TESIS DOCTORAL Desarrollo de Sistemas de Instrumentación

UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID
TESIS DOCTORAL
Desarrollo de Sistemas de
Instrumentación Avanzados para la
Caracterización y Optimización de
Pantallas de Cristal Líquido
Autor:
José Isidro Santos García
Director:
José Manuel Sánchez Pena
DEPARTAMENTO DE TECNOLOGÍA ELECTRÓNICA
Leganés, julio de 2011
TESIS DOCTORAL
Desarrollo de Sistemas de
Instrumentación Avanzados para la
Caracterización y Optimización de
Pantallas de Cristal Líquido
Autor:
José Isidro Santos García
Director:
José Manuel Sánchez Pena
Firma del Tribunal Calificador:
Firma
Presidente: Dr. José Luis Lázaro Galilea
Vocal:
Dr. Xabier Quintana Arregui
Vocal:
Dra. Mª Julia Arias Rodríguez
Vocal:
Dra. Susana Borromeo
Secretaria:
Dra. Isabel Pérez Garcilópez
Calificación:
Leganés, 26 de septiembre de 2011
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Figura I.1. Evolución del mercado de pantallas planas y previsiones futuras
(fuente: Isuppli, mayo 2008)
2
Figura I.2. Evolución del mercado de pantallas LCD en Europa
(http://www.displayforum.de/market.htm)
3
Tabla I. Segmentos del mercado de pantallas planas ordenadas por tamaños 4
Figura I.3. Estructura de una pantalla TFT-LCD.
5
Figura I.4. Modelo de TV de plasma más grande del mundo (150 pulgadas)
presentado por Panasonic en el CEDIA show. Resolución 2160 x 4096 y
soporta formato 1080p.
6
Figura I.5. Modelo de FULL HD LED-backlight LCD 3D TV más grande del
mundo (72 pulgadas) presentado por LG en la feria CES 2011.
8
Figura I.6. Prototipo de TV OLED de 31’.
9
Figura I.7. Prototipo de TV OLED flexible.
10
Figura I.8. Pantalla de LG de tinta electrónica con un tamaño de 11.5 pulgadas
flexible y táctil.
11
Figura I.9. Ejemplos de Fases Esmécticas CL: Esméctica A y Esméctica C. 13
Figura I.10. Ordenamiento molecular de una fase ferroeléctrica estabilizada en
superficie (SSFLC).
14
Figura I.11. Comportamiento electro-óptico de un SSFLC al aplicar tensión
positiva.
14
Figura I.12. Comportamiento electro-óptico de un SSFLC al aplicar tensión
negativa.
14
Figura I.13. Ordenamiento de un AFLC estabilizado en superficie sin tensión
aplicada (polarización neta nula).
15
Figura I.14 Pantallas AFLC de Denso Corp. Tiempo de respuesta = 30 ms. 15
Figura II.1. Arquitectura del sistema que se propone.
21
Figura II.2. Esquema de bloques del sistema.
22
Figura II.3. Generación de la corriente de referencia (a) y su equivalente (b). 24
Figura II.4. Tensión de referencia ajustable(a) y su equivalente con seguidor
(b).
25
Figura II.5. Sistema para inyectar/drenar corriente (a) y obtención de las dos
tensiones de referencia (b).
26
Figura II.6. Circuito para aplicar la corriente de referencia a la carga.
26
Figura II.7. Amplificador de transimpedancia.
27
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Figura II.8. Amplificador de transimpedancia con la célula o píxel capacitivo
bajo prueba.
28
Figura II.9. Propuesta práctica para aplicar la corriente a Cx.
29
Figura II.10. Esquema del comparador, recortador y biestable.
30
Figura II.11. Esquema del multiplexor.
31
Figura II.12. Esquema de filtro paso bajo e integrador propuestos.
31
Figura II.13. Sistema completo de la propuesta inicial.
35
Figura II.14. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV.
40
Figura II.15. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. Detalle del seguimiento.
41
Figura II.16. Forma de onda del reloj (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida
(traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. Sincronización de las rampas.
42
Figura II.17. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. Detalle del seguimiento
para fclk= 100kHz.
43
Figura II.18. Formas de onda de referencia (traza roja) y formas de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b).
43
Figura II.19. Formas de onda de referencia (traza roja) y formas de onda
reproducidas (traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b).
Detalle del seguimiento.
44
Figura II.20. Forma de onda del reloj (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida
(traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b). Sincronización de
las rampas.
45
Figura II.21. Formas de onda de referencia (traza roja) y formas de onda
reproducidas (traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b).
Detalle del seguimiento para fclk= 100kHz.
45
Figura II.22. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=50mV.
46
Figura II.23. Detalles de la forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y de la
forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para Vr=50mV (a). Señal de reloj y
señal reproducida (b).
47
Figura II.24. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV.
48
Figura II.25. Forma de onda de referencia (a) y tensión de salida del biestable
VQ (b) (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (a y b) (azul) para una tensión
Vr=950mV.
49
Figura II.26. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=200mV (a) y detalle del flanco de
bajada (b).
49
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&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR
Figura II.27. Forma de onda de referencia (a) y tensión de salida del biestable
VQ (b) (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (a y b) (azul) para una tensión
Vr=200mV.
50
Figura II.28. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=500mV.
51
Figura II.29. Forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) y forma de onda de la
corriente por Cx (traza roja) para una tensión Vr=500mV.
51
Figura II.30. Forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) y detalle de la forma de
onda de la corriente por Cx (traza roja) para una tensión Vr=500mV.
52
Figura II.31. Forma de onda de la corriente por Cx (traza roja) y forma de onda
de la carga (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=500mV.
53
Figura II.32. Forma de onda reproducida (traza roja) y forma de onda de la
carga (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=500mV.
53
Figura II.33. Forma de onda triangular reproducida (traza roja) y forma de onda
de la corriente (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=200mV.
55
Figura II.34. Forma de onda triangular reproducida (traza roja) y forma de onda
de la carga (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=200mV.
55
Figura II.35. Figura de Lissajous obtenida con Vo1 y ViI para comprobar el
desfase entre las mismas.
56
Figura II.36. Forma de onda de referencia (traza azul) y forma de onda
reproducida (traza roja) para frecuencias de 10Hz (a) y de 1Hz (b).
57
Figura II.37. Tensión de control del multiplexor VQ (traza azul) y forma de
onda reproducida (traza roja) (a) y detalle del rizado al final del flanco de
subida (b).
58
Figura II.38. Tensión de control del multiplexor VQ (traza azul) y forma de
onda reproducida (traza roja) (a) y detalle del rizado al final del flanco de
bajada (b).
58
Figura II.39. Forma de onda reproducida (traza roja) y la correspondiente a la
corriente (traza azul) para fBF=1Hz (a). Detalle del impulso de corriente (b). 59
Figura II.40. Forma de onda de referencia VBF (traza azul) y la
correspondiente reproducida Vo1 (traza roja) (a). En (b) Vo1 (azul), y la
corriente aplicada al píxel AFLC (rojo).
60
Figura II.41. Medida de la histéresis eléctrica de un píxel de un display AFLC
excitado por una señal triangular de baja frecuencia
60
Figura III.1.- Primera implementación del sistema medidor de corrientespolarización.
63
Figura III.2. Esquema Funcional del Sistema de Instrumentación.
64
Figura III.3. Circuito para la obtención de las tensiones de referencia.
65
Tabla III.1.- Valores de R2 y de las tensiones de referencia.
66
Figura III.4. Divisor de tensión para seleccionar la ganancia.
66
Tabla III.2. Calculo de la ganancia que aplica al sistema para distintos valores
de R2.
67
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Tabla III.3. Valores de R2 y ciclo de histéresis correspondiente del
comparador.
68
Figura III.5. Comparador con histéresis (a) y su función de transferencia (b).
Señales de entrada y de salida en comparadores (c).
69
Figura III.6. Comparador con histéresis ajustable.
70
Figura III.7. Medidas del rizado en Vo1’.
70
Figura III.8. Circuito recortador-limitador
71
Figura III.9. Etapa de filtrado en el sistema
72
Tabla III.4. Ganancia a frecuencias medias y factor de calidad del filtro.
72
Tabla III.5. Valores de sensibilidad proporcionada por el sistema
72
Figura III.10. Respuesta en frecuencia del filtro.
73
Figura III.11. Respuesta temporal del filtro
74
Figura III.12. Funcionamiento del sistema: señales que se obtienen.
75
Figura III.13. Detalle de las diferentes señales medidas con el sistema
mejorado.
76
Figura III.14. Montaje experimental para medir la transmisión de la célula
AFLC.
77
Figura III.15. Configuración para la medida de la corriente ViF y la carga ViI
soportadas por un AFLC, junto con la tensión aplicada y su transmisión óptica.
78
Figura III.16. Señal de excitación Vo1, corriente medida ViF, intensidad óptica
transmitida y curva E/O simétrica (doble ciclo de histéresis) medidas en la
célula AFLC bajo estudio.
79
Figura III.17. Aspecto del equipo montado.
80
Figura III.18. Situación de placas en la carcasa del equipo.
81
Figura III.19. Panel frontal del equipo.
81
Figura III.20. Esquemático del lazo principal del sistema.
82
Figura III.21. Esquemático de las tensiones de referencia, filtro e integrador. 83
Figura III.22. Esquemático del panel frontal del equipo.
84
Figura IV.1. Esquema de bloques del sistema de iluminación propuesto.
87
Figura IV.2. Fuente luminosa, LED tricolor LATBT66C de OSRAM.
88
TABLA IV.1. Características de los LED
89
TABLA IV.2. Valores de las resistencias para cada LED
89
Figura IV.3. Esquemático y principales características del interruptor MOSFET
IRLL014N.
90
Figura IV.4. Esquemático del microcontrolador indicando los terminales de
E/S y los componentes necesarios para su funcionamiento (gráfica superior); y
circuito de excitación del interruptor (gráfica inferior).
91
Figura IV.5. Esquema asociado al puerto de comunicaciones serie.
92
Figura IV.6. Estructura del programa principal y de la subrutina para el puerto
serie, que se ejecutan en el microcontrolador.
93
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Figura IV.7. Funcionamiento de los LEDs generando luz blanca, y las tres
componentes R (roja) G (verde) B (azul).
94
Fig. IV.8. Salida del microcontrolador, modulación PWM (ciclo de trabajo
50%).
94
Figura IV.9. Señal Enable aplicada a la puerta AND (Ch2, rojo), y tensión
aplicada a la puerta del MOSFET (Ch1, azul).
95
Figura IV.10. Método de medida de la respuesta electro-óptica dinámica del
sistema.
96
Figura IV.11. Respuesta dinámica electro-óptica del sistema. PWM al 5%,
anchura de pulso 256 µs (parte superior). PWM al 95%, anchura de pulso 5,4
ms (parte inferior).
97
Figura IV.12. Diagrama de cromaticidad CIE 1931 para diferentes factores de
modulación PWM aplicados a los LEDs RGB: con R, G y B al 100% (a); y con
R al 85%, G al 95% y B al45% (b).
98
Figura IV.13. Distribución espectral de potencia de los LED RGB antes y
después de la corrección del blanco de referencia.
98
Figura V.1. Estructura simplificada de una LCD genérica.
103
Figura V.2. Desplazamiento por la curva de histéresis
106
Figura V.3. Señal de direccionamiento que se aplica simultáneamente a todos
los píxeles de una línea: (1) Selección, (2) Polarización, (3) Pozo, y (4)
Borrado.
107
Figura V.4. Aplicación secuencial de los distintos campos de un cuadro e
iluminación de los cuadros con el color correspondiente. Solución por refuerzo
del color verde. Secuencia RGBG
109
Figura V.5. Esquema de bloques general del sistema.
110
Figura V.6. Diagrama general del sistema, incluidos los componentes,
subsistemas y equipos periféricos.
113
Figura V.7. Esquema con todos los componentes del hardware implementa 115
Figura V.8. Esquema de bloques de las placas para las columnas y para las
filas.
116
Figura V.9. Esquemático del DAC de la placa de filas.
117
Figura V.10. Esquemático de los amplificadores de un canal de la placa de
filas.
118
Figura V.11. Esquemático del multiplexor analógico de cuatro canales.
118
Figura V.12. Esquemático del DAC de la placa de filas.
119
Figura V.13. Configuración del montaje del sistema para la caracterización de
LCDs.
120
Figura V.14. Configuración del montaje del sistema para la caracterización de
LCDs. Detalle del sistema de retroiluminación.
120
Figura V.15. Programa principal del microcontrolador.
123
Figura V.16. Programa principal de la aplicación del PC.
126
Figura V.17. Ventana principal de la aplicación de interfaz del sistema.
127
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Figura V.18. Ventanas de configuración de los puertos de comunicaciones
entre el PC y el microcontrolador.
127
Figura V.19. Ventana de configuración para las animaciones.
128
Figura V.20. Formas de onda generadas por el sistema, para las filas 1 y 2 (a) y
para las filas 1 y 3 de una pantalla de 4x4 píxeles.
129
Figura V.21. Formas de onda de la fila 1 (azul) y de la columna 1 (rojo)
aplicadas por el sistema al display bajo prueba.
130
Figura V.22. . Micropantalla de ¼ VGA realizada con tecnología de AFCL
fabricada por el Grupo de Cristales Líquidos de la UPM para el proyecto
HEMIND.
131
Figura V.23. Micropantalla AFLC a tamaño natural y detalle al microscopio
representando un damero en blanco y negro.
132
Figura V.24. Captura de dos fotogramas de un vídeo donde una barra blanca
vertical se desplaza de izquierda a derecha por la pantalla.
133
Figura V.25. Imagen fija en color reproducida por el sistema en la pantalla
AFLC.
133
Figura V.26. Captura de tres fotogramas del vídeo de una animación en color
reproducida en la pantalla AFLC bajo prueba.
133
Figura V.27. Casco de bomberos desarrollado para HEMIND.
134
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