1 sistemas productivos hortícolas

&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
6LVWHPDV3URGXFWLYRV+RUWtFRODV&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3URGXFFLyQ\
&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ0HUFDGRV
6,67(0$6352'8&7,926+257º&2/$6
/RVVLVWHPDVGHH[SORWDFLyQVRQYDULDGRV/RVSRGHPRVDJUXSDUHQ
)DPLOLDUHV
(V OD IRUPD PiV DQWLJXD GH H[SORWDFLyQ KRUWtFROD 6DWLVIDFH SDUWH GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV
IDPLOLDUHV y GHO SHUVRQDO GH HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV UXUDOHV LQGXVWULDOHV HVFRODUHV
KRVSLWDODULRV HWF \ HQ VX FRQMXQWR OOHJDQ D FXEULU HO DEDVWHFLPLHQWR GH SREODFLRQHV
UXUDOHV
6H GHVDUUROODQ HQ SHTXHxDV VXSHUILFLHV HQWUH \ KD FRQ SURGXFFLyQ PX\
GLYHUVLILFDGD*HQHUDOPHQWHVHWUDEDMDFRQXQEDMRQLYHOWpFQLFRQRRFXSDPDQRGHREUD
DVDODULDGD\VHHVWLPDXQUHTXHULPLHQWR!DSHUVRQDVKi
1RDSDUHFHQHQODVHVWDGtVWLFDVQDFLRQDOHVSHURWLHQHQJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD
'LYHUVLILFDGRV
&RUUHVSRQGH D ODV FOiVLFDV TXLQWDV y FLQWXURQHV YHUGHV TXH URGHDQ ODV JUDQGHV
FLXGDGHV 6H FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU SRVHHU GLPHQVLRQHV UHGXFLGDV KD JUDQ GLYHUVLGDG
GH FXOWLYRV PiV GH FRQ XQ XVR LQWHQVLYR GHO VXHOR DERQR \ SHVWLFLGDV WHFQRORJtD
UXGLPHQWDULDXWLOL]DQGRPDQRGHREUDDVDODULDGD\HVSHFLDOL]DGDSHUVRQDVKi
(QJHQHUDOSURGXFHQHVSHFLHVGHKRMD\UDt]\KRUWDOL]DVGHHVWDFLyQ
/D WHQGHQFLD GH HVWH VLVWHPD HV QHJDWLYD \ JUDGXDOPHQWH YD VLHQGR VXVWLWXLGR SRU
FXOWLYRVKRUWtFRODVHVSHFLDOL]DGRV
(VSHFLDOL]DGRV
6HSUDFWLFDHQJUDQHVFDOD\SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQUHJLRQHVTXHUHVSRQGHQDODVH[LJHQFLDV
HFROyJLFDV GH ODV HVSHFLHV (O Q~PHUR GH HVSHFLHV HV UHGXFLGR y KD\ XQ JUDGR
LPSRUWDQWHGHPHFDQL]DFLyQODPD\RUWHFQLILFDFLyQWLHQGHDDXPHQWDUHOUHQGLPLHQWRKD\
ODV KRUDVKRPEUH GHO WUDEDMR 2FXSD PDQR GH REUD DVDODULDGD HQ XQ SURPHGLR GH SHUVRQDKD*UDQGHV VXSHUILFLHV ! Ki KDVWD KD HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH SDSD
OHJXPLQRVDVGHJUDQRVHFRHWF
(QIXQFLyQGHODVPRGDOLGDGHVGHPDQHMR\HOGHVWLQRGHODSURGXFFLyQVHSXHGHGLYLGLU
HVWHVLVWHPDHQ
&XOWLYRVSDUDFRQVXPRGLUHFWR\HQYtRVDJUDQGHVGLVWDQFLDV
HMWRPDWHSLPLHQWRGH6DOWD-XMX\D%XHQRV$LUHV
OHFKXJDGH0GHO3ODWDD%XHQRV$LUHV
DMRGH0HQGR]D6DQ-XDQD%XHQRV$LUHV
SDSDGH%DOFDUFHDWRGRHOSDtV
&XOWLYRVFRQGHVWLQRDLQGXVWULD
WRPDWHSLPLHQWRGH0HQGR]D5tR1HJURSDUDHQYDVDGRDOQDWXUDO
DUYHMDGH6DQWD)p%XHQRV$LUHV
SLPLHQWRGH6DOWD&yUGREDSDUDDMtPROLGRSLPHQWyQ
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
6LVWHPDV3URGXFWLYRV+RUWtFRODV&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3URGXFFLyQ\
&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ0HUFDGRV
&XOWLYRVIRU]DGRV ySURGXFLGRVHQFRQGLFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDVQRDSWDVSDUDVXGHVDUUROOR
PHGLDQWHWpFQLFDVHVSHFLDOHVLQYHUQiFXORVFDUSDVSOiVWLFDVW~QHOHV
(V XQ VLVWHPD GH DOWR FRVWR \ WHFQRORJtD TXH FDGD YH] WLHQH PD\RU VXSHUILFLH HQ
$UJHQWLQD
&XOWLYRV SDUD SURGXFFLyQ GH VHPLOOD 5HTXLHUHQ FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV
EDMD KXPHGDG UHODWLYD WHPSHUDWXUD OX] OOXYLDV HVFDVH] GH YLHQWR FRQGLFLRQHV
VDQLWDULDV\HFRQyPLFDVVDWLVIDFWRULDV\GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHPDQRGHREUDHVSHFLDOL]DGD
(Q HO SDtV VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR iUHDV GHILQLGDV FRPR 7UDQFDV 7XFXPiQ 0HUFHGHV \
%DOFDUFH %XHQRV $LUHV 5RGHR H ,JOHVLDV 6DQ -XDQ 7XSXQJDWR /D &RQVXOWD /DV
&DUUHUDV0HQGR]D
/DVXSHUILFLHFXOWLYDGD\FDQWLGDGGHPDQRGHREUDHVWiQHQIXQFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHVTXH
VHWUDWH
7UDQFDVDUYHMDOHFKXJDSRURWR
5RGHRH,JOHVLDVFHEROODOHFKXJDWRPDWHSLPLHQWR
0HQGR]DWRPDWHOHFKXJDDUYHMDFHEROODSLPLHQWRSXHUURUHSROOR]DSDOOLWR
%XDQRV$LUHVHVFDURODSHUHMLO]DSDOOLWRSDSD
/DDFWLYLGDGVHGHVDUUROODSUHSRQGHUDQWHPHQWHHQHOHVWUDWRGHSURGXFWRUHVPHGLDQRVD
FKLFRV \ HQ HO DVSHFWR VRFLDO VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU OD IXHUWH JHQHUDFLyQ GH HPSOHR QR
HVSHFLDOL]DGR/DIDOWDGHDFFLRQHVFRRSHUDWLYDVKDFHTXHHOJUXHVRGHHVWRVSURGXFWRUHV
SDUWLFLSHVRORHQODSURGXFFLyQ
/RVSURGXFWRUHVJUDQGHVKDQLQWHJUDGRODSURGXFFLyQFRQODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQPD\RULVWD
FRQSXHVWRVHQHOPHUFDGR
(O FRVWR \ FRPSOHMLGDG GH DOJXQDV WHFQRORJtDV FXOWLYR SURWHJLGR ULHJR SRU JRWHR
KtEULGRV REOLJDQ D GHVDUUROODU XQ PDQHMR HPSUHVDULR /D WHQGHQFLD H[SRUWDGRUD HVWi
GHVDUUROODQGR XQD QXHYD HVWUXFWXUD SURGXFWLYD FRQ OD DVRFLDFLyQ GH SURGXFWRUHV \
HYHQWXDOPHQWHHOLQJUHVRGHILJXUDVHPSUHVDULDOHVFRQFDSDFLGDGSDUDH[SRUWDU
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
6LVWHPDV3URGXFWLYRV+RUWtFRODV&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3URGXFFLyQ\
&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ0HUFDGRV
352%/(0$6'(/$352'8&&,¾1+257º&2/$$5*(17,1$
([FHVLYD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV iUHDV SURGXFWRUDV 6DOYR FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV OD
+RUWLFXOWXUDDUJHQWLQDVHUHDOL]D EDMR ULHJRHQiUHDV ORFDOL]DGDV GRQGH ORVSRORV
VRQ UHODWLYDPHQWH SHTXHxRV \ QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ LQWHUFRPXQLFDGRV OR TXH KDFH
GLItFLOODLQWHJUDFLyQGHDFFLRQHVyODILMDFLyQGHSROtWLFDV
)DOWDGHFDUiFWHUHPSUHVDULDO(OPLQLIXQGLRODLQWHQVLILFDFLyQGHORVFXOWLYRV\ORV
EDMRV QLYHOHV WpFQLFRV VRQ IDFWRUHV TXH FRQWULEX\HQ D FUHDU H[SORWDFLRQHV FRQ
GHILFLHQWH DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ 6H VXSHUSRQHQ UROHV GH SURGXFFLyQ \ HPSUHVDULDOHV \
VHPDQHMDHVFDVDLQIRUPDFLyQGHFRVWRVEHQHILFLRV
(OSURGXFWRUHVLQGLYLGXDOLVWDFRPSLWHFRQVXVSDUHV\VHSLHUGHODSRVLELOLGDGGH
ODVHFRQRPtDVGHHVFDOD
6H SURGXFH VLQ SODQLILFDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO OR TXH OOHYD D RIHUWDU OR TXH VH WLHQH HQ
OXJDUGHWHQHUORTXHVHGHPDQGD
6HSURGXFHHQIXQFLyQGHORVSUHFLRVGHODxRDQWHULRU(VWRGHWHUPLQDTXHDFLFORV
GHEXHQRVSUHFLRVOHVLJDQFLFORVGHH[FHVLYDSURGXFFLyQTXHEDMDQORVSUHFLRV
/RV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ DOWDPHQWH GHSHQGLHQWHV GH DOJXQDV YHQWDMDV FRPSDUDWLYDV
FRPR GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH WUDQVSRUWH PDQR GH REUD GLVWDQFLD D ORV PHUFDGRV
FRQFHQWUDGRUHVHWF
3RFR GHVDUUROOR LQGXVWULDO ORV YRO~PHQHV H[FHGHQWHV GH XQD SURGXFFLyQ
HVWDFLRQDO GHEHUtDQ VHU DEVRUELGRV SRU OD LQGXVWULD FRQVHUYDV DO QDWXUDO
GHVHFDFLyQGHVKLGUDWDFLyQHQFXUWLGRVHODERUDFLyQGHGXOFHVFRQJHODFLyQUiSLGD
HWF SHUR OD IDOWD GH DSR\R FUHGLWLFLR \ GH FDSLWDOHV LQWHUHVDGRV HQ OD LQYHUVLyQ
GHWHUPLQDQTXHHOGHVDUUROORGHODLQGXVWULDFRQVHUYHUDVHDOHQWR
)250$6'(9(17$
/DVIRUPDVGHYHQWDPiVIUHFXHQWHVVRQ
9HQWD D DFRSLDGRUHV ORFDOHV HQ SODQWD y FRVHFKDGR /RV DFRSLDGRUHV
HPSDFDQ \ UHPLWHQ D GHVWLQR D YHFHV HVWRV DFRSLDGRUHV VRQ WDPELpQ
SURGXFWRUHV$YHFHVILQDQFLDQDOSURGXFWRUIDFLOLWDQGRLQVXPRVFRPRVHPLOOD
DJURTXtPLFRVHWF
(O SURGXFWRU FRVHFKD HPSDFD \ PDQGD D ORV PHUFDGRV SRU FXHQWD GHO
FRQVLJQDWDULRTXHHVDOJXQDVYHFHVGXHxRGHHQYDVHV\WUDQVSRUWH6HFREUD
HOVHUYLFLRDOWHUPLQDUODRSHUDFLyQGHYHQWD
6H SURGXFH \ FRPHUFLDOL]D HQ SXHVWRV SURSLRV y HQ SOD\DV OLEUHV HQ ORV
PHUFDGRV FRQFHQWUDGRUHV (Q HVWRV FDVRV HO SURGXFWRU FXHQWD FRQ HQYDVHV
SURSLRV\WUDQVSRUWHSURSLR
6H SURGXFH JUDQGHV YRO~PHQHV VH FRQFHQWUD XQD RIHUWD LPSRUWDQWH \ VH
FRPHUFLDOL]D HQ YDULRV PHUFDGRV DO PLVPR WLHPSR 3RU OR JHQHUDO HVWRV
SURGXFWRUHVHVWiQLQWHJUDGRVDOHPSDTXHDODFDGHQDGHIUtRDODH[SRUWDFLyQ
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
6LVWHPDV3URGXFWLYRV+RUWtFRODV&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3URGXFFLyQ\
&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ0HUFDGRV
DORVWUDQVSRUWHVyD ODDJURLQGXVWULD 6RQ SURSLHWDULRV GH SXHVWRV GH YHQWD \
WLHQHQXQDPD\RUFDSDFLGDGGHQHJRFLDFLyQ
352%/(0$6'(/260(5&$'26
&20(5&,20$<25,67$
([FHVLYDLQWHUPHGLDFLyQ/DRSRUWXQLGDGGHFRPHUFLDOL]DUGLUHFWDPHQWHHQ ORV
JUDQGHVPHUFDGRVHVDSURYHFKDGDVyORSRUDTXHOORVKRUWLFXOWRUHVGHXQFLHUWR
QLYHO WpFQLFR SHUR HQ JUDQ SDUWH YHQGHQ ORFDOPHQWH D DFRSLDGRUHV
PD\RULVWDV FRQVLJQDWDULRV TXLHQHV RIUHFHQ HO VHUYLFLR GH OD LQWHUPHGLDFLyQ \
ILMDQORVJDVWRVGHOPLVPR\ORVSUHFLRVGHOSURGXFWRVLQQLQJ~QFRQWUROGHODV
RWUDVSDUWHVLQWHUHVDGDVHQODRSHUDFLyQ
0RGDOLGDG GH YHQWD DO RtGR VLQ TXH LQWHUYHQJD HO OLEUH MXHJR GH RIHUWD \
GHPDQGD FRQ SUHFLRV ILMDGRV HQ IXQFLyQ GH ORV VWRFN GLDULRV PDQHMDGRV SRU
JUDQGHVDFRSLDGRUHVPD\RULVWDVFRQVLJQDWDULRV
)DOWD GH UHJLVWUR HQ ODV RSHUDFLRQHV /D IDOWD GH GRFXPHQWDFLyQ HQ ODV
RSHUDFLRQHVGHFRPSUDYHQWDTXLWDWUDQVSDUHQFLDDORVSUHFLRV\GLVPLQX\HODV
RSRUWXQLGDGHVGHOYHQGHGRUGHDSURYHFKDUODFRPSHWHQFLDGHELGD
1R DSOLFDFLyQ GH ODV QRUPDV GH WLSLILFDFLyQ D ORV SURGXFWRV \ HQYDVHV /RV
FULWHULRVSDUDVHOHFFLRQDU\HPSDFDUSRUQLYHOGHFDOLGDGQRVRQKRPRJpQHRV
1R VH UHVSHWDQ SHVRV WROHUDQFLDV tQGLFHV GH PDGXUH] HWF (VWR KDFH PX\
GLItFLO KRPRJHQHL]DU SUHFLRV HQ ORV SURGXFWRV \ RFDVLRQD TXH D YHFHV XQ
SURGXFWR GH FDOLGDG GHWHUPLQDGD WHQJD GLVWLQWRV SUHFLRV HQ GLIHUHQWHV
PHUFDGRV
)DOWDGHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDGHLQIRUPDFLyQHILFLHQWH
7RGR HVWR OOHYD D $OWRV FRVWRV GH FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ WDQWR SDUD HO SURGXFWRU
YHQGHGRUFRPRSDUDODLQWHUPHGLDFLyQ
(O0HUFDGR&HQWUDOGH%XHQRV$LUHV0&%$
+DVWDIXQFLRQDEDQHQ%XHQRV$LUHVFLXGDGTXHFRQFHQWUDODWHUFHUDSDUWH
GH OD SREODFLyQ QDFLRQDO PHUFDGRV PD\RULVWDV GH ORV FXDOHV FLQFR
FRQFHQWUDEDQPiVGHOGHODRSHUDWRULD
$SDUWLUGHHQWRQFHV\FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODFFLRQDUHVWDWDOVHSURPXOJyODOH\
GH 0HUFDGRV GH LQWHUpV 1DFLRQDO VH SURGXMR HO FLHUUH GH DOJXQRV PHUFDGRV
PD\RULVWDV \ VH FRQFHQWUy OD RSHUDWRULD HQ HO 0HUFDGR &HQWUDO GH %XHQRV $LUHV
XQD FRQVWUXFFLyQ TXH GHPDQGy XQD LQYHUVLyQ GH FDVL PLOORQHV GH GyODUHV \
TXH GHEtD VHU OD SLHGUD IXQGDPHQWDO GH XQ VLVWHPD PRGHUQR TXH SHUPLWLHUD OD
UHQRYDFLyQGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVHPSUHVDULDV
(O 0HUFDGR &HQWUDO FXEUH XQD VXSHUILFLH GH KHFWDUHDV GH ODV FXDOHV HVWiQ DIHFWDGDV D OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ IUXWLKRUWtFROD \ VHUYLFLRV \ KHFWiUHDV
GHVWLQDGDVD]RQDVGHUHVHUYDSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHIXWXUDVDFWLYLGDGHV(OPLVPR
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
6LVWHPDV3URGXFWLYRV+RUWtFRODV&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3URGXFFLyQ\
&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ0HUFDGRV
FXHQWD FRQ SDEHOORQHV SOXULSURGXFWR SOD\DV OLEUHV SDUD YHQWD GLUHFWD SRU
SDUWH GHO SURGXFWRU \ GRV PHUFDGRV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV HQ SDSDV \ FHEROODV \
KRUWDOL]DV GH SULPLFLD UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH SDEHOORQHV GH VHUYLFLRV SDEHOORQHV
SDUD GHSyVLWRV SDEHOOyQ GH SHVFDGRV \ PDULVFRV WLQJODGRV SDUD ¦SOD\DV
OLEUHV SDWLR GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH FDUJD GH IHUURFDUULO D FDPLyQ FRQ FRQH[LyQ D OD
FDVLWRWDOLGDGGHODUHGIHUURYLDULDQDFLRQDOFRQWUROHVGHDFFHVR\FDUJDXQFHQWUR
DGPLQLVWUDWLYRXQ HGLILFLRGHVHJXULGDG\HPHUJHQFLDVXQSUHGLR)HULDOWDOOHUHV\
HGLILFLRV GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR SOD\DV GH HVWDFLRQDPLHQWR ODERUDWRULRV GH FRQWURO
GHFDOLGDG
'LVWULEXLGRV HQ GLVWLQWRV SXQWRV GH HVWD YDVWD HVWUXFWXUD ItVLFD RSHUDEDQ
QXPHURVRV ORFDOHV FRPHUFLDOHV HQWLGDGHV EDQFDULDV RILFLQDV GH XVXDULRV \
HPSUHVDVYLQFXODGDVFRQODDFWLYLGDGIUXWLKRUWtFROD\GHVHUYLFLRV
(OSUR\HFWRDWUDYHVyVXFHVLYDVFULVLVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDV\HVWUDWpJLFDVTXHLPSLGLHURQ
VX DMXVWH D ORV DFHOHUDGRV FDPELRV TXH DWUDYHVy OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH KRUWDOL]DV \
IUXWDVGHVGHHQDGHODQWH
$ SHVDU GH OD SUHYLVLyQ OHJDO GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PD\RULVWD HQ HO 0HUFDGR &HQWUDO
HQODSUiFWLFDFRQWLQ~DQRSHUDQGRRWURVFHQWURVPD\RULVWDTXHHQJUDQPHGLGDVH
DEDVWHFHQGHpO$VLPLVPRODJUDQH[SDQVLyQGHOVXSHUPHUFDGLVPRKDJHQHUDGR
FDPELRVHQHOVLVWHPDPD\RULVWDWUDGLFLRQDOFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOGHVDUUROORGH
FDGHQDVGLUHFWDVTXHREYLDQDO0HUFDGR&HQWUDO
/D HVWUXFWXUD HGLOLFLD UHVXOWD KR\ VREUHGLPHQVLRQDGD SDUD HO YROXPHQ GH
RSHUDFLRQHVKDELWXDO
&RPRKHFKRGHVWDFDEOHYDOHFRPHQWDUODSUHVHQFLDGHODFDGHQDPLQRULVWD&RWR
TXH KD WHQLGR XQ IXHUWH FUHFLPLHQWR HQ HO ~OWLPR TXLQTXHQLR \ RSHUD VX SURSLD
SODWDIRUPD GH DFRSLR \ GLVWULEXFLyQ GHVGH XQR GH ORV JDOSRQHV DQWHULRUPHQWH VLQ
XVRGHO0HUFDGR&HQWUDO
&20(5&,20,125,67$
'XUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR OD YHUGXOHUtDIUXWHUtD IXH XQD DOWHUQDWLYD GH
FXHQWDSURSLVPRIiFLOGHLPSOHPHQWDUSRUHOSRFRFDSLWDOQHFHVDULRSDUDLQVWDODUOD\
ODDOWDURWDFLyQGHOPLVPR
/D H[FHVLYD PXOWLSOLFDFLyQ GH YHUGXOHUtDV JHQHUy XQD GLVPLQXFLyQ GHO YROXPHQ
LQGLYLGXDOPDQHMDGRORVFRVWRVGLUHFWRVFUHFLHURQSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHORTXHOOHYy
DFRQYHUWLUODVHQIRUPDGRUDVGHSUHFLRVDOWRV
/$'(0$1'$
(QORV~OWLPRVDxRVKDKDELGRLPSRUWDQWHVFDPELRVHQODGHPDQGDSURGXFWRGH
XQDVHULHGHIDFWRUHVFRPRVHU
2IHUWDGHDOWHUQDWLYDVPHMRUDGDV/DSURGXFFLyQSURYHQLHQWHGH LQYHUQDGHURV
ODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDJDPDGHSURGXFWRVH[SRUWDEOHVDORVFXDOHVVHOHDSOLFD
WHFQRORJtD GH SXQWD WDQWR HQ HO FLFOR SURGXFWLYR FRPR HQ HO HPSDTXH \ ODV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHSRVFRVHFKDDVt FRPR ODSUHVHQFLD GH KRUWDOL]DV LPSRUWDGDV
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
6LVWHPDV3URGXFWLYRV+RUWtFRODV&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3URGXFFLyQ\
&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ0HUFDGRV
GHRWURVSDtVHVKDGDGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDRIHUWDGHSURGXFWRVGHH[FHOHQWH
FDOLGDGHQHOPHUFDGRLQWHUQR
&DPELRHQODIRUPDGHYLGD\ORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVVRFLDOHV
6H GHGLFD PHQRU WLHPSR D OD FRFLQD OR TXH UHSHUFXWH HQ XQ DXPHQWR HQ OD
GHPDQGDKDFLDSURGXFWRVFRQPHQRUHVGHVKHFKRVHM0Dt]GXOFHVLQFKDODSDSD
FHSLOODGDEUyFROLVHQYDVDGRV\SUHSDUDGRVSDUDHOFRQVXPRGLUHFWRKRUWDOL]DVGH
FXDUWD JDPD HQVDODGDV SUHSDUDGDV ]DQDKRULDV FRUWDGDV HQ EDVWRQHV UDOODGDV
SDSDVSUHFRFLGDVHWF
7DPELpQ KD FDPELDGR HO FRQFHSWR LQWUtQVHFR GH FDOLGDG PLHQWUDV TXH HQ RWUDV
pSRFDV SULPDEDQ SDUiPHWURV YLVXDOHV y JXVWDWLYRV DKRUD VH SULYLOHJLD HO YDORU
QXWULFLRQDOVHGHPDQGDLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODFRPSRVLFLyQLQWUtQVHFDHODSRUWHGH
YLWDPLQDV HWF \ OD LQRFXLGDG DXVHQFLD GH UHVLGXRV Wy[LFRV KLJLHQH HWF
$OJXQRV SURGXFWRV FRPR OD SDSD SUHVHQWDQ YDULHGDGHV GLIHUHQFLDGDV VHJ~Q VX
XVRSDUDSXUpSDUDSDSDVIULWDVSDUDSDVWDVHWF
7RGDVHVWDVRULHQWDFLRQHVFRQWHPSODQ
6HJPHQWDFLyQ SRU OR EDMR HOLPLQDFLyQ GH FDOLGDGHV LQIHULRUHV SRU
QRUPDOL]DFLyQUHVLGXRVFDOLEUHVHWF
6HJPHQWDFLyQSRUORDOWRFDOLGDGHVVXSHULRUHVLGHQWLILFDGDVGLIHUHQFLDGDV
,PSOLFD WDPELpQ XQD YLVLyQ JOREDO GH OD FDGHQD FRQWHPSODQGR OD SURGXFFLyQ HO
DFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRHOWUDQVSRUWHODGLVWULEXFLyQKDVWDOOHJDUDOFRQVXPLGRU
7(1'(1&,$6$&78$/(6
0DUFRSROtWLFRGHLQWHJUDFLyQUHJLRQDO\JOREDOL]DFLyQ
/DFRQVROLGDFLyQGHOSURFHVRGHLQWHJUDFLyQHFRQyPLFDGHO0HUFRVXUTXHJHQHUD
XQ PHUFDGR GH PLOORQHV GH FRQVXPLGRUHV FRQVWLWX\H OD DOWHUQDWLYD PiV
LQPHGLDWDGHH[SDQVLyQSDUDODSURGXFFLyQKRUWtFRODDUJHQWLQD
3URGXFFLyQVRWHQLGDHQHODxR
/DH[SDQVLyQWHUULWRULDOGHOD$UJHQWLQDOHSHUPLWHXQDSURGXFFLyQGLYHUVLILFDGDTXH
LQFOX\HHVSHFLHVGHFOLPDWHPSODGR\VXEWURSLFDO/DDSDULFLyQGHQXHYRVSRORVGH
SURGXFFLyQ ODV H[SORWDFLRQHV EDMR FXELHUWD SOiVWLFDV TXH SUHVHQWDQ XQ
FUHFLPLHQWR VRVWHQLGR HO IHQyPHQR GH OD LPSRUWDFLyQ GH DOJXQRV SURGXFWRV GH
SDtVHVGHODUHJLyQFRQWULEX\HQDXQDRIHUWDFRQWLQXDDORODUJRGHODxR
$XPHQWRGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHORV+LSHUV\ORV6XSHUVHQHOYROXPHQRSHUDGR\
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHPSUHVDVFRPHUFLDOL]DGRUDV
(O GHVDUUROOR GH OD JUDQ GLVWULEXFLyQ KD VLGR HO IHQyPHQR FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GH ORV
~OWLPRV DxRV /D SUHVHQFLD GH &DUUHIRXU 0DNUR \ DOJXQDV JUDQGHV HPSUHVDV
QDFLRQDOHV OD FDGHQD DPHULFDQD :DO 0DU GHVGH \ &DPSR \ 'tD GHVGH
KDWHQLGRIXHUWHLQFLGHQFLDHQODUHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODFDGHQDSURYHHGRUD
/DGLVWULEXFLyQPD\RULVWDGHIUXWDV\KRUWDOL]DVVHGHVDUUROODPHGLDQWHXQDV
HPSUHVDVHQWRGRHOSDtV/RVPD\RULVWDVHVSHFLDOL]DGRVRSHUDQKDVWDDKRUDHQHO
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
6LVWHPDV3URGXFWLYRV+RUWtFRODV&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD3URGXFFLyQ\
&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ0HUFDGRV
iPELWR GH ORV PHUFDGRV FRQFHQWUDGRUHV DXQTXH GHEHUiQ HQFDUDU IXHUWHV
SURFHVRVGHUHFRQYHUVLyQHQHOIXWXURSUy[LPR
0HUFDGRV PD\RULVWDV SHUGLHQGR SHVR UHODWLYR HQ FXDQWR D YRO~PHQHV
RSHUDGRV
'HVDUUROORGHSODWDIRUPDVORJtVWLFDV
+DVWDDKRUDODRUJDQL]DFLyQWUDGLFLRQDOVHEDVDHQHODFRSLRItVLFRGHSURGXFWRV\
IRUPDFLyQGHSUHFLRVHQIXQFLyQGHODGHPDQGDGLDULD
/RV SUy[LPRV DxRV REOLJDUiQ DO PD\RULVWD D HYROXFLRQDU KDFLD XQD HPSUHVD
SUHVWDGRUD GH VHUYLFLRV DO FOLHQWH HVSHFLDOL]DGD HQ ORJtVWLFD GH YDORU DJUHJDGR
VLVWHPD GH PDQLSXODFLyQ \ RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH SHGLGRV UHGXFFLyQ HQ OD FDQWLGDG GH
UXSWXUDV GH FDUJD DO RSHUDU HQ IXQFLyQ GH XQ ŽSURJUDPD GH FDUJDVŽ PHQRUHV
WLHPSRV GH GLVWULEXFLyQ UHVSHWR SRU OD FDGHQD GH IUtR GLVPLQXFLyQ GH VWRFNV
WUDWDPLHQWR LQIRUPDWL]DGR GH ORV SHGLGRV HWF FRQ XQD UHGXFFLyQ GH FRVWRV
FRPSDWLEOHFRQXQPHUFDGRFRPSHWLWLYR
(O VLVWHPD SURGXFWLYR GHEHUi DGHFXDUVH D HVWRV FDPELRV RSWLPL]DQGR VX
JHVWLyQ D ILQ GH DXPHQWDU OD SURGXFWLYLGDG SRU KHFWiUHD \ GLVPLQXLU OD UHODFLyQ
FRVWREHQHILFLR
/D DOWHUQDWLYD PiV FODUD HV OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ H LQWHJUDFLyQ SDUD FRQFHUWDU
YRO~PHQHV GH SURGXFFLyQ FRQ SDXWDV WpFQLFDV VLPLODUHV FXOWLYDUHV D XWLOL]DU
PDQHMR GH FXOWLYR PRPHQWRV GH FRVHFKD HWF HPSOHDU WHFQRORJtD PRGHUQD GH
SRV FRVHFKD \ FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ RIUHFHU XQD DPSOLD JDPD GH SURGXFWRV
SUHVHQWDGRVVHJ~QSDUiPHWURVGHFDOLGDG\XWLOL]DUORVFDQDOHVGHYHQWDDKLSHU\
VXSHUPHUFDGRV