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451 DQÄOLVLV FRPELQDWRULR
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sxhgdq dsduhfhu hohphqwrv uhshwlgrv/ vh whqguäq glihuhqwhv irupdv gh frqwdu
txh gduäq qrpeuh d odv djuxsdflrqhv1
4515 Yduldflrqhv
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pdu frq orv hohphqwrv gh xq frqmxqwr/ grqgh ho rughq wlhqh lpsruwdqfld/ hv
ghflu grv juxsrv vhuäq glvwlqwrv fxdqgr wlhqhq glvwlqwrv hohphqwrv r fxdqgr
whqlhqgr orv plvprv hvwäq hq glihuhqwh rughq1 Ghshqglhqgr gh vl sxhghq uhsh0
wluvh r qr hvwrv hohphqwrv vh glvwlqjxluä hqwuh yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq | vlq
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451514 Yduldflrqhv vlq uhshwlflöq
Gdgr xq frqmxqwr gh 6 hohphqwrv glvwlqjxleohv/ vh ghqrplqdq yduldflrqhv gh
6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? d orv glihuhqwhv juxsrv gh ? E? 6 hohphqwrv glvwlqwrv
txh sxhghq irupduvh gh prgr txh grv juxsrv vh glihuhqflhq hq txh wlhqhq dojýq
hohphqwr glvwlqwr r sru od rughqdflöq gh vxv hohphqwrv1
Ho qýphur gh yduldflrqhv vlq uhshwlflöq hv=
T6c? ' 6E? ' 6E6 E6 2E6 ? n 
Odv yduldflrqhv gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? vrq odv glihuhqwhv pxhvwudv rugh0
qdgdv gh wdpdôr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq xq pxhvwuhr vlq uhhpsod}dplhqwr gh xqd
sreodflöq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 4= Hq xqd fodvh gh 63 doxpqrv vh yd d hohjlu xqd whuqd sdud rfxsdu
orv sxhvwrv gh Suhvlghqwh/ Vhfuhwdulr | Whvruhur Á fxäqwdv whuqdv glihuhqwhv
sxhghq irupduvhB
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451515 Yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq
Vl do irupdu orv juxsrv txh frqvwlwx|hq odv yduldflrqhv orv hohphqwrv sxhghq
wrpduvh uhshwlgrv vh rewlhqhq odv yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq gh 6 hohphqwrv
wrpdgrv gh ? hq ?1
Ho qýphur gh yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq hv=
T -6c? ' 6? Odv yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? vrq odv glihuhqwhv
pxhvwudv rughqdgdv gh wdpdôr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq xq pxhvwuhr frq uhhpsod}d0
plhqwr gh xqd sreodflöq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 5= Fxäqwrv qýphurv gh grv fliudv vh sxhghq irupdu frq orv
qýphurv 4/5/6/7 | 81
Hq hvwh fdvr vh sxhghq xwlol}du fxdotxlhud gh odv fliudv wdqwr sdud ho oxjdu
gh odv ghfhqdv frpr sdud odv xqlgdghv/ vh wudwduðd sxhv gh yduldflrqhv gh 8
hohphqwrv wrpdgrv gh grv hq grv/ hv ghflu=
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4516 Shupxwdflrqhv
451614 Shupxwdflrqhv vlq uhshwlflöq
Odv shupxwdflrqhv gh 6 hohphqwrv vrq odv glihuhqwhv rughqdflrqhv txh sxhghq
kdfhuvh frq orv 6 hohphqwrv1 Sru wdqwr/ frlqflghq frq odv yduldflrqhv vlq
uhshwlflöq gh 6 hohphqwrv wrpdgrv gh 6 hq 61
Ho qýphur gh shupxwdflrqhv hv=
6 ' 6- ' 6E6 E6 2
Hmhpsor 6= Xqd hqflforshgld gh 8 yroýphqhv/ gh fxäqwdv irupdv glvwlqwdv
vh sxhgh frorfdu hq xqd hvwdqwhuðd
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451615 Shupxwdflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq
Frqvlgìuhvh xq frqmxqwr gh 6 hohphqwrv gh orv fxdohv o vrq glvwlqwrv/ dsduh0
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hohphqwrv vh ohv ghqrplqd shupxwdflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq1
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ho sulphu juxsr kd| ? lqglylgxrv/ hq ho vhjxqgr ?2 /111 | hq ho u0ìvlpr kd| ?o 1
Hmhpsor 7= Vl hq xq dxod gh 48 doxpqrv | vh ghvhd irupdu wuhv htxlsrv
gh edorqfhvwr +fdgd htxlsr gh 8 mxjdgruhv,1 ÁFxäqwdv srvlelolgdghv kd| sdud
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4517 Frpelqdflrqhv
Odv frpelqdflrqhv vh ghqhq frpr ho qýphur gh glvwlqwrv juxsrv txh vh sxhghq
kdfhu frq xq frqmxqwr gh hohphqwrv gh irupd txh qr lpsruwd ho rughq hq ho
txh vh hqfxhqwuhq hvwrv hohphqwrv1 Ghshqglhqgr gh vl hq fdgd juxsr sxhgh
dsduhfhu uhshwlgr ho plvpr hohphqwr r qr vh glvwlqjxluäq hqwuh frpelqdflrqhv
frq uhshwlflöq | vlq uhshwlflöq1
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451714 Frpelqdflrqhv vlq uhshwlflöq
Gdgr xq frqmxqwr gh 6 hohphqwrv glvwlqjxleohv/ vh ghqrplqdq frpelqdflrqhv
gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? d orv glihuhqwhv juxsrv gh ? hohphqwrv txh sxhghq
irupduvh gh prgr txh grv juxsrv vh glihuhqflhq hq txh wlhqhq dojýq hohphqwr
glvwlqwr +qr lpsruwd ho rughq,1
Ho qýphur gh frpelqdflrqhv vlq uhshwlflöq hv=
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+pxhvwudv hq odv txh qr vh frqvlghud ho rughq, gh wdpdôr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq
xq pxhvwuhr vlq uhhpsod}dplhqwr gh xqd sreodflöq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 8= Vh frqvlghudq rfkr sxqwrv hq xq sodqr  c 2 c H gh orv txh
qr kd| wuhv hq xqd plvpd uhfwd1
ÁFýdqwdv uhfwdv sdvdq sru grv gh orv rfkr sxqwrvBÁFýdqwrv wuläqjxorv ghwhu0
plqdq hvwrv rfkr sxqwrvB
Ho qýphur gh uhfwdv frlqflgluä frq ho qýphur gh frpelqdflrqhv gh hvrv ;
sxqwrv wrpdgdv gh grv hq grv= Hc2 ' 2H
Gho plvpr prgr ho qýphur gh wuläqjxorv hv= Hc ' DS
451715 Frpelqdflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq
Vl do irupdu orv juxsrv txh frqvwlwx|hq odv frpelqdflrqhv orv hohphqwrv sxhghq
wrpduvh uhshwlgrv vh rewlhqhq odv frpelqdflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq gh 6 hohphqwrv
wrpdgrv gh ? hq ?1
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Ho qýphur gh frpelqdflrqhv frq uhshwlflöq hv=
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vxesreodflrqhv gh wdpdôr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq xq pxhvwuhr frq uhhpsod}dplhqwr
gh xqd sreodflöq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 9= ÁFýdqwdv pxhvwudv gh wuhv shuvrqdv vh sxhghq irupdu holjlhqgr
dohdwruldphqwh qýphurv gh xq olvwlq whohiöqlfr gh 433 lqglylgxrvB1
Hq hvwh fdvr hq fdgd pxhvwud qr lpsruwd ho rughq hq txh vh rewhqjd fdgd
lqglylgxr/ | frpr hq fdgd vhfxhqfld yxhoyh d hohjluvh xq qxhyr qýphur dohdwrulr
hv srvleoh txh sxhgd vdolu vhohfflrqdgd od plvpd shuvrqd päv gh xqd yh}/ sru or
txh hvwdprv frqwhpsodqgr od srvlelolgdg gh uhshwlflöq/ ho qýphur gh pxhvwudv
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6 lqglylgxrv/ vh sxhgh dyhuljxdu whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd vl vh sxhghq r qr uhshwlu
orv hohphqwrv | vl lpsruwd r qr ho rughq/ hvwr vh uhvxph hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=
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