Definition of the Eifelian—Givetian Stage boundary

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GSS
P)
i
n t
he Mi
ddl
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De
v
oni
an h
as b
e
e
n r
at
i
fe
d勿 t
he I
CS an
d t
he I
UGS a
nd
i
s pl
ac
e
d i
n a s
e
c
t
i
o
n at
J
e
be
l
Me
c
h I
r
da
ne i
n t
he T
a
il
f
al
t
o
f Mor
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c
o
.
T
he po
s
i
t
i
o
n o
f t
h
e bou
n
dar
y was s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
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he S
ub
c
ommi
s
s
i
on on De
v
oni
a
n St
r
at
i
gr
a
p勿i
n 1
9
92
t
o c
oi
n
c
i
de wi
t
h t
h
e l
e
v
e
l
at
whi
c
h Pol
ygn
a
t
h
us ps
e
ud
o
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f
o
l
i
a
t
us c
ha
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o Po
l
ygna
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mi
a
ns
a
t
us
as
d
e
s
c
r
i
be
d h
e
r
e
i
n
.
The bo
u
nd
ar
y c
or
r
e
s
po
n
ds c
l
os
e
l
y
wi
t
h t
he b
as
e o
f t
he go
ni
at
i
t
e Ma
e
ni
oc
e
r
a
s St
u
f
e us
e
d as
a Mi
ddl
e De
v
on
i
an di
v
i
s
i
on
,
an
d wi
t
h t
he e
nt
r
y o
f t
he
d
ac
r
yo
c
o
nar
i
d Nowa
ki
a ot
o
ma
r
i
.
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t
h
ou
gh s
po
r
e
s a
r
e
n
ot
d
e
s
cr
i
be
df
r
om t
he s
e
c
t
i
o
n o
wi
n
g t
o t
he
r
mal
mo
di
f-
c
at
i
o
n,
t
he l
e
v
e
l
i
s t
hou
g
ht
t
o l
i
e be
l
o
w t
h
e a
ppe
a
r
a
nc
e o
f
Gemi
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po
r
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mur
a
t
a t
he e
n
t
r
y o
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c
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as be
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wi
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l
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d e
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whe
r
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n s
por
e
-
be
ar
i
n
g r
e
gi
o
ns as a
gui
de t
o t
he Gi
vet
i
an.
Comment
s ar
e made on t
he r
el
a-
t
i
o
n
s o
f t
h
e GS
SP l
e
v
e
l
t
o t
he as
s
o
c
i
at
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d Ka
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d
k or
ot
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n t
he Ardennes of s
out
her
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Be
l
gi
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m a
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d n
or
t
he
r
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a
n
c
e wh
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e t
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e
r
m Gi
v
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t
i
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a
va
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bl
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r r
at
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ur
y b
e
i
n
g i
n
t
r
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du
c
e
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y Gos
s
e
l
e
t
(
1
8
79
) f
o
r t
he Ca
l
c
a
i
r
e de Gi
v
e
t
or
Ca
l
c
a
i
r
e a S
t
r
i
n
goc
e
ph
al
u
s bu
r
-
t
i
ni
.
Howe
ve
r
,
e
v
en i
n t
h
e t
y
pe a
r
e
a t
he
r
e ha
s b
ee
n no c
on
s
i
s
t
e
nt
de
f
-
i
n
i
t
i
o
n of a ba
s
e (
Er
r
e
r
a a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
97
2)
.
S
ome ha
v
e p
l
a
c
e
d t
h
e
l
o
we
s
t 5
-6 m of da
r
k bl
u
i
s
h l
i
me
s
t
on
e
s i
n t
he Ei
f
e
l
i
a
n (
l
oc
a
l
l
y Cou-
vi
ni
a
n,
Ca
r
t
e g6
ol
og
i
q
ue d
6
t
a
i
I
I
6 de l
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a
nc
e
,
Gi
ve
t
,
1
97
0)
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m h
a
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e
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v
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de
d i
n
t
o t
hr
e
e s
e
r
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Lo
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Mi
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e a
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e
r
,
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
l
y s
i
n
c
e t
he Bol
og
na Con
gr
e
s
s
of Ge
o
l
-
ogi
s
t
s i
n 1
8
88 r
e
c
omme
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e
d t
h
i
s pa
t
t
e
r
n f
o
r al
l
g
e
ol
og
i
c s
ys
t
e
ms
.
Th
e Su
bc
ommi
s
s
i
on on De
von
i
a
n St
r
a
t
i
gr
a
p
hy (
SDS) h
a
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l
r
e
a
d
y
r
e
co
mmen
de
d Gl
oba
l
St
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
phi
c Se
c
t
i
o
n a
nd Poi
nt
(
GSSP)
bo
un
da
r
i
e
s f
or b
ot
h t
he u
ppe
r a
n
d l
owe
r l
i
mi
t
s of t
he Mi
dd
l
e De
v
on-
i
a
n a
nd t
h
e
s
e ha
ve be
e
n r
a
t
i
ied f
b
y t
he I
CS a
nd l
UGS (
Zi
e
g
l
e
r
a
nd
Ma
pp
e
r
,
1
98
5;
Ma
pp
e
r a
nd ot
he
r
s
,
1
98
7)
.
The c
hr
on
os
t
r
at
i
gr
a
p
hi
c
di
vi
s
i
on of t
he Mi
dd
l
e De
v
oni
a
n i
s i
n
t
o a l
owe
r Ei
f
e
l
i
a
n s
t
a
g
e,
a
nd
a
n u
pp
e
r Gi
ve
t
i
a
n s
t
a
g
e.
Thi
s pa
pe
r gi
v
e
s de
t
ai
l
s
o
f t
h
e GSSP r
e
c
-
or
nme
n
de
d b
y SDS t
o de
ine f
t
he ba
s
e o
f t
h
e Gi
v
e
t
i
a
n:
i
t
wa
s f
o
r
-
mal
l
y r
a
t
i
i
f
e
d by l
UGS a
t
a Lo
nd
on me
e
t
i
n
g of t
h
e Exe
c
u
t
i
ve Com-
mi
t
t
e
e he
l
d i
n J
a
nu
a
r
y 1
99
4.
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。
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fo
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a an
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o
s
i
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on o
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l
i
a
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e
t
i
an GSS
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be
l
Me
c
h I
r
da
ne
.
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d on
ma
psp
ub
l
i
s
he
d b
y t
he Mi
ni
s
Mr
e de l
'
Ene
r
gi
e e
t d
e
s Mi
ne
s
,
Ra
hat
; a
f
t
e
r Be
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e
r a
nd Hous
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,
1
9
9
4a)
.
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gar
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t
o
gr
a
phs i
l
l
us
t
r
at
i
ng t
he pos
i
t
i
o
n o
f t
he GSSP Ei
fe
l
i
a
n-Gi
v
e
t
i
an bo
unda
r
y l
e
v
e
l
,
Be
d 1
23
,
a
t Je
be
l Mec
h I
r
d
ane
,
2
5
ki
n SSW o
f Er
foud and 12 km SW of Ri
s
sani
,
Tqf
il
al
t
,
Mor
occo (
Phot
os bv 0 H Wal
l
i
ser)
.
Se
pt
ember 1
995
109
be r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o a l
e
ve
l
i
n a
n e
v
ol
u
t
i
on
a
r
y s
eq
ue
n
c
e wh
e
r
e Pol
y
gn
ai
hu
s
ps
e
ud
o
fo
hat
us c
ha
n
ge
s t
o Pol
y
gn
ai
hus he
mi
ans
at
us by a c
ha
n
ge
f
r
om a s
t
e
e
p out
e
r a
nt
e
r
i
o
r pl
a
t
f
o
r
m ma
r
gi
n t
o a
n ob
l
i
q
u
el
y de
c
l
i
ni
n
g
one
.
Po
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
e
c
t
i
o
ns ha
d b
e
en c
o
ns
i
de
r
e
d i
n Ge
r
ma
ny a
n
d
e
r
s
no
t (
Bul
t
y
r
i
c
k,
1
97
0,
1
98
7)
.
An
ot
he
r bo
un
da
r
y u
s
e
d ha
s b
e
e
n t
h
e
e
n
t
r
y of St
r
i
ng
oc
e
ph
al
us bur
t
i
ni
,
whi
c
h a
pp
e
a
r
s
a
bo
ve t
he ba
s
e o
f
t
he Gi
v
et
Li
mes
t
o
ne i
n t
h
e t
yp
e ar
e
a,
a
nd i
n t
he Lo
og
h For
ma
t
i
on i
n
t
he Ei
f
e
l
Moun
t
a
i
ns o
f a
d
j
a
c
e
nt
Ge
r
man
y (
St
r
u
v
e,
1
98
2a
)
.
Wi
t
h t
h
e
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
n
g d
omi
n
a
nc
e o
f hi
ghl
y d
i
s
c
r
i
mi
na
t
i
ng go
ni
a
t
i
t
e bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
g
-
r
a
p
hy i
n mo
r
e p
e
l
a
g
i
c f
a
c
i
e
s
,
es
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y de
v
e
l
op
e
d i
n Ge
r
man
y e
a
s
t
o
f t
h
e Rh
i
n
e
,
o
t
h
e
r f
a
u
n
al
gu
i
d
es
ha
v
e be
e
n u
s
e
d s
u
c
h a
s t
he Zone o
f
Ca
br
i
e
r
oc
e
r
as c
r
i
s
pi
f
or
me(
=r
ou
vi
l
l
e
i
)
but
t
h
a
t
s
pe
c
i
e
s
gr
o
up i
s
n
ow kn
own t
o oc
c
u
r as
e
a
r
l
y a
s t
he c
on
od
on
t au
s
t
r
al
i
s Zon
e (
Be
c
k
e
r
a
n
d Ho
us
e,
1
9
9
4a
) a
n
d wel
l
wi
t
h
i
n t
he Ei
f
e
l
i
a
n of t
h
e r
ev
i
s
e
d d
ef
in
-
Mor
occo.
Af
t
er much di
s
cuss
i
on,
t
he SDS r
ec
ei
ved t
hr
ee f
or
mal
submi
s
si
ons f
or t
he GSSP, al
l
i
n s
out
her
n Morocco,
at Ou Dr
i
s
s,
Bou
Tc
hr
a
in
f
e a
n
d J
e
b
e
l
Me
c
h I
r
da
n
e.
Af
te
r al
l
t
hr
e
e we
r
e vi
s
i
t
e
d by t
he
SDS i
n Dec
ember 1991 al
l
but Jebel M ech I
r
dane we
r
e wi
t
hdr
awn
an
d t
hi
s wa
s
un
a
ni
mou
s
l
y a
c
ce
pt
e
d a
t
a Bu
s
i
ne
s
s Me
e
t
i
ng a
n
d
ac
c
ep
t
e
d i
n t
h
e s
u
bs
e
qu
e
nt
po
s
t
a
l
v
ot
e wi
t
h 2
0 v
ot
es
i
n f
a
v
ou
r a
n
d
one a
ga
i
ns
t
.
The a
dv
a
nt
a
ge
s o
f t
he Mor
o
c
c
an s
e
c
t
i
o
ns l
i
e i
n t
he
i
r
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n wi
t
h a wi
de r
a
n
ge of
o
t
he
r f
a
un
a
l
el
e
me
nt
s l
i
k
e
l
y t
o be o
f
v
a
l
u
e f
or i
nt
e
r
n
a
t
i
on
a
l
c
o
r
r
el
a
t
i
on
.
Some d
e
t
a
i
l
s r
el
a
t
i
ng t
o t
h
e de
in
f
-
i
ng c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s a
r
c gi
ve
n l
a
t
e
r
i
n t
h
i
s a
cc
o
un
t
.
I
n pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
wi
t
h t
h
e wo
r
k of
t
h
e SDS o
n i
nt
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
a
t
a
bou
t
t
hi
s l
e
ve
l
h
a
s b
e
e
n t
he r
e
c
og
ni
t
i
on of t
he i
mpor
t
a
nc
e o
f a
wi
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
d hy
po
xi
c s
e
di
me
nt
a
r
y p
er
t
u
r
b
a
t
i
on ne
a
r t
he Ei
f
e
l
i
a
n
--
Gi
v
e
t
i
a
n bo
und
a
r
y whi
c
h ha
s
be
e
n n
a
med t
h
e Ka
Mk Ev
en
t
(
Hou
s
e
,
i
t
i
on.
Anot
her i
ndex,
Maenecer
as (
now Maeni
ocer
as) undul
at
um
wa
s s
ug
ge
s
t
e
d by S
c
hmi
d
t
(
1
95
8,
p.
3
09)
,
a
n
d t
ha
t
c
l
o
s
e
l
y c
o
r
r
e
-
s
pon
ds
t
o t
he bo
un
da
r
y n
ow r
e
c
o
mmen
de
d.
Ho
we
v
e
r i
t
ha
s b
e
e
n t
he gr
owt
h i
n c
o
n
o
don
t
s
t
u
di
e
s whi
c
h ha
s
cont
ri
but
ed most t
o t
he det
ai
l
e
d cor
r
el
at
i
on of Ei
f
el
i
an-Gi
vet
i
an
b
ou
nda
r
y s
e
c
t
i
on
s i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
on
al
l
y a
nd d
e
mo
ns
t
r
a
t
e
d t
h
e ne
e
d f
o
r
c
l
e
a
r d
ef
i
ni
t
i
o
n.
Th
e s
e
qu
e
nc
e of t
he cl
a
s
s
i
c Ar
de
nn
e
s a
r
e
a wa
s
de
s
c
r
i
be
d b
y Bul
t
y
nc
k (
1
97
0,
1
9
87
)
an
d wa
s c
l
ar
i
ie
f
d b
y h
i
s wor
k i
n
1
985) or
,
af
ter as
s
oci
at
ed f
aunal i
ndi
cat
or
s,
t
he ot
oi
nar
i or rouvi
l
l
ei
Mor
oc
c
o.
Th
e s
e
qu
e
nc
e of t
h
e Ei
f
el
a
r
ea wa
s
de
s
c
r
i
be
d by We
ddi
g
e
(
1
977
,
1
98
8,
1
98
9)
.
Thi
s l
e
d t
o pr
o
pos
a
l
s t
ha
t
t
h
e bo
un
da
r
y s
h
oul
d
0 0 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Eve
n
t (
Wa
l
l
i
s
e
r
,
1
98
4,
1
98
5)
.
At
J
e
be
l
Me
c
h I
r
d
an
e i
t i
s r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
己 乙挤 书
}
;
1
0
`
0 1
N
'
J
)
N
W
)
r
a
o
l
-
r
o
4
-
"
(
D 台 L
-
a C
W
.
)
U
C
z
1
W
-
1
C
O
.
.
. .
.
.…
…
0
.
.
.
. …
色
…
,电
产
I I
广
I
_
!
,
、
J
叫场
,
KOCKELI
ANUS (
pars)
Fi
gur
e3 Tab
l
e s
ho
wi
n
g t
he r
an
ge
s o
f t
ax
a ac
r
os
s t
he Ei
fe
l
i
an
-Gi
v
e
t
i
an bo
und
ar
y at
Je
be
l
Me
c
h I
r
da
ne (
Modi
fe
df
ioi
n Wal
l
i
s
e
r
,
1
991
)
.
即i
s
od
e
s
,
Vol
.
1
8,
no.
3
110
by a b
l
a
c
k s
h
a
l
e i
nt
e
r
c
a
l
at
i
o
n ne
a
r t
he l
e
ve
l
o
f t
h
e p
r
o
po
s
e
d de
in
f
i
-
t
i
on.
Some comment
s on t
hi
s ar
e made l
at
er
.
Re
comme
nde
d s
t
r
at
ot
ype
s
t
r
on
gl
y bo
we
d o
ut
wa
r
ds
,
t
hu
s f
or
mi
ng a s
p
oo
n-
l
i
k
e s
he
l
f
.
Thi
s
s
poo
n-
l
i
k
e s
t
r
u
c
t
ur
e c
a
n be l
e
s
s pr
o
no
unc
ed i
n e
a
r
l
y va
r
i
e
t
i
e
s (
Fi
gu
r
e
4
d)
a
nd ev
e
n mo
r
e s
t
r
o
ngl
y p
r
on
oun
c
e
d i
n l
a
t
e va
r
i
e
t
i
e
s (
Fi
gu
r
e 4e
)
.
A f
urt
her char
act
er
i
s
t
i
c f
eat
ur
e i
s a di
st
i
nct cons
t
ri
ct
i
on of t
he out
er
p
l
a
t
f
or
m j
u
s
t
po
s
t
e
r
i
o
r t
o t
he g
e
ni
c
ul
a
t
i
o
n p
oi
nt
wh
er
e i
t
s up
pe
r ma
r
-
g
i
n f
or
ms a hi
gh '
s
h
ou
l
d
er
'
whi
c
h a
r
i
s
e
s a
b
ov
e t
he g
e
ne
r
a
l
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
The r
ecommended l
evel f
ort
he GSSP t
o def
ine t
he bas
e of t
he Gi
vet
-
s
ur
f
ace.
i
a
n i
s at J
ebel Mech I
r
dane, 25 kni SSW of Er
f
oud and 12 kr
n SW of
The
o
pp
os
i
t
e e
xt
r
e
me a
l
s
o s
hows a f
l
a
t
s
l
op
e o
f t
h
e a
n
t
e
r
i
o
r
o
ut
e
r pl
a
t
f
o
r
m.
The s
he
l
fs
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,
ho
we
v
e
r
,
i
s i
n t
h
i
s c
as
e na
r
r
o
we
r
,
wi
t
ho
ut
a di
s
t
i
n
c
t
s
po
on
-
l
i
ke e
x
pa
ns
i
on,
a c
o
ns
t
r
i
c
t
i
on on t
h
e ou
t
e
r
pl
a
t
f
or
m,
o
r a p
r
o
mi
n
e
nt
'
s
ho
ul
de
r
'
(
Fi
gu
r
e 4c
)
.
Thi
s va
r
i
e
t
y oc
c
u
r
s
a
t t
h
e be
gi
nn
i
n
g o
ft
h
e r
a
n
ge of Po.
he
mi
a
ns
at
u
s a
n
d,
i
n ou
r s
a
mpl
e
s
f
r
o
m pe
l
a
gi
c r
e
a
l
m f
a
c
i
es
,
i
s a
l
r
e
ad
y a
c
c
o
mpa
ni
e
d by t
h
e ir
f
s
t s
p
e
c
i
-
me
ns of t
he Po
.
he
mi
a
ns
at
u
s mo
r
ph
ot
yp
e wi
t
h a mo
de
r
a
t
e
l
y de
v
e
l
-
ope
d s
p
oon
-
l
i
ke s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e.
The a
nc
e
s
t
or
s o
f Po
.
he
mi
a
ns
at
u
s
,
whi
c
h a
r
e s
t
i
l
l
pr
e
s
e
n
t wi
t
h
t
h
e e
a
r
l
y Po.
h
e
mi
an
s
at
us mo
r
pho
t
y
pe
s
,
ha
v
e a s
t
e
e
p o
ut
e
r a
nt
e
r
i
o
r
pl
a
t
f
or
m ma
r
g
i
n (
Fi
g
ur
e 4a
,
b)
.
The
y a
r
e i
nc
l
ude
d i
n t
h
e Po
.
ps
e
u
do-
f
o
l
i
at
u
s Gr
ou
p,
t
y
pi
ca
l
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
v
e
s o
f whi
c
h a
r
e c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
i
s
e
d by
de
e
p a
n
d n
a
r
r
ow a
nt
e
r
i
o
r a
d
ca
r
i
na
l
t
r
ou
ghs
.
I
mme
di
a
t
e a
nc
e
s
t
or
s
,
ho
we
v
e
r
,
a
l
r
e
a
dy de
mo
ns
t
r
a
t
e a s
l
i
g
ht
ex
pa
n
s
i
on of t
he o
ut
e
r a
nt
e
-
Ri
s
s
a
n
i
,
Mo
r
oc
c
o (
Fi
g
ur
e 1
) (
1
:
1
0
0,
00
0 Ca
r
t
e du Ma
r
o
c
,
Fe
ui
l
l
e
NH-
30
-
XX-
2,
Er
f
ou
d,
La
mb
e
r
t
'
s c
o
or
d
i
n
a
t
e
s
:
x=59
9 2,
y=4
706
)
.
Jebel M ech I
r
dane t
ransl
at
es as '
Hi
l
l
of t
he Li
t
t
l
e M ous
e'
.
The l
ocal
-
i
t
y i
s a
bou
t
6 k
m f
r
o
m t
h
e me
t
a
l
l
e
d Ms
i
s
s
i
r
o
ad we
s
t
o
fR
i
s
s
a
m (
Fi
g
-
ur
e 1
)
a
n
d e
a
s
i
l
y r
e
a
c
he
d b
y f
ou
r
-
wh
e
e
l
-
d
r
i
v
e v
e
hi
cl
e
s
.
Th
e r
i
dg
e
t
h
e
r
e gi
ve
s c
on
t
i
nu
o
us ex
po
s
u
r
e.
The p
r
op
os
e
d l
ev
e
l
i
s a
t
t
h
e ba
s
e o
f
Be
d 1
23 i
n t
he s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
on (
Fi
gu
r
es
2a
-c
)
The r
i
d
g
e o
fJ
e
b
el
Me
c
h I
r
da
n
e i
s 4 k
m l
on
g a
nd e
xp
os
es a f
u
l
l
and f
os
si
l
i
f
er
ous success
i
on f
r
om t
he Em s
i
a
n i
nt
o t
he Fr
as
ni
an.
Exp
os
ur
e i
s c
omp
l
e
t
e a
nd e
a
c
h be
d ma
y b
e e
xa
mi
ne
d i
n nu
me
r
ous
pl
a
c
es a
l
on
g t
he r
i
dg
e.
The a
ct
ua
l
p
r
o
po
s
e
d s
t
r
a
t
o
t
y
pe s
e
qu
e
nc
e i
s on
t
h
e ge
nt
l
y s
l
op
i
n
g wes
t
e
r
n s
i
de of a k
no
l
l
whi
c
h g
i
v
es e
a
s
y a
c
c
e
s
s t
o
a
l
l
be
ds
.
Ar
o
und t
h
e GSSP t
h
e s
e
c
t
i
on i
s p
r
i
ma
r
i
l
y o
ne of p
e
l
a
g
i
c
cal
ci
l
ut
i
t
es and mi
cr
i
t
es wi
t
h s
hal
es at t
he Ka}Ak Event l
evel
.
The
r
i
o
r pl
at
f
or
m (
f
o
r e
x
a
mpl
e
,
i
n Bu
l
t
yn
c
k,
1
9
89,
p
l
.
2
,
ig.
f
5
)
.
Al
s
o t
he
s
l
o
pe o
f t
he a
n
t
e
r
i
or ou
t
e
r ma
r
g
i
n o
f s
uc
h Po
.
ps
e
ud
o
f
ohat
us s
pe
c
i
-
de
t
a
i
l
e
d f
a
u
na
l
r
e
c
o
r
d of
t
h
e s
e
c
t
i
o
n i
s g
i
v
e
n i
n Fi
gu
r
e 3 (
mo
di
ie
f
d
me
ns t
e
n
ds t
o b
e
c
ome s
h
a
l
l
owe
r
,
t
hus
i
nd
i
c
a
t
i
ng t
h
e t
r
a
ns
i
t
i
o
n t
o t
h
e
f
r
om Wa
l
l
i
s
e
r
,
1
9
91
)
.
The a
r
e
a i
s e
x
t
r
e
me
l
y i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d a
nd u
nl
i
k
e
l
y t
o
be t
hr
e
a
t
e
ne
d i
n a
n
y wa
y.
Ac
c
e
s
s
i
s a
va
i
l
a
b
l
e t
o s
c
i
e
nt
i
s
t
s b
ut
a
ut
ho-
r
i
s
a
t
i
on pa
p
e
r
s s
h
ou
l
d be s
o
ug
ht
f
r
o
m t
he Bu
r
e
a
u of Mi
n
es
,
Ra
ba
t
.
Th
e b
ou
nd
a
r
y pr
o
pos
e
d r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s t
he l
e
v
e
l
at
whi
c
h Pol
yg
-
na
t
h
us ps
eu
d
o
f
ol
i
at
u
s c
ha
n
ge
s t
o Pol
y
gn
at
h
us he
mi
an
s
at
u
s by a
c
ha
n
ge f
r
om a s
t
e
e
p o
ut
e
r a
n
t
e
r
i
o
r p
l
a
t
f
ann ma
r
g
i
n t
o a
n ob
l
i
qu
e
l
y
de
c
l
i
ni
n
g one a
n
d i
n pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r t
h
e n
e
w f
o
r
m r
e
c
ogn
i
s
e
d a
s Pol
yg-
、
趁型竺芝
n
at
hu
s he
mi
a
ns
at
u
s
;
t
hi
s
l
e
v
e
l
,
o
f Be
d 1
23 a
t
J
e
be
l
Me
c
h I
r
da
ne
,
i
s
wi
t
hi
n t
h
e u
pp
e
r Fr
e
i
l
i
n
ge
n Fo
r
ma
t
i
on i
n t
he Ei
f
e
l
(
Bu
l
t
yn
c
k a
nd
o
t
h
e
r
s
,
1
9
91
)
.
The S
t
r
i
n
goc
e
pha
l
u
s e
n
t
r
y l
e
ve
l
i
n t
he Ei
f
e
l
l
i
e
s a
t t
h
e
o
ve
r
l
yi
ng Ah
ba
c
h
-Loo
gh b
o
und
a
r
y,
t
hus t
h
e r
a
ng
e of t
he t
r
u
e
St
r
i
n
go
c
e
ph
al
us i
s whol
l
y wi
t
h
i
n t
he Gi
ve
t
i
a
n u
nd
e
r t
he p
r
o
po
s
e
d
d
e
ini
f
t
i
on.
Th
e ma
i
n de
v
e
l
o
pme
n
t o
f bl
a
c
k l
i
me
s
t
o
ne
s
i
n t
h
e Od
e
r
-
s
h5
us
e
r Fo
r
ma
t
i
on of
t
he ea
s
t
e
r
n Rhe
n
i
s
h Sc
hi
e
f
e
r
ge
b
i
r
g
e l
i
es
b
el
ow
t
he n
e
w bo
un
da
r
y (
Bul
t
y
nc
k an
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
991
;We
d
di
ge
,
1
9
90)
,
a
s
纂淤翅
does much of t
he Ka}jk M ember of t
he Sr
bs
ko For
mat
i
on i
n t
he
Pr
a
g
ue Ba
s
i
n;
t
he
s
e un
i
t
s c
o
r
r
es
po
nd t
o t
h
e e
nt
r
y of Nowak
i
a
ot
omar
i
a
nd ma
r
k t
he ot
omar
i
Ev
e
nt
(
Wa
l
l
i
s
e
r
,
1
98
5)
o
r Ka
}
&
Ev
e
nt
(
Hou
s
e
,
1
98
5
)
,
a
nd he
nc
e t
o t
he u
ppe
r
pa
r
t
o
f t
he c
l
a
s
s
i
c
a
l
c
r
i
s
p晌 r
me(
=r
ouv
i
l
l
e
i
)
Zo
ne (
MD-
1
-
F2 of Be
c
ke
r a
n
d Ho
us
e,
1
9
9
4a
)
,
t
h
e t
o
p p
a
r
t
o
f wh
i
c
h r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s a ma
r
k
e
d e
x
t
i
n
c
t
i
on e
ve
n
t
f
o
r go
ni
a
t
i
t
e
s (
Hou
s
e,
1
98
5,
1
993
;
Be
c
ke
r a
nd Hous
e
,
1
9
94a
)
.
The
二夕气、 1
经1
争
l
a
t
t
e
r s
eems t
o l
i
e wi
t
hi
n beds 117 and 119 i
n t
he M ech I
r
dane sec-
t
i
o
n.
Th
e pr
o
po
s
e
d bo
un
da
r
y l
e
v
el
a
p
pe
a
r
s t
o bej
u
s
t
a
bo
ve t
he e
n
t
r
y
of t
he ge
n
us Mae
n
i
o
c
er
a
s an
d h
e
nc
e c
l
os
e t
o t
he b
a
s
e of t
h
e wi
d
el
y
us
e
d Mae
ni
oc
e
r
as St
uf
e of t
he gon
i
a
t
i
t
e t
e
r
mi
no
l
o
gy b
ut
no
w t
o b
e
us
e
d e
x
c
l
u
di
ng t
h
e Ca
br
i
e
r
oc
e
r
as c
r
i
s
pi
f
or
me l
ev
e
l
s
.
B
Conodont record
The c
on
od
on
t
de
in
f
i
t
i
o
n of t
h
e Ei
f
e
l
i
a
n-
Gi
v
e
t
i
a
n bo
un
da
r
y i
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n t
h
e e
nt
r
y o
fa
d
e
ini
f
t
i
ve f
o
r
m of t
he c
o
nod
on
t
s
p
ec
i
e
s Pol
y
gn
at
h
u
s
A
he
mi
a
ns
at
us Bul
t
y
nc
k (
1
98
7
) whi
c
h a
pp
ea
r
s i
n Be
d 1
23 of
t
h
e GSS
P
a
t Me
c
h I
r
d
a
ne
.
Th
e Po
.
h
e
mi
an
s
at
u
s l
i
ne
a
g
e wa
s d
e
r
i
ve
d mos
t
pr
o
ba
b
l
y f
r
om t
he Po.
ps
e
u
do
f
ol
i
a
t
u
s Gr
ou
p.
Th
e c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
po
i
nt
i
n t
he
de
v
e
l
o
pme
n
t f
r
o
m Po
.
ps
e
u
do
f
o
l
i
at
u
s Wi
t
t
e
ki
n
dt
(
1
9
66)
t
o Po.
he
nua
ns
at
us i
s t
h
e t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n f
r
o
m a s
t
e
e
p ou
t
e
r a
n
t
e
r
i
or ma
r
gi
n
t
o a
n ob
l
i
qu
e
l
y de
c
l
i
ni
ng one (
Fi
gu
r
e 4
)
.
Wi
t
hi
n t
h
e s
uc
ce
e
di
n
g d
e
ve
l
o
pme
n
t
of
Po.
he
mi
a
ns
at
us t
he
ou
t
e
r a
d
c
a
r
i
n
a
l
t
r
o
ug
h i
n f
r
on
t
of t
he ge
ni
c
ul
a
t
i
on poi
nt
la
f
t
t
e
n
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
n
gl
y.
Va
r
i
a
t
i
o
ns i
n t
hi
s la
f
t
t
e
n
i
n
g c
a
n be us
e
d f
o
r mo
r
ph
o-
met
ri
c di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
i
on wi
t
hi
n Po.
hemi
ans
at
us.
Two ext
r
emes ar
e
o
bv
i
o
us
.
On
e i
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d,
f
or i
ns
t
a
n
c
e
,
by t
he hol
ot
yp
e of Po
h
e
mi
an
s
a
t
u
s (
Bul
t
y
nc
k,
1
98
7,
pl
.
7,
ig.
f
2
6)
wh
i
c
h de
mon
s
t
r
a
t
e
s a
la
f
t
c
onv
e
x e
x
pa
ns
i
on o
f t
he a
n
t
e
r
i
o
r out
e
r pl
a
t
f
or
m whi
c
h i
s
Fi
gu
r
e 4 Mo
r
pho
t
y
pe
s o
f t
he c
o
no
do
nt
s Pol
ygna
t
hus
ps
e
udof
o
l
i
a
t
us
-Po
l
y
gnat
hus be
mi
a
ns
a
t
us l
i
ne
a
ge
.
A,
B,
Po.
ps
e
udof
o
l
i
a
t
us Wi
t
t
e
ki
nd} wi
t
h s
t
e
e
p o
ut
e
r a
nt
e
r
i
or
p
l
at
fo
r
m
mar
gi
n
; i
n B,
t
he out
e
r ant
e
r
i
or adv
a
r
i
nal
t
r
ou
gh i
s a
l
r
e
ad
y l
e
s
s
nar
r
ow t
han i
n A.
C,
D,
Po.
he
mi
ans
at
us Bul
t
ync
k
,
wi
t
h o
bl
i
q
ue
l
y
de
c
l
i
ne
d o
ut
e
r ant
e
r
i
o
rpl
at
f
or
m ma
r
gi
nj
or
mi
ng a s
po
on-
l
i
ke
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
;
t
he l
at
t
e
r be
co
me
s g
r
ad
ual
l
y mor
e e
v
i
de
nt
fr
om C t
o E;
D c
o
i
nc
i
de
s wi
t
h t
he hol
ot
y
pe o
f Po.
he
mi
ans
at
us
.
Al
l
ma
gni
ic
f
a
t
i
ons c
a
.
x 60
.
(
Fr
om Bul
t
y
uck and o
t
he
r
s
,
1
991
)
.
Se
pt
ember 1995
厂
一
刁
〔山
s
e
l
l
i
a
l
l
ve
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mwns
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di
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s s
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l
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a
t
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l
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v i
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gur
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adv
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be
l
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ne
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ane (
AI
D I
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,
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K
f
or
d Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
Mus
e
u
m,
Hous
e Co
l
l
e
c
t
i
on,
No.
247
6
,
X 3.
5.
B,
s
ut
ur
e o
f
Mae
ni
o
c
e
r
as
c
f
.
koe
ne
m (
Fr
e
c
h) b
as
e
d on Be 1
51
7
,
Be
c
ke
r
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l
l
e
c
t
i
on,
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e o
f Pal
ae
on
t
ol
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y
,
Fr
e
e Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y Be
r
l
i
n,
at
who
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l
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i
ght
o
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mi
njus
t
be
f
or
e t
he ons
e
l qf v
e
nt
r
o-
l
at
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r
al
jur
r
o
ws
,
i
f
r
o
m Be
d I
f
9
,
Me
c
h I
r
dan
e (
,
WD H-
A)
,
X 4
.
6
.
C,
Mae
ni
o
c
e
r
as
mol
ar
i
um (
Whi
dbo
r
ne
)
r
e
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d s
ut
ur
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f
as
pe
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me
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l
l
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t
r
at
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r
l
y Gi
v
e
t
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an z
onef
im i
l (
AI
D I
I
-
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加i
n Wo
l
b
or
o
ugh Qu
ar
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y,
s
out
h Dev
on,
Ge
ol
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gi
c
a
l Sur
v
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t
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r
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t
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s
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e
nl
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r
ge
d.
E,
F,
To
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noc
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r
at
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d
ae s
howi
n
g t
he
de
v
e
l
o
pme
nt o
ft
he l
at
e
r
al
adv
e
nt
i
t
i
o
us l
o
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.凡 Par
odi
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er
a
s
di
s
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de
t
i
m (
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l
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,
s
ut
ur
e bas
e
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he ho
l
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t
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pe
tom f
t
he Che
r
r
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Val
l
e
y Li
me
s
t
one
,
Ne
w Yo
r
k
,
Ne
w Y
or
k Va
t
e Al
u
s
e
ul
n 40
5,
1
,
X
.
3
.
3
.
Tor
no
c
er
as me
s
opl
e
ur
on Hou
s
e
,
t
he ho
l
o
t
y
pe斤0
1
1
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ar
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e
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r
e
d t
o t
he e
ar
l
y Gi
v
e
t
i
a
n,
A 1
.
3
.
MI
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、 Cabi i
c,
一
。
)
‘erav)
ol
Mo
r
oc
c
oan
d Cen
t
r
al
Lu
r
op
c l
e
d t
o t
he p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d u
s
e
.
"h
i
ch h
as
b
e
en
a
cc
e
p
t
e
d,
o
f t
h
e l
i
n
e
a
g
I
e (
i
t
’
Po.
he
n
j
i
m)
s
,
wi
t
s
r
a
t
he
r
t
ha
n t
h
at
of Po
.
c
i
i
s
e
n
s
i
s Zi
e-
l
e
r a
n
d Kl
a
pp
e
i(
1
97
6)
wh
i
ch f
or
nl
c
r
l
v b
a
d b
e
en t
a
k
en
i
nt
o c
on
s
i
de
r
a
t
i
on a
s
,
a h
ou
nd
a
r
y i
n
de
x (
f
or
c
xa
mpl
e
,
We
ddi
-
(
,
e
1
98
9)
.
I
l
l t
i
l
e s
v
c
t
i
ol
l
s
s
t
ud
i
e
d.
1
1
o,
c
nS
e
l
l
s
i
'
s、
、di
s
t
i
n
c
t
l
y l
e
s
s
f
r
e
que
n
t
t
h
a
n P0
.
he
mi
ol
v
V
wu、
一Thi
s ex
pl
a
i
n
s wh
y U
n
de
r
s
t
a
ndi
no of
'
t
he ev
o
-
Pi
n
a
ci
t
i
d
a
c,
b
ut
on
l
y g
e
ne
r
a k
no
wn t
o b
l
o
s
s
(
)
川:
i
n
d r
a
nL
c I
nL
l
f
i
c
i
i
n
t
h
e Gi
v
et
i
an
.
A s
i
-ni
ic
f
a
r
i
t
f
a
l
un
a
l
c
l
i
a
i
wc i
n a
mmon
oi
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f
a
l
-
1
1
1
,
'
1
1
;
U
l
l
uti
on of 11
1
). el
l
sel
l
si
s i
s l
es'
s wel
l Known that
] that of Po. hem i
ti
f
l
.
m-
s
el
l l
evel
f
or t
i
l
e base Oft
hC Gi
Veli
是
l
n} Mi
d S
UCh a s
mal
l山Vel
Let
i
cc 1
"
1
I
t
o.
Up t
o t
he p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
t
h
as
b
e
e
n r
e
c
o
l
I
-
ni
s
e
d t
h
a
t
t
h
e t
y
pi
c
al
r
e
p
r
e
-
Epi
s
odes,
Vol
.
1
8,,
,
。
,_
矛
M or
occo s
eci
l
l
s t
o l
i
e Wi
t
hi
n t
i
l
e KaO k Event
j
nl
cv
}al
,
at
(
l
i
e hound-
a
r
y b
et
we
e
n p
yl
-
i
t
i
c "
I
mi
cs(
Be
d 1
1
7
,
" i
t
h t
h
e l
a
s
t
o
hmi
c
i
mn
i
Cahr
h-
r
oc
c
r
i
m)
a
n
d s
uh
s
e
q
ue
n
t
da
cr
yoc
o
na
l
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i
d-
r
i
c
h c
:
1
1
-
b
ol
l
a
t
e
s
.
Thu
s t
h
e
b
a
s
e of
'
t
i
l
e Ma
e
ni
m c
r
as St
ul
e l
i
e
s onl
y f
r
a
c
t
i
on
a
l
l
y h
el
o" li
f
c c
ho
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a
cc
e
p
t
a
bl
e
.
j/2
I
n t
h
e Ta
hl
a
l
t
.
l
or
ms whi
c
h a
p
pe
a
r
t
o h
cc
ome e
xt
i
n
c
t
b
ef
or
e t
h
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en
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y Of
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C
I
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i
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C
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}
t
s
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了
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l
j
l
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了
1
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、 Gr
oup
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ur
e l
o
t
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f
u
t
ur
e L
l
,
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t
h
OL
I
I
,
}
h t
h
e l
ev
e
l
l
o:
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:
mal
ys
i
s
i
s l
i
k
el
y t
o d
e
p
en
d
(
)
I
t
hi
o
s
t
r
a
t
i
I
o
r
a
ph
i
c e
vi
d
en
c
e
.
sl
f
bal
l
ar
cesl
(、
,Fi
deht
e,
s
,
and t
he l
ast
Anci
occr
at
i
na
e (
Kokei
i
i
a)
I t
i
c To
r
no
c
c
r
a
t
i
da
c a
pp
e
ar
wi
t
h Mt
r
o
di
(
c
r
a
s i
n (
h
e Ei
f
c
l
i
a
n,
at
记 Parodi
cer
ay i
s common hel
mv t
he GSSP l
evel
at
Mech I
r
dane i
n
t
he ko(kehamo /one.
I
n New Yor
k,
Por
odi
cer
as occur
s川 t
he
Che
r
r
yVa
l
l
e
y Li
me
s
t
on
e (
Fi
gu
r
e 5
1)wh
e
r
e T
or
noc
e
ao i
S a
l
s
o
r
e
po
r
t
e
d Mou
s
e
,
1
9
65)
bi
l
l
t
he t
y
pi
ca
l
b
i
c
o
nv
e
x g
r
o
wt
h l
i
n
e p
a
t
t
e
r
n
I
S
n
ot
I
nC
(
u
nt
i
l山c (
m )
v
Cr
l
}i
V
l
l
l
,
"
C 1
1
i
t
t
e
MI
1
1
20 1
SI
MI
C.
SO i
t
Wou
l
d S
C
eI
l
l
山'
i
t f
i
l
e t
r
ue Ior
,
nocer
as
ent
ers i
n t
he earl
i
es
t
Gi
vet
i
an,
but
t
hi
s i
s 1
1
01
C
l
OCL
I
F
F
I
CI
l
t
ed i
n M ech l
t
-
c
l
anc.
56c
1
i
der
t
z (1
987) has shown t
hat i
n
八I
L
,
cr
i
a
,
lor
i
l
m‘
r
a.
s
cn
t
ci
,
,
,
t
o(
-
,
c
t
h
cr
wi
t
h /
c
r
i
odi
t
s
ob
l
i
ql
1
c
l
i
j
e
l
l
-
gi
,
1
1
1
-
t
i
o.
a
n a
l
t
e
r
mi
t
i
N
e Vu
i
c
l
e t
ort
h
e ea
r
l
i
es
t
Gi
v
et
i
a
n.
L
'
a
r
l
y Gi
\
c
t
i
a
l
l
l
i
nl
e
S
t
ol
i
c
s a
hme山C h
OU
n
d
a
r
v ;
i
t
J
e
be
l
Mc
c
h
l
i
-
d
an
c ha
v
e t
y
p
i
c
a
l
a
(
,
on
i
a
t
i
t
i
d
s a
nd s
ubs
e
qu
e
nt
l
y t
h
er
e i
s
a
n i
mpo
r
-
l
an
t
r
egi
o
ua
l
mar
k
e
r
l
e
v
c]
wi
t
h S
mal
l
We
de
k
i
mI
c
Ni
t
a
l
T
.
ps
i
l
l
m i
mi
Radi
ome
t
r
i
c and OFT dat
i
ng
No S
t
l
i
d}
pr
o%i
dc
s
r
a
di
on
i
ct
r
i
c da
t
e
s cl
os
e t
o山C GSSp f
or t
h
e ha
s
e
of
'
t
he Gi
k
e
t
i
a
n
.
I
’
l
i
e r
e
v
i
e
w of
'
F
or
d
ha
i
n(
1
9
92)
S
U
.
-
(
1
1
,
1
C
S
t
S
}
t
(
k
i
t
e of
a
b
out
3
88 Ma l
o
r t
h
e b
ou
nd
ar
y.
v
e
r
y山f
t
,
c
r
e
i
l
l
f
r
o
nt
t
h
e es
t
i
ma
t
e ol
,
38
0 Ma b
y Har
l
a
nd a
n
d o
t
h
e
r
s(
1
98
9)
.
Al
l
h
OM1
1
1
MI
eS
t
u
Mn
t
e l
o
r
Gi
v
c
t
i
an t
i
me of
6-
5 Ma ha
s
b
e
e
n gi
v
e
n b
y [
l
o
us
e(
1
99
5)
L
I
S
i
1
1
1
1
}
I
M-
C
-
C
C
S
S
1
0
)
1
1
,
1
1
'
JI
-
Mi
l
t
Ur
e
s
f
or d
i
i
Or
b
i
t
a
l
For
c
i
n- I i
ni
c
s
ca
l
c (
01
-
T)
.
mi
d
es
t
i
mat
es l
i
}
oc been oken f
or t
he (
J
UNI
t
i
On、
)
!
一
conodont
/ones t
or t
he
s
t
a
g
e
,
S
UC
h Wor
k h
a
s n
ot
v
e
t
b
ee
n c
a
r
r
i
e
d dmvi
i
i
nt
o t
h
e Ei
j
el
i
a
n}
(
Becker and HOL
I
SC,
1
994}
0.
Eve
nt
s
t
r
at
i
gr
aphy
Dacr
yoc
onar
i
d r
e
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or
d
I
t
i
s n
o\
\ ,
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p
pr
e
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i
a
t
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i
t
}
1
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e
di
u)
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HI
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yl
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U1
1
-
1
1
,
1
t
i
on O
c
cu
r
s
i
mme
di
a
t
el
y p
r
e
c
e
di
n
g I
t
h
e p
r
op
os
e
d de
ini
f
t
i
on 1
or
t
h
e ha
s
e of
'
t
h
e
Gi
v
et
i
a
n.
Th
i
s ot
omar
i
Ev
en
t
wa
s r
c
c
o-
ni
s
at
b
y Wal
l
i
s
c
i
i
n 1
98
0
mi
d l
i
e o
a}
c t
h
e n
a
m。川 !
98
3}
l
i
e (
I
c
t
i
n
es
t
h
e t
er
i
n a
s t
h
e h
or
i
/
on of
I
a
'
c
i
cs
c
h
a
n'
,
,
c t
o bl
a
ck s
e
di
me
nt
s
.
Th
e t
e
r
m Ka
e
L
i
k Ev
e
nt
MOL
I
S
C
,
1
98
5)
h
a
s h
e
e
n a
p
pl
i
e
d t
o t
h
e w,
h
ol
e h
ypo
xi
c i
n
l
e
r
%
al
.
Th
e ot
omor
i
o
r
Ka
c
J
i
k
E
'
v
en
t
h
as
be
e
n i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
nI
g l
y r
e
g
I
a
r
de
d a
s
i
mp
or
t
a
nt
i
l
l
t
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e l
a
s
t
f
c
k
N
}
ca
r
s
a
nd i
t
i
s n
ow r
e
c
o
gni
s
e
d i
n Ger
man
y (
Wal
l
i
s
e
r
,
1
98
4}
We
ddi
o
c,
1
98
8.
1
9
90}
Wc
ddi
,
,
e a
n
d St
I
UV
C,
1
98
8)
一
Sp
}
t
i
l
l
(
'
I
'
I
-
L
l
y
0l
S
-
Ma
s
s
on
j
a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
9W BU
I
-
2i
s
Ch :
1
1
1
(
1
Ot
h
er
s
,
1
98
2)
C
'
/
C
CI
I
Rep
ubl
i
c(
Hous
e
,
1
98
5}
Ch
l
u
pa
c a
n
d Kuk
a
l
,
1
98
6)
,
Nor
t
h Mr
i
c
a
De
t
川e
l
l
S
I
L
I
C
I
V 01
'
t
hi
s 2
1
I
O
L
I
J
) i
l
l
t
h
e a
r
c
}
i
ol
'
t
h
c GSS1
1 i
s
s
t
i
l
l
n
e
e
de
d.
NowaAi
e
t
ol
ol
l
i
ari
BOU}
ck and Pr
and occur
s i
l
l
Jebel
Mech 1
1
-
dal
l
e
a
n
d i
n t
h
e Ta
t
i
l
al
t
l
c\
一
c
l
b
u
t
t
h
e N
i
t
h o
l
a
l
o
l
o
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i
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)
d
Z
H
-
}
':
l
s
us
e
d h
\ BOU
C
c
k(
1
96
4)
I
t
I
l
。
曰“
6t
k
e(
1
9
79)
poh
a
bi
v l
i
c
, i
1
cl
o, t
h
,
Cssf
) l
evel
and at
t
he has
e of山e KaLl
k ]
'
\cut
i
nt
er
val
.
Al
heni
(1993) i
ndi
cat
es t
hat
t
heCSSP l
evel
i
s "i
山i
l
l
t
he ot
omar
i Zone
i
n
t
er
v
a
l
.
The h
a
s
e of
'山。S
u
c
ce
e
di
n
g I
paml
l
omar
i
Zon
e i
s
N
Vi
l
hil
l the I
'
M ( HA /Ol
IL
-
(
\
7
v al
l
i
s
el
,1
9W Becker and HOUS
e I
994a) and i
n S
OL
1
1
1
1
一west
As
i
a i
n
Spor
e r
e
c
ord
For
S
p
or
e
s
,
i
t
i
s
t
i
l
e e
nt
r
y of
t
h
e Ge
mi
l
l
OS
I
)
M"
I/
‘
mur
al
a Bal
me
〔
・
)
)
,
‘
,
,
‘
/
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a
yl
o
r
d "
v
i
l
i
c
h i
s:
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e
r
}
i
mp
or
t
a
n
t
t
i
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nt
o t
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r
i
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e
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t
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al
I
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a
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t
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h S
U
I
)
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C
C
I
UC
I
I
I
I
N
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l
i
e s
p
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s
i
s v
e
r
y 1
01
1
2 i
a
nLi
n,
}
.
No s
p
or
e
s
ha
\
e }c
t
b
ee
n ob
t
:
日
l
i
e
(
[
f
r
om [
l
i
e J
c
hc
I
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I
v
l
e
ch i
r
dl
i
n
e s
e
c
t
i
on
,
bu
t
(
1
C
Mi
W)
S
/
)
M(
1
1
(
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1
1
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1
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1
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UF
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(
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C
F
I
}
l
(
Bl
U
u
1
e
HL
l
J
C1
a
n
d ot
he
r
s
,
1
9
88)
.
I
n t
h
e Fi
l
el
t
hi
s s
p
or
e e
n
t
e
r
s i
n t
i
l
e mul
l
e
r
l
di
}
i
s
i
on o
f
,
t
he
t
h
e J
AH
J
j
i
1
1
2
,
s
e
c
t
i
on of
'
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s
i
on f
o
r t
h
i
s GSSP.
'
t
h
e ma
i
n
a
dv
a
n
t
a
ge of
Po
.
he
mi
ans
at
us a
s a
n i
n
de
x f
o
r t
he Gi
v
e
t
i
a
n
-Ei
f
el
i
a
n
b
oun
d
a
r
y i
n c
o
mpa
r
i
s
on wi
t
h o
t
h
er
c
on
o
don
t
t
a
x
a,
i
s
i
t
s wo
r
l
d
-
wi
de
g
e
og
r
a
phi
c di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n.
Oc
c
ur
-
r
e
nc
e
s
a
r
e kn
own f
r
om t
he Taf
il
a
l
t
a
nd Ma
i
}
d
e
r of Mo
r
oc
c
o (
Bu
l
t
yn
c
k,
1
98
7,
1
9
89;
Wa
l
l
i
s
er
,
1
98
8)
;
f
r
om t
he Ca
n
t
a
b
r
i
a
n Moun
t
a
i
ns
o
fS
pa
i
n (
Ga
r
c
i
a
-
Lo
pe
z
,
1
9
87
)
;
f
r
o
m
P
i
c d
e Bi
s
s
ou
s i
n t
h
e Mon
t
a
gu
e No
i
r
e ot
Fr
a
n
c
e (
Wa
l
is
f
e
r
,
1
99
0)
;
f
r
o
m Couv
i
n i
n t
h
e Ar
de
nn
e
s of Be
l
g
i
u
m (
Bul
t
ync
k
,
1
97
0,
p
l
.
1
5
i,
f
,
.
5,
i
d
en
t
i
ie
f
d a
s P.
x
yl
a)
;的 m Bl
a
u
e
r Br
u
ch i
n t
h
e e
a
s
t
e
r
n Rhe
n
-
i
s
h Mo
un
t
a
i
ns a
nd t
h
e Ei
f
e
l
Mou
nt
a
i
ns
o
f Ger
ma
n
y (
We
dd
i
g
e,
1
98
9)
}
f
r
om Gu
a
ng
xi
Pr
ov
i
nc
e o
f Chi
na (
Si
l
ho
ng
s
h
a
n s
ec
t
i
o
n i
n
Zi
e
gl
e
r a
nd Wa
ng
,
1
98
5,
s
e
e Bul
t
yr
i
c
k,
1
9
87,
pl
.
8
,
f
i
g
.
5
)
}
a
nd f
r
om
t
he Br
ok
en Ri
ve
r
Di
s
t
r
i
c
t
of Qu
e
e
ns
l
a
n
d,
Au
s
t
r
a
l
i
a (
Ma
ws
on a
n
d
Ta
l
e
n
t
,
1
98
9)
.
The p
r
op
os
e
d bou
n
da
r
y c
oi
n
c
i
d
e
s c
l
os
e
l
y wi
t
h t
h
e up
pe
r
b
ou
n
da
r
y o
ft
h
e cl
a
s
s
i
c
a
l
gon
i
at
i
t
e c
r
i
s
f
i
}
f
or
me Zo
n
e b
ut
i
s b
e
l
o
w t
he
e
n
t
r
y ot
St
r
i
n
yo
ce
pha
l
u
s a
n
d t
he b
as
e o
ft
h
e Ca
l
c
a
i
r
e d
e Gi
v
e
r
whi
c
h
h
as
b
e
en t
h
e mos
t
c
ommo
n Be
l
gi
a
n a
nd Fr
e
nc
h s
t
a
nda
r
d.
I
n t
hi
s
a
r
e
a
Bi
s
c
hof
f
,
G,
and Zi
egl
er
,
W,
1
957,
Di
e C(
)
门odont
enc
hr
onol
ogi
e des Mi
t
-
t
el
devons un
d des t
i
e
t
s
i
en Ober
devons
:
Abl
i
andl
ungen des Hes
s
i
s
chen La
ndes
ar
nt
es f
ur Bo
denf
or
s
c
hUn
g,
v.
22,
l
i
p.
I
一1
36.
Bl
u
mendj
el
,
K,
Lobozi
a
k,
S,
Par
i
s
,
F,
St
eeni
an
s,
P,
an
d St
r
e
el
,
N
4.
1
988
Bi
os
t
r
at
i
gr
aphi
e des i
ni
os
por
es e
t d
es chi
t
moz
oar
es du Si
l
ur
i
en SUper
i
c
ur
e
t du D6voni
en dan
s l
e Bas
s
i
n d'
1
1
1
i
川 SE do Sahar
a Al
g
6r
i
en)
:
G6obi
os
,
v.2l
,pp.329-357.
BOU&k,
B,
1
9
64,
The Te
nt
a
cul
i
t
cs ol
'
Bohemi
a}
t
hei
r mor
phol
ogy,
t
axonom-
N
a
nd bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
phy:
Publ
i
s
hi
ng Hous
e(
们 he Cze
chosl
ova
k Aca
deni
) of
t
he ea
rl
i
es
t oc
cur
ence of Po.
hemi
ans
at
us i
s 42 m bel
ow t
he bas
e of
Ch
l
u
p
d
}
.!
.1
9
6
0
.
S
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n ol
'
t
h
c S
r
b
s
k
o Be
d
s
i
Gi
}
c
t
i
a
n)
t
h
e Ca
l
c
a
i
r
e de Gi
v
e
t
.
Howev
e
r
,
i
t
s
ho
ul
d be s
t
r
e
s
s
e
d t
ha
t
a
s a c
on
-
s
eq
u
en
c
e of t
h
e s
ha
l
l
o
w-
wa
t
e
r f
a
ci
e
s
,
Po
.
h
e
mi
an
s
at
u
s i
s r
a
r
e a
n
d
I
c
r
i
od
us o
bl
i
q
ui
ni
ar
gi
na
t
u
s i
s t
he mos
t
va
l
ua
bl
e bou
n
da
r
y i
n
de
x f
o
r
r
e
gi
on
a
l
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on (
Bu
l
t
yn
c
k,
1
99
3)
.
Li
t
t
l
e wo
r
k h
as
be
en do
ne o
n t
h
e pr
e
c
i
s
e d
oc
umen
t
a
t
i
o
n o
f
g
r
ou
ps
ot
he
r
t
ha
n c
o
no
don
t
s
,
gon
i
a
t
i
t
es
a
n
d da
c
r
yo
c
on
a
r
i
d
s a
c
r
os
s
t
h
e bou
n
da
r
y i
n o
t
h
e
r ar
e
as
,
e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
l
y whe
n c
ompa
r
e
d wi
t
h t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
g
e
ne
r
a
t
e
d by t
h
e Fr
a
s
ni
a
n-Fa
me
n
ni
a
n e
xt
i
n
c
t
i
on ev
e
n
t
.
Ne
v
e
r
t
h
el
e
s
s
i
t
do
e
s a
pp
e
a
r t
o be a
n e
x
t
i
nc
t
i
on e
ve
n
t
o
f s
ome i
mpo
r
-
t
a
n
c
e a
n
d,
as
ha
s be
e
n s
hown,
i
t
f
a
l
l
s wi
t
hi
n t
he r
a
ng
e o
f t
h
e v
ar
i
ou
s
d
e
ini
f
t
i
on
s u
s
e
d i
n Be
l
g
i
u
m a
n
d Ge
r
ma
ny h
i
t
he
r
t
o
.
Howev
e
r i
t
i
s t
o
b
e ex
pe
c
t
e
d t
h
a
t t
h
e pr
e
c
i
s
i
on o
f t
h
e n
e
w c
on
odo
nt
d
a
t
a wi
l
l
e
na
bl
e
i
t
t
o be p
l
a
c
e
d wi
t
h a
c
c
ur
a
c
y i
n ma
ny a
r
e
a
s of t
he gl
o
be
.
The Sub
-
c
o
mmi
s
s
i
on o
n De
v
oni
a
n St
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
ph
y c
on
s
i
de
r
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e n
ew GSSP
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
on
ds c
l
o
s
e
l
y wi
t
h c
l
a
s
s
i
c
a
l
us
a
ge
s of t
h
e ba
s
al
Gi
v
e
t
i
a
n a
n
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e mor
e p
r
e
c
i
s
e de
ini
f
t
i
on wi
l
l
d
o mu
ch t
o s
t
a
bi
l
i
s
e t
e
r
mi
n
ol
og
y
a
nd e
nc
o
ur
a
ge f
u
r
t
he
r
s
t
u
dy.
References
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
Pr
a
g
u
e
,
2 1
5 p
p
.
l
'
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
Ge
ol
o
g
i
q
u
e c
l
e ]
'
Un
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
6 c
l
e L
ou
v
a
i
n
.
v
.
2
6,
p
p
.
I
一1
}
2
Buggi
s
c
h.
W,
Me
i
bur
g,
P, a
nd Schumann,
D-
1
992,
Fa
ci
es
,
pal
e
oge
ogr
aph
y
and i
li
f
-
a-
Devonj
an st
r
a
t
i
gr
aphi
c gaps ot t
he As
t
ur
o-Lcon
es
e Ba
si
n (
Cant
a
br
i
an Mt
s.
/
Spai
n)
:
Neues Ja
hr
bUch f
(
i
r Geol
oI
gi
c und Pal
a
ont
ol
o- gi
e,
Abhan
dl
ungen,
v.
1
63,
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21
2-229
Bul
t
yn
ck.
P,
1
970,
Revi
si
on s
t
r
a
t
i
gi
a
phi
que e
t pal
6on
t
ol
ogi
(
l
UC
chi
opodes ct c
onodont
es
) de J
a coup
e t
ype de Couvi
ni
cn:
Wi
noi
r
e
s dc
Bul
t
yn
ck,
P,
1
987,
Pel
al
gi
c a
nd n
er
i
t
i
c conodont
s
ucc
es
si
ons f
r
om t
h
e Gi
vet
-
i
an ofpr
e
-
Sahar
a Mor
oc
co an
d t
he Ar
de
nnes
:
Bu
l
l
e
t
i
n de l
'
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
RoyA des Sci
en
ces Nat
ur
el
l
e
s de Bel
gi
que,
Sci
enc
es de l
i Ter
r
e,
v.
57,
pp 1
49-181
Bul
t
ynck,
P,
1
989,
Cono
dont
es f
i
oni
a p
ot
e
nt
i
a
l
Fi
f
cl
i
an-
-
Gi
ve
t
i
an Gl
obal
Boundar
y St
r
at
ot
yp
e a
t J
bel
On Dr
i
s
s
,
S
out
he
r
n Ma'
de
r
,
Mor
occ
o:
Bul
- l
et
i
n de l
Ans
t
i
t
ut
e Royal
de
s s
ci
enc
es nat
ur
cl
l
es de Bel
gi
que.
Sci
enc
es de l
a Te
r
r
e
,
v
.
5
9
,
p
p.
9
5
-1
03
Bul
t
yn
ck,
P,
1
993, Sur
nma
r
y of s
t
a
t
e of
'
cor
r
el
a
t
i
on and t
cr
nun
ol
oLv t
i
t t
i
l
e
De
voni
a
n of t
he Ar
denn
es r
e
sul
t
i
ng f
r
om t
he deci
s
i
on ol
'
t
h
e S 1)
S:
l
i
nci na
t
i
onal
Uni
on of Geol
ogi
cal
Sci
en
ces
,
Subc
ommi
s
si
on(
川 Dcv
oni
a
n
St
r
at
i
gr
aphy,
News
l
et
t
er No,
1
0,
pp.
33-
-
39
Bu
l
t
y
n
c
k
,
P,
a
n
d Hol
l
a
r
d,
H.
1
9
8
0,
Di
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n c
o
mp
a
r
6
c
d
e c
o
n
o
d
o
n
t
c
}
c
t
goni
a
t
i
t
es Devoni
enne
s des pl
ai
n
es du Dr
a.
du Ma'
der ct
du Ta
il
f
a
l
l
(
Ma
r
oc)
:
Aa
r
dkundne Mede
del
i
ngen,
v.
1
,
73 pp
Bul
t
ynck,
P.
Wal
l
i
s
e
r
,
0 H,
an
d We
ddi
gc,
K,
1
91
)]
,
Conodont
bas
e
d pr
opos
a
l
l
'
or t
he Ei
f
el
i
an-
-
G i
ve
t
i
an boun
da
r
y.
i
n Wal
l
i
s
er
,
0 H,
ed、Mor
oc
co Hel
d Mee
t
i
ng of t
he Subcommi
s
s
i
on on Devoni
an St
r
at
i
gr
a
phy, I
UGS,
28 Nov.
-4 De
c.
,
1
99 1
,
Gui
debook.
pp.
I
一1
5.
Ca
r
t
e g6
ol
ogi
c
l
ue d6t
ai
l
l
e
e de l
i
t
Fr
anc
e,
k5O 000,
Feui
l
t
e XXX-
7,
Gi
v
et
1
970,
Bur
e
au de Res
ear
ches g6
ol
ogi
ques e
l
mi
mei
es
,
Or
i
c
an.
i
n t
he Devoni
an ol
' Cent
ral Bohemi
a: Sbornik Ust
fedmho tJ
St
a\L
1 Geof
ick6ho,
Oddi
l Geol
ogi
c
ky.
v.
2
6, pp.
1
43-1
85 (
i
n Cz
ec
h wi
t
h 1
-
ng
, l
i
s
h summar
y)
.
Chl
up}}
, 1
,
a
nd Kuka
l
,2,1
986,
Ref
lec
t
i
on of
pos
s
i
bl
e gl
obal
De}
oni
an
e
vent
s i
n t
he Ba
r
r
a
ndi
an a
r
e
a,
i
n W al
l
i
s
er
.
0 I
t
.
e
d,Gl
obal
bi
o-
even
t
s Le
ct
ur
e Not
es i
n Ear
t
h Sci
enc
e,
no.
8,
pp.
1
69-1
79
Ch
l
u
p
}
i
e
,
1
,
a
n
d Ku
k
a
l
,
Z,
1
9
8
8,
Po
s
s
i
b
l
e g
l
o
b
a
l
e
v
e
n
t
s
a
n
d t
h
e s
t
r
a
t
i
}
r
a
p
h
v
o
f
'
t
he Pal
aeozoi
c of t
he Barr
andi
an (Car
nbri
an-M i
ddl
e Devoni
an. Czecho- s
l
ovjki
a)
:
Sbor
ni
k Geol
ogi
ckcho W dec
k6ho.
Ge
ol
o
gi
e,
}.
42.
pp 83-148
Cr
i
ck,
R E, El
l
woo
d,
B,
F1
Has
s
ani
,
M,
1
994, I
nt
egr
at
i
on of bi
os
t
r
a
t
i
gr
aph} .
magne
ic f
s
us
ce
pt
i
bi
b飞
ya
nd r
el
a
t
i
ve s
ea
-
l
ev
el
change
几a"e,
,
v t
ook a
t hi
gh r
es
ol
u
t
i
on cor
r
el
at
i
on:
Subcommi
ss
i
on on Devoni
an St
r
a
t
i
gr
aph,
N,
Newsl
e
t
t
er no.}1
, pp.
59-66.
Er
r
er
a
,
M,
Mame
t
,
B,
a
nd Sar
t
e
nae
r
,
P,
1
972, Le Ca
l
ca
i
r
e de Gi
ve
t et
l
e Gj
\
e_
t
i
e
n a Gi
v
et
:
Bul
l
e
t
i
n de I
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
Royal
des Sci
e
nce
s Na
t
ur
el
l
es de Bel
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qu
e,
Sci
enc
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a Te
r
r
e
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48门)
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For
dhar
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Chr
onomet
r
i
c c
al
i
b
r
at
i
on of
'
nud-
Or
dovi
c
i
a
n t
o Toni
na
i
s
i
an conodoni
z
ones
}
a compi
l
at
i
on f
r
om r
e
ce
nt gr
aphi
c cor
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
and i
s
ot
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udi
es
:
Geol
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cal
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e
c
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02
,
Ub
e
r
d
e
v
o
n
i
s
c
h
e Ar
nmo
n
e
e
n
:
Be
a
r
d
g
e z
u
r
P
a
l
a
on
t
o
l
o
g
i
c un
d
Ge
o
l
o
g
i
c 6s
t
e
r
r
e
i
c
h-
I
J
n
g
a
r
n
s u
n
d d
e
s Or
i
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t
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4
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7
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1
2
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Gar
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Los conodont
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u apl
i
ca
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cs
t
u
di
odc l
as dm -
si
one
s chr
onOS
t
F
at
i
gr
a
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ca
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es del
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ur
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Da
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oconar
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t
i
on,
Emsi
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vef
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wi
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cor
d
s f
r
om Mor
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St
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Bur
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i
ni und Mae
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ni
s
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ni
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s
i
s
chen Ge
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at
ot
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bear
i
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g on i
nt
e
r
nat
i
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zona
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a
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i
on:
Spec
i
a
l
Pape
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s i
n Pa
l
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ubmi
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r
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i
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Documen
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ubmi
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t
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一4 Dec,1
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i
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bbhmi
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Ve
r
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98
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i
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s
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r
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:
Do
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ubmi
t
t
ed t
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l
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s
er
l
i
c
h-
Ki
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ni
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i
c
hen Ge
ol
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r Devoni
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i
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Vot
i
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ul
mi
nat
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:
Doc
ume
nt s
ubmi
t
t
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d t
o t
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I
CS,
I
UGS)
, Re
nnes
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dar
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For
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S
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Zone (
Cono
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Mi
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Upper De
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i
a
n s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
phy an
d
and Nor
t
h Ame
r
i
ca:
Geol
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c
a e
t Pal
ae
ont
ol
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ca,
v.
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pp.
1
09-1
40. c
onodon
t bi
of
a
ci
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ar
bona
t
e s
l
o
pe and of
f
sho
r
e s
hoal
t
o she
l
t
e
r
e
d Zi
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e
r
,
W,
and Wang, C-
Y,
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Si
hongs
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n Sec
t
i
on,
a r
egi
ona
l r
ef
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e
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ar
s
ho
r
e ca
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amp,
Br
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t
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s
e
ct
i
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-Mi
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e and Mi
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r Devoni
a
n Boundar
i
es Au
s
t
r
a
l
i
a:
Co
u
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i
e
r F
o
r
s
c
h
u
n
g
s
i
n
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i
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Se
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g
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1
1
7
,
p
p.
2
0
5
-
2
5
9
.
i
n Eas
t As
i
a:
Cour
i
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s
chungs
i
ns
t
i
t
ut Senc
kenber
g,
v.
75,
pp.
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7-37. Ri
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Ve
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d
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unge
n O
be
r mi
t
t
el
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c
he Zonen-
Goni
a
t
i
t
en:
a
s Pr
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f
e
s
s
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I
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t
i
t
u
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al
ae
o
nt
ol
-
Schmi
dt
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H,
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958,
Deut
s
chl
a
nd,
Mi
t
t
e
l
- und Ober
de
von,
i
n Kut
s
che
r,
F,
and
o
g
y
a
t
G
(
5
t
u
n
g
e
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.
H
i
s
Schmi
dt
,
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eds
.
,
Lexi
que St
r
at
i
g
r
aphi
que I
nt
er
na
t
i
ona
l
,
v.
1
, Eur
ope, F
a
s
c
.
5
,
Al
l
e
ma
gn
e
,
Fa
s
c 5
b
,
D6
v
o
n
i
e
n,
p
p.
3
05
-3
6
5
.
401-432.
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h i
s mai
nl
y c
onc
e
n
t
r
at
e
d on
t
he ge
os
y
nc
l
i
n
al
de
v
e
l
o
pme
nt
o
f t
h
e
St
r
ee
l
,
M,
Hi
ggs
,
K,
Lobozi
a
k,
S,
Ri
egel
,
W,
and St
e
emans
,
P,
198
7,
Spor
e
Var
i
s
ci
des,
Si
l
uri
an t
o Lower Car-
s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phy a
nd cor
r
el
at
i
on wi
t
h f
a
unas and lor
f
a
s i
n t
he t
ype mar
i
ne bon
沙r
o
us s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y a
nd e
v
o
l
u-
De
voni
a
n of t
he Ar
de
nne-Rhems
h r
egi
ons
:
Re
vu
e of Pa
l
ae
obot
a
ny an
d Pal
ynol
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211
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t
i
ona
r
y pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
He c
h
ai
r
e
d I
GCP
St
r
uve,
W,
1
982a,
The Ei
f
el
i
an wi
t
hi
n t
he Devoni
an f
r
a
me, hi
s
t
or
y,
bound-
Pr
o
j
ec
t 21
6,
Gl
obal
Bi
ol
ogi
c
al
a
r
i
es
,
de
ini
f
t
i
o
ns
:
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i
er For
s
c
hungsi
ns
t
i
t
ut
Senc
kenber
g,
v.
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Ev
e
nt
s i
n Ear
t
h Hi
s
t
or
y an
d i
s a
St
r
uve,
W, 1
982b
, The Gr
e
at Ga
p i
n t
he r
e
cor
d of ma
r
i
ne Mi
ddl
e Devoni
an:
Co
u
r
i
e
r Fo
r
s
c
h
u
n
g
s
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
Se
n
c
k
e
n
b
e
r
g
,
v.
5
5
,
p
p.
43
3
-
44
8
.
Me
mbe
r o
f t
h
e Su
bc
o
mmi
s
s
i
ons o
n
Si
l
ur
i
an St
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y and on De
v
o
n-
i
a
n St
r
a
t
i
gr
ap
hy
.
Tal
ent
,
J A,
Ma
ws
on,
R,
Andr
ew,
A S,
Ha
mi
l
t
on,
P J,
and Whi
t
f
or
d,
D J,
1
993,
Mi
ddl
e Pal
e
oz
oi
c ext
i
nc
t
i
on even
t
s
:
f
aunal
and i
s
ot
ope da
t
a: Pal
aeogeogr
apby,
Pal
a
eocl
i
mat
ol
ogy, Pal
acoecol
ogy,
v.
104,
Dr Pi
e
r
r
e Bul
t
ync
k i
s h
e
ad o
f t
he
pp.
13
9-1
52.
d
e
par
t
me
nt
o
f Pal
ae
o
nt
o
l
o
g
y at
t
h
e
Tr
uy6l
s
-
Mas
s
oni
,
M,
Mont
es
i
nos,
J R,
Ga
r
c
i
a
-
Al
ca
l
de,
J L,
a
nd Leyva,
F,
o
ya
l
Be
l
gi
a
n I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e o
f Nat
ur
al
1
990,
The Ka
}&-
Ot
omar
i Eve
nt a
nd i
t
s cha
r
a
ct
er
i
z
at
i
on i
n t
he Pal
ent
i
ne R
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
Br
u
s
s
e
l
s an
d Pr
o
f
e
s
s
or o
f
Domai
n (
Ca
nt
a
br
i
an Zone
, NW Spai
n)
,
i
n Kauf
f
ma
n, E G,&Wal
l
i
s
e
r
,
0 Pol
ae
o
nt
ol
o
g
y at
t
he Ge
ogr
a
ph
y
-
H,
eds
.
,
Ext
i
nc
t
i
on Eve
nt
s i
n Ea
r
t
h Hi
s
t
or
y,
Lec
t
ur
e Not
es i
n Ea
r
t
h Hi
s
- Geo
l
og
y De
par
t
me
nt
o
f t
he
t
or
y,
v.
30,
pp.
1
33-1
43.
Wa
l
l
i
s
e
r
,
0 H,
1
980,
The geos
yncl
i
nal
de
vel
opment of t
he Var
i
s
ci
des wi
t
h
Kat
hol
i
eke Uni
ver
si
t
ei
t Leuv
en (
Bel
-
s
pe
ci
al
r
e
gar
d t
o t
he Rh
enoher
c
yni
an Zone,
i
n Cl
oos
,
H,
and ot
her
s e
ds
.
,
gi
u
m)
.
Hi
s r
e
s
e
ar
c
h c
on
c
en
t
r
at
e
s o
n
Mobi
l
e Ea
r
t
h;
Res
e
ar
c
h Repor
t De
ut
s
c
he Fo
rs
chungs
ger
n
ei
ns
cha
t f
1
980,
De
v
o
ni
an c
ono
do
nt
t
a
x
on
omy an
d
p
p.1
85-1
95.
bi
os
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y.
He i
s c
ur
r
en
t
l
y Se
e
-
Wal
l
i
s
e
r
,
0 H,
1
983,
St
at
eme
nt t
o t
he boundar
i
e
s oft
he Devoni
an Sys
t
em, i
t
s
r
e
t
ar
y o
f t
h
e Sub
co
mmi
s
s
i
o
n o
n
Ser
i
e
s a
nd St
age
s:
Doc
ume
nt s
ubmi
t
t
e
d t
o t
he Subcommi
s
s
i
onm of De
v
o
ni
an St
r
at
i
gr
a
p脚.
Devoni
an St
r
at
i
gr
a
phy.
Mont
pel
l
i
er
,
4 pp.
Se
pt
ember 1995
115
DrKa
r
s
t
e
n We
dd
i
ge
,
af
or
me
rpu
pi
l
o
fP
r
o
f
e
s
s
or Wi
l
l
i
Zi
e
gl
er a
t t
he Uni
-
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
fM
ar
b
ur
g,
ha
s t
au
ght
at
t
h
e
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
f Mu
ni
c
h,
a
nd i
s n
ow at
t
h
e Re
s
e
ar
c
h I
ns
t
i
t
u
t
e o
f t
he Se
n
c
k-
e
nb
e
r
g Mu
s
e
u
m,
Fr
an
k
f
ur
t
.
He i
s
e
nga
ge
d i
n Lowe
r and Mi
ddl
e
Pr
可e
s
s
o
r Mi
c
hae
l
R Ho
us
e i
s Pr
o-
j
e
s
s
or o
f Ge
o
l
o
g
y at
t
he Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f S
out
ha
mpt
o
n.
He ha
d pr
e
v
i
ou
s
l
y
t
aught
at
t
he Uni
v
er
s
i
t
i
es o
f
Dur
ham,
Ox
for
d and Hu
l
l
.
Hi
s
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
e
s hav
e mai
nl
y co
nc
en
-
Devoni
an conodont st
udi
es and was
t
i
o
nal
c
or
r
e
l
at
i
on an
d r
e
gi
o
na
l
a
nd
e
ve
nt
s
ynt
he
s
i
s
,
mai
nl
y us
i
ng
ammo
no
i
d
s
.
He i
s c
u
r
r
e
nt
l
y Chai
r
-
man o
f t
he Sub
c
ommi
s
s
i
on on
De
v
o
ni
an St
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
y.
i
nvol
ved i
n t
he GSSP r
ecommenda-
t
i
ons on sever
al Devoni
an bound-
ar
i
e
s
.
Cur
r
e
n
t
l
y h
e i
s a Me
mbe
r o
f
t
he Subcommi
ssi
on on Devoni
an
St
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
y a
nd Ch
ai
r
man o
f t
he
Ge
r
ma
n Su
bc
o
mmi
s
s
i
o
n f
or De
v
o
n-
i
a
n St
r
at
i
gr
ap梅・
刀r R Thomas Becker works at t
he
Pal
aeo
nt
ol
ogi
c
al I
n
s
t
i
t
ut
e o
f t
he
Fr
e
e Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y Be
r
l
i
n.刀£r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
hi
s do
ct
or
a
t
e i
n 19
91
,户o
m t
he
Ruhr
-
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y o
f Boc
hum,
Ge
r
-
man
y
,
andfr
oi
n 1
988
-9
0 wor
k
e
d at
t
he Uni
v
er
s
i
t
y o
f Sou
t
h
a
mpt
on on
Devoni
an ext
i
nct
i
on event
s.
Cur-
r
e
nt
l
y he i
s wor
ki
n
g on g
l
o
bal
f
a
ci
e
s
s
h
i
f
t
s and e
v
ol
ut
i
o
nar
y e
c
o
l
o
g
y i
n
幼pe
r De
v
o
ni
an ou
t
e
rs
he
扩s
e
t
t
i
n
gs
.
He i
s a Co
r
r
e
s
pon
di
ng Me
mb
er o
f
t
he Subcommi
ssi
on on Devoni
an
St
r
a
t
i
gr
a
ph
y.
Epi
s
odes,
Vol
.
18,
no.
3
t
r
at
ed on mi
d-
Pal
aeozoi
c i
nt
er
na-
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