GEO INFORMTICS ASSIGNMENT # 2 Pakistan’s National Satellite Development Program GROUP: B GROUP MEMBERS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Haider Zaman Burhan Ud Din Ahtsham Khalid Mehak Moin Asim Saeed SUBMITTED TO: Madam Maria Zafar PAKISTAN’S NATIONAL SATELLITE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) SUPARCO is an executive and bureaucratic space agency of the Government of Pakistan. Pakistan's Public and Civil space program is the responsibility of SUPARCO. It is also responsible for Aeronautic and Aerospace research. The sole purpose of SUPARCO is to conduct peaceful research in ‘Space Technology’ and to promote the Space technology for Socio-economic uplift of the country. SUPARCO has expanded over the years and has several well expanded installations all over the country. Theses installations acts as assets and cooperates in peaceful use of space technology with the international community. Science and Research of SUPARCO is mainly focused and concentrated on; Solar system Space weather Astrophysics Big Bang Theory and Physical cosmology Astronomical observation Climatic studies Space and Telemedicine Remote sensing Earth observation GOAL OF SUPARCO: SUPARCO has prime goal to undertake research and to develop space technology and associated technologies to be served on the various task related to national interest of Pakistan. SUPPARCO’s official mission states its space policy: “Strive to achieve self-reliance in space technology and applications for national security, economy and society” Pakistan’s Space flight programs (1960s) SUPARCO made research in the development of first Solidfuel expandable rockets, an assistance provided by the United States. SUPARCO made its first and notable achievement on 7 June 1962. SUPARCO launched its first “Unmanned Solid-fuel Sounding Rocket”. This first initial space flight took place from the Sonmiani Terminal Launch. This rocket was developed in a joint venture with Air force in a team led by Pakistan Air force Air Commodore WJM Turowicz Known as the Rehbar-I Pakistan had secured its distinction as the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct successful spaceflight. The Unmanned space flight mission continued under Turowicz, and according to SUPARCO, since 1962 till the partial termination of mission in 1972, ~200 sounding rockets took high success space flights from Sonmiani Terminal Launch. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) publicly hailed the space flight program as the beginning of "A program of continuous cooperation in space research of mutual interest." This cooperative agreement called for the training of Pakistan's scientists, engineers, and technicians at the specialized facilities in the United States. Bureaucratization and reorganization in Pakistan (1970s–1980s) In late 1970s, the space program suffered many setback and experience number of difficulties, including lack of government response, shortage of technical personnel and expert engineers needed for the country to have an effective space program. The space flight program was abruptly ended due to lack of funds and lessening government response. In 1981, reforms and re-organization of the space program was carried out. Munir Ahmad Khan played a very important role in reforming and reorganizing the Space program. Munir Ahmad Khan arranged a meeting at bureaucratic level with then President General Zia-ul-Haq where he persuaded the country's bureaucracy to put efforts to reestablish the space program with an autonomous status without any political influence. In 1979-80s, SUPARCO launched the project to develop and launch country's first artificial satellite and began sending hundreds of engineers to University of Surrey to participate in the development of UO-11 which was launched in 1984. PAKSAT SATELLIE PROJECT In 1983, a communication satellite project called Paksat was initiated, with the establishment of the 10-meter diameter satellite ground station for interception of satellite transmissions was set up that was mainly designed against India. According to the scientists involved in this program, the real aim was to launch a satellite that could stage a Cultural Counter Attack on India with the influx of new Pakistani media channels. On visiting SUPARCO, Zia cancelled all project and abruptly ended the satellite program. Orbital slot crises and setbacks (1990s) In the 1990s, the space program experienced a number of orbital slot crises and failures. In 1991, SUPARCO launched another satellite project Badr-B with the technical assistance provided by the United Kingdom. BADR-2 SATELLITE PROJECT The spacecraft's sub-systems were developed and manufactured by Pakistan based DESTO, SIL, and British Rutherford Laboratory, while the spacecraft integration was performed by SUPARCO. The program was completed in 1994, and it was expected to be launched the same year. However, the space program began to suffer much more serious hindrances and lacked the technical assistance to launch the satellite on its own. The target to complete the satellite could not be achieved on time, and in 1994, plans to launch the spacecraft did not materialize, and the launch was halted and delayed long to 2001 Pakistan's space program was now split between the competitions with: PAKISTAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMISSION (PAEC) It is an independent government authority and a scientific research institution, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclear technology National Development Complex (NDC) It is a defence and aerospace contractor and a division under the NESCOM. Founded in 1990 at the MoD, the NDC engaged in research and development in space-based missile systems and expanded its services towards developing the land-based weapons systems for the army as well as naval systems for the navy. Defence Science and Technology Organization (DESTO) It is a multi-disciplinary program agency under the Ministry of Defence Production, dedicated for evaluation of science and technology for use by the military. PAF Missile Command The Pakistan Air Force Strategic Forces Command, known as PAF Strategic Command, is one of the major commands of the Pakistan Air Force responsible for air force elements of strategic deterrence Recent developments and revitalization (2000s & 2010s) In 2000, SUPARCO was brought under the National Command Authority in order to focus on "real development" Under the privileges and opportunities awarded by the economic liberalization policies of Prime minister Shaukat Aziz SUPARCO pushed herself to gain the support from the local government and the private-sector. In 2003, Pervez Musharraf and Shaukat Aziz began to forcefully push SUPARCO to pursue and deliver an active space program. Funds and government support were increased personally by Pervez Musharraf as he goaded the space program as "next logical frontier". In 2004, SUPARCO launched an ambition project to developed country's first Geo-stationary satellite; the new project was known as Paksat1Replacement. In 2007, Shaukat Aziz paid a state visit to Beijing where he successfully persuaded China to join the project, and to provide financial assistance to make the project timely successful. In 2005, then-President Pervez Musharraf outlined his vision for SUPARCO by laying down a clearly defined agenda for the national space agency to pursue and deliver in minimum time. Musharraf had made it clear that: “ "Pakistan would need to catch up to the world space leaders and make up for lost time and neglect in the past and future" In 2011, SUPARCO launched country's first satellite on schedule from China and was deployed successfully at 38°E in the Geo-stationary orbit. The new satellite took over the existing satellites of the country in orbit. ” Communication and Geosynchronous satellites of Pakistan 1. Badr-1 or Badr-A SUPARCO locally built Pakistan's first digital communication satellite, Badr-1A in 1986. China voluntarily offered Pakistan to launch this satellite, using its Long March 2 rockets In July 1990, it was launched from China from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, China. The satellite successfully completed its designed life. It was termed as key success to SUPARCO by the government of Pakistan. 2. PakSat-1 PakSat is a geosynchronous and communications satellite built and owned by the Boeing Company, leased to the SUPARCO as PakSat. It was put on orbit on 31 January 1996 as Palapa C1 for Indonesia. But, after the technical problems, the satellite was leased to SUPARCO. After a series of orbital maneuvers, the satellite was stabilized at the final location on 20 December 2002 with 0°inclination. The satellite is in position at the Pakistan-licensed orbital location, 38°E longitude. Its customers included government organizations, TV broadcasters, telecom companies, data and broadband internet service providers. In 2012. The PakSat-IE was decommissioned later after the second satellite was launched in 2011. 3. PakSat-1Replacement On 14 August 2011, PakSat-1R was launched by China. This Satellite was built by China Academy of Space Technology. PakSat-1R replaced PakSat-1E. The PakSat-1R is program to support all conventional and modern Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) applications including broadband, E-learning, telemedicine, digital TV and emergency communications. SUPARCO has two fully functional Mission control centers to ensure high degree of reliability and availability of the system. These centers were established in Karachi and Lahore. Weather and earth observation Satellites of Pakistan Badr-2 or Badr-B The Badr-B (Badr-II) is the second spacecraft and the first earth observation satellite launched into Earth orbit by the SUPARCO in 2001. Badr-B is a microsatellite, with a mass of ~70 kg, and contained the super computerized system to conduct the studies on the gravity gradient. Badr-B is a research satellite to explore the upper atmosphere and the near space, and carried a large array of instruments for geophysical research. Despite its five year designated life the satellite was lost in deep space after mere 2 years. Remote sensing satellites of Pakistan In 2006-07, SUPARCO launched the physical development on high-resolution and the series of the remote-sensing weather satellites to meet the national and international user requirements in the field of satellite imagery. This dual purpose remote-sensing and the weather satellite program is known as the PRS program, and in January 2007, a feasibility and system definition study was concluded by SUPARCO, which recommended the launch of an optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite to ensure that the domestic and international user requirements are competitively met. In July 2007, the first prototype of the first optical satellite in this PRS program, and the launch of the manufacturing of the satellite was planned in the third quarter of year 2008. Initially, SUPARCO plans to launch an optical satellite in 700 km sun-synchronous orbit, which will be followed by a series of optical and SAR satellites in the future. The satellite is under development process and it is being developed by SUPARCO and it is expected to be launched in 2014. Space Program 2040 of SUPARCO:Space Program 2040 is a satellite development and launch program of SUPARCO. It is intending to replace the Badr satellite program and geostationary communication satellite. Paksat-IR was the first satellite launched under this program. Five GEO satellites (Geosynchronous satellites) and Six LEO satellites (Low Earth orbit satellites) will be launched in between 2011 till 2040. These satellites are intended to replace SUPARCO’s existing satellites in the orbit. The stated goals of the program are; To gain significant experience in satellite development To practice Space medicine To promote socio-economic sector in the country The program intends to learn to develop the military and space technologies and to conduct experiments on fundamental sciences in space frontier. The Government maintained that prime purpose of this program is to bring the benefits of the full spectrum of space technology to the people of Pakistan. GEO satellites (Geosynchronous satellites) The details of five GEO satellites from 2011 till 2040 are; 1. Paksat-IE 2. Paksat-IR The GEO satellites that are under development or proposed are: 3. Paksat-MM1 4. Paksat-MM2[ 5. Paksat-II LEO satellite (Low Earth orbit satellite) In 1992, SUPARCO launched its first LEO project and it was completed in 1996. Badr-II was SUPARCO's first LEO satellite and was launched in 2001 by Russian Space Agency. Since then, SUPARCO took initiatives to replace Badr-II therefore leading to Remote Sensing Satellite program in January 2007. Remote Sensing Program There are six remote sensing satellites are expected to be developed and launched under this program. SUPARCO is intending to launch its first remote sensing satellite in 2014 and it is named as PRSS-O1. According to SUPARCO, the planned and manufactured satellites are list below: PRSS-O1 PRSS-S1 PRSS-O2 PRSS-S2 PRSS-O3 PRSS-S3 Optical satellite SUPARCO plans to launch its first Optical satellite in the end year of 2011 from People's Republic of China. It is the first satellite that is locally manufactured by the SUPARCO and to meet the national and international user requirements in the field of satellite imagery. Global Participation for Pakistan’s Satellite Development :- PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA: In August 2006, Peoples Republic of China signed an agreement with Pakistan to conduct joint research in space technology and committed to work with Pakistan to launch three Earth-weather satellites over the next five years. In May 2007, China signed an agreement with Pakistan to enhance cooperation in the areas of space science and technology. The PakistanChina bilateral cooperation in the space industry span a broad spectrum including; Climate science Clean energy technologies Atmospheric and earth Sciences Marine Sciences On the occasion of Chinese launch of PakSat-1R, Pakistan's ambassador to China expressed the natural desire of Pakistan for China to send a first officially designated Pakistan astronaut to space aboard a Chinese spacecraft. Turkey: In December 2006, Turkey showed interest to form a joint-venture with Pakistan in its space program, particularly in the development of satellites. In 2006, Turkish minister of science, accompanied by the Turkish Ambassador to Pakistan, signed the Memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Pakistan to form a joint-venture with Pakistan in the development of satellite technology. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey and Turkish Aerospace Industries’ senior ranking officials and representative signed a separate accord with the SUPARCO to enhance the cooperation in the satellite development program. International collaboration: Invited by Soviet Union, SUPARCO joined the COSPAS-SARSAT program in 1990, after receiving the approval of the Government of Pakistan. Since 1990, SUPARCO has been controlling and hosting many Soviet-Russian COSPAS-SARSAT satellites. The Pakistan Mission Control Center in Karachi serves as headquarter of the region to control the COSPAS satellites, and over the years SUPARCO has emerged as lead agency to provide the ground and satellite transmissions to COSPAS-SARSAT program. Pakistan is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO). SUPARCO and the Department of Space have signed formal Memorandum of Understanding agreements with a number of foreign political entities.
