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Z. $4FE = DG 84 e_7 :{' = 6N $N;4 " BC YC = _79 `%G W -%* N* O* i* K* K*E \5*& aF*E i7 PC *; aF*E /* Fx J -;< \5& 6@ -!9 -;V = c *8 )Z*+7 *! -N! c. `hx ®N7 84[ ; % °8y! 6 + cN*S $*< 6(8*; OP = n! -" L pN+ b! 8"( % C (1) http://st-takla.org/pub_oldtest/Arabic-Old-Testament-Books/32Daniel/Sefer-Danial-Chapter-07.html ©³−©b! ¶&'L – 3[ 8T − ¶&'L – 3[ 8T = 02 " BC YC = (3) © Delgado León, Feliciano, Álvaro de Córdoba y la polémica contra el Islam, El Indiculus luminosus, Córdoba, 1996, párrafo 25. NQNN ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ i*7 eB9 -*EN *;4 *. n7 c L 8 ¦8I! ) $ e-+ BC 6(8; -#8 3 0 /" -% -%]8 KE aFE ¹+* /* Ä*; [*!L * 6 /G4 -#s 6 7·4 " FE ¹+* D48; NE $2 /" \2 MF ° 9 E! c; 3! }'9 6*%E8 -*4N; -s* C 6*7 -*+ 3n 6 n7 eÄ; /" }'9 ekN*; hZ8W < ?FE +" " /4NG '9 K"8 H8* ¹+* * mk K ¦N -+ -#s 17s . e-#s $! 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NE )G n+! -GZ ec L + / d4 )4 6N~ )+4 J ` 7 G7 *! *+%" /G4 J `V7 -&" ¦9 $%] /4 FS b4Ê x5 ,h*%k aN*;+ /*" *" b" h;N $Z[%" -;y+" $+.C N. $N* `* = 8*hW4 n*7 ,D*h+ D* c a[n ;! * *h * `*] * 8* /x* / 6N4 J MF eSN" 0 5 c L e)kN7 NN~ BC )4 6N~ /" & ®% L >? 5 \N= NQNS f@!‫"א‬# K* `* D*7 /*" *4 = E K hT G9 KE aFE aN* ®%* L KN* Gx* = iÉ* )4* 6N~ ! \' a*¸ = j*y n;*" *y~ 4 5 8"9 6 /" 7X+ , c 3N*'N *4 J " 8 FGE c L NhW B9 \N+ F+" Æk~ m*+.5 6N*G 6 *48 5 K -;; BC 4 < $E¸ /" Ì -+. BC - *< c -NzN! $+! c; $ "& c = nC c L! e8~9 \4 -%+! 3 NE n7 = h"h* C 6(8*; K#s" 0( r8 6 3&+ +48W 7·+ -* D*; *~ 6 *U /* r8U " PC 8 < ` e¶8y /" Ì4 J -;V 8W N* "" /" Ì4 J ®% L 8 5 6 BC a%5 iT +E ,-*+G 6< = Xx MF a¸5 OP -'~ ,8V7 h 87 ! + K i*7 MF* /4* FS `~9 aFE N! c aN % ; $ j* /4* J* *41 $ % ,5 F /" 0! $C 8W+ *T - '9 M<N 6n4L / 8& $! 02 MF F*E /* r8¥ J c $!;" 6@ $ ,-& -4[Nh 4 NQNT ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ *+T -* i7 a[Nh2 7 -^ 8y~ V4 c L eN e$% c L [8 -%* L \*!G = -*4N%+ ` BC 6£ < BC +.8y . +7 PC -!8* 5 \* = * K*%+ N*' /* d4 -4; -*;V! *h 6%* L V<*% 6 BC `x* +E e`V7 5 -V4 -%*+! 3 NE n7 .?! ) ©!8! 6N4 -" L -!8 5* *;V /*" *+ )* OP -nx G48" ! = hZ8W BC -* -*8" \*%5 n*C [[C EN' n7 >? 5 -G FE -^ =+4 c L 6 ! n 6NG48"9 6N!9 6NV<% 17 " %] 68; -^< i7 P@ '~ V&! $ [8T 6 /G4 Æk~ °. FE ecN /G4 J -* s*T Ì! Ì4 % "NhT" cNhT 67 PC © 68; -^< / ¥ e-^ Ì" c L !^ ); 6 3N; `] / 3N*< 6`*k M[ d*4`N] K7*C *^] d*!N H*8! $*%7 *" BC mN28 /G4 © emNzN MF [[L >? 5 7 & T" Gx! cNhT FE 8 :-% L $#8 +k . -41L! D7 Edward W. Said, Orientalismo, traducción de María Luisa Fuentes, Madrid, Editorial Debate, 2002 NQNU f@!‫"א‬# -*78 = *"N N7x*4 J a[8* >?* L /*" mN+ FE -'NU \* N%G ± n7 H8I >? 5 \F] K -4n 5 ehkx N h+" /4Fq" -9 3N 8 `! 6% L !8 cnE 6C :3N; 6 /G4 cN s* 3~ c L! % C %5 8W |% aN4 6 /G4 .84 5 *zN 0* vNx*4 *% FE = \T· 2 6 n7 eh /" -4Nk F*E * 8* K*G K*TG4 e*"& /" `VG 8~( +< KTU +< :* $*!7 = 3*! `N" M[ ×N~ ®% L Ñ· $. " BC YL /4* 3*2 \*!7 = *¸ 6 [*+ /*" $* [N*4 d*< 6(8; $< e $ ¦8 " V" $4Nx iz8 -qY ON^G -*E8G b*! *k! /*" N*s~ *" *7 o -!7 -h" r¤ *'N F*E D&+4 6 /G4 e-"7 \» $; $qx 4x 3 _* c* L * 8* N*y~ 3 F+" ` / D7 /" 2 -T&*' M = 3*;" 8~( < M[ l 68; = 6(8; -#s - eaFE +"4 = ' . 6NG4 -» (1) José de Montero Vidal, Mahoma, su vida y el Corán, T. 1, Madrid, Editorial Reus, 1927, p. 20. NQOL ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ $*. n* `N*" M[ ×N*~ a8*7P MF* b+x* ¹q 6 /G4 * K N7 -;y+" = MF \`N" M[ ®N( KN DE8 emNzN 3N< S -' -NY8! -+4" -*2 \0*; = ¾Y H8 >? BC DE8 FE 8 ; -*+! *h%7 K* $*87F" = $+ &4 " NE /" 0n b" 4*¥ D*4P7 [8*» *± Ä[%" /" K%+ $! 02 " 4 d< 69 ¾NGx* /" `VG! 6N&x" 6(8; 6 BC T" ,©cN1 K%+ h;~ EY 2N4 5 $9 FE j4 J 6C $Z; F4 e$T+! $y~ 6(8*; *! [N*2N $!x* 4 e$+ NE 5C cN1 K%+ FE " aT* 3*~ -*4[Nh -&* * 8 . 67 3N 8 6X! L $*% c* L i+ K \!G D] = E -{ BC OP ! `x e-x<T G K.~9 [T -{ KE 0n ! ZY 67 \5 \5 /" mN+ FE 6 BC YL ¸ $*Zw! O*4 6*7 8*k *7 6 d*< N*< OP K 6 /G4 5 & e-4h+ BC (2) Antoni de Monserrat, de. Joseph Lluis Alay, trad. Ramón Sala Gili, Viajes de un jesuita catalán del siglo XVI por la India, Paquistán, Afgánistan y el Himalaya, Lérida, Editorial Milenio. NQOM f@!‫"א‬# * 5 K*h *% F*E = \`*N" -* /* +^¤ . +7 PC -;!* \*!G *7 69 -* \n7s* * 5C K*E *" ! 0+V *Z; -*N» $ $!+" c S+ + i# -;< \!G eK%+ \;k8v ¥ '9 /" iT+ -& /" h' :=+% )2 Na+ A 7w −n >*y *S [¡ -I = -G Ky4 MF NE 3n 5 67 PC * i*"[ *" D*G F*E * S ¡ MF NE 6@ {55[ MF* 3n* 5 8 6G! -É9 /" 6NG4 $ e3 * b*z 6 K*+4 5 FE e$I = S 4 -7 M9 " b» $y4 OP /" )G ! ,$;^ $N44C / ! 6NG4 FE ;+! KTG4 MF* b* 8*W BC -*zL! $z -2NN44C )G4 6 /* -%* L 2* $*N; *" b*% 6 *+4 +E /" e$y BC $ Í4 -%* L -*G -*4[79 *" \*%k /" `V7 2N , 3N 8 >* b*" -% L! DG4 n7 K%+ NE mahoma-7 BC `x (1) Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia Española, Vigésimo primera edición, Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 1992. NQON ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ n+*! * * $*9 `*%7 DG4 3N 8 /" 39 8 6 NE < * 3* -T' ± h<? eÌ' 8&! % = [N -G N*E 8*~( ~*" BC l*%" E*! `x* ,3NG c+S 8 ¹qx mahometismo * /*4[ b*%4 MF M M& NE mahometano ec L K+ -4& KE 0 /*" 1*I 3N*< chT* \*" * ¶8*y *+R " FE -T*' ± -G r4 °N"; 6 &' e\&y aFE BC YL c*" -·* -* -·* /*" $T4 5 FE /G , ) b* S*4 6*7 \n*7 r[C |* MF* N*E /" 4 eiÉ ± -~[ -%+2 ± -&! ®% L )G4 5 y 69 ,XyU )T Kz b ¾x4 +E -*k i*78 E*T" /" -G O -;V aFE hy K \55 5C e-4Nk 68. 6C d*< c* L -7 \55[ / d&% + +h2N4 bzN )T * 8G 5C FE " \%y /" `VG = -z -.8T -4! h84 °N"; ,d*&% F*E = $*+ *+G 6 j%* *" -*4Nk 68*. 3*~ $* NQOO f@!‫"א‬# -*2[ BC 3N*<9 /" 3< MX! .84 6 /G4 5 $% 3z -4[ c L 8*W -*h2 K*E aF*E i7 PC e0%9 -%8" BC 8<9% M[ 6L 87F* _* K* 3*V"9 ,$*I b*» 3n* )*G4 MF °N"; aF*E \`^X* /*" 8~9 KE J $!¸ b OF -n * [N 3N 8 / & `V7 5V" OF % aNx N :h+" -% N' )G h2 " M -5 3N 8 K%+ Si Mahoma no va a la montaña, la montaña va a Mahoma BC DEF* *% *% BC EF* 484 5 67 N $ a+" *" *%2 ¾8*&4 6 /G4 G 3N;" -5 V Ã4 c L K% >4 6 /G4 −V D<– FE /G " ¹qx '. e8~( [ = K;y+ 3N; n+! [ = $9 Reniega de Mahoma y de Fez, si no pagáis otra vez [*!5 K*T ,8*~ 8*" b* 5C °*T! &! 8T7 a+" e-" Ser como cristiano del Líbano que lo mismo adora a Jesús como a Mahoma %4 MF ®+% K&7 " ¹qY 6NG4 6 :$#8 *h+ d4*& 8*"9 b4 5 K \k; L! 0}" V ei.N )T = NQOP ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ e+. r~ ±9 Eso es lo mismo que preguntar por Mohamed en Granada $*9 $*+" j*;& D*' V $2 /" Ã4 MF 8"9 6 :a+" i7 K - -k8] c4 BC ¡ V -k8] = / 3· V" e8&% = 0 / 3· ! /" Ã4 &! 6N4 ! -u" * 8 / c L / & 8~ 5V" OP BC z o eh+ & > / +28 . -% ®" )G4 h2 :/3 6H j' −o c*. 6(8*; \*#8 \"*;" |*! * b*y4 MF* Ä; )4 O* r*C [*C h+" - = ,h+! n !8 -" G b! #s e;! h+ +G K 68. -k ! = \? K G9 = -*!G EN;%* /4F* ±N*~C / E14 MF <N 4 `* * = -*!8 [ E QG5 h! 0[ NE % FE *! 6N*y N*< -*;; = h+*G e- -NzN OP = ~N" F*~9 $.* /* h*! r8*~C *%~9 s*%! N"*. ,XyU N NQOQ f@!‫"א‬# ea8*" /*" )% = 7 cC $ ) MF Ä; R ,-T \48! K* 8*G -*" 4*; /* -*! & -y;+ aFE = 3<X A e; = OP 2" - aFE S+ /4F 6N#s h 1G :=R!\ V-; A =% ¡* ,c* L 3N* ` \&T' Vicentei+V! 2s ¹~ MÊ*T" 8h*Y * 1*G $* BC `x*" ,G /" `~9 01 = h2 *2 -*h *"9 /" 6NG" b» = K+4 Ix 6 BC `x" 6(8; e-!8 ` = \02 K %~9 G9 |! 48¤ h /" c1*5 Ó -·" /" $"P ~ . ,-;48y aFv 2s 6NG4 = 8*hf * -* -*; K*y 6 3N; `] /" 69 ,-!8 [! e"9 -h /" b» :2s* a*~ MF* 6N*+ KE% ^ . 68; -4± = -#s aFE \' *! MF* *G 6X*! "C Ä; K<N4 6N+ 6C d< ,M& L 6(8; 2È K+4 5 $9 8 C $ ,6(8. -7 hT4 5 . $9 L! $%Y $44 e6(8*; MÊ*T" 8h*Y $ BC 2s `x4 e®% L Ä; h84 K -!9 e3N 8 / 2s FE 3N;4 Pn NQOR ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ [*G4 e)k8*7 N*N~ i*`! 6N~ /" 7 $! [ 0 )T e6N#s v 02 K \"; 7 i%<' K -"Q ,1G8 FE 6NG4 ,a0*T~C 3*< 8*~£ |% 6@ ,- $! ¶ . |% 67 PC A 48*G 3N* 8 [5 -+* *h+" D*N2 = 8Ef f OP ] /G = [N*2N – -*4; \*"N! *+%. 6C $*C :i`! 6N~ 3N;4 d< − Mahoma -% L! $ jy4 MF– 6@ ,−-" L [ e-NTy = 3N 8 jk / 7< -E8! $ [. MF c NE ,T c 3N 8 . A D< – &' `] FE /G e-%G 8" 8hf -G" "NE BC mN28 + 4 ,4? aN" -+ 8 6 [ PC +9 –$Q A 6(8;7 8~ [" u™$! © x θö 9© ≅%è ® :-4£ [ ,[ aFE /< Nh ,V" Ÿξùs &r 4 ⎯ ÿ &Ï #Î 6ö %s ⎯ΒiÏ #\ ϑ ß ã ã Ν ö 6 à ŠùÏ M à V÷ 7Î 9s ‰ ô ) s ùs ( ⎯µÏ /Î Ν3 ä 1‘u Š÷ &r ω I ρu Ν ö 6 à ‹ø =n æ t …µç ?è θö =n ?s $Βt ! ª #$ e-+ ! 2s D< K+ ,-4£ = 8 š θ=è ) É è÷ ?s -G e³:)N4 ⟨ χ :6(8; $#8 4; BC mN28 /G4 2s FE 0( 8 El Corán, traducción de Juan Vernet, Editorial Optima, Barcelona, 2002, p.p. 9-40. NQOS f@!‫"א‬# A 2s D< – i!^ /! 6< 6 / & ` D7 6 n7 −nZ[ *+ n*! ,c* L BC *h N*4 \N+ ? -G" = f 3N 8 6 7 ,-*4[" ª© ª³© *! *" ; ³©© -+ -+4 BC h+" 82E $ 8 A 8*" $* * [n* ,ª© N*E A5n*< 8*V79 ½4 6 `~9 = 7· *48 = $* 0* )*T e!9 /! NE ³© -+ N! 8h! Ï $! 02 MF eTy [" -+ 4¤ D /" $ 7 MF i+V! :G Z& A =% ¡ ¦8*" K<N* 6X*! 1* ,-* ! E*++ /4F 6N#s 3< $*! \0*2 *" [* ,OP = E e-NTy F+" 3N 8 $+" ®4 67 T e$N c L / {!7 3 = -+G *] = -*1 D*¡ 6*7 48*G 3N* 8 6 Vicentei+V! KG¡ A A i*+7 n+*! :Z*. -R~ BC cN4 \P b2 $ 7 _~ ,08< *"N nZ* A O* c*. ," 0Ð h D7 . 848 /" -y. ¡ O! i< ,; :8W ,48G 3N 8 ` / $ &4 ;&" 2s FE /4 El Corán o la Biblia Mahometana, Vivente Ortiz de la Puebla, Ed. Juan Aleu, Barcelona, 1872. NQOT ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ 8*7 a8*" O* 8*G ?8*. P*" :$* i*; e8.C :3N;4 NE h". D*; iW;* ej*~ MF O! ! 8. :`~9 = K+% ,-!2L A e 3N OC 4 :3N;4 N' i ,% T BC i28~ OP A < 6X! < 3N 8 ,! K<N !84 2s FE 6 FGE A K<N* 6X*! 3N; K -" L [ 7 OF! NE ,$ 31 SC ec< Iz ) -;;< 67 = N*'N 8^* 6 _* ,i*+V! /*" 82 8V7 67 ; i8! " A A A e8< +E7 N+» 67 ,6(8; Luis Cardona s** 7 **[7 )4N** ** a**¸5 )**T = *!9 /* ' "+ K+4 $kx ! 3N 8 6 _ < ,Castro FS h" e©<9 $L /" 4_2 $! $X4 $ Q MF 6(8; hW ! A A /G4 J ,8GT 08< ] BC 3N 8 EP 6 ,7·" A -%*+! *%48] 8" ec<9 NU BC 3" K% ¹qx NQOU e p i8! e p )4N © e p )4N f@!‫"א‬# 6X*! 3*. ,-*48T )*T 8*7 *; Julio Cortés )N7 NN~ " `* 0n* $*N;4 *" * N. ! bz ,-%48] 0Y c+ = 3N 8 e% FE = 6N :=38E E /= L&/E @R!\ '8I t?-¡ Ä*; *¸ 6 ±X*Y /" K \"N 7 x< N#s" b# -*4<N \4* /*" Ê*%" -ENx*" -q 5C NE " c L 6 ;4 e-;! $* ,-+^N $"N. -4[ a8G4 67 3N 8 6X! _~ . E FGE 6 * ,[* F*E = e-*G" 3*%2 = 08& = "C h+ 31+4 67 A − i+V! = b*. n*! 3N 8 E_~ "+ -R~ $! i". " 3 6 _ −V" N*N~ 6*7 *" e*N /*! -*. K&* *h%48;! S* 67 ,08< ] -*. 6 z $+G ,8GT )T 8G ,cN 8 U / r8q )kN7 e /" OP 6 3. h E o -*G N* *! !8* Ny*! *7X ,F*E ! 2s 3< . *N /*! -. -qY BC 8~ 8" `x ,-;! DG = 02 " |! (1) El Corán, traducción de Julio Cortés, Herder, Barcelona, 1998, p.22. NQPL ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ *29 *" /*" *4 6*7 -*. 6 *;4 Ä; R < ,K& A 8*E BC *; ,O*P *! e6(8*; = $*4 " 8G4 MF h+;4 e48" N 31+! $y! ,Ð+ + -x% BC 1* \! s5 < BC ' 3N 8 6 BC Y i8! n+! e¾F( 8 E%4 67 K -S£ KE ,8S %. +" [N*t /*" 3N* 8 8*; 6N#s 05·E b# ; ,8S ! " *' 0N*Y cN*' ¦8T ,v 8^X" B -<8" = -+4 ec L j+ ; h+" . [ /G ,[Nh ; 8hW $*T.N" Ì BC 3N 8 b[ ,64[Nt 6"~< `V7 $ 8^ 6 67 *h{ 3N* 8 6@* ,N*! *E2 $X! $ $ [Nh [; c" eh+" A 5 *±9 ,T* ¡ n ' hT' ,$N D8 Ì $T48&! e6(8; = a " FE ;$+" uY 6NhT4 3N* 8 6@ – 2s 3N;4 – $ 6[84 7 [Nh 84 J "+ c*' 3*! -*%; a*¸ `] ,h ¦; -'8T &4 ! 48G N*7 -*+4 = * 6X! 3. $@ ,)kN7 " e6" c! 0NY e p ,K+ NQPM f@!‫"א‬# &** |**! [N**h [** ** ,°**; i**! BC h**%. = 6N**h4 e-+4 = /42N * K* [* -N*zN /*" 0Ð 0TzL $+" -7P - = pN*+! \"N" 8N4 5 $ 7 $@ ,Ä; h";4 K G9 eN /! -. vN' $4 67 K -%; 3N* 8 *; N*"9 !8* [*; BC Ä*; b*4 $R " NE 8*W+ ;* C h7 \"N aFE e-< OP 3N;4 6 6[ ,& e;! +4 n7 -+G 84[ |! = \ K -!8I :@R!\ G& X3?¡O*P /*" *S /*G4 J ,3N 8 \1] /" 1] 6N#s TI4 J b*84 n+*! ! BC N4 MF 3N 8 FE -4N"[ hfC nC ,S ½4X eZ+I 3N& 8~9 ! \1I aFE i78< K % 9 / d4 05·E + e©cNW ² )T+ / m[ /" -" L ` D7 = [N (1) El Corán, traducción de Julio Cortés, Herder, Barcelona, 1998, p.25. =i*zI 3N 8 ` ¸ 6 i< -" L ` D7 6 E< 7 ! NQPN © ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ . e3N 8 h 1G K G Z /" - h! E_ -k -y! 8"X ,$y MN; ,K<N -y OP = I β*Î ùs ( ^ š θ™ ß § 9#$ ρu ! © #$ #( θèã ‹Û Ï &r ≅ ö %è ® 68 3( N /" © -4£ = n7 ,$N e012 +h2 6N;4 N $N4 /" 6 ,⟨ ⎦t ⎪Í Ï ≈3s 9ø #$ =tÏ † ä ω Ÿ ! © #$ β ¨ *Î ùs #( θö 9© θu ?s 7X 6 ! Tq z + °" 3N 8 6 \#s aFE = n7 e$N h! c /" 5 *.< 3N 8 N' N . +#s" 6C ,3N; ++G4 ,-'q7 eK"* C *" M BC mN*28 6[ ,8*~9 \4 K;+" b" "4 e$% c L f BC [Nh \nS 7 1 D*7 = \0*2 K* -*;; %* 9 = d&% B9 /" 67 . 8*4 *" b*z [Nh 6[E 3N 8 e.9 E[84C ,-!8 ` c*. hz ,-4N -+4 h.N;< S /z MF ,-+4 N ! * .N" Ì e- - K+kN" /" E`] V" hV" , e<9 N#s" v Ê K -k% O! a`T /G4 5 ,h+" N*< -* ! E*++ /4F* *#s 6 7 +4 cN eh%<' -qx! Ã4 6 $+G4 " 7 /= NQPO f@!‫"א‬# *! Gx*! c L 3N ` 4; N< ,6(8; h#8 % ¶l ± n7 ,{";" /" B9 \8;T = h+ N^¤ K - -NzN / ,3N* 8 /* & K -" L ` [" ! Z ¦8 N!Ó N*T7 ,O*P = E eOP Ø; - -NzN 6 -&! h NGGY ! N< ,-+G 6< = \ G /" 48G 3N 8 / . " 8G! ey N N -2NN44C j $qY J" -]' [C :=!V A !' 6H! −p *< /* 8N* \*"N 6 * -%* L -*4N!s ¢E*+ jT e/48~£ 0%9 / +' K \"N 7 /" -.[ 8V7 48G 3N 8 O* N* *T *S * 5 * N" & Ò ) FE [*" = *2N 3N* 8 *< 6 * n+! ,29 = -'U \YL ed4 ` D7 = 6(8; BC -zL! 8~ /* hV4*< % ± d< $. = $ 5 i.N )T = h+G OF*! -*y& 8*W *h * K* -*;y+ /* d4 6[ 3N 8 82* H8* :*%. /" -ukU -;% N °8G \&y" -" NQPP ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ ,-4[N* = -*G" = *N; [N;4 67 MF x -G" = [NN N; e3# N. = =T by;4 67 MF 28 -*" c* L 3N* *< = T 6[ \% aFE > e;! hC l K -Gh N O \*Y "*+ < , + -+4 $. / & 5 ± n7 4x* Í48*. | - DG 8G e8! OP 67 ¢E+ |! S eOP _» -G" /" K%+ r8q! $y!s -4& N *¸ 69 -4[*. - % 9 b2 OP 6 BC h! `x n+! : ¹+ = n7 08;T $!&' K%+ j48y Ny. E%7 -G" *4[" *!k -*78& *y *" N*E ,0y*! 08*; *Z9 $*% 67 Nx4 " FE eh8! 0+]9 -G" ¸ c. ; FS ,-k8; È ,-*;y+ -4[*.5 -*n25 m*z9! c L Nhf !84 F" ec M; K+4 b!y KI4 (1) Varios autores, Jonc: Llengua Catalana, 1º Bachillerato, Ed. 62, Barcelona, 1993. J. A. Álvarez, Historia de las civilizaciones y del arte, ed. Santillana, Madrid, 1992. NQPQ f@!‫"א‬# = [N*2N" `] -%Z] -G" = 3N 8 < DN2 /" `VG i7 PC b*z = $*C cN*; c*G< "9*! $+G %+ $;q7 - ¢E+ /*" \%! FE -T' $8E / G DG aFE 7 6@ ,[N 9 8 8*^ O*P -*2 ,X*" / d&% KT+ 8T 8S :%. c* L *! F* /*EP = !8*4 *" N*E e* *Y8; [y" e8T cP? *h+ 0*2 *" 7 `V7 h+ G J - DG - sT " MF* e*& - * \Q*L $* " 0N - 67 MF* ©8V4 = -+4 -"NG& jy Z; +4[ Z. $_ 8*41 $%*Y \*< -G" ¶2! i". -4N. -48G N. x¡ 6 my e$; i¤ -!8 \8;T! \02 n+< hz -2NN44C ¥ J pN+ |! 6C ! :-y* /*" 0Ð * *< "+ ² 7 8 FGE :V" (1) (2) Varios autores, Mundo y sociedad, 6º Primaria, ed. Luis Vives, Madrid, 1990. Varios autores, Activa, 2º Bachillerato, ed. Vicens Vives, Madrid, 1998. Equip Cruilla, Mon contemporani i fe, 2º Bachillerato, ed. Curilla, Barcelona, 2000. NQPR ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ = *4 O*P 8* eee-*. * cN*h -* ;" -E >8~ ± + 8hW4 D*7 $*! \0*2 * 8y~ FE e$ 8! N%;4 J /4F [Nh z $. )* · K* K*E D*G aF*E 69 y* N 68; 6%E D7 #s B9 F*% m1* ,%;* = cN* $* $y BC cN F 8W+ e_G + h+" ¹q & /" 6NG K c L 3N< $N *¸ \.* = E[84C h. /" <9 ! NE h+" 8y~9 -. = -'~ ,OP ! h DI D4 -uk~ \+. BC 4 F *% ej*y+" BC G*¡ 5 21" aN2 ±C d< [Nh +! 3N 8 = ;!* 4*<N 4* * b*k . 67 3N 8 6 / d4 c* L ! i". . DG /" `VG 6 8 ,08& jk+" ! aT *+ [N*h |* 6 *! : ¹+ -%+! 3 NE n7 S 4[" i! /" -%; Ì! c. c7 48&! h"{! `~9 FE c. , N[ *" *E[ /* i*28~ *. DG |! 6 ! ,©-G" BC °; $* *SC % K - -.8T! i X c L 3N< -. cG< (1) (2) L. Coronas, Mundo y sociedad, 6º Primaria, ed. Luis Vives, Madrid, 1994. Gallego, J., Historia de las civilizaciones, 1º Bachillerato, ed. Magisterio Español, Madrid, 1999. NQPS f@!‫"א‬# e-NzN - -h+ =+4 FE , N" $C / -*;.[ -&*z N*' 8 5 -% L - ¢E+ 6@ 5#C *l K* -*ukU G9 N -%] s2! i". ! c L 3N 8 e` 3N< -% L \!G 2 = \02 K -;! ;+ = hC cN*; E* -&& - hTf DG aFE M[· 6 ¦N H8* *+R MF ÆkU K2NN44L /&x KE " ! 8~ -TfN! e-uk~ -8" $8 -k%! ±9 c -4[" 52 ! 2 ¢E*+" -*!7 [*@! %;* [n* 6NG K 329 aFE cN; = 6* = 8*+ F*GE h K hT 0y~9 h 8G - [ e-4± 5 " BC -]8T -; aFE *** NQPT ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ 9 = 48*G 3N* 8 N*' *"" b*% 3*< MF d&% FE i%^ ®*L ½4* = *G9 \48W+ /" `VG Ì 6 -% L \!G $*%+ c* 8*W+ O* )G+4 J cN Ny /"1 c;! 8^X" eM[ /"V 68; = EÌ+! ! K mN*zN F*E = 6NV<*% 6*7 PC *" /* 3Ì* BC b4 " FE ¢Z* BC 3N*'N 5C 8*&% F*E 6N*zN 5 ± c - -. 6N~N4 = m?* *%. 6*EP9 = E*& -n -q = EÌ+! -;! cN* 6 /*" ]8* * h*T 0*y~9 \8*7 \*!G ,h -*Y BC K2NN4*4L D* j*z /*" i*; *. *"N -L e- -NzN *+7 -%* L \*!G = -*4N%+ `* / -4Ò -& G i7 e8I! c L -. = 42 -<8" BC ) X BC hZ /" K"8 *** NQPU f@!‫"א‬# ))Y W$?9‫א‬$-9\‫אא‬W T /*" ,®%* L >?* 5 \N* = c L ,MÊ <N % e[ e©¯¯ ,-" 141 % O -%G" ,°N^! ( BC )NN N4 6N*~ /*" & ®% L >? 5 \N ,MÊ <N % e[ © \*!G = -*4N%+ `* 3N*< - + ,)kN7 NN~ BC )4 e©¯¯ 48! ©¬−©© ,)4 ° -"2 ,-% L e! ?+4 J d&! ,32 K%+ K%k8; % N^8! N4" 4N" 3N*< -* + ,-9! p 3N 8 ²+4 "+ K41S [ ¬ e©¯¯ 48! ©¬−©© ,8I ,)4 ° -"2 ,-4N%+ ` ec ©¯¯ :6+ ,K. [ ,N%2 62 ,H8I yU = 8~£ BC 8W+ ª e\`! ,Ù [ ,c¯¨*E¬¯ − ,`V7 /!5 W 6(8; `T ³ s* 0*<C ,KZ*+ D*Y /*! * /8 % H ,KZ+ /+ e*E¬ ,\`! ,H8 $y%*z ,K*T M*q% n C /! % H c"L ,Mq% &' o -"n ,c¯−*E ¬¬ ,¬ ,I% Ty" ¨[ $zN" 8G 87P $. ejx"[ ,b4QN ?+ -%y `V7 /! [ ,b4QN ?+ -%y e8E; ,d4 [ ,M[!Q`T /4 & °N"; NQQL ‫א‬:E‫א‬%2#.M‫א)אא‬ W$?3[‫א‬$-9\‫אא‬WT ?V (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) El Coran o la Biblia Mahometana, Vicente Ortiz de la Puebla, Ed. Juan Aleu, Barcelona, 1872. El Corán, traducción de Juan Vernet, Editorial Optima, Barcelona, 2002, El Coran y El Talmud, Tr. Luis Cardona Castro, Editorial Mateu, Barcelona, 1965. El Coran, Edimat Libros, Madrid, 3 3! " Na N! -'/ " El Coran, Tr. Julio Cortes, Herder, D.L., Barcelona, 1998. Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia Española, Vigésimo primera edición, Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 1992. Antoni de Monserrat, de. Joseph Lluis Alay, trad. Ramón Sala Gili, Viajes de un jesuita catalán del siglo XVI por la India, Paquistán, Afgánistan y el Himalaya, Lérida, Editorial Milenio. Delgado León, Feliciano, Álvaro de Cŕodoba y la polémica contra el Islam, El Indiculus Luminosus. Córdoba, 1996 Gallego, J., Historia de las civilizaciones, 1º Bachillerato, ed. Magisterio Español, Madrid, 1999. J. A. Álvarez, Historia de las civilizaciones y del arte, ed. Santillana, Madrid, 1992. Jean Damascene, Ecrits sur l'Islam, ed. Raymond le Coz, París. José de Montero Vidal, Mahoma, su vida y el Corán, T. 1, Madrid, Editorial Reus, 1927. Juan Andrés, Confusión de la secta mahomética y del alcoran, edición y notas de Elisa Ruiz García, Mérida, Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2003. Karen Amstrong, Mahoma, biografía del profeta, traducción Victoria Ordoñez, Tusquets Editories, Barcelona, 2005. L. Coronas, Mundo y sociedad, 6º Primaria, ed. Luis Vives, Madrid, 1994. Monferrer, Juan Pedro, Tipología apocalíptica en la literatura árabe cristiana. http://st-takla.org/pub_oldtest/Arabic-Old-Testament-Books/32Daniel/Sefer-Danial-Chapter-07.html Varios autores, Jonc: Llengua Catalana, 1º Bachillerato, Ed. 62, Barcelona, 1993. Varios autores, Mundo y sociedad, 6º Primaria, ed. Luis Vives, Madrid, 1990. Varios autores, Activa, 2º Bachillerato, ed. Vicens Vives, Madrid, 1998. Equip Cruilla, Mon contemporani i fe, 2º Bachillerato, ed. Curilla, Barcelona, 2000. NQQM f@!‫"א‬# |! NQQN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L "‫א‬:L Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%&‫א‬P*‫>א‬ )))) H S. KK NQQO f@!‫"א‬# ‫א‬ NQQP Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L E \<NT b" /"1 2 8G%" i. = K%+ H9 8GT 8 *2 §*. /*"Q = iI! ,c8 °8T Nk_"C izN. K _G N* i K -78 aFE ixE[ . e!8] .l 5nY ¦9 ×. n*7 ,0N*! 0N* vN*Y *t8GT" *h+h7 *! - -U - 8 ,[* K*T * F*E c*" ¹;+*! N*Y $T i.N = t \^ $*T<Q /*" NU! |"] NY * 8~ < * $!Y ,KT~ C $%<' e< + ;4 5 MF MF* 4 /4 z MN. 0 BC iN¤ 6 8x aFE iV% " ^ = * -y* *E%! * -*+G i*TG ,$! 8TG4 /4[ |.+4 h%*] c*2 i%' ,$48G 0 FE -4FI * ¾F( b - i; ,-x% -WT = -.8I" N' $ i+ , 3N 6y*Y N*h e¦9 = ?* 1*" *] < $` $.~ $qY /" a*Y ,?* N*. 0* -'~ . $ ,MN"[ ®NhY 8< NQQQ f@!‫"א‬# Ï N** /**" 'N* >Ò ,N**%+ m*" P**7 $** n*7 ,8** * h+" b+' ,+ E! ,aNx" Gx! $% hz8 ^ L = 6N*I+4 ,*G+ D*h+ 6N* n4 x*<N" * l ! 52 K*V% Gx*! ¢E%! m E1Z8I 6+ 6N;y4 F 3< e-4[N ; = -.8I N /" hC " ,MNzN 3**29 S** ** \0** L! -**;V N** aF**E i**f K%x* 3*U *SN< ¢+4 ,08x T· \!7 hq 8 -!9 /*" -*" -*y N*' i&*z *< `k* 9 \*8U /" "N7 $* \8;* ,¶1<14 5 ; II H8I KN = iII ,\n e-NzN" + 6[ -. -;;&7 K* -* -*48GT \N*y `*VG *<9 /*" ]8 c* L K*% N*' 6 5C 4F*2 `*I *h" \`] K ! {hY _* *" NE -E8G ®" G! -N&x" KE n7 if * c $ * ,*4 8* = D* i*Q " -; 8U 6C :$N;! [[C $+ *;+ K* d*&% -I%*' h iTz ,-.? 5 [Nh {Q1 . -*. -*^ N* 0[N* -7s aFE \`^X /" ¹q4 J ,$41+ KNzN NQQR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L N*& N* *+G 8*GT /*" 8*¤ /4F* -T* T /48GT /" $*.~ ,1* $*qY $ N<" ,c $ K%+ C *< hW" /G ,h -+^N \nf /" °+ P;C = a[Nh2 ,- ,b!*'9 °Ì * 64 32 5C OP Ì8R J ,$N%+! s5 / * c* * $* * * N*%+! $n4C / / MF MNN E8hY e8~£ = % 6ÊU , = $ /" 6"8! !% $%. ;$ *{u *{;%k G! h[ K "N /" -# !9 i2 ; N*~ >*kL hÉ ,$[! 8h ^ 3N 8! /W 0 C BC -*"< -*y1! $*; MF ` /" v ,{y E178" -+G x5 [ c L . ,T N2 4 >? = -²+ ,-* 8*yT *h"0" ,hk*! aZ; ¶NzN ;m%9 y; MF* N*U N*E ,-*4[ $*<Nk -<8 6L >NY9 v i*.N = $*; ,h*Y8 /* m Nu{ /4F [; cG BC $8" hT*' /4F* * $*2 = *+" * *; Nx* m = $T *ENG 6 *! - ; Å9 t4 Nz /4F 8&+ +^N! e+ r 6[ $[ N< _. -"8< NGh ,6"8 /" NQQS f@!‫"א‬# /* -*!8I -*+EF h¤ K -y+ N aFE 6 $ OY5 N*Y 6 >*kL * E8y~ hÉ ,`V7 \% i^ . K%+ 0*h ,*h /4* 3*2 *h+hG! 8*" ,h* {[;! 0! ! 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E8*v MF* 4 /4 ¾+E Nx *S 67 K -²+! 6N+44 / h%] 67 ,< \Q $ N~ e4Nk ½4 ,-q c. ¾+E -²*+ -*V >? = -"8 - -V4 * -y1% - i7 * N2 c" b2s ,;48C 3nY cx = h7" ;T iu " * $ 6 *! ,8I* * ( = {²< < ux uY &5 h] K §* K+4* °*L \*2[ *[ BC * c* L Nhf ] * i' \*U i.1" d< ,K.~9 ½T Kn25 3&5 M[.5 eH8* *G [ e?* *y&! J* Ê*~ P" eM+ / N! :b2 e – © p ec¬ * *E ¬¯¬ e e\`! NQQU f@!‫"א‬# ,°N*G DZÃ* *hE7 i*;E ,*S -*zU Nx* 3' -+4 D*.s i*! ,E*z 6*"8 $* n4 6*7 MF Í<N [% 5 hG± *;" 6N*~· * *. ,v* *! /" hx+ 0n /" 1" Ix! J ,6*"8 h"*G< a¸ -.? Nx N. +G /4F ; -E8G h+*" `*V7 -*" *! ,K"* L T*! Ex% 4 N4 6 hT4 e®"8 `+ /" ¹q = " ¤T N2 >*kC "* j* /*" $%&*' *" *7 b*" K" L T b% jk*+ K 3N¤ -4[.5 - JW bz ,-+4 \48& /4* b*" MN*; vN*Y T 3~ /" b!y -" C 6! BC -<NT * 6N h~[ K [% E /" & /" `V7 %. ; :4 /* h*+I -*"G" N*' -*(8; -& = . ,aN;+ c L c*; ,848" ¾8 = >8T aFE i7 . ,hT -& >8T \~ n* ,*U F*E &* +z . ,$;;< -%k 3N< + *7 /*" $¥ -y! N' = < &" 6(8; h+" 6`VG !. ec L! N+"w;\U aFE =eª e8E**; e** [ ec** L = KT**T 8**GT Xx** ex**+ K"** }** NQRL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L D%*! 2N /4[ = N~[ . .? + 6 hx4 ½4 *h28~X ,-*+S -;V hENY 6 ! -²+ Z; F °L -*<8 -*n4L \*2<5 -% / 12 h2 <N -k! / c* L x* :6 Caetani ®7 y4L >? hY d< ,6 -y*T /*" 0* 5! Nx* -* 67 nC -.? )Z+G ! MF* >?* *" eK&* \N*E BC -+S ¶8 h%2 K -%EF /" $ 5! -+S -;V i7 ; ,-y% -&zN GÈ $%&! 8 -*NT *; BC -"* -y% i< ±9 ;-+4 -h2N /*" X* *4 K<N* 0*% 8*"9 8*~( i*E n* eee-4N DEF! i*.1 *41 ÍI! iy~ K -.? -& O J ,08& [! MF 4 /4 FE 08]C -";" [. -~ \";5 T! = * >? ¾8 Fu+< eee-h ¾NGx 7 $!Ó /" -!Ã! e−© p ,c= b*!8 68*; -*4± BC *+ * [8 = K" L 8GT e=? % :b2 e¯ −¬ p ec³ e)N** e?*+ -*N * eM[* l* ¨ M8*S 8*I [ e6*4[9 DEF* ½4* = \Ó* eK%*V 141 % :4 b2 eª¯ −©ª p ecª e e\`! eK" L NQRM f@!‫"א‬# e8 K% 6< = Ã*¤ i*7 K -y1% - h; K -2N \!Ã aFE ,{G /" ;% n a' K" L -"; {1T< - N {8" 8*;" /*¤ i*7 K* *! *y. = ax* c*" +" N.N 6 *! $*+" `*T+ * N*' $4Nx* -*4 \* \% e-4N!% $y*! MF* ®!8 cW+ E" = i;T~ ,6 = $Q+" / \1 a*%! * c* * $* 48*G K%+ 67 e-<NT Å9 i*. = \*! K* \ aFS l% S NE * c 39 - BC i*; *^ ,c* L -*[ h*f /4F* + = 2 8G%" ,-*E8G *; °N*% i*% ,[*< Z* *!k i7 d< -y1! ½4* *! *h+" ,-+G hT; d< ,! BC j48y FE /" i' c* L /* -&* -y+ N iGx :; aFE b" c L K% -*.N! H9 K&* cn*E5 /* -*T \TG! \_ ,¢4! *+ -.?* -& 3~ /" 0% = cnE5 FE jy e-" L eK"* L J* \* [ 1*78" eK"* L J* = `+ -s C en e¬ª pec© e ey" NQRN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L m²* >* = -*h2N c*< b*" -*42 8*V7 [! F¥ ^ ,'9 eQN"8 -+G"9 b.N M K MF* c¬ ** ³³ John of Damascus K;x*" *+<N4 _4 *Z /" ,-T;V" -qx7 h"s<! KW< 3[2 cx = = d! n! , 3N 8 / ! h K -ENx N N /4F *" ¹q*Y $* * 3N* 8 N* \0¡C ' /" $!7 /*" -! Z. ' ,-;x+" -z -² -.8 /" $; ; ,m%" -*%7 c* L Í. . DE8 FE 6 6NV<% ¹q d< ,/4T 6C :3* *%; 5 -*t! -*;;< \*' a`*] BC 8*GT aFE i; * /* ,-;x*+" *8" ,-&" -%7 c L / -NG \N BC h+**" ,y1**% BC 4N** K&**" /**" i**; ,**41" K**%+7 e©!9 e* N K"* L H8* 8GT = 8~£ N' :q 8I e-4 /4 N e© p ec©¯¯¯ e e\`! eH8 =;V 178 e-*8 J* - e[8 ~ :-#8 e-& c L eKGN2 G e p ec³ _N e*E ¬ 8~£ [# ei4NG NQRO © f@!‫"א‬# $*!7 = c * ª 6*N^ K*y1% Ñ·* 6 OP 48*G K*%+ *"" G*Y ,$T . - <9 MF* * Ny* 9 B9 N*yU b*z BC .%* 67 ,$P kL = [N*h b*" *¤ *^ ,-* ; D*G $*4N¤ " + [Nh /" e-²+! Ó *+! $ [8 3N N% |8 K -ENx -!PG N aFE ^,68*GT *G E*! /*" -*+G iN ,! BC i; K KE ¹Z*;+ b*# >*C ,hq* 8 hR8 6N.? `~ ,K%x 3U e}; ¤ ,K + 6[ v -.~9 Ä DV **¯ª© i*+2N 84[ )Z \8!N2 DE8 OP >" 8*4[ )*Z Peter the venerable *% °8*y! DE8 ,c©¬ 6(8*; -*#8 = 8*G /*" 3 6*7 MF* cª³ * ¯© Cluny ®N7 M[ ¾*2 ,©-²*+ -*4 / BC -4E ,$ [8 48G e [*2 3n*7 :-*#8 ea*. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % e³ p e?+ DG - =\Nx*+" e-"* L \* * E8^ -.? 5 8EW er J § NQRP © Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L Vincent De $**N! M[ 6** Ñ·** ,N**GNN! **" ,Ms** -*. * 6*7 MF* - (8 $!7 = c©³¬ * ¯Buffet $*%G" *" 67 ,- [ -% - [. MF b )4N b" - *7 = F*~X _G \! K Ny 9 aFE 'T n7 ,a[5 H8" ** ,c© Guillaume **!8y cN4**2 * **42 [**! 8*" = c¯¯ * ©© Pierre Pascassio N* G ! `*! -*k8] 68*y" * ,c¬ G* NN* " DG ,4& -4l $;" = c©¯ −©¬Ricardo Montecross °8GN*" [G4 DE8 * 6 K*E -*4N -*y; 3N*< {*!7 [ h7 ,6(8; ; $!7 jx* -*+G /*" [8*k K&*" D*E *"C * c* * $* * D*E 4 $ "C ,+ /" ;+ K" L /4 ms~;h+ aF*E 8*& *L N* = *" $*+; $ ,-+G /" [8y" 8&+" e-" L -4? 6(8; h+" r8~ /4* 3*2 /* *hW" = [*' \!G aFE 6 8W+ i 6*7 K* -% 8 r = [N2N BC \8hf ± ,-+G ! e¬ p e r ec e ey" eK" L J \ [ 178"= NQRQ f@!‫"א‬# i*7 d*< ecx* y = ! N2 ! x" E {" . ,8 5 N; 8" -< -u% BC -2&! N aFE /*" $*2¤ n*! p*; G ~· /" hG = /" -+G e$% c L z Í¸ ¢{ ,68*; 8" 8V7X 8V7 ½ s ENx [[1 -ENx N if cThomas D'Aquin K+4N79 "N ? b!8 68; = !; d< e-²*+ /*" h7 -%;" ; 6 14 ,aN;! $. " 7·4 MF 6 c¬ 68*; F*E 3~ Dacona N7[ DG 3< "+ 68*; -k 3N 8 / i. K `k 9 ¹; \48 ;+4 "C 6 :E[T" -'~ BC -4Nk - [ ! h ,$ -;! -!9 / K;k8E Dx 5C NE " c L 6 ,K&" 4 " ,K&" d< ,3 FE ? °[ ? )"U 68; Ô" e-& -* -48GT -h+ /" ]8 6EP9 = 48G K%+ N' Ì J e! {hY K -![9 e³ p ea. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % NQRR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L * ¬ Martin Luther 8^N /" K_ DEF Q 6C ! a%! c L { ,0 -GN^G -+G D' MF cª¬³ = i*I! *. *±X! *hh4 -*+G v 4 -% $+" F¥ ,-;k8E 8& 6*7 ,c* L $*I! MF $T ; -4S / % [T 8&5 a*4C "q*" ,c* L /" .N 42 2PN N]' /4F Z /" c* L *!% :3N;4 d< -GN^G b" + $2 = K% rPN+7 ,-* ; -*+G * /4[ /4 * 8EN d< /" * 6Gx4 J ,$* N*E *!% 6@ ,32 2 V4 c L 67 PC /G * 6C :$*5;" *<C = D7 d< 3N BC 0 L = [[s4 \N'9 i7 ,m²! !" 67 $C ,)!C 0+! 3 NE ,6yx NE 68*; = m²* y*" 67 ,©$z8" /" 012 K< ±X7 h4 K ,-y*Y cN ±X! $ ' n7 ,/ $+G 28 6 a+" y N b*W 6N*" *7 6(8; 6 ,6yx O = 8Z \"N Z' $ e p e-& c L eKGN2 G e e\`*! e?*+ \ -!8 - · e-TT -N N" eM! /8 % © eª p e©r ec¬ NQRS f@!‫"א‬# e\8U D4P79! 0N NE ,$+" °·" 6N*G! )*8 `*%G NT 8hf ? b! 68; -kC b" [[`* `hx* K*%48 ¢h+ D<' c³©³* ª³ Francis Bacon $5;" /" -;" = 87" m[ 2 $ /" 3N / . " -k! G! MF* Hugo De Groot \8*2[ N*2NE O*P = $! e-U En -*N; $*n ih* MF* ,$*+"Q = -!9 \; W /" 4 -*;;< /* -* * d*< ,-*4Nk sT 6N; Ì = 1 /*" 8* -48q* D*4P79 /y! EÈ" c³© c K& /4 :8hx* Q*< *. 67 PC 6 BC 'N ,c $ 3N 8 )* °*+ $*% 0*2 $* ,$x*<N $!] $.Ê! 8hY . $@ ¦9 D*q 5C \X*4 J $*+4[ 6 ,$*&2 N;! /G $1" 6y! e$T 0"! -* 9 {*. , 9 b# = Z -y+ N aFE i;! c*" * 5 *; *h%;4 5 D*4P7 -*; ¹*. -4NTY \8~ [* /*" s*.5 * Ì8*R J * aFE -k !9 69 ,jy+ e©© p ea. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % NQRT Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L $*+ i*;T *" EÌNE h i" n! NT7 ,h mk5 -" L 5 jZ;< -!V! \] <,EN.' ^ °+ ! ENY cE /" ±EP e|;+ b¥ 5 3 %; MF* -.? ^£ .? ½4 J.H.Hottinger 8+NE 7 " 3N* *< 3*+ K* \!G = 5N¤ V" ; ,c³ªc 8hf 3*< ,*%2 -* \*4G `k* 9 ¹*; ¾8 $9 ;$n -¸ K" L /4 -;;< _ -" L [ /" -N» [n5 6 ¦s*T4 6*7 K* [ /" -# $k /" ]8 e$% ` J O*P 6 5C ,-*;V $u! $ {N' n7 5 KE n7 -" L -;; $ }¸ ,P*G K%+*! 8*" *7 = a*4C T*' 3N N%+ f ,¡ -*;k8S /*" °*%.5! *h{ K* -_ z $GN^7 / " **7 ** MF* Prideaux **48! M8T"**E -*![ ** ** e-"* L -*4Nk -*Z. b*z ,-*;; 2 -%k m[q < * $* BC *Y ,$*!7 X* = *h+" [T* K -" L DG! J* = v ) X K -;48y c j.[ K ! c; E2 K* -;%* c*G<9 -*Tk 0*Y9 /*" 4 ½4 Fv 6 6[ NQRU f@!‫"א‬# e!9 ! \? S**4 6**7 K** 8~** ¹**; 2**E $** /**" ]8** ** 0y*% 6N&* *hQ+4 :±X! hT' ,48G K%+ 3N< 6N!9 b*! D*4P79 BC 6X*4 OF -;;< 6NhR /4F 6N& 5C ,©E -#h -~ -& / 6NV&%4 /4F Ou9 0 N; °*+ $*~ i%V 3N /4 K D4P79 z9! $!7 È" $ J ,-²*+ * 0*; [N*h b*" $T¤ $4l -ET $ 4Q 8yx* 6*7 :3N*;4 d< Í<N + -k8T -Nhx! $"{ = [[s4 *R 67 ,-]% cW c^£ 4x -<!L! 4 < /" 39 $*% 6*G 6 61+ i7e0" >8EC Dh+ D = `%7 -" -*4Nk_"L 0*+% $G* MF* MN" % 67 ,Nhx ¶Ny É * *k. *[ \`*VG $*2Q i*7 ,B9 -1+ k [ [*G4 5 e$*"8! $*+4[ *kC * 68y 61+ 6 b.N ,-V -1+ ¹+*4 ,0"* -*.C N*. /" 6N. 87P /" N 6(8; 3N /" e© p e$T b28 e p e$T b28 © NQSL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L e0+ l" = -;y -48 , $78 MF W 8^9 8G+4 6 $!7 -~ = by4 J $+G $*T *] 8y*z ,* $*~ $*.~ -*^"[ 8*G+4 6 by*4 J n7 a8*] c* ,$*; -*+y $x*! Q*" :*. 3N* 6X! s NV W ! 6G" $ 6NG4 6X! a8] /" - -2! ,$! x \" " /4? -! = -4Nk_"C Xx . ,J h8 /4F *. ,h+" 8V7 ! c -ZnÖ F+" -"8 -4Nk_"L h¤ K jk+ e©hW r = KE 4 68; - N -G O \8 * <N*z 8*V7 K* Gx! K%+ ` -!7 N& FE 8hf /* *7 * MF c * ³³ Roland Adrian 5 64[ D*G *! *. ,-" L ; -'~ 6(8; $!7 M& /4 -.[*' N*' * 3& - -! Nx -;; D&! N" $44 ! ";" ,! = nh+ Z T 0£ -x.+" ,$% c eNy* -*7l e®*+ * ² -k :-#8 eK%+ ` : e¢8+" /47 e8E; e * p ea. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % NQSM © f@!‫"א‬# /*G /*" h ,6N& $T4 n7 V! +4[ c L 67 PC :3Ì FE -*'8T N*7s4 6 $*Z8. * ¶s*. ,?J* _* m*%9 *4" R 6 /*4[ Gx* [*4 6 /*G4 5 $*9 ;hTX! h+4[ S NT4 6 K* -;%* c*G<9 D4P79 b# F% BC [ ^ ,$Z ' D< -&*z jZ*;&! S%* ,6(8*; 3N< 6N!9 G h * N*.N $N x7 m% /4 FE -#h" + +4 < -*4 /* a*! ,*4 4*; /4*h /*" $.Ò % K /kN * /*& bz 2 -< = 6NG < :-& hV K -&& /*" h#*± < ,-+;" -;y+" -;48y! b" N< = * & e©-[9 ¢ /" [! ;^ <Nz 8V7 Gx! 6£ BC * c* * $* * 3N* 8 BC 8*W+ 6 /*" ]8 8~** ¹**; `k** 9 \**8U c**7 6 5C ,`**I J c** L -*%q+ * − *.9 * − %*" i*! ; h%;4 5 K D4P79 -%x* \*;%y *+ S< if 6C ,-<8 aFE ! ! = -T;V e¬ p e$T b28 e¬ p ,$T b28 © NQSN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L `k* 9 *4[8 * Ì8*R 6 OP ! < ;! /G4 J OF :- N 6X*! 8k 6 6[ 68. ? F+" ! = i K D4P79 -7s e0+"9 T;V -7N&z %4 /4F* .? -TZk -!9 -48GT -< \8hf OP ! ;-!8I -+EF = 3N N' Gx = 2 1" -<8" 6NV4 j&! >? 5 V" ; e °N% EN% ¢E+" D /" aNG n! ,c* L *z *v8< = E N;! -+G Q Y MF /49 *;! 6*7 -*4% F*+" aN*hf 69 ;48*G K%+ N' $4Nx E = `*+ m?*" c*q N*y *^ ,H8*I J* = K"* L `^X* ;4C -nx* -²*+ *+2 -!V! N7 /4F 6N.? Î8T d< e© = H8*I 6* $*% 4*; c* L -* -!9 -% 6 Q *Y * *! ¾N" b" -+G i :41 -I! -ENx" N' hT* * 39 hT* 6*7 K hh" = S G .? e¬ p ,$T b28 8*GT K* h \Nx+" e-4N%+ ` = >? 5 e+ "9 % © e p ec * *E¬ e e-G48"9 & \45N e+28 eK" L NQSO f@!‫"א‬# e% 4`x% 8~£ = iI! . ,5£! i! < -.? 5 \T· 8N H8** >?**! **+ **7 ** ** :cª¯ BC /**" s**T 6N!8I v b%x K -ukU ET ½ 8 = # ih . ,©a< *W h%*] = 6N.?* 6*7 ; ,OP = D 5 eN _ *. ,-²*+ %* °+ Y /" ,q {F" -+G DZ! aF*E 8^·* 6 K*%y /*" ,$*% *;< c* L a87 hNTk F+" N^ K+k*% K* * I* 6 ,{*h2N hT.N" = # \^N ** h.*" N%**7 *+E /**" ,hN*zN" h** 6[ 3N*& -*;%k 3 /*" H *7 *+ 6N"X*" :>?" G ,-!9 Nx >*" ,$N;4 " 6N"X" ,°+ È# /" 2 8~( BC - 6%E8 \N* -]*' = 8*^9 _*7 :>?* 6*7 OF*! e$*N;4 n e³ p e r ec e¬ e8E; e [ e6N.? eK;; D [ e/4?* 68*; /*" 39 *+ = § >? 5 e ² Ty" © e pec³ _N e% e)!8k e8. =-* eK"* L ½4* /* !8*I \!7 = ¢h+ eD4 [N W % NQSP Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L 68. " c L 0QC 8I .N" Gx = c L / -!9 $ * 3N 8 c E0 6@ [Nh 6N.? " e4 e-"N" -"NhT" n FE = E[Nh2 ,Nhx" 8" * c = -*V4 ¢E*+ *! i& K -.? 5 -2N 6@ OF \*4G i%* *±C *! ,*4! \X* J r+* 5 & - i*%^ K* 48*G K%+ / 3 i7 K 8~ ¹; -8U °?* cN*S ,-Z \"{5 /" 42 ¢+! ,h2F h4Ny /*" G Y 67 OF ,-;; 0% i¤ Æ% K ¢h+! s4 MF /*" ]8* * .?* 6C :j* $*! |< k%! 3[R $9 $;! 6C e-;%** c**G<9! %x** 8**V7 N**7 -N**zN -** h48**hW" 68*; = h* -·*" /*" 8*" ;^9 [ FE = h·" = 6*7 n+*! *7·" }*' b*28" M t 8N4 J /4F ! = NU `*%7 *%2 6 n7 E[YC [; [ 7 %48; 05·E M4 3+" e**E¬ ®V b! e e8y. e-+4 6·x -? 7& - Z e-"9 7= e¬¯ p e¬ p ,K" L ½4 / !8I \!7 = ¢h+ eD4 [N W % NQSQ f@!‫"א‬# e-4+ /" `VG! !9 /" ±8. a? b28 O /" 4?* d4* -*4N%+ `* N [ /4F .? 8hY /" >?* J. Schacht i~*Y 4QN2 E.G. Goldziher 8tQN2 $Y " 7 MF W.Montgomary Watt \ M8"NI+" ®y4_ /*" 3N 8 E; -² -4[Nt \;T [8» c L 6 /" aN;! 5 $*N% 6 ,-*+4! -4[Nh - /" * ;<5 * ^ ,K& N /! -. -*' *S *G 8G%4 6 my MF >U $~ m!C /" 6NG 6 $ 31 $ [ MF 08< ] BC a0N 6 ,M?% [N2N -;! -; *< 6 8* $ "+ ,-G" 8< /" 8 67 nC $ K<N -*. ms~* 3 < b N = V4 -4[.5 -Gx N*E n* Ox*4 :-*4N%+ `* *< b $z8 = NE ,N - 8*"9 -*;;< = 6T.N ,FG BC 8. NE " >4 ,> BC 8. c*S BC H*RL a*< Q*4 MF* *;+ -* KE < - 6h2 e©OGx KT+ e¬ p ea. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % =-*!s DG" e-" L -!8 \ = .? ¢E+" eT· /" -N» © NQSR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L Carl Brokelmann 6n78*! 37®9 >? * 4 * h+" *z ,*+ [Nh /" $N[ 3N'9 K%+ °%. a! Q MF \8*~ 8*G *±X! $*N% Ê* ,!% "£ °8T \`^X hC K<N* BC a1* u*Y b $ /" °+ / n! E4 ^ $T = i BC b*y ^ ,8 [! 8y 67 KZh+ _79 $E 6 ,Mn * 8* /* $* ,N* - 8GT! $% r8q OP /" ! $* < ,-+4 = $%X! i7 K -4[.5 -Gx & $T Z+I 08]C -";" / $nk \1 6 ! c8 8hY9 = 3; & = $*E j*;¤ = x* "*+ ,n*h" % h+" $T+ 2 K -W e_~ -+I 8 -48G - = [. -%4 Claude Etienne M* 6*C [N*7 *8T >?* h+*" ,-*8T BC 48*G 6(8; -#s h7 < D7 MF Savary -*4[s 8* 8412 3N< 6 ! 3N 8 6 -;^ G! 8;4 NE eª p , recª e¦48 e¢U 3 H8= 8*GT K* h \Nx+" e-4N%+ ` = >? 5 e+ "9 % eª−¬ p eK" L NQSS f@!‫"א‬# KSC G! $"N. r8U = 8G 6X! }%; a» ) 0 C G Í*E[ b4*! *W * a[ 6(8; X ; C N" N V" %*' -*< 8*![ ,-*! -* h*;4 6 3*! -*% aN! 8 *^ *" O*P * 8* ,6(8; \4( /" [ [ 8hW4 E;! \*4£ * 0n d4< = G&4 %' <5 Fv ,-+ /4? ,-*!G 08; 84 5 $X! 8EW $ n7 ,\! 8W b" > °*+ /* ,8^· K%+ -S b+ ,-; $%EN" OP = 8y*4 6 = F*T $48;% 1 $%EN" $ . ,4_2 NE $" 6 * F*E *V4 f ,0n! $ $N%+! hÉN4 °NT+ 3N; e\N \8G = NE < -8! G! **!9 0** i**%V = 6N.?** $**% MF** `**yU ** 6C = *4 68. 3~ b¸ MF -E8G ; 61 -4FI , K%+ -* [* /* *! [*!C = `*%7 "h* C h . h NT >n $*N% >*' *Z5[ S i%V , 3N -W / S xG K -;; ?*+ N [ e6N.? h8< 7 -4N%+ ` e} W % :b2 ec¬ * *E ¬¬ e e-4+G L eb4QN b%y NQST Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L .?* *W" * D* /* :8*] 5 ,$*(8. N $+4[ - *± N*+4 6 * 6N+4*" E8*V7 * c* L -* ! Ix* *+ *; *V" ,E*+T4 h#t ,-²+ = - Z; 8G+4 +4[ 6N 4 /4* 6 N+4 6 h D /" $ n7 e0T D ; ,dV K*E e*h < >? [! /" `V7 = -²+ Ô. . K" L MF* i*.N = :$* ¶²*4 *< KGN2 G h4 K -;; `k** 9 O**GT d**V $** H8**I \"** L ** $** **7·4 K+4** s** = -** -Tq** ¹**; -**8U \**4G Á F*E \"* L * 6 * ,K.? /*" nq*z [* a*! G*Y N* n*h" uY T4 J ,c L 3N< 4 -!8I \8U `k 9 -*y+ D*N; \*8U ,-4; z9 - -I%' Tz $ -*%]9 6 KNzN" d<! M <4 +E /" ec L / -; -!8I /" Nq4 J /4? 68; Z ? b 68; K.?" /" -;y l*%" *¡ EÌ* 6*7 0N* ,c* L *z -*h2N -;% .N *7 -* eM* m²* -*48GT -*TU >? 5 e>1.Q M [N e©p e*E¬¯¬ Ù 8T' e© e8y. e-+4 6·x -? 7& - Z e-"9 NQSU f@!‫"א‬# e-" L Nx a¸ ¶5 c! 4 67 c ,T+ Gx* E*+ h -<8" 8~( KE >? 5 -2N" % /G4 [*" ,3* F*E = {T·" 8V7 D%! , 3N 8 N K 0*T7 ,/4?* 68*; /*" ®*V *+ \Q*¸ -4Nk sT E[Nh2 n*! ,y N 68; 3~ i X K -%x {87P /" i^ n! ! 3N* 8 * E;< M8 E8] Å8 \"N" /" 6N.? S c. %*' *; e* z - Sn9 -"G -? Ky ,48G 5 *E ,>?* 5! h! 8G! / 6NT" * -<8 aFE ! * 6N!9 -*"! c* L /* *±N7 K* * -%* $%G" /" 6Nh+4 6 XT4 e-'q! $% *** e¯ª p e-& c L eKGN2 G NQTL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L K"#A?`،92‫א‬RD‫] 'א‬%‫א‬02/,WT ?V = b!* -*!9 -*q = 3N 8 N' $F¥ MF Gx 6C * B9 -*W& F*+" * *!9 6 OP ec L BC ! 8W /" $' N*T ,K*SL a*" * T -# * 8G /4 FE BC h N8 K *; 69 ; * *! 0n* /" 31 K< ¾+E 6NG4 6 k. T -;; O4 MF <N /4 KE -²+ 6 vN. /G K -q 8 *" *7 , * * = *¸ MF* /! NE a" 69 -;y ek! 3z Nh $T $* NE 3N 8 / $F~X4 m%y 3 6 K%y /" 67 OF $* i*+! MF* ° 9 N& cNhT FE V" . eN%+ 0[ = P7 3*~ x* *. e*! = K%+ N' h» = iGY K ET b# -* [*. /4F* b*Zy E N7 PC * 39 c; = 6%E8 /" + D*. /*" X* i*;V% K -" L 8EW ¶? * OGx D4FG c*G<C ,-* N*; j< h% 84_ ,-!8 08& 3*U F*E / jT . e§. /"Q = J /" - Y y. {8y `*T , 3N* `*" * i*< K* ¹; /" `%7 [ NQTM f@!‫"א‬# \u -Y \!2C `N v;J D. = a8; K" L m e-%.s -Nq 8Z 6EP9 3N; \È" K \5Ì °NT = h 8] -²+ y. p8< K - 9 -"N 6C 6*4[9 -*;! *V" *+4[ )* c* L 6 K*E 0N* cG Nx * jx* 8*&+ *+ |*! /*" -yY - NE ! ,-;! -²* -*;k8E 6N*G4 6 4 5 Nh ,+"· ! -%% <C ®²+ * * * $*E MF* *!% /" ;+4 6 [ j DE h1 r8*~ *^ `k 9 D4P79 |! nhC z ,4 4; /4h e6(8;! °+ = 3N* $*!. MF `&! DE8 -. /" 05·E F¥ . *;y+" 6*"1 8*~( K*% \n* $ N cx BC -4 $< <C \T* -*.~9 Ä* b*# D*E8 Fv N; ,{0[ 7X K* `k* 9 /*" *"7 $N< N ,-8&+ Px \7N -u b* * 8~ ,aN D%! -+G /" [8y" %E aN * Nx BC $ -4N!% §87 /" c8< Ï "+ /4! -8 BC $2N -4+G L ¾848y! a[8k %E 8~ ,h+" ;+4 + NQTN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L MF* * Nh 3N<9 7 = ,4 /4 FE msq -!8 841 DEP 6% L 6%E8 < 6C ! ,T4 3N;4 " BC aY H8 K%+ S = -²*+ x* *. /* 12* -F $. 6 ¾[ 6yx 6 BC ,**4 4*; /4**h *! y* -**;< *V4 **!7 ms~* ,>?* G " ,$P 6yx -%k /" y 84? -4I aFE 29 cq e 32 [ R MF Nh N " ,6(8; Nh 6 K*E ,3* *%; 5 -*;;< *!9 >n* = \8; OF! $]**' ** kx** >**T 6N**8&+ 6** ,**ZQ /**4[ c** L &* 6C :J* [N 5 < h! -; -²+ $2 = N.N 6 *S G¡ 67 /4F ,-&& ; E< t 6 6;4 /4F c* L _4 6 ! 5 67 c L [" = E . K;k8S DE8 FE -y*Y \08*]C $ ,-& / 42 >;x7 /G ,42 /47 ) e©$ [< 5 8] -± mnk9 -4?! dN! (1) Philippe Hitti. Islam and the West. A historical survey. London. 1962. p 50 e p ea. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % NQTO © f@!‫"א‬# 3**U **2 ,N**; 3N**; = \**"N aF**E \8**. 6 **! e-*48 EÌNE S 3N n7 3N 8 84N T+" H9 N**; ,$*+4[ x* ,$*% 8*VG &*z `*T N*y4 6 *!5 6*7 6n*4C N2X ;68. /" . = h%7 K -4[.5 - -48G ?* N*. 0* 8&* * -;Z . /" $! 14 67 " BC $! °+ * b*; -*" [ d%~ 87" ,8E" m[ ,84l 8< Nh ,mU N*^ *S r8*~ ,$C K<N4 O" ± °+ EN $P /" D 8;+ $T7 ,6(8*; N*E *!7 $*8. ! bz 0" 8. ! /"Q F+" $z |! Xx*+" \P %2 [" N. N% :. !9 6C KGN2 3N;4 -**~ D**Z j**~ ** -**;Z \**. $%**7 ,**W M8&** K**+2 ej9 M[ °+ -" -h F;-É *S b*zN aN*% $*! N*+"( \1 aFE /" °+ ÍE "+ e-*"8& \Nhx* Í<N*T \*;!N *7 h S < -8&+" -4l *± 1*4 ,m 0n*]C \5< $!+ i7 OF ,kx! NG" 67 eª p e-& c L eKGN2 G NQTP Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L BC 8*. *% -*4G aF*E 6N.?* 7 . e0n! $ ¦8 -*< N* K* `* *< NI* d*< ej4* h ; ¦89 aFE 6 |48 Sq! N+ ,K<N $X4 n+< 3N 8 ;* 8*hW! $*% c*" 8*hW4 5 *< em²* ¦8! $!'C 7· e0n K< ; KN / DI4 \!N+ aFE 0+^ $ hÉ = 3N 8 3N< iG< K \48 ¹; c7 = +"X 6C X*T 5 ,*SN< * _*7 * -*^^ [N*2 * + H9 3U ; ,-+^N -%+! " e+ hV^ ,-Nhx h^ ,-+^N S eE8G 8* 5 c+*'9 *% -*+^ -*TZk * 6 !8*I >n = 8; ! $ $28 ,DEP /" 5V 6yx $ b+' . K%+ 6 ,jU NE ,z9 \0[5 N O4 5 41" K% $ ,$ 8~£ 42 mN $ c L N' ´ ,$P 6yx NE ! : [" 8< e©-+^N /" 42 Ó $ -& -4[Nh -;k8S /" e¬ e8E*; e* [ e* *< e*GE < := OP 'T b2 eE! " ª p e³¯ p e-& c L eKGN2 G NQTQ © f@!‫"א‬# e*!9 \!7 = & " $ 2 ; ,+! K%+ c{ " 6N*V&%4 [x ÂI $% b" -!8 841 02 = 5N" aN' . ¼"* 6 ^ e\21 /" 41 Ò9 Z+I ¾ / n+*< t* 8N* *. 3*; 8* BC $xy , 3N 8 -4N"[ *&2 *± * J* mN*! = c* L \? K T N2 N' -Nx*U * \n*W `*" * E! . E[N+2 6 ,-x<N cW ,*v N*G *EN%h+ -*+"£ Nx* * *h;k ,- ?* -fWT `*T] [* N*. , _. N[ ,0;x - h;48k = NQ OF*! ,K"* L 1*I 4&z Ny; /4F 6n4L 0hY + /" ,-"* L -*4 * ·" ²*+ :-*]y N*; 3n* + _ -*SL 4*"NG = DanteK[ N' . e©3 -t! -" b%;4 $2 ,? /" %" %78 * c $ * 3N 8 M`*V $¥ . 01 FE :6X! OP 8! & /" b >+U = e* N K"* L H8* 8GT = 8~£ N' ,q 8I e-4 /4 N eª p (2) Norman Daniel. Islam et Occident. traduit par: Alain Spiess. Ed du Cerf.Paris. 1993. p 151 NQTR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L 6*& /*T 6N*14 /* ,- -+4 \.;x5 \" ° $y;4 6 M!9 a`" $!; ,-+T -&T Ml+ ,Q9 e$z i.1 "8! V" T BC 6yx a**! MF** ** Edouard Gibbon 6N**%2 [[C Ñ·** N*' = T* $*44 <C = ¡ ,< D784 M! N' = 3N 8 *&! ; "C c L "C :+^5 ! a4&z ` ,6(8; NE !7 8~9 N* J* = ?*+4 J * 6 Volny K+N* *8T 7 n+! e© ®*" *G -"[" KE K -4²+ D 3]5 ; \ a*;< /* `*% = *! Sprenger 8_* >?* DEP ,3 ,6yx* * /" [C -N» c L 6C :3; -Z a8x" ,8<* b*~ > ¹ ,m[~ > ½ N 87 H8 c L K% 6C *7 e c* L K%+! 8I -. -48GT 3N'9 ?$NE8G4 PeK2T~ ! e© p ec ©¯¯³ e*E ¬© e e¦48 e6% (2) Edouard Gibbon. Decline and fail of the Roman empire.ed by J.B. Bury.London. 1909 – 1914.vol 5. p 3321 e e8E*; e\*" ?*+ [ e0s*5 -*;; *! e- N! e¬¬ p ec * *E ¬©¯ NQTS f@!‫"א‬# = \*" ,6N*+ 4`*S! !" 67 ,>8y my. /" -! )Z 67 eN<N /" -N» 6C ,84Q+U $V2 i7 8G -!N *<N 68*; = Benedict XVI ?* °[* iG4*+! !% 02 hh* 69 0n /" b# b"" Ó K; c ©¯¯³ /4? Ï Ï :$%<' $ 3N;4 DG <C /" $%. ¹+! 42 /" c. P" ® ?*+! hC [ K a8" V" ,-C `] -yY N" 5C ¸ / N K*R8+ K&* c; 1< )Z 6N4 J e© j48k / 6n4L 3N* 8 6 /*" a" $4 " $ $. " 4[8 / ]E 7 b* N" mn*2 = hx* d*< ;* &! c L ?+ + -[ M*+ 6NX*4 I 3Tk9 N[ : 3N;! - -G - C NX*4 3*Tk9 N*[ 3. Nh ,& vx" 5N. 8 5 :z ^ N** /**G J eJ** -** 9 8** = h"q** by** K**G *! e[N* * *% :/* *; e©¯ p e r e$* * *< e8_ e p e\`! e-4² -%G ec L e p e c L K%+! 8I -. -48GT 3N'9 ?$NE8G4 PeK2T~ ! © e8I = 3N 8 "& N" ey \N' \4+" NQTT Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L `*% N* * c hGY = * -78 -T& {? K -4NG4G " 8 D] +2 n+< ,H9 6L j = N aFE ÑN / *!+; *¡ MF + ; HEL N' = 3N 8 84N BC e>[+% N $*% K%+*! *+ -*{ >*L bZP 6N!9 2 nV" ,-*+ F Dk = 5I ,-;%x -Nhx! $"{5 %~ 8" ,2 /*" [*! $*2Q OF*! I*" ;[*< *! 0+! b = a1Z8] >kC i*2 *. :h* = 0 b! NR 6 328 -4? -<!C ,0+ c* L 0*[ -*N%;" c -48EN - mNzN FE /" -Z -£ |8* -*É 8V79 $T'N! $" " ,®! K< - 6NG4 6X! * 08x* *G *hZ /" -+G 32 ec K& *< /" N1 ,h"E K< /" * c $ * K%+ ` 0+! `*%7 ;" h NTz ~ D. = ENz ,1 bZ.N |! ` *! BC N*k8q ,°N*T+ = Q1uY5 NT+ N q 4Nh /" e$4Nx p;5 48 -" = " (1) Norman Daniel. Islam et Occident.p 115. NQTU f@!‫"א‬# *< *2PN *h+" 87F* ,Ù*¤ [G 5 ,`V7 OP -V"9 = b*. *. * 6 /" Pierre Pascassio N G ! `! a n V4 *E K*E i*". ^ ,h BC <C = $[ . ,-4[Nt 8" D< ;84Q*+q - $V2 i" ,v iWT< Ê a4 \s! ,$;! h" aF*E *7 ea87F* *"87C 8*41+U * 7 hT 6N c8< OF c* -2Q i+! D+4Q -4[Nh 8 -^[< /" PN~X" -;q -; /*" ²*+" $*[N *! -*" Y 3N BC \E K Gx" /! 3N* D*&! h mF = $+" \8V7 ! hx< _~ 1] $* ®_*q W FE 6C :3. $WT c $ $.P n ,N FS c*;5 = h%]8! $ i". " \8! hT! is 8! [ ^ ,cN" *T 3N* /*G ,$44 -41E /" [Nh /" h"N. j K%+ /" x* /*" *7 6 ! \" . 0_ /! ?! H& 6 /" ]8 ,h+ /**" -**N» BC .?* M**4 ** -**; aF**E i**N& ,©-"N** e6h% \0s5 e© p ea. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % eª * ª© p * r e-4N%+ ` ecxE /! :b2 © NQUL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L .?* *4 $% c L! { K \ \Ny "+ 8*~ [*! \F*~ *h+G h*T K*E -h i;! , !k \F~ d*%~ -*+ 0N* * 3*4 T" Gx! ` < 3I "+ ,Í*&2 i*+! D+4Q $ -+! /" 3N 8 rQ -. OP /" ,S 3N* N' n+< -Tk -4 BC .? /" -N» hN< d< -*4 *h! = D*+4Q $*2Q ,¾+E aR K+%! $+! 4Q i! '. *R *< ,*h;y BC *4Q 8yz ,-4G °+ .+ ,h;x -48I" K*P *! D*+4Q 0*;C K+% 0IL K<N ~ h+" r1 _" K%+ 2 . 6C Z. OP N;4 6 * /4sT * 05·E iT4 J ,K%+ e©+ $;%Y -"~ = K<N 3N*< * K* ¹*'.9 c7 /" -!9 -+EF iq j%*Y *2 :$* )+* BC $*8W 8! c $ K%+ -. e/*h" *! b! 0+ [! 3N;4 ,KV% Gx! F JN = )I+4 / m+"5 F / x; mN BC K K& 8 = e * ¯ p ea. /" ;+ z / m[ eM! /8 % e p e$T b28 © NQUM f@!‫"א‬# 5 OF* ,K*.~9 3*&5 ½*T -*. ¾N* FE V4 ,r1 = Runar Sögaard []N* *+4 MÊ*4N /E*G h4 < 8I $*X! 3N 8 c©¯¯³ c Aftonbladet \[! 6N 48 4² * r1 $ ,/h+" \Ì -'~ ,0+ D¡ r1" ,r1 O%8" /*" mN*+ F*v $*S /* +^*¤ ½4* D*7 6 ,*E8 /*" - = $* ,68; _ -²+ 329 $.+ N" / _4 $9 ;©\T e|;+ %; 5 - -;;< Ny* = Ernest Renan 6*+4 i*C 8T >? ¹U . MF* ½4 4Q ,48G K%+ 6N!9 h K N -x! -. Æ*4 ½4 $C eee / %48] 6N& D7 ; :3; $+ aN%7 i*7 D*EP /*" 3*V 4 67 6 N[ ; ,$ -E8G ;! * %*' ,*& -4 = [L! K[ $' ; ,$ kx $u%¥ 8*W = * 6*7 *; ,j4*Q 8*7 -G [8" a`] + a+ e* N K"* L H8* 8GT = 8~£ N' ,q 8I e-4 /4 N e p e8I = 3N 8 "& N" ey \N' \4+" NQUN © Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L >Ê*4 * ,+*Y 82* 8~ ,8< y N N 7 c* L an* *42 +4[ ms~ ;!! %4 6 = T4 J 5+4[7 ,!L *G N*zN" \*;!N *G 1*" $`* \*' ,$*Z /" $! ;+ e-WT \4G J $*% c* L! *48 "+ !9 6 ¾ j% *! ,E*Z. N*E =8* SN /G4 J ,j $2N -;; 6x+4 NNG4 <;*z C j%* /* *hT41 h%. jZ; $4Nx 64 N7 b%%*7 *S *! MF* K"* L ["5 -Z] /" vNY hT N¡ [@*! =8*" 3N*T! j*4 8"9 /G4 J :$;48k = 0Ð 7 h4 MF D. . q `4" 8V7 BC * c L * 8~£ mNq! nC ,-8 e©; Í4Nx bZ.N $4Nx N"9 K* -"* L N* * H9 T [ KGN2 N' . * -*Z b!*k -W 3 F+" \F¥ ± ! ,hI%! 3N TG eª e)4! ,K+4 ½4 = \ [ e6+4 iC e* N K"* L H8* 8*GT = 8~£ N' ,q 8I e-4 /4 N © e¬ p NQUO f@!‫"א‬# `] T c L /" & .N" 67 :`" 0.L BC ,-*";" [ D*y 4*¤ EN* = 67 c L 69 ;< "" 6*7 ,-*48GT $*( O*GT * /4E2 N OF ,$! nZ[ "nE em? FE /" 012 3N 8 N' $4Nx ¢h+* =+4 MF = b;+ -; -<N aFE b" >+ 5 < -T* T -*'q! * *!9 /*" ¾*+E 6 BC YL ¸ $@ ,K -*;; /*" s*. -* $*T~ /*" [8*¸ /*" * G ~· *h;Z;< ,-* *EÒ $ i;IY j! h%N ,-" L N* * * -*; aF*E e3n* Ù j! |%+ K h" ,-'+ 5 ,\N* -*~ -. V * b = =;V h.N" 1 - hG" - * 3*2 -*+G a`V MF ¢ b4 N' S ¸ [G eb [8 /" W -%I $* K*%+ < = {8v K -W b.N" +[ {[hY 6 `] b*# = -"* L -4?*! j vC / _ ; ,c {*. -* b* [8T \2< b" D h"5;h%N2 e¬ pe-& c L eKGN2 G NQUP Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L M+ ¾_Y N7 b" 3 NE n7 # h+! -QN" \. [RC Á :3. MF *] * $*Co PC ;*hC &7 2 ! 8qT -4?% 6C ¿ 8. A ? -! %. my $"o ,b4?! X4 6 * *!9 * /& 6NG+ 3N* 8 -*qY hE*% i*T n*7 ,$*. o BC +*'N PC 6NG " ,-4N!s -48G - -n25 -L h%N2 b# = 1 8*412 = -*+^N * c_* 0; / \8T K -W a[Nh2 N+^ *L /*" `*VG! N* ,-x* 8<+ Z%; <N / ,8 6*L -*"8G $*"s< ,*; 6X*Y /" a0C ,>~9 ZT a? $*48;% BC $*7 O*P i*2 K \s5 /" hC " ,$48 a84; s*5 * Ì8*R J -;<* h*%] 69 ;c $ FT N*8 -*zT °NT+ ,W 28 cs¡ W 28 8] 5 e$N%+! e{`W BC *' MF Lamartine "5 8T Ñ· 8x 05·E /" $*C :M ,M[* 6*L /" W $L /" . 6C :Z. 3N )4;" -^^ $n $` ¦8 3N -W 4 < ,K% :Z*. O*P * j* *^ ,-*Z ¢Z* ,Z* N -*. ,-*4I -*W :KE NQUQ f@!‫"א‬# ,-*k% *GÈ c[*E * ,m?*" ,3N* ,D*y~ ,N /4?* )* ·" ,N*' 5 c+' ! [% ,-; \; K 8W+*! e NE OP ,-< < -4Nk_"C ,-4N[ -4Nk_"C ©¯ *E :3X* 6 *+ j*¡ ?*% -*W v °; 6 /G4 K )4; 7 BC *Ny" * $*T+ F*¥ *C 6 *. *¡ J ?$+" W 6C M 2N4 *! i*< K \8U j&4 6 :S FE /" m 2 E *E8G" ,-*EN9 8*G Z[ §84 6 , BC 6L 8;4 6 ,$;~ 6L e¾P PC -~N -4[,-+^N -S( ÇN ! - ; -.? 8GT aFE George N*Y [*8! rN*2 i* bZF M+84L DG h+" 3N** E** K** 0**% M[**49! s** MF** Bernard Shaw c*. K* -"* \4? ,v 02 K -.8 Z; 3~ /" -4?% Q* 6 !,c* L BC *h7 *! $* ·* cN! X%+ ,$N[ h " rN< J 6C :3; ,$;;< W 28 FE 8 h -<8" Õ cs*<5 bzN" nZ[ $+4[ bz MF K%+ FE , `GT = 2 BC 6NG4 e© * ©³ p e r ecª¬ e)4! -%k e¾89 ½4 e"5 NQUR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L ®C e*!9 [N*~ *~ ,\* b# E /4[ N. $C ,32L $*» /4 FE ,-+! /4 FE N~[ . K"N. K+! /" `V7 A o e; aFE = T *h -* ,y N 68; = /4 32 6C Õ A * $*_4 N*7 *; ,-*. N*' * /4* N* *. ,D A Ú o A A o K++G ,-*.~ -*!N $*2N ,*28 F*E 8*" * i*k o ,-& F*;+" D*; $* j*y 6 *!5e-&* * /*G4 J $*o BC i'N Ú *< = +* * J [. BN $V" 2 2 N ; e-L e!Ny c [ D¸ -;48y! $7x" b# * 1Z* Thomas Carlyle*7 °*"N M1L NT [8* M _7 /" %' ; :3y!9 $!7 = 3N;4 MF !N 1Z2 6 ,F*7 c* L /*4[ 6 /" 3;4 " BC KI4 6 ² FE = &" A A ,*! c1* >[*' ,*% ½* $< 3Nk a+4 . e1" o ´ m~ A A ,z A ,Ì A A A A O*P b*" NE , , 4Y ,2 ,8< ,; ,8!Ú n487 ,°*+4L N*< ,?* ,-.y ?% 2 ,-G48 ´ ,D h (1) George Bernard Shaw. The Genuine Islam. Singapore. Vol 1. N° 8. 1936 NQUS f@!‫"א‬# ,[·*T h*Y ,D* K*7P ,-*+ >[*' ,A5[* 67 eD[ ¶Q" n! ! A u A A A A J ,$8yT! nW 2 ,N ,v 7 !" $%+2 ! nX7 ,PN FGE ,-W 6NG FGEeeeOP / K+] NE ," $!FE 5 ,- " $T;V e-48;% 6NG FGE ,-Ny% 6NG 3**. MF** Léon Tolstoi MN*N 6N** `hx* §8** K*Z8 c*W /*" * K*%+ 6 $* D*4 5 * :* *G< $*!7 -";" = *E $* 8q $TG4 ,-2 -"~ -n25 -uS N"~ /4F & ,*E1 Í* T c -+G +¸ h2 ,j N BC h"8! -" K*.8 j*48k *S * ,-4?*% 4&* 4*; 0" OT / h+" F*E *V" *2 ,N*. ¹q*Y 5C $*! cN;4 5 W NE ,- A A $o 8q KTG4 :u%+" 8~( bzN" = 3. ,©c87L cs<5! 842 es* [ -*%G" e* `*] *! c* L BC N* = eMyhy \1 :-*#8 e*7 °*"N 3y!9 :7 / ; e¬ p ec e*E e8E; eE[ } eb*4QN ?*+ -4²*" e*%. * :-*!8 BC $*; e* K%+ G< eMNN e¯ p ec e e8E; NQUT © Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L o A A A ¹~ * * ,-*"F \[* k*Y D* /*" -*4N"[ -*P -" Õ -4l o ,c; K.8 b*" h"5 ;J [N 6 hEN2 À j48k e-G ; -*» 8* ´ − K.V. Zettersteen K2N* £ /* s >? b# $*Y K* 1 \T -# < ½4 $!7 = * K.? J A *W /*" $* NE " 8G PC + J +C :3; K%+ -qY BC *h $2 = -&& -78" ¦~ ; ,41 \T BC *y $*! *h *< Iy ¡ 3Q " ,$Z%" ²" Ú ,-S e½4 0nW >N NE ,bZ? 7 $4l i&%'X ,% ²+ ee-*Z" 6*U $*!7 = b*z *; Michael Hardt \E G4" " 8*^ i78 . ± K -Z \qx ° 3N hW = * \s*~ ; :$N;! FE $G< 8! . ,-4?% ½4 = &z * MF* ½4 = <N 6L NE 69 eee-Z; aFE 3 A A a?* c* L BC *[ . NE ,MN K+4 N ;y" < A A A *! ,*+4[ 48G* * Z. %' \4 W /" <N7 e¬³ p e < ½4 eK2N £ / 8+ NQUU f@!‫"א‬# A F*E -*%k Ê* ^ ,[" 4N. 314 " 8^ 6@ ,$ /" 8. = *4N. * 8^ 67 K+4 N :3; MN K+4 8^9 *~ * 3N* 8 6*7 , * 6*7 OF*7 ,-4?% ½4 *84 * = *4 6*7 eee! 2Q 6G ;4N[ 2 6*7 * e\*" *êee¦8*4 8* = *4 *¡ 67 eee+I *Q *W $*C *4 3;4 6 /G v 6h4 5 %2 N. 3N 8 *" ,O*P *%. -*W aFv 2 $7 J 84 ,½4 $8 § $*4E $*"Q `*I! 8E*% \5 aFE 7 j;& 6 /G /" 67 e©$! b 6n4C *** e p eN+" ) :-#8 e hW eee-Z" 6U e\E G4" e p e$T b28 © NRLL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L K92‫א‬RD‫] 'א‬%‫א‬02/,^R(‫א‬2$%#R‫^א‬#‫א‬/‫א‬WV *G! *% *%48] *!9 *+ 3N* ½4* 67 ; c*{5 *"& *h -E8G ;! Ty4 67 $9 ;)4; K*% -*!& -48GT - -+4 hk G! ! G J ,k% 6C *! ec* L -*#h" 3N* -*!& i*G n7 /4[ -;" 6 *! 5C *h4NE [*¤ J ,*{P 8 J ! 6 67·4 V<% |! ,ÇN*T = -.] i7 ±9;N+ 8I >? /" c L E< -*& [ :c* ¢2X* 0* D* . e+ >1 ,h -"* L -.N $V" " z $< N K& b iy K /*" K"*y * ,0Nx* 8* aFE e~ 4{ >s~ /" cN*4 BC c* L N*hf F+" * $N { J ,$< D¥ J MF a8G I F*E = -*4Ny $`*" Ê*T ,a_* -'~ !% a0 KT * FE °+ 4 ®; `] + [ BC h%] = b¥ % KE ,a¸5 Pn* 5C ,$*8 $+" s.5 < Ì8R J 3Nh» 0Ð /" \F -4 e* N K"* L H8* 8GT = 8~£ N' :q 8I e-4 /4 N e¬ª p NRLM f@!‫"א‬# ,[%* 5 *W -*+^N !8< 67 . ? 3N 8 ! M[ 6n*4L Ó / / $;% K \N%+ b! s 3 BC [ [N*h /*" *G *E m[ ,-+* -*WN -G! $! BC [ ,v aF*E i*Y ,E8ZY - h+4[ 0;% -48< S ¾8 ,+ -* 6*7 $*9;cN+ D*7NG *% °N* *< -*<8 -" Ï , /*G J ,* j = v BC °+ [N; 8 /" s d! 6 5C i*! K* ?* N; -<QC N a! /" $% E[. K 8 ea`~ aN /" J c8¤ ,$XY 'X S N ÆTy *! -%*'+ N*.9 b* i*7 ± 8 K % 9 E /" :87F 48G K%+ 0 :S>! ~? =3 1 i <N -;V -+4 - · KE c L Nhf ] -+G i7 O*n \*"L -* = N*;! ¾x* b* W+ ? K N*hf *^ *. eNx -<8 -7 8y 8y ,-!9 >?* /*" *h.s [*7 *!s. *! /" $!s. J $<7 c L *"N *h 8T+* ,hk = D8 mQ ,h 0N 8I NRLN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L MF* c·x* ` M[T 3Nh /" c[; 8yU z \F / m i&%'X;h% Dy; ,K" L ENk K -.? )Z+G $; e ! 8^ i*N K* -*!9 \* · 3 *E /*" -+G i7 OF l*%" *lC i*l K* K*E ,c* L b" m² [C -h" ! * -*48< i*f ,48*G K%+ / -q N -]' 8" BC OP = i& . ,68; 8" 3N; °NT+ = hq 8 EF¸ * * y* N N* 0*+^ -"G -" {8y D%! ;! < N*TfN" 6*hG 6*%E8 -*+G 3*2 :6*7 *; ,*! = -;V +"·* -*!s! 6N*TG4 ,-*8 *T" 6NG4 /4F E %G -+G *" BC -*!8I -*; Gx* = G& if ±C ! ,{N[ {!G! e84N+ ² ! -u% - [. /" h+G" 1 - -;V -+4 -G aFE ,-**TZ1 \4X** ,-ENx** N** /**" /**G [** _**7 [**RL -** *v K*;; 3N 3N< \YL ,`k 9 ,-8U \4G (1) Simon Jargy. Islam et chrétienté.Ed Labor et Fides. Genève. 1981. p 9 NRLO f@!‫"א‬# K"* L b* N * [*" cN*E *W+ -*4Ó [%7 Nx BC $*C *! :* N 8*&% = ®²+ [N2N 4{ _7 GY MF 1*78" * N = 8* i7 K -"8 -<8 ! - < -y. < *! \*. *y *42 h ! ,-& KZ+V 5 0T J *; = -*; [*! * K&* K" L )+ 082 * 8I >? 6*; * -*E+" 5 Ê*&! 8x* -&* -* · i*2 ,62N e-<8 -8I {< aF**E W.Montgomary Watt \ M8IN**" >?** **7 **. $* BC h ,c L Nhf -+G [Nh [ °[ n+< -;; N*hf 6*7 :`"* -*"; [8* D2N* `*y~ *+4[ 4¤ nS V" K+4** M**& /**" **N -&** -**4[Nh 4** -%**+! c** L e©!9 NE MN+% cW+ c L y< ; ,K = b*+ K"* L * 082 -+G MF 848 °<L 6C e* N K"* L H8* 8GT = 8~£ N' :q 8I e-4 /4 N e p e p e-& c L eKGN2 G NRLP © Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L *h2 *. ®²*+ [N*2N 8*" b*28 /*" $!;4 " \E¸5 b# c* L *z *; -E8G 8x" $! `V ,N;! 8N FE Ã -L Ny ;4C = D% É $+4[ 6 h% [[8 n+< $% 6 D*R -*L N*y 69 :½4* Ny ;4C ! ,-²+ a¸! J* $*~[ = DN*4 6 D*R N*y NE , \NG" BC n< ØT4 N* *h &* `*] *" ,j*< * *+G" Ï 6@ eee$P i.N = $7 ej< 6N*~· h.* ,3* *%; 5 -*;;< BC 8*GT aFE iN¤ . -*TI" c L Nhf i K <9 6[Ê4 E {!7 = 68GT ,`*%7 8<* 6*7 * 6 *h+" , 3N* 8 c{5 x D! $* ,>?* *;48C = -*+G *y¤ m*U 8& j48k / my 6N*!9 X*T4 5 e© m*%9 /*" *41 D*G j*T *! N;** 08**2 h!** K** Ê** /** _** K** -**N; aF**E 6[[8**4 6C :8! 3N;4 K+N NE h e;48C 3nY >? = -"8 -4Nk_"L p e$T b28 (2) Western views of Islam in the Middle Age. R.W. Southern. Cambridge. 1962. p 19 NRLQ f@!‫"א‬# }V* 6*h7 *< -+4[ - -4Nk_"C x = . !8*I 6 *7· 6N*G [x4 02 -4Nk [N; ! e N" K*E $*% * N* 6 N* ±EP BC [%4 5 c L 87F4 < e©! < ,;48C ( = K" L /4 x = D% J* \1E K -EF \Ny /" ]8 8GT aFE b2s J 8*~( G*Y \F*¥ *±C ! ,4F2 6NG4 [G4 Ì $. 3GY \`] * [N*! ?*% K* *+<N4 )4*; *4Ì j;& [ = V4 *h! 6N%*y" 6N*q + ,-+ 42 /" J G& 6NZ*; e`*+ h+" [!C ! J `+! $ [N aFE K* \*4N9 ° * * `*+ 6N*4 -4`x*% ° ,*2 -*%48. * [N 6 BC `x \" 7 6 67·4 E hIx *E a¸! ² FE " 6X! -T T 6N < 8Y . -*4N -É 8V7 8" +4 2N4 5 -;; aFE 0Nz = ,N = < e¬ p e0s5 -;; ! e- N! ec© e8E**; e[8**" K.**' ** -**#8 e-&** -**'8T e6N**G [x**4 © e p NRLR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L N*E 5 a[*! /*& MF* S! j4 n -'~ ,`+ mNzN" /" e `+ *7 $*";" = ,J* `*+ :* -4[ [N c l /" M[N*h *& Ê*T4 *" NE;y* ¦ BC [Nh [N , $*+ _* MF* ,-*4I aFE j;& `~9 [N; = 6NG MF ®²+ 3*~ $*C :$*N;! /4?* 68*; /*" \+%* 8*~ = /4?% < *<C cN*; ,&" [Nt [Nh /" 5( %' -z ? \N+ ¯¯¯ BC ª¯¯ = * * \"~< D4! 6£ \NE °" ,©*G48" = -*"[; -*; \N+* 3*~ hZxL y~,®² )+7 BC ¶*! 68*W+4 !8*I 6C 6N*G [x*4 3N*. *4 ÊT4 " NE /*" 01*2 h*C -%*+! *V *±9 ;* 9 >?* = 8Z* 8 e_79 S BC [N; K <9 /"Q = J = c L x a^ MF D8 6 ¹q j% NRLS eªp eK" L J = `+ -s en e³¯p ,$T b28 © e− p e-& -'8T e6NG [x4 f@!‫"א‬# 3N* 8 -ENx* N Gx "N /" "E " 67 §. K*; 31* 5 K* ,DZ* +G x+ j48k / -!9 -+EF = *. N*U F*E 6C *! ,F*E *+"N4 BC *.N *G9 -; SW! *! *h \h*Y K* -*z -*; \N+* 3~ $` \ *7 *h+ cX*! 8* i&%*' ,hz c >N%" `] x -*4NS *& ¼*! j*;! -+G D.8 ,2N /4[ = EÌ+! ~4 a*' $& Eh2 . 3F% KE ,K" L -²+ eD 9 >8y x! :V%&" -7 ~? @R!\ 6V 1 k * $* 8*hf cN*4 3 F*+" ,Ox* 5*» m4 5 n! * c L i%^ ; *T ,.X* b N -% $. -EF $4N< K $!k * \5*< = -*"; * *; Z* ["5 ,8^X `^X *2 n*7 y;* 5 F* \E·* -4Ê* [* 5 ,b*2s K* jZ*; aFE W< i%V bZ.N iQ " eZ N /*" u*Y *;T4 J c* L 6 *S *7· ,-% + 8W \X{ n7 8G K* -*2N \!Ã* /*" ]8* * [* $[ FT $G"C NRLT Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L 8[*] >? 3N;4 e! = K $48] /" E;4 314 " ,E; K* *! *¥ K* K*E c L = /G K N; 6C :Gardner *N;! *%;4 c* L 2 /G4 67 PC n :EN EÌ_~ 304 K*n25 §* 3* = ÑN 8 /" . $ c ?®n b e©?²; " " ! 1 M9 $R E*41 E*7· -* *<9 i*u *" K* jZ; aFE 6C *h2 h*T *2 6 F*+" j*! 6N*!9 h7[ . ,N. -." 8*41 /*" *h.y * *< 68*. |4 J K T N2 c" $2N b*# 6 F+" :-s C -É jk+ 8V7 h&+2 i¤ \Nk < -!8 x*5 \N*y~ 3 *! ,M[* b!* 68*; b*y" = a -%*' -Z[ N;7 c L < D¡ 6 H8I J 67 ,K" L e N _ +h2N e-4²* -*%G e-*!8 [%* = n* 5 `x*% eÑ8 8 M~ Ty" e³ p ec eª e\`! e p ,-& -'8T e6NG [x4 © e¬© p eM8GT 1I -"N; – H8I J & \45N eON! NRLU f@!‫"א‬# *~ * *!9 * = NU 4 6 K%y /" 6G Gx* "N /" 8~( " NU FE V" . ,{0n {;%k d% Q1; aNx Gx OF! * c $ * K%+ N' -**4Ny -**"; **huh;N; °N**T+ = -**E8G **; -**!8 F*h ,*v ¹!s*4 MF* K"* L 9 /^8! /" ! P;L ;- ? -*n25 \Ì NI 7 i¤ ,8W 7 = N+4 MF c L ,E[ 8; = -+G < 7X! N+4 nC ,N 7 = ,-Tq BC **h4N¤ ,E`**+ -**+G 3**¤ K** h**T \** h**4 6 6N* /4F* - * 8k*!9 ¾N < 4 N+4 n7,h+4[ ehz vNY hY8 ;T4 - * -*+4 * b*# * * c L D7 OF! /**"9 j**;& **< -**h%2 = -**!9 \**T i**G ,-**48GT \[ . 8Z 6 /" ]8 ec[; K" L 8yU z H9 b*zN 6 /f :K" L J ~s 6 ! `~9 [Nh = -*2&! ± ,cNS [ / ! 6 BC 6Xk ,$ 8; . *h4N¤ *-& -y1! -' * -+y+y; N; + 4Nk i. BC NRML Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L -*78& *<%" *%± N&%*'X ;-**" L -*nV -+y* -' BC °n*4 31*4 J N*; = 8*. MF* NU OP 6 5C ,-V4 -4n 5 ,±y* f* ,{N*. r = *E *< *!9 * KTU a`^X e-V4 2NN+G b N h7" 8x*" *h MF*I4 -!9 \F >n = !. NU FE f ; *+"N4 BC 31*4 " ,$ N 41 0 h H84 ,c L ; c* L 6*7 n7 S [[8 " ,T+ h+4NG /" n' 012 FE i*I! *< i \ . $` 6C ! e;+ - mNzN" NE c* L /*" NU 6X! 8h = -z] ¸ ! J ,i&Tk E" *! /G;[N*2N" W4 6 DR ,b.N = a_4 " $ m?" °<C **+ 8**y D** **z **h+ m** **{P ** -**W& /**" N**q **+7 **; :Lawrence Brown 68**! )N** 3N**;4 eK"** L *+7 *; eN*U F*E *V _*" J %~5 ! ++G ,-T Nx! ,KTx*% 8yU! , 6! 8T'9 8yU ,M[Nh 8yU! Nq ,*+ 0.*' [N*h *2 *+9 ;a+¥ n7 a J $7 Nq FE 6 5C e³ p e cW+ K" L J e68~( n NRMM f@!‫"א‬# *+ 0*T< -T*Y% 6 +4 ^ ,9 S hy" 7 6NG4 FE -*k8;4[ 5[ ¾*+E 6@* 08T* Nx* " ,-V - 8 0+^ {*. = * = /"*7 K*;; 8yU /G eh";! TG _7 ±C e±NG4 K -T+ -xE -4N = ,m*~L b N eH9 n 5 $2 = <N 8N* ,h*! * J 3 b N =;V ¶T5 /" ]8 -* $*% c* -ENx N m~L M8 3[% N p8 * \* K* -* 8*W ,{*!" /* xG -& ,N**;! 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KN* 141 Nx" e[h -!9 A /G , )"N -%y N;! j%y h FE cy4 " `V7 " 5C 8 5 K 9 / xI 414 6 by4 5 cy'5 FE -. $!7 = +N -+7 K rN2 NE h ea8 6 KE D]8 $% 6 ,J _ 4 \? $! /44 c L 6 s4 e p e8E; e²" -%G"= (1) Philipe Sénac. L'image de l'Autre, histoire de l'occident médiéval face à l'islam. Ed. Flammarion. Paris. 1983. p 17 NRMS f@!‫"א‬# % = d&% BC s5 FE a[N;4 6 /" 5! ,cN4 ! "N4 6414 D48I 8"9 FE j;¤ 3N 8 . /" $% / _4 ,OP :D chT = 3N; ,$%y ± 84 K -u \T 7 /" ]8 /44 -4[ j 6 ,`%G q FE V" ,c8 FE V" my 7 `VG < n7 31 = F~X 6 /" 5! ,/"·" 6N" -Zn^^ cN v ,?cN4 ! "N4 E;" [[14 ,i7 N. cN ±@ J \4[ /" ’ûÎ ©LÉ 9© #$ > Ü θ=è ) à 9ø #$ ‘ϑ y è÷ ?s ⎯3 Å ≈9s ρu ã ≈Á | /ö { F #$ ‘ϑ y è÷ ?s ω Ÿ $κp Ξ¨ *Î ùs ® :3N;4 PC W >' 9#$ e© ⟨ ‘Í ρ‰ß Á K -" L 8EW - [ !9 /" 0; G "+ + -[ -! -!N; ± BC M9 ! E ,v% \`< hxE[ 3*~ /*" N< MF `T FE BC N"+ ,vNP E4y~ D%! \**U \.;x**5 \!8y**z5 ** 0**; $"q** $**YC **48! *. e-²*+ >8*T **! i&T* K* `*yU -*NE (3) e p e < :3N 8 eee[N! e¬³ -4( ,¢ N © G. Zananiri. L'Eglise et l'Islam. p 242 - 243 NRMT Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L /*" ! = + F< ®!8 DI ¶ = Prideaux m²* F*E N*T.N4 J PC -.?* )Z*+G ` ^ 6NG E`" 6 * n*7 h.8*T * h%.*4 6*^ * NhW! E[E ,h+! n 8 K*G *+N; ;< ; E :3N;4 OP = ,.? +! 39 **+G!` 8**~( ** **^ 8**f = ** 84 6 $y** ! 8** 6 **hT 5 e?+< 8G4 /" aNF! 7 /" ]8 * Ny4 J !9 6 + %4 ,+E /" N* K* ,8*" 3 h hT N+[ K -;? /" N28 6 * [Nh2 BC *hÉ c* J ,-; -& / .;x <C -;k8E c L S -*;; `* h+* /* *VG %* FE -QC /" h+G4 , j e-' 3N;! b.N N 4 ,h"" [8 *** (1) M.P. Holt. The Treatment of Arab History by Prideaux.Ockley and Sale – Historians of the Middle East (London. 1962) NRMU f@!‫"א‬# 'RD‫א‬a/&'#:';A'R‫א‬،$/'‫א‬$'?)%‫א‬02/6'‫א‬2VUWT 9‫א‬2 K$2)‫א‬ *G! *! h*z~ K* - ?* -*78 |q* 6 Kt*% /" / 8. ? -! -k 3N 8 z - -48GT -+4 hk 8*" * -*T 3G*Y = 8E*W i*f ,N*yU -*I! \* G *^( a8*G \2[ $C i' MF D ¼% / 8" 7 = _ ,N -*# * 6 by* e-!9 -qx >n = 48G K%+ ; :h+" ,N;! hT / i+ ,6 -&z \! 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K \%; / .N / \YL 6?+4 * . *N7 `V7 <X e+7 7 3~ h+ jT 8*yU /* -*YL h KG eee-& z Q8k -7Y 7 /" .N ^w" e8*I /*" *42 -&" \N. j = - ; /7"9 TG $Gx4 MF ec*; [ eE*Y °*C :-*#8 e>?* = 6N%* eN*!Q Zq" :b2 eª p ec³ eNG N" NRNM f@!‫"א‬# /*" 3* N* $*+ |q* 6 /*G4 6*7 " eee68TI! b 8 *z -%* 8E*W b*" -!8I ½4 $ MF + e /4F* 6N*~· 6*%E8 h* K* -* \[hx = *!P *7 h%*7 = N*%^ *; eO*P / Æ%+4 " -% \ N; E[* Q*¸ /4F* *+ [N*h °; 6G 6N% *Z. *~[ *7 ,±G* /" " -+4 i~ < c4 -n^ = T $<* BC 3N*'N by4 % 41 2 N4 -% \N; 6N++T4 [N+ 67 7 ,$%7 BC i' K hZ"[ 8^+ dV 8VG *V 8k9 by; 0< °+ >8< ,6Ny% 8;! j+x ; = 0"* *h M8*¸ i*7 K* -*+4 mN*Y = SN*q! `* ,dV! ¿ n*7 * 3*Tk *! Nx* ´ h*T / 6Nh84 N7 7 ,±97 er+ *" * c5£ §w* /*" $¤ " G! - -!8 aFE if . *! \*. *G *"N /*" n* < " Gx * FE +"N4 BC iQ e³¯ p eq 8I e-4 /4 N NRNN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L ,$*87P /" J H9 6L K / DI J ±9 , ! i*"QX n*7 e*h+" K<N*! §* Gx*! K*+%" * b" $" 6C ! *; 61* MF*I i*< ,-*h2N BC \1T. n7 8y ! \. b* Zl -7 D&+ 8Ef KE ,>n9 = D s -E8G ,K*"L *;V M8G* §* /4 2 /" 0! H9 3N*~[ -^[< 87F 6 OP KTG4 e% mx 28! 0h [h*Y9 °Ì $C ,°; BC c c K%+ M1L Z; i7 K Y ! 0 ! cN ih . -% 8 6 ¶' _. + S. K Nhx N] 38+ % ,9 [29 < e©/4 ¶' 4 . E :HN49 /4 {h*Y K* -* -*48GT \N*y ,`VG <9 N; J ,-%* 8 ^( Q¸ 4F2 Ì h" \`] K ,! -*4! = * *%48] /*G4 J OFeH9 KN = EN< N. /" Tq e8E*; ec*5 [e$*E *! c* L 8"[ :6NN;4 8I [. eJ 32 e©ª p e©ª p e$T b28 NRNO © f@!‫"א‬# /*" B9 -&T = qz 6N+ 4 6 * /4? 68; /" \+ -** N `hx** HERALD TRIBUNE 6N***%48 **È **482 -* *E%! *;48C BC *!% \*< *<C c*;4 y48! = x5 = 8*I = M[N* *!% y~ by4 J ,c L x -!& -%' K* ,*48 *v \?*! K* ^£ N&4 6 -;48L -<8 aFE c~ e$ ! 48 5 4. ½4 i< -*¡l a*¸ `*T O* *% N 3< < `~9 [N; 3~ \*.9 b*" *& BC *! = -*W& - * N*; /*" - N&* N*E ¾sx* * -*!& * Ehy*z *k K* * -*4[Nh 05·**E 6 N**E O**P 0 **;4 MF** MN**; b** 6 **2 ,-"** L /4F* %* 6 8T [T< N N W& !9 -**;%y **; ** :-"** L [%** **z -%** \** [**. -*!8I \N% Ò = E[" ,-y.L ! = -7 -k8; 9 N% /4F % ' % Ò C / -;;< 6_4 cN < **! 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V -"n , 5C $C 5 h 8*~£ T* *¡ É*< ,64 &" 28 a4 b84 &" 2 ,-*] >N* *;4 -*"n! &" 2 N4 b! ,-.+! -%+. ¡ +4* \*T *; ,N*T.N ,N*T.N :*S 3N*;4 3*28 /*" N!*k $"" * *^ ,-7n[ -T&' = -Z - \! ; ,FGE e\F ,*8 ,+ ,¢48+ &' = -u4F! 8~ cN iTz ! ,?+ * MN*. `%7 -!9 is5 b.N" /" . `] [ = 4 , e`GT N < $*% c* L 3N*< H9 c M8 = 6£ 8 K N ,É*z 0* 8x*" i*2 K* y* N 68*; /" EF2 h%* Q1* MF* d4* ½4* /" ,-% 8 6` iY ,8*~£ 0[Q * Z*. H 1*78" /*" *.y J* -]' i "+ G! rPN9 N aFE e$Z.C Ó ,$ky& $[ = [;5 i*Q *" H9 Kn K >n = \8; K {ENx hT4Q K*E ,cL Z hq 8 - E8 ,-h2N" -;^ -ux+ _ ?+ NROL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L = H9 c* M8* \*E¸ /* *! *< BC -·*" -+G" -!^ /48*GT *< i*2 -*2[ BC -48G - <9 b" $T /" r8U 8I 6G"@! E :°X BC b4 cÌx m12 = 304 8 e?c L 3N< -y 8; cG<9 *2 * h K -;? aFE *** eª p e-^ -;V c' :c L ! e2 cxE NROM f@!‫"א‬# K]%‫א‬02/,<&Y$#J$?b?‫א‬ZS/cWT &#7 *4Nk ½4* *S 3N* 8 ! 6 j% + % ; n*^ i*<8k *. -*T * aF*E 6 ,$7 K" L ½4 b" 4 e{4N*" *~ * 3N; °NT+ = -+G" . hT+ i+! ,8" N* *! = `*~9 -*£ = \8*T K -< \0 L /G J N&* i*W;4 *; e0*E i*' = $* *4 6*7 n ¡ `% = *hGG! i*; ^ ,$7 K" L J [S E! iy] K -" L = 1* *. E MF ,c L /" 4; NU G48" ! D. /4[* b*# = *! *h;;< K* 8E*% \*5 *! W" /7 -44 h%. v iG< ,-;V -4[.5 - -48G * 5 -* 6N*S *q 8*. BC $! \NE ,K" L J e G M *< i*I! K* \0* L /*" -*2N aF*E K" L J $2 . * * \^ ,-4Nk b! 9 \" -" D] \2N! 3F!5 *^ n*7 ,*v i* K* *Z1 8* *" 3N< `V7 \5Ì -"! 69 ,*. - aFE = ! h! b" !9 ¤ 4 v8I NRON Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L 6 /*" ]8 ec L 3N b" ! ½4 h¸ h+" W -%I 0hT* 8*4 6 h* 1 , = # i!' . \0 L **T [[ 6 5C ,c** ** $** 48**G **+%+ K"** c**; ** [[8* aF*E |*! 6C *! ,S¸ h4NT EN. i%^ E0QC -" L *z8I /*" `*V7 EF*¥ *. K"* L D*I /* `% = iI! K ,E*+ K*%+ /* -*Z8 -*ukU ET ½ s -4F7 !9 e$! ?! MF /4 ,48G $qY S~ /" cNS 4¸ *W *h%] = i*;! -T;V Dq+ {hY K \78& 6 n7 ,-*+" -h! 48G 3N 8 6N!9 2E nG e-" L -u% -%< ,K"* L * N = E*+T *E[ BC +!7 m -u4F! -T' $! N; 6 D*R /4F* n+! ,hT4Q -h 6y%! N+;4 6 6N¡ ±X7 F*E *; K -!9 Nx ^ ,6N#h E [[8 aFE hC $2N -%* \%* 8 /*" *h.n = $*¤ *" b" D +4 n! \0 L /" e$.! h+;4 [[1 6 *+ i*%^ ,-4 +·" c" `~9 <9 +z ; -*Z_ /* |q K -.x -48GT -78 ¦NU + 6< . i.N NROO f@!‫"א‬# * n*f $*! i;* K* 29 h 7 /" * 3N * K* * -*z -*; \N+* *+ n7 ,! = 8. ? -! -k 6 − *! = 3N* * cN*S = >N%*" `] \hY 3n h;8 K -%~ \8EW ,-¸8 -4Ê T [[ Q ,pqY9 05 ,¾"9 `" ,\ >8&7 -2N DIY n*! N" = 6NG 6 ,0;! j 5 K \² /" hC " Õ ,i%V /" $%y4 /G*+ ;*h ; K -z9 ° 6 + ¡ 8 -*h2N *~ *+% 6 ,{²* K -4` -; D7 /" Z* N *q! *"9 *4Nk W+* [* * ,-4* -48GT * /E8* i*.N = * *<N %* N*E F*h ,-+G -< D 9 eS BC 3N'N $*z8 = ¦N*U /* . -+9 7 3N ² 6C [*C *+" D*y 48* -*EL D* *q! $.~ = /y \y; b# = -"9 \.k +¸ S~ /" 4 ,J -&z -s C ,°**" W+",8**V" ** = \0**TG D**EN **fN ,/4[** DEF* 5 *< *% D*48; 4N* * 8y" E N& $2N" NROP Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L * *< *¥ * J K* * -z8 5 3n9 1+ 5 , [Nh e+!NY kN ,+!%Y ° ,+. DR ,Ô" i. M /" 8V7 4N< %y" \] K -s L aFE *G! *! BC °* 9 = -*h2N" 6N*G d&! h»8! hE 8 6 *h2 / ;< / ¾+E /" \' \EL \0 L 69 ,hk -; aFE \[% 7 F~X d&! ,8~ % 9 h -ET / -*".C /* N*T] ,h+*4[ b!*+" /* *! nh" 6N ,%5 ! 3N* -W! E87F4 /" BC -2&! N $EN a8"X! c15 ,a8ZY * 8*4 6 E*< *q! *4 5 ,$N%¡ ±9 ;$G" N >n = /G4 MF MNT Nx FE DZ /" +4 . ,K" $";" [N*h2 6@* OF* e*+TG4 *" r<5 DI \8EW" 0+^ " 7 e2 = -<NT \8IV 8~£ BC +T n7 $2N 6 DR ²+ -*+%" -s* L aFE \4! 6NG 6 7X 3N; - /" = $*;^ * b* m*k ,H9 b*! -*; -*" -*8" cN* *vP K* \E¸5 v \8" K \Ny - E[" -* [ ,{4N" {;%k ~ vNY \+EP = $7 OP `^X NROQ f@!‫"א‬# -*!9 *T [[ ,\0* L -*2N" 0 *; K* b* -"Y a*' h*C $*2N *yU *R < ,-% c h+" -!RL 0N hE¸ eNy `^X b.N" b;4 Qw* *G D*y4 ¶N*y K m? FE 6 $ OY 5 , 3N* 8 ²* *Y i*¤ *SN" ,*{0T7 ,-*"9 \ b# -*;.8 $Zn*Y ,8*y $`! ¦9 " 7 hZ /" ! 48 4?* a8* /" " /4? -^^ Ô. n+< ;-4?% W $ ,-*; -*;%y 3*] ,-8U [N. /" 6L 8¡ ¾? 8TG Ä+4 $*%EN" -*; $G 6+ jy4 ,-W {Ny /4 32 PNY e;< `~ E· ¦9 02 = jy+ 8& -+ J* = -*T;V D*q+ j* b;4 m? FE /" _79 0D FS ,-;V -· aFv |h+ 6 E;! K Kh ,K" L = *h¸ ,*<9 N*" = 6N*G 6 h+" Dy4 MF `%G M& -*I! $*%k H9 0*T rN* S K -T \£ ¾" $*;^ j* b*" D* + K -;48y ,$%;4 MF N 9 ,hhT4 K e[N; E' zN E8^ -;V -h2N 6NG NROR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L -*;V 8* /" - aFE + hz8T K \<s; 3N 6C -2! T;V! [N;" "9 6 Ox 5» m4 5 n! % -+ -"L &*' ,-%x* -* 8 \* · ,3* \"NG ^ ,B9 N*WT¡ ,h*% ²*+;m? F*E NN4 6 h 4 /4F 3N"9 :}4 " \<s; 3N aFE -# /" eE04_7 h"87 -"È * ,*+. >k@*! l*% KZ*T d% /" N; [T 5 − -*; -*;48y! 3N* ²* m?*" +% -Z \N+. K* - ¢"_ /" -! H9 Ex BC $2N ,-Z[E -*! /* *%4 N*zN" 4*; 4²* "C !y~ * ,H9 *; $%;4 5 MF cN Z K" L cL m!L 3» = 8~ ,\I 3» = - \0T7 h ? 6 c*C ,N* QN*" cq* = G& \h" O K"L ®* QN"8*! N* /&*Y v 4 K - \TG! 7 c*&.5 * 3*» F*E ,K*; BC S4C Ny \0¡L iN~ . -V4 \55 \"N N^ 69 ;H9 0T $*2N4 6 *S~ /*" by*4 -*4178" -*G" N% KZT cL NROS f@!‫"א‬# E484 K \+; m14 ,; D;4 ,\+EF Ì4 ,\;V e-<NT \N ² = -"L -£ 6NZ; -G%x** **+ $**& MF** [**& `**] \5**5 3**» 3I** − \**I **q! b**.N \**u" **! \?** >**kL -**N%G+ -* -*I! 3N* /* d4*& h¥ 4 -!9 -* \ ! Q1" ,- ENx! 4·" ,-;.[ -+' V \h%x ¦8 ,-4N $` Ñ· ,$` c; ,-;^N -*I -*Y -*Tk / ! jy+" 0E = h [8 ,$N< F*E = * 0*+! /*" 6N*q &4 ,- n -!yU *" *h 6N*4 K* -!9 b.N! 35 -·" 6 {N*[ b*.N \4N ¦8 ;h+ d&% ,-;; 6x N& ** **< ;{**<s. **hZ( {~**! **hZ8^C hx**.+ ! h<8k 4 ,/ BC \5Ì r8¥ -!% DN N*yU aF*E 6 $* OY 5 e3T5 ¢+x / ! d&% ,8*~ \N*y~ h%* -* *yq b*¥ 6 DR K %* 5 ,-*z" 4·" 42 8k 3N~! {8Z[ b NROT Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L \5Ì* ` Ox ^C ,78 bzN O48¤ = + 6 *! 8*~£ M8 8 6 D¤ ,j / d&% K °NT+ = eZ Ky+ yU - -& \4N{ / *' -*h" $C 7N K" C '8" 0x@! <9 -%7N K − *^ ,J* = $*% c* L /* mF4 ?+4 DG4 " b# ¤ h 0N {k ! ¤ K 4; 4¤ \'L aFE - [ $4Nx** /**y -** ,**V" \h%**Y ,$**% c** L /** \I q! E? h%N2 zN h [8 -u{ ^ , 08*; /*" -*¡l _*7 BC 3N*'N [[8* aF*S * K - -I*' cN*S -I*' h"*" 6R /4F /4Ex S** MF** j** m**%C -**; = **T 6Ny** m** eSN; $ /*" 8* %* K"* L J* 6*! * = \" & − $* 6N*G MF* /*& *E%! , 3N ² -·" 6 *h *4 OF* e-* \0*TG $+" r8q -T;V Dq+ **U -** **8 -**q ** \** 3**» = **T NROU f@!‫"א‬# N*y b*% ,-*4[7 -* -;48y! K" L H9 M $" " -% + 3N ¶s. ,a^( ' ,U FS K *h sx*4 K \ aFE / -q - ¢Z+ 0Nz = * *±9 ;-*4Ó -*"E NyU aFE ,-;.[ [2 6NG 6 * a*¸5 = -h2N" 6NG h»8! hyy~ [C = `V7 8k eN28 -4I BC 3N'N S -!'C S /4 MF ¶L h%2N! cN; ! = -" L \ · \ -u% − $`* /* m $z8 / F , 3N ² m?" = D*2N F*E *V4 e0N* -+* c*. S+ K 8Ey *48 -*N -* *W+ Ä[*S °* x*+ ¾8& -N* -*Z8 c*L Z* = 48G $% ,c L! -*T48 [ 6NG 6 ,\G"C /" S ¶4 " D< -!NG {*; b*" D* +4 n*! *!9 BC -*h2N" ,8^·*" -.Nx" eh 17s `^X b.N" d&! ,E`GT >8k b" +4 -*h" *! = -"* L \* · \* j b;4 n7 \*qx ,- \E¸5 \P -!9 \T! 35 NRPL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L $** MF** !**S N** 9 |8** K** -**;V - ** K*.8 M* N* 9 F*%¤ ,48G K%+ /" + 6N#h K* *'N $* 3*~ /" 8~£ x7 - Z; *h7 S ,-!9 -< = 1 E[N2 S -TZy aFE e$" $* * 3N 8! 48 - = h7lC ,4 = -N $* 6NG h M K D -%kq! * c em? ¶ pU a`^X = 1* $*.N" $* 3N* 8 -u -& |8 6C -<* /* D*I ,* /" ®4 $+G ,H9 =;V j+ * D*48" N*& * 0N* $ 4 MF i.N = -"L cN dT h Q8!C hx! c L . -TZy N*< 08*2C BC [*%4 6X*! 6N%*y" * ¾*+E * 6N ehE87 n*[ $!&' b" -'N" \ \0; ; , FE b" 8" /" 8~£ 8k 7 $ 84 ,0+! M< N 4· hT.N r1* `*I = a8*^ OF* 6NG4 6 % 5 , 3[% 3~ e$% c L a¸ M8GT $7[C 4 H9 =;V NRPM f@!‫"א‬# \** · \** by** K** -**h \kx**+ -**# /**" ²* -* -*4N; = *h [n*5 ,{l%" ! = -" L = \*.9 |*! u * c $ * K%+ ,$*% c* L /* \" ¦8 ;-!9 \PL \N+; 3*» = 1*" D*EN" \P -"* C \0*T7 h]' ? -V4 -"L \+; 3n = Z _~ -!8¸ S ,6L -* 8 3N*' /* K* -2+ -T+ D 9 ~N K e¶+! Ex b BC -4Ê = -*Z[ ,-*;+" -[ ¦" -".C *4 * kL FE = r+4 3 _ -;^ b! ,-" /7"9 >N 9 \y aF*E 6 $* O*Y5 * e-·* \*h b*" j+! -!9 /*" ,[x -4²+ -TZy /" 4Y -z" ; \[% )* O*P 6 5C ,- * -+4 {0n ~ /4. *h = 8*4 6 -;! +"· ,65FU °X [ e+& 82 b4 5 ,$! S 4 ¿ MF ®N; kL = 8· -W+" K" L J = _G \ · \uS KI%+4 − NRPN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L -** **+ ,8**EQ9 b"** ,K"** L J** -**y! ,K"** L /*" 6N*G *h+ -* [N 3 @! { 6 eeeK" L %x a*';" c* L! -*; -*8 BC N*# /4F* 0n /" -%q 6N*G ,*{¸ *7 = -!8I & 4N. ! k /*" -*# -*»8! -*!9 *; *y. N¸ K [NN aFE -h" ,\Ó*& \8· \+ -".C ,1T -T& \0; *7 = N*h b*" \0*; W+ ,- \N = -7x " 7 ,$Z[%" $% ` ,$4l $ ,c L! 48 6G" K*; ,H9 6* D*N aF*E *zN = E4 6 /G4 = M8* 3[% ,-x.+ \2 x+ ,h -!2L \5Ì e\5T5 \+x / ! Ä[E K N2 -*V4< -*;48y! 3N 8 ` ¦8 = ¹q \» 'C − -%x - 8 \uS G ,-!9 \I q! - eh 3N /" ! = E \" -;V \ · m_* j4[+*' ¹*q ;h*u% -"9 [8 b# É ¦h+ − *h[ , 3N* ² BC { K \ aFE 4N NRPO f@!‫"א‬# [n ,; .X! N h 8 >TL! h<C = -É BC b*[ :*V" 3 FE = 1" < 8 MF M N 9 n+*< F*E *V" BC * G < [ . en4 TG 5[ *" *7 b*4 6 * *" * *" - jk 8* K*G -4N< -4Ó [%" aFE e$% ² = E < N*E 3* ,F*T+ 1< ~ ,N+ -<8y \<s; b4x -*. K*E *! ,; \"NG ¹¥ 5 -; aFE , D eB9 -2! Nx n* j*+ 6* * * 6N; 32 j b;4 − cN 8 Z; -%. N. /" 8I $&4 " 3I 5 h+! a?* *" D*< eE v[ /" 7 ,-4NG4G N*; = 6@* * c* * $* * K*%+ / |! 6 * ,+. c¥ K -N; [N /" -# -!9 *h+" e48*¸ \*EC /*" $; h%+ %5 [` ENI4 "+ ;M[] $2 $! 7N< MF 8T Gaysso N2 6N. M[*4 /*" -*%." 48*¸ * ¹+4 MF ,[Nh -.8 = OGY NRPP Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L ,D*29 -*E87 -4²*+ \²* b. BC -zL! ,-" -4²*+ *z -*Tq -*!9 `* = 8*~ N. /*" 8 I \( /4NG OP }4 ,`hx 1 BC -*"! 0*%9 BC 0* L b+ -[ N. \4? / 2 = 6N*; 3*28! + K ch -# /" e-'q! 3N *E0 K*T K* `% M8 -48< N[ +T - aFE V" Á :* 7X E+4 /" 6N"8 D* c8*¸ Á ´ N*; *7 6 A /*" *N O*P 4 6 /G4 5 d< ,h;< = F; pqY9 A Á ,`% -48< ,8*~( ¹q*Y * 4 - aFE = D Á 69 /"·*4 MF* c* L K*% D*4 /" NE 48! B9 6@ ^ Á /" e-z9 8G 6G b! $ $N%+! *** K*%+ -u* -44N* cN* 8 /*" * .N" eb4x /! /8 % /! ~ [ − c©¯¯ _% ª − *E¬© 6%Y© 0!9 e¦48 482 e 48G e¬ NRPQ f@!‫"א‬# E 3N* 8 / c L / ! h K -y+ N 6C iIk ,&2L h D] . * E[ 8; = K" L EX2 "! * Q1* ,D2 7 /" -E8G ; 8x" hk< ,-k8T -% h = * J ,`*V7 \ j& E , j%y h E[N2 \N*' N* 8*W \*%; 68*; [" H9 8GT \k N+ b%+" /" N!s. 7 -T /48GT" / ¾+E +E /" -41E -*;; /* N*+ ,h"N*. \*h2N N*. = N*8 ,h~[ 0zX **hW **G! * * 3N** -**qY = ENTx**7 K** -**'+ N*E F*E ,D*4P7 \5*z D*V" /*" $+ mY " + ,h~NY 48G K%+ -;; N J" |! 84 6 3< MF + D e[N& G+ 5 |8 /" -k" rN" 8*GT = K*%+ N*' Gx* *+X 3*~ /" * + % ; /* -*%s *^£ *E BC >8y ,h" Q8! {¸ ¦8 ,H9 NRPR Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L 8*GT *h+" ®*4 K* -* 6 * -ENx* N aFE >' = [;5 ¦9 *y. *7 = * *^ /*" , K*%+ b" $" = H9 *±@ ,6*G 6*"1! [* n4. { i7 PC e=;^ K+4[ E·x+" c*<5 -*[ ,3 V" i&%' ,%. 8 Gx! \Q8! . cN ,a[*;< / )T+ = D]84 /" G -4P ,8I ! m² ,-*!9 `*En *y = ,§ D+" 3N = e-" L 6% Y] 6 7 ! {² D2 [*! 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BC a8V4 c&.! /4[% E NNG4 6 hT N+kN4 6 ,-+; - NV >8*k = -*N+" *42 D* K*+% ,[*% c*"Q F~X! ,8~£ 0 -*W F*+" *h hT ?< K -; 8Z /" N28 < ,yU D*EX cN*S *W ,3*9 [[ = *V K ,8I! cy'5 NRPT Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L cN*E [N*! j*9 = % 6 BC ,-TI 0S BC 6N78 ^ ,m a! b+* 5 3*9 [[ 69 ;*42 /*" *S 1*T& ,¾*+E /" \( 42 eb.N Ì 5 ½4 *** NRPU f@!‫"א‬# Y W$?9‫אא\א‬W T e-*!8 *&!9 -* ·" eD*4[ N*! 3n*7 :-#8 e>? 5 e [[C ec e\`! ecª e)4! ,K+4 ½4 = \ [ e6+4 iC © J* -* e[8 ~ :-#8 e-& c L eKGN2 G 8*~£ [*# ei*4NG e[£ 6N*+T -*;V K+kN* )* e-8 ec³ _N e*E ¬ e c L K%+! 8I -. -48GT 3N'9 ?$NE8G4 P eK2T~ ! ¬ ec©¯¯³ e*E ¬© e e¦48 e6% 7 e8*GT [ e%; Ó :8I c L e[ K7Q N!8 } K78 ª ec©¯¯ e© ejx"[ ?*+ -4²*" e*%. * :-!8 BC $; e K%+ G< e6N MNN ³ ec e e8E; eb4QN a[N*2 * % : ,r8 :-#8 e < :3N 8 ee e[N! e8E; e²" -%G" e& NRQL Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L ?c L /" $7 D8 FE J e \[N2 ec*5 [ e$*E *! c* L 8*"[ :6NN;4 8I [. eJ 32 e8E; ec© e8E; e[8" K.' -#8 e-& -'8T e6NG [x4 ¯ e-"* L \* * *E8^ -.?* 5 8E*W er* J* § ec e ey" eK" L J \ [ 178" \Nx+" *! 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[ e' YE -#8 e8I ,! ,c L e6N7 ©³ ecª NRQN Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L e¬ e8E; e [ e < eGE < © ?+ N [ e6N.? h8< 7 -4N%+ ` e} W % © ec¬ * *E ¬¬ e e-4+G L eb4QN b%y \* [ 1*78" e8*I c* L ,-*!8 :-4NS -X" eM8! ! © ecª e\`! e-!8 <N [ -*%G" e* `*] *! c* L BC N* = eM*yhy \1 ¯ ec e*E e8E; es J** \** [ 1**78" eK"** L J** = `**+ -s** C en** ** ec© e ey" eK" L -** -**TU :** c**W+ K"** L J** e68**~( n** ** © ec© e ey" eK" L J \ [ 178" e \5N& e8E*; e\*" ?*+ [ e0s5 -;; ! e- N! ec * *E ¬©¯ e K"* L H8* 8*GT = 8*~£ N' :q 8I e-4 /4 N ¬ ec©¯¯¯ , e\`! eH8 =;V 178 e N *7 - eM m² -48GT -TU >? 5 e>1.Q M [N ª e*E ¬¯¬ Ù 8T' e© e8y. e-+4 6·x -? 7& - Z e-"9 NRQO f@!‫"א‬# 68**; /**" 39 **+ = §** >?** 5 e** ²** Ty**" ³ ec³ _N e% e)!8k e8. [ e/4? -*%G e-*!8 [%* = n* 5 `x*% eÑ8* 8* M*~ Ty" ec eª e\`! e-4² ec*; [ eE*Y °*C :-*#8 e>?* = 6N%* eN!Q Zq" ec³ eNG N" ec e¬ e8E; e [ e6N.? eK;; D eb - - e-^ -;V c' :c L ! e2 cxE ¬¯ ecª e\`! e-y [ Ty*" :h* h b*z h<l hy%z h;;< e-4N%+ ` ecxE /! ¬ e\`! e; [ eK%Y T % ,M!9 E8!C ,; KQ2‫א‬WT ?V ecª 84+4 * ¬ )y] ,¬ * m , ° e -» ¬© ec©¯¯© 84_** eª m H8 -» ¬ [* − c©¯¯ _%* ª − **E¬© 6%*Y© 0*!9 e¦*48 482 ¬¬ e¬ NRQP Q.6#M‫א‬%Q.(RM‫א‬C2C%%&‫א‬P*‫א" > א‬:L W$?3%\‫אא\א‬WT V (45) Philippe Hitti. Islam and the West. A historical survey. London. 1962. p 50 (46) Norman Daniel. Islam et Occident. traduit par: Alain Spiess. Ed du Cerf.Paris. 1993. p 151 (47) Edouard Gibbon. Decline and fail of the Roman empire.ed by J.B. Bury.London. 1909 – 1914.vol 5. p 3321 (48) George Bernard Shaw. The Genuine Islam. Singapore. Vol 1. N° 8. 1936 (49) Philipe Sénac. L'image de l'Autre, histoire de l'occident médiéval face à l'islam. Ed. Flammarion. Paris. 1983. p 17 (50) G. Zananiri. L'Eglise et l'Islam. Paris. 1969 (51) M.P. Holt. The Treatment of Arab History by Prideaux.Ockley and Sale – Historians of the Middle East (London. 1962) *** NRQQ f@!‫"א‬# 8?9‫א‬ NRQR @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L $‫א‬#TU.D>"‫א‬:L @MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVREV.XY% A .57.CJ‫א‬%%./L.$L ))) H 2%‫א‬Z1.[‫ א‬K ,,# 0 / '2! 0!! – (1 NRQS f@!‫"א‬# ‫א‬ NRQT @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L ** :©¯- ª¬ ignace louis gondal 3N] )4N °+4C 7 8hf :-+** )4**%! MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE eaQ*C ** v&' [ - KE e4 \ -%G" - /z ,c K&* /4* /* m* -*4I! 08*; \*;%k b h 6NG 6 h+" ¾*+E 6 *±NG4 K 1h29 7 _ 6[[84 N7 /4F $Z -h2N" e-²+ \[;5 ! d4 jZ;< ! z 6 -* aF*E &*' sY ; 08; b Ê" 6NG KG 6 ¶N*zN *~5 :K*E \T*! 1* *h Nx+ &!9 6NG [x* N*Q a`*] / a1" "~ kl Nz ,-"NhT" -!F2 6NG e- &!9 aFE 6NG 6 l NE $ Õ ¿ 7 = N**À**4 mNzN" 6 * h1! * &!9 aFE G E N2 Õ ¿ -*7 N*y4 6 ,$ 6Nz84 3GYC G -;. -+E8 - mNzN" saint- )%N* 6* -* ! -²+ Z; \%^C ½4 [ P 3N] 67 e-G4`7L sulpice NRQU f@!‫"א‬# = {*. 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DG4 ,-" C `] 8W Ï Ï a`GT Ï `; -ukN = aFE -%k 14 " ¹U $X7 e[hyz5 6N d*^ *;48C -+7* 6C :h 3N;4 d< ,$!G hz K -%48I e 6N. b% ! -+7 /" 012 ( -+7 *2 /" ,c /" 8V7 F+" 5. 6;4 -& c L 6C eJ [ 8Zn 8y * \N ¤ -. \.Nq /" 6N" KZ" /" 8V7 ¾+E cN eH8 K%+ G /*! * [8 [ K+' 6N" 6? ¾+E c L % e0n -*4± \N*' X*! 6N*+4 M*+E 6N" 6N^^ ¾+E c L ! NRRM f@!‫"א‬# e®y4_ [hyz5 eK"8 [!@! 6N¡ K;48C 6N" 6NÖ ¾+E c L ! eK&" -Zn^^ % !P ! = ,6N*¡ $*% ,\* È4 $ e- 2 NE 6C h+*! ** &" NV = D48I ¶+ FE ,hT )4! D. e" Z[ b 2 /" 6N%G4 ** %' 0+! ,* s*C *! e* $QC / & K DG 6C e-" L {? S 8 KEE :. /" · DG FE ? ¼4N 2 /" DR 8V7 FE 6C e aQC ¦84 ®V ; ,&! 84 39 ; d< d&% /" = Y %4 -ukN aFE = a8 MF D FE 6C ec* L 3N 8 -ENx" N' 0+! % = -4Ã d&% \"N;" b )* ,*h+! -*QN" $* ) ,pN+ -<C 3N] d&! = ) N*E ) & > = b+ ¹+ NE ¹+ ,S ¹& ¾+E 35* 5 = X! 84 5 $@ ¹ O+E 2N4 J PC $C ! ,& ¹+ (1) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.4. LIBRAIRIE BLOUD ET BARRAL - PARIS - 1897 NRRN @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L `*+ -*+.E[ $*z * 6*7 N* , [" /" M = [84 J ¹+! e 3N 8 aN% 3N* N[ v i; K -;48y / $V4< 39 Ã / |! = $ N 6C D% 6 87P d< 8h -<8" BC Ê -<8" /" *! ,K*%+ 3. ,$!&'9 3N 8 h;4 67 K ! -'U \T /*" :$*< j*;¤ N*& Ix*! >y5 = $ / / $"( ¦8 6 *28 O*P * :}* $*!2X e?M84Q KZN K~ 6NG4 6 484 G+" \Ê7 ,$+y! \8;! ,$+ \X; ,$+ \Ê7 O". / , 3N 4 N*[ = * * j*y cN* OP /" .y :3N] 3. e$2 = j*y+ N*[ N 6 O e82 8V7 c49 N b" i&%' -48h2 *4 d*<% F*E 6*7 *7 8* ,*" ? -^^ a8 Tk -4 ehT & ¹& $. " ¾ ,pN+ ! 3N N% -&' c $5 ®V Ã /" t :3. K%+ 6 $1! ,\1" 6! % 67 $ NE 48EN2 a84 5C \1 / e-;;! ++.L BN Z5 6C e°+ e ep e$T NRRO f@!‫"א‬# e?\1 0Ð MÈ 6PC e?/48~£7 2 i el9 4Nq MF ? 0; ,G +" MF Ù -;" BC GN GC i ; 6 N eC mn 5 |84 / 0;x e} 4 " ; 3N. e7[t FE V! a[hx /" 8I 5 -·" TG a[" 34 67 3N] 5 $ b" ,\5<L $ c+ [G $!7 /G ,$ ' 5 MF ¹+ $N. 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K*< i*+! -T*' c /! % c C Ð+ c C / *E a87P " `] 8V4 E c L 8~( `T 0yC 3¡ ,05·E 3V" hn* [Nh /" G E hy /" , E a87P ,hT / F*E e©c* *7Q * * $* ,U K%+ Nhf 8. h+" 5C *&4 5 `*%7 b*# *Y8; `*] *! /*" 67 $ NE D48I `T = -*4 -*+4 N*"9 b*# = *" uY Ð8; ~ -!N! N*7 /4F* 8*V4 6G* 6*7 [* 05·*E -*";" = eee8 8412 -*G" * N" i*7 /4F ,r rN" F2 = 8 ! 6N%]84 BC -*'~ 0!8I BC $2N! eE!" h.N BC ,-%G 3N< h¸ aÌ8*! *h" * *.9 * K.* $* *+;" * 67 8V4 E eª * ª³¨© ecxE /!5 -4N%+ ` e6 Ty*" :j;¤ e¬© * ¬©¨© ecxE /!5 -4N%+ ` e9 c C D% = e6 © e\`! * - -%G * K%Y T % * M!9 E8!C * ; NRRQ f@!‫"א‬# *; 6 O e $Z 8y~ -h2N" = v j^N4 /4F< 0T< ,- = 6*7 $ NE ,1 FE O 14 NE ,$NzN" /" 28 FE V" /G *!" BC °*+ BC i% / D]84 /" ,G E `] /" ,8 *5N r1*U °9 ² D% NE 67 6 O 87F4 NE ea4[ = e 3N 6C 3N* \1*" 8Z* /* iG*4 -*^ -h2 /" a8 nC 6 Q PC Dx < / $V4< OP 3V" e> E ,N*< /*" b*" * /*G4 J Dk ! 6X7 ,©Dk H N2 D%! b * -*5[ /*" QC /" OP = -T& -z9 7 87F %+¸ OP e $N% O*P *TG aN* 8*~( 0Ð D* F*E b" /G4 J N $ zN 0*Y D FE b" 67 $ `] e6XY MP `] d&% FE %4 KG %% aF*E ,*h )* F*G = -*4( 3*N] D*7 /" i2 8~ :KE 0Y9 (1) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.12. e$T NRRR © @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L c L K% -I KE -!8 6 b" ," h2 -!8! · h2 :5 * i*". /4F* -*I K*E ,`* *v i[ K -I KE ,6(8; -I *. e*v *h b" 3N 8 ` -!7 BC % eN h7 / ¢+ 3N cG $h 0N h+" N" = h FE $. BC `*V7 4*< = r*¡ Ä*; 6 *< BC eE* K* \#s 0N /*" '9 -#s ! ,d4 ' -8" BC 'N "X /" Ó EN"s< 328 05·E Nl :$N. 3N 8 $%+7 OP e% NE a+ cG Fh e$N[ ¶+ N ,S K%+ X" Ny ; £ £ ¤ Nv) V;&E N=M* : $N; -#8 U1 x1 1 ,G=? ¤ ¥ ¤ e'F *V" e©N9c=1 1? g1 ,N93w >) ,N U GE ,N9=>? *±C e7*W = -* . *+ 6C ,6N* t :3. c. :$N. 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M*q% &*' e³ª¯ :d4* *. e\N* \8G =ed4* *. e1Z*+ b"*2 *! e1Z*+ *7 e4 -xZ / XkN = O" NRRT @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L :*E+" 6 c* L 0n* *+ * e*4_2 O* :-7 N. ! Ï * 0*2 NE e 6N+G4 /4F 0%9 -n! K+; ,* aF*E ¶l = e©b* *<N b;4 U j47 -n a+" e3N] a87P " h+! /" ) ,T = 8< /! h# 8~ 3N. % = ,*v[ = KT4 6X! $T+ 4 3N] 6@ -!8! h FE b" O*P `*] BC ,O D + /" $ " = ,-<T /" 6(8; = " " 6 *h d4* Ø*;4 *! ,*" 6 -8" h KTG4 5 K N"9 /" ,$* 3n* Ò $![X! ,6 OF! -8 \;%k = d<% 6NG4 -*8" * ,aQ*C cN* 6(8; cN b mk 6NG4 6 ^ -*Z N*E 6(8*; 6C 6NN;4 :3N] 3N; e8 + -]% cN! -4N. e¬ H8* [9 *2 /*" ,-* aFE = , X+ eH8 [9 = 8V+ 8*+ U Fv -Ê! 8 "+ ee :! $N;! $T X D% DG %4 e©¯*¨ e®.1 ¶?! XkN 7 eª³ª ª³¬= (1) (4) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.22. e\`! * [' [ e©¯¨¯ ej [" e6 © e³¯ëM% MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.24-25. NRRU f@!‫"א‬# -*21 ee Z*" *# d*< ,`*; \4G Zx -[9 /" \*+ ,-*1S \4G! ,-&! r1! -; -N; -W9! K* -4?*% \*+ZG *4" 87F /" +T b+ 6 by 5 ,-x<N N* *!9 BC *h+ K*T MF* aNx* c*78 F*E 5C = S Y8" 5 e¹U L ¼*% 5 c* L! $*8" 6@ ,;%y" h2 c L! · h2 :^ ¿ nh" cN -8" 3N*;4 5 * cN /" 28 6@ ehh2 ¼%4 b*+4 $*C :3*. PC c* L = cN* +! 48 = 3N] 3. " V" ! ,$*2N *] ,¼*% ~* *4 b+4 ! ? 79 ; ) 0*y~ = $*. * h FE e©! ½ 4[C j48 b! ,Ny >x+ 6*7 3N* 8 6 *Q 1 K%+ ` $+f " DG4 NE ,`V7 6 ,$*. i*T.N d< " -".@! 8" 6 ! ,-+4 $N' ! 39 $É ,i*.N OP F+" ,Z± " 7 c1 FGE ej /4 \[% -.! W+4 ,* -* *! ,-*G" BC $*h2 cN* = \8" )Ö -4[X! e©ª e$T eªª ,$T © NRSL @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L = 3*;4 *" *. c*7 F*E e08*;T 71 -4[X! ,6" 8hY cN! ,-*+4 = 5 , $*! 0ÒL *! ,-G! iz8 nC 6 $ j $' = ;4 6 ,-%G 5 °; i! KE i7 B9 -%; 6 6*7 *; O*P `*] /*W4 6*7 28 /G e-G" N& 5 -%G N& $2N K* $*+4" N& 6N4 °+ R 6 [ K%+ 6 ,M8 M[! ,84 *± 8*4 6*7 *; ,8~( M h DG 67 ; -%G " ,Xx h E*;T4 6 K*%+ -*y~ /*" 67 $ ,S h8 K -G O! i * -*4! $y* i%V by4 /G4 J 6C :3N;4 PC OP eE% x*48. 6 * b*" e©6N*Y8; E $Z + ¿ -y ¦; 5C -G" ,* = *hG+< :*É /48"X*! r[1* *E1 BC ,87F n7 ,{N. b28 /*" *±"8< K*E i7 E`" /z9 - N 6C ec8 i% h"~ *2 /*" K*%+ /*" -* Z* N 6C e*E% -%G [;C 8*V7 a²*! PT $+EP XY -. Ky r[1 S FE BC 3N'N e¬ e$T K7?*" *! Í48. jy" ! 14 5 Nh ,Í48. /" ) 3N 8 6X7 FE 3N;4 © eÍ48. NRSM f@!‫"א‬# -.@! h.N" 4 -+4" = ;4 67 $ n! ea8x" %+ hy *N. [*!@! ,N; b# >.@! a 7 ; 8 [! 4N ! /*" *2 ,[[8* *7 * j48y by. 2 /" e- 6! 04N.9 $Z ; -.Ê -%. 6 / ,\%2N °. 7? z - ? 8 e7? /" 4& 67 PC M! N^ cN* *+" = ,* *+ -*%G -*G" = $*4 FE 67 PC /* \NG v [ $ -T7 KE ,h ¦8 -T7 = ,E+ 6 j%* *" * ,1*" $* /*G J $*4 = K*%+ 69 ,0ÒL -^[< \[*% /* *&4 NE ,DG 6 +E 87F 6 48y /" $@ ;a87P 5C [*% -*;48y *+G aN* /*" ¹q* by4 /G4 J ,-" L %. ,b;% E9 K%+ 4Q / &4 NE ,V" ,a8 OF ,-!N! ** 6**7 n+**! -** = ee :3N**;4 ,c** ** ** $** ,$** NE ,$"~ < ;4 |± ,cN+ /" j. $+" . -xZ i! = y" N=1>? @R1 :3*. ¾*+E e.8I b;! 8!;" N& " ;y ,-%tN" N! DSF . }>* ,#=) {3 ªM* « #=) NM* N 9= ¤ ¥ ¤ 'E ]* / (1) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.15. NRSN @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L ¤ 'j O*P *! *' *^ e 1 ¬ © ,N>( ]=> © D/ 6' ,* -*zL% e©6G FE = N+[ /4F ¶ 2 /" \ MF 6@ ,\ ' ¾+E /G ,Gx Fv ¡ J 8"9 6 BC e`] 5 i 0 NE c L = -*8" j!* $* /*G4 J *28 6 *8W = j*%y *h FE ' * /* c* L /* *G F*E 5C * n * $ ) PC ,c L! * mk5 /< R 67 $ 34 " $%7 ! ) ,¬ 3N 6G* *4 c* :N*h b"* cG FS DG -#8 " e 3N 3. FGE eGN~C 8W+ K /& /" +! c! . e8!; MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.20. e³¨ e¬¬¬¬ :d4* *. ,-*%tN" H /* ¾* = 7* $28~ d4 *É7 e¨ eª :d4 . eZ5 = K;h% ," l $&&' e>& C /! j48k /" e©¯ e$T © 0* Q*+ * * [N*;" 6 = * e¬e[* [Q ,3V % e6 e$+" $+ T< " 87P i $*!7 ' ! $ ' ; eB9 $T·" /" * %4 n * 67 G FE 6 b" FE =¾8* *^ e\N+ V! c¬ /4 -& BC -<8 /" :an MF 39 NRSO ¬ f@!‫"א‬# c* L = *V<! $*V" /*" R " c. $ 34 ,$]NY /" c L = O*P D*7 ,$*. *" .? \!7 /" ; $+G ,-4N%+ ` nC e% FE = K+I -!V! $ cN 8I = 1 |! 14 7 N*E *" $* ,D*2 -< \W<" / % NE " $T ¥ 7 NE $* *' 5 c7 NE " $ ,-+" -" C -"X! -'~ -%Y \[ /*" -*TZk c*7 N*E *" $* ,E`*] -x* * |*! = 2N4 -*#8 NE " $ ,-4n 5 S 84; -!7 -h! Nyz .? b+*' K -%48I q /" OP `] BC ,48G 6(8; /" pN+ -8 29 e-& BC -<8 /" :NE 39 $!G ^ 012 mNzN FE= :KE ,$%7 i! ^ ecepN+ [" − ec¯¬e+<N4 )4; BC ¹q [N' /" ; 8 c4 -+G < − ec¯ªeK<N KTU Ê − ec©ecG \£ -;%y -48W - [ :YL \N / FGE &+ − ,-*C pN :²+ ¿ /" − ¿ BC [ /" e[9 [<Ü KWN" 2 ece39 01e-%y~ \0& ,-4`T \YC ,-*C pN :[ BC ²+ ¿ /" − ¿ /" e[9 [<Ü KWN" 2 ec ®V 01e-%y~ \0& ,-4`T \YC NRSP @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L $*! -*'~ -*48G 07 ignace louis gondal 3N] )4N °+4C h+" ,*'8 * 61*" = *± `*] ,$*! a* >NT*! 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N* /*" ²* = * /" /4h b# >T Nh m#L 48 " :i. **EN **% e$**;T 3N**' ** e-**. = K**l **G< ** 3N** 8 ** **! = e¬ª e~ NRSR @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L :/48"X! 14 K" L b4? 6 $Q b4? -%y! $h2 /" ,-*+"Q -*< y* *! j!*y4 $* $* MF* [N :nS Ï ¿ Ï $9 M8EN2 Xy~ $4 = FE e®" K+4[ » Õ ®N*. c*W *! [*! -X*" h+*! n* ?*% - * -* \*. *W+ $2N" $*2N" $* n*! MF $T 6N; -%k 3N< -7 Xy~ . 6NG ee"2 `**I" **8" **hV" 6N**G4 6 K**I%+4 **hh2N -** ** 0N**<5 *G = ,*hG&! ¹ [ -.N! hG< ¹ 5 -. >C Nh °; "= EN % e$;T 3N' eG FE - = .N M ,¹+ $! [ MF ec©¨*E © − ¯e ei4NG * ; [ eª© e~ eM* 9 *% ½x $;T 3N' = 12N :°; m#L 48 = e6 ec¯¨*E¬¯ * e ec [ e©©ª ©ª ¬©ªeKy;+x* q /! "9 ½x ¶l [N K.8" [N 8V ec©¯¯©¨*E ¬© e e e\`! * c1< /! [¨2 * + [ e¬¬© e®7Nx* * /*! }* /*! *& 3N*'9 /" j j;¤ BC 3N&T [YC e© e − c** [ en** C ** 6%**Y e[ :j**;&! eª¨© ©¬ − ©¨ ec ©¯¯³¨*E¬© /! 1 e[ :j;&! e¬¨ ©¬¨© e1I "< H9 3N'9 /" T eN+ -+4 e-" L -" e< ÈQ (1) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.33. NRSS f@!‫"א‬# e78&" b!* 68; 8 < BC [N -Z! N. / % $ :nh^ e©*!9 BC * ! *h"C h4*! * 3N*;4 n*7 * K*%+ c*. M[ eOF! - ;" i&%'X ,K"* L b4?* -*%y! j*%y" *h2 :68" h%% $+" 8W aFE 8*W ,-*;" -% $7 OP ;K" L b4? 3N'X! $V" h2 6C :!8I*" 3N*;4 a8* OF* e-*+G r*~ G" /4 8 5 -+7 c*49 /*" cN*4 = 14 J , Kk8.N b» NE MF K" L b ,-* N*; \ · : a" E+ G PC :- / -+G ei!^ ,"2 ,°;" G 6@ $ 0+! ,/4 Ä[%" ,; 67 a`] n" , + / ^&" $N. \[%! $h2 /" n7 * E[ /" 3 ,% ' KE B9 :EÒ /" $NhR " 6X*! *4 6N* 3N*;4 ,8hW ' KE -V ,c[( ¬* 6N 3N;4 e¬ e$T e³ e$T © e¬e$T =-x* /*" cN*. 4*¥ |*! /" NE nC ,$14 MF Fv 6NN;4 5 6C ¬ NRST @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L N*E )N*4 K%+ 6X! 6NN;4 ² ' KE -VV ,E8!C E[ /" 3 ,* E*' /*" 3 ,8I ' KE -!8 ,8" 3 E' MF e N" / \F~ . 0x ' KE `~9 %8*" $* *G 6 1* 6*" cN*' / d4 BC ; ^ cN*! c1" ? -!8 / ¼! 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K%+ 6 Q MF 6(8; = [ n! 8. $ ) h2 -u* 9 aF*E * b*z *E :3*; ,* c"C ,Dx Z. $X! $ *h+ 6(8*; \NG* 6@* *.9 !5 :Z. $T 2 ^ ,?`yU *¡ 6 6[ Í*4 6 b* /G4 5 $@ OP b" eFE [;! + 4 e©° 9 $7x" 8~X! -;48y! * *! *U -*%y! -4n 5 \+"9 a+ iy~ . *ZNy *! *2N4 b $+" Y 6 e-"9 = a8^ $%% $< NRTM e − ³e$T e e$T © f@!‫"א‬# 6 *[ K* %* 9 aF*E *V" O*P = D%* 6NG4 6 6[ -²+ *'N4 J $*C ,-u* 9 aF*S *< BC 'N4 6 Xx4 J 6N7 h28" *h2 e\.;x*5 m% $²" <NT" % ¾s ,' hC e-I% -2F aFv ¢ 6 /" j c L = -""L -X" 6 A ,*h d4*& $E·4 k -4N%+ ` DG mk c :V^ * h! +E 87F + 5C ,EÌ; F4 2 `V7 0y~ = b;4 $2 ,*; $*48;% Ny*! ,K*%+ D~ ; :$N. OP / e`] 5 V % 6N*q $*%! 0* *E ,$*ZN i*¤ 6NTy4 -# 02 /" Z ,*~ *4Q 8* ! nV* -*. :*E 8hY E8V7 67 d< ,OF! /* *&4 *28 6 * 6 O* e©a8^w*" $Z* ¶*" = 6N+4 /*! -*. -*.N! [N*; 6 e*! -78" %. 8S ! K%+ -!&' ,6*T /*! 6nV nV! ," ? -^^ N&+! ½4 FE %. =N MF N ,*< ! nC ~ 6@ ,a8T7 Fu"N4 67 MF N /! ~ q! /*! }* < j4* 8*G! 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MF Dy % / 5 i! / e$+ ! = K*%+ M Ex*4 6*7 ; :$N. · ¶l DZ8] /" * N D*+4 ,-* ; -*S ¢* i*. 0+^ M ,-'~ 6" /"Q ,SI*Y = *Gh+ Z% [*%*! Á 0N ,- ; -+4 = D~ 8h*Y9 - ; -S! ;4 $ 8EW e¬08< %! ] = [8T+" Í c8 8hY9 e6" 8hY h+! /" ) ,8hY i 8hY aFE ,c8 eD2 c8& -&* P ;* P :KE j*;< 3N* 8 6 DG Q K%+ \2Q / $V4< = e³ ep e$T *Z5[ /*" $*9 ,O*P 3N*;4 6 by4 J $+G eT [ !!9 `y 1" ;4 © e% = $y! 8"9 FE / iG ,4 aGC by4 J ,N%+ eª¯¨ ecxE /!5 -4N%+ ` (4) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.9. NRTP @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L *E 0 Ì $. BC D7 6X! ,$ -+ ,-+x \<N /" - -*+! ,Ñ -*+! *"C ,aN214 6 W ? /" 684 N7 /4F ,Z%; :*; $2N FE /" & 67 \.9 /" i. = e+! ,~ ,i~ [*! = `^X* 8*V79 Ò9 /*" ,*%48; *h# ,&" e-2Q ? )Ö \2Q $2N FE `] /" $ 67 $ ;4 e8 ,[* = 4N*{ ,8~ 6 N eK" L /4 -NhY / h ¤ K 4 $YL h `*] [* F*E 69 O*P by*" `*] NE ,\21 05·E [ DG 3N* hC 8h' /4F Z%; 0 Ì |! 0n 87P ,&' i!V ;3~ | NE $N;4 " 69 T4 5 $+G ,-x.+ 3» ¾+E 6G T 6G" FE ) -n2 -C E9 67 $7 K%+ rQ 6 e©h 3N; eª * ¬ e$T * ª ep e*42 -4² 8W e+ /8 % e\21 [ 3N 8 e6 © = D Ê ec © * N4" * B9 e * ?+ \ -!8 - · e© e e e-4+G** L * >[**' [ eM8EN**2 M**y+k eD**% \**2Q [** ec¬¨*E NRTQ f@!‫"א‬# -4Ã* -* \[9 /*" 7 3U 3n FG 6 %4 e3**** Á :6N**+ i**¤ `**. ** b**z $** O**P e3**N] d**&! = *%. `*~ "*+ 3N / -%48] -. $ le chamelier ,-*Y * [8*! 0*7P /*" a8hf " ! OP ,-; Z. $V! * 3N*<9 D< − 8hfX e82 8V79 b4x ¶ %' N; D7 d< , 3N** 8 0**7P 8^X** **7 ¶l **^ e-**4[. -** -**4[C D**EN" Ï \*%y! ,*< a8*W i*¤ \8*" K* -*Tq Nx! ¾G<5! 6 *7 ec*W `] -y ,- % ,$ i~[ ,8x" G -*^[ m4 /G4 J PC ,-+4 N"9! j4 n 3N D<' 67 K%+ 6*7 K* [%* = -Tq \4 }V 3· ,$. = %5 &' e N» %< %E ,v 84 -*<8" *! $!%*Y *! !8* $*! [84 T FE V" bz 6C 5 $* -%2 i7 nC DEN aFE 6X! 3N; c 7Q $ $ $N% *q aF*E r* NE $! 02 " 7 6 ,K<N - 8 N%+! S -. !8 FE % = 3N] emn 6"[C -<8 3Nk ! $ i2 K (1) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.7-8. NRTR @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L ,cx* `*I <8**4 J $*X! $*+ ' n iG4 Ny 9 aFE b4 eÌ**' c**] N**E i**7 É**<C e**< `**] cx** BC **<84 J Z5[ /" nh 8hf ¦84 5 3N] nS ¦84 5 6 6<8 É e $N% A eh+4* -*%k E`*GT -*%k 8* -%y! DG h2 :! *+ i% -G! ,V" ,$h2 / e-%48I 0y~9 /" -# = $. " NE BC r* rN*" F*2 BC 6N&y4 N7 8V4 E 6 $Q 02 8 }%*; `*GT -%y! $h2 /" e©-%G N& $2N / h E!" K* /* *48y $*V4< 0*2 c* L $*! 0*2 *" -*%y! 8* + 8* [! i7 :$N. +! OP ,-+kN <N j;¤ BC K%+ Ï ,*Z%; 0 Ì ,ÑNx -y :É y `] 8 5 , ² = 8 ¾N* ,/* 08*"9 /F* -*zU 8 [! i7 e08x -y /*" 6*7 -*+kN *<N j*;¤ *2 /* e-+y+y; 8k!9 ,°8T ¾N** -**~C -**" ,ÑNx** D**7 ,08x** 0**zC MÃ** e¯¨ cxE /!5 -4N%+ ` (2) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.12. NRTS f@!‫"א‬# eD29 A K&* H8*I *W+! 8W+ /" ¹q / DG 1 :"~ ,°*;" 0" c1"Q 6 ,©-N+h7 -Z x48. 6 84 Nh e-T < BC / &4 "+ e¬-'U \T $!&'9 W+4 67 3N 8 6 *. $*% [* 67 ; :3N;4 N /" B9 \N+ = /" -. 6 *;4 D*G 6*7 *; eª$*k 3N*< *h# $*+G4 67 $ < BC 6*7 e\ ° SN< $!&' bR -k $ i7 3N 8 *[ b*84 6*7 n*7 ,8 8 [! :Y b84 67 K%+ 6 /W4 *V" = eH9 K"N*; * /*"Q = \x* aFE 3V" ! = -"N; -* "N%4 \* 8 /*" -*N» _* `*~ ee :3*N] 3N;4 OP ,-;* 8* [*! [*< 7 _ -48G \ /" - h%; -* 6X! ,/ 08" ,°8T O" ,6N Nk_"C chC = K%+2 (2) e¬ e$T eª e$T e e$T ¬ e * ¯ e$T ª MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.6. NRTT @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L *%5 *! F*~·4 6 D*R $*X! ,i*< *. 8* 8 [! m2C e$<Nk /" 8q 6 j% MF Ì8 D< -%8 N; -4! *** eª e$T NRTU f@!‫"א‬# *©* -T* -*8 -*h+ \[9 aF*E [n5! 3N] jy+4 /*G4 K* N* K*E ,$* N' D78 3N / & :KE 3N' -Ö BC E+ b**2 ¿ :D*G 3N*;4 O*P = e-²*+ *! h% :A5 %*' d*< e`h*Y -*qY /4?* -*!8 / = NE %' -*W $;. e-2U [% EY e-" -8" 8 [! a[! 84 e-*G" BC 8*W+4 NE -EL! )< e²! = hh2 K -& -*zL! -*E9 8* $*.8 $%% MF $ < 5 MF °·% 8W+" 6C -*n2 N*^ 8*G $*< i*"Q e$%*I4 O*P *7 ,-2U 8y e ee-+4[ *! * *h% r* N*E $Xx* = c L 6@ FE -"*' r* ,8~( N X! ,Nh e8 ¥ ! h+! $QN" ,-²+ *2 MF* NE -²+ M&! & e-; -4< e e$T NRUL @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L ,-%k `] -< ,DG 8W = , aFE M&! 6 `] ec L *'9 $+%4 " NE em²" \ Nv 6L M& $y4 " Ù. 69 ea87F MF ®V A a*;4 MF* e|"*] l /* u*Y $! 02 " 6N7 :^ mN*zN F*E ¢4 NE e< 6N $4 " NE |"I ?! 3N] = ,% +" y 67 . , 3N $ MF N! $y!8! 0! $! 02 " 6 +! e-& -z8 -+4 ) <9 Ny ,DG M b*4 K%k Ny ,-u% aFE = M8R 67 M[ r NE 3N 8 -X*" -X* aF*E i*7 7 FE $¤ = + %4 5 NE e N FE $C $hT* ,*h+4[ = 8 Í48; K%+ -! b" 0YÈ K%k Ny *%4 6 Ø*;4 K*%y N*y ,*. +* 4 J $ 7 ,h"<9 c[ b*" ,-*!8 /* = c*; b*" 8*GT ¢*+ ^ ,c+'9 [%! e8*" 8*" N"9 $ % ,-2[ -2[ <N BC ;+ , -yq 5 K* -Zx*L `!* /*" -N» 4 6 T4 $@ OP /" 5! e`*] 5 H8*I Ä*; = `^X* * {. = h. nC hT = S -. e e$T NRUM f@!‫"א‬# i*; :$*N. e-*%48] Ì *E1 $*<8! \8*" :$N. V" /" OP [N*; e$"Q $"< i7 :$N. e©-%48] \1E -z8 $ < [*! /* *&4 N*E e"] l $4 MF K<N h7 \% aFv |"*I ?* F*S B9 ¦89*! )¡ ,n! ,67 ee :3N; ? FE a*G = 3N*<9 b*# = ,*4 $*N" = ,n*! ,$< = °n MF * 6*7 K -· -;48y 'N ;+4 ^ e ¬ een < `^X -+4 F*E *hR H8*I Ä; 6NhR 5 08. 6C :3N; ,? FS v ¦84 5 6*7 -*·" \* NS $*< -k z8" 67 6 a`] hR n7 *G! *84 N*E ,*!1 a* * *. ,*.8 D%*4 N*E 5C *h+" r8 eª$Z 3*N] ¹*~ -*;48k KE ,K<N K; -;48k ' +E 484 NE 6 b*" e*!1 a* N*4 6*7 $ h% / N4 J 69 ,h8! e$T e$T © e$T e$T ¬ e$T ª NRUN @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L 5C K<N* 3N* 8 K*; -;48k = -'U $4 +E 87F4 67 DG -+ N -;! 6 OP ,K<N K; N! OP !84 6 / 12 67 $ * *4_2 31* ! - NS m² ¦8" ! !84 7 PC e4X / /*" b*# *< 3N* 8 b*" *E84 -4?*! N*' = $*1 ,$N' e# h 6Nz -!& *" *%] 6C :3N;4 6 = [[s4 5 $@ 1 FG FE b" \*"Q K*E ,\*"Q9 aF*E |*! /" r8U ! ,$C K< . $ /4 ,3*V %* * ,-h%x* aF*E +T = ,8W e©³¨ ecxE /!5 -4N%+ ` e6 :\ M8"NIN" 7 W.M.WATT.MAHOMET.P.19.traduit de l’anglais par odile mayot. Payot. Paris.1980. * * &* [N*2 * *% :-#8 e < :3N 8 :[N! e e 7 * e²" * H8 G [ e© * ep er8 = >?* 5 :*+ *"9 * *% 7 8W D7 /" * e-"* L -*4Ì8! -;" e6Qh e6n78! e\ 0£ - - [ :-4N%+ ` ec¨*E ¬ e e eª * ¯ep M[N*h D*G [8 = :0s5 -;; ! :- N! e[ 7 * e e e8E*; * \*" ?*+ [ e * ep e6N+4[ G" 8T ec¨*E ¬©¯ NRUO f@!‫"א‬# 6 K*+4 F*E e6(8; N # OP ! }4 ,3n<5 $2 m -*z8" -< -(8; -" L e-'~ -z8" -< r NE 6(8; l $*9 a*+ $* % 5 8~£ OF e-'~ -z8" -< / -uY -N7 Ox 6[ ,$z8" D% = NE 8~£ = d&% e$+" J P;C DR ¦8" ,-*48;% $*N7 ,a+ \%5 /< = ,4 5 3N 8 e48" $N7 = /* *] F*GE ee :3N*;4 O*P |*! = e-*;. -*48" -48;% h+G *E87P K -;; \48;% 8V7 < © -VV / = ,J ¶Ê" e½4 A /* u*Y K*%+ >*' * [8* 5 Z5[ /" 8hf " 6N7 :V^ D*G F*E *V" BC -*2< = 6*7 6n*7 N*E e6n*G `%G $. 6n*G F*E *' eOF* $%+ / 1 ".9 6 n! ,$+% $&T M8* cn*E *^ *" NE ,¦NI! $T -k<C 3N 8 D< a+ ] 67 PY \1" ,-%48] Ì / cv@! &4 F~X ,Ð8; c ,-*%y $Z* i*7 *. e*h Ex* hy! S <Ê" 08< (1) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.7. eK& ½4! Ñ·4 NE M8S ½4! / aFE 6 BC $%+4 J (3) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.22. NRUP © @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L K -%48I \YL 4X T XE ,$Ty ,$< ,$.~ -!P2 e/W /< /" $ 4X a[! M8¸ i7 * *h " ? -Ö Kh DG 8W = 6nG FE " " e*h; b4x* aF*E r*C D*R 6*7 $*9 ,j*y" i' = $4x J [[8* 4N*k $* X*h a8*G" $*2[ D $É -]' 8. "+ KE a+ " ? -U " e©aÊ! ¶N%4 6 <8" _ 5C by4 -*"U /* *%. $*< = $C 'N K%+ 6 Q 8" ! -'T X*%4 5 K* ,6n*G *" 0*h *! eK<N* 31 -4! ! /4? K*E 8*~ -*<8" BC ,$*4 = ,K*%+ *; ,E[N2 ! 3N] $*+" 6N*!8; *E , 3N* 8 -;^ bzN" 6 Q d< ,mU -<8" ,8*G! N*! }%;* a8h*' ,}* $* /! ,4Q a% ,$2Q aÌ.' 6*7 MF* * *! N" ´ ,$48;%! N+ ,-. ! 8x m j48k / h+ i¤ hy! K -W -& = $! S T¡ K%+ $* 8! N+"w* ,½4* +" -W& O F+" %; 84 8 - NRUQ e e$T e¯ * e$T © f@!‫"א‬# e$% 3 N7 -SL h&*z 6*7 _*7 m~ - j48k / $4 = c L ! FGE 6n*4L -h2 /" 2 h 684 /4F , 8W = -!& c /*" -*# /*" 8*V7 a*+ N* *E n+! e; 3n7 -& -G erF q A N*E F*E ,-* 6[ a0 %4 4N"[ 2 3N 8 6N7 :! * /*" n*f i*#NE *± 84 K Í48. 7? $!8< ' 6N* $*N;4 *" 6@* OF*! eh*T / m BC \8yz K%+ *' 5 Nf 6 D%! < nC 3; 6 /" 48G 6(8; $N;4 -*N» N*7 K*%+ 6 -"NW" i7 x48. 6 a+ & e©$ öΝγ ß Ρ¯ 'r /Î χ š θ=è Gt ≈) s ƒã ⎦ t ⎪% Ï #© 9Ï β t ŒÏ &é ® e¯ e$T :hT / [ 3;! 6P "+ ,B 3. © Ÿωθö 9s ρu 3 ! ª #$ $Ψo /š ‘u #( θ9ä θ) d@ m Ï Ì ≈ƒt ŠÏ ⎯ΒÏ #( θ_ ã Ì z ÷ &é ⎦ t ⎪% Ï !© #$ ∩⊂®∪ í ƒ‰ Ï ) s 9s Ο ó δ Ï Î Ç ó Ρt ’ 4 ?n ã t ! © #$ β ¨ )Î ρu 4 #( θϑ ß =Î ß à à ƒt χ&r ω H )Î , y Î &ö ót /Î Νδ } $Ζ¨ 9#$ ! « #$ ì ß ùø Šy Ô ≡θu =n ¹ Ó ‹u /Î ρu ì ß ΒÏ ≡θu ¹ | M ô Βt ‰ dÏ λç ;° Ù < è÷ 7t /Î Νκå Õ | è÷ /t ¨ 3 #Z &VÏ 2 Ÿ « #$ Ν ! ã ™ ó #$ $κp ùÏ ã 2 Ÿ ‹ õ ƒã ‰ ß f É ≈¡ | Βt ρu N | ρu ì : θÈ ) s 9s ! © #$ χ )Î 3 …ÿ νç ç Ç (#θâ ?s #™u ρu οn θ4 =n Á ¢ 9#$ #( θΒã $%s &r Ú Ç ‘ö { F #$ ’ûÎ Ν ö γ ß ≈Ψ¨ 3 © Β¨ β)Î ⎦ t ⎪% Ï !© #$ ∩⊆⊃∪ “î ƒ“Ì ã t ” Ý Ψƒt ⎯Βt ! ª #$ χ u Ç Ý ΖŠu 9s ρu W #$ πè 6t ) É ≈ã t ! ¬ ρu 3 Ì 3 Å ρã è÷ ϑ y 9ø $$ /Î #( ρã Βt &r ρu οn θ4 2 i< nC ® M eÞ¬ * :¢Ý ⟨ ‘Í θΒã { s Ζϑ ß 9ø #$ ⎯ Ç ã t #( θö γ y Ρt ρu ∃ Ÿ “¨ 9#$ =± , %4 6 5C °+ ! h+! n DP S /G4 J ,Nf ±9 3; S NRUR @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L *< Í*4 *2 /" 8V7 /G4 J $T K%+ 6 eÂW9 >8y my. /" *y~ \8"*I" *< ee :$*N;! O -E" ¶?4 NE eH8 Q e-*!8 [% E = $? h%<' b8 i7 < KE ec[ D± ,c*.L :K*E O e-+ h+" -u -+h aFE \T! b4 67 . *W+ ,cN*S Æ*{ ,6* *~ /* ,-*T ,\!Ã -Ò -T jy" ] b" ,\N ;< -x - [N+ cSC ,m -?* ´ *; 3n* d< ,²+ -4[· -'U Z N 3n = *hut \5*]5 /*&4 MF* [N* 9 8G d< ,[_! !F c*. + W ,Dh+ + T+ 6L R MF ¼% by ,E[N;4 6N*G 6 *h2 K N aFE /" DG h 6 ! e©Z+I -*%k -*<8 aF*E = $T K<N F~ ; :8~ 3. 6G"L ;! -x! K+4 e8G+ / N± ,8! 8" ,71 N( , N". 8hf PC= ä ?s ω tβθ3 Ÿ © 4 L® m y Ν ö δ è θ=è GÏ ≈%s ρu ® :$ B ¾% 31 ^ e# { ,$!&' K%+ , %4 < :M , ⟨ ( ! ¬ ⎦ ß ⎪$ eÏ !#$ β t θ3 ä ƒt ρu ® $+4[ / /"·" /T4 5 < :M ,Þ :8;%Ý ⟨ π× Ψo F÷ ùÏ e¬³ * ¬³¨©ecxE /!5 -4N%+ èa`] $" %4 5 (1) MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE. p.15-16. e³ e$T NRUS © f@!‫"א‬# :Z*. $n 5 [ 2 $. N 9 FE 6 %4 e 8& -% \*! $* }*4 *4_2 6*7 ,-48G* 8*" $ d% i7 0n 6C F*v X*%+ *. K*%+ 67 d< e1<9 ! = n7 ²+" 67 0N e²+ 3* \N! / 6 ! ,M1q! "1h" OP /" )G 67 e²+ 6*7 K*%+ * *7·" 67 ²+ e< %2 -78" = n7 ,c[. ²+ 6 *v [ 69 ,* F~·" D -41E BC 3N¤ . 67 PC ,-;;< 6*7 *; eh*k c E[[8 -%." * ! * d*< ¾*+E O* c*. )*" *. *! $C eh" -+! N ,8 -+I! /4²+ ´ $4x*" * *z8 *4_2 *2 ,$Z82 = $ G4l ! *4Ì *. 6*7 K*%+ 6 c L E + cN e©h ;N" " NE ,h N;4 6 -+4 /" r8U c $!&' /" Dy4 6 BC $[ * ,* BC Q_* = D] ! hx4 J / 8T 6 5N & 67 3*4 Fh eNx! F~9 °[ /" W °[ = $!&' Nx! e * ³ e$T e e$T © e³*³©ë-4N%+ è6 NRUT @V.XY% A $‫א‬#TU.D> "‫א‬:L e$* O*Y 5 *5 6 3* \N! / $ /" 3N] $Q " `] *+ N*' d*< ,-G" / $V4< + 8~ 8" FG DG [ . * * %' 6 ! 8yU °N. Í48. i8. :$N;! %E 4N"[ & ´ ,2 5( ? ° -G" ! °Ì ¢*< * e6NY8; ****; 3N* N*T 87F*4 6 $T $ i! ; eh;! $x 6P +kN /*" $*"[ *E . 67 /" |! / aNT ! ,-G" E / "x °*+ Y /! h2 H /! -"8G 05·E /" e 6 ! ,7? ® 6N*+W *" :$*N;! -*G" E Dk~ d< e 3N 8 ,G* D*48V 5 :3*; e487 Ñ /! ,487 Ñ ,`~ :N; e?G! e© !G 8TI4 cN ,$*G< i*¤ -*G" i&%' ; :$N;! OP ! < " N4 NE mN*! [N* 9 8* *%; ,h&T" BC m d< ,-%G i;! 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[¨2 − + [ eKy;+x W$?3%\‫אא\א‬WT ?V (20) I.L.GONDAL MAHOMET ET SON ŒUVRE LIBRAIRIE BLOUD ET BARRAL - PARIS - 1897 (21) MAHOMET. W.M.WATT P.19.traduit de l’anglais par odile mayot. Payot. Paris.1980. ` NSMO f@!‫"א‬# 8?9‫א‬ NSMP @,% ,.] W A U.D> $‫א‬6\? $‫א‬6\? @,%,.]W AU.D> ,#W^‫<א‬ E=١٩٤٧d١٨٨٥Ld/١٣٦٦d١٣٠٢F )))) H 2#.Dm‫א‬n[‫א‬ "# 34 &' 56 NSMQ f@!‫"א‬# NSMR @,% ,.] W A U.D> $‫א‬6\? J $*C ,$* O*4l 5 a*< 5C $*C 5 h*Y ,* ,* -* N*% ,$N* a*% A 6 hY ,/48~£ 9 Á ' $!&*' $*( ,# $ 0% $N~C $ e/4 cN4 BC :+E * Á 6 T 5 6@ Õ 7 )* ,E`*I! $;^ /" 8V7 $T;V" $Zn = jV4 cN. Ï 0n5! Nx b! ; = =8* j*N * *4 A * *! ,K* ´ ¿ M*; c.X**! -**T· D**G * * F**S e`**GT -**I **yU d**&% -**h+" = 08*; *! x* *2 A 8*V79 K*E * c* L / .? 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A Á ,c© A 64[9 ½4 = P ,©¬ :-4; 5! = -+7 K %' A -*"2 = P* O*P ! ,−© :JNh7N = h! A * *´ * 6 BC ,5**! 6** aP** \**" ** e¼+!Nx**+ -**Y8! = T;* :[£ -*4[7 = ,© :-44N -4[79 = N `~ ;cN![N A aF*E ,¨ ,c :8E*; ,* [ ,6N.? = K;; D $ 28 :-44N -I! $+ \ 2s |! Georg Wallin: «Resor, forskningar och öden» 1936. Svenska Dagbladets årsbok 1947, s. 255 Windengren, Geo: «Tor Andrae» 1947. Svensén, Bo. De Aderton: «Svenska Akademiens ledamöter under 200 år». Norstedts 1992, s. 190 Otto Cantzler: «Prelater & Potentater», Noteria förlag 1995, ISBN 91-85694-82-7. Christer Hedin «Tor Andrae och orientalismen» Swedish Science Press, Uppsala: 2005. NSMU f@!‫"א‬# e-"NG& x" )Z+G 84Q A A ´ ³ ' 3~ eª K* a* 6*7 *; ,-*W -²* Ò 6*< = $4 N Xx *< $!%Y F+" +G < d< $< OP 8^ 8hf ,-+7 8*7P n*7 * 6*7 $*+G Á ,-*4[79 $*TZfN! 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K%+ :#' #+$ #=? #= 7w F ; JNh7N* = 6*4[9 ½4* * *h = PA* $4 N F*E = h# ^ , K%+ / \Ó& /" - ; −© ,Muhammed: hans liv och hans tro $*; $*< :G (1) (2) «Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde» Norstedt, Stockholm: 1918. 401 p. «Religionsvetenskap och teologi i ett 100-årsperspektiv - Nathan Söderblom, Tor Andrae och vår tid. » Föredrag av professor Jan Hjärpe vid Religionsvetenskapliga sällskapets 100-årsjubileum den 14 oktober 2006 , Stockholm. .? 8hY /" ,4N N+2 N -"! -" L \ P $!`4 64 e¬© -+ ,/4 44N NSNO f@!‫"א‬# ©¬ = ,*y *» = ,¯ :JNh7N* = $*+" B9 -*%y \' 84* /*" [* i+* ,Ì' 8&! , N by; /" ,-&T' A D*G /*" \F*~ -!&* >_ -GZ 48G K%+ ¹qx e©¯¯ª :-V4 -%y /" N O ; C \<N Á Á ,- T , ¬ :-**y4L BC 2s** ;8**G%" i**. = **G 28** © :-9 ,¯ ³¯ ª³ ³ :-41GL ei¯ ³³ :-% L ,¬ ¬ª :-8T ,©¯¯© :j! Ds D< \#s O \! aFE Maometto, la sua vita e la sua fede: Trad. Italiana di Francesco Gabrieli. Mohammed: the man and his faith: transl: [from the German] by Theophil Menzel. Mohammed: sein Leben und sein Glaube. Mahomet, sa vie et sa doctrine: traduit de l'allemand par Jean Gaudefroy-Demombynes. Mahoma, su vida y su religión: Traducción del alemán por José Gaos. :p , :c8* , [* ,8*EQ9 -*» = ,i n -!8 -#8 G ) N7* ¦8 e$; 28 :c L / 3;4 " :6N+! 3;" ;©¬− -*#s * *G! $*T48 = * $* *! 5 ,$* *. J e®N*E9 [· -T*T = *q" ,-*%+29 \*I! `*%~ ®NE9 67 ; ,-8T -41GL A A A e ¯ -+ =N ,¯ -+ ,8EQ9 -"2 = P ,-!s NSNP @,% ,.] W A U.D> $‫א‬6\? = * *< n+*! ,B9 -44N -%y / \#s O b# i7 ´ F* c. "+ OP ,G FE `" = h" Ì ,*· À * j<5 i. r8~@*! iGeo Widengren /48I+4*4 N*] :5*! -*"2 = $*T~ *G ¹* = $*. * d*< ,-^ Á -%y! ª¯ -+ = G E E 6 $%y `; $";" = ! Á ,Ì F [41 |%! -*Ö ;* C BC * F*S ,· `% < Á |! T¥ :$ ´ J $ 6 7·" 8^·4 A ´ ,$TX /" &T! S!C ,G 8~( /" 8y $*4 6 /f Á " 5C T4 J $ , K%+ / $4 hz8 K 8GT = ,`*V7 \8*" i%y ,-%y aFE \? . ,$ bk N $! Ç` 67 -*28! ,*42 r8~@! 8~ -%k E8~( ,ª¯ :-+ = 6%k :S b*" ,©¯¯ ©¯¯ª :Jan Hjärpe $*!`4 6*4 M4N >? 4; b+*! 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FS e` -+ \48" b! $*9 ,$* -*. 5 $*4 *7 6C :* ÎN%kN] -"! -" \I P Á D*7 K*E ,-*4; -"* L [ 4 [n*5 /*G4 5 -*;T" \*Z12 6 O*T~ 5 K+C :$ i; ekd4< K ; BC r¤ ,h 0n* $*! cN*;4 " FE ,¹& ; BC r¤ ` [N< -+ \48" $*;T `T ½4 ` ^£ d4 D7 6 8 5 /G ,d4 $*.~ K*%+ N* -" J \%^L KTG * 5£! KE * `V7 E`] !?aGC BC % 5 MF Ky; MÃ ! $7N (1) Hedin, Christer: «Tor Andrae och orientalismen», Swedish Science Press, Uppsala: 2005. s. 20. e¬¨©¨©¬ :ÎN%kN] -"2 = $%G! -qY -!;" NSNS © f@!‫"א‬# :#E Z=7/ ¨ =²* *G -*ÉX! $*4N+ 5C G \#8 \%y! 48 = k J /* DG -; FE b284 5 ,$ ax - ,!9 T;V ¦8* = 8G%" ¢h+! G FE 1 nC ,-!9 \I = K%+ e-.Nx*" -*" GX! ,b H[ N X! ,h^< ¤ -4N%+ ` ´ A ,$*G< = T*+" 6N*G4 6 * a8*W -h2 D< * 3< · 6@ :4 A BC -%*+! * ¦8 ,"& D / ! À K*%+ /* N' A A *" -*;! F*E -*W<" /G4 e-T+" 2 .? \!7 /" `V7 DN+ 87 O448 :-^^ E ,$%. 44N .? \!G! $%7 ,¬ :C. J. Tornberg ¼*%N ,¬ :J. F. S. Crusenstolpe À ; :K. V. 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Nyberg Î`% :644N h+" (1) Jan Hjärpe «Förord till nya upplagan: Tor Andrae och Muhammedboken» i «Muhammed: hans liv och hans tro», Hjalmarson & Högberg, Stockholm: 2008. s. 8. NSNU f@!‫"א‬# s*487 M4N* >?* BC i*< }E7 -";" = YL aFE [[C *7 -*z" 8G * < Ú JNh7N -"! 64[9 P * /4E $*4 N* :*; ´ $*!7 O*P = X* ,M4N* $*4 rPN*+! ,©¯¯ª :5**! Tor Andrae och orientalismen >?** 5 *4 A 6*7 M4N* K"* L d*&% E : 3· a' = <k A *^ ? c L BC >? 5 -4Ì8! 8^X" NE E ?Mn b! Õ /* -* [ 3~ /" -X aFE 0N 0;C G FE /" [8 :3. ´ $* [ = 17`* $ !Á ^ e$4 N :5! -"2 = j% 9 N_ A5* ,*G [*" ¦8* ! *! ^ ,$; $< :7 A * .?*" $*4 6*7 PC * j*;& ,$*<8k MF 3·! j4 " Q8!C A A 67 c * [[C $<8k MF +! ®G"@! ) ?T+" [8" V<! A K*+G ,$*!7 = /4*E a8*7P *" 'T BC >8y 6 `; d&% FE = . /4E 6 +E h ,$4 F~w 6! = $+" [T 5 3<X ¹*~ A A 67 $4 6 BC e-.? 5 -1+ $!7 4+^ = \8hf 6C T+" V<! 6*< = *!8 8V7 6NG + Á $* Ã& PC $4 84; A Nathan Söderblom cN![N* 6* :$*h2N" aP* 9 67 ,-+G ´ NSOL @,% ,.] W A U.D> $‫א‬6\? 6**7 ,-**48GT -** $**qY 0**+! = 8**^9 _**7 c−³³ A \N*E 0n* /*" ,-* T 6*4[9 = *q" .?*" cN![N A *!N 1Z*2 * *< ,-44N -+G -T. 9 Z A ´ ,-TT aP X! $4 8^X ; eJ = -²+ )Z+G -7 b# = $ c Á cn**E b**zN" 6**7 MF** 6**4[È **T+ **& 3**» = -**'~ ,F**E À `%7 $ 8hW4 J OP b" ,cN![N *z cN![N D .N! 8^X ,c* L 5C ;8~9 64[9 a¸ "" 487 .N" $ 67 ; ,c L 8E*W $*4 \[*; |*! /" hT4 FS ei$E¸ -u ´ 8W+! $~ Á MF e©$ [84 À FE aP X! ¦84 ´ $ ;c L z D $*2N ¾* 6 +G"@ ;-44N -+G )Z .N" FE 67 P@ c* L /* d4* = *+" "*" M M Á %; /G4 J MF c A DI J $!7 = ,l%" -z" R $4 67 FS , $% A Á ´ A `*V" -* * c* L /* Ó* ! * 8" :3; ,OF A5V" A A i; ec L 3N< cN![N 6 0( :$V&! = /4E s487 >Ê FE 87P Hedin, Christer: «Nathan Söderbloms uppfattningar om Islam» i Tidskrift för mellanöstern studier nr 1, 1997. S. 32-62. (2) Hedin, Christer: «Tor Andrae och orientalismen» s. 52. NSOM f@!‫"א‬# Õ ´ ½Y Õ /" rQ b* "*+ $*.n *< Á -EL! 8Y $X! ®_ ,²+" ,8*. /* * -+ ^^ 3~ * $ 8 MF /4 4 0+V 'N A $*4 $*!2 e0n 6+ < -~' -.~9 -<8 $Z; 2 /*G ,c* L /* -*%8" N*' c*;4 * |*! 6 * jN4 $X! *4 A h* ,-E8G `V" 3X! " hT NR 6 /G4 + A $C :$4 3. ,0n 6+ < -~' -.~9 -<8 $Z; /" /*" * -*qx _*U /*" -+ ^^ ! * -²+ G< 6 ®G"@! Ï K< Á 3~ e G48"9 [N ÂN ,-;' Á ²*;4 J c L K% / d4 = $4 ¢h+" /" r15 OP 6C -*#s \8*hf 6 n* ,* Ú *!k A F*~ *! ,4N* = ²+" ½Y ²+ ´ m < ;c³ -+ $; $< :7 /" -41GL (1) Tor Andrae «Det osynligas värld» J.A. Lindblads förlag, Uppsala: 1934. S. 134. {* /*" 8*^ A 6 ,*4; N*%. = 6*;4 N7 ,ON^G /" -;' N< eÇ8 KTx4 -;48y! × /" 4x 84F& - n DyU! 8" NG :[N ÂN " e-2P NSON @,% ,.] W A U.D> $‫א‬6\? = 3;" -!7 BC ª©−³ S. M. Zwemer 84Q . KG48"9 Á )%*;4 6 $ 3< ;$4 N *7 :6N+! K" L J :$» ´ K%+ z $4 E[ K \h%x -*!N2 /*" 8q* ,h 1784 = c* L ¢h+! $tN+ , $2Q [ 3N< $!N2 -'~ h+ $4 cx*E /*! `* :$*N;! $;" ~ A ;eee8 cs< Ò9 r1 W+ Á `] /" %; 6 ; / `VG! +^¤ -fNT& -4; 3*f 7 Á 6+T %. /" -"N 8 N !5! = ;V = %* -T+ - DG /z $4 7 Á 6 ++G4 ;$7 FS Ú `x+ * -T -h+ 0y~9 /" -# [N2 ] , K%+ / d4 A h! BC Á 5 ,j /4! 6n4L BC $V&! a;4 J 28 e* ;<5 c* 6 OY *h+" -"* i*7 ;\*yI" \h%Y = mN.N $4 b[ MF NE 6n4L e½4 jZ;< N%+ Z5[ ; 8yT 0+ b~ $ N `4 $V A : !' =;³C #/V&* E A 6=W & W Ú /*G4 " $4 c7 = 2N4 E 8 /4²*+ |*! 8x*4 6 *;< \*% /*" `VG 2N4 ; ?84Q _79 hqY D] `V4 ,-EL! (1) S. M. Zwemer: «Tor Andrae´s mohammed» in «The Moslem World» vol. xxvi, No. 3, July 1936, p. 218-221. NSOO f@!‫"א‬# 6 Ä*; /*G4 ,0+V ¶ ! ,3 L /" `%7 . h K 8* 6 *! * -*qx! 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K%+ / m * $1! * 3¡ NE Á 3*;4 6 * D*R *" * /G4 " `%7 Gx! 8hW4 \.~9 & 6 `] /" ) ,K%k 0< $Xx 3 F+" $ \8y . $ ;4 e$+ [ A eiKZNy5 mN+ Á FE + NX Á $*+G ,-*Tk *< ,-*";" -*+] - Á %] A O4 mN+ FE 6C -*qx *z *V" )* 0* F*E e*T /" NU |! /" ®4 /*" )*G * eT [L Y ¦8! -' $ ) ,[L z -*ZE *. ,-*ZE -%EN" NG4 6 mN+ FE /" pqYÈ /G4 ;OP MF eD.N mN~ c [+ 8!V! a';" FT+ = \%V Õ 5 OY Ú *%4 ;$ = [[8 á [ `] /" $"N. -4[" -+^ 2E $* *;< À °*+ Á b*4 6 :-*qx \*. = }~* ¾*%5 |*! /" * *; ,*k% 1 FE 4 6 /G4 ¾N M -T4? $` = 5 $y! ,-"N {< = h7Y ±< = !8 Á ,°+ 8Z7 $"N. ! 0U! aÌ! /G4 J ,D r1 Á , = h" ~[ ,\' \.' v Õ /"1! Õ c*"L &*' = K<N* 0*! d4*< = i%^ n7 ,`4 $V! %. 5C 08< ] = e¬ Mq% NSSU f@!‫"א‬# *V" ei*4 l*%" Gx! a484 n ~4 6 ,5 :3N;4 6 ,$ %; A A 8 /& eTz 67 M[ a[N2 $+G ,$n7 = I! 4N. Ú 67 MF 3! ,\.* b*4QN *+ 3N* * 6N*4 !s ´ `] % 6 7 E*4{ * 8* ,$!N^ 6N%&4 ± -2[ BC ,6[+4 ,6N&4 e 3N cs< h& $kN! 17w G1E ,Q- E O N* N4 · 'E * ~? G3 Vx A 6' '1E E* #I! 3? , 7w 'E E* *E 3? ,M ¸ & -'E O ¯ ¹ A ¹ 1 ,#1E/ ,[ ! ? 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S! e$h = Xy~ $4 6 8EW ,j! d4 /z /! e©¬¨ /! \;%k NSTN ¬ @,% ,.] W A U.D> $‫א‬6\? /* & " `V7 A [" 6 ,-[ %. /" ) $ 7· /" eeeeec;4 5 K -"!5 aFE *;! 3Q*+ 4x* $*" ¹Z*U )T+* hx4 :$4 3. ^ z $Q+ .N4 5 e$T+! hz K !N N; / /G -*%]8 eÇ8* c 8"F 8EW" -h2N" = -%k -!N' nC $[C $* 6 *%4 *z K*E -*%& 0T<5 -%x 3N = -&zN ,08x* *+T b*" jN FE E+ 6·%+ e-h -%EN b" -. /*" +* *.~ *" b%y*! 8hW4 5 -%]8 aFE ¤ A ´ F*E e*T Ú A á = ) °NT+ i*< K* [N* -.* 3ÉC BC |! /" < A h 3*ÉL ,*42 \*<N /* *2 8* ! d*&% /" ,;! á = Q_*4 e0*È -*TTU [N* /*" 0Ð b" 0.'9 9 5%" j*N = -*%]8 ,$* -4N; -n25 -2 :¾N FS HRL D 6 * /* [ A 3N; /G4 FS eD ,-Z; [N ,µqx $.% /" 012 A c* -%]8 c 0T~C BC M8y 8yz .N" ;+ ey /" m+. i¤ Ç8 ec; n $"7 K.! \[ NSTO f@!‫"א‬# F*E /*" 8*~ 8*" 6£ - -% 6 + 5 6 KI%+4 :`~ A MF* e-.% / = 3nG /" -2[ BC r¤ ± ¶NzN! %4 d< ,%; *+Z(Ï *4 n*7 * F*S b* G 6 ¾[ . aG 0T~C by4 ¿ Ï *4 A i%V4 6 $P $8y! my ; eNG ²; NT A A e nh" %4 < %k kl Ú Ú Ú j!* $*"G! i n7 * $;+! ik . ,$4 c7 $7 FE :i. -*;48y aF*E /* -*" 8*G F*~ /*" Ä*; /G * T+ & = -*! *%. i. 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O `! `*% -*y" * 3N* cNS /" Fq4 c L /*" p*+" * OF*7 8"9 67 6C !?$T i.N = $4] /" -4] ,$+ &*z n* {F*! -*+% $ l h -& ; FE K[ / 3Ì NSUO f@!‫"א‬# Z* N 3G*Y9 /*" *E`] = 3N* 8 -u* cN 8! 4 N*E n*7 *hT h*!C = 8*I /+T4 K 8~9 -'N -4`% e8" BC ,-* -T! $C b284 n ,b284 ; FE 6 $ OY 5 n e© hW K {[ c L 8I ! i# K \. -%k *! $*C $*zX! 8*TW ,nh^ nS $z8 MF 8 m² enh $+E *+ *%4 5 $@ ,n FE = ; FE -É i7 nh" ,$ `] e Õ a< $ ,*; $* ,$ S1~ $C h2@! \nS O `T 7 -*%y! *h2X = $*Tf K*T *; F*E *GC OP K+4 6 6[ /" *hC 8*W+ 6 BC -*2&! cN* i&*z *. \nS O 6 b.N e3 d< /" ,h 8W+ 6 ,H9 >? 5 \ <C hT'N! d< /" ,K.~9 ;+ Q4 ,b+;" '·" K ; j ,OF7 KE D*< b* *h /*z $*T i*.N = $+*4 . ,4" ; $N7 SN' BC \nS $E m2C 3~ /" OP ej SGYL =i*+ K* \* *h r*+ MF j1+ FE \NT4 J $% 6 j% ; NSUP .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L aF*E \*NG" b*% _* ,c* L / 8I -Q9 \N = -4V \*( *& *h+! n {[" '8 ,h - h2Pn = \N $**E h%**7 K** -**!h =8**" `**T = **k ,**hGGT SI**Y N* eKN* 3N*¤ M /* b*+ {;! H9 8I = \N e{%] {1 .? 3N" BC $2@! ,>? 5= eª , ,0% ,K.? 5 ; ; = e>? 5 \48T< +T. ; e;+ - /" -T Ó BC b~ . >? 5 6 8 /" +! d&! ,®% L >? 5 / +!7 = {h2N hN -[ -V" ,$*E >?* 5 6N*" BC 8W+ \². . h+" -;< -%I 6 7 * OF*7 *+T. n*7 e-*48W+ $*T~ = $*! * N4 MF* ¢h+ = 8W+ iT] -*48W+ $*T~ -*¸ $ ¢+ ¢h+ ;+! iE K >? 8~9 \ [[C \* [ *h N*% *7 -;! iQ" ± 7 <+ ,$ MNV K 5 $* * $%+ KTG4 ,-8" /" 8V7 cN KE eQ"! Z 1" -G" eaQ*¸ 3* F*E = $ 3 1T; >? °[ M9 6£ /G4 ,\`*! ,D*4[ N*! 3n*7 e8 ,0xL -y -8 e>? 5 :$!7 OF! [N; ec¬ °*N4 /*" e®%* L >?* 5 \N* = c L ,MÊ <N % ,©¯¯−¬© ,¦*48 ,-*" 1*41 *% O* -%G" ,°N^! BC °NN e− NSUQ f@!‫"א‬# /* $*T+ 8*I E* K* pN*+ 3 = MN*7NT +! 8T< \N* )*T K*E h -+ \N 6X! + $@ $" \N' 3N 8 FS -u cN 8 Z = ,8~( Gx! ,-^NV% `*% -48< ! ,8~9 E8ZW ? E? 8I ²4 K ,$ /*" *! 6"1 3+4 6 by4 J G e" ° d&% - . \*48T< ¢h+! a+ ,±NG G9 -" = N7N x" ¢h+! 8"9 j4 = a*N. ; ea; M; G9 ½4 ¢h+" -28" $! [ MF ,-8 :-'~ 8~9 $%7 = -9 -" $kNyq! $! ?! "! /" ,$T N7F $!7 $?*" /*z ,[* ½4* *7 ,6N+ ½4 7 0Y9 \nG 7 d*&% F*E /" -<8 aFE = cq 5 + b.N e½4N aFE -!7 [C = c m!L m2C c BC N a[T" ;$+" pN Ô;" ! ,¢h+ FE \;" b# 8*^9 * 178 6 -8 \48T< 48 5 e; h $1~ 6L -%] BC M8GT n* *4¤ BC * ! ÞeeeeÝ -n2 -T - [ 6NG 6 BC 5 ÞeeeeÝ d*&! ;*7 h2N < hh2N -4[8T ^£ G¤ K -!yU \ n N. [N*2 -* *E% ,-*% \F [ ¶L ,F ,0Ð h+E /" N+4 5 e-8 \48T< $! 8; 5 8" ,$< %" 8^9 ,0*% * ,-*8 \*48T< ,\NT4 J e8T $' / G FE 28 ; e ,© e Michel Foucault, l’Archéologie du savoir, Paris,1972 NSUR .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L N*Y ,i*Q *" ,\8*G< *7 !?\N* $S -Z+% i!NV 8*" 30* 6 $* *+ QNR MF BC ®²+ H9 8I K ?c49 /" cN4 = $ h+E /" $¥ -G"C / 2 cxE b" 8~ -*T7 /* \N* $*E " / 3Ì /" ! ,a! FE %. e-'N {[" = N7F h+E b% /" /G+ EQC MN*V K \N $v /44 H9 8I 6 $ OY 5 e¬ c* L $*~ /*" ,* S ¦84 K \nS O ~ eE?* *h2C = 6²;4 5 /4F $.?" \[Nh» BC b# %* L .? /" 0n h / EF~ . ± $ OY 5 BC [N* /*" p*+" OF e-.? 5 h%G" _ v E[Q /4F * -!; eH9 8I = $[" b% ,®% L >? 5 - [ *+@ ,H9 >?* 5 -*;% $*[48 >?* 5 F*E ½4* -4Ny Á 4 n* $* - $5» /" » N.N 178+ ,+N*zN! j* 8*"9 j*4 eH9 8*I = n{[*" b% nh2Pn E -" (1) Ïl reste que les préjugés médiévaux se sont insinués dans l’inconscient collectif de l’occident à un niveau si profond qu’on peut se demander, avec effroi, s’ils pourront un jour en être extirpés¨, Hichem Djait, l’Europe et l’Islam, Paris, 1974, 21. NSUS f@!‫"א‬# 3*» D*2 BC ,48*G 6(8*; ® ®% L >? 5 FE -#8 3! -ENx* N* 6 b.N* e* c* $*T >?* 5 -[» O -[ aFE ~[ -Z+% h!N^ bz . -8 K%+ -ENx 35* eN7F -+S 8 5 {. nh h4N¥ ,-#s e{[*"! -#s aFv $ + . :. = -.N aFE OP /4PE ! + K+4 5 eOF7 {[" -[ O! $ ± 8~( . N*E )*G *! enh+*! c* * +.?* b*. = b*. *. $ ; ,-[» $ ++ K -#s i7 d&! ,nh+! ~ ; e& b*4QN %* * 5C *; F*E ¡ 6 KI%+4 OF e-2 -#8 e. 5 8V7 5 Kh+ 4 - N/' j' 0+ 0!\ !" ' * E`*] * 8 V<% /" `V7 $% ; e− $** BC $**2@! $N**zN >?** 5 \N** **h /**G4 5 $** BC e*{NG" E B9 $4! ½4 = d&% OF7 KI%+4 ! ,d4 3N& K )9 = F \4% aFE 6 h+! m#L 4 [G4 O*N^G ¾N 8y 3nG -" L -k8] -G N; ! ;<5 NSUT .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L $T*'N! >?* 5 h*Y *; ,OP = 8] 5 e¬© ¨ = h *h4Ì -!8I \F N | $N7 d< /" 'N 8" ;< \*;V h $8 " _ OP ; e)9 = B9 $4! ,-.? e.V Í4 m c< /" -+ -²+ -!8 -" L 8W+! h4NE ) X {P 0+! BC ;V $E /" < 7 \8yz ; KN* °8G K KE -4Ì i"[ " ,h4`] BC M ,8~9 -;V BC 6(8*; ®* B9 -%* L -*#s \0*2 *kL FE / e©-4NS! G eh K -!9 -!8I \#s b# = q K ,48G N* E0+%* \[< K -8 - \. " ?OP e?Q"! -;+ % $+" i2 K ,-8 K% & -ENx *% 8.N* °8*y! *EQ@! 8" K -#s! 8"9 j4 e©− Abbatis Cluiacensis *8T ®N*7 8*4[ )*Z Petri Venerabilis ey N 68; = $NG" ®% L >? 5 /" ,MÊ <N % ,/48*&% -*"2 ,-*L cN e¢" ,)9! c M+G % -[» e³ − ,©¯¯¬ ,0Y , em e$T NSUU © f@!‫"א‬# M[* ?* ®*V 68*; = ,)9! $z MF m? /z b**4N+ ax** /**" ** **;! ,$**[» c** L BC 8** ,¬ *! *h7 ·* -48G* D* 9 \F*~ "*! /*" ,$h2N" D m? FE 02 ; e¯ª¨¬ = -yk °[ NNT 0 $@ ,c L b" m² -&! /"·4 PC $X! BC % °8y% - = 4 |I%*! )* -*G! *! ,+ D] T4 nV" ¶! h4 5 T4 J* ,[8 ~ e8 ,-& c L ,KGN2 G :b284 -E8G eª©− ,³ ,i4NG ,-8 Robertus )*+7 °N8**! BC h% EN [ -#s aFE N~·" [ ; Petrus }y*y °8*y! OF*7 8*" *. 6*7 *% °8y! 6 b.N Ketenesis /*" [T4 " NE OP -#s )T Q@! ,)9! /4²+ [Nh < Toletanus * * 0*2 *. $ eSan Bernardo [8! 6 BC 8.N Z |! Mas. Lat. 14*%! -*+kN -*%G! -fNT& ,-+ -#s ½ <L B9 -.N Translatio Alchorani per M. " e°N*yNk °s*! * /*" ±X! 14,503 /*" *É`] 6N*7 N8! `~9 FE /" 7 6 8EW e"Petrum Toletanum ,-²*+ BC }*'9 h+4[ / %;+ < < h+" ,;48T -#8 -;! 6 8E*W e-*+ BC 6(8; -#8 3 QC = ,$h2 /" < 7 # NÉ . \I 6;C d< /" 8~£ $+" < 7 G4 ,-#s /" ;48 GY . 67 8.N = ea8ZW ¦8I FE QL ,-!Ny NTLL .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L -²** $²** **h \ K** -%** L -²**+ ¶**'L $**' = **y& -**&" -**2 i**! ,\**;k8E \**8& Vatican 6**GT $*~ OP ! Ny ,-GN^G -"8 \;! h4N {;" O*P = 8] 5 e c L BC 8 H H8] m?" 3 BC \*;k8S O* /* m?* F*E = 3·*" $*E /4* F*E /*" G 08*2 /*" )*9! -!8* -*+G -² = i K \8&5 ,-²*+ aF*E [@! c L +h2 /" h 5 PC ,T! enh" h" :b284= Muños Sendino. José, "La Apología del Cristianismo de Al Kindi" Ed. Preparada y anotada, Miscelánea Comillas, 11-12, 1949, Introducción, 357. 64.65.69.72 /" _+Y = -8T! ) X ; Orden de Cluny ®N7 cW ®N7 84[ " aF*v O*N^G *+ 6*%E8 -*+G * W+! $4! = + -4[" ¯ ?*+4 6 -*+G aF*E * $*T ¦8T4 6 cW+ FE my ; eh++;! [% 68*; *! n* $*nW+ \N; d< ,84[9 /" -.8T" \N» $T+ ·" -Ê! 6*%E8 /*" 0*!£ /*" -*N» $* Z D. ; e4[ ? ®V ? 1*" -*G" h+! /" ¡ % °8y! 6 cW+ FE N~·" bR e7+% 178" /" 178" E ©© = $ Z 6 F+" ,84 FE /" 2 . $N7 BC 8W+! :84 FE ½4 / b284 e-!9 -+T - Marcel Pacaut, L'Ordre de Cluny (909-1789), (2e éd.), Paris, 1994. NTLM f@!‫"א‬# i!8* 6 )9 = -!8 $;V! $! hZ; / D8 . 67 $ b.N / `% K" L K+4 ¶y'L $ i+% < BC i X h+7 eE8ZY |! :-*;k8v -² -;k8E h~[ i"+ 6 0; )T / D8 n7 /G4 J 6X! [;5 NE K+%! [N; eAdoptionisme K+% ®²*+ [;5 = N+% aFE 6Xx! 02 " 4X /" ! 5 $ ,K+%! 5C SC -²*+ c* L *! 8*;4 6 /G4 67 " NE GP e©Gx FE hT*'N! °*; N*V 3N Z; |<[ = ! h4 6 e-GN^G -"8 -²+ - 9 679 <C (1) (2) "eeela traducción árabe de los cánones de la iglesia mozárabe [...] la total bona fide con la que los cristianos parecen haber adoptado la terminología religiosa islámica". Maria Fierro Bello. I, "El Islam andalusí del S. V/XI ante el judaísmo y el cristianismo", Dialogo filosófico-religioso entre cristianismo, judaísmo e islamismo durante la edad media en la península ibérica. BBREPOLS, Belgiúm, 1994. 86 "Jésus dont l'humanité n'aurait été divine que par adoption. D'oú le nom de l'adoptionisme (....) – "Bon, qu’il soit fils de Dieu doit être interpreter". Mikel De Epalza, Influences islamique dans la théologie chrétienne médiéval: L’adoptionisme espagnol (VIIIeme siecle), Islamo christiana, Roma, 1992, 55. 62. NTLN .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L /*" c* L kC ,kL FE /z PC -#s aFE \02 ; $*P = Ø;4 MF ,$ hE 3N~[ $C -4`!L -²+ 3N¤ = h4 6 5 6 [ MF* N*E 8*"9 FE e$ -8" Gx c L BC 8 8*" *; ,48*G 6(8*; ®*" -#8 8T ®N7 84[ m?" ²;4 , c L -[» = -!8 -² b"» -#s! % °8y! $Z $*N[ $7N* $*n /*" +! iE < / 8~ D7 ec $[» -!7 BC $T+! Î8T4 6 %. OP e$+4[ d*&%! ®N*7 84* m?* F*E N+ /4F b# bR e−© /*" ,>?*! -*!8I -*8 ) X \4! T! GY . $ ° ®*" -*#8 -k* N! $*C *h8 c* L! -²*+ KN a[C 3~ e-8T! a84[ BC -% C /" $[N ! ¬ N< -[ aFE % °8y! ; F*S $*%7 M a`8G v a[Q K c L [8 y~ E[C = ; /I*" 3N*! ¾*2 ?* ; eN7F \#s b# = -T $7x" ! /" ¦8I e-+ 0!£ -N» = h%<' 3n9 a? /z h Petri Venerabilis, Adeversus Nefandam Haerisim Sive Sectam Saracenorum, in Opera Ominia, Accurante Jaques-Paul Migne, Patrologia Latinae Tomos, 189, Belgium, 1890. NTLO f@!‫"א‬# * n* ,-*+ BC 8*~9 -*!8 /* /*" a`*] 48G 6(8; )* X KN FE c ; eCorpus Toletanum -yk -N! ,c* L NE MF E8~( h; -8" 3~ /" h -!8I \F -²*+ ,*" 6*G e?$ 8y /G4 5 J ,$¤ 6·Y `! /* _ c L 6C ,! 5 e6!;4 KN FE ~[ 6G+4 ,c L eM* a8*~( ,}~* a8*~( /* M ;$.+ KN FE \ -²*+ 8*&5 *' c* L = KN* F*E R J ,OP = 8]5 ,$*h n ,KN FE ¢h ; e! ?-~ {;k8E K"+ -% @! N*& \F* * 1*78 -*( ,$!y~ rC = [ !N MF* 48& -#s aFE » 3k MF $4Nx ÊT4 " NE OP eSN< 5 *48& ¾P $4Nx FE 6 BC -W< ¸ ehC 4 7 8 *" *;! ,nh*C E*. BC nh + -%] BC ,; ,8W = 6284 K*E e®N*7 j*T! KGN2 G h%; ; e®N7 -N! OF7 *+t *" e*h+" ?* b*%k " D&! ,hkNy ½ D&! ,4 'N * O*P = E[n 48G 6(8; ® h#8 KE -.N aFE = h+" - -T! eM+G >& C /! % - NTLP .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L *+h2 /*" $ 6 /G4 n nS1q 6 /" j ; Z" BC 6284 + + 05·E [n! 8"9 j4 e1& -#s! \#s -I! b% -h+ h2h -£ O 48G 6(8; ® -ENx h#8 = MF* c* L * NhW = -;! -²+ 6 n% enh%; 8^X `^X Ï 8^·* *'9 K*E *±@ OF*! S 8;4 8^X* m8*T N*E c* L ,`* -*#s aF*E Ð*¤ *8W = Ê*T4 6 /*G4 *" N*E O*P e` c L ®" /" +" M ¡ 6 $N /G4 y" M cq -n* L *V" /*" \&y! $4N $k; C b" , *+4[ $T'N! ,-#s aFE = ,c L 3N¤ FGE e4& Ê ,`*V7 1*¤ . -#s 05·E 6 EN [ -X aFE NT. /4F bR [G4 :b284 eh#8 = hz8] {F ,j%" . / e¯−³ ,Pe° ,-5 -NzN ! >? 5 ,KZ8 . ) NENY . -#s D] 6 BC n FE = DEF4 MF [ 6"N OF7 e{#8 = . / $1G8" c L "Pourtant, les fondements de l'islam furent bien compris par un grand sens par la nombre d'auteurs et interprétés délibérément à contre plupart". N. Daniel, Islam and the West, Edinburgh, 1960 (trad. franc. Alain Spiess, Islam et Occident, Paris. 1993 35. NTLQ f@!‫"א‬# 3N*¤ e E8*!C /*! n C BC $%<' D+4 DEF" [8» BC 8~( e4 Ò [8» BC /4 Fv +"· ±N7 d< /" 6N 3% 02 ; , Ê! -#s aFE |4N "X e©−© h4N " e05·S N[ [8» % ,c L! 8 h -T c KT+ h+ ¢+4 K ,-#s aFE = =^9 -V^ O ,4&! 8 /" 28 N[ [8» BC h 3N&4 KG ,c L / KSL /4 6C ^ e©jk8h" 8&+" ®² DE8! $. / i , $ i"q . Saraceniorum -+ /" -;x 6 Ò [8T" 6 BC YL ¸ -4?*% \*N *] -*5 , -V% 39 68; 3~ c L Nhf %. = $*F¥ MF* *+ /* eh%; h -!8 841 $%Y /" & K*+ ®²*+ 8*I = K* K<y'5 E+" i%7 ; ,-#s aFE !*& * /* ,-*" -T*! * /* `*% ;y N 68; 3~ e¹~ -T! 8!8! 8 /" -²+ Diccionario del uso del Español, Gredos, Madrid, 1982 Encyclopedia Universal Ilustrada, Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 1987. aF*E = -* 9 \*<8k9 *<C Gx* K 8GT aFE BC ;<5 [N N 6(8*; -*!9 \#s -;! ^ ,8~9 -+ \#s /" h%; n -#s e48G NTLR © .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L M ,4& E+ 6N ` , BC c L 6N%+4 + OP = 6N;y+4 ±@ , 4 MF 28 DEF" 6N%4 /4F /" $C DEF " 4 " OP = e BC hT h% /" a[N E`] BC 8W+ h+" h.y SN< EN& {P .? 178 ¤ -I G ,-#s -48W+ 7x! 8"9 FE %84 eS $V $V N Ã! j!y4 5 $48G a? $N! 6NG N ,-+ BC -!8 /" 48G 6(8; ;+ e14 $+ ! ,8~ -I OF eN%+ K<N /4 N r~ /" 4 6 /G4 67 " = c* L N' -+' :$!7 = [ 6"N /" 7 $ 8"9 FE . ; *.y * [[C 3N;4 ec L 8.N °8y! :$!7 = ¾1487 )2 ,8I &* /48*GT * \8*^ K ; !N < 67 ; :n FE = nh+" *; ,*; °* NE c[ " ;- . - /" b%+4 c L h N< /4F *^ /*" e-& $7 " c 67 6 **" -uk~ -;48y%** ¦s e &+ £ i+ ,c L -4& -7& - >kC e© e¯ ,Pe° ,>? 5 , [[C Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image, Edinburgh, University Press, 1960, 33. James Kritzeck, Peter the Venerable and Islam, Princeton, University Press, 1964, 33. NTLS f@!‫"א‬# n L cq ¹ n $#8 j MF 48& b284 5 $@ = + 05·E -%] BC , c L 3! Ê 4& 67 $C d&! ;KNzN " FE BC 8W = 3·4 " ;! ,; OP aFE = 8"9 414 5 ea;4 J c a. 0N Gx FE [` 7 6 $ OY 5 eKNzN F ,F KNzN j 6 ,- 6(8; $%% MF j; BC ,OF7 6284 /4N7F 48& $4Nx /" -48G -4£ $ hN. /" .y e + 05·S 48G dÏ Á | Βã , dÈ s y 9ø $$ /Î = Å 9ø #$ 7 $ϑ y 9jÏ $%] ‰ | ≈Gt 3 y ‹ø 9s )Î $! Ζu 9ø “t Ρ&r ρu ® :Z N /" !9 -+"V [ N4 6 Ny4 J ±@ ,⟨ ( µÏ ‹ø =n ãt $Ψ· ϑÏ ‹ø γy Βã ρu = É ≈Gt 6 Å 9ø #$ ⎯ z ΒÏ µÏ ƒ÷ ‰ y ƒt ⎥ š ⎫÷ /t {08. " e©h%7 = $h4 " b" jT 5 N! $ ¹; |! = b28 Kh ,$ +h" +" ; @! -4£ aFE )T+ 1& -Z1 N& \F 178 ,8^X `^X b% :K£ h2h BC 8W F*E *h b*284 6 /*G4 e-*#s = -*48W+ \5G*YL *<@! 8"9 FE j4 eNhx 8 KG G 6N+ Mounin. Jeorge, Les problèmes théoriques de la traduction, 1963, 189-223. 227-241 e³ª , ,¦48 ,-5 -NzN ! >? 5 ,KZ8" . NTLT © .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L /" $ -;! h%G! 8^X" 6NG4 6 5C 48G 6(8; /G4 eSN< 5 $@ hT~ . $ n! ehT $+G4 5 ,4 h 4; h e$T·" /" ;T z ! ,48G $% BC /" < 6NG4 6 /G4 B e3 [8» BC t4 3N& MF , OF! 6;4 e6NT4 n -8 K% 08*2 *v * N* K* `* j*; FE BC i ; e−© $* NT. "+ ,48G 6(8; ® h#8 = N7F Ü E[n 8 b# $! n! 6n4L /z $! 02 n! 6n4L BC $N[ 3N* D* d*V ,i.N )T = h 8G+" ,$%. /" 0%9 -**+G -T**Y **;" **GC $** D**s4 ** ,½**Ceeee}**'9 DF** 6NENx4 ^ 6¡ + j;4 5 7 ,!?FE 4 G e%F [8*» c* L ,*'9 ,E`*I EN -w! E8W = ,E ,6N8¡ BC *; 6*284 5 /4N7F $4Nx 48& 6 $ OY 5 !?$ m8 *"N -*#s *hh K* -*h+ = -+"G -NzN "N aFE e$T NTLU f@!‫"א‬# c* L * -*#s $E /" h . ®N7 84[ 6 = -+"G -F {*. c* -#s z BC OF7 6284 ! ,$!8< v - 5 *7 6 `*] e*h+ E`% = EN. 48G 6(8; ®! -k<L -!8I \#s b ' BC 3N& 6 /" -#s aFE b+4 / ,¾P FE N* OF*! s*» ,q* `*~ hTq K 48G 6(8; ® & ,®N7 -N» /z ,h K -ENx -ENx =EV L H^ A N/' j' 0+ _ L - t' 48*G 6(8*; ®* ®N*7 8*4[ -*#8 \*" ; ,T! e− -*!9 \*#s /*" *E`] BC * c L = $'N -N» *h -<L i;% K 0N -#s aFE i+ K \ b# $7 8" FE e$+< = hC b28+ K -*+q ® r8q $#8 = 1++7 +C :H8 4 3N;4 6*7 $*@ 6(8*; `* T |%*! $ ] ,-!8 -I K;;< h ¤ 6[ 6(8*; = -*4NI ®* *4¤ -!N ,\4£ |! F< BC ~5 BC 4 ; D48I >? 5 eh;; ; + Ky -#s" < -4( 2N 5 $@ e ,Pe° ,-& c L / ; e¬ª , ,K ; ; eH8 K NTML .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L h+" -! EF~X K \N = ,48G G FS 8~9 -ENx* N* /z ,-;+ % $+" i2 K , -8 K% / Óscar de la -*! 8*7 5 M[ G* b284 e$N $ h+' K /*" -# BC ["5 Fv hT+ 8TW = pN+ aFE jN Cruz Palma ,EN*. -*#s *z /* ;!* a*87P *" h b4 "N 3N* 8 ¹qx E`;¤ = -V ,c L z -Z h< BC -zL! h%k ! -!X! VG" ? /" ,OF % ,$! iW< n , 6N*G BC 8W+*! ,H9 8*I 6*7 *; &' 8" FE eÊ4N! *V" BC -*2< = ,c -4N. -+" = ~4 $2 MF ,$4NS ®²+ $ OY 5 n eh $4NE ) X = h K -NG pN+ $E Á +; + i+E . ,©; {P = Gx K pN+ aFE 6 (1) Óscar de la Cruz Palma, "La Trascendencia de la Primera Traducción Latina del Corán (Robert de Ketton, 1142)", Proyecto de investigación BFF2000-1097-C02-02, dirigido por el profesor José Martínez Gázquez y financiado por la DGICYT. Collatio n.7 (2002), pp. 21-28, [http://www.hottopos.com/collat7/oscar.htm]. ,Pe° ,-& c L ,KGN2 G 8k /" hT' < ®N7 j e*S d*4& pN+ aFE = / + / -4+7 X4 ,$ = ' NE e¬ = edGV] d+" §N~ - [ mNzN" GY MF + NE NTMM © f@!‫"א‬# evN*. ±N* = * $N c L %;! $ h%V h+4! 8*41 $%*Y = c* *+ [ 8V7 h+" h+ OF /4F* )4* 6N*~ *" 6N*" 3N4 6N" 3V" /" E`] -4`!L -%&*' -#s aFE \02 ; OP = 8] 5 e;<5 {5[» BC [N+ >&* C /! % - 8 -+ -#s ,$z z MF ®N7 j * 3N* $N* /*" *+ _* c* L *h 3[*2 K* M+G ¹+* -*#s aF*E D*2 BC +h2 /" E K - 8 KE e José Martínez Gázquez, ''El lenguaje de la violencia en el prólogo de la traducción latina del Corán impulsada por Pedro el Venerable'', en Cahiers d'études hispaniques médiévales 28 (2005), pp. 243-252. *%. -*!X! c L [ ° 9 iGY . -#s aFE 6X! G 84 [Q h 2 /4F .? /" `V7 = \8^ ; e" NIT4[N -#8 ' h"q* n*7 ,°N* °N*]`] )*EN2 >? h+" e$C -2&! N7 e`V7 E`] ,)4Nk °NT “Así mismo, aunque indirectamente, Ketton mantiene la influencia ."sobre el orientalista Johannis Georgius Nisselius (m.1662” “Hasta la aparición de la traducción de Ludovico Marracci en 1698, la traducción de Robert de Ketton es la versión latina del Corán más difundida y utilizada para la elaboración de tratados de refutación del Islam”. “El siglo XVII continúa encontrando útil la traducción de Ketton. Stephanus Aratoris, en su Confutatio publicada en 1611 (36), demuestra conocerla”. NTMN .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L 3%; 5 H9 >? $~ /" ®% L >? T *! ,M*+ 28* e48*G K%+ -ENx $N c H8I *. -NG -#s >8 6 ,;<5 hC b28+ K - 8 aFS -X" - [ **h¡k -**+E BC [ ** ,48**G 6(8*; -**#8 = m?** **%. *h#8 *E`] ^ /" ,h#8 ,$E $% c L $4Nx = hh+" i*Q *" i*%. iN K -!8I -.? 5 -% L \#s /" e6£ BC + BN 84[ -#8 48G 6(8; \#s $E 7 \ ; T! e©− *h+" 87F*! ¹*q 6 /*G4 eÉ*! Ê4N! E? h%k %. ®N7 Juan de Segovia -!NI M[ 6N~ /" 7 E1 K -+ \#s Dominicus °N"8~ °NG+"[ M[ ? )"U 68; = Ludovico *" N*IT4[N M[? b! 68; = Germanus b*# *' { n7 e ³−¯ $T 68; -4± = Marracci ,8*~9 -!9 \I BC 48G 6(8; ®" ;+! i+ K \#s e$ [ = j^N `~ $;^ FE 7 -! 87 5 M[ G 3 ; NTMO f@!‫"א‬# Teheodor Bibliander %! [N MÊ4N NE c. " ! /" /z ,ª¬−¬= Ê4N! Basileae 3Q! = E? -#s aFE b%y! -+* = 8*~ 8*" E? ! 4 N e®N7 j pN+ a? = n*! H9 8I! + b# 3N%;! iW< "! /" ,ªª¯−ª³ © 8^N* /*" 3*V" /" ,S ±& ! K_ ¶'L E OP ! Ex " 34 $@ ,0Ð FE 7 3[ 6C eMartín Lutero ,-+*_ -*GN^G h*+G! ,!8*I /*" ,hN*zN! h (1) Th. Bibliander (ed.), Mahumeti Saracenorum principis eiusque successorum uitae, doctrina ac ipse Alcoran... quae ante annos CCC... D. Petrus abbas cluniacensis per uiros eruditos... ex arabica lingua in latinam transferri curauit... opera et studio Theodori Bibliandri... Bâle, 1543. * = -*2 -*";! aF*E $?+ c. . 67 %! 6 BC 6& 5 FE b284 6(8*; ®*" \#8 b# 141 ; % MF 8"9 NE e½C $` $y* & ,aFE c4 BC $+ /I J ±C d&! ,H9 8I = 48G e$!h" (2) Óscar de la Cruz Palma, "La Trascendencia de la Primera Traducción Latina del Corán (Robert de Ketton, 1142)", op.cit, 6. "La edición de Bibliander, además, cuenta con el extraordinario interés de estar fabricada en las tierras donde ya se había establecido la Reforma. No en vano, fue fundamental para que viera la luz el apoyo del cardenal Melanchthon y de Lutero, que añadieron sendos prólogos en favor de esta recopilación y, por lo tanto, del Corán latino". NTMP .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L F*E *~ *; O*P = 8*] 5 e$N c L /" +! Nh b* N x*5 -%y _ -NG pN+ /" E`] -#s aFS ?+ 8*" N*E n7 ,.N4 J MF °NS FS -'N - N aFE $+ K \*I BC 48*G 6(8*; ®*" N*#s" *t J OF* e6£ BC ,-! / *G F*S H8* ¹+* BC mN28*! -*Tq -*!9 -+kN -"N; 8*4[ m?" K#s" 4 N n7 K+ $ BC mN28! NTG ,48G K* (A. Arrivabne) K*+%!9 -*y4L -*#s 3*< K*E O e®N7 K* Salomon Schweigger ©8I4N*Y 6N* -*9 -*#s E Gedrucklt vorr i*! N! OI -4+NS -#s E! E -41L ^ Du Ryer ¬M M -8T -#s 3< Barent Adriae ª e82 E ³ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) A. Arrivabne. Ed, L’Alcorano di Macometo, nel qual si contiente la doctrina la vita, i costumi etle leggi sue, 1547. Salomon Schweigge. Ed, Alcoranus Mohameticus, das ist Der Turken Alcoran…in die Italienische ….., Nurnberg, 1616. Gedrucklt vorr Barent Adria. Ed, De Arabische Alkoran. Uyt Arabische Sparaeke, nu nieuwelijks in Hooghduytsch gertanslateerdoor Salomon Schweigge …, 1641 Du Ryer. Ed, L’Alcoran de Mahomet. Translate d’Arabe en Français par le sieur …., Paris, 1647. William Bedwel. Ed, The Alkoran of Mohamet, translated out of arabik into french….., London, 1688. NTMQ f@!‫"א‬# ,h;%* K -#s D!! \#s aFE /" -#8 7 \F~ FGE $* h+*' n*7 ,-*8 K*%+ -ENx* N* -! = OF! q 05·*E b*# 6 *7 n* FE = < 6 KTG4 e®N7 j pN BC -*+ BC 48*G 6(8*; ®" N#8 /4F 0N !9 -#s ,* BC 1*41 G FE N% . ,-!9 -"N; \I 48G 6(8; / NT+4 , 8 K%+ -T' $+ NT+4 KG ,$T·" $+" N2 = -+* M+G % - /" OP N n7 ,KSL K<N -T' eN7F jT pN = \1* K* 48*G 6(8; ®" \#8 BC +2 PC " e−© 6X*! <+* *+@ ,-.N aFE -<8k v V ®% L >? 5 * -% C = /" ,/"1 /" `. +< 5C ,.N J \#s aFE -*4 *¥ J d*&! ;$%;< N M; M8GT h <8" b! *¥ *% Fv ½ 8 ; FE 482 e8"9 FE /" h+" < -**y; -x**;7 -**4`%4L 8**41 $%**Y \**I BC \**#s aF**E i**N **; =m*+.C -* /z ,$5[» 48G 6(8; \ [ OF7 v i + ,-N]9 NTMR .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L -%** L \**#s b**%k /** -%** L ?**+ [ **! **G J $**@ ,$** *4 \*#8 K*E eE?* 48*G 6(8*; ®* -.? 5 $*E c* $*%k K"*+! ,$*C $*2N MF Nh ~! -T Julio )kN*7 N*N~ MN*I ?* b*; h+z enh8" BC $Nx ,O*P V 6 /G4 ehC h+4[ / 4N¤ -²+ -&! += ch* @! ,Francisco Ponsc Saclota kNG )N! NG8T -y; -#s! -**!8 48**G 6(8**; -**^^ ?**+! de Juan de Segovia -NI** M[ 6N**~ e(-+ -x; D. Rodriguez Cabanelas. D, «Juan de Segovia y el primer Alcorán trilingüe», Al-Andalus, XIV, 1949, 149-173 = b4F* hx*T! *hs G*4N * `*+ -*h -% C PT+ ! *hT.N /*z ,*v 6(8*; \*#8 iT.N ,-"N; -+4 h"NW+" /z v *! ,3* F*v h. 4¸ ! e-!8 \ ! c L! cnE5 / c /*" *7 *v 8* ,48*G 6(8*; 8~ \#8 v iV% ,? b 68; by" eV!C M[ G" )N! H8! Luis. Bernabé Pons y Mikel. De Epalza, "Bibliografía sobre traducciones castellanas del Corán/Alcorán" Rubiera Mata. Maria Jesús. Introducción a los Estudios Árabes, Alicante, 1994, 109-111. ¯ = García Bravo N*8! -* ] 7N*~ -#8?+! /4? 68; by" 1 /*" N* /*" `*VG F*~ . 6(8; 6 BC ,$ [ h";" = DEP K =$* * [*; BC 8W+*! Gx*4 $* BC -²*+ B9 \N+ \T NTMS f@!‫"א‬# >?* b*" K* $ - \02 K 48G 6(8; ® Cortés 6(8*; ®* -*4[7 - -#8 KE Jaques JomiereK"N2 ¾2 ehx<N $%Y hTq ° 9 D% ,$ h"s<= Joaquín. Garcia Bravo, El Corán, Barcelona, 1907. V. VI. -*. $* \0* MF* ,-%* @! -4Nh h ,$T 68; /" \+^V = ±X! °4 N!! 6N~ 84 K ,N]`! 6N~ ?+ -%k 3 \8hf ,-+G! - e-2NN44C -+4[ -T~ -4 / -4 \02 . Juan. Pablo Arias, "Imágenes del texto sagrado", Orientalismo, Exotismo y Traducción, Ed. Universidad de Castilla, 2000, 184. J *±@ ;O*P i*I *. -*#s aF*E 6 /*" ]8 e8! &' `]−+– 8"9 = [[s* J ,* BC 6(8*; *{`W *V" i%* *; e-*TU aFE Q 6 by 5 ea[*h2 = a1 ,-+ -;%x! $"{ N /" aF~ / -²+ cG<9 [ e/4[ MX! \X4 J $@ 8<9! ,/4[ 8;< ) . $X! $"{ / N8 J ±C ! Jaun Bergua. B, El Korán. Edición, Prologo y Notas, 4°. Edición, 1972. VII. XIII. MF i.N = \02 . -#s aFS B9 -%y 6 n FE = $%+ /" !5 -*4[ BC 8* = *hE 3N* m%*YL -*!8I -G 3nY ¤ -% C $ i7 ,-*~ -%*Y \?* G*Y = *{%k F*E *+"N4 BC BN iu " e{8" ; /482h -2 E <C -4[ BC 8 = 6% 9 -%]8 8 aFE D r"*5 3GY b.N = !X iu " K -!8I -" L - ;h+! e-% C S a48 MF (1) Julio. Cortes, El Corán, V°. Ed, Barcelona, 1995. NTMT .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L /" 5! 6(8; H8 ¹+ ,T( N7F #s ~ ,\ 48G *h< *% ,*v *ENh# -*;^ -*#s aF*E e-8T $#8 K*h *T! eN7F* 6 8^ hT'N! $C hT i". ,$ - /* *h 64 K"N2 ¾2 $"Q )kN7 NN~ /" 7 "[ " ,OF7 *N. )*T 6n;4 ,$ \N' & 48G 6(8; $T N j!*y F*E N*E O*P e$¤ = $;" K2NNT ¢h+ Í"N*E = -*^NV% *{`W -"; \<8k ! $P = % Ks 5 ,V" OP )+2 /" ehy% h" $2N K ,4 {5<C -#s /*" ntQN*4 * 4 h 4; h /" 48G 6(8; F~ -<8k h;%* *; e48*G 6(8*; ® -4[7 - -% C -#8 3 i ± j .?* c*. Ó BC *[ /*" 3 6*7 MF* ,)+* °N+7 -#8 = *h" ¾sx* ei*`! 6N*~ -#8 ,$#8 = 6(8; H8 ¹+ [n! 6% L \*I *<C ,-*y; -*I! KE ,$"Q V!C M[ G" -#8 ,N7F -T e-% L -"N; Rafael. Cansinos Assens, Mahoma. El Koran, Madrid, 1954. Juan. Vernet, El Corán. Traducción, introducción y notas, 2°.Ed, 1973. Mikél. De Epalza, L’Alcorà. Traducció de l’àrab al català, estudis alcorànics per, colaboració de introducción a la lectura i cinc Josep. Focadell i Joam.Perjo, Barcelona, 2000. NTMU f@!‫"א‬# ,hx"NE -#s \5<C = T+" hT+ ¸ K ,-&+" -² \![ e*v *+ K*; * hy T zC n[ ,h&' 8~( [ b# = \[[8 K ®N7 pN = h2C j% K -<8k9 \P KE [* {*#s *!9 * -#s D] v c. K \"; 8*48 3* $* aNh ; E[N [ aFh e48G 6(8; $*;48y! )kN7 NN~ h+ b[ ; eh t `^9 -<8k9 aFE -*"G -*4; \* * ,j*! T* X" ,F*~ "*+ -'U -*4; pN*+ l*% `^X* -* ! *h"nE c -" L ,%;* = 8*"9 F*E Q*¸ *4 6 *+" ,6(8; = ÞL NÝ `^X* F*E /* c* 3;* = -" L ; ) X 6 /G4 5 $X7 :6X*! /4[[8* /*" $* b" [[` `^X Fv cnE5 8. OF e©cN1 *; ,8*"9 F*E /*" -*#s aFE \&T' /" < -&T' N¥ [G 5 $ b.N OF*! Gx ,v 4 -²+ \5N&+ 29 N \5<L iN /*" 7s* *G F*E [ ,[* F*E = T 5 e'N ±4[ ° 9 hÉ eN7F -<8k9 -&! ,h .N m+.C = \5<L (2) "En las perspectivas teológicas actuales del islam, no se plantea ningún problema de influjo directo de textos antiguos en el Corán. Tal vez un día esta teología se modifique," op.cit, 11. NTNL .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L J 6C $*X! e*!8 G*Y 6(8; = $T+ F¥ . ®²+ M[Nh ; h*+.L cq* *. $@ ,d% <N = $%k -[» = 6(8; ²;4 n*7 en FE = ®²+ M[Nh ; -G G -[9 ,nv 5C $* *! $*+ `% $C 6@ ,; FE /z r+4 PC ,<N 6 )"*U ¶&*'9 /*" -*"U % ' b2 $P < = Gx4 , e© eeeMN $C 5 e8~( ) 8 :0YC 8T /" !9 (1) (2) … "el Corán no cesa de polemizar, de acumula argumentos, clásicos en la traducción judeocristiana, para establecer la posibilidad de la resurrección. ", op.cit, 13. "El monoteísmo coránico se coloca perfectamente en la línea del judaísmo y la proclamación coránica de la unicidad de Dios bajo la forma de La Ilaha Illa LLah (no hay mas dios que Dios) constituye un eco del siguiente versículo de la Biblia: "Soy Yahve, sin igual. Fuera del Mí no hay Dios" Is.-45/5". op.cit, 15. K* 1*78 -*%k ,°*; *G /*" PN~X*" -N - aFS -!8 -#s eª¨¬ªe¶&'9 0YCe³ ,°; ,6N41 %2 ,°; G [*C * ;°*; G 48G 6(8; ! h;" + .? %7 [N ; e-*(8; \4£ /" + = h!;4 " ,°; G \4( |! h 6N%84 32 N7F* ?* 6n! ,L N /" 6(8; F~ ,hQ = , OP J 6C ,n* F*E = )kN*7 N*N~ $h MF ¢h+ )T NE ea Í"S = = ehV" \n 8 = $;" ¢Z Î8T4 NTNM f@!‫"א‬# * /*" ,*SC < $T'N! 48G 6(8; /" ;%4 P" e©−© !?8*~9 \*#s /" E`] = -#s aFE = 8" % $N7 d< /" 4*; *h /*" -%<Y Y ^( `] ;% 5 ,'9 e8! 0Ð 5 b# i1~ ^£ O -q+ aFE KT enh+" -8 -q 4 h * ; ,OP = D 5 e-SL $N[ 48G 3N 8 \#s aFE pN* D b" -8" -y. -4 Gx 6 by J \#s aFE 6X! + K*% /* N*' 0*+! = *v i* N K h2C -h+" ®N7 84[ m?" N*%+ K" [8» BC ,$C 3N¤ " /z /" ,h 3N¤ G -8 e/4N7F /4h = 02 " |% [[8" eN* aFS -NG 0129 /" 012 /" 8V7 ) 3N& FE 6 `] >?* 8*~( 3*» ,$*4 n* ,¢* ,8*~9 *hZ12 |*! 3+ c* L Dk BC >? 5 FE a_ K -[ 3» NE ,®% L ! c L! H8I KN i!N^ OF! ·" $ [ $C 8 e K% h% ,-&* -*4[Nh! 6(8*; -*' ,*[ *h G! ,OP V /G4= e¬−ª ,¬ ,\`! ,' K+T< /4 c -9 / $#8 NTNN .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L 4 - B7> @R!Å 0!\ !" - 3*» *! c* * M 4 6 /G4 5 $ +h% 6 j% ; ee /*" ®%* L >? 5 = c L -[» 3» 48G 6(8; ®" -#8 J *S+ j%* K -#s 6X! + % ; eH8I >? 5 » = $~ ,*+h2 /" 1+ +C ! 5 ehh+" vN / 5 -[ ¶ / 5 8 = -*!8 -* N*#8 . ®N7 m?" -#8 6 BC ,$C YL i;% n7 /*h ,48G 6(8; ®" -#8 = hl %. , c L -[» H8*I KN* OF! % ,h#8 E[C -h+" {<8k OF! 8*"9 j*4 ecN* BC $* *E^( ; +u " K h%! c L! -* * *!N2 E K M+G )282 /! N4 % - 8! /* *;5 BC a*[ *. 6*7 MF* K*YS n C /! % $;4' h]*' /* * ,hz > 4 e©c L = 3N~ $² /*" *+ 3*~ /" 6N S ¦84 K \nS = cN Tq K ^£ KE e$ \N' "9 Ty K% h% ¹qY M8*S dV 68; = + 8 K QL -X" 6 B n FE = $%+ R =,c¬ -+ = -+ BC i#8 d< )9 BC S; ,>?! ¯¨©ª NTNO © f@!‫"א‬# *! -²*+ /* m*! 8*~( 8*W+" * /Es* \02 ±X! r+ 5! ±N* = c* L *%; h&*! h*+.L ,K"* L >?* 8*W $*#8 /*z *h2[@! ®N*7 8*4[ m?*" [[s4 J OF evN. e©0N c -²+ -%+! ±E b" $E j!y 5 n*! *h;^N! *+. 6 j%* ; eq ! Nhx" -8" -;; i! .= * 8*~ 8*" & 6 /" °X! 5 eh+ 87F -;! +;" = Ox 3» M m4 :h ¢48¥ = N+ NN" §N~ É kNyq hq Oxford. Ms. 184, Corpus Christi, ff 272-353 Paris. Mas. Lat. 6064, B.N. ff. 83-105 ®*" -*#8 ¹* i*z nV*" - 8 aFE ¹ iz K - 14! -kNy e8~ -2 'N 6(8; París Bibl. del Arsenal, ms. 1162 José Muños Sendino, La apologia del cristianismo de Al-Kendi, Miscelanea Comillas, 11-12, Santander, 1949. *+!7 = 8*W+4 /*" *7 O :- 8 aFE = - % +" `V7 8G4 A. Tien 6* 6N*y ); H8 h ? b%y - 8 aFE FE ; e eFE *zT 6*+"5 8Gx* *412 -%* + aFv 87 eª ^ ¯ 6+ = 8" 6*7 MF* i*.N = ,ª -%k /" N" /" K++G" MF KZ8" . "1 ehC 3N'N 14 eM+G - = 87F j! + $4 n `V7 + $%+ NTNP © .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L ,c* L /" h NU ,-²+ j; )2E / e©− -<8 $ c L Nhf / \4G X = h2 M+G 8~4 J * ; e$1" $` $4Nx 48G $N b+x ,- p*U $*V ,* `* K* b*.N *! N OP = *T ,$N%G" $%] $~ Ix _ ,$Gx b.N FE <9 e$%kq $V [C %. /" ,b.N ¾F \tNx -N» aF*v $* $* *&4 n*! ,c* L °*. ¢****h+" OP = F¥ ; K* \*Z+V /" -N» Ix _ OP ev $;" -²+! ,-;48y e+4 /4FE ! $+" T $+y' MF M8EN >8T BC b.N = b28 K*< /*" K< M8~ nh^ ,$%<' bz /" M[" MN[ nSX 3*+ ,[* aFE -+ ENx -; -.9! 35 e 6(8*; $+* *" ,* \* c L Nhf -4! ;+! M+G n*v ÎN ,-4% aFS . ¢ kL FE = ebZl Z; /" 48G n*4 Xx* *2 -%] BC ,É5 = ,a+ c L b284 ¾P FE G a; * >?* 5 Ix4 V V FE 3N+" -;48y aFv $ $ OY 5 -8 3N / -ENx $N H9 8I ¢+4 ,c L NTNQ f@!‫"א‬# $*Q *Sn! Þ$*2QÝ $*N. n* e+^N ! c+'9 %4 +^ `; N*%+ *[ ÞeeeÝ a*! *E $`x °Ìs O K4 6 BC $T J -* 8 l NhT4 J ! cN. ! /" N%" 3N $ -*%]8 aF*E \[*. *; e. K% h d%4 J ±9 N%+ \" N84 \*I /*Y ÞeeeÝ \1*I = *]8 N²* 6 BC $!&*' h%<' /*G4 J *28 6C ^ e°+ -" F~9 ¦8 >8y -!'L r8U )*Ö i* *. n7 8hf n aÌ i7 ÞeeeÝ h214 8" = 5C 8G $ e" 8< ? * N*hW -*. ,-*; aFE D2 BC M+G bz ; e− /" /G4 KG ,-(8; N |! = 29 = \[ n7 $` a[*h2 3N* 8 K+^N N !; eaFv O -!;" ,O! aFE -;" * d*! ,*< /*" 8V7X*! $*2Q ,OP d< ! ,3*;! $*C °+ N4 6X! $!&' pN4 J ,-4n - 8 ~[ N*%4 6 M*+G my OF! e< -2Q /" 8V7X! + 4 J eª−ª¯ ,−³ ,−© ,Pe° ,M+G - NTNR .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L * $* . /*" *.y c* a84N* = N7F* $*Z+^ + |! = x*2 *k 1*] K"* L [h a+ \% ev $;" -²+ * a*4 * i&*z n7 eh+ $² h ®²+ E1 !;" , * OF*! eh4F* -²*+ -T !;" ,; ;%Y -" L -+ K*< . % 6NG4 6 $N 8 /G4 5 ,4n +4[ 6NG4 6 c /G4 BC 3·4 ! ,j /4[ $ BC ,a+ ,b284 ,$%] c L x " e$C ejT j%x FE BC by ¾P /* -V $. N! = M+G [[s4 J ,-; aFE D2 BC e¬− *4 KG ,48G 6(8; a; 8 aFE v ÎN ,ax c L Nhf 3N*; eh<[ E+T N%+ $ $5 ,8~ 8" ,v a8*G ^*< *< °N2Ê*! 84 + /" 2 67 :$X! ,-; `* 48*G 6(8*; BC FE 7 35 b2 . M+G 6 B YL ¸ /" $!&' ` L N BC ,-h2 /" $!&' 3N 8 *. * ,[* aFE 7 $k - > FE = /E8! ; e-^ -h2 j*;& h%78 [C hGGT ,-" h< h. / {NG" V2 -;Z ehI4N -V%U $"8" NTNS f@!‫"א‬# c*+ ÞeeeÝ -*+G BC 3N~ / aNy. aN28~ aN"8& $!&' $ *+ -*< $*%P /* ¹*& $! $ 6NG4 T4 6 [X $+" 67 " °N48y a+ $n < O%<! y4 314 ÞeeeÝ $!&' $*! /4*4 a*;4 67 MF °N48y M \%^C $ Ì! [ $ OP $Q 6 BC 0 ! 0 $C K;4 $^[ $» 8VG4 $! N 314 ÞeeeÝ °N48y* /4[ BC N4 $ F $ [ a`' ^ c+'9 [% / /*! *% D*^N F*E °N48y =N 4 [7 -²+ = 8"9 MN. n *. n±X*! $ 8hf É8G" nhV%q! 64[Nh %<9! 8 D7 c *. *7 ÞeeeÝ $N" ! -'8T 2 6 BC ÞeeeÝ $N;! 5. $4 a! * $%<*' $*C $*[ MF* G /" Dk H /! } 4 = " BC E*! *%~ h"G< 2 /" uY N %~ $ ~[ L +" e [ ; [Q $ +Y ,¹+* FE V! ®N7 m?" -#8 V /" °X! 5 e−³ ,M+G - e6NENx4 6N8¡ 5 $#8 $ jN4 67 " OF ,N+4+ ¢48¥ /" PN~X Itaque Sergius coniunctus Mahumeth, quod ei deerat suppleuit, et scripturas sacras tam Veteris Testamenti quam Noui secundum magistri sui Nestorii intellectum, qui Saluatorem nostrum Deum esse negabat, partim prout sibi uisum est, ei exponens, simulque NTNT .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L 8* [8*» $ N 0Ð 5 ?-; aFE 0QC c L /" ;%4 P" K* -*4[Nh 8"·* c*" 4N*k * J ,-²+ °N4Ny -;k8S *% M = N*h ,+4* /4F*S T $ 2N4 " " eh~[ /" hh2 *;4 e* $!&*' -*;! 3N 8 3& /" ,M+G ea? Z /" - [h [n c L = )+ `! -X" OF! $* * MF* c* L 84N = $h+ +%<' f OF! c L °. ; 31~5 ,-; °; K( ,- -T! h ,$8hW $ |! = c L 31~ ,v $;" -²+ *" *;y+" ,- P hT'N! -²+ -4NS OP = ; e$ apochriphorum fabulis eis plenissime imbuens, Christianum Nestorianum effecit. /*" ,*< /*" 8V7X! $2Q /" ` = 8" NE " M+G I ; 5 /4F* N*. : *h 3N*;4 K -!N N /" /4? - -4£ [ /*" j* /*4[ 6N+44 5 $N c8< " 6N"8¡ 5 8~£ cN! 5 ! 6N+"·4 *V2 * d&! ,68]' E 4 / -41 Ny4 < G N /4F * -*;! 48G 3N 8 h4 jTk nS $TN a84N&! ,nh. /" " /48"9 n* B* e[*h = *+ # E[n a[n! ,+ j%x -x<N! ea1+ ' NTNU f@!‫"א‬# aÌx*C *h D ;$8 NzN" hT'N! ,-" L -4Ì BC 8 n*7 a*+ *4 6 c /G4 67 n OF! e$V $V $¥ * &*z 6 BC ,*V4 6 6NG4 6 $ [ n7 ! ,$T N4 n7 NE e-yx \T48¤ [Nh 8"·" hh2 -² -;k8E ;a4 G1& 1? %1 6V;1 LR%1 1>^* A - _ L - @R!\E V G? A ®' $*% c* L /* M+G % \N 7 i; ; e−© H9 KN j;¤ \4! BC ^ /" ,)9 BC K% K* ,®N*7 8*4[ m?*" /z -+ BC h#8 i "! /" ,c L! O* /*{ 6 iy* *; e$*; b*y. *E /*" -*y. $* ) · ,KN FE ½4 -4Ny » h2C -h+" OF7 ,\N /*" *41 v*7 *{<8k -48* -*[ aF*S + -;! - [ = +% ; F*E 3n /" -TZy! OP +V" ; ,H9 8I >? = -!h -E2N N* e-.N aFE = a8G [C BC K[ 5 ,$+< = E+ [ E+;^ 8I e-zC 8~ -V"X! h V ²; NTOL .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L -*48W+ {T~ $Gx ¢E+" -28" -G"C ! $+! , = ,-Z< e8I = -4;+ ¢E+ \ Ny /" ]8 *" BC mN28*! $* * ¶8y FE V /G4 $ j $G*Y /*" ,KN* ¾P /* H9 8*I F*E `*% <8" /" +uY ¹; Ó /" ;-+ 3n /" $4 $z n V . K -Tq 3n* /*" ,`k 9 \8U < ,cN 8 \48 \<Ê e½*Ceee*E`] \* *&!9 DG \5; V" /" ;- -* = \N* n*7 * N -NG i!NV |! BC +2 P@ *" ,*{P = Gx* E+ +@ ,®N7 m?" pN /" E`] M+G :}*4 n7 h+ `% /G4 ,-~" -"G" \<8k -^^ = $#C /G4 *+ ml *. $NG ,-+ $` BC 8W+! % 6NG4 6 & 67 " ®²* D*E /* aF~ ; 6(8; " ,$N[ ?+ $!&'9 $ [h ejk8h" 8* *!% °[ -u* cN* 8 Z* *^ *" *< 6 /*G4 5 7 !?9 <8k9 b" nh;!y NTOM f@!‫"א‬# b*# = -*T 3GYX! 8G \<8k9 aFE + b.N e©−© -+! -"8 -!8I -²+ $ E`] b!y \P DG *h ; e-y4L -8T -y; -% L -"N; {I! ^ 6*7 MF i.N )T = `+ = É bk MF 3N 6N" 8*&% = c* L -!P2 0QC -;; -"8 -²+ / m = $ hR *; $*!7 = ,$*T+! 87F*4 N*h ey* N 68; -k N |!9 /*" * F*~ -*<8k rC 4 M+G - 8. . $X! , T °N*2Ò /" 5! Mikolau G" $4 MF 8&+ ®²+ DE8 -*+ * * b+x* )*T $*h2 /*" 8*G4 n*7 e©a*" an n7 0x**L = ** N**' `**I! -**.N aF**E = **± 5 **+X! `7F** /**" °X**! 5 ,* b284 ®NG N9 >? 5 mk eK+ H9 K.? 5 ½4** = -**48GT \**E¸5 >?** 5 ,®**;%y" ¶**' 6Q**" b**284 ,Pe° d*< ,¬³ ,¦*48 ,)4N [8! >? \!7 -;%y - [K" L 48*G 3N 8 FE F~ $1" /" )4N .N a; N.N /G4 e¬¯−© e-4[Nh -²+ 9 /" (2) "Unum librum, qui vocatur Al chindi" ".. Libre de fine, et maioritate, Cap. De praedicatione, Palmae de Maioricarum, 1960, 102. NTON .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L i*! ,-y*Y * $+ ,+! c L x ,3N 8 e-*; -²*+ N*E MF* $' BC h2C h+" $q -&" -2 *ZNk /*" 8~ -+4[ -TZk = 3N 6N"8 "Q + $ ; $T 8"9 6N" ®G+"! 8"9 j4 ,$T m? /z i2 K -²+ 6N* = *h&%; ,3N* 8 N' $4Nx = a! ²;4 J MF " * 7 n FE = E8hY /" K $!7 $C ih2N MF Nh [ /4PE / )4 6N~ / e©[Nh z 6n4L "Mafumet era mercader e avana ab mercaderia en jerusalem: e en la carrera prés de jerusaslem estava un fals crestía qui avia nom Micolau, e era resclús [...] e aquí adoctriná Mafumet" Doctrina Pueril, Cap. De Mafumet, Ed. M. Obrador y Bennàssar. I, Palma de Mallorca, 1906, 125. 6*7 *7 *+! °NN °N48 -'9 pN+! a+;^ FE 7 +T. ; -*" *h< /* hN. > / , -8 K% ` = -V!^ bZ. dR K*" `*+! *T7 $*X! $h2 /" $+f " h+" N4 EN& -;; h" / ea² °*N4 /*" e®%* L >?* 5 \N* = c L ,MÊ <N % e³−ª ,Pe° ,°N^! BC °NN (2) Martini Raymundi, Pugio Fidei adversus Mauros et Iudeos, Leipzig, 1687. repr. Franebourgh, 1967. = NTOO f@!‫"א‬# *7 *. , BC `V7 $ 0 MF $!7 6N7 = 5C É`] / 5 /" ² $ $T c. . $NG ;®²+ 8I ! -T" -" -É 84* e-²*+ BC }*'9 $*+4[ /* *8" n" M ,-" C 3N' N /" F~ -<8k Î' . $ NE ,n FE = $ $%+! ®²**+ D*E8 °N**2Ò 6 BC DEF*4 ** e8*~ -]**' *L /* aF*~ *. $*X! *Q *! ,$*(8. 48G K%+ FE MF NE 8&+ -%* -*+% OF! e©-G! N -+' 6+h4 7 ² 7N e MF NE h+ `% ,8 -<8kÈ [ ¾`7N* 6*2 -*8~ = OF*7 $*W<" /*G4 *" OP e−© -*8 = *hW K , / Jean Le Clerc de Troys )48k = -*W< )*T $* MF* )4* 6N~ ®G+" FE D&+ = eN7F b28 = h [ + j% . $ M ;j! Í"S (1) Andrés. Juan, Libro nuevamente imprimido que se llama confusion de la secta mahomatíca y del acorá, Valencia, 1515. 10. r.v -*4£ 31* %* < ,6N7? $C DEP "+ GY . 1 FE 6 8 /" ß s Å =ù ƒã “% ß =kÏ èy ƒã $ϑ y Ρ¯ )Î χ θ9ä θ) à ƒt Ο šχρ‰ Ï !© #$ χ Ü $¡ | 9jÏ 3 Ö ± t 0o …µç ϑ š ó γ ß Ρ¯ &r Ν ã =n è÷ Ρt ‰ ô ) s 9s ρu ® &+ N /" -48G @ ϑ Ï f y ã ô &r µÏ Šø 9s )Î eW >' e⟨ ⎥ ê ⎫7Î Β• † ? 1Î t ã t β î $¡ | 9Ï #‹ x ≈δ y ρu ‘ NTOP © .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L S* hWT< 4 KG ,M[ ? b!8 68; /" 39 + 3~ A Á BC h DEP ; e-Nh! ,-²*+ = 5*+4[87 ! ² 67 :6 ,8* *! -²*+! Q8*G >?* BC 3*;5 aÌ"Q $+" Dk ; 8* ~ [ " S e$ 87 !% D+! 6C a -n -!yU . /" - FE $! b4 67 " T! ,/4 FE = E* /* 6Nh ± `] e-" 2N $ 6T4 N7 /4F °+ E`*' j* /4* /* 8* K*+^ BC $! [ ,h !! aN+4 / e" 68*; *G \*+! /" NE ¶8y FE V" 6X! 3N;4 Z. e¬−© K*[ * *! ,$*% /* c* L / -W -!9 y N /* * *. H8*I /"1 6 &' E /G eE; h hC [N /*" $*84 $*8 " BC 8W+! ;E8ZW /" `V7 Q¸ nV" G9 $E V" = N* J \N* aF*E 6 j ,! e!?Kh+" M8G c; -; E?* [ i*N"[C *h *. *; ehTq* *% -8U aFE ¹q" NE FE eS c. Edmond Douté, Mahomet Cardinal, Chalons sur-Marne, 1899. NTOQ f@!‫"א‬# * K*TG4 e*h!h" {N. G! #=r Da' KG 5C H9 KN ½4 F*S ^( /" + /4 32 .? |! a " ,OP -*;" = ¶Nz G! $ N.N /G4 " OP e$ rC [C /" ¶8y 5 K* ,0F* 48*" 6N* :-"N N Fulon Scheen Y /N BC *h h%<*' DEF4 e©-sGL b.N |! _ 6£ BC ?+ iQ ,-²*+ *! J = -4[ 8~( Gx K Þc L ;4Ý -4& :6 $%Y BC [N 8~ -4[Nt -² + /" h $# " i+ . ,-;U $. W <N ; +%4 c L OF! e-!8 841 = Y 3N [[s4 5 e8 /! $ 8G+4 d&! z h"q4 $+G * *" * ®% L >? 3nX! $ +V" OP +T. 6 j% ; e-² -;k8E < /" c L r8~ -<8k9 h ²+4 K °N^! −©³ ,Pe° e®%* L >?* 5 \N* = c* L ,MÊ* <N % e³ª (2) (3) Fulon Sheen. “Maria y los musulmanes”, Original publicado en inglés por La Fundación del Cardenal Mindszenty, re-impreso, Oct, 2001 por Mindszenty Report. Traducido al español por www.corazones.org. "El mahometanismo es la única gran religión pos-cristiana en el mundo. Como tuvo su comienzo con Mahoma en el siglo VII, pudo reunir ciertos elementos del cristianismo y del judaísmo, junto a otras NTOR .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L /*" N*U *; \*<8k |*! * *h $*h2 /*" 7· -; aFE *<N -*;k8S N*E c L 6X! 14 :d&! ,-!NN" L ,c L * 8*y~ /*" $Gx* n* * ÞeeeeÝ e*hE ¹.*+4 5 ¹.+4 J K ** -*%. /*" -**!NX! N*+4 6 ,Å* = ,my** MF* ,8*I eE`" 68*; -*4± BC 8*~ 8*" * * -+"Q9 +78 PC eª−© K* -*+T -* *{2C h ¹&T+ -V4 -+"Q9 by" y N )48*G G 5 E+ +@ ,$` ¹qY i% *{[Q N* O* ,48G K%+ FE / hT -% -ENx N N*¥ 5 [*G e®N*7 j*T - pN+ /" E`] M+G - v $*"{ -*+ $*< = 48*G 3N* 8 FE 1 /" \2L $E W" -yx* * * BC OP 7 m2C ,c L ? = + - n! (1) costumbres de Arabia. El Islam adopta la doctrina de la unidad de Dios, Su Majestad y Su Poder Creativo, y la usa para repudiar a Cristo, El Hijo de Dios", op.cit, 1. "Si el Islam es una herejía, tal y como lo cree Hilaire Belloc, entonces sería la única herejía que nunca disminuyó ….. El Occidente Europeo cristiano, apenas escapó la destrucción a manos de los musulmanes". Ibid NTOS f@!‫"א‬# h c 8 8¸ K -<N ÊT4 " NE OP e$N[ BC $C i K Ê*T4 6 /*G4 n*7 e$*C °N* N4 MF 6yx -&z 84N d*&! ,& 0q! h h 37 K $Z `N -<Ê" OF7 e©½C eeeD! N%+ 0[! +! $"{! [[s4 J *** * San Petronio de Bolonia 6N*N! M[ N*s! 6* -+7 FE +"N4 BC ² MF* Prideaux *48! *7 *V" ' OF7 ÊT4 " NE e-<N aFv ÂT<5 [N*;4 ! T ¡ NE -8 K%+ N! $] 84 a! 8¸ e-+<k 8< BC $!&' Prideaux, La Vie de Mahomet, Amesterdam, 1609 M. (2) Voltaire, Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le prophète (1741), Œuvres complètes, éd. Garnier, 1875, tome 4, p. 135. “Mahomet le fanatique, le cruel, le fourbe, et, à la honte des hommes, le grand, qui de garçon marchand devient prophète, législateur et monarque“, Recueil des Lettres de Voltaire (1739-41), Voltaire, éd. Sanson et Compagnie, 1792,), p. 163 NTOT .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L E 8**I = **& -ENx** N** 0*+! i**!N^ **E K**E *G 3*~ /*" ®%* L >?* 5 ½4 -4Ny v $[Q K H9 j* pN \N ! b /" . 67 ; e$[" $2Pn E *! ,y* N 68*; b*y" = i* K* -*8 K*%+ ®N7 84[ ,hZ+! [C hGGT ! ,8W+! ;$T mNzN = -+"Q9 pN ,-*h+ -*8 \N*V - \Ì $2 = [N {N. = e8 ! 8I h84 h8 K Á −Ox* 5*» m*4 5 n!− + ; J *h7 \`*I aF*E 6X*! *< MF* N*E )*G 6C *! 5 eN*; O* /" 6£ BC 3+ 6 by $*[X! K*zN K2N*NT ¢h+*! >? 5 N ¡ [*C = \F*~ *" *! /" ,h± ² 3~ -! = K2NNT ¢h+ 8hf ; -T*! ,O*P *! /" ¢h+ FE E ; e-+ -N h^8 pN x7 == hT+* *h%8 ,*E8ENW ½4X* ,h* [ \*I = d*&%! ,- NTOU f@!‫"א‬# -*!h" -" - -. \N aFE D7 ,-" $;" $( * H8*I KN h+E hy h< °n ,42 -8" y* N 68*; \N )T 6£ BC ¾N4 yU FE Æ n ec L! ,-²*+ /* j*k8h" K*" [8*» ! % $ 8 5 K , / 0 $*482 = $`* ,*h 3N~ +! °+ $ = $N[ 31¥ J ¢h+* FE 6 b.N eh+! -;! hh;T! OF7 $4+ / ,-+"1 h;= ¢h+* N*E *' ! ,\NzN aFE V" -" ? b 68; F+" ²;4 4 ,-*!9 \*"! -*4[79 -* *&!9 b*# QC = ,Q"! , −8*] * e*hR8¥ pN*+ j;&! -+ &!9 - &!9 = -'~ = OF*7 K"* L H8 s pN+ {;;¤ = 6N.? a 6C −PC /" n FE = $! t &4 " BC +uy" ,$< $ s FE - [ -*( * ¢h+* F*E [n* 6 `] e-%h - h&' = NGx4 6 S 67 " ¢Z aFE `^X 3[% ' -( OF7 ,h% {I h+"" pN+ ! -; `*V7 K+ BC $! N b! .?! [ . ,h%! E8^X pN+ pN* = '8 FE -; O -y N! S1~! ;-" L -!8 pN+ /" OF*7 n*4 J /4F* $< c L ½4 BC -%+! 6Xx OF7 eh -;! :¢h+ FE / b284 e-.N aFE = 2 OP ; eK+ FE /" Pascale Hemmert, Philologus auctor. Le philologue et son livre, éditions scientifiques européennes Peter Lang, collection Saphenea, Berne 2003. NTPL .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L 6N*7 /*" ]8* OP $ n a1+ B e°Ìs )+ \F" 68*; -*+% K+4 D -8U ² /" ; . -8 rC BC *^ ,-*V4 -*+"Q9 = MN*9 *;+ \*'EC BC ,-*!8I y N 5C e/4?* M[* 68*; E*! " -^ /"1 |4N; OGT [*C 8I C −² 5 V % − hT 6 /G4 G $"* \N*'− -*4_ `*U -u* cN* 8 = \N )T rC e!!?KT& K+T `% -48< ! −$ *** NTPM f@!‫"א‬# ))Y WGR‫א‬IUP‫א‬W T W$?9‫אא\א‬WT ?V ,-*8 J* ,[8* * ~ e8 ,-& c L ,KGN2 G e³ ,i4NG e ,6+ ,-T - -4Ì e)9 1I4 J 8 ,n C "9 © e ,¦48 ,-5 -NzN ! >? 5 , . KZ8" ,\`*! ,D*4[ N*! 3n7 e8 ,0xL -y -8 e>? 5 ,[[C ¬ e¬ K"* L ½4* = -*48GT \*E¸5 >?* 5 ,6Q" ®;%y" ¶' ª e¬³ ,¦48 ,)4N [8! >? \!7 -;%y - [ 68*; = $*NG" ®% L >? 5 /" ,<N % MÊ ³ cN** e¢**" , ,)**9! c** M**+G ** **% -**[» ey** N e©¯¯¬ ,0Y , em ,/48&% -"2 ,-L /*" e®%* L >?* 5 \N* = c* L ,*<N *% MÊ ,¦*48 ,-*" 141 % O -%G" ,°N^! BC °NN °N4 e©¯¯−¬© NTPN .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L /4* c* -9 / $#8 ,-& -4[Nh! 6(8; -' ,[ h .¬ ,\`! ,' K+T< e ,© e ,J \NT4 8 ,-8 \48T< ,3x" N7N ,°*; ,6N*41 *%2 ,°*; *G K 178 -%k ,°; G ¯ ³ H8* h FE ,KYS BC M+G - ,>& C /! % M+G eª ,© e e¯ , e ,6+ ,6 6Ny ); a? ,0*% ,K.?* 5 *; *; = e>?* 5 \48T< ,J \N4 © e W$?3%\‫אא\א‬WT V Manuscritos: B.N.P. Mas. Lat. 14,503 Oxford. Ms. 184, Corpus Christi, ff 272-353 París Bibl. del Arsenal, ms. 1162 Paris. Mas. Lat. 6064, B.N. ff. 83-105 Imprimados: (13) Andrés. Juan, Libro nuevamente imprimido que se llama confusion de la secta mahomatíca y del acorá, Valencia, 1515. (14) Arrivabne . A.. Ed, L’Alcorano di Macometo, nel qual si contiente la doctrina la vita, i costumi etle leggi sue, 1547. (15) Bedwel William. Ed, The Alkoran of Mohamet, translated out of arabik into french….., London, 1688. (16) Bergua Jaun. B, El Korán . Edición, Prologo y Notas, 4°. Edición, 1972. VII. XIII. (17) Bernabé Pons Luis. y Mikel. De Epalza, “Bibliografía sobre traducciones castellanas del Corán/Alcorán” Rubiera Mata. Maria Jesús. Introducción a los Estudios Árabes, Alicante, 1994. NTPO f@!‫"א‬# (18) Bibliander Th. (ed.), Mahumeti Saracenorum principis eiusque successorum uitae, doctrina ac ipse Alcoran... quae ante annos CCC... D. Petrus abbas cluniacensis per uiros eruditos... ex arabica lingua in latinam transferri curauit... opera et studio Theodori Bibliandri... Bâle, 1543. (19) Cortes Julio., El Corán, V°. Ed, Barcelona, 1995. (20) Cruz Palma Óscar de la, “La Trascendencia de la Primera Traducción Latina del Corán (Robert de Ketton, 1142)”, Proyecto de investigación BFF2000-1097-C02-02, dirigido por el profesor José Martínez Gázquez (21) Diccionario del uso del Español, Gredos, Madrid, 1982. (22) Djait Hichem, l’Europe et l’Islam, Paris, 1974, 21. (23) Douté Edmond, Mahomet Cardinal, Chalons sur-Marne, 1899. (24) Du Ryer. Ed, L’Alcoran de Mahomet. Translate d’Arabe en Français par le sieur …., Paris, 1647. (25) Encyclopedia Universal Ilustrada, Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 1987. (26) Epalza Mikél De, Influences islamique dans la théologie chrétienne médiéval: L’adoptionisme espagnol (VIIIeme siecle), Islamo christiana, Roma, 1992. (27) Epalza Mikél. De, L’Alcorà. Traducció de l’àrab al català, introducción a la lectura i cinc estudis alcorànics per, colaboració de Josep. Focadell i Joam.Perjo, Barcelona, 2000. (28) Fierro Bello Maria. I, "El Islam andalusí del S. V/XI ante el judaísmo y el cristianismo", Dialogo filosófico-religioso entre cristianismo, judaísmo e islamismo durante la edad media en la península ibérica. BBREPOLS, Belgiúm, 1994. (29) Foucault Michel, l’Archéologie du savoir, Paris, 1972. (30) Fulon Sheen. “Maria y los musulmanes”, Original publicado en inglés por La Fundación del Cardenal Mindszenty, re-impreso, Oct, 2001 por Mindszenty Report. Traducido al español por www.corazones.org (31) Garcia Bravo Joaquín., El Corán, Barcelona, 1907. (32) Gázquez José Martínez, “ E l l e n g u a j e d e l a v i o l e n c i a e n e l prólogo de la traducción latina del Corán impulsada por Pedro el Venerable”, en Cahiers d'études hispaniques mé diévales 28 (2005) (33) Hemmert Pascale, Philologus auctor. Le philologue et son livre, éditions scientifiques européennes Peter Lang, collection Saphenea, Berne 2003 (34) James Kritzeck, Peter the Venerable and Islam, Princeton, University Press, 1964. NTPP .5.#P% 2C%%&‫א‬Up‫ >א‬o/‫א‬:6‫א‬$L (35) Martini Raymundi, Pugio Fidei adversus Mauros et Iudeos, Leipzig, 1687. repr. Franebourgh, 1967. (36) Mounin. Jeorge, Les problèmes théoriques de la traduction, 1963. (37) Muño Sendino José, "La Apología del Cristianismo de Al Kindi " Ed. Preparada y anotada, Miscelánea Comillas, 11-12, 1949. (38) Muños Sendino José, La apologia del cristianismo de Al-Kendi, Miscelanea Comillas, 11-12, Santander, 1949. Norman Daniel, Islam and the West : The Making of an Image, Edinburgh, University Press, 1960. Trad. franc. Alain Spiess, Islam et Occident, Paris. 1993. (39) Olague Ignacio, La Revolución Islámica en Occidente, Córdoba, 2004. (40) Pablo Arias Juan, “Imágenes del texto sagrado”, Orientalismo, Exotismo y Traducción, Ed. Universidad de Castilla, 2000. (41) Pacaut Marcel, L'Ordre de Cluny (909-1789), (2e éd.), Paris, 1994. (42) Petri Venerabilis, Adeversus Nefandam Haerisim Sive Sectam Saracenorum, in Opera Ominia, Accurante Jaques-Paul Migne, Patrologia Latinae Tomos, 189, Belgium, 1890. (43) Prideaux M, La Vie de Mahomet, Amesterdam, 1609 (44) Rafael. Cansinos Assens, Mahoma. El Koran, Madrid, 1954. (45) Raimondi Lulli, Doctrina Pueril, Cap. De Mafumet, Ed. M. Obrador y Bennàssar. I, Palma de Mallorca, 1906. (46) Rodriguez Cabanelas. Dario, “Juan de Segovia y el primer Alcorán trilingüe”, Al-Andalus, XIV, 1949. (47) Schweigge Salomon. Ed, Alcoranus Mohameticus, das ist Der Turken Alcoran…in die Italienische ….., Nurnberg, 1616. (48) Vernet Juan., El Corán. Traducción, introducción y notas, 2°.Ed, 1973. (49) Voltaire, Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le prophète (1741), Œuvres complètes, éd. Garnier, 1875. (50) vorr Barent Gedrucklt Adria. Ed, De Arabische Alkoran. 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N"*. *" T £ ¤ ¯ /j £ £ ¥ /j £ ¤ ¥ ¤ ¥ © ¤ ¤ ,V;& © ¥ © .3 1PE ¶ © m/\ ¤ © ¤ :$N;! 3N h<" £ ¤ ¥¤ ¥ eV;& [8*T *t ¾N KE ! ,Ô; Ô" ^< i 8S 6 BC `Y = n*7 B* BC -!N × 8TG 8E K+ [8T 8h ;-n eª . d4< ,9 D< ! ,D.+ 7 ,Mq% &' ,Mq% NTRS f@!‫"א‬# £ £ £ £ £ #& £ £ £ £ 7> '1 ¥ ¤ N> ¥ ¤ 'a9 ¥ ¤ © ¥ ©¥ N>! © ¥ ©¥ :4? d4 ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ © £ ¤ ©¥ ¤ ,_/ ¤ ¤ ¤ £ £ £ ¤ ¤ ,E © ¤ ¥ ¨ DS3 D1S3 © ¤ ¥ £ ¥ DS3 ¨ ¤ 6' © ¤ ¥ ¤ " ¤ ¤ ¥ ¤ © ¤ ¥ ¤ "¤ : $N. ,#3? © ¥ ¤ ©¨s ¤ ¤ ¤ £ ©¤¥¨ *~[ G -9 8E K+ n7 ,©`'P ¨ ¤ E ¥ J7% © ¥ ¨ D>S ¤ © ¥ ¤ ¤ £ £ ¥ ¤ n7 e{1 E[N2 -n ,$n4C $+4[ 6 T¡ /" BC ," < 7 eh[ E0N4C B BC /482h 05·E -% K+ cN ²+ 6 *9 3n* /*" * M ,-!Ny -" L 8 j^N 2 /" FE e6G 6"1 % ] h+" $R cN /"· $! c. { Z9 t⎦⎪% Ï !© #$ µç _ y t z ÷ &r Œø )Î ! ª #$ νç t Á | Ρt ‰ ô ) s ùs νç ρã Á Ý Ζ?s ω )Î ® :B $N. /47 -V<% [N ÷ “t tø B Ÿ ⎯µÏ 7Î s Å ≈Á | 9Ï Α ã θ) à ƒt Œø )Î ‘Í $ót 9ø #$ †ûÎ $ϑ y δ è Œø )Î ⎦ tΑ“t Ρ'r ùs ( $Ψo èy Βt ! © #$ χ )Î β r ω È ⎫÷ Ψo Oø #$ † š ΤÎ $Or #( ρã x 2 Ÿ Å ™ y ! ª #$ 4 ?n ø ¡ 9#$ #( ρã x 2 Ÿ ⎪% Ï !© #$ πs ϑ ö 9© Š7 θΨã f à /Î …νç ‰ y ƒ− &r ρu µÏ ‹ø =n ã t …µç Gt ⊥t ‹6 3’ š y =Î 2 Ÿ Ÿ èy _ ≅ y ρu $δ y ρ÷ t ?s Ν ⎥ š φ Ï ! « #$ πè ϑ y =Î 2 Ÿ ρu :3N; Ty ; j e¬¯ :-!N ⟨ Οí Š3Å m y “î ƒ•Í ã t ! ª #$ ρu 3 $‹u =ù èã 9ø #$ † eee$* /*" 6N* /" ! ,6n4L 7 ,Mq% &' ,Mq% e . d4< ,H8* s* 0*<C [ ,* c*"L +" , /! 3E /! %+< /! /! ec ¨ *E¬¬ *. ®*%È [[ H /+* &*' = 8*W+4 e³ª³¬ d4* *. ,"x* +" e©³³ NTRT © .#.u"# -%' 8f = hT 6N R "+ $X! 8G" N& 6(8; ²4 6 ! QNR 5 ,h+G hZE NW¡ 6 h D ,-%8" e-E K";5 ÍZy DI -48 N;4 : '+ d È\ 8- :=&8 *4Ì *E_ J ,6`V7 n7 r8 0ÒL -^[< /47 8G+ 5 n*C ,n /48GT |! !8I /" 6`V7 3N;4 n7 K%+ E( * -< = iG :3N; h j e-W;4 b. 42 ^< {_ *h+ ! 8 $%. BC [N4 6 /" 5% ,-4; 08 . - *9 /*" ¹¥ -E D! -%; $4NE 7·4 6 /" 5! ,°; BC "G c5! $< iT< 8 3;! ¢h%4 6 /" 5! ,-%; e©c -% / i -L K.! b" $C 8W+4 J /4F ;! 0%X! ; K%+ r8" 3~ Õ Á 4N¤ 6N¡ 5 ,6[4 5 E8W = 0%9 6C ! e/47 D< ,m7 7· e-'U $4Ì $ h+" < 7 PC ,hC N4 K $ / h! NNG4 < 0%9 /" j% /! 6n4L BC N4 6(8; 6 (1) (2) Karen Armstrong, Muhammad Prophet for Our Time, 113-114. Ibid, 97. NTRU f@!‫"א‬# t “Ì Ρ&é $! Βt ρu $Ζu Šø =n ã t Α t “Ì Ρ&é $! Βt ρu ! #’?n ã t Α « $$ /Î $Ψ¨ Βt #™u ≅ ö %è ® :B $N. h+" \4( [N ," šχθŠ– ;Î Ψ¨ 9#$ ρu © 4 ¤ | Šã Ï ρu © 4 › y θΒã ’ u AÎ ρ&é $! Βt ρu Þ Å $7t ™ ó { F #$ ρu U š θ) à è÷ ƒt ρu , t ≈s y ™ ó )Î ρu ≅ ó )Î ρu Ν Ÿ ŠèÏ ≈ϑ y ™ z Šδ Ï ≡t /ö )Î ä hÌ x Ρç ω Ÿ Ν ö γ Î /nÎ ‘§ ⎯ΒÏ $ΨY ƒŠÏ Ν ß s ó γ ß Ψ÷ ΒiÏ ‰ 7 m y &r ⎦ t ⎫÷ /t − Ä ≈=n ™ ó } M #$ u &ö î x Æ Gt ;ö ƒt ⎯Βt ρu ∩∇⊆∪ β t θϑ ß =Î ¡ ó Βã …µç 9s ⎯ ó Ρt ρu Ο eª−¬:68 3( ⟨ ⎯z ƒÌ ¡ Ÿ 6t ) ø ƒã ⎯=n ùs Å ≈‚ y 9ø #$ ⎯ z ΒÏ οÍ t z Å ψ F #$ ’ûÎ θu δ è ρu µç Ψ÷ ΒÏ ≅ = *v 6N*4 * 69 ª -*4£ *+ 64[9 = -V<% .N K*;; /4* N*E c* L 6X*! K*4 6(8*; 6 \%^L 6<9 D] F*E * ¦s* ,* cN*4 ; 6N2+ E 6X! ,<N :h2 /" 3N; e /4 K 8 5 ! %4 J c L 6 :39 *" )*G K*+ d*< ,M[* h. = hh DR -4£ 6 :®V D*G * E*Y >*" ,¢s*" /4*7 8W = 6(8; 6C ;$! 34 $*;+ /*4[ M 6 ¢+ +E /" e$2h+" $l K< G ,-;! - ; bzN" = 3N; e$Z1R Nh ,c L c -& c -4[Nh 67 0N ,6L -*'~ ,c* L 3N*%. + [Nh /" . Dy4 J :8~( e"G & pU h< N; ±9 ,OP = N%]84 J PC (1) Karen Armstrong, Islam a short History, (Mdern Library 2002), 10. 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D+4Q /" K%+ rQ -. 87P + -V<% [N *! DEP "+ X h%< 42 ! E( 6 %4 % eeee$" G 4Q 31+" BC `hW E*; *. ,s D7 /" -N» v iT< , È ,-; aFE %~ -; aFE = i4 . :Z. aN2 /" NY /! 8Ey $; " BC O+EP ¼ ,-kN] h+" OT BC Ê 6 ¾4@ ,-kN ¾*"@! *4Q 8*" < K%+ 3< = % /" -4£ aFv ¹; E /*" *.~ O*P 6N*G4 6 *"@ ,'*; \*; /*" OP 6@ $2Q ;*+ *2 /*" $*! $*7 6NG4 6 "C ,-; 41 '; n* *¸ 5 O OF 34 e$! c1 MF NE p; $T; ,±v *4Q BC K%+ BC +" 8^ -4£ aFE `T = 3N. /" 8^·4 |*! * E8" _7 -4£ h 0N eee-!& /" < BC D+4Q BC (1) Karen Armstrong, Muhammad Prophet for Our Time, 167. NTTT .#.u"# eG E /" c L 0 < /" `V7 \1T i! = 6PX $ OF / i7 6C 4Q i! = D+4Q $4Ì "X D*< 5 ,$*% *hh2 $* OY ,D2 6Fu 5 6@ ,4Q 5* °*+ Y /" 67 4Q eee/hEN2 6s4 /G4 J 0+ 69 OP NE ,$EX! -y iG ,a+%" a5N" rQ $ -+! i7 D+4Q ,K%+! e eee4Q i! 02 < 5C E( " 6NG4 6 4 ,4Q h2Q MF BC < 6 /4! /4Q } / -4 NY /! [N4 4_2 31 M8E1 / ,Í&2 i+! D+4Q G+ $ K%+ $T = " NE OP ,> Í&2 i+! 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NTUR .#.u"# :G @9. − /4**7 **+ **hT ** -** E**T /**" N**%+ cN**hT" _**4 F*E BC d*&% = *YL i;%* *. e"N !8I + ,¢s" ¿ Ï + 8"9 1* ,-Z+V* -*%EN" $* *qY K*%+ *E% 87P %x** M8** $**1 ,K**n2 ¶**'C N**2N! a[**;! 6 i*Q n*7 e*< 1*] = Í48. . r8q N¤ /4F K^G !!-28< -%' 4. $h2N 8GT4 "+ x! >84 67 K%+ *+ )* ,$* K<N* 31 + /G ,>84 K%+ 67 , e`GT /* 51*" *2 K*%+ /*" ¸ ±9 -k! \%5 aFE V" 6C D4 hT FE eM?% M8GT }; ah2 $78< = 4 ,0n e¶ +" 7 K%+ N%+ \N' ,a`] , K%+ e-! -4+ ,KSC 0Ty' N%+ 6C [**41 ²** = $** j*< 5 ,¼**%4 n** $* **~ 5 ,b** * 5 ,b4?* K<N* /*" i $¥ -4N[ N" /" 67 " 5C ,6;+ ?' N%+ -Tf " ! ?K<N -Tf n 5C e°+ < = S `^X NTUS f@!‫"א‬# := N%+ c;" -Tf 3#C /G4 eKE n7 v °+ ¼% − ,39 D.N 6! OP ° ,6! BC OP /" r< " 6! − ehu h+< 87F*" ,\"N*~ \*1 /*" h+! ¡ n °+ ! T − eM `! \[*% h* 3~ /" S 8hW K °+ -u / -!2L − eT7 N7 " ,E`] b" {"" `7F* c[ 4?* N%+ c; - 9 -TfN i7 ,¾P FE b" − l /",-*4N Sn [< h 6N+R {8~( 6 hT48 ,E`! °+ e$8~( = $[ $! K+%4 NE nC /"· $²4 ² 7 6 ,`~ 6(8*; = ENx e$%4N + /" K<N 4! FE 7 /*4 /*" *! e*! Ò mNzN7 $C YL i;% " h+" ,`V7 FE ?$! /" K<N! h2N" n" /G4 J 6C ZfN aFv c; K%+ :®' G& 7w − 3*¡ K EL + -T' KT NE -V<% Ik MF S 67 NTUT .#.u"# *7 8q* ,©¯¯ _% < ! -'~ , K%+! h.C 8I |*! *+ `*V7 *.N eO*P *2 /*" c* L /* {!7 7 {.k N%*+ K*%+ [*h2 *h E8W = Ì /4F /48GT e$! 02 MF /4 $< $! NENY MF + N[ /" ,$+" 0M8! NE " $C **~[ = h**z~ K** -**!8 $**1 V**" D**y. ** F**h i2 ,-.x 3IY9 b" -+ ? )Ö + % 3# \8G" b**# 69 -+** -N**'9 )** ·"***! $**%; ,-**G4[ 8**V7 a**G e/ = ENk K $2NN44C G4[8 D*y. *2 "*+ /*G :-*Z. -*2NN44L aF*E -V<% j -^s ` DG eK%+ < aNY ; -" L 8W+ = 4178" 8" [h K*%+ Q8*¡ J O*P b*" ,* *. ;% K7 i. B9 -"9 6 zN /44 6(8; e+ c BC N -7P -!C - ! !, &! ²+ e)T+ / [ 5C 8 1R 5 ,-;" ± 8 3GY 7 *7 = N%"* L *~ *4 * \[ . 'X /47 ¸ **W+ K**<8 **Y8,r8 c** **% $%<** -**%48I -**48T (1) Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God, Fundamentalism in Judaism Christianity and Islam, Alfred A. Knopf New York 2000, 267. 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E ,-4N%+ `* ¦8*4 MF* M*; ° /" -4N%+ ` = 3;5 − 4*; 3*+4 MF* K2+* 5 }& ° BC ,; - ^< ec. 31 ch ±Xx! )% K \5GYL K*%+ *< \*Z1! -; %~9 \48 ` D7 j;¤ − *484 /" Í4Nx BC M[· 5 <,h+" 3N Q e `] /" 67 /" n 5 , c L K% h / -!8I \ /" 4 -!! t j48 8· / jV%+4 6 − e$4N; $ [ $T+ . K%+ NULN .#.u"# ))Y W Y3‫'א‬Q@de‫א‬MfgZ&#2L2@QDh#GW T (1) (2) (3) The Bible: A Biography (2007). The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (2006). A Short History of Myth (2005). :8" -!8 BC 28 . /* \*' ,©¯¯ -+ _ C -" 9 ,6VS! »/V Za 6N+! :B9 eb4QN ?+ -%y \4! * / \' ,©¯¯ -+ N. $2N ,6VS! »/V 6N+! :-V e6l cN -!8 (4) (5) Faith After September 11th (2002). The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (2000). :6#8 G \' . ,@R!\ == /-9= A =M #\ ]=! A V+ :6N+! B9 e©¯¯¯ Ny [ / ,/48~( ² -kT *& ,@R1!\ ==1 1/-9= A =1M L1?Z3 :6N+! -V e©¯¯ª b4QN ?+ -G [ / ,N2 NULO f@!‫"א‬# (6) (7) Buddha (2000). In the Beginning: A New Interpretation of Genesis (1996). ,N*2 *& ,/1 A 1! V- / A 6N+! G FS -#8 \' eb4QN ?+ -#s \ + -%G" / ,©¯¯ª -+ (8) Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (1996). -*kT ,*^ Z; < -+4" °; 6N+! G FE -#8 \' e4 Ny [ / , -+ ,®+ ² (9) A History of God: The 4000-Year Quest of Judaism; Christianity and Islam (1993). /* ,³ -+* N2 & ,&\ s 6N+! G FS -#8 \' eb4QN ?+ [ [ (10) The End of Silence: Women and the Priesthood (1993). (11) The English Mystics of the Fourteenth Century (1991). (12) Holy War: The Crusades and their Impact on Today's World (1988). * *E8^ -%* \* ,- ; 8 6N+! -#8 G \' eH8 G [ / ,©¯¯ -+ ,KGG K" ,cN J (13) The Gospel According to Woman: Christianity's Creation of the Sex War in the West (1986). (14) Tongues of Fire: An Anthology of Religious and Poetic Experience (1985). (15) Beginning the World (1983). (16) The First Christian: Saint Paul's Impact on Christianity (1983). *** NULP .#.u"# W0)‫אא\א‬$Y5WT ?V *G [ ,M*h >Q8* % j;¤ ,-+ H t A -+ - g ,; /! e¬©ª , ,H8 e\e[ ,\`! ,a E 3! ,K+41; -2" /! © h*YN< j h&&' ,V8 9=) da V* ,K.Q9 N N! ,2 ,-2N~ [N; % l+ ,)&" MY h h bz e©¯¯ª−¬©ª ,© % [· $.,UV³ ª=M Q¬ UV ª) ,®; 8< /! ¬ e¬¯ ,648 [ ,K.% s* 0*<C [ ,1®* @1\ 31 , /! 3E /! %+< /! /! ª e*E¬¬ ,H8 /4* K j;¤ ,- - * 3! ,® [[ N! ,dY9 /! 6n ³ e8GT [ , % e \`! >? [ ,/'S A + ,Dy. ,r* 0T* \*N%y" ,N1l =R1!\ + , 4 c % e©¯¯¯ , A 6-V 1 ]1>+ ,M[I% K+y. / N! Mh" /! /! 8 /! } , ,¦48 ,-%k [ ,KT /4Q /8 ÂNT j;¤ ,/3 /- ecª−*E¬¯ª NULQ f@!‫"א‬# e\e[ 6N+& [ ,'/3 '/' ,NY /! 8Ey ¯ D*G [ ,M*41 ®* *48 * j*;¤ ,/3 6H ,>& C /! e©¯¯¬−¬©¬ , ,\`! ,- [N* j*;¤ ,HP; d.+x ,KT Mq% % N! n C /! © ee*E³ , ,D< ,KN [ ,4Q E8!C 1-* 1 @ '1 >E Q¬ @R ]! ,®+ K+ `"9 n C /! −**E¬ , ,\`*! ,8*GT [ ,*y [*; *% j;¤ ,@ ec ,j'1E X/'+ A : dZW N/' j' r ] ,M8! ! ¬ e©¯¯³ , \`! ,-!8 <N \ [ 178" e\e[ ,-!8 DG 0<C [ ,N> ª=M ,MN!+ r /! " ª ,H8** s* 0*<C [ ,G13P ,-*". /**! * /*! *% /4* j*N" ³ ecª−*E¬¯ª , N* * * j*;¤ ,UV1 / V B+ E »/V ,487Q N! " /! ¡ , ,-*"8G -*G" ,K"* L s* 0*<C K* d*&% 178",* ec –*E (18) Karen Armstrong, Islam a short History, (Modern Library 2002). (19) Karen Armstrong, Muhammad a Biography of the Prophet, (HarperCollins 1992). NULR .#.u"# (20) Karen Armstrong, Muhammad Prophet for Our Time, (Harper Perennial, London2007). (21) Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God, Fundamentalism in Christianity and Islam, (Alfred A. Knopf New York Judaism 2000). *** NULS f@!‫"א‬# NULT {‫א‬5‫א‬B6\‫|א‬.6‫}א‬8‫א‬%=NM‫א‬%.C%%t.C =NM‫א‬%.C%%t.C {‫א‬5‫א‬B6\‫|א‬.6‫}א‬8‫א‬% @. Rqr ,#%=NM‫א‬$]E12#*‫א‬Q<*‫א‬%~.P‫א‬t‫אא‬A )))) H 2‫ א‬uu+‫א‬ "# <=4 "# > /? – '.! :; <'@$ . – NULU f@!‫"א‬# ‫א‬ NUML {‫א‬5‫א‬B6\‫|א‬.6‫}א‬8‫א‬%=NM‫א‬%.C%%t.C E "9 >[ ; - N% c :! " -I%*! 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Á K 8~X -NzN 6*4 * 6 *! $~Nq*Y = `N* v ¤ *fN 3*~ /*" $* ;" aQN*" c* \%1U G4 %x Á 3*2 *; 6(8*; * +^ ; ;$!L 5» aF¥ MF Æ H[9 \ET* D*4P79 /*" 48G 6(8; N Á >? 5 °`79 *;%4 8*"9 b*. = 6(8*; 31*4 5 :3*. FS ,©-^£ /y 0; 1 Dictionnaire Philosophique de Voltaire, Tome 3pp 99-100 `*~ -*;; aF*E /* Regis Blashir−HCRE J=V 8T >? _ Á . ¨ :3. "+ `% U'1. 13E*- #1d 'E ]>E EF O = =3/ BE &a m> =:-*#8 ,_H8I1 #' ,#3/ ,#Z& ;j' :$!7 b2 e*E ej' ]+) «¨ '2F* NUTR © {‫א‬5‫א‬B6\‫|א‬.6‫}א‬8‫א‬%=NM‫א‬%.C%%t.C Ï -*I aF*v D*7 1* Á cN BC 8hx4 A À 8*V79 *G $*X! 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Á ,MF"s /+ © e6+% ,\`! ,½4 b%k \! 6[ ,H8 s 0<C [ ,/48~( b*%k \*! 6[ ,-*%k8. - ·" ,%+< /! c"L ,%+< /! +" e8E; ,½4 K0,#@WjV ,c ,[N* [ ,M8x* N" :½x ,-^< < c L ¬ e6+% ,\`! ,MÊ** **<N **% ** Á e[ ,®%** L >?** 5 \N** = c** L ª ,¦*48 ,c©¯¯ −**E¬©¬ ,-*" 1*41 *% O* -%G" \N%y" e-4[N ,B9 ,-*%E -*%G" ,>1*.Q M* [N e[ ,8I \N = c L e8E; ,c −*E¬¯ OLLM ³ f@!‫"א‬# B9 ,-*y [ ,2 cxE ,-^ -;V c' :c L ! e6+% ,\`! ,cª e8E; ,c¬ -V ,[£ -%G" ,G jN ,8GT )Y i¤ -*;V Q \*N%y" ,K.*' /8* *% ,$N2 [ = c L >? e8E; ,¯ . -;V -%G ,[YL B9 ,8**GT [ ,Mx**! ** e[ ,H8**I c**L = c** L N**' ¯ e4N ,jx"[ ,c©¯¯¬ −*E¬©ª −**E¬© B9 ,6*% -*» \*N%y" ,K2*T~ ! e[ ,$NE8G4 P e-4[N ,¦48 ,c©¯¯³ J* -*y! \*N%y" ,*4Q N! ,-![9 \48 = c L cNS © ,¬ª [* ,*E¬ª c8 ,? -VV -+ ,j N[ - ,K" L e-"8G -G" K$?%?+‫א‬Q-‫א‬L#$lZ‫א‬R‫א‬Wj9‫א‬2 ,D*4[ N*! 3n*7 :-#8 , [[C ,0xL −-y −-8 :>? 5 e6+% ,\`! ,cª -!8 ,-!8 &!9 - ·" \N%y" [ \Nx**+" ,-;x**"[ **T e[ :-**#8 ,QN**! ** " ,c** L -**C ¬ e6+% ,\`! ,c ,-V ,[£ :-#8 ,M7N! )4N" ,d4 °;! 48G 6(8; 29 N ª e8E; ,c ,b4QN ?+ b%y 6(8; -%G" ,M8EN } OLLN {‫א‬5‫א‬B6\‫|א‬.6‫}א‬8‫א‬%=NM‫א‬%.C%%t.C 8*GT [ ,|tN* r*:-*#8 ,[[N* 8^N ,K" L J Ó< ³ e6+% ,\`! ,½4 -%k 6[ ,H8 ,H8* *G [ ,KGG K" :-#8 ,¢s" /47 ,- ; Á 8 e6+% ,\`! ,c©¯¯ª ,4 [ ,KG%% `+" :-#8 ,M`] x N ,c L / m[ 6+% ,\`! ,c³ ,-VV b*%y -*V4 -*!8 -* · ,*] * Á e[ :-#8 ,N" $4 ,`N e8E; ,b4QN ?+ -*!8 -* · ,[*h2 f*7 :-#8 ,N4N] 6N~ ,®% L >? 5 = ©¯ e6+% ,\`! ,c ,B9 ,?+ \ G [ ,[ z :-#8 ,`Y! ,a`^X $#8 ,$+4 ,$1 ;6(8; © e8E; ,c¬ B9 ,®+% N*9 -*%G" ,+G* C j*N :-*#8 ,* M8*4C ,8x ¶ 6N~· ©© e8E; ,c³ ,-4² KQ;//‫א‬m2‫א‬5‫א‬Wj&#7 e6+% ,\`! , [ ,iN4[ )2 c4 , -. © °8*2 \*N%y" ,!l +< )4N" e[ ,D29 0![9 08x -N N" ©¬ e6+% ,\`! ,c³ ,°8! OLLO f@!‫"א‬# **+ [ ,** 1**<9 DEF** 6**4[9 = Ê** -N** N ©ª ,¦*48 ,c©¯¯ −**E¬©¬ ,-*"U ,b*4QN ?+ -%y - e-4[N KQ2‫א‬Q+n‫א‬Wj d*&! ,-4[N* 6*% -*» \*N%y" ,c* L \"8< W 8·" 3n ©³ B9 ,i*!NV ;+ 3y :6N+! M"I /! N7 e-4[N ,¦48 ,c©¯¯ −*E¬© **E¬© *; MP /*" ¬ ½4*! ,¬©¬¯ [* ,-4² c8E9 482 © eKG48"9 yU = c L :6N+! 7 ¦8 ,c©¯¯ 84+4 jN ,8**~£ [**# ³ ½4**! ¯ [** ,-**+% ** 9 >?** **482 © :6N+*! b4x /8 % /! ~ N7 3;" ,c©¯¯NN4 ¯ ,*E¬© e$ /" Á 3N /" `N 8T NT .N" -;;< D**2 ,c©¯¯ N**N4 ¬ ½4**! ,© [** ,-**48y; 8** -T&**' © e©−© 3N 8 Á `N :6N+! 1N! Dy 3;" ,*E¬© KoZ[‫א‬$R3J:;$?ZR?[‫א=א‬/‫א‬Wj9 (30) www.wikipedia.com (31) www.islamtomorrw.com (32) www.st.takla.org OLLP {‫א‬5‫א‬B6\‫|א‬.6‫}א‬8‫א‬%=NM‫א‬%.C%%t.C K$?3%\‫א‬26‫א‬Wj%#V (33) Dictionnaire Philosophique de Voltaire,{Francois Marie Arouet} Paris 1835. (34) Islam, Europe, and Empire, {Norman Daniel}, Edinburgh university press 1966, North America. (35) Islam and the west, {N. A. Daniel}, the making of an image, Edinburgh university press, Edinburgh, 1960, North America. (36) Periodico el pais, 4-5-2006, Tribauna:{Juan Goytisolo}, Articulo: Voltaire y Islam. *** OLLQ

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