillera
Domeyko
Central
Depression
South America
Early Cretacepus
paleogeography,
southern South America
Tarapacá back-arc
basin
Forearc crust removed
by subduction erosion
Neuqúen Basin
E
Salar de Atacama
Western
Cordillera
Antofagasta
CVZ
Africa
Late Jurassic- Early
Cretaceous magmatic arc
Proto
Weddell
Sea
Rocas Verdes Basin
?
AP
EWM
East
Antarctica
La Negra
arc
Tarapacá backarc basin
Section at 23°-25°S
?
T
I
Jur-E Cret arc and back arc basin system in Northern Chile.
The Jurassic magmatic front was located 200 km west of the modern
CVZ arc
4
photos, S Espinoza
La Negra arc volcanics
Tarapacá
back arc basin
La Negra arc
Jurassic, toleiithic, andesitic to basaltic
flows Coastal Escarpment
(Tocopilla, N Chile)
Copper oxides infilling vesicles. Top section
of La Negra fm flows, Antofagasta region
Trazas de la Falla de Atcacama al norte de Paposo, Antofagasta
5
SISTEMA DE FALLAS DE ATACAMA
Area de Antofagasta- Manto Verde
Raúl-Condestable
Eliana
Monterrosas
Mina Justa
Cobrepampa
Rosa María
Licona
Tocopilla
Guanillos
Gatico
Naguayán
Montecristo-Julia
Carrizalillo de las Bombas
Teresa de Colmo
El Salado
Las Animas
Galleguillos
Yacimientos tipo “Pórfidos Cupríferos
Cretácicos” en el borde oriental de la Cordillera
de Costa están alternados con yac.
Estratoligados de Cu y Magmáticos de Cu-Fe
Cerro Negro
Manto Verde
Candelaria-Punta del Cobre
Farola
Ojancos Nuevo
Carrizal Alto
Quebradita
La Higuera
Brillador
- Segmento norte 22 ºS, Yac. Galenosa Puntillas
130-120 Ma
Tamaya
San Antonio
Panulcillo
Mantos de Punitaqui
El Espino
- Segmento central 29ºS Vallenar-Ovalle, Yac.
Domeyko, Andacollo, 100-90 Ma
La Africana
-Segmento sur Concepción 38ºS, San JoséGalletué, 90-70 Ma
LIMA
IOCG BELTS
RAUL-CONDESTABLE (115)
Early Cretaceous
ELIANA (114-112)
Middle-Late
Jurassic
PERU
MONTERROSAS
Cacite (silver?) vein
DEPOSIT TYPES
MINA JUSTA
AREQUIPA
Vein
LA PAZ
Skarn
Breccia
COBREPAMPA
ROSA MARIA
Diorite intrusion
BOLIVIA
Composite
Manto-type Cu
LICONA
Concentration of
manto-type deposits
20°
Hematite-clorite
chalcopyrite vein
TOCOPILLA (165)
Hydrothermal/
tectonic vein breccia
GUANILLOS
GATICO
NAGUAYAN
ANTOFAGASTA
JULIA-MONTECRISTO (164)
Magnetite-actinolite-apatitecalcopyrite (bornite) vein
MANTOS
BLANCOS
CARRIZALILLO DE LAS BOMBAS
TERESA DE COLMO
EL SALADO
LAS ANIMAS (162)
GALLEGUILLOS (121)
OJANCOS NUEVO
CARRIZAL ALTO
30°
QUEBRADITA
LA HIGUERA
BRILLADOR
CERRO NEGRO
MANTOVERDE (123-117)
Mafic dyke: diorite, basaltic
andesite
CANDELARIAPUNTA DEL COBRE (116-110)
FAROLA
ARGENTINA
SAN ANTONIO
Magnetite-actinolite-apatite
(clinopyroxene) vein)
PANULCILLO
LOS MANTOS DE PUNITAQUI
EL ESPINO
EL SOLDADO (103)
TAMAYA
(Perelló , 2004)
LO AGUIRRE (102)
LA AFRICANA
SANTIAGO
1000 k
6
EXTENSIONAL
DEFORMATION
Mineralization age: 114.7 Ma
(Main mineralization)
Candelaria IOCG deposit, Copiapó
Chron M0: 118,7 Ma
Chron 24: 84,0 Ma
Royer et al, 1992
EL SOLDADO
7
At c.a 85 Ma “Peruvian event”, the back arc basin was inverted
Uplifted and inverted
Paleozoic TBB floor
Basement
SH
OR
TE
NI
N
Basement
Salar de Atacama
Foreland Basin
G
Late Cretaceous
Intra-arc basins
CONTRACTION
Basement
Basement
EXTENSION
Salar de Atacama
Coastal
Cordillera
Cordillera
Domeyko
Central
Depression
L Cret-Pal
foreland basin
L Cenozoic
fore-arc basin
Western
Cordillera
Antofagasta
L
CA
A
AM
T
N
RA
E
SF
R
NE
ZO
KT event at 65 Ma
no arc shift
Eocene arc
L Cret - Pal Jur-ECret
arc & intra-arcbackarc basin
basins
Jur-E Cret
arc
Arc migration
after deformation 85
events beginning at
Ma
43 Ma
L Cenozoic arc
(CVZ)
26 Ma
After back-arc basin closure (L Cretaceous-Cenozoic) the magmatic front migrated episodically to
the east during/after periods of contraccional/oblique deformation
8
+
25ºS
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
L Cret - E Eoc arc
+
+
+
+
Pz
+
+
+
+ +
Pz-Tr
+ +
+
+
+
Atacama
Fault System
Taltal
+
+ +
Jur-E Cret La Negra
& Punta del Cobre
volcanics
+
Tr-E Jur sediments
+
Basal Igimbrites
+
+ +
+
+
Azufre
Eocene
volc
Chaco
Cerro Bayo
LOlig-Mioc
ECg
Salar de
la Isla
+
+
Lastarria
Plioc-Quat
centers
+
+
ECg
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pz-Tr
Mafic andesites and basalts
+
+
Pz
+
+
+
+
+
+
26º 30’S
Cerro los Carneros strata (Copiapó, 26º 30´S)
+
+
E Mioc Salar de
ignimb Pajonales
+
+
+
+
+
+
26º S
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Jg
+
+
+
+
El Salvador
ECg
Doña Inés
+
+
Neogene CVZ
0
Salar de
Pedernales
+
+
+
Pz-Tr
AGUILAR
CALDERA
+
+
+
+
Chañaral
Late Cretaceous (c.a. 80-65 Ma) volcanics
Llullaillaco
+
+
+
+
Jg
Salar de
Punta Negra
+
+
+
+ Pz+
+
Diego de
Almagro
+
+
+
Jur-E Cret La Negra arc
L Cret-Eocene
intrusives
20
40 km
Altered L Olig - E Mioc dacitic domes and tuffs
of the Maricunga belt arc front
Mz Tarapacá back arc
basin sediments
+
Domeyko Fault System
Tr-ECret
Cachiyuyo volc complex
Pz
Inca de Oro
400
Calama
El Salvador
Puquios Caldera
Late Cretaceous (80-65
Ma) “Hornitos”basin
and Paleocene - E
Eocene calderas
Copiapó (27º 30’ S)
Pz
L Cret mafic flows
Tr-ECret
Zr 200
0
Bellavista Caldera
20
27°30’
Carrizalillo
Caldera
Paleocene-Eocene intrusives
Nb
10
Agua Nueva Caldera
El Durazno Caldera
L Cret rhyiolitic
domes and tuffs
0
600
Jorquera Caldera
Lomas Bayas Caldera
L Cret red beds
0
5 km
Paleocene intracaldera welded tuffs, San Pedro de
Cachiyuyo caldera, Inca de Oro
Sr 400
Pz
Arévalo et al, 1991
200
40
Cerro Blanco Caldera
50
Cornejo & Mathews (2000)
Ladino et al (2000)
60
70
80 90
AGE (Ma)
Northern Chile Paleocene-Lower Eocene volcanics
show within-plate geochemical signatures
9
QUITO
ECUADOR
20
DEPOSIT TYPES
HUAN
CA
FL EC
BA DE
BAM
BRAZIL
TION
Porphyry Cu-Mo
Porphyry Cu-Au
PERU
120º W
15
80º W
100º W
60ºW
Tourmaline breccia
Enargite vein
10°
IOCG
LIMA
BOLIVIA
CERRO VERDESANTA ROSA (62)
ABAN
CAY
10
10
20
Convergence
Rate (cm/yr)
ON
ECTI
DEFL
CERRO NEGRO
SIERRA GORDA (63-60)
LOMAS BAYAS (57)
RELINCHO (61)
LLAMUCO (63)
49 Ma
E
IL
H
C
ARGENTINA
20 Ma
40º S
30°
Normal to Peruvian margin
68 Ma
40º
20º
Pardo-Casas and Molnar (1987)
0º
CONCEPCION
26 Ma
59 Ma
60º
SANTIAGO
500 km
45 Ma
30-31
Normal to Chilean margin
Convergence
direction
MENDOZA
PALEOCENEEARLY EOCENE
Copper deposits
0
100º
10 Ma
30 Ma
35 Ma
42 Ma
80º
SAN PERO DE
CACHIYUYO (66)
DULCINEA
EL BOLSICO (63)
30°
20°
ANILLO (53-52)
ANTOFAGASTA
EL GUANACO (48)
AMBAR
CARMEN (66)
CACHIYUYO DE LLAMPOS (62)
CABEZA DE VACA (63)
20º S
Present
25
CAMPANANI (62-63)
MOCHA (56)
CERRO COLORADO (52)
MANI
SPENCE (57)
QUELLAVECO (54-52)
5
6
7
21
LA PAZ
LA MANCHA (51)
TOQUEPALA (57-55)
18
5
AREQUIPA
CUAJONE (53-52)
Present
13
Major tectonic discontinuity
Perelló, 2004
0
20
40
SISTEMA DE FALLA DOMEYKO *
Formación de la Cordillera de Domeyko
durante la fase de deformación compresiva
incaica ( 44-35 Ma)
* Emplazamiento de los principales Pórfidos
Cupríferos Gigantes del Eoceno,
sintectónicos, a lo largo de las fallas
principales.
60
AGE (Ma)
Faqult bend fold
(Ramp anticline)
Paleocene
(Cerro Valiente volcanics)
Asientos Fm
120º W
80º W
100º W
60ºW
Asientos Fm
10
13
20
21
7
25
30-31
Presente
18
45 Ma
49 Ma
6
20 Ma
30 Ma
35 Ma
26 Ma
42 Ma
5
Montandon Fm
20º S
10 MaPresente
Montandon Fm
Pz
Fase Incaica
40º S
59 Ma
Fase
Preincaica
68 Ma
Eocene, “Incaic” deformation, Quebrada Asientos
Pardo-Casas and Molnar (1987)
10
Eocene-E Oligocene Porphyry
Copper belt of Northern Chile
and southern Perú
Perelló et al, 2004
Eocene-E Oligocene synorogenic sediments (Loma Amarilla Fm),
Eastern Cordillera de Domeyko, El Bordo Escarpment (Salar de
Atacama region)
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION-2002
Zaldívar, 38 Ma
La Escondida, 38Ma
During the Incaic event (45-35 Ma), the arc front migrated
eastwards, volcanism ceased.
-Magmatism occurred mainly as small, shallow level porphyry
intrusions emplaced along the major strands of the trenchlinked Domeyko Fault System.
-Many of the intrusives are related to giant porphyry copper
deposits
Fine Cu (metric tons)
300
3000
250
2500
200
2000
150
1500
100
Production 2002
Geologic Resources + production
Fine Cu (million metric tons)
1000
cn
o
l
G
tig
d
p
+
su
re
50
500
Miocene-early Pliocene belt
Middle Eocene-early Oligocene belt
Paleocene-early Eocene belt
Middle-late Mezosoic belts
(porphyry Cu, IOCG, VMS, and manto-type)
Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic belt
Domeyko Fault System
-
11
El Salvador 42- 41 Ma
Inca de Oro 53 Ma
Cuenca Llanta
80 - 65 Ma
0
25
50
75
100 km
70°
Exploradora 34 Ma
26°
Potrerillos 35 Ma
La Escondida
Chuquicamata
RT
Rosario
Ujina
Escondida Norte
112
MM
10
El Abra
20
Potrerillos
Cuencas
Eo - Oligocenas
14
Conchi
Jardín 42 Ma
24
Zaldivar
Guanaco 47-43 Ma
Zaldivar 36-35 Ma
Escondida
Taca Taca
34-33 Ma
68
30
Q. Blanca
El Peñón 53 Ma
Cachinal-Soldado 55 Ma
Gaby 42-40 Ma?
40
Opache
San Cristobal 59-57 Ma
Chuquicamata
34-31 Ma
Centinela 44 Ma
Chimborazo
Spence 57-58 Ma
Sierra Gorda 44 Ma
Telégrafo 42-42 Ma
Lomas Bayas-Fortuna 58 Ma
50
El Salvador
22°
Gaby Sur
El Abra 37 Ma
Telégrafo
Cuenca Qda. Mala
80-60 Ma
Collahuasi - Ujina
35 Ma
Coya
Qda. Blanca
Geological resources + production in Mtons of
Cu metal *103
Predominio de
Basamento Paleozoico
0
Early (43-41 Ma)
Intermediate (39-36 Ma)
Late (34-31 Ma)
Time
Basamento Paleozoico
y Cuenca de Atacama Invertida
Evento 68°
Incaico 67°
42 -32 Ma
69°
CHUQUICAMATA
MINA SUR
Chuquicamata District
12
EL ABRA
Chuquicamata District,
96 Mt Cu
CONCHI
22°
Radomiro
Tomic
Chuquicamata
Mina Sur
SPENCE
MM
TESORO
ESPERANZA
23°
Genoveva
TELEGRAFO
Toki
CENTINELA
Opache
POLO SUR
Calama
LOMAS BAYAS
GABY
69°
Classical porphyry sequential model
Alteration
Dominant Sulphide
Weak
Quartz-Sericite
Enargite
Late magmatic
stage
Intrusive complex
emplacement
Sericite over
Potassic
Magmatic fluid
Potassic
Chlacocite-Covellite
Silicification
Covellite
Chlacopyrite-Bornite
Quartz-Sericite
Oxidized
Main hydrothermal
stage
Late advanced
Argillic atage
Chalcocite
Chloritic
Low Sulphide
(Chalcopyrite)
Hydrothermal flows
Intrusives and associated rocks
Diatreme
Early Porphyry
phyllic
Late dikes
Cu - Mo sulfide
zone
Argillic
Propylitic
Late Porphyry
Low Sulphide
Chalcopyrite
Potassic
Oxide Cu
Meteoric
Magmatic
(After McMillan and Panteleyev, 1988)
13
EOCENE
Pre tectonic inrusions
Volcanism vs Porphyry emplacement
Deposit
Cretácico Superior
98
Cold amphibolitic lower crust
Amphibole stable (fluids stored)
MID EOCENE
Syntectonic intrusions
Porphyry Copper Event
LOWER OLIGOCENE
Post tectonic intrusions
TOQUEPALA - CUAJONE
QUELLAVECO
cluster
COLLAHUASI
cluster
65
Paleoceno
60
Eoceno
55
45
Oligoceno
34 30
24
Grupo Toquepala (75-59 Ma)
58-52 Ma
Formación Cerro Empexa (72-63 Ma)
34-31 Ma
CHUQUICAMATA EL ABRA
cluster
Formación Cerro Empexa (72-63 Ma)
Formación Icanche (53-45 Ma)
39-30 Ma
LA ESCONDIDA
cluster
Formación Cerro Empexa (72-63 Ma)
38-37 Ma
Amphibole
Garnet
Eclogitization
(fluids released)
EL SALVADOR
cluster
Eclogites
Camus, 2002
Caldera El Salvador y
Domos Indio Muerto
(63-56 Ma)
44-41 Ma
Garnet stable
LEGEND
Limón Verde butress
La Escondida shear lens (LE)
Cordón de Lila “stable” domain
Clockwise rotated blocks of Cordillera de
Domeyko. SC: San Carlos, I: Imilac, LM, Los
Morros, M. Mariposas, Q: Quimal
Mesozoic to Paleocene lavas and sediments
Purilactis Group and Paleogene sediments
of the Atacama Basin
Strike-slip fault
Normal fault
Reverse fault
El Bordo Escarpment
14
Lallemand et al, 2005
Eocene-E Oligocene Porphyry Copper
belt of Northern Chile and southern Perú
W
Fast, highly oblique, convergence
Codillera de Domeyko
Extinct
L Cret-Pal arc
Subduction erosion
(transpressional deformation)
rapid uplift
syntectonic and erosion
sediments
Eastern Cordillera
E
(thin skinned, west verging, thrusting)
shallow level plutons rapid uplift
and erosion
(no volcanism)
mechanically weak crust
Perelló et al, 2004
?
?
0
100
Removal of base of
continental lithosphere
oxidation
hydration
Eclogite crustal keel
melt zone
Westwards advancing SAM Plate
200
thermally weakened crust
300
km
200
400 km
Slab Shallowing
Crustal section during the Incaic event
(Eocene-Early-Oligocene, 43-35 Ma)
15
Porphyry Copper
Stocks
Andesitic Volcanism
(Anta Formation)
RAPID
UPLIFT
MOLASSE DEPOSITS
MESOZOIC SEQUENCES
FOLD-THRUST
BELT
Andahuaylas Yauri
Batholith
EARLY-STAGE
CUMULATE GABBROS
AND DIORITES
∼ 50 km
INTERMEDIATE-STAGE
GRANODIORITES AND
QUARTZ MONZODIORITES
Perelló et al, 2003
Roperch et al, 2006
75°
70°
65°
°
5
7
°
5
6
°
0
7
100
CENTRAL
VOLCANIC
ZONE
Antofagasta
M. Miocene - E. Pliocene
H
E NC
80
CHIL
E TR
Paleocene - E. Eocene
“Laramide”
Cretaceous
Tucumán
Copiapó
250
Pampean Flat Slab
segment
60
La Serena
La Rioja
30°
Los PelambresEl Pachón
125
San Juan
40
GE
NANDEZ RID
JUAN FER
200
150
Mendoza
BEHEMOTHS
Santiago
San Luis
El Teniente
PEBBLE
RAY
CUAJONE
PIMA
LONE STAR
MORENCI
BUTTE
CANANEA
TOKY
EL SALV.
RT
E. NORTE
BINGHAM
50 100
ROSARIO
LA ESCONDIDA
LA GRANJA
CHUQUICAMATA
LOS PELAMBRES
SUPERGIANTS
C. COLORADO
0
EL TENIENTE
20
RIO BLANCO-LOS BRONCES
Contained Cu (million metric tons)
25°
L. Eocene - E. Oligocene
125
Río BlancoLos Bronces
100 km
RECENT VOLCANOES
LATE TERTIARY BATHOLITH
SIERRAS PAMPEANAS
BENIOFF ZONE CONTOURS (km)
GIANT PORPHYRY
COPPER DEPOSIT
SOUTHERN
VOLCANIC
ZONE
35°
16
CHILE CENTRAL
Mid Miocene
Oligocene – E Miocene
Mesozoic
Miocene
intusives
SVZ volcanoes
Neogene volcanism in South-Central Chile
Brechas de Turmalina
Río Blanco
Engrosamiento Cortical durante el
Mioceno Superior asociado a cambios
en la velocidad de convergencia de las
placas Sudamericana y Nazca y
disminución del ángulo de
Subducción
Los Pelambres
Pórfidos Cupríferos asociados a engrosamiento cortical (50 Km), acortamiento
tectónico y rápida erosión (3 Km/Ma.) entre los 10-5 Ma.
Emplazamiento sintectónico y rápida denudación favorece la descompresión de
los sistema magmáticos y formación de brechas explosión mineralizadas con
grandes volúmenes de volátiles.
17
Teniente 5 - Cu distribution
N
E
W
S
CONTENIDO EN COBRE
(UNIDADES: % * 1000)
0 - 425
425 - 850
850 - 1275
1275 - 1700
1700 - 2125
2125 - 2550
2550 - 2975
2975 - 3400
3400 - 3825
3825 - 4250
800 m
El Teniente
ANTAMINA (10)
RAURA (10-8)
CERRO DE PASCO (15)
MOROCOCHA
TOROMOCHO (7)
JULCANI (10)
AURORA (6)
10°
PACHAGON (18)
PASHPAP (15)
LIMA
PARAQ (13)
MARCAPUNTA (11)
DEPOSIT TYPES
SICUANI
Porphyry Cu-Mo
Porphyry Cu-Au
BOLIVIA
YAURICOCHA (8)
Porphyry-related skarn
LA PAZ
AREQUIPA
COROCORO
Enargite-bearing replacement
LAURANI (8)
Enargite vein
PARACOYA (17)
CHACARILLA
TIGNAMAR (18-17)
SAGASCA
20°
SAN BARTOLO
ICHUNO
MINA SUR
EL TESORO
MIOCENE Cu-Au
DEPOSITS
SALTA
LINDERO (15)
INCA VIEJO (15)
AGUA RICA (5)
MARICUNGA-EL INDIO SUBBELT
BAJO DE LA ALUMBRERA (7)
CERRO CASALE (14)
FARALLON NEGRO DISTRICT
NEMESIS
REGALITO (18)
VICUÑITA
EL POTRO (15)
PIMENTON
ARROYO CHITA (12)
LOS BAGRES SUR (9)
EL ALTAR - PIUQUENES
EL PACHON
CERRO MERCEDARIO (13)
PARAMILLOS (16)
LOS AZULES
AMOS-ANDRES
VIZCACHITAS (12-10)
WEST WALL
MENDOZA
RIO BLANCO-LOS BRONCES (7-4)
FAMATINA (5-4)
EL INDIO (9-6)
RIO HURTADO (COIPITA)
LOS PELAMBRES (11-10)
Red bed copper
PANCHO ARIAS (16)
ANTOFAGASTA
DAMIANA
30°
Tourmaline breccia
Exotic copper
HUINQUINTIPA
SANTIAGO
DIENTE VERDE (9-10)
RIO DE LAS VACAS (9)
EL TENIENTE (7-4)
ROSARIO DE RENGO (7)
LOS PELAMBRESEL TENIENTE SUBBELT
CONCEPCION
ARGENTINA
500 km
70°
E
IL
H
C
18
OLIGOCENE EXTENSION & LETF LATERAL STRIKE SLIP
Oxidation and secondary enrichment
Chuquicamata
E
W
3000 m.
Zona Lixiviada (Hem-JarGoeth) ( 0,00-0,10% Cu)
Zona de Oxidos: antleritabrochantita- atacamita (1,5% Cu)
100 200m
2000 m.
Subzona Calcosina (2,5% Cu)
Subzona calcosina-covelina
(1,8% Cu)
Subzona covelina (1,0-1,5% Cu)
Falla Oeste (FW)
Granodiorita
"Fortuna"
0
Granodiorita
"Elena"
Zona Primaria
Zona de Enriquecimiento
Secundario
E 4000
E 3000
2500 m.
San Pedro Fm, Cordillera de la Sal
Supergene
processes
Turquesa Norte
Supergene Aunite (Ar/Ar, K/Ar) ages (n: 110)
Apatite Fission track ages (n: 31)
Sistema Porfirico
El Salvador
Damiana
Lateral migration
(exotic mineralization)
El Salvador
Arancibia et al, 2006
Sílice - Arcilla
Sílice - Caolín - Sericita
Sílice - Hematita
Yeso - Arcilla
5 Km.
19
69° 37’ W
Motte et al, 2001
Río Seco
Barros Arana
section
Quebrada Turquesa
v
EL Salvador
townsite
26° 15’ S
21,35
22,90
35,35
25,28
13,90
11,05
14,81
+
+
Andean uplif and
Rainshadows
0.5
14,40
21,54
El Salvador
Mine
0.1
Atacama
Desert
++ +
+
0.5
16,86
13,02 13,46
12,89 13,22
12,96 13,61
2.3
Damiana
19,44
2.2
Prevailing winds
2.5
Damiana
0.5
2.0
35,35
Supergene Ar/Ar Alunite Age (Ma)
13,02
Copper Wad Ar/Ar Age (Ma)
2.2
+ + + Mine workings
Trench fill thickness (km)
Lago Posadas transect
1.1
N
2.3
1km
Gravels
2.3
Exotic deposits in Gravels
Santa Cruz Fm
section
Mean anual precipitation (mm)
50
14-12 Ma: 20 mm/yr
20-18 Ma?: 200 mm/yr
3 50
arc front
stationary
Altiplano
150
Trench
20°
SubAndean
Belt
Puna
CVZ
B
A
Santa Barbara
System
250
Maricunga Belt
26-5 Ma arc
100
J Rech (2005): δ13C and δ18O in carbonate
nodules and mineralogy of paeosols
Sierras
Pampeanas
Cuesta de Barros Arana, Central Atacama Desert
W
25°
S
30°
70°
65°
20
Laguna del
Negro Fancisco
Maricunga Belt
Termination
Stage I & II centers,
Maricunga Belt
Onset of CVZ
volcanism
Pz basement
Number of
Samples
VI
V
Doña Inés
Ojos de Maricunga
Cadillal
IV
III
20
I
Pz
Refugio Cerros Bravos
Pantanillo
La Coipa
Jotabeche Copiapó I
Pircas Negras
10
Stage II, Volcán La Laguna (16-14 Ma)
II
Pastillos
“Gold porphyries”
Torito
Copiapó II
0
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
26
30
34
38
AGE (Ma)
Volcanic events and K/Ar ages in the Maricunga belt
0
5 km
Stage I, Refugio: A multiple dome and tuff ring complex
(26-22 Ma) host to porphyry-gold style mineralization
(Refugio Mine)
Marte Gold porphyry, 13-12 Ma
21
Cerro Catedral
Vein zone
Cerro Casale
Kay, Mpodozis and Coira, 1999
Neogene volcanism in the
Pampean flat-slab region
Extinct Neogene
(26-6) Ma arc
Cerro de las Tórtolas (6400 m) eroded
Mid Miocene (16-14 Ma) stratovolcano
Escabroso fm basaltic
andesites (20-18 Ma)
Tilito fm ignimbrites
(26-21 Ma)
Present-day cross section of the Andes at 30°S
Permian (Choiyoi) basement
Kay, Mpodozis and Coira, 1999
Cerro Escabroso, A major volcanic center along
the Early Miocene magmatic front
22
EL INDIO DISTRICT
PASCUA-LAMA PROJECT
Penelope Deposit
Brecha Penelope
RDH-99-150
62m @ 9.2 g/t Au
Pa
ua
sc
e
on
tZ
ul
a
F
Discovery Hole
RDH-98-28
91m @ 5.91 g/t Au
PASCUA-LAMA
View from Lama Camp looking WNW towards Penelope
23