SampleTest TOEFLIBT

Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​Speaking Section
The TOEFL Speaking Section:
Directions
The following Speaking section of the test will last between 20-30 minutes. To complete it, you will
need a recording device that you can play back to listen to your responses. You should also have a pen
and a piece of paper ready to take notes.
During the test, you will answer four speaking questions. One of the questions asks about familiar topics.
Three questions ask about short conversations, lectures, and reading passages.
When you see the audio icon
it means that there is an audio passage you must listen to. P
​ lease
click the icon t​ o get redirected to the audio file​.
The time you will have to prepare your response and to speak is printed below each question. You should
answer all of the questions as completely as possible in the time allowed.
If you would like to read and listen to a sample response to the question you are answering, you can refer
to the answer key.
When you are ready, turn the page to see the directions for the first speaking task.
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​Speaking Section
Speaking Task 1
Directions​: You will now be asked a question about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you
will have 15 seconds to plan your response and 45 seconds to speak.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
“Co-workers make the best friends.”
Provide details and examples to explain your opinion.
Preparation Time​: 15 seconds
Response Time​: 45 seconds
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​Speaking Section
Speaking Task 2
Directions​: You will now read a short passage and then listen to a conversation on the same topic.
You will then be asked a question about the passages. After you hear the question, you will have 30
seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.
You have 45 seconds to read the passage below. You may begin reading now.
Scheduling with Advisors
We have recently had a large number of students who are unable to graduate on time
because they enrolled in the wrong courses. Therefore, students will now be required to
create their schedule with an academic advisor before the next semester begins and will
not be allowed to register for a class without their approval. Professors currently complain
that many students who are enrolled in advanced level classes have not first taken the
required lower-level classes. Moreover, speaking with an advisor will help students choose
classes more suited to achieving their long-term career goals.
Now, listen to a conversation about the same topic
Now answer the question.
The man expresses his opinion on the announcement from the student services department. State his opinion
and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.
Preparation Time​: 30 seconds
Response Time​: 60 seconds
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​Speaking Section
Speaking Task 3
Directions​: You will now read a short passage and then listen to a lecture on the same topic. You will
then be asked a question about the passages. After you hear the question, you will have 30 seconds to
prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.
You have 45 seconds to read the passage below. You may begin reading now.
Compassionate Consumerism
Compassionate consumerism is a relatively new trend in the American retail market. In
this type of consumerism, when individuals make a purchase a portion of the money they
pay is allocated to a charitable cause. Nowadays, individuals often look for ways to
contribute to the betterment of humanity, but they don’t always have the financial
resources to do so. Compassionate consumerism appears to be a good middle ground.
While critics feel that it’s only a marketing ploy aimed at appealing to people in their 20s
and 30s, others applaud the effort. They argue that it is desirable for companies to
sacrifice profits in order to help those in need.
Now listen to a lecture about this topic in a business class
Now answer the question.
Using the examples from the lecture, explain what compassionate consumerism is and how it works.
Preparation Time​: 30 seconds
Response Time​: 60 seconds
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​Speaking Section
Speaking Task 4
Directions​: You will now listen to part of a lecture. You will then be asked a question about it. After
you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.
Now, listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class
Now answer the question.
Using points and examples from the talk, explain two main theories as to why aggression exists.
Preparation Time​: 20 seconds
Response Time​: 60 seconds
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Writing Section
The TOEFL Writing Section:
Directions
This section measures your ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment.
There will be two writing tasks.
For the first writing task, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture and then answer a question based
on what you have read and heard. For the second task, you will answer a question based on your own
knowledge and experience.
When you see the audio icon
it means that there is an audio version of the text. P
​ lease c
​ lick the
icon t​ o get redirected to the audio file​.
If you would like to see a model essay of the question you are answering, you can refer to the answer key.
When you're ready, turn the page to see the directions for the first writing task.
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Writing Section
Writing Task 1 - Integrated Question
Directions​: For this task, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture about an academic topic.
You may take notes during this time. After the passages have finished, you will then be asked a question
about them. After the question, you will have 20 minutes to write your response. Effective responses are
usually between 200 to 350 words. You may look at the reading passage and your notes as you write. Keep
in mind that the question will not ask for your opinion.
You have 3 minutes to read. You may begin reading now.
These days, if you pick up a newspaper or turn on the TV or radio, you may hear or
read about the advantages of driverless cars, also called self-driving or autonomous
cars. The technology is simple to understand: using sensors and computers, these
cars can drive without input from a human. This might sound like science fiction, but
such vehicles are already on our roads and they will have a positive impact on our
driving experience.
Traffic accidents are a leading cause of injuries and fatalities in the United States,
and studies show that most crashes are caused by human error. The software that
runs driverless cars is not capable of making mistakes. As a result, such vehicles will
be much safer. One technology company has a self-driving car that has driven for
over 700,000 miles – over one million kilometers – without an accident: a better
record than all but the best human drivers.
In addition, self-driving vehicles are good for the environment because they drive
more efficiently. On a typical journey within a city, drivers deal with urban traffic by
stopping and starting their engines repeatedly. This type of driving means engines
work less efficiently and this causes a lot of pollution. Driverless cars, on the other
hand, can communicate with other vehicles, which will reduce traffic problems.
Autonomous cars will be able to start and stop their engines less often and travel at
higher speeds.
Finally, autonomous cars will give passengers time. Instead of having to focus on
driving, human occupants can focus on other things. The average time for
commuting to and from work in the United States is about thirty minutes each way.
Instead of using this time to focus on the road, passengers in driverless cars can
read, watch videos, or catch up on work.
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Writing Section
Now listen to part of a lecture on the same topic you just read about.
After you listen to the passage, answer the question.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific
points made in the reading passage.
You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Writing Section
Writing Task 2 - Independent Question
Directions​:​ F
​ or this task, you will write an essay in response to a question that asks you to state,
explain, and support your opinion on an issue.
Typically, an effective essay will contain a minimum of 300 words. Your essay will be judged based on the
quality of your writing. This includes the development of your ideas, the organization of your essay, and
the quality and accuracy of the language you use to express your ideas. Be sure to use your own words.
Do not use memorized examples.
You have 30 minutes to plan and complete your essay.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Our current way of life will have a negative impact on future generations.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your essay. Be sure to use your own words. Do not use
memorized examples.
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Listening Section
The TOEFL Listening Section:
Directions
This section measures your ability to understand conversations and lectures in an academic setting
in English.
You will first listen to a passage and then answer questions about it. You may listen to each passage o
​ nly
once​. You are allowed to take notes while you listen.
You will be asked about the main idea and supporting details from each passage. Sometimes, you will be
asked to infer meaning and purpose. These answers are usually not explicitly stated in the passage but
must be answered based on your own ideas in regard to the speaker’s attitude, tone, and the context in
which he or she is speaking.
When you see the audio icon
it means that there is an audio passage you must listen to. P
​ lease
click the icon t​ o get redirected to the audio file​.
Most questions are worth one point each. If a question is worth more than one point, it will be indicated in
the directions.
Answer each question in sequential order​. You will not be allowed to skip or go back to questions
during the actual TOEFL iBT exam.
At the end of this test, you will find a scoring chart to help you determine your score and an answer key
with explanations to help you understand the questions.
When you're ready, turn the page to listen to the first passage.
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Listening Section
Passage #1
Directions​: Now listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.
NOTE TO STUDENT:
Do NOT look at the questions on the next page until after you listen. Get a pen and a piece of paper and
get ready to take notes. Click the icon above or the link below when you’re ready.
Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Listening Section
Directions​: Now, answer the questions.
1. Why does the student go to see the professor?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To talk about her paper on farming practices
To ask if she can study abroad in Guatemala
To discuss her research on agricultural practices and environmental conditions
To see if she can become a Spanish major
2. Why does Christy want to go to Guatemala? ​Select two​.
a.
b.
c.
d.
To continue her research on cost-effective farming
Because she has already studied it and wants to learn more in person
The agricultural and economic landscape closely matches what she wants to research
She wants to learn more Spanish
3. Why might Christy not be able to go on the trip to Guatemala?
a.
b.
c.
d.
She is not a Spanish major
The Spanish department is in charge of this program
She does not speak enough Spanish
There are no more spots left in the program
4. Why does the professor decide to help Christy? ​Select two​.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Christy is one of the most intelligent students in the class
The professor agrees that Guatemala is a good place to do more research
Christy is extremely motivated to study abroad in Guatemala
Christy knows some Spanish so it will be easy to convince the Spanish department
5. Why does the professor ask Christy if she has thought of other places to go?
a.
b.
c.
d.
He wants to know if there are any other countries Christy wants to travel to
He does not think Christy will be allowed to go to Guatemala
He is leading up to suggesting a better place for her to study abroad
He is curious if Christy can do her research in another country
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Listening Section
Passage #2
Directions​: Now listen to part of a talk in an astronomy class.
NOTE TO STUDENT:
Do NOT look at the questions on the next page until after you listen. Get a pen and a piece of paper and
get ready to take notes. Click the icon above or the link below when you’re ready.
Listen to part of a talk in an astronomy class
​ ​ Source: ​Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., & C. Wolff, S. C. (2016).
***Vocabulary is sometimes provided in written form when it may be unfamiliar to the student, but
essential for understanding the lecture.
the capture theory
the fission theory
the sister theory
the giant impact
hypothesis
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Listening Section
Directions​: Now, answer the questions.
1. What is the professor mainly discussing?
a.
b.
c.
d.
How the moon formed after a giant object impacted the Earth
The composition of the moon in comparison to Earth
Problems with theories about the origin of the moon
Whether or not the moon was connected to the Earth at one point
2. How is the lecture organized?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The professor discusses information previously learned before introducing a new idea
The professor introduces an experiment and some possible problems with it
The professor compares theories about the moon with other objects in space
The professor gives a historical account of theories on the origin of the moon
3. What are some problems with the capture theory? ​Select two​.
a.
b.
c.
d.
There are too many chemical differences between the Earth and the moon
It is more plausible that the Earth and the moon were never connected
During entry into the solar system, the moon would have had too much energy to be captured
The moon would have a strange orbital path if it were captured by Earth
4. Which theory about the moon is most likely true?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The fission theory
The giant impact hypothesis
The sister theory
The capture theory
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Listening Section
5. What does the professor imply about the sister theory?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Modern astronomers do not believe this theory is correct
It explains why the moon is made out of the same materials as Earth
The density of the moon compared to Earth proves it true
It was less popular than the capture and fission theories
6. Why is the giant impact hypothesis also problematic?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The impact likely would have caused Earth to break apart into many pieces
The moon is too small for such an impact
There is more proof that the sister theory is correct
There is no way to prove it is correct
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Listening Section
Passage #3
Directions​: Now listen to part of a talk in a geology class.
NOTE TO STUDENT:
Do NOT look at the questions on the next page until after you listen. Get a pen and a piece of paper and
get ready to take notes. Click the icon above or the link below when you’re ready.
Listen to part of a talk in a geology class
***Vocabulary is sometimes provided in written form when it may be unfamiliar to the student, but
essential for understanding the lecture.
plate tectonics
Alfred Wegener
Pangaea
supercontinent
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Listening Section
Directions​: Now, answer the questions.
1. What is the purpose of the lecture?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To describe how plate tectonics has contributed to the way Earth looks today
To prove that plate tectonics is the reason Pangea broke up into several continents
To provide examples of why it is important to have solid research to support scientific theories
To explain why geology is an important subject to study
2. Why does the professor start the lecture by defining geology?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To make sure the students know which class they are in
To remind the students what they learned in the previous class
To introduce the topic of plate tectonics and its relevance
To compare it to plate tectonics
3. How is the lecture organized?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The topic is introduced followed by an example and a historical narrative
Historical views of plate tectonics are compared to current theories
A problem is introduced followed by a possible solution
The topic is described and then followed by two examples
4. According to the lecture, what is the purpose of plate tectonics?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To create valleys, volcanoes, and mountains
To shape the continents
It allows the earth to cool itself off
It is a theory explained by continental drift
5. Why does the professor say this?​
a.
b.
c.
d.
To prove that she knows a lot about Wegener
To emphasize Wegener’s relevance to the topic
To show the students that it is important to have dreams
To describe what Wegener was like as a child
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Listening Section
6. According to the lecture, what evidence did Wegener find to support his theory of
Pangea? ​Select two​.
a.
b.
c.
d.
He found similarities in fossils on separate continents
He discovered rare plants in Africa and South America
He identified the continents were similar in shape
He noticed a likeness among animal species living in South America and Africa
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Listening Section
Passage #4
Directions​: Now listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.
NOTE TO STUDENT:
Do NOT look at the questions on the next page until after you listen. Get a pen and a piece of paper and
get ready to take notes. Click the icon above or the link below when you’re ready.
Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Listening Section
Directions​: Now, answer the questions.
1. What do the professor and student mainly discuss?
a.
b.
c.
d.
How the student can improve her grades
What information the student must read
Where the student can get access to books
Why the professor has called her into the office
2. Why is the student confused?
a.
b.
c.
d.
She believes that she understood the writing assignment
She thought the deadline for submitting her work was later than it was
The professor’s instructions for completing the homework were wrong
She misunderstood which books she should read to complete the task
3. Listen again to part of the conversation. Why does the student say this?​
a.
b.
c.
d.
To ask the professor to explain his expectations again
To prove the professor misworded the assignment instructions
To confirm she has understood what the professor wanted
To give an example of a topic she could discuss in her essay
4. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor imply when he says this?​
a.
b.
c.
d.
His instructions for the assignment were confusing
The student should have asked if something was unclear
Most of the other students understood the assignment
A number of students submitted excellent assignments
5. What do you think the student is most likely to do next?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Start to work on the assignment again
Submit a formal complaint about the professor
Ask another professor to look at her assignment
Wait until the weekend to work on the assignment
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Listening Section
Passage #5
Directions​: Now listen to part of a talk in a psychology class.
NOTE TO STUDENT:
Do NOT look at the questions on the next page until after you listen. Get a pen and a piece of paper and
get ready to take notes. Click the icon above or the link below when you’re ready.
Listen to part of a talk in a psychology class
***Vocabulary is sometimes provided in written form when it may be unfamiliar to the student, but
essential for understanding the lecture.
circadian rhythm
sleep debt
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Listening Section
Directions​: Now, answer the questions.
1. What is the lecture mainly about?
a.
b.
c.
d.
What happens when you do not get enough sleep in college
How many hours of sleep people should get each night
The effects of sleep deprivation on the body
Why people need plenty of sleep
2. Why does the professor start the lecture talking about circadian rhythms?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To provide an example of sleep debt
To begin his lecture on this topic even though he changes the subject
To later compare sleep deprivation to circadian rhythms
To introduce the idea that lack of sleep disrupts our natural sleep cycle
3. Why does the professor mention college students in the lecture?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To show that he empathizes with his students
To prove that sleep debt is an important topic because it is relevant
To highlight the need for his students to sleep more
To show that college students have too much work interfering with their sleep
4. What does the professor imply about the dangers of sleep deprivation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It could be as dangerous as driving a car while intoxicated
People could fall asleep no matter what they are doing
The person will probably do a poor job at work and may risk getting fired
It may lead to overconsumption of alcohol
5. Which one of the following is an indicator that you might suffer from sleep debt?
a.
b.
c.
d.
You tend to fall asleep at 10 pm or earlier
You wake up multiple times throughout the night
You fall asleep easily when you lay down during the day
Your age since almost all young people and college students have sleep debt
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Listening Section
6. Why does the professor say this?​
a.
b.
c.
d.
To tell the class how many hours of sleep per day someone over 65 years old gets
To prove that people are more sleep-deprived as they age
To emphasize the idea that older people get less sleep naturally
To give an example of an average night’s sleep for a 65-year-old
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Reading Section
The TOEFL Reading Section:
Directions
This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.
There are three passages in this section. You have 54 minutes to complete the entire section. You may
read the passages and answer the questions in any order you choose, but plan to spend about 18 minutes
on each passage and the accompanying questions.
Most questions are worth one point, but the last question for each passage is worth more than one point.
The directions for the last question indicate how many points you may receive.
At the end of this practice test, you will find an answer key, information to help determine your score, and
explanations of the answers.
Turn the page to begin the reading section.
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Reading Section
Transcendentalism
Beginning in the 1820s, a new intellectual movement known as transcendentalism began to grow in the
Northeast. In this context, to transcend means to go beyond the ordinary sensory world to grasp personal
insights and gain an appreciation of a deeper reality, and transcendentalists believed that all people could
attain an understanding of the world that goes past rational, sensory experience. Transcendentalists were
critical of mainstream American culture. They reacted against the age they lived in where people were
encouraged to act the same as others and argued for greater individualism against conformity. European
romanticism, a movement in literature and art that stressed emotion over cold, calculating reason, also
influenced transcendentalists in the United States, especially the transcendentalists’ celebration of the
uniqueness of individual feelings.
Ralph Waldo Emerson emerged as the leading figure of this movement. Born in Boston in 1803, Emerson
came from a religious family. His father served as a minister, and after graduating from Harvard Divinity
School in the 1820s, Emerson followed in his father’s footsteps. However, after his wife died in 1831, he
left the clergy. On a trip to Europe in 1832, he met leading figures of romanticism who rejected the cold,
strict rationalism of popular 18th century Enlightenment thought, emphasizing emotion instead.
When Emerson returned home the following year, he began giving lectures on his romanticism-influenced
ideas. In 1836, he published “Nature,” an essay arguing that humans can find their true spirituality in
nature, not in the everyday bustling working world of cities and industrial factories. In 1841, Emerson
published his essay​ “​ Self-Reliance​,​”​ w
​ hich urged readers to think for themselves and reject the mass
conformity he believed had ​taken root​ in American life. Emerson expressed concern that a powerful
majority could overpower the will of individuals.
Emerson’s ideas struck a chord with a class of literate adults who also were dissatisfied with mainstream
American life and searching for greater spiritual meaning. Many writers were drawn to transcendentalism,
and they started to express its ideas through new stories, poems, essays, and articles. The ideas of
transcendentalism were able to permeate American thought and culture through magazines, journals, and
newspapers that were widely read.
Among those attracted to Emerson’s ideas was his friend, Henry David Thoreau, whom he encouraged to
write about his own ideas. Thoreau placed a special emphasis on the role of nature as a gateway to the
transcendentalist goal of greater individualism. In 1848, Thoreau gave a lecture in which he argued that
individuals must stand up to governmental injustice, a topic he chose because of his disgust over the
Mexican-American War and slavery. In 1849, he published his lecture, “Civil Disobedience,” and urged
readers to refuse to support a government that was immoral.
Margaret Fuller also came to prominence as a leading transcendentalist and advocate for women’s
equality. Fuller was a friend of Emerson and Thoreau, and other intellectuals of her day. Because she was
a woman, she could not attend Harvard, as it was a male-only institution for undergraduate students until
1973. However, she was later granted the use of the library there because of her towering intellect. In
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Reading Section
1840, she became the editor of T​ he Dial​, a transcendentalist journal, and she later found employment as a
book reviewer for the ​New York Tribune ​newspaper. Tragically, in 1850, she died at the age of forty in a
shipwreck off Fire Island, New York.
Some critics took issue with transcendentalism’s emphasis on individualism by pointing out the destructive
consequences of compulsive human behavior. ​Herman Melville’s novel, ​Moby Dick​, emphasized the
problems with individual obsession by telling the tale of Captain Ahab’s single-minded quest to kill a white
whale, ​Moby Dick​, which had destroyed Ahab’s original ship and caused him to lose one of his legs​. Edgar
Allan Poe, a popular author, critic, and poet, decried “the so-called poetry of the so-called
transcendentalists. ” These American writers who questioned transcendentalism illustrate the underlying
tension between individualism and conformity in American life.
Source: Corbett, S.P., Janssen, V., Lund, J.M., Pfannestiel, T., Waskiewicz, S., & Vickery, P. (2014).
Reading Paragraph 1
Beginning in the 1820s, a new intellectual movement known as transcendentalism began to grow in the
Northeast. In this context, to transcend means to go beyond the ordinary sensory world to grasp personal
insights and gain an appreciation of a deeper reality, and transcendentalists believed that all people could
attain an understanding of the world that goes past rational, sensory experience. Transcendentalists were
critical of mainstream American culture. They reacted against the age they lived in where people were
encouraged to act the same as others and argued for greater individualism against conformity. European
romanticism, a movement in literature and art that stressed emotion over cold, calculating reason, also
influenced transcendentalists in the United States, especially the transcendentalists’ celebration of the
uniqueness of individual feelings.
1. According to paragraph 1, what did transcendentalists do?
a.
b.
c.
d.
They overreacted towards those who acted the same as everyone else
They protested the government for greater nonconformity
They celebrated individualism and nonconformity
They wrote articles in favor of a more rational culture
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 2
Ralph Waldo Emerson emerged as the leading figure of this movement. Born in Boston in 1803, Emerson
came from a religious family. His father served as a minister, and after graduating from Harvard Divinity
School in the 1820s, Emerson followed in his father’s footsteps. However, after his wife died in 1831, he
left the clergy. On a trip to Europe in 1832, he met leading figures of romanticism who rejected the cold,
strict rationalism of popular 18th century Enlightenment thought, emphasizing emotion instead.
2. Which of the following is NOT true about Ralph Waldo Emerson?
a.
b.
c.
d.
He was one of the leaders of the transcendentalism movement
Like his father, he served as a minister
He went to Europe after his wife had passed away
He met critics of romanticism while visiting Europe
Reading Paragraph 3
When Emerson returned home the following year, he began giving lectures on his romanticism-influenced
ideas. In 1836, he published “Nature,” an essay arguing that humans can find their true spirituality in
nature, not in the everyday bustling working world of cities and industrial factories. In 1841, Emerson
published his essay, “Self-Reliance,” which urged readers to think for themselves and reject the mass
conformity he believed had ​taken root​ in American life. Emerson expressed concern that a powerful
majority could overpower the will of individuals.
3. Why does the author say “his romanticism-influenced ideas”?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To show that his ideas were romantic in nature
To explain why he published his essays “Nature” and​ “​ Self-Reliance”
To show that his beliefs were inspired by the romanticists he met
To prove that his ideas came from other sources
4. The phrase ​taken root​ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Become abandoned
Been established
Been examined
Been discovered
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Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 5
Among those attracted to Emerson’s ideas was his friend, Henry David Thoreau, whom he encouraged to
write about his own ideas. Thoreau placed a special emphasis on the role of nature as a gateway to the
transcendentalist goal of greater individualism. In 1848, Thoreau gave a lecture in which he argued that
individuals must stand up to governmental injustice, a topic he chose because of his disgust over the
Mexican-American War and slavery. In 1849, he published his lecture, “Civil Disobedience,” and urged
readers to refuse to support a government that was immoral.
5. Which of the following is true, according to paragraph five?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Henry David Thoreau believed that nature could help people achieve more individualism
Henry David Thoreau was Emerson’s closest friend and had similar ideas
Emerson suggested that Henry David Thoreau should start giving lectures
Thoreau organized groups that protested the injustices of governments
Reading Paragraph 6
Margaret Fuller also came to prominence as a leading transcendentalist and advocate for women’s
equality. Fuller was a friend of Emerson and Thoreau, and other intellectuals of her day. Because she was
a woman, she could not attend Harvard, as it was a male-only institution for undergraduate students until
1973. However, she was later granted the use of the library there because of her towering intellect. In
1840, she became the editor of T​ he Dial​, a transcendentalist journal, and she later found employment as a
book reviewer for the ​New York Tribune ​newspaper. Tragically, in 1850, she died at the age of forty in a
shipwreck off Fire Island, New York.
6. All of the following are true EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
Margaret Fuller did research in the library at Harvard
Harvard University remained an all-male school until the 20th-century
Margaret Fuller was a transcendentalist and supported the equality of women
Margaret Fuller met Emerson and Thoreau while studying at Harvard
6
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 6
Margaret Fuller also came to prominence as a leading transcendentalist and advocate for women’s
equality. Fuller was a friend of Emerson and Thoreau, and other intellectuals of her day. Because she was
a woman, she could not attend Harvard, as it was a male-only institution for undergraduate students until
1973. However, she was later granted the use of the library there because of her towering intellect. In
1840, she became the editor of T​ he Dial​, a transcendentalist journal, and she later found employment as a
book reviewer for the ​New York Tribune ​newspaper. Tragically, in 1850, she died at the age of forty in a
shipwreck off Fire Island, New York.
7. What can be inferred about Margaret Fuller from the information in paragraph six?
a.
b.
c.
d.
She was the most famous transcendentalist of her time
She attended Harvard University even though women were not allowed at that time
She held positions that most women did not in her time
She only reviewed books that were of interest to her while at the N
​ ew York Tribune
Reading Paragraph 7
Some critics took issue with transcendentalism’s emphasis on individualism by pointing out the destructive
consequences of compulsive human behavior. ​Herman Melville’s novel, ​Moby Dick​, emphasized the
problems with individual obsession by telling the tale of Captain Ahab’s single-minded quest to kill a white
whale, ​Moby Dick​, which had destroyed Ahab’s original ship and caused him to lose one of his legs​. Edgar
Allan Poe, a popular author, critic, and poet, decried “the so-called poetry of the so-called
transcendentalists". These American writers who questioned transcendentalism illustrate the underlying
tension between individualism and conformity in American life.
8. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
paragraph 7? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Herman Melville wrote a novel called ​Moby Dick​ and the main character is Captain Ahab
The story of Captain Ahab’s quest to kill a white whale is titled M
​ oby Dick
After learning about transcendentalism, Herman Melville decided to write a book criticizing it
Herman Melville’s book, ​Moby Dick​, was inspired by the issues surrounding the obsession with
individualism
7
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL®
​ ​ Reading Section
9. Look at the four squares (​A​, ​B​, ​C​, ​D​) that indicate where the following sentence could be added to
the passage.
However, as with all major movements, transcendentalists faced criticism for their beliefs.
Where would the sentence best fit?
A​ Some critics took issue with transcendentalism’s emphasis on individualism by pointing out the
destructive consequences of compulsive human behavior. B
​ ​ Herman Melville’s novel, M
​ oby Dick​,
emphasized the problems with individual obsession by telling the tale of Captain Ahab’s single-minded
quest to kill a white whale, M
​ oby Dick​, which had destroyed Ahab’s original ship and caused him to lose
one of his legs. C
​ ​ Edgar Allan Poe, a popular author, critic, and poet, decried “the so-called poetry of the
so-called transcendentalists". D
​ ​ ​These American writers who questioned transcendentalism illustrate the
underlying tension between individualism and conformity in American life.
10. DIRECTIONS: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas
that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. ​This question is worth 2
points​.
Transcendentalism was an intellectual movement in which prominent thinkers sought greater levels of
individualism and spirituality.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Ralph Waldo Emerson encouraged members of society to be more individualistic
Herman Melville’s book, ​Moby Dick​, subtly criticizes the transcendentalist beliefs
Emerson was friends with other transcendentalists like Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller
Margaret Fuller could not attend Harvard because she was a woman
Some transcendentalist subscribers warned of the problems with mass conformity
American transcendentalist ideas were influenced by European romanticism
8
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
Hydroculture
The world is in the middle of a food crisis. Opinions differ as to its ​severity​, but most accept that the crisis
is real and potentially poses a major threat to the health and food supply of a large proportion of the
global population. The roots of the crisis are diverse, but among them are two primary factors. The first of
these is changing weather patterns and extreme weather events. Simply put, a number of previously
productive agricultural regions are no longer as fertile as they once were because of the weather. And
second, many farmers have found that they can get a better return growing biofuels than raising crops. As
a result, large areas of valuable cropland are no longer being used for ​this end​. Conventional agriculture is
ill-suited to solve the food crisis, but hydroculture might be a potential solution.
As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich water rather than in
soil. Hydroponics is the most widely-known method of hydroculture. Some believe it has significant
potential to reduce the impact of the food crisis by allowing farmers to produce large quantities of food in
a sustainable and cost-effective way. In a typical hydroponic system, crops are grown indoors in controlled
environments. The plants grow in containers that are filled with water and nutrients that they need to
thrive. These nutrients vary depending on the crop being grown but typically include nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper, among other trace elements. A light source provides the
energy the sun would usually deliver.
In so-called static systems, the nutrient solution is changed or replaced either according to a schedule or
when the plants require it. In continuous-flow systems, the nutrient solution flows constantly past the
roots of the plants. Although it may seem like a technologically sophisticated form of agriculture, scientists
have been experimenting with hydroculture since at least 1627. Early experiments showed that plants
grow best when raised in water that is rich in various nutrients rather than in distilled water. By the early
decades of the twentieth century, the concept of hydroponics was becoming more widely known and
some commercial applications of the technology were even in place. These days, even NASA, the US
government agency in charge of space missions, is researching hydroponics.
Hydroponics offers a number of benefits over conventional agriculture. It happens indoors, so it does not
require large areas of land. In fact, hydroponic farms can be located in industrial warehouses in or near
large cities. ​This gives them another advantage over traditional farms since they can be located much
closer to the markets for their produce, reducing distribution and transportation costs for hydroponic
farmers​. The indoor location allows farmers to create controlled environments. Not only does this mean
that crops are not affected by weather, it means that farmers can grow crops in regions where they would
not normally thrive. For example, tropical vegetables can be grown in Canada. But hydroponic farms are
not without their drawbacks. For one thing, some important food crops do not grow well hydroponically.
Most herbs and vegetables thrive, but important sources of nutrition like carrots, potatoes, and corn are
either not suitable or hard to grow. And so much space would be required to raise staple crops like rice
and wheat cost-effectively that their hydroponic cultivation is not practical. Furthermore, most foods that
grow well hydroponically are relatively low in protein, a vital nutrient for human health.
9
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. A basic aquaponics system is a
hydroponics farm with a second layer. On top are plants growing hydroponically in nutrient-rich water.
Below that is a tank of fish being raised as part of a fish farm. In traditional aquaculture, farmers must
spend time and money cleaning the water in which the fish live; if they do not, the health of the fish will
suffer as waste from the fish concentrates in the water. The clever part of aquaponics is that instead of
having to filter and discard the fish waste, farmers can use it as the source of nutrients for the plants. By
closing the system in this way, aquaponic farms can produce the same kinds of herbs, fruits, and
vegetables as hydroponic farms, as well as high-quality protein from farm-raised fish.
Reading Paragraph 1
The world is in the middle of a food crisis. Opinions differ as to its ​severity​, but most accept that the crisis
is real and potentially poses a major threat to the health and food supply of a large proportion of the
global population. The roots of the crisis are diverse, but among them are two primary factors. The first of
these is changing weather patterns and extreme weather events. Simply put, a number of previously
productive agricultural regions are no longer as fertile as they once were because of the weather. And
second, many farmers have found that they can get a better return growing biofuels than raising crops. As
a result, large areas of valuable cropland are no longer being used for ​this end​. Conventional agriculture is
ill-suited to solve the food crisis, but hydroculture might be a potential solution.
1. The word ​severity​ in paragraph 1 most likely means
a.
b.
c.
d.
Conversion
Deployment
Opportunity
Seriousness
2. What does the author say about the food crisis in paragraph 1?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It could be solved by limiting the global production and use of biofuels
Its causes are related to a reduction in farms growing crops
Its main effect is that major agricultural regions have become less fertile
It has already had a major impact on the health of the world’s population
10
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 1
The world is in the middle of a food crisis. Opinions differ as to its ​severity​, but most accept that the crisis
is real and potentially poses a major threat to the health and food supply of a large proportion of the
global population. The roots of the crisis are diverse, but among them are two primary factors. The first of
these is changing weather patterns and extreme weather events. Simply put, a number of previously
productive agricultural regions are no longer as fertile as they once were because of the weather. And
second, many farmers have found that they can get a better return growing biofuels than raising crops. As
a result, large areas of valuable cropland are no longer being used for ​this end​. Conventional agriculture is
ill-suited to solve the food crisis, but hydroculture might be a potential solution.
3. The phrase ​this end​ in paragraph 1 refers to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Large areas
Raising crops
Growing biofuels
Many farmers
Reading Paragraph 2
As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich water rather than in
soil. Hydroponics is the most widely-known method of hydroculture. Some believe it has significant
potential to reduce the impact of the food crisis by allowing farmers to produce large quantities of food in
a sustainable and cost-effective way. In a typical hydroponic system, crops are grown indoors in controlled
environments. The plants grow in containers filled with water and the nutrients that they need to thrive.
These nutrients vary depending on the crop being grown but typically include nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper, among other trace elements. A light source provides the
energy the sun would usually deliver.
4. What does the author say about hydroponics in paragraph 2?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The food crisis will be greater without food from hydroponic farms
Food that has been grown hydroponically costs less than all other food
The goal of hydroponic farms is to produce food in a sustainable way
Hydroponically-grown plants need a source of water, energy, and food
11
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 3
In so-called static systems, the nutrient solution is changed or replaced either according to a schedule or
when the plants require it. In continuous-flow systems, the nutrient solution flows constantly past the
roots of the plants. Although it may seem like a technologically sophisticated form of agriculture, scientists
have been experimenting with hydroculture since at least 1627. Early experiments showed that plants
grow best when raised in water that is rich in various nutrients rather than in distilled water. By the early
decades of the twentieth century, the concept of hydroponics was becoming more widely known and
some commercial applications of the technology were even in place. These days, even NASA, the US
government agency in charge of space missions, is researching hydroponics.
5. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
a.
b.
c.
d.
Distilled water has a negative impact on the growth of plants
NASA is planning to use hydroponics to create farms in space
The first experiments in hydroponics were mostly unsuccessful
Hydroponics is a simpler form of agriculture than people believe
12
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 4
Hydroponics offers a number of benefits over conventional agriculture. It happens indoors, so it does not
require large areas of land. In fact, hydroponic farms can be located in industrial warehouses in or near
large cities. ​This gives them another advantage over traditional farms since they can be located much
closer to the markets for their produce, reducing distribution and transportation costs for hydroponic
farmers​. The indoor location allows farmers to create controlled environments. N
​ ot only does this mean
that crops are not affected by weather, it means that farmers can grow crops in regions where they would
not normally thrive. For example, tropical vegetables can be grown in Canada.​ But hydroponic farms are
not without their drawbacks. For one thing, some important food crops do not grow well hydroponically.
Most herbs and vegetables thrive, but important sources of nutrition like carrots, potatoes, and corn are
either not suitable or hard to grow. And so much space would be required to raise staple crops like rice
and wheat cost-effectively that their hydroponic cultivation is not practical. Furthermore, most foods that
grow well hydroponically are relatively low in protein, a vital nutrient for human health.
6. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Hydroponic farms benefit from reduced costs by being placed near large markets
Farmers contemplating growing hydroponically should consider factors like distribution
The main advantage of hydroponics compared to conventional farming is its location
The markets for both conventional and hydroponic crops are situated close to farms
7. Why does the author mention “tropical vegetables” in paragraph 4?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To imply that the popularity of food can vary
To highlight the demand for one type of crop
To illustrate one advantage of farming indoors
To argue that healthy diets require vegetables
8. What point does the author NOT make in paragraph 4?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Certain crops are harder to grow hydroponically than others
Many herbs and vegetables do well when hydroponically grown
It is often not cost-effective to grow staple crops hydroponically
It is relatively easy to produce protein-rich crops hydroponically
13
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
9. Look at the four squares (​A​, ​B​, ​C​, ​D​) that indicate where the following sentence could be added to
the passage.
Even though it has yet to be implemented on the same scope as traditional farming methods, the
potential for the aquaponics industry is enormous.
Where would the sentence best fit?
A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. A basic aquaponic system is a
hydroponics farm with a second layer. On top are plants growing hydroponically in nutrient-rich water. A
​
Below that is a tank of fish being raised as part of a fish farm. In traditional aquaculture, farmers must
spend time and money cleaning the water in which the fish live; if they do not, the health of the fish will
suffer as waste from the fish concentrates in the water. B
​ ​ The clever part of aquaponics is that instead of
having to filter and discard the fish waste, farmers can use it as the source of nutrients for the plants. C
​ ​ By
closing the system in this way, aquaponic farms can produce the same kinds of herbs, fruits, and
vegetables as hydroponic farms, as well as high-quality protein from farm-raised fish. D
​
10. DIRECTIONS​: S
​ elect the phrases that correctly describe each farming method. Two of the
phrases will NOT be used.​ T
​ his question is worth 3 points​.
Both hydroponics and aquaponics
Aquaponics only
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Crops are grown indoors in a controlled environment
The system uses waste as a valuable source of plant food
Cultivating food requires a significant amount of space
The crops grown do not contain much protein
Crops are grown in a solution of water and nutrients
Farmers cultivate both plants and protein-rich species
Changing weather conditions have a negative impact on the crops
14
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
The Beginning of Organizational Psychology
Organizational psychology had its origins in the early 20th century. Sometimes referred to as industrial
psychology, organizational psychology is concerned with how humans work and interact in various jobs
and organizations. It was only later in the century that the field of organizational psychology developed as
an experimental science. Unlike most other academic fields, business leaders immediately understood
how research into worker psychology and productivity could have a positive impact on both the worker's
well-being and the company's profit margins. Leading organizational psychologists of the early 1900s soon
found themselves outside of the classroom and into the factories, conducting research.
From 1929 to 1932, Elton Mayo (1880–1949) and his colleagues began a series of studies at a plant near
Chicago, Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works. This long-term project took industrial psychology beyond
just employee selection and placement to a study of more complex problems of interpersonal relations,
motivation, and organizational dynamics. These studies mark the origin of organizational psychology.
Analysis of the findings by later researchers led to the term the Hawthorne effect, which describes the
increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or
supervisors. ​What the original researchers found was that any change in a variable, such as lighting levels,
led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return
to poor lighting​. The effect faded when the attention faded. The Hawthorne-effect concept ​endures​ today
as an important experimental consideration in many fields and a factor that has to be controlled for in an
experiment.
Frederick Taylor was an engineer who saw that if one could redesign the workplace there would be an
increase in both output for the company and wages for the workers. In 1911, he put forward his theory in
a book titled, ​The Principles of Scientific Management​. His book examines management styles, personnel
selection, and training, as well as the work itself, using time and motion studies.
One of the examples of Taylor’s theory in action involved workers handling heavy iron ingots, which is a
block of heavy steel, gold, silver, or other metal. Taylor showed that the workers could be more productive
by taking work rests. This method of rest increased worker productivity from 12.5 to 47.0 tons moved per
day with less reported fatigue as well as increased wages for the workers who were paid by the ton. At the
same time, the company’s cost was reduced from 9.2 cents to 3.9 cents per ton. Despite these increases in
productivity, Taylor’s theory received a great deal of criticism at the time because it was believed that it
would exploit workers and reduce the number of workers needed. Also, Taylor’s theory was underpinned
by the notion that a worker was fundamentally lazy and the goal of Taylor’s scientific management
approach was to maximize productivity without much concern for workers’ well-being. His approach was
criticized by unions and those sympathetic to workers.
Gilbreth was another influential industrial and organizational psychologist who strove to find ways to
increase productivity. Using time and motion studies, Gilbreth wanted to make workers more efficient by
reducing the number of motions required to perform a task. She not only applied these methods to
15
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
industry but also to the home, office, shops, and other areas. She investigated employee fatigue and time
management stress and found many employees were motivated by money and job satisfaction. In 1914,
Gilbreth wrote the book, ​The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching,
and Installing Methods of Least Waste​, and she is known as the mother of modern management. You can
thank her for the idea to put shelves inside refrigerator doors, and she also came up with the concept of
using a foot pedal to operate the lid of a trash can.
Today, industrial and organizational psychology is a ​diverse​ and deep field of research and practice.
Psychologists in this particular field of study are sought after by businesses and large corporations looking
to gain insights on the psychology of their staff in order to create an effective working environment.
Source: OpenStax. (2019). What is industrial and organizational psychology?
Reading Paragraph 1
Organizational psychology had its origins in the early 20th century. Sometimes referred to as industrial
psychology, organizational psychology is concerned with how humans work and interact in various jobs
and organizations. It was only later in the century that the field of organizational psychology developed as
an experimental science. Unlike most other academic fields, business leaders immediately understood
how research into worker psychology and productivity could have a positive impact on both the worker's
well-being and the company's profit margins. Leading organizational psychologists of the early 1900s soon
found themselves outside of the classroom and into the factories, conducting research.
1. What does the author say about organizational psychology in the first paragraph?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It is an area of psychology that immediately became an experimental science
It is a discipline that is better suited for companies and organizations than it is for schools
Business leaders believed this research could improve employees’ health and company gains
It is the most common field of psychology relating to business and workers
16
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 2
From 1929 to 1932, Elton Mayo (1880–1949) and his colleagues began a series of studies at a ​plant​ near
Chicago, Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works. This long-term project took industrial psychology beyond
just employee selection and placement to a study of more complex problems of interpersonal relations,
motivation, and organizational dynamics. These studies mark the origin of organizational psychology.
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Mayo’s studies in paragraph 2?
a.
b.
c.
d.
They were one of the first studies in the field of organizational psychology
They took place in Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works
Their findings led to the discovery of organizational psychology in the workplace
They studied the complex problems of industrial employees
Reading Paragraph 3
Analysis of the findings by later researchers led to the term the Hawthorne effect, which describes the
increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or
supervisors. ​What the original researchers found was that any change in a variable, such as lighting levels,
led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return
to poor lighting​. The effect faded when the attention faded. The Hawthorne-effect concept ​endures​ today
as an important experimental consideration in many fields and a factor that has to be controlled for in an
experiment.
3. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Good lighting increased productivity and poor lighting led to a decrease in productivity
Any change, positive or negative, resulted in increased productivity
Researchers found that darkening the lights improved worker’s productivity
Changing the lighting levels affected the productivity of workers
4. The word ​endures​ in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Continues
Changes
Ceases
Ends
17
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 4
Frederick Taylor was an engineer who saw that if one could redesign the workplace there would be an
increase in both output for the company and wages for the workers. In 1911, he put forward his theory in
a book titled, ​The Principles of Scientific Management​. His book examines management styles, personnel
selection, and training, as well as the work itself, using time and motion studies.
5. In paragraph 4, what does the author point out about Frederick Taylor?
a.
b.
c.
d.
His son wrote about his theory in a book called T​ he Principles of Scientific Management
He compared various management styles and personnel training in his book
He presented his hypothesis at a scientific conference in 1911
He was an engineer who wrote about management in the workplace
Reading Paragraph 5
One of the examples of Taylor’s theory in action involved workers handling heavy iron ingots, which is a
block of heavy steel, gold, silver, or other metal. Taylor showed that the workers could be more productive
by taking work rests. This method of rest increased worker productivity from 12.5 to 47.0 tons moved per
day with less reported fatigue as well as increased wages for the workers who were paid by the ton. At the
same time, the company’s cost was reduced from 9.2 cents to 3.9 cents per ton. Despite these increases in
productivity, Taylor’s theory received a great deal of criticism at the time because it was believed that it
would exploit workers and reduce the number of workers needed. Also, Taylor’s theory was underpinned
by the notion that a worker was fundamentally lazy and the goal of Taylor’s scientific management
approach was to maximize productivity without much concern for worker well-being. His approach was
criticized by unions and those sympathetic to workers.
6. What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the workers in Taylor’s theory?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Workers were more tired on the job prior to implementing work rests
His theory showed that workers were inherently lazy
Many condemned Taylor because he was unsympathetic to workers
Taylor’s theory was later disproved by other psychologists
18
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
Reading Paragraph 5
One of the examples of Taylor’s theory in action involved workers handling heavy iron ingots, which is a
block of heavy steel, gold, silver, or other metal. Taylor showed that the workers could be more productive
by taking work rests. This method of rest increased worker productivity from 12.5 to 47.0 tons moved per
day with less reported fatigue as well as increased wages for the workers who were paid by the ton. At the
same time, the company’s cost was reduced from 9.2 cents to 3.9 cents per ton. Despite these increases in
productivity, Taylor’s theory received a great deal of criticism at the time because it was believed that it
would exploit workers and reduce the number of workers needed. Also, Taylor’s theory was underpinned
by the notion that a worker was fundamentally lazy and the goal of Taylor’s scientific management
approach was to maximize productivity without much concern for workers’ well-being. His approach was
criticized by unions and those sympathetic to workers.
7. In paragraph 5, the author mentions “despite these increases in productivity” in order to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Explain why Taylor's theories were never implemented
Provide an example of criticism many researchers must be prepared to face
Elaborate on the fact that Taylor had negative opinions toward workers
State that there were more concerns besides just an increase in worker output
Reading Paragraph 6
Gilbreth was another influential industrial and organizational psychologist who strove to find ways to
increase productivity. Using time and motion studies, Gilbreth wanted to make workers more efficient by
reducing the number of motions required to perform a task. She not only applied these methods to
industry but also to the home, office, shops, and other areas. She investigated employee fatigue and time
management stress and found many employees were motivated by money and job satisfaction. In 1914,
Gilbreth wrote the book, ​The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching,
and Installing Methods of Least Waste​, and she is known as the mother of modern management. You can
thank her for the idea to put shelves inside refrigerator doors, and she also came up with the concept of
using a foot pedal to operate the lid of a trash can.
8. According to paragraph 6, which best describes Gilbreth?
a.
b.
c.
d.
She was an organizational psychologist focused on studying teachers
She was fatigued and stressed about time when she was an employee
She is one of the most famous psychologists in her field
She is sometimes referred to as the mother of modern management
19
Practice Test #13
For the TOEFL​®​ Reading Section
9. Look at the four squares (​A​, ​B​, ​C​, ​D​) that indicate where the following sentence could be added to
the passage.
Her contributions to increased efficiency can still be found in modern homes today.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Gilbreth was another influential industrial and organizational psychologist who strove to find ways to
increase productivity. A
​ ​ Using time and motion studies, Gilbreth wanted to make workers more efficient
by reducing the number of motions required to perform a task. She not only applied these methods to
industry but also to the home, office, shops, and other areas. She investigated employee fatigue and time
management stress and found many employees were motivated by money and job satisfaction. B
​ ​ In 1914,
Gilbreth wrote the book, ​The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching,
and Installing Methods of Least Waste​, and she is known as the mother of modern management. C
​ ​Y
​ ou can
thank her for the idea to put shelves inside refrigerator doors, and she also came up with the concept of
using a foot pedal to operate the lid of a trash can. D
​
10. DIRECTIONS: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas
that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. ​This question is worth 2
points​.
There have been many contributions to organizational psychology over the past century.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Gilbreth worked to reduce motions in a task in order to make people more efficient in their jobs
Organizational psychology is the study of how people interact within their jobs or organizations
Organizational psychologists are sought out by businesses
The studies done by Elton Mayo led to the discovery of the Hawthorne effect
Organizational psychology has increased work productivity in the U.S. since the early 1900s
Frederick Taylor theories contributed to a better understanding of how to improve productivity
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