Pleistocene Boundary. Episodes, 8/2, p. 116

Anuncio
The Pl
i
ocene一Pl
ei
st
ocene
Boundar
y
山
by E.
Agui
r
r
e and Q.Pas
i
ni
The base of the Pleistocene Series is defined for-
mally in a stratotype section at Vrica, Calabria,
southern Italy. Biostratigraphic criteria for cor-
relating the boundary level are well supported by
magnetostratigraphic and geochronologic data.
Introduction
A pr
e
ci
s
e de
f
i
n
i
t
i
on o
f t
he b
ou
nd
a
r
y b
et
we
en t
he Pl
i
oc
ene
and the Pl
ei
st
ocene became necessary i
n or
der t
o resol
ve
several i
nconsi
st
enci
es of a recommendat
i
on pas
sed at the
1
8t
h I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
Ge
ol
ogi
c
al
Co
ng
r
e
s
s i
n Lo
ndo
n (
1
9
48
)
c
on
ce
r
ni
ng t
er
mi
n
ol
o
g
y a
nd r
e
c
og
ni
t
i
o
n of s
t
r
at
a of t
h
e
se
a
ge
s
.
Ac
co
r
di
ng
l
y,
a
t i
t
s 5t
h Con
g
re
s
s i
n Ma
dr
i
d,
1
95
7,
t
he
I
nt
er
n
at
i
on
a
l Un
i
o
n of Qu
at
er
n
ar
y Res
e
ar
ch (
I
NQUA)
est
abl
i
s
hed a Subcommi
ssi
on I
-D on t
he Pl
i
ocene-Pl
ei
stocene
Bo
un
dar
y.
La
t
e
r
,
t
hi
s b
ody b
eg
an t
o f
u
nc
t
i
on a
l
s
o as t
h
e
Worki
ng Group on the Pl
i
ocene-P
l
ei
st
oee
ne Boundary
(
f
o
rmer
l
y t
he "
Ne
og
en
e
-Qua
t
e
r
n
ar
y Bou
nd
a
r
y
"
)
o
f t
h
e I
UGS
Commi
s
s
i
on o
n S
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
ap
h
y (
I
CS)
.
Th
e ai
ms we
r
e t
o p
r
o
po
s
e
cri
teri
a f
or t
he defi
ni
ti
on of t
he Pl
i
ocene-Pl
ei
st
ocene
Bo
un
da
r
y a
nd t
o p
r
o
po
s
e a b
ou
nda
r
y s
t
r
a
t
o
t
yp
e l
o
ca
t
e
d i
n a
sui
tabl
e sect
i
on.
Resear
ch and Proposal
s
At
t
he 8
t
h I
NQUA Co
ngr
e
s
s h
el
d i
n Pa
r
i
s
,
19
69
,
t
he Le
Castel
l
a s
ect
i
on i
n Cal
abri
a, I
tal
y was proposed as t
ype
number of quest
i
ons of cor
rel
ati
on and defi
ni
ti
on.
ni
zed,
and t
he present aut
hors were el
ect
ed as Chai
rman
(
E.
A.
)
a
nd S
ec
r
et
a
r
y (
G.
P.
)
o
f b
ot
h b
odi
e
s
.
Si
n
ce t
he
n t
he
wo
r
k of t
h
e Gr
o
up h
a
s c
onc
en
t
r
a
t
e
d on i
d
ent
i
f
yi
n
g t
he
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t p
r
o
bl
ems i
n
vol
ve
d,
o
n e
s
t
ab
l
i
s
hi
ng t
h
e p
er
t
i
ne
nt
cr
i
t
e
r
i
a an
d,
n
ot l
ea
s
t
,
o
n a
r
r
i
vi
ng at a commo
n t
e
rmi
n
ol
o
gy
an
d a c
ommon un
de
r
s
t
and
i
n
g of
t
he who
l
e mat
t
er
.
Fo
ur l
i
nke
d qu
e
s
t
i
o
ns we
r
e d
i
s
t
i
n
gui
s
h
e
d:
f
i
r
s
t
,
des
i
g
nat
i
on
of a t
y
pe ar
ea;
s
ec
on
d,
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n o
f a t
y
pe s
ec
t
i
o
n;
t
hi
r
d,
s
e
l
ec
t
i
o
n of a p
l
an
e i
n t
he t
yp
e s
e
ct
i
o
n a
s a b
as
i
s f
o
r def
i
ni
n
g
t
he l
owe
r b
ou
n
dar
y of t
he Pl
e
i
s
t
oc
e
ne;
an
d f
i
n
al
l
y,
t
he
recogni
ti
on of the Pl
i
ocene-Pl
ei
stocene Boundary out
si
de the
t
yp
e a
r
ea
,
or i
n ot
he
r wor
ds
,
t
he me
an
s o
f c
or
r
el
at
i
ng t
he
Bo
un
da
r
y o
n a gl
o
ba
l
s
c
al
e.
Th
e s
ub
j
ec
t of def
i
ni
ng t
he
Boundary between t
he Pl
i
ocene and Pl
ei
stocene was i
s
ol
at
ed
f
r
om ot
he
r mo
r
e or
l
e
s
s r
e
l
at
e
d pr
ob
l
ems
,
s
uc
h a
s t
h
e pe
ndi
ng
def
i
n
i
t
i
on of t
he Ca
l
a
br
i
an,
a
nd t
h
e s
t
a
t
u
s of t
h
e Qua
t
e
r
n
ar
y
wi
thi
n t
he chr
onost
rat
i
graphi
c s
cal
e.
At t
he en
d o
f a Fi
e
l
d Conf
er
e
n
ce o
n t
h
e Bou
nd
ar
y he
l
d i
n t
he
P
an
j
ab an
d Kas
hmi
r i
n 1
979 (
Sa
s
t
r
y e
t a
l
.
,
19
81
)
,
a de
ci
s
i
on
wa
s a
do
pt
ed t
o mi
n
i
mi
ze cha
n
ge f
r
om t
he g
en
er
a
l
i
nt
ent
i
on
o
f t
he 1
9
48 Co
ng
r
e
s
s r
e
commen
da
t
i
on.
Two de
ci
si
on
s of
t
hat
Con
gr
e
s
s we
r
e emp
hat
i
ca
l
l
y c
onf
i
r
me
d:
t
o e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h t
he
Bou
nd
ar
y i
n a
cc
or
dan
ce wi
t
h ge
ne
r
a
l
l
y a
cc
ep
t
e
d p
r
i
n
ci
pl
es of
s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
ph
y,
an
d t
o s
el
e
ct a t
yp
e s
e
ct
i
o
n i
n t
h
e Up
pe
r
Ce
n
oz
oi
c mar
i
ne se
q
ue
nce
s of
s
o
ut
he
r
n I
t
al
y.
On t
he o
t
he
r
口
s
e
ct
i
o
n f
o
r t
he Ca
l
ab
r
i
a
n St
ag
e an
d f
or t
h
e Pl
i
oc
e
ne
-
Pl
ei
s
t
o
ce
ne Bou
n
dar
y,
b
ut i
t wa
s s
o
on f
ou
n
d t
o b
e i
na
de
qu
at
e
f
o
r t
he pu
r
p
os
e.
Dr
.
Ks
e
ni
a V.
Ni
ki
f
o
r
o
va (
U.
S
.
S.
R.
)
wa
s t
hen
as
ke
d t
o r
e
or
ga
ni
z
e t
he Wo
r
ki
n
g Gr
ou
p i
n o
r
de
r t
o r
e
s
ol
ve a
At t
he 1
97
7 I
NQUA Con
gr
e
s
s
,
t
he memb
e
r
s
h
i
p of
t
he I
CS
Wo
r
ki
n
g Gr
o
up an
d t
h
e I
NQUA Su
b
commi
s
s
i
on was r
e
or
ga
-
hand, two statement
s of t
he 1
8t
h I
GC Sessi
on were def
i
ni
tel
y
rej
ect
ed:
t
he equi
val
ence of the conti
nent
al "Vi
l
l
af
ranchi
an'
t
wi
t
h t
he mar
i
ne "Cal
abri
an,
" and the accept
ance of the f
i
r
st
16'15}
17勺 no
N介 日
Whe
n t
he I
nt
er
nat
i
o
nal
Ge
ol
ogi
ca
l
Cor
r
e
l
at
i
on Pr
o
gr
amme
(
I
GCP)
wa
s l
au
nc
he
d by I
UGS an
d Un
es
c
o i
n 1
97
3,
Dr
.
17',, }
Ni
ki
forova submi
tt
ed a project ent
i
t
l
ed "
The Boundar
y
吸
CATA NZA RO
VRICA SECTI
ON
兰夏薯舀
三李
匡z
6.
z
参O
)
(
}
. ARINA
C, CO LO NNE
小州 ,
Santa Mari
a di Catanzaro and Le Cast
el
l
a were vi
si
t
ed and
3
D
T
o
,
CROTON E
r弋 叭户 夕 扫
, 手 与〉才去支一
s
i
on i
n Ca
l
ab
r
i
a
,
du
r
i
ng whi
ch t
he we
l
l
-
k
nown s
e
ct
i
on
s of
少界吠
and I
GCP Pr
oj
ect 41
.
al
l t
ook par
t. Part
i
cipant
s were conduct
ed on a f
i
el
d excur
-
几
16'1}
.
Ma
dr
i
d (
Al
ber
di
and Ag
ui
r
r
e,
1
97
5)
.
Thi
s wa
s
t
he f
i
r
s
t of a
s
er
i
e
s o
f Fi
e
l
d Co
nf
e
r
e
nce
s he
l
d j
oi
nt
l
y b
y t
he Wo
r
ki
ng Gr
o
up
I
n 1
975 a s
ympo
s
i
um was he
l
d i
n I
t
a
l
y on t
he Neo
g
ene
-
Qu
at
e
r
na
r
y Bo
un
da
r
y i
n wh
i
ch membe
r
s o
f I
GCP Pr
oj
e
ct 41
,
of t
h
e I
CS Wo
r
ki
ng Gr
o
up and of t
he I
NQUA Sub
c
ommi
s
s
i
o
n
September 1974,
duri
ng a Fi
el
d Conf
erence on the Neogene-
Quaternar
y i
n conti
nental envi
ronment
s,
and secti
ons wer
e
st
udi
ed over a wi
de area f
rom Montpel
l
i
er i
n France t
o
飞
L
'
朋}10
be
t
wee
n t
he Neog
en
e an
d t
h
e Qua
t
er
n
a
r
y,
" whi
c
h wa
s
a
pp
r
ov
e
d as Pr
o
j
ec
t
No.
41
,
emb
r
a
ci
ng a s
i
mi
l
ar
p
r
o
j
ect
f
r
om
I
n
di
a.
Pr
o
j
ect
41 was l
au
nc
he
d i
n Ba
r
ce
l
o
na,
S
pai
n,
i
n
飞
LE CASTELLA
SECTIO N
)
C} R-
UTO
di
s
cu
s
s
ed (
Fi
g.
1
)
.
I
n t
he c
ou
r
s
e of t
hi
s e
xc
ur
s
i
o
n t
he s
e
ct
i
on
at
Vr
i
ca n
ea
r Cr
ot
o
ne was al
s
o vi
s
i
t
ed.
Thi
s ve
r
y i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
ng
,
}
一口 红一 」3
}
=
=月 ;卜 {5 Vll
l
}
6
L
j
一州 7}}州
mar
i
ne Pl
i
o-P
l
ei
st
ocene secti
on had then been recent
l
y
di
scovered by t
he l
ate Raimondo Sel
l
i and one of t
he present
Figure 1: Geological map of the Marchesato Penin一
sula (after Tortorici, 1982). I 一 Contine
ntal sedi-
ments (Pleistocene and Holocene), 2 一 Sediments of
upper Pleistocene mari
ne terraces, 3 一 middle to
upper Pliocene and lower Pleistocene sediments, 4 一
au
t
h
or
s (
G.
P.
)
.
So
on af
t
er
wa
r
d
s
,
t
he Vr
i
ca s
e
ct
i
o
n (
Fi
g.
2)
was f
u
r
t
he
r s
t
u
di
e
d i
n d
et
ai
l
b
y nume
r
o
us s
pe
ci
a
l
i
s
t
s (
e
.
g.
Sel
l
i et al
.
,
1977; Col
al
onL
y
o et al
.
. 1981
. 1982, Nakaoawa.
i
n
6asi
ry et ai
.
,
i}
1
61
; Uoraaovi
cn el al
.
, 1}
0
62;
Tauxe et aL,
1983;
Pasi
ni and Col
al
ont
-o,
and Nakavawa et al
.
.
i
n Van
uouveri
ng et ai
.
, i
n press)
.
116
Tortonian to lower Pliocene sediments, 5 一 Basement
rocks, 6 一 Main faults (small triangles on downthrown
sides), 7 一 Possible faults.
Epi
sodes, Vol.
8, No. 2,
JUDe 1985
cl
i
mati
c det
er
i
orat
i
on i
n t
he I
tal
i
an Pl
i
o-Pl
ei
st
ocene
17. 凸内
s
u
c
ce
s
s
i
on a
s t
he mai
n cr
i
t
er
i
on f
or def
i
n
i
n
g t
h
e b
a
se of t
he
Pl
ei
s
t
oc
en
e.
The pa
r
t
i
ci
p
ant
s of
t
he 1
97
9 Con
f
e
r
en
ce i
n
I
ndi
a unani
mous
l
y acknowl
edged t
hat the Vr
i
ca secti
on was
more sui
tabl
e than t
hose of Sant
a Mari
a di Catanzar
o and Le
Ca
s
t
el
l
a f
o
r def
i
ni
n
g a b
as
al
b
ou
nd
ar
y s
t
r
a
t
o
t
y
pe f
or
t
he
Pl
ei
st
ocene Seri
es.
旦苦
W ork on the Vrica Section
Ea
r
l
y i
n 1
98
0
,
a p
os
t
a
l e
n
qui
r
y was c
i
r
cul
at
ed t
o a
l
l
Vot
i
n
g
and Cor
respondi
ng Member
s of the Wor
ki
ng Group i
n or
der t
o
det
ermi
ne whi
ch of these t
hree secti
ons was consi
dered as
mo
s
t
s
u
i
t
ab
l
e f
or a bo
un
dar
y s
t
r
at
ot
ype
,
an
d wh
i
c
h cr
i
t
er
i
a
t
he
y p
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d f
o
r c
ho
os
i
n
g i
t
.
The S
ant
a Ma
r
i
a di
Cat
an
za
r
o
s
e
ct
i
o
n was r
e
j
e
ct
e
d a
s a t
y
pe s
ec
t
i
o
n i
n 40 of t
he 4
6
answers,
wi
t
h 6 undeci
ded and not a si
ngl
e repl
y i
n f
avour;
the Le Cast
el
l
a secti
on was consi
der
ed unsui
t
abl
e by 34
member
s, approved by 1,
wi
t
h 11 not answer
i
ng. The Vri
ca
sect
i
on was approved by 33 members and rej
ected by 3, wi
th
1
0 me
mbe
r
s u
nd
ec
i
de
d.
The al
l
e
g
ed di
s
ad
va
nt
ag
es o
f t
he
诀
母
1
口刁 Z
『1{
3
比
。
5
瓜卯习。
巨三{7
匡夏
圣B
,
/
X 1
0刁
Santa Mar
i
a di
Catanzaro secti
on were:
dubi
ous or shal
l
ow-
Figure 2: Geological map of the Vrica area (
modi一
wat
er f
aci
es,
parti
al
l
y reworked f
aunas,
pr
esence of several
unexpos
ed i
nterval
s, and a hi
atus at t
he bas
e. The mai
n
reasons why t
he Le Cast
el
l
a secti
on was rej
ected wer
e:
rel
ati
ve l
ack ot thi
ckness of str
at
a, the presence of a hi
at
us
fied from Selli et al., 1977). 1 一 Beach sa
nd and
du
nes, 2 一 Calcarenites and sands of the -
Milazzian'
a
pp
r
o
xi
ma
t
e
l
y at
t
he l
e
vel
pr
op
os
e
d by Emi
l
i
a
ni
et
al
.
(
1
961
)
a
s t
he Pl
i
oc
en
e
-
Pl
ei
s
t
oc
en
e Boun
da
r
y,
an
d g
en
er
al
di
f
f
i
cu
l
t
y
mari
ne terrace, 3 一 Grey silty and marly claystones
with intercalated sapropelic lagers (lower Pleisto-
cene), 4 一 First appearance of Hyalinea baltica, 35 m
above the 里 volcanic ash layer (1.
99 Ma), 5 一 Grey
i
n access.
silty and marly claystones with intercalated sapro-
Subst
anti
al pr
ogress was made on t
he occasi
on of t
he 26th
S
e
s
s
i
on of t
he I
GC i
n Pa
r
i
s
,
1
98
0
,
i
n a j
o
i
n
t mee
t
i
n
g of
t
he
Boundary Wor
ki
ng Gr
oup and I
GCP Proj
ect 41. The deci
s
i
on
was made t
o pl
ace the Pl
i
oc ene-P
l
ei
st
ocene Boundary
s
t
r
at
ot
yp
e i
n t
h
e Vr
i
c
a S
ect
i
on
.
The wo
r
d
i
n
g o
f t
h
e d
ef
i
ni
-
t
i
o
n was di
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
he
d e
xpl
i
ci
t
l
y f
r
om t
h
e c
r
i
t
er
i
a f
or
s
e
l
ec
t
i
ng t
hat
b
ou
n
dar
y p
l
an
e.
The f
o
r
mer
ha
d t
o be at a
si
ngl
e beddi
ng pl
ane,
whereas t
he l
at
ter s
houl
d "be mul
ti
pl
e;
t
h
at i
s
a
l
l
t
he a
va
i
l
a
bl
e e
vi
d
enc
e,
whi
ch c
an he
l
p wi
de r
a
nge
cor
rel
ati
ons, shoul
d be t
aken i
nt
o account.
" The f
i
r
st
occurr
ence of the ost
racode CvtherODteron testudo (
con-
si
aerec
i
to De a '
nortner
n guest
") i
n t
r
i
e vr
i
ca sect
i
on,
tr
i
e
s
a
pr
op
e
l
i
c l
a
y
er e wi
t
hi
n t
h
e s
e
ct
i
on an
d i
t
s
p
r
o
xi
mi
t
y t
o a
pal
eomagnet
i
c r
evers
al were s
i
ngl
ed out f
or speci
al at
ten-
t
i
on
,
a
l
t
hou
g
h a f
i
na
l
de
ci
si
o
n o
n t
he b
ou
n
da
r
y s
t
r
a
t
ot
ype wa
s
deferred.
The ne
e
d f
o
r f
ur
t
he
r pa
l
e
omagn
et
i
c r
e
s
ea
r
c
h o
n t
h
e Vr
i
c
a
secti
on was st
ressed at a j
oi
nt Fi
el
d Conference of I
GCP
Pr
o
j
e
ct
s 41
a
nd 1
28
,
h
el
d i
n Ar
i
z
on
a a
nd Ca
l
i
f
or
ni
a (
U.
S.
A.
)
i
n 1981.
Such work was soon carri
ed out bot
h by I
t
al
i
an-
Ame
r
i
ca
n a
nd J
apa
ne
s
e t
e
ams
,
wor
ki
ng i
n
de
p
en
dent
l
y (
s
ee
Fi
g.
3
,
r
i
ght
h
an
d c
ol
umns
)
.
pelic layers (lower Pleistocene,
u
pper and middle
Pliocene), 6 一 Lower volcanic ash layer (l.
a.; 2.22
Ma) , 7 一 Grey claystones (
middle Pliocene), 8 一
Faults, 9 一 Strike and dip,
10 一 Keg stratigraphic
sections.
t
h
e I
CS Qu
at
er
na
r
y Sub
c
or
n mi
s
s
i
o
n,
whi
ch al
s
o f
u
nc
t
i
o
ns a
s
t
h
e Commi
s
s
i
o
n o
n St
r
at
i
gr
ap
hy o
f I
NQUA;
i
t wa
s app
r
o
ve
d
b
y an af
f
i
r
ma
t
i
ve v
ot
e of 9 o
f i
t
s Me
mbe
r
s
,
wi
t
h n
o ne
gat
i
v
e
answer r
ecei
ved. Fi
nal
l
y,
the proposal was s
ubmi
t
ted
f
or
ma
l
l
y t
o t
he I
CS Meet
i
ng a
t t
he 2
7t
h Se
s
s
i
on Geo
l
og
i
c
al
Congr
es
s,Moscow 1984. I
n thi
s sessi
on i
t was approved by
the at
tendi
ng Members of t
he I
CS t
o be forwarded i
n a post
al
b
al
l
ot
t
o Vot
i
n
g Memb
er
s of t
he Commi
s
s
i
o
n.
Rat
i
f
i
cat
i
on by
I
UGS i
s r
ep
o
r
t
e
d b
y M.
G.
Ba
s
s
et
t i
n t
h
e a
cc
omp
an
yi
n
g p
ap
er
.
The submi
ss
i
on compr
i
ses two separate but l
i
nked resol
u-
t
i
o
ns
:
f
i
r
s
t
l
y
,
t
he s
e
l
ec
t
i
on of t
he Vr
i
ca s
ec
t
i
on as t
he
Pl
i
ocene-Pl
ei
st
ocene Boundar
y str
at
ot
ype sect
i
on; and
s
e
co
nd
l
y,
t
he def
i
n
i
t
i
on of t
h
e Pl
i
o
ce
ne
-
Pl
ei
s
t
oc
ene Bou
nd
ar
y
一t
ha
t i
s
,
t
h
e ba
s
e of t
h
e Pl
ei
s
t
oc
ene s
e
r
i
e
s一a
t t
he b
as
e of
t
h
e mar
i
ne cl
ay
s
t
o
ne
s comf
or
mab
l
y o
ve
r
l
y
i
n
g t
h
e ma
r
k
er be
d
e i
n the Vri
ca sect
i
on.
Fi
na
l
l
y
,
dur
i
n
g a j
oi
n
t me
et
i
ng of t
h
e I
NQUA S
ub
c
ommi
s
s
i
on
The St
r
at
ot
yp
e S
ec
t
i
o
n a
nd Bo
un
da
r
y Cor
r
el
at
i
on
I-D and I
GCP Proj
ect 41 hel
d i
n Moscow i
n 1982, a r
ecom-
mendati
on was approved t
o pl
ace the Pl
i
ocene-Pl
ei
stocene
Boundar
y st
ratotvpe at t
he l
evel of t
he fi
r
st aDDearance of C.
上些1
旦旦2 i
n t
ne vr
i
ca secti
on t
consi
aer
ea pene
-contempora-
neous wi
th the fi
r
st appear
ance of t
he mol
l
usc Arcti
ca
The Vri
ca sect
i
on, l
ocated 4 kni south of Crot
one i
n t
he
i
s
l
a
n
d
i
c
a
i
n I
t
a
l
i
a
n s
h
a
l
l
o
w wa
t
e
r
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
)
.
E
a
r
l
y i
n 1
9
8
3 t
h
i
s
r
e
c
ommen
da
t
i
o
n,
an
d t
h
e a
l
t
e
r
n
at
i
v
e p
r
o
p
os
a
l of pl
a
ci
n
g t
he
Pl
i
o
ce
ne
-
Pl
e
i
s
t
oc
ene Bou
nd
ar
y s
t
r
at
ot
yp
e s
t
r
i
ct
l
y i
n r
el
at
i
on
t
o a p
ar
t
i
c
ul
ar mar
k
er b
ed of t
h
e Vr
i
ca s
e
ct
i
o
n,
we
r
e
s
ub
mi
t
t
ed t
o t
he Vot
i
n
g an
d Ex
-
of
f
i
c
i
o Memb
er
s of t
he I
CS
Wo
r
ki
n
g Gr
o
up f
o
r a p
os
t
al
ba
l
l
ot
.
Th
e r
e
s
ul
t wa
s a t
i
e
,
8 t
o 8
.
The o
f
f
i
ce
r
s of t
h
e Wo
r
k
i
ng
Gr
ou
p me
e
t
i
ng i
n Madr
i
d i
n Ma
y 1
9
83 a
g
r
ee
d t
o ma
ke a new,
j
oi
nt pr
o
po
s
a
l
,
d
es
i
gna
t
i
ng t
h
e Pl
i
oce
ne
-
Pl
e
i
s
t
oc
en
e Bou
n
dar
y
s
t
r
at
ot
ype at Vr
i
c
a b
ya l
i
t
ho
s
t
r
at
i
gr
ap
hi
cpl
ane rel
ated to
t
he sapr
opel
i
c marker be
K.
V.Ni
ki
forova,
as
d e (
Fi
g.3 Leader of I
GCP Proj
ect 41,
and
M.
N . Al
ekseev , Vice-
Chai
rman of the I
CS Subcommi
ssi
on on Quat
ernar
y Strati-
gr
ap
h
y,
a
t
t
e
nd
ed t
h
at mee
t
i
n
g.
A n
ew ba
l
l
o
t i
n J
ul
y of
t
h
e
same year favoured thi
s pr
oposal for defi
ni
t
i
on, wi
t
h 12 votes
f
o
r
,
I
ag
ai
ns
t an
d 2 a
bs
t
ent
i
o
ns
;
o
ne mor
e v
ot
e i
n f
avo
ur wa
s
recei
ved l
at
er
. The pr
oposal was consequent
l
y submi
tted t
o
Ep
i
s
od
es
,
Vol
.
8,
No.
2
,
J
u
ne 1
98
5
Ma
r
ch
es
at
o Pe
ni
n
s
u
l
a,
Cal
a
br
i
a,
I
t
al
y (
Fi
g.
1
)
,
c
on
s
i
s
t
s o
f
o
pe
n s
e
a d
ep
os
i
t
s pr
e
s
er
ve
d i
n t
he eme
r
g
en
t po
r
t
i
o
n of a l
a
t
e
Cen
oz
oi
c s
e
di
men
t
a
r
y b
as
i
n.
The r
o
c
ks a
r
e ba
t
h
ya
l
,
ma
r
l
y
a
nd s
i
l
t
y c
l
a
y
s
t
o
ne
s (
d
a
r
k gr
e
y o
r bl
ue
-
g
r
e
y i
n co
l
ou
r
)
wi
t
h
i
nt
e
r
b
ed
de
d,
f
ai
r
l
y con
s
pi
cu
ou
s
,
p
al
e g
r
e
y
-p
i
n
k s
ap
r
o
pe
l
i
c
marker beds. Some ver
y t
hi
n sandy hori
zons and a vol
cani
c
a
s
h l
a
ye
r a
l
s
o o
cc
ur wi
t
hi
n t
he s
e
ct
i
on (
Fi
g
s
.
2 a
n
d 3
)
.
Th
e Vr
i
ca s
ec
t
i
on ha
s b
ee
n f
av
ou
r
e
d b
y t
h
e Wor
k
i
n
g Gr
oup
s
i
nce 1
97
5 a
nd was gi
ve
n p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nce i
n 1
9
80 f
or v
ar
i
ou
s
r
e
as
on
s
.
Fi
r
s
t
,
i
t i
s ea
s
i
l
y a
cc
es
s
i
b
l
e,
co
nt
i
n
uo
us
l
y e
xp
o
s
ed,
an
d f
r
ee f
r
om bot
h v
e
get
at
i
on an
d de
br
i
s
.
I
t s
h
ows a g
oo
d
vert
i
cal devel
opment of s
trata,
wi
th some 306m of beds
e
xp
os
e
d,
an
d t
he
r
e i
s s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
phi
c co
nt
i
nu
i
t
y t
h
r
ou
gh
ou
t.
Se
d
i
ment
at
i
o
n r
at
es t
h
r
ou
gh t
h
e s
ec
t
i
on r
an
g
e f
r
om 31
0 mm
to mor
e than 750 mm per thousand year
s.
There ar
e nei
ther
s
t
r
u
ct
ur
al
comp
l
i
c
at
i
on
s no
r met
amor
ph
i
s
m.
Th
e f
ac
i
es
a
r
e
b
at
hya
l
an
d t
h
er
e a
r
e nume
r
o
us f
o
s
s
i
l
s of
di
f
f
er
e
nt gr
o
u
ps
,
s
ev
er
al
of wh
i
ch a
r
e s
ui
t
ab
l
e f
or wi
de
s
p
r
ea
d c
or
re
l
a
t
i
ons
(
Fi
g.
3
)
.
Co
nd
i
t
i
on
s r
e
c
omme
nde
d f
o
r cu
r
r
e
n
t g
ui
d
el
i
ne
s i
n
s
t
r
at
i
gr
ap
hi
c c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
at
i
on (
e.
g.
He
d
ber
g,
1
9
76
)
r
e
l
at
i
ng t
o a
t
y
pe s
e
ct
i
on a
r
e t
h
er
e
f
o
r
e f
ul
l
y s
at
i
s
f
i
ed i
n t
h
eVr
i
c
a s
ect
i
o
n.
117
M A G NETO ST RATIG R APH Y
118
!一
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|
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lee
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Figure 3: Distribution in the Vrica section of the most sig
nificant planktonic and benthic
-
organisms from blostrati graphic and blochronologic points of view. Ma卯 etostratig工aphy i刀 亡h,
left-hand column is based on Tauxe and ot
hers (1983) and
in the r
ight-
hand column on Nakagawa
(1983 personal communication,and in van Couvering et al., in press)
E勺i
sodes!V。州户 N。・护 Junel双
C
L一
5
0
1
哎口一2哎 山口0
d
1 100 r 了
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习 州引 到川引引引 吐
e
2
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n
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N3
I
妙u
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n
d
a
r
y
一’
t
r
a
t
o
t
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p
e
AN D T日E JAR A-
5 r
CT
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ayer
proposed Pl
i
oc
ene IP
}
l
el
st
oce
ne
EVENT BETW EEN
山 N 山 0 0 1 5 -山 -J d
Reversed
i
Sa
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ope
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ay
STRACODAI M OLLUSCA
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ayer
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i
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Undefi
ned
2
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pr
ope
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i
c
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ayer
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SHO RT NOR MA L
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ayer
FO RA M
FO RA M {N I F E R A
NANNOPLANKTON
SEC T I
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C
P L A N K T I C
CALCA REOUS
VR ICA
参磷
二h
u
,毛 f
沪诸
探
彝
德
巍
皱
‘‘态、洲
吮劫黔一
飞
兹
1
蒸t‘
外料哗 轰
身哭户'
毅
洲》蓬黔
.
一
耙敷1
粼麓簿哟
琴
瓤
参汤耀一
黔;
骼
澎
毅
粼嘱
滩矍彝壑
鬓
瓷声 A
}
翼翼蕙霎
}
鬓鳌瓣 矍
黔
Section B of Figure
2, in foreground.
Figure 4: On the
ri叻 t' the uppermost part of Section A and the
T
he basal boundary Costa Tiziana Hotel are visible.
Pleistocene Series is defined at
stratotype for the the base of the bed immediately
overlying marker bed
e .
ari
ty
Re
co
r
d
s o
f c
ha
ng
es i
n ma
gne
t
i
c pol
h
竺eal.,
als
o been
1981)
.
t
hese records was controvers
i
al i
ni
t
i
al
ly,
and i
ndependent r
esearch carr
i
ed out by
r
e
po
r
t
e
d at Vr
i
ca (
Nak
a
gawa, 垫 S
a
s
t
r
y eL
Ta
ux
e a
nd o
t
h
er
s (
19
83
)
a
nd f
ur
t
he
r wor
k b
y Nak
ag
awa and
co-wor
kers (
i
n Van Couveri
m- et al
.
, i
n pr
es
s)
,
no doubt can
remai
n as t
o the i
denti
f
i
cati
on ol tr
i
e normal pol
ari
ty zone
t
he i
mmedi
ate f
uture s
houl
d be the establ
i
shment of para-
s
t
r
at
ot
ype
,
o
r h
ypo
s
t
r
at
ot
ype s
e
ct
i
on
s i
n ot
h
e
r a
pp
r
op
r
i
a
t
e
mari
ne bas
i
ns and i
n cont
i
nent
al s
equences
. We suggest that,
a
mon
g ot
he
r
s
,
t
he Bo
s
o Peni
ns
ul
a i
n J
ap
a
n an
d o
ne of t
he
goo
d s
e
ct
i
o
ns i
n Eas
t Af
r
i
c
a,
s
uch as Ol
d
uva
i
Go
r
ge i
n
Tan
z
ani
a,
Koo
b
i
Fo
r
a
.
i
n Ke
ny
a,
o
r t
h
e Shu
n
gur
a f
o
rmat
i
on of
t
he l
owe
r Omo Bas
i
n,
Et
hi
opi
a,
s
h
ou
l
d be c
ons
i
de
r
e
d f
o
r t
h
i
s
purpose.
The s
ec
on
d pa
r
t of t
he s
ubmi
s
s
i
o
n r
e
f
l
e
ct
s t
he a
gr
e
emen
t on
t
he def
i
ni
t
i
o
n of t
he Pl
i
oc
e
ne
-
Pl
e
i
s
t
oc
en
e Bo
un
da
r
y a
nd i
t
s
b
ou
n
dar
y s
t
r
at
ot
yp
e.
The ba
s
e of
t
he be
d of
I
s
i
l
t
y mar
l
y
c
l
a
ys
t
on
e co
nf
or
ma
bl
y ov
er
l
yi
ng t
he s
a
pr
o
pe
l
i
c b
e
d e at Vr
i
ca
wa
s s
el
ect
ed a
s t
he pr
ec
i
s
e b
oun
da
r
y ma
r
k
er poi
nt f
or ma
ny
reasons.
The f
act that s
everal pal
eontol
ogi
c events (
fi
r
st and l
ast
occurrences of mi
crot
os
si
l
s
) str
addl
i
ng tne proposed oounaary
st
r
at
ot
ype occur i
n It
ali
an shal
l
ow-water secti
ons near the
f
i
r
s
t a
pp
ea
r
an
c
e of t
he mol
l
u
s
c Ar
c
t
i
c
a i
s
l
an
di
c
a (
t
h
e mo
s
t
r
en
owne
d "
no
r
t
he
r
n g
ue
s
t
"
)
i
s f
un
da
布而谊呀万而石or
t
ant
.
I
n
f
ac
t
,
t
he f
i
r
s
t ap
pea
r
a
nc
e of色 些l
an
di
ca i
n t
he Med
i
t
e
r
-
r
anean area,
and i
n par
ti
cul
ar i
n t
he I
tal
i
an sequences
, has
b
ee
n f
o
r de
cad
e
s o
ne of t
he ma
i
n c
r
i
t
er
i
a f
o
r def
i
ni
n
g t
he
bas
e of the Pl
ei
st
ocene Ser
ies.
Some of t
he pa
l
e
on
t
o
l
o
gi
c ev
e
nt
s o
cc
ur
r
i
n
g c
l
o
s
el
y a
bo
ve and
bel
ow the sel
ected boundar
y pl
ane are,
both i
ndi
vi
dual
ly and
co
l
l
e
ct
i
ve
l
y
,
qu
i
t
e r
e
l
i
a
bl
e f
or wi
d
e
s
pr
ea
d c
o
r
r
e
l
at
i
o
ns
.
The
y
i
n
cl
ud
e (
Fi
g.
3
)
t
h
e l
a
s
t o
cc
ur
r
e
nce of t
he ca
l
ca
r
ce
ou
s n
an
-
no
pl
an
kt
o
n卫竺c
oa
s
生
2
e
-
r
-
-
b
r
o
uwe
丝(
b
el
ow)
,
t
h
e l
a
s
t occ
ur
r
enc
e
s
of t
he forami
ni
f
er Gl
obi
L
r
eri
noi
des obl
i
quus ext
remus and the
na
nn
op
l
a
nk
t
on Ca
l
c
主
d
i
s
c
u
s mac
i
nt
y旦
主(
ab
o
ve)
,
a
nd t
he f
i
r
s
t
app
e
a
ra
n
ce of t
he na
nn
op
l
an
kt
on Ge
ph
yr
oca
p
s
a oceanica
(
a
bo
ve)
.
I
n f
ac
t,
t
hes
e p
al
e
ont
o
l
og
i
c
al
e
ve
nt
s a
r
e found in
t
he same order and i
n t
he s
ame pos
i
ti
on wi
th r
espect to the
Epi
sodes, Vol
. 8,
No. 2, June 1985
s
ec
t
i
on i
s al
s
o ve
r
y i
mp
or
t
ant
b
ec
a
us
e r
ef
e
re
n
ce t
o t
he
ma
g
net
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
i
c s
c
a
l
e an
d t
o r
a
di
o
met
r
i
c a
ge d
et
e
r
mi
-
nat
i
o
ns a
r
e t
he on
l
y cu
r
r
e
nt mea
ns f
or c
or
r
el
at
i
ng c
o
nt
i
-
nen
t
al
s
e
q
uen
ce
s wi
t
h t
he bo
un
da
r
y s
t
r
a
t
o
t
y
pe.
Re
l
at
i
ve
l
y
l
i
tt
l
e attent
i
on has so f
ar been pai
d to correl
ati
ons bet
ween
mari
ne and non-mar
i
ne deposi
t
s. Nevert
hel
es
s cont
i
nent
al
dep
o
s
i
t
s a
r
e e
xt
en
s
i
ve wo
r
l
dwi
de an
d de
s
e
r
v
e ca
r
ef
ul
co
n-
si
der
ati
on i
n veol
ovi
c resear
ch and mappi
ng,
especi
al
l
y as f
ar
as t
he l
at
e Ce
noz
oi
c i
s co
nc
er
ne
d }
Agu
l
r
r
e et al
.
,里 v
an
Co
uve
r
i
ng et a
l
.
,
i
n pr
e
s
s
)
.
be
l
ow mar
ke
r be
d e wi
t
h t
he Ol
d
uva
i
s
u
bc
hr
o
n (
s
ee Fi
g.
3
)
.
We s
t
r
on
gl
y r
e
co
mme
nd t
h
at a goa
l
of t
h
i
s Wor
ki
n
g Gr
o
up i
n
The i
denti
f
i
cati
on of t
he Ol
duvai s
ubchron i
n t
he Vr
i
ca
Th
e da
t
um s
e
l
e
ct
ed a
s t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y l
e
ve
l
i
n t
h
e s
t
r
a
t
o
t
y
pe i
s
qui
t
e c
on
s
p
i
cu
o
us an
d i
de
nt
i
f
i
a
bl
e;
be
d e can be t
r
ac
ed
t
hr
ou
gh
ou
t t
he ou
t
cr
op an
d di
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
he
d f
r
om t
he ot
h
er
s
ap
r
o
pe
l
i
c ma
r
k
er bed
s b
y i
t
s t
hi
c
kn
es
s (
ab
ou
t 1
90 cm) a
nd
r
el
at
i
ve po
s
i
t
i
o
n (
Fi
gs
.
3 an
d 4
)
.
Mor
e
o
ve
r
,
t
hi
s be
d i
n com-
mo
n wi
t
h t
h
e o
t
he
r s
a
pr
ope
l
i
c be
ds i
n t
h
e s
e
ct
i
on i
s cl
e
a
r
l
y
d
i
s
t
i
n
gu
i
s
h
ab
l
e f
r
om t
he un
der
l
yi
ng an
d ov
er
l
yi
ng cl
a
y s
t
r
a
t
a
bec
au
s
e o
f i
t
s f
i
ne
l
y l
ami
n
at
e
d s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e a
nd t
he mar
k
ed
l
y
di
ff
erent col
ours i
nvol
ved.
Th
e a
ge of t
h
e vo
l
ca
ni
c a
s
h l
a
ye
r i
n t
he Vr
i
c
a s
e
ct
i
on(
里i
n
Fi
g.
3)
h
a
s n
ot ye
t b
een det
e
rmi
ne
d p
r
e
ci
s
e
l
y.
Ob
r
a
dov
i
c
h
an
d hi
s co
-
wor
k
er
s (
1
98
2
)
co
u
l
d o
nl
y de
mon
s
t
r
at
e t
hat t
hi
s
l
a
ye
r i
s ce
r
t
ai
n
l
y you
ng
er t
ha
n 1
.
99 1 0.
0
8 Ma.
Howe
ve
r
,
a
cce
p
t
i
n
g t
he a
g
e of 1
.
67 Ma f
or t
h
e t
o
p o
f t
he Ol
du
va
i
s
ubc
h
r
on (
Man
ki
ne
n an
d Dal
r
ymp
l
e,
1
97
9
)
an
d co
ns
i
de
r
i
n
g
t
h
at t
h
e se
d
i
ment
at
天
on r
a
t
e i
n t
he i
nt
e
r
v
al
o
f t
he Vr
i
c
a
sect
i
on between t
he top of t
he Ol
duvai and t
he top of mar
ker
be
d e i
s 31
0 mm p
er t
hou
s
a
nd y
ea
r
s (
Taux
e e
t a
l
.
,
1
983
)
,
i
t
f
o
l
l
o
ws t
h
at t
he age o
f t
he def
i
n
ed b
as
al
Pl
e
i
s
t
oc
ene
b
oun
da
r
y poi
nt
i
s ab
out 1
.
64 Ma.
Th
i
s ag
e i
s co
nf
i
r
med b
y
i
n
de
pe
nd
ent
cal
cu
l
at
i
on
s b
a
se
d on na
nn
of
os
s
i
l bi
o
ch
r
o
nol
og
y
(
Ri
o a
nd ot
he
r
s
,
i
n Va
n Cou
ve
r
i
ng et al
.
,
i
n pr
e
s
s
)
.
Co
nc
l
u
di
ng St
at
eme
nt
The de
f
i
ni
t
i
on of.
t
he b
eg
i
nn
i
ng of t
he Pl
ei
s
t
o
ce
ne no l
on
ge
r
ha
s a p
r
i
ma
r
y c
l
i
ma
t
i
c i
mp
l
i
c
at
i
on,
wh
i
ch
,
b
ec
au
s
e of
l
at
i
t
udi
nal and al
ti
t
udi
nal eff
ect
s on wor
l
d cl
i
mate,
woul
d be
di
f
f
i
cu
l
t t
o pr
ov
i
de
.
I
n s
ome a
r
e
a t
h
e e
ar
l
i
e
s
t
g
l
ac
i
a
l pe
r
i
od
s
wi
l
l be Pl
i
oc
en
e ag
e,
or ev
en ol
de
r
;
i
n ot
he
r
s t
h
ey wi
l
l
be of
mi
d
-Pl
e
i
s
t
oc
en
e ag
e.
Pr
e
ci
s
e d
ef
i
ni
t
i
o
n of t
h
e b
as
e of t
he
Pl
e
i
s
t
o
ce
ne S
e
r
i
e
s now p
r
o
vi
des a f
i
xe
d r
ef
e
r
e
nce p
oi
nt f
o
r
s
uc
h ev
en
t
s i
n di
f
f
e
r
e
nt r
eg
i
on
s
.
119
We b
e
l
i
e
ve t
h
at
t
h
e b
a
s
al
bo
un
da
r
y of t
h
e Pl
ei
s
t
o
ce
ne Ser
i
e
s
i
s now concept
ual
l
y cl
ear and unambi
guous i
n i
ts defi
ni
ti
on.
I
t i
s st
abl
e, cl
ear
l
y i
denti
f
i
ed i
n an appr
oved str
at
otype,
and
Alberdi
, M.
T. and Agui
rre, E,1975. Act
as I Col
oqui
o L
nt
ernaci
onai sobre Bi
o.
5t
rati
-
g
N
r
e
a
6
f
g
i
a
e
n
C
o
o
-
n
C
t
u
i
a
n
e
t
e
n
r
t
i
慕老}
念C
6
g
,
e
M
n
o
a
d
S
r
u
i
d
p
e
)
,
r
i
v
o
.
r
;
4
y
,
沂u
I
a
I
瓷
r
n
1
a
3
r
9
i
-
o
1
4
I
n
1
.
f
e
r
i
o
r
,
1
9
7
4
.
T
r
a
b
a
j
o
s
s
o
b
r
e
ea
s
i
l
y co
r
r
e
l
at
e
d wi
t
h a hi
gh d
eg
r
ee o
f p
r
e
ci
s
i
o
n t
o o
t
he
r Col
a
l
o
ng
o
,
M.
L.
,
Pa
s
i
n
i
,
G.
,
Pe
l
o
s
i
o
, G.
,
Raf
f
i
,
S
.
,
Ri
o
,
D.
, Ru
g
gi
er
i
,
G.
,
S
a
r
t
o
r
i
i
,
S
.
,
ge
o
l
og
i
ca
l
r
e
gi
on
s
.
Thi
s def
i
n
i
t
i
o
n i
s mor
e p
r
e
ci
s
e t
ha
n a
n
y Sel
li
, R. and Spr
ovi
eri
, R.
, 1982. The Neogene-Quaternary boundar
y def
i
ni
t
i
on: a
and pr
oposal
. Geografi
a Fi
si
ca e Di
nami
ca Quat
ernar
i
a, v. 5, no. 1, p. 59-68.
at
t
emp
t
e
d p
r
e
vi
ou
s
l
y,
b
ut
s
u
b
s
t
a
nt
i
al
l
y r
e
t
ai
ns t
he con
ce
pt
s review M.
L.
, Pasi
ni
, G. and Sartoni
, S.
, 198 1
. Remarks on t
he Neogene Quaternary
wi
d
el
y a
c
cep
t
e
d i
n t
h
e pa
s
t f
o
r t
he p
os
i
t
i
on of t
he ba
s
e of Colalongo, ou
n
da
r
y a
nd t
h
e Vr
i
c
a S
e
ct
i
on (
Ca
l
ab
r
i
a
,
I
t
a
l
y)
.
B
o
l
l
e
t
t
i
n
o So
c
i
e
t
a Pa
l
e
o
n
t
o
l
o
gi
c
a
Pl
ei
s
t
o
ce
ne.
Con
s
e
que
nt
l
y i
t s
ho
u
l
d b
e un
d
er
s
t
an
dab
l
e, b
I
tal
i
ans, v. 20, no. 2, p. 99-120.
accept
abl
e and unequi
vocal as a pract
i
cal st
andar
d by al
l
geol
ogi
st
s.
Acknowl
edgeme
nt
s
We are deepl
y i
ndebt
ed t
o R.
Hey and R.
P.
Suggat
e,
who
Emi
l
i
ani
, C.
, Mayedso T. and Sel
l
i
, R.
, 1961. Pal
eotemp
er
at
ure anal
ysi
s of the Pl
i
o-
-
Pl
ei
stocene secti
on at Le Castel
l
a, Calabri
a, s
outhern I
tal
y. Geol
ogi
cal Soci
et
y of
Amer
i
ca Bul
le
ti
n, v. 72, no. 5, p. 67}-688.
c
H
l
e
a
d
s
b
s
i
e
f
r
i
g
c
,
a
盆思,
i
n
1
o
9
l
o
7
g
6
y
.
a
I
n
d
t
e
p
r
r
n
o
a
c
t
e
i
o
d
n
u
a
r
l
e
.
S
t
J
r
o
a
h
t
n
i
g
W
r
a
i
l
p
e
h
y
i
c
a
n
G
d
u
i
S
d
o
e
n
扁e
g
u
w
i
d
Y
e
o
t
r
o
k
,
S
2
i
r
0
黔a
p
h
i
c
劣架e
i
n
,
t
黑1
胃漂器橇u
G
r
.
n
B
a
.
l
,
荞舔粼留撰默瓷黑 一
暇舞尹l
e
pa
t
i
en
t
l
y hel
p
ed u
s by r
ea
di
n
g a
n
d c
or
r
ec
t
i
n
g t
h
e l
an
gu
age i
n
s
u
cc
es
s
i
v
e ma
nu
s
c
r
i
p
t
s of
t
he Bou
nd
ar
y Pr
o
po
s
al
an
d of t
hi
s
s
umma
r
y a
cc
ou
nt
,
a
s wel
l
a
s t
o t
h
e l
at
e A.
Ma
r
t
i
ns
s
on
,
t
o
Ob
r
a
d
ov
i
c
h
, J
.
D.
,
Nae
s
e
r
,
C.
W.
,
I
ze
t
t
, G.
A.
,
Pa
s
i
n
i
,
G.
,
Bi
g
az
z
i
,
G.
,
1
98
2
.
Ag
e c
o
n
-
str
ai
nt
s of the pr
oposed Pl
i
o-Pl
ei
st
ocene boundary strat
ot
ype at Vri
ca, I
tal
y. Nature,
v. 298, no. 58
69, p. 55-59.
M.
G.
Bas
set
t and t
o K.
V.
Ni
ki
f
or
ova and her t
eam i
n I
GCP
Pr
oj
ect 41 f
or thei
r most val
uabl
e advi
ce. Fi
nanci
al ai
d was
Sast
ry, M.
V.A.
, Kuri
en, T.
K. Dut
ta, T.
K. and Bi
swas, S. (
eds.
)
, 1981. Fiel
d Conf
erence:
Neogene一 uaternary Boundary. I
ndi
a 1979. Pr
oceedi
ngs, Cal
cutt
a, Geol
ogi
cal Survey
of I
ndi
a, 241p.
f
u
r
ni
s
h
ed b
y I
UGS
,
I
NQUA,
t
h
e I
t
a
l
i
a
n CNR,
t
he Sp
ani
s
h
I
GME and CAI
CYT Proj
ect 1849/82.
Dr
.
Emi
l
i
an
o Ag
ui
r
r
e i
s Di
r
e
ct
or o
f t
he Na
t
i
ona
l
Mus
e
um of
Na
t
u
r
a
l
S
ci
en
ce
s
,
J
os
6 Gut
i
6
r
r
ez Ab
a
sc
a
l
2,
2
8
006 Mad
r
i
d,
Sel
l
i
, R.
, Accorsi
, C.
A.
, Bandi
ni Mazzanti
, M.
, Bert
ol
ani Mar
chett
i
, D.
, Bi
gazzi
, G.
,
Bonadonna, F.
P.
, Bor
setti
, A.M.
, Cat
i, F.
, Col
al
ongo, M.
L.
, D'
Onof
ri
o, S.
, Landi
ni
, W.
,
Mene
si
ni
, E.
, Mezzett
i
, R., Pas
i
ni
, G.
, Savel
l
i
, C. and Tar
npi
e
ri
, R.
, 1977. The Vri
ca
secti
on (Cal
abr
i
a, It
al
y). A potent
i
al Neogene-Quate
rnar
y Boundary St
rat
otype.
Gi
ornal
e di Geol
ogi
a, 42
(l)
, p. 181-204.
Spai
n.
He i
s Chai
rman of t
he I
CS Pl
i
ocene-Pl
ei
stocene
Tauxe, L.
, Opdyke, N.
D.
, Pasi
ni
, G. and Elmi
, C.
, 1983. Age of the Pl
i
ocene-
Pl
ei
s
tocene Boundary i
n the Vr
i
ca sect
i
on, southern I
tal
y. Natur
e, v. 304, no. 5922,
Bou
n
dar
y Wor
k
i
n
g Gr
ou
p a
nd Pr
e
s
i
de
nt of I
NQUA Subc
om-
p. 125-129.
mi
ssi
on I
-
D.
Tor
tori
ci
, L.
, 1
982. Anal
i
si del
l
e def
ormazi
oni f
ragi
t f
dei sedi
menti post
orogeni del
l
a.
Cal
abri
a. Bol
l
etti
no Soci
et
a Geol
ogi It
al
i
a, v. 100, p. 291-
308.
Dr
.
Gi
a
nc
ar
l
o Pa
s
i
ni
i
s Se
cr
e
t
a
r
y of I
NQUA S
ub
c
ommi
s
s
i
on
Van Couveri
ng, J.
A. at al
.
, i
n press
. The Neogene-Quat
ernary Boundar
y, Fi
nal report
of I
GCP Proj
ect 41.
I
-D and has been res
ponsi
bl
e f
or much of the work and co-
ordi
nati
on of res
ul
t
s f
rom the Vri
ca st
ratotype secti
on.
He
wor
ks at t
he Nati
onal Resear
ch Counci
l I
nsti
tut
e of Mari
ne
举
攀
毕
平
爷
毕
爷
Geol
ogy i
n Bol
ogna,
I
t
al
y.
Thl
i
n Sect
i
on
Pr
eparat
i
on
*Rocks *Soi
ls *Cerami
cs *Refractori
es
*Concrete etc.
We can pr
ovi
de a machi
ne sys
t
em f
or al
l
your t
hi
n sect
i
on pr
epar
at
i
ons
,
f
e
a
t
ur
i
ng a
u
t
oma
t
i
c p
ar
al
l
e
l
i
s
m and
thi
ckness cont
rol
.
*
Th,
? mo
s
t
c
ompr
e
he
n
s
i
v
e,
f
ul
l
y
i
nt
e
gr
at
ed machi
ne s
ys
t
ems f
or t
he
pr
oduc
t
i
on of
FI
NI
SHED THI
N SECTI
ONS …
PM 2
A
F
o
r f
u
r
t
he
r d
e
t
a
i
l
s wr
i
t
e t
o…
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.
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June 1985
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