El problema del acto moral en el contexto de las

El problema del acto moral en el contexto de las neurociencias para una filosofía hilemórfica o analógica de la mente The Problem of the Moral Act in the Context of Neurosciences for a Hylomorphic or Analogical Philosophy of the Mind Jacob Buganza En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VII, núm. 13, enero-junio, 2013, pp. 23-49.
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de
México Distrito Federal, México
En-claves del Pensamiento,
ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X
[email protected]
[email protected]
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de
Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México
México
EL PROBLEMA DEL ACTO MORAL EN EL CONTEXTO DE LAS NEUROCIENCIAS PARA UNA FILOSOFÍA HILEMÓRFICA O ANALÓGICA DE LA MENTE1
JACOB BUGANZA* Resumen
E
(".9:.":/#;#1%".<"#2:%/";29=#">.9:#=#/"<#"3*6%/:#(=3#"?2."<#"<3;./:#>":3.(."
6#/#"=%(93>./#/".<"#=:%"*%/#<+"@#/:.">."<#9"6/%;<.*A:3=#9">."<#9"(.2/%­
=3.(=3#9"=%(:.*6%/A(.#9"6#/#"6/%6%(./"2(#"B393C("D3<.*C/E=#"%"#(#<CF3=#"
>.<"D%*;/.!"?2."9.":/#>2=."=%*%"2(#"B393C("D3<.*C/E=#">."<#"*.(:.+"G9H!".<"
#2:%/"6/%6%(."?2."<#"<3;./:#>"I!".("=%(9.=2.(=3#!".<"#=:%"*%/#<!"9."/.E./.("#"
<#">3*.(93C("?2."<%9"=<A93=%9">.(%*3(#("!"#$.
Palabras clave: D3<.*%/E9*%!"E<%9%JH#">."<#"*.(:.!"<3;./:#>!"#=:%"*%/#<"I"!"#$.
Abstract
'("=%(93>./3(F":D."*%/#<"#=:!"3(":D39".99#I":D."#2:D%/"#::.*6:9":%"2(>./<3(.":D."
3*6%/:#(=."%J"J/..>%*+"K39"#(#<I939"39"J%2(>.>"%(":D."6/%;<.*"%J"=%(:.*6%/#/I"
,
" "GF/#>.L=%"<#9"*2I"6./:3(.(:.9"%;9./B#=3%(.9">.<"6/%J.9%/"M2#("M%9N"O#(F23(.:3"#"<#"B./93C("
6/.B3#">.".9:.":/#;#1%+
*
'(B.9:3F#>%/" I" =%%/>3(#>%/" >." <#" P#.9:/H#" .(" Q3<%9%JH#!" R(3B./93>#>" &./#=/2L#(#!" PNS3=%!"
T1;2F#(L#U2B+*SV+"
4-
EnClaves13.indb 23
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento!"#$%"&''!"()*+",-!".(./%012(3%"45,-!"66+"4-078+
13/06/13 11:55
47"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
(.2/%9=3.(=."3("6/%6%93(F"#"D3<.*%/6D3="%/"#("#(#<%F3="B393%("%J"*#(!"XD3=D":/#(9
lates into a helimorphic vision of the mind. Thus the author´s proposition states that J/..>%*"Y#(>"=%(9.?2.(:<I":D."*%/#<"#=:!";%:D"/.J./":%"XD#:"=<#993=9"=#<<"!"#$.
%&'()*+,-.(D3<.*%/6D39*!"6D3<%9%6DI"%J"*3(>!"J/..>%*!"*%/#<"#=:"#(>"!"#$.
Introducción
O3" D#I" #<F2(#" /#*#" >." <#" E<%9%JH#" >%(>." 9." .(:/.=/2L#(" 93(F2<#/*.(:." (%"
9C<%"<#9">39:3(:#9">39=36<3(#9"E<%9CE=#9"93(%":#*;3N("<#9"=3.(=3#9"9%=3#<.9"I"<#9"
=3.(=3#9".S6./3*.(:#<.9!"N9#".9">.E(3:3B#*.(:."<#"N:3=#+"G<":.(./"=%*%"%;1.:%"
de estudio el comportamiento humano desde el punto de vista de sus causas 6/3*3F.(3#9!"/.92<:#"?2."<%9"=%(%=3*3.(:%9"?2."<#9"%:/#9"/#*#9">.<"9#;./".<#­
;%/#(!"9.":/#>2=.("=%*%"#6%/:#=3%(.9"%"3*6.>3*.(:%9"6#/#"<#"E<%9%JH#"*%/#<+"
@/.=39#*.(:."2(%">."<%9"6/%;<.*#9"#"<%9"=2#<.9"9.".(J/.(:#"<#"N:3=#"D%I"*A9"
que nunca es a la cuestión del acto moral.
Z<"#=:%"*%/#<"=%(939:.".("2(#"#==3C("?2."62.>."9./".B#<2#>#"%"=#<3E=#>#!".("
6/3*./"<2F#/!"=%*%";2.(#"%"*#<#"*%/#<*.(:.!"I".("9.F2(>%!"N:3=#*.(:.!"<%"=2#<"
I#".9"*A9"6/%63#*.(:."E<%9CE=%+"K%I!".<"E<C9%J%"*%/#<"?2."=2<:3B#"<#"/#LC(">."9./"
>."<#"N:3=#"9.".(J/.(:#"#<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"=%("(2.B%9";/H%9!"62.9">39:3(­
:#9"=3.(=3#9!">."*#(./#"6/.6%(>./#(:."<#9".S6./3*.(:#<.9!"6#/.=.(".S:/#6%<#/"
929"=%(=<293%(.9"D#9:#"/.=D#L#/"<#"=%(>3=3C("(.=.9#/3#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<!"#"9#;./!"
<#"<3;./:#>+4 Tanto los estudios provenientes de la antropología física mediada 6%/"2(#"3(:./6/.:#=3C(".B%<2=3%(39:#"?2."(3.F#"<#"F.(23(3>#>">.<"9./"D2*#(%"I"
929">3*.(93%(.9"*A9"=#/#=:./H9:3=#9!"D#9:#"<#"(.2/%E<%9%JH#"I"<#"*A9"/.=3.(:."
(.2/%N:3=#!"62.>.("<<.B#/"#"<#"=%(=<293C(">."?2.".<"D%*;/."(%":3.(.".<".<.*.(:%"
3(>396.(9#;<."?2."D#=."6%93;<.".<"#=:%"*%/#<"I#"*.(=3%(#>%+"Z<"6/%;<.*#!"B39:%"
>.9>.".9:#"6./96.=:3B#!"/.92<:#"#<:#*.(:."=%*6<.1%+"[."<%"#(:./3%/"9.">.96/.(>."
?2.".9"(.=.9#/3%".9:2>3#/<%">.9>.".<"62(:%">."B39:#"E<%9CE=%"93".9"?2."?23./."
929:.(:#/9."2(#"N:3=#!"<%"=2#<".?23B#<."#"9#<B#F2#/>#/"<#"<3;./:#>"D2*#(#+"@#/#"
>.=3/<%"=%("%:/#9"6#<#;/#9!"2(#"E<%9%JH#"#(#<CF3=#"%"6/%6%/=3%(#<!">%:#>#"=%("<#"
=%(93F(#">.".?23<3;/#/".("2(":%>%"#/*C(3=%"<%9"#6%/:.9">."<#9">39:3(:#9"/#*#9"
>.<"9#;./!"6#/.=."?2.">.;."/.6<#(:.#/".<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<!"<%"=2#<".S3F.!"
=%(9.=2.(:.*.(:.!".<"/.6<#(:.#*3.(:%">."<#"<3;./:#>+
4
" R("*#:./3#<39*%"*2I"=%(9.=2.(:."%"=%D./.(:.".9".<">."Q/#(=39=%"M+"\2;3#!"El fantasma de /0(/12&+30,4(503*-(,&(/0(+&6*/7819:(:&7+*81&:3;<80+"W#/=.<%(#!"]/H:3=#!"4558+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 24
13/06/13 11:55
4^
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
Naturalismo ontológico y antropología
Z9" *2I" J/.=2.(:." ?2." <#" =3.(=3#" .S6./3*.(:#<" ?23./#" .9:2>3#/" <%9" J.(C*.(%9"
(%0JH93=%9"*.>3#(:."<%9"*N:%>%9"=%("<%9"?2.":/#;#1#+"Z(".J.=:%!"<#"=3.(=3#".S6.­
/3*.(:#<":/#;#1#"=%("*N:%>%9"*2I"6/.=39%9"6#/#"D#=./"J/.(:."#"929"=2.9:3%(#­
*3.(:%9+"R(#"#=:3:2>"6/2>.(:."=%(939:.".("#92*3/!">.9>.".<"62(:%">."B39:#">."<#"
=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<!"2("(#:2/#<39*%"%"*#:./3#<39*%"*.:%>%<CF3=%!"?2."=%(939:."
.(".=D#/"*#(%">."929"*N:%>%9"93("<#"6/.:.(93C(">."#<=#(L#/"<%"?2."9.".(=2.(:/#"
J2./#">."92"%;1.:%">.".9:2>3%+"Z9:%"93F(3E=#"?2."#?2.<<%"?2."(%"9."D#<<#";#1%"92"
=#*6%"*.:%>%<CF3=%"(%":3.(."6%/"?2N"#E/*#/9."%"(.F#/9.+"Z<"6/%;<.*#"9."929=3:#"
precisamente cuando la antedicha actitud prudente da paso a un naturalismo on­
:%<CF3=%!".<"=2#<"(3.F#".S6/.9#*.(:."<#".S39:.(=3#">."<#9">3*.(93%(.9"(%0JH93=#9"
6#/#"<#9"=2#<.9"<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<".9:A"3*6%93;3<3:#>#">."#(:.*#(%+"@#/#"
>.=3/<%";/.B.*.(:.!".<"(#:2/#<39*%"%(:%<CF3=%"=%(939:.".("(.F#/"<%"?2."(%"62.>."
.9:2>3#/9."*.>3#(:."<%9"*N:%>%9".S6./3*.(:#<.9+
Este paso que se da del naturalismo metodológico al naturalismo ontológico .9"<%"?2."92.<."<<#*#/9."=3.(:3E=39*%+"\.92<:#"9./"2("6#9%"=%(9:#(:.!"I"=#>#"
B.L"9."#6/.=3#"=%("*A9"J/.=2.(=3#"#<"=%(92<:#/":/#;#1%9"?2."#;%/>#(":.*#9"?2."
=#.("J2./#">."<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<":/#:#>%9"=%("D.//#*3.(:#9".S6./3*.(:#<.9+"
[.<"(#:2/#<39*%"*.:%>%<CF3=%!"?2.".9"*2I"<.FH:3*%!"9."6#9#"#"2("(#:2/#<39*%"
%(:%<CF3=%"?2."I#"(%"/.96%(>."#"<%9"*N:%>%9"#=.6:#>%9">."#(:.*#(%+"Z9"<%"
?2."#:3(#>#*.(:.".S6<3=#"P#/3#(%"G/:3F#9"=%("<#9"93F23.(:.9"6#<#;/#9_
O.F)(" .<" 81&:31<81-=*!" <%9" 6/%=.>3*3.(:%9" >." <#9" =3.(=3#9" .S6./3*.(:#<.9"
9./H#(" <%9" )(3=%9" BA<3>%9" 6#/#" %;:.(./" 2(" =%(%=3*3.(:%" #2:N(:3=%" #=./=#"
de la realidad. El naturalismo"(3.F#"<#".S39:.(=3#">.".(:3>#>.9".963/3:2#<.9!"
#/F2*.(:#(>%"?2."(%"62.>.("=%(%=./9."*.>3#(:.".<"*N:%>%".S6./3*.(:#<+"
Estas dos tesis son defendidas por autores de tendencias diversas. Los (.%6%93:3B39:#9!"12(:%"#".<<#9!"#>*3:H#(".<"empirismo"I"<%"2:3<3L#;#("=%*%";#9."
>."92"6./96.=:3B#"=3.(:3E=39:#"I"(#:2/#<39:#+"Z("<#"E<%9%JH#">."<#"=3.(=3#"?2."9."
D#">.9#//%<<#>%"6%9:./3%/*.(:.!"=%("J/.=2.(=3#"9."D#("9.F23>%"#>*3:3.(>%"
:#<.9" :.939!" 3(:/%>2=3.(>%" .(" 92" =#9%" %6%/:2(%9" /.:%?2.9+" [." #DH" /.92<:#("
3(:./6/.:#=3%(.9"3(#>.=2#>#9">."<#"=3.(=3#"I">."<#"E<%9%JH#+"@%/".1.*6<%!".("
%=#93%(.9!"93";3.("9."=/3:3=#"<#"#B./93C(">."<%9"6%93:3B39:#9"J/.(:."#"<#"*.:#JH­
93=#!"93(".*;#/F%"9."/.>2=."<#"*.:#JH93=#"#"#?2.<<#9"=2.9:3%(.9"?2.":%>#BH#"
(%"D#("<<.F#>%"#".9:2>3#/9."=3.(:HE=#*.(:."%"?2.!"6%/"92"(#:2/#<.L#!"(2(=#"
=%(9.F23/A(".9."(3B.<+-
-
" P#/3#(%"G/:3F#9!"Filosofía de la ciencia experimental+"-#+".>+!@#*6<%(#!"Z2(9#!",888!"66+"`40`-+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 25
13/06/13 11:55
4`"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
G/:3F#9"<%">3=."=%("*2=D%":3(%+"K#I"=3./:#9"=2.9:3%(.9"?2."(%"9%("#<=#(L#>#9"
6%/"<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<"6%/?2."6./:.(.=.("#"2(#"(#:2/#<.L#">39:3(:#"?2."
(%"6./*3:.".S#*3(#/<#9"=%("<#9"D.//#*3.(:#9">."N9:#+"G9H!"<%"?2."<."?2.>#"#"<#"
E<%9%JH#".9"/.=2//3/"#"<#"#/F2*.(:#=3C("I"(%"6/%63#*.(:."#"<#".S6./3*.(:#=3C("
6#/#">#/"=2.(:#">."=3./:%9"J.(C*.(%9"?2."(%"9."9%*.:.(!".("6/3(=363%!"#"<#"
=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<!"#2(?2."9."D#"3(:.(:#>%"D#=./<%".("/.6.:3>#9"%=#93%(.9+
a%"#(:./3%/":3.(."J2./:.9"/.9%(#(=3#9".(".<"=#9%">.<"9./"D2*#(%+"Z(".J.=:%!"
.<"D%*;/."62.>."9%*.:./9.".("#<F2(%9"#96.=:%9"#"<#"*.:%>%<%FH#">."<#"=3.(­
=3#".S6./3*.(:#<!"6./%"93"9."#=.6:#"?2."<#":%:#<3>#>">."929"#96.=:%9"62.>.("
9%*.:./9."#":#<"*.:%>%<%FH#!".(:%(=.9"(%"?2.>#".96#=3%"6#/#"<#9"=3.(=3#9"?2."
(%"6%9.#(">3=D#9"D.//#*3.(:#9".S6./3*.(:#<.9+"
a#"*#:./3#"9.".(=2.(:/#"%/F#(3L#>#".("(3B.<.9"=/.=3.(:.9">."=%*6<.13>#>!"
6%/":#(:%!".<"D%*;/."9.".(=2.(:/#"3F2#<*.(:."#:/#B.9#>%"6%/"*)<:36<.9"(3B.<.9"
>."=/.=3.(:."=%*6<.13>#>"?2."B#(">.9>."<#"%/F#(3L#=3C("92;#:C*3=#!"6#9#(>%"
6%/"<%9"A:%*%9!".<"(3B.<"*%<.=2<#/"%/FA(3=%!".<"(3B.<"6/%:%6<A9*3=%!".<"=.<2<#/!"
.<":392<#/!".<"%/FA(3=%!"D#9:#"#<=#(L#/".<"(3B.<"3(>3B3>2#<"b:%>%"<%"?2."=%*6%(."
#<"3(>3B3>2%".("=2.9:3C(c+4"@./%".<"3(>3B3>2%!"?2.".(".9:."=#9%"9.":/#:#">.<"9./"
D2*#(%!"(%"9."/.>2=.")(3=#*.(:."#"<#9"6#/:.9"*#:./3#<.9"=%(9:3:2:3B#9!"93(%"
?2."9.".(=2.(:/#"=%(J%/*#>%">.":#<"*#(./#!"?2."*#(3E.9:#"#<F2(%9"#=:%9"?2."
:/#9=3.(>.("<#"*#:./3#<3>#>"%"(%"62.>.(".S6<3=#/9."9C<%"*.>3#(:."<%9"*N:%>%9"
.S6./3*.(:#<.9+"
Seguro que lo anterior plasma con claridad dónde se halla el punto de in­
d.S3C(".(:/.".<"(#:2/#<39*%"*.:%>%<CF3=%"I".<"%(:%<CF3=%!"62.9:%"?2."(%":%>%9"
<%9"=3.(:HE=%9"#>*3:.("?2.".<"D%*;/."/.#<3=."#<F2(%9"#=:%9"?2.":/#9=3.(>#("<#"
*#:./3#<3>#>"I!".("=%(9.=2.(=3#!":%>%9"<%9"#=:%9"?2."N9:."/.#<3L#"62.>.("9./"
sometidos prima facie"*.>3#(:."<#9"D.//#*3.(:#9">."<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<+^ Si .9:%")<:3*%"J2./#"=3./:%!".(:%(=.9"9./H#"B./>#>./%"?2.".<"#=:%"*%/#<".("/.#<3>#>"
>.;."9%*.:./9."#"<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<">."#<F2(#"2"%:/#"*#(./#+"Z<"6/%;<.*#"
=%(939:.!"6/.=39#*.(:.!".("?2."<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<"(%"62.>.".S6./3*.(:#/"
=%(".<"#=:%"*%/#<"=%*%"9H"62.>."D#=./<%"=%("<#9"/.#<3>#>.9"=%*62.9:#9".S­
=<293B#*.(:."6%/"<#"*#:./3#!"62.9"6#/#"?2."#<F%"62.>#"9./".9:2>3#>%".SD#29­
:3B#*.(:."6%/"<#9"=3.(=3#9">.;."3*6<3=#/")(3=#"I".S=<293B#*.(:.">3*.(93%(.9"
*#:./3#<.9!"62.9"9%("<#9"?2."62.>.("9%*.:./9."#".S6./3*.(:%9"=%(:/%<#;<.9+"
@./%".<"#=:%"*%/#<!"#2(?2."3*6<3?2."=%(>3=3%(.9"*#:./3#<.9!"(%"9."/.>2=."#"
4
>?4( P+"G/:3F#9" I" [#(3.<" e2/;C(!" @+1A&:( ,&/( B*=2+&4( >1&:810C( </*-*?;0( '( +&/1A19:+" -#+" .>+"
@#*6<%(#!"Z2(9#!"455f!"66+"--0-f+
^
Ibid+!"6+"84+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 26
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
4g
.<<#9h"9.":/#:#"*A9";3.(">."2("#=:%">."%/>.(">39:3(:%"#<"?2.".9:2>3#"<#"=3.(=3#"
.S6./3*.(:#<"#":/#BN9">."<%9"(3B.<.9".(2*./#>%9"#(:./3%/*.(:.+"O3(">2>#":3.(."
92"9%6%/:.".(".<<%9!"6./%".<"#=:%"*%/#<"(%"6#/.=."/.>2=3/9."#"N9:%9+"
Z(".9:%")<:3*%"9.".(=2#>/#".<">3<.*#"?2.".(J/.(:#("#<F2(#9"=3.(=3#9".S6.­
/3*.(:#<.9"#<"3(:.(:#/".S6./3*.(:#/"6/.=39#*.(:."=%(".<"#=:%"*%/#<"6%/?2.!"6%/"
2("<#>%!"6/.:.(>.(".9:2>3#/"#=:%9"=%*%".<"*%/#<"*.>3#(:."929"D.//#*3.(:#9"
I!" 6%/" %:/%!" #9.F2/#/" <#" <3;./:#>" D2*#(#" #" :%>#" =%9:#+" a%" =3./:%" .9" ?2." 93" .<"
6<#(:.#*3.(:%" >." *2=D%9" =3.(:3E=39*%9" >." .9:." =%/:." J2./#" =%(F/2.(:.!" (%"
?2.>#/H#"*A9"?2."(.F#/"<#"<3;./:#>"D2*#(#!"62.9"929"#=:%9"(%"/.96%(>./H#("
*A9"?2."#"<#9"=%(>3=3%(.9";3%?2H*3=#9"%"<H*;3=#9"%"F.(N:3=#9">."<#"*#:./3#!"
>.":#<"92./:."?2.".<"#=:%"*%/#<!"?2.";29=#"#=:2#<3L#/"2("B#<%/"*%/#<!"(%"9./H#"
%:/#"=%9#"?2."2(#"62/#"3<293C("I!"=%(9.=2.(:.*.(:.!"<3;./:#>"I"B#<%/"*%/#<"(%"
9./H#("*A9"?2."E==3%(.9+"
@/.=39#*.(:." 2(#" E<%9%JH#" #(#<CF3=#" %" D3<.*C/E=#" :3.(." =%*%" =%*.:3>%"
9#<B#F2#/>#/" %(:%<CF3=#*.(:." <#9" >3*.(93%(.9" D2*#(#9!" .(:/." <#9" ?2." 9."
.(=2.(:/#"<#"<3;./:#>!"?2.".9"2(#"6%:.(=3#<3>#>">."<#"B%<2(:#>".(*#/=#>#".("<#"
<<#*#>#"3(:.<3F.(=3#"D2*#(#+"G<F2(%9"=3.(:HE=%9!"#)("=/.I.(>%".(".<"*N:%>%"
.S6./3*.(:#<!"D#("B39:%"<#9"3(92E=3.(=3#9">.<"*.=#(3=39*%"=#29#<"6#/#".S6<3=#/"
actos tan humanos como la decisión o elección. Neurociencias y el cerebro ético
a#9" (.2/%=3.(=3#9" :3.(.(" =%*%" =%*.:3>%" .(:.(>./" <#" .9:/2=:2/#" I" J2(=3%(#­
*3.(:%">.<"=./.;/%"%!"=%*%">3=."P3=D#.<"O+"i#LL#(3F#!"ja#"(.2/%=3.(=3#"9."
>.>3=#" #" >.:./*3(#/" <#9" #==3%(.9" *.=A(3=#9" >.<" 939:.*#" (./B3%9%k+`" @%/" 92"
6#/:.!"<#"#(:/%6%<%FH#"E<%9CE=#"6/.:.(>.".9:2>3#/"<%9"#=:%9"69H?23=%9!"<%9"=2#­
<.9!">."#=2./>%"=%("<#":/#>3=3C("J.(%*.(%<CF3=#!"9%("3(:.(=3%(#<.9+"a%9"#=:%9"
psíquicos equivalen a lo que se denomina actos mentales. Algunos de estos #=:%9":/#9=3.(>.("<#"*#:./3#<3>#>"I"9."3(9./:#(".("<%"93*;C<3=%"6#/#"9./"/.6/.­
9.(:#>%9!".9:%"(%"?23./.">.=3/"?2.">3=D%9"#=:%9">.1.(">.":.(./"6/.9.(=3#".("<#"
*#:./3#"%"?2."=#/.L=#(">."2("9%6%/:."*#:./3#<h"93*6<.*.(:."?23./.">.=3/"?2."
(%"9.".S6<3=#(")(3=#*.(:."/.=2//3.(>%"#"<%"*#:./3#<!"93(%"?2."9."6/.=39#"2(#"
.:3%<%FH#"*A9"#*6<3#+"Z(".J.=:%!"<%9"6/%=.9%9"*.(:#<.9"(%0JH93=%9"?2."/.#<3L#"
el ser humano son procesos de una mente encarnada; es la mente encarnada `
" P3=D#.<" O+" i#LL#(3F#!" El cerebro ético+" e/#>+" >." P#/H#" @3(%" P%/.(%+" W#/=.<%(#!" @#3>C9!"
455`!"6+",,,+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 27
13/06/13 11:55
4f"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
<#"?2.":3.(."9.(:3*3.(:%9!"6/%>2=."3*AF.(.9"I"<<.B#"#"=#;%">.=393%(.9+"]%*%"
;3.("<%"D#=."B./"G<.99#(>/%"G(:%(3.::3!".<"D%*;/.".9"2("9./"2(3:#/3%"?2."6./=3;.!"
63.(9#!"/.=2./>#"I">.=3>."=%(":%>%".<"=2./6%+"a%9"6/%=.9%9"*.(:#<.9":3.(.(!"
*2=D%9" >." .<<%9!" =%//.96%(>.(=3#9" (.2/%;3%<CF3=#9!" <%" =2#<" (%" 9%/6/.(>." #"
?23.("=%(93>./#"#<"9./"D2*#(%"=%*%"2(#"2(3>#>"693=%;3%<CF3=#"?2."B3B."<#9"
.S6./3.(=3#9"=%(":%>%".<"=2./6%+g"a#":.939">."G(:%(3.:33"#=:2#<3L#"<#"#/39:%:N<3=%0
tomista de la unio substantialis!"?2."9%9:3.(."?2.".<"D%*;/.".9"2("=%*62.9:%"
>."*#:./3#"I"J%/*#!".9"2(#"unio 6/.=39#*.(:."6%/?2."<%9"=%(:%/(%9">."2(#"I"
%:/#"(%"9.".(=2.(:/#("=<#/#*.(:.">.<3(.#>%9!"#2(?2."#<F2(%9"#=:%9">.<"D%*­
;/."6#/.L=#("*%9:/#/"*A9">."2("<#>%"?2.">."%:/%!".9">.=3/!"#<F2(%9"#=:%9"?2."
/.#<3L#".<"D%*;/."6#/.=.(".9:#/"*A9"#(=<#>%9".("<#"*#:./3#<3>#>"I"%:/%9"*A9"
.("<#"J%/*#<3>#>"%".963/3:2#<3>#>!"#2(?2.":%>%"#=:%"?2."/.#<3L#".<"=%*62.9:%"
D2*#(%".9"2("#=:%">.<"D%*;/."6#/:3=2<#/"I"=%(=/.:%"I"(%".S=<293B#*.(:.">."
una de sus partes.
Dentro de las neurociencias ha surgido una nueva rama que lleva el nom­
;/.">.":&7+*&3B18-"b:N/*3(%"#=2$#>%"6%/"l3<<3#*"O#E/.c"?2.!">."#=2./>%"=%("
a239"Z=D#/:.!"/.92<:#".//C(.#"6#/#">.(%*3(#/"#"<%9".9:2>3%9"?2."9."6/%6%(.("
;/3(>#/"2(#"(2.B#"3*#F.("%">.E(3=3C(">.<"9./"D2*#(%+"@#/#".9:.")<:3*%"#2:%/"
<#"(.2/%N:3=#"9.".(J%=#")(3=#"I".S=<293B#*.(:."#"B#<%/#/"?2N"=%(>2=:#9"9%("<#9"
*.1%/.9".("/.<#=3C("=%("<#"*#(362<#=3C("=./.;/#<+"G"<%9".9:2>3%9"?2.":3.(.("=%*%"
=%*.:3>%";/3(>#/"2(#"(2.B#">.E(3=3C(">.<"D%*;/."D#I"?2.">.(%*3(#/<%9!">."
#=2./>%"=%("Z=D#/:.!".9:2>3%9"(.2/%E<%9CE=%9+f"O3(".*;#/F%!"<#"(.2/%E<%9%JH#"
6#/.=."3*6<3=#/"#"<#"(.2/%N:3=#":#<"=%*%"<#".(:3.(>."P3=D#.<"O+"i#LL#(3F#!"62.9"
6#/#".<"=#<3J%/(3#(%"N9:#".9"%">.;."9./"2("3(:.(:%"6%/"6/%6%(./"2(#"E<%9%JH#">."
<#"B3>#"=%("2("J2(>#*.(:%"=./.;/#<+8
G<F%"?2."62.>."=/3:3=#/9."(.F#:3B#*.(:."#"i#LL#(3F#".9".<"/.>2==3%(39*%"
?2."B3.(."3*6<H=3:%".("92"6%9:2/#"b#2(#>%"#<"D.=D%">."?2."#"B.=.9"D#F#".?23­
B#<./"<%9"=%(=.6:%9">."*.(:."I"=./.;/%!"9%;/."<%"=2#<"(%"(%9"=.(:/#/.*%9c+,5 G"6.9#/">."?2.".("=3./:#9"6#/:.9">."92"%;/#"6#/.=3./#"#=./=#/9."#"2(#"6./9­
6.=:3B#"D3<.*C/E=#"%"#(#<CF3=#!".9:."(.2/%=3.(:HE=%"<<.F#"#"D#=./"#E/*#=3%(.9"
g
>?4"G<.99#(>/%"G(:%(3.::3!"ja#"*.(:.":/#"=./B.<<%"."#(3*#k!".("D161-30(,1(E1/*-*<0(F&*-8*/0-3180!"
vol. XCVII!"()*+"4!"455^!"66+"44-"I"4-,+
f
" a239"Z=D#/:.!"j]C*%"6.(9#/"9%;/.".<"=./.;/%+"K#=3#"2(#">.E(3=3C(">."(.2/%N:3=#k!".("Revista Médica de la Universidad de Navarra!"B%<+"7f!"()*+",!"4557!"6+"-f+
8
" P+"O+"i#LL#(3F#!"*G4(8134!"6+",^+
,5
" @#/#" 2(#" =/H:3=#" #" <%9" /.>2==3%(39*%9" .(" .<" =%(:.S:%" >.<" 6/%;<.*#" *.(:.0=./.;/%!" >?4 eD%*#9"OL#9L!"HB&(I&0:1:A(*?(I1:,4(J0:A70A&C(I*+0/13'C(0:,(F&7+*-81&:8&+"l.9:6%/:!"@/#.F./!"
,88`!"66+"g^0,55+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 28
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
48
=3.(:3E=39:#9">.".9:.":36%_"jR9:.>".9"92"6/%63%"=./.;/%+"a#9"(.2/%(#9"?2."9."
3(:./=%(.=:#(".("<#"B#9:#"/.>"=./.;/#<!"?2."92.<:#("929">.9=#/F#9"9.F)(">.:./­
*3(#>%9"6#/A*.:/%9"*%>2<#>%9"6%/"=3./:#9"929:#(=3#9"?2H*3=#9!"=%(:/%<#>%9"
6%/"*3<.9">."/.>.9">."/.:/%#<3*.(:#=3C(_".9%".9"29:.>k+,,"m%".9"?2."i#LL#(3F#"
>3F#"2(#"/%:2(>#"J#<9.>#>+"G<"=%(:/#/3%!".<"D%*;/.".9"92"=./.;/%!"6./%"(%"9%­
<#*.(:.".9"=./.;/%+"@%/".<<%"i#LL#(3F#"<%"?2."6#/.=.".S6%(./".9"*A9";3.("2("
/.>2==3%(39*%+"\.>2=."#<"D%*;/."#"2(#">."929"6#/:.9+"Z<"D%*;/.".9"92"=./.;/%!"
6./%"(%"9C<%".9%!"93(%"?2.".9"*2=D%"*A9+"'*6<3=#">3*.(93%(.9"?2."3(=<29%"
:/#9=3.(>.(".("=3./:%"*%>%"<#9">3*.(93%(.9"JH93=#9">.;3>%"#"6/%=.9%9"*.(:#<.9"
(%0JH93=%9"2"%/FA(3=%9!"#2(?2.":.(F#("2("9%6%/:.">.".9:#"(#:2/#<.L#!"=%*%"<%"
.9!"6%/".1.*6<%!"<#"#2:%=%(=3.(=3#"#"<#"?2.".<"6/%63%"i#LL#(3F#"=%(93>./#">3JH=3<"
%"3*6%93;<.">.".9:2>3#/">.9>."<#9"(.2/%=3.(=3#9+"
GD%/#" ;3.(!" .(" .<" =#9%" >.<" =./.;/%!" .<" 6/%;<.*#" ?2." .*./F." .9" 6/.=39#­
*.(:.".<">."<#"<3;./:#>+"n]C*%"=%*6#F3(#/"<#"3>.#">."<#"<3;./:#>!"?2.".9"2(#"
6%:.(=3#"3(>.:./*3(#>#"b=%*%"voluntas ut libertasc!"=%(".<"C/F#(%">.<"=./.;/%!"
.<"=2#<":/#;#1#">."#=2./>%"=%("<#9"6#2:#9";3%*.=A(3=#9"6/%63#9">."<%9"C/F#(%9o"
i#LL#(3F#"=#."6./J.=:#*.(:.".("<#"=2.(:#">.<"6/%;<.*#!".<"=2#<"6<#(:.#"=%("
.9:%9":N/*3(%9_"jZ<"=./.;/%">.:./*3(#"<#"*.(:."I".9"2(#".(:3>#>"JH93=#!"921.:#"#"
:%>#9"<#9"/.F<#9">.<"*2(>%"JH93=%+"Z<"*2(>%"JH93=%".9:A">.:./*3(#>%!">."*%>%"
?2.".<"=./.;/%":#*;3N("<%".9:A+"O3".<"=./.;/%".9:A">.:./*3(#>%!"I".9".<"C/F#(%"
(.=.9#/3%"I"92E=3.(:."6#/#">.9#//%<<#/"<#"*.(:.!"9."(%9"6<#(:.#("<#9"93F23.(:.9"
=2.9:3%(.9_"n.9:A(">.:./*3(#>%9":#*;3N("<%9"6.(9#*3.(:%9"?2."92/F.(">."<#"
*.(:.o"nZ<"<3;/."#<;.>/H%"?2."=/..*%9":.(./".9"9C<%"2(#"3<293C(o"p!"93".9"2(#"
3<293C(!"n>.;.*%9"/.B39#/"<%9"=%(=.6:%9"/.<#:3B%9"#"<#"/.96%(9#;3<3>#>"6./9%(#<"
.("<#9"#==3%(.9ok,4 La premisa que parece no ser verdadera es precisamente <#"?2."9."/.E./."#<"=./.;/%"=%*%"=%(>3=3C("(.=.9#/3#"I"92E=3.(:."6#/#"D#;<#/"
>."<#"*.(:.+"Z(".J.=:%!"D#9:#"#D%/#"(%"9."D#">.*%9:/#>%"J.D#=3.(:.*.(:."I"
=%("=<#/3>#>!"3(=<29%".(".<"=#*6%"=3.(:HE=%!"?2.".<"=./.;/%"9.#"92E=3.(:."6#/#"
.S6<3=#/"<#"*.(:.+"m%"D#I">2>#"?2.".9".<"9%6%/:.">."<#"*.(:.!"6./%">."2(#":.939"
#"%:/#"D#I"2(#"F/#(";/.=D#+"
Z9:#";/.=D#"B2.<B."=%*6<3=#>#"<#":.939"?2."9%9:3.(."i#LL#(3F#!"62.9"6#/#"
N<"<#"6./9%(#".9"<3;/."I!"=%(9.=2.(:.*.(:.!"/.96%(9#;<.h".("=#*;3%!".<"=./.;/%"
(%".9"/.96%(9#;<.+"@./%"i#LL#(3F#"(%".S:/#."<#")<:3*#"=%(=<293C(!"#"9#;./!"93"
.<"=./.;/%"(%".9"/.96%(9#;<."<%".9"6%/?2."(%".9"<3;/.!"62.9"9C<%"<%"?2.".9"<3;/."
62.>."9./"/.96%(9#;<.+"@./%!".("B./>#>!"n=C*%"=%*6#F3(#/".9:#"=%(=<293C(o"
,,
" P+"O+"i#LL#(3F#!"*G4(8134!"6+"7^+
Ibid+!"6+",55+
,4
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 29
13/06/13 11:55
-5"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
n]C*%" =%*6#F3(#/" <#" :.939" >." ?2." .<" D%*;/." .9" 92" =./.;/%" I" ?2." .9" <3;/.!"
=2#(>%"9."#E/*#"?2.".<"=./.;/%"(%".9"<3;/.o"m%"6#/.=."D#;./"J%/*#">."=%*­
6#F3(#/"#*;#9":.939!"6./%".<"(.2/%=3.(:HE=%";29=#"D#=./<%"#"=%*%">N"<2F#/+"
@%/".<<%"<<.F#"#".1.*6<3E=#/"<#">.=393C("=%(".<"D.=D%">."?2.".<"=./.;/%"12(:."
>%9"6#<#;/#9".("2(".S6./3*.(:%!"#"9#;./!"arte I"sanoh"#"6#/:3/">."92"I2S:#6%­
93=3C("j#6#/.=.k".<":N/*3(%"artesano+"@./%".9:%"(%".9"2(#">.=393C(!"93(%"#<F%"
#2:%*A:3=%!"<%"=2#<"(%"=%(=2./>#"=%(".<"=%(=.6:%">.">.=393C(!"#"9#;./!"=%*%"
<#"#2:%>.:./*3(#=3C(">.<"D%*;/."=%*%"#F.(:."I"(%"2("6/%=.9%"?2."9."/.#<3L#"
.(" #2:%*A:3=%+" e#<" B.L" 6%/" .9%" 929" =%(=<293%(.9" (%" :.(F#(" 6.9%" E<%9CE=%!"
6%/".1.*6<%!"=2#(>%"#E/*#"?2."jG<"=#;%">."2(%9"75"*3<39.F2(>%9".*63.L#"#"
.S6#(>3/9."<#"#=:3B3>#>"#<"D.*39J./3%"3L?23./>%!"I"2(%9"75"%"^5"*3<39.F2(>%9"
>.962N9"<#"3(J%/*#=3C("<<.F#"#"<#"=%(=3.(=3#"I"#6#/.=."<#"6#<#;/#"artesanok+"
[%9"=%(9.=2.(=3#9"J2(>#*.(:#<.9"D#I"?2."(.F#/!"<#"6/3*./#!".9"<#"?2."I#"9."
#>.<#(:#;#_"(%"D#I"=%//.96%(>.(=3#".(:/.".<"#=:%"<3;/."I".<"#=:%"#2:%*A:3=%"?2."
/.#<3L#".<"=./.;/%"#<"=%(12(:#/"<#9">%9"6#<#;/#9"#"6#/:3/">."<#9"=2#<.9"9."J%/*#"
<#" )<:3*#!" 62.9" (%" >.*2.9:/#" :#*6%=%" ?2." <#" >.=393C(" 9.#" #<F%" #2:%*A:3=%!"
93(%"#"<%"92*%!"?2."#<F2(%9"6/%=.9%9"6./=.6:3B%9"<%"9%(h"93".<"6/%=.9%"/#=3%(#<"
>."<#">.=393C("J2./#".?23B#<.(:."#<"6/%=.9%"6./=.6:3B%!".(:%(=.9".("/.#<3>#>"
(%"D#I"<3;./:#>".(".<"D%*;/."I".<"=./.;/%"9./H#"2("*.=#(39*%"?2.":%*#">.=3­
93%(.9"#2:%*A:3=#9";#9#>#9".("/.F<#9"?2."jJ2(=3%(#(k">."<#"*39*#"92./:.!".9"
>.=3/!"#2:%*A:3=#*.(:.+,-"a#"9.F2(>#!".9"?2."<%9"=%(=.6:%9">."j=%(=3.(=3#k"I"
j#6#/3=3C(k"(%"9%("=<#/%9".("92"#/F2*.(:#=3C(!"I"(%"<%"9%("6%/?2.">3=."?2."<#"
información llega a la conciencia: ¿se trata la conciencia de algo físico o deter­
*3(#>%".96#=3#<*.(:.!"<%"=2#<"<#"B%<B./H#"%;9./B#;<."6);<3=#*.(:.o"n]C*%".9"
?2."#6#/.=."<#"6#<#;/#"artesanoo"n[C(>."#6#/.=.".S#=:#*.(:.o"nG6#/.=.".("
<#"=%(=3.(=3#o"n@./%"?2N"92=.>."93"<#"=%(=3.(=3#"(%":3.(."2("ubi .96.=HE=%o
@%/"9262.9:%"?2."i#LL#(3F#"6/.:.(>."j9#<B#/k"<#"<3;./:#>+"@%/".9%">3=."?2."<#"
/.96%(9#;3<3>#>"(%".9"#<F%"(.2/%(#<!"93(%"9%=3#<+"Z9".("<#"9%=3.>#>">%(>."9."D#;<#"
>."/.96%(9#;3<3>#>">."#=2./>%"=%(".9:."#2:%/+"@./%"<#"D39:%/3#">."<#"N:3=#"/.=2./>#"
?2.".9:%".9" J#<9%!"62.9"9."D#(" 6/%62.9:%"/.96%(9#;3<3>#>.9" D#=3#" 2(%" *39*%+"
@%/"%:/%"<#>%!"93"<#"/.96%(9#;3<3>#>".9"#<F%">.<":%>%!"n=C*%".9"?2."<#9"6#/:.9"(%"
<%"9%(o"G>.*A9!".<"D%*;/."1#*A9"D#"93>%"2(".(:."9%<3:#/3%!"93(%"?2."93.*6/."9."
D#".(=%(:/#>%".("9%=3.>#>!"=%*%"I#".<"*39*%"G/39:C:.<.9"/.=2./>#"#<"3(3=3%">."92"
Política+"O%("=#9%9".S=.6=3%(#<.9"#?2N<<%9".(">%(>."2(#"6./9%(#"9.".(=2.(:/#"
#<.1#>#">."<#9">.*A9!"<%"=2#<"D#">#>%"63."#"(2*./%9%9"#/F2*.(:%9"J#(:A9:3=%9"
6#/#".(:/.:.(3>#9"(%B.<#9+"e#<"B.L".<"#/F2*.(:%">."a239"Z=D#/:."62.>#"=#;./"#?2H_"
,-
Ibid+!"6+",,,+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 30
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
-,
a%9":/#;#1%9">."j(.2/%#(:/%6%<%FH#k"I"j(.2/%N:3=#k"%;B3#("#"*.(2>%"#(:3F2#9"
#/F2*.(:#=3%(.9"9%;/.">3<.*#9"=<A93=%9!"6/%;#;<.*.(:."=%("<#".S=29#">."?2."
#(:.".<"(2.B%"6#/#>3F*#"=3.(:HE=%":%>#9".<<#9"D#I#("?2.>#>%"*A9"?2."=#>2=#9+"
O3(".*;#/F%!"(%":%>%9"<%9">.9=2;/3*3.(:%9"(.2/%=3.(:HE=%9"*%>3E=#("<#"3>.#"
>."D%*;/."I"<%9"=/3:./3%9">."#=:2#=3C("6#9#>%9!"#9H"=%*%":#*6%=%"<%9"(2.B%9"
=%(%=3*3.(:%9"9%;/.".<"=./.;/%"6<#(:.#("/.#<*.(:."=2.9:3%(.9">39:3(:#9"#"<%9"
=<A93=#*.(:.":/#:#>%9+,7
m%9"6#/.=."?2."(%"<%F/#".S6<3=#/9."<#"<3;./:#>"*.>3#(:."<#"(.2/%=3.(=3#+"G"
B.=.9">#"<#"3*6/.93C(">."?2."i#LL#(3F#"9."6./=#:#">.".9:%!".96.=3#<*.(:."
=2#(>%".S#*3(#"<#9":N=(3=#9">.".B#<2#=3C("3(J%/*#:3L#>#">.<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"bCKAc"
?2."6/.:.(>.("#=:2#<3L#/".<"B.:29:%">.:.=:%/">."*.(:3/#9+"Z(".9:."=%(:.S:%!".<"
(.2/%=3.(:HE=%"#E/*#"<%"93F23.(:._"
Z9:#":.=(%<%FH#"62.>."#6%/:#/"3(J%/*#=3C("B#<3%9#!"6./%"(%"(.=.9#/3#*.(:."
3(J%/*#=3C("9%;/."<#"*.(:.+"m%".9"2("*.=#(39*%">."<.=:2/#">."<#"*.(:."qrs"
a#"(.2/%=3.(=3#"(%">396%(.":%>#BH#">.">#:%9"3(=%(:/%B./:3;<.9"9%;/."=C*%"9."
/.6/.9.(:#("<%9"6.(9#*3.(:%9".("<%9".(=.J#<%F/#*#9!"I"*2=D%"*.(%9".(".<"
=./.;/%!"I"62.>."?2."(2(=#"<%F/.*%9"<../".<"6.(9#*3.(:%!"#2(?2."N9:."93.*6/."
9."F.(./.".(".<"=./.;/%+,^ Z<"6.(9#*3.(:%!"?2."=%(939:.".("<%"*A9"6/%63%">."<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#!".9"6%93;<."
?2."1#*A9"62.>#"jB./9.k">."#=2./>%"=%("<%9"=A(%(.9">."<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<+"
p".9:%"62.>."9./">.;3>%"#"?2."6./:.(.=."#"2("%/>.("%">3*.(93C(">39:3(:#">."<#"
*#:./3#<!"#2(?2.":.(F#"92"9%6%/:.".(".<<#+"@%/".9%".9"?2."i#LL#(3F#"(%9"6#/.=."
?2."#=3./:#"#<">.=3/"?2."<#"(.2/%=3.(=3#"3(:.(:#"<../".<"=./.;/%"I"(%"<#"*.(:.!"
#2(?2.".9:#")<:3*#">.6.(>#">."#?2N<+"O3(".*;#/F%!"9."/.E./."#".<<#9"=%*%"
dos dimensiones distintas.,`"@#/#">.=3/<%"=%("%:/#9"6#<#;/#9!"<#"=%(=<293C("?2."
#<=#(L#"i#LL#(3F#"#=./=#">."<#">39:3(=3C(".(:/."*.(:."I"=./.;/%"6#/.=."92E­
=3.(:."6#/#"929:.(:#/"?2."<#"<3;/.">.=393C("%".<.==3C(!"#=:%"6/%63%">."<#"<3;./:#>!"
=%(939:.".("2("6/%=.9%"*.(:#<"?2."9."93/B.">."<%9"6/%=.9%9"=./.;/#<.9+"Z9:%9"
)<:3*%9"9%("6/%=.9%9"JH93=%9!"I"6%/".<<%"<#9"(.2/%=3.(=3#9!".("=%(9%(#(=3#"6%/"
<%"#(:.>3=D%"=%("i#LL#(3F#!"3(:.(:#("<../".<"=./.;/%"*.>3#(:."6/%=.>3*3.(:%9"
6/%63%9" >." <#" =3.(=3#" .S6./3*.(:#<h" .*6./%!" <%9" 6/%=.9%9" *.(:#<.9" 9%(" (%0
JH93=%9!">."#DH"?2."(%"62.>#("jB./9.k"=%*%":#<.9!"#2(?2."62.>#"#6/.=3#/9.".<"
J2(=3%(#*3.(:%">."=3./:#9"L%(#9">.<"=./.;/%".("#<F2(%9">.".<<%9h"6./%"<%"?2."
92=.>.!"(%9"6#/.=.!".9"?2."<%9"6/%=.9%9"*.(:#<.9"9."93/B.(">."<%9"=./.;/#<.9"
,7
" a+"Z=D#/:.!"j]C*%"6.(9#/"9%;/.".<"=./.;/%rk!".("*G4(8134C"6+"-8+
" P+"O+"i#LL#(3F#!"*G4(8134!"6+",44+
,`
Ibid+!"6+",4g+
,^
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 31
13/06/13 11:55
-4"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
*%9:/#(>%" 2(#" =#29#<3>#>" >." #//3;#" #;#1%" b=%*%" =#29#" J%/*#<ch" #2(?2." 9."
#=.6:#"?2."<#"=#29#<3>#>":#*;3N("9.">#">."#;#1%"#//3;#"b=#29#"*#:./3#<c+"R(#"
E<%9%JH#"D3<.*C/E=#"%"#(#<CF3=#">."<#"*.(:."62.>.".=D#/"<2L"9%;/.".9:#".:3%­
<%FH#"*)<:36<.+
!"#$%$&'()*"#+,-./0()$)(1(#-2"0()3+)#(),+14+
a#" E<%9%JH#" D3<.*C/E=#" %" #(#<CF3=#" >." <#" *.(:." b.9" #(#<CF3=#" 2(#" E<%9%JH#"
D3<.*C/E=#">."=2$%!"6%/".1.*6<%!":%*39:#"I"(%"2(#"#B.//%H9:#c"6/%6%(."?2."
<#9"=#29#9"*#:./3#<.9"(%"9%("92E=3.(:.9"6#/#".S6<3=#/":%>#9"<#9">3*.(93%(.9"
D2*#(#9+" K#=." J#<:#" /.=2//3/" #" <#" =#29#" J%/*#<" 6#/#" =%*6/.(>./!" #2(?2."
9.#"#":3.(:#9!"<#9">3*.(93%(.9"?2."B2.<B.("#<"D%*;/."6/%63#*.(:.":#<!"=%*%"
92=.>."=%(".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"3(:.<.=:2#<!"<#"#2:%=%(=3.(=3#"I".<"<3;/."#/;3:/3%+"
Q/.=2.(:.*.(:."9."D#"6.(9#>%!".96.=3#<*.(:."#"6#/:3/">.<"93F<%" XIX!"?2."<#"
inteligencia humana no es cualitativamente distinta de lo que puede llamarse 3(:.<3F.(=3#".("%:/%9"#(3*#<.9+"Z(".J.=:%!"#"6#/:3/">."<#9":.%/H#9".B%<2=3%(39­
:#9"9."D#"<<.F#>%"#"6.(9#/"?2.".<"D%*;/."(%".9"=2#<3:#:3B#*.(:.">39:3(:%"#"
<%9">.*A9"#(3*#<.9!"93(%"2("continuum con respecto al mundo animal. Sin .*;#/F%!"=%(93>./#/"#<"D%*;/."2("continuum".9".*6%;/.=./"<#9">3*.(93%(.9"
D2*#(#9!"<%"=2#<"62.>."#6/.=3#/9.">."*#(./#"J.D#=3.(:.".(".<"=#9%">.<"=%(%­
=3*3.(:%"3(:.<.=:2#<+"m%".?23B#<."#"2("/.=D#L%"=%("/.96.=:%"#<"continuum que <#9">3B./9#9"=3.(=3#9".S6./3*.(:#<.9"D#("*%9:/#>%h"93*6<.*.(:."9."#E/*#!"
>.9>."<#"E<%9%JH#"D3<.*C/E=#!"?2.".<"D%*;/.".9"cualitativamente distinto con respecto a los otros entes sentientes. En la Quaestio disputata de anima!".<":.S:%">."e%*A9">."G?23(%">#"63."6#/#"
#/F2*.(:#/".(":%/(%"#".9:#">39:3(=3C("=2#<3:#:3B#".(:/.".<"D%*;/."I"<%9"%:/%9".(:.9"
9.(:3.(:.9+"G2(?2.".<":.S:%"(%"9."/.E./#">."*#(./#".S6/.9#"#".9:."6/%;<.*#"
.("6#/:3=2<#/!"<#":.939"D3<.*C/E=#"/.96<#(>.=."=%("*2=D#"=<#/3>#>+"[."#DH"?2."
9.#"(.=.9#/3%"=3:#/".<":.S:%".S:.(9#*.(:._
@#/#"#=<#/#/".9:#"=2.9:3C("D#I"?2."=%(93>./#/"?2.">%(>."9.".(=2.(:/."#<F%"
?2."#"B.=.9".9:A".("6%:.(=3#"I"%:/#9".("#=:%!".9"(.=.9#/3%"?2."D#I#"#<F)("
6/3(=363%"6%/".<"=2#<":#<"=%9#".9:A".("6%:.(=3#_"#9H"92=.>."=2#(>%".<"D%*;/."
.9"9.(:3.(:.".("#=:%"bsentiens actuc"I"=2#(>%".9:A".("6%:.(=3#"q>."9./"9.(­
:3.(:.sh"6%/".<<%".(".<"D%*;/."D#I"?2."6%(./"2("6/3(=363%"9.(93:3B%"?2.".9:N".("
6%:.(=3#"6#/#"<%9"9.(93;<.9"bin potentia ad sensibiliac!"93"(%".9:#/H#"93.*6/.".("
#=:%".<"6/3(=363%"9.(:3.(:.+"[."*#(./#"93*3<#/!".<"D%*;/."#"B.=.9"9.".(=2.(:/#"
.(:.(>3.(>%".("#=:%"b1:3&//1A&:-(0837c"I"#"B.=.9".9:A".("6%:.(=3#">.".(:.(>./!"
6%/"<%"?2.".9"(.=.9#/3%"=%(93>./#/".(".<"D%*;/."#<F)("6/3(=363%"3(:.<.=:3B%"
bintellectivum principiumc"?2.".9:N".("6%:.(=3#"6#/#"<%9"3(:.<3F3;<.9"bquod sit EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 32
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
--
1:(G*3&:310(0,(1:3&//1A121/10c+"p".9:."6/3(=363%".9"<<#*#>%"6%/".<"Q3<C9%J%".(".<"''"
De anima"=%*%"3(:.<.=:%"6%93;<."bintellectum possibilemc+
[."#?2H"9."93F2."?2.".<"3(:.<.=:%"6%93;<."(.=.9#/3#*.(:.".9:A".("6%:.(=3#"
6#/#":%>%"<%"?2.".9"3(:.<3F3;<."I"?2."62.>."/.=3;3/".<"D%*;/.!"I".("=%(9.=2.(=3#"
.9:A">.96/%B39:%"bdenudatumc">.".<<%!"6%/?2.":%>%"<%"?2."62.>."/.=3;3/9."I".9:A"
.("6%:.(=3#"6#/#".<<%!".9:A">.96/%B39:%">.".<<%!"=%*%"<#"6263<#"?2.".9"/.=.6:3B#"
>.":%>%9"<%9"=%<%/.9"I"=#/.=.">.":%>%9".<<%9+"G9H"62.9!".<"D%*;/."D#"(#=3>%"6#/#"
.(:.(>./"<#9"J%/*#9">.":%>#9"<#9"=%9#9"9.(93;<.9"b1:3&//1A&+&(?*+=0-(*=:17=(
sensibilium rerumc+"[."#DH"9."93F2."?2.".<"3(:.<.=:%"6%93;<.".9:A">.96/%B39:%!"
.(" 9H" *39*%!" >." :%>#9" <#9" J%/*#9" 9.(93;<.9" I" (#:2/#<.9h" I" #9H" .9" (.=.9#/3%"
?2."(%":.(F#"2("C/F#(%"=%/6C/.%+"G9H"62.9!"93":2B3./#"KB02&3&3c"#<F)("C/F#(%"
=%/6C/.%!" 9." >.:./*3(#/H#" #" 2(#" (#:2/#<.L#" 9.(93;<.!" #9H" =%*%" <#" 6%:.(=3#"
B393B#"9.">.:./*3(#"#"<#"(#:2/#<.L#">.<"%1%+"@%/".9:#">.*%9:/#=3C(!".<"Q3<C9%J%"
>.1#">."<#>%"bexcluditurc"<#"6%93=3C(">."<%9"E<C9%J%9"#(:3F2%9!"6#/#"?23.(.9".<"
3(:.<.=:%"(%">3E./.">."<#9"6%:.(=3#9"9.(93;<.9h"%"q:#*;3N(s"<#">."%:/%9"?2."D#("
=%<%=#>%".<"6/3(=363%"6%/".<"?2.".(:3.(>.".<"D%*;/."=%*%"93"J2./#"2(#"J%/*#"%"
J2./L#"*.L=<#>#"=%(".<"=2./6%!"=%*%"<#9"%:/#9"J%/*#9"%"J2./L#9"*#:./3#<.9+,g
Z<"#/F2*.(:%"/.92<:#"6./:3(.(:.!"62.9"<%9"=%(=.6:%9!"=%("<%9"=2#<.9".<"=%­
(%=3*3.(:%"D2*#(%"<#;%/#!"/.92<:#("9./"3(*#:./3#<.9"6%/">.E(3=3C(+"Z(".J.=:%!"
.<"=%(=.6:%"(%"9."/.>2=."#"#<F2(%">."<%9"3(>3B3>2%9".("<%9"=2#<.9"9."#=:2#<3L#"
I"?2.!"6%/"92"6#/:.!"D#("93>%"=#29#"*#:./3#<"6#/#"92"=%(J%/*#=3C("#":/#BN9">.<"
GB0:30-=0. El concepto virtualmente puede aplicarse a todos los individuos que =%*6#/:.("<#".9.(=3#<3>#>"?2."N9:."#6/.9#+"Z<"3(:.<.=:%"9.">3/3F."(#:2/#<*.(:.!"
62.9!"#"<#"J%/*#">."<%9".(:.9"9.(93;<.9!".9">.=3/!".9:A".("6%:.(=3#">."#>?23/3/­
<%9"%"=%*6/.(>./<%9+"@./%"9%;/.".9:%"B%<B./.*%9".(".<"93F23.(:."#6#/:#>%"#<"
#;%/>#/".<"#92(:%">.9>."<#".9:/2=:2/#">.<"6.(9#*3.(:%"D2*#(%+
Z<" 3(:.<.=:%!" >." #=2./>%" =%(" <%9" >.9=2;/3*3.(:%9" #=:2#<.9!" 9H" /.?23./." >."
<%9"C/F#(%9"=%/6C/.%9+"@./%".<"G?23(#:."(%"(3.F#"?2.".<"3(:.<.=:%"D2*#(%"9."
93/B#">."<%9"C/F#(%9"6#/#"/.#<3L#/"92"<#;%/+"a%"?2."9H"6#/.=."(.F#/".9"?2.".<"
3(:.<.=:%"9."/.>2L=#"#<"C/F#(%+"Z<"C/F#(%!"6%/"9H"9%<%!"(%"<%F/#".S6<3=#/"=C*%"
.9"?2.".<"D%*;/."#==.>."#"/.#<3>#>.9"3(:.<3F3;<.9"?2.!"6%/">.E(3=3C(!"(%"62.>."
#<=#(L#/"#<F%"62/#*.(:."*#:./3#<+"Z9"<%"?2."I#"9."D#"=3:#>%"<H(.#9"#//3;#_"jSi &:1=(B02&+&3(0/1L7*,(*+A0:7=(8*+G*+&7=C(,&3&+=1:0+&37+(0,(0/1L70=(:037+0=(
sensibilem, sicut potentia visiva determinatur ad naturam oculik+"Z<"C/F#(%".9"
6/.=39#*.(:."2("3(9:/2*.(:%"6#/#".<"3(:.<.=:%!"I"(%".<"3(:.<.=:%"*39*%h".<"C/F#(%"
,g
" e%*A9">.""G?23(%!"Quaestio disputata de anima!"?+"2(!"#+"4="b<#":/#>2==3C(".9"*H#c+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 33
13/06/13 11:55
-7"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
.9:A".<.B#>%"6/.=39#*.(:."6%/"<#"J%/*#"92;9:#(=3#<!".9">.=3/!"6%/"<#"J%/*#"?2."
=%(EF2/#"#"<#"*#:./3#!"?2.".(".9:."=#9%".9"6%/".<"!"#$ que eleva la materialidad en la que se halla encarnada. Z(".<"=%(:.S:%">."<#"E<%9%JH#"=%(:.*6%/A(.#"9."/.?23./.("#<F2(#9"6/.=393%(.9"
.(":%/(%"#".9:."#92(:%+"Z(".J.=:%!"J/.=2.(:.*.(:."9."#E/*#"=%*%"2("D.=D%"
>.*%9:/#>%"=3.(:HE=#*.(:."?2.".<"=./.;/%".9".<"C/F#(%">.<"6.(9#*3.(:%+"O3("
.*;#/F%!"<%"?2."92=.>.".9"?2.".("/.#<3>#>"(%"D#I"=%(=<293%(.9">.:./*3(#(­
:.9"9%;/.".9:.":.*#!".<"=2#<"%=26#"#"<#9".S6./3*.(:#=3%(.9"(.2/%=3.(:HE=#9"
?2."I#"*.(=3%(#*%9+"O.F2/#*.(:."2(#"E<%9%JH#"D3<.*C/E=#"D%>3./(#"62.>."
#=.6:#/"6#/=3#<*.(:.".9:#":.939">."<#9"(.2/%=3.(=3#9!"=%("<#"9#<B.>#>">."?2."
.<"=./.;/%"(%"9.#"=%(>3=3C("92E=3.(:."6#/#".S6<3=#/"<#9"6%:.(=3#<3>#>.9"?2."<#"
:/#>3=3C("D#">.(%*3(#>%"3(:.<.=:3B#9+"O2=.>."?2.!"3(=<29%"=%*%"9.">.96/.(>."
>."#<F2(%9".9:2>3%9"=%(:.*6%/A(.%9">."<#9"(%.2/%=3.(=3#9!".(".96.=3#<"#<"
:/#:#/".<":.*#">."<#"#2:%=%(9=3.(=3#!"D#I"#<F2(#9">3*.(93%(.9">.<"D%*;/."?2."
(%"9.".S6<3=#("/.=2//3.(>%")(3=#*.(:."#"<#"=#29#=3C("*#:./3#<0.<N=:/3=#">.<"
=./.;/%+"Z9:#9">3*.(93%(.9".9:A("3(>3=#>#9"6%/"=3./:%9"#=:%9"?2.".9=#6#("
#" <#" 62/#" =#29#<3>#>" *#:./3#<" I" /.?23./.(!" %(:%<CF3=#*.(:.!" 2(" principium intellectivum"=%*%".<"?2."*#(.1#".<"G?23(#:.+"Z9:#")<:3*#":.939"D3<.*C/E=#"9."
929:.(:#!"6%/"9262.9:%!".(".<"#>#F3%"operari sequitur esse.
a%9"#=:%9"?2."(%"62.>.(" .S6<3=#/9.">."#=2./>%"=%("<#":/#>3=3C(":%*39:#!"
/.E/3N(>%9.".S=<293B#*.(:."#"<#9">3*.(93%(.9"*#:./3#<.9">.<"D%*;/.!"9%(".<"
=%(%=3*3.(:%">."<%9"2(3B./9#<.9!"<#"<3;/.">.=393C("I"<#"#2:%=%(=3.(=3#+"]%("/.9­
6.=:%"#"<%"6/3*./%!".<"3(:.<.=:%"62.>."=%(%=./":%>%9"<%9"=2./6%9"2(3B./9#<*.(:.!"
<%"=2#<"3*6<3=#"?2.".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"D2*#(%"=%(:3.(.!"#"92"B.L!">3*.(93%(.9"
que no se limitan a la pura materialidad; el conocimiento de los universales no 62.>.".9:/2=:2/#/9.".("2("C/F#(%"=%/6C/.%"62.9!"=%*%".(9.$#"<#".S6./3.(=3#!"
los órganos corporales sólo conocen lo particular e individual; si fuera lo con­
:/#/3%!".<"3(:.<.=:%"=%(%=./H#"9C<%"<%9"93(F2<#/.9"=%*%"<%"D#=.("<#9"6%:.(=3#9"
sensitivas.,f"]%("/.96.=:%"#"<%"9.F2(>%!"<#"<3;./:#>!">."<#"?2."D#;<#/.*%9"*A9"
#;#1%!"3*6<3=#".<"(3B.<">."<#"3(>.:./*3(#=3C(h"6%/"9262.9:%"?2."(%"9.":/#:#">."2(#"
<3;./:#>"3<3*3:#>#!"6./%"6%:.(=3#<*.(:."=%*%"voluntas ut libera <%".9!".("=2#(:%"
62.>."#6.:.=./":%>%9"<%9".(:.9"*#:./3#<.9"I!"#>.*A9!"<%9"3(*#:./3#<.9!"=%*%"
92=.>."=%("<%9"B#<%/.9".963/3:2#<.9+"]%("/.96.=:%"#"<%":./=./%!".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"
>."9H"*39*%!"?2.".9"<#"#2:%=%(=3.(=3#"b#?2H"9."#6/.=3#">."*#(./#"*A9">3AJ#(#"
,f
" \.92<:#" =<#/%" ?2." .9:#" #(:/%6%<%FH#" 3*6<3=#" 2(#" F(%9.%<%FH#" ?2." (%" .9!" 6%/" .1.*6<%!" <#"
nominalista.
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 34
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
-^
<#"3(:.(=3%(#<3>#>c!,8"(%"62.>."6/%B.(3/">."<#"*#:./3#<3>#>"62.9!"=%*%".(9.$#"
:#*;3N("<#".S6./3.(=3#!"<%9"C/F#(%9"(%"62.>.("=%(=.;3/"929"#=:%9+45"&%<B./.*%9"
9%;/.".9:."#92(:%".(".<"93F23.(:."#6#/:#>%+
@%/"<%"6/%(:%!"iD39#<;./:3">.9:#=#"#<F%"J2(>#*.(:#<".(".<"D3<.*%/E9*%+"O."
:/#:#"6/.=39#*.(:.">."<#"J%/*#"92;9:#(=3#<")(3=#"?2.":3.(.".<"D%*;/.+"Z(".J.=­
:%!".<"D%*;/."(%":3.(."*2=D#9"J%/*#9"92;9:#(=3#<.9!"93(%"9C<%"2(#!"?2.".9"<#"
?2."<."#:/3;2I."92"D2*#(3>#>+"Z9:."E<C9%J%!".("9.F23*3.(:%">.<"G?23(#:.(9.!"
.9=/3;."?2."jZ<"#<*#".9"<#")(3=#"J%/*#">.<"=2./6%"I".("=2#(:%".9"J%/*#"?2.">#"
.<"9./"#<"=2./6%!".<"#<*#">#"3(*.>3#:#*.(:.".<"9./"92;9:#(=3#<"I".96.=HE=%"#"
:%>#9"<#9"6#/:.9">.<"=2./6%h".("=2#(:%":#*;3N(".9"J%/*#"I"6/3(=363%">."#=:3B3>#>!"
:3.(."(.=.93>#>">.">3B./9%9"C/F#(%9"6#/#".1./=3:#/":#<"#=:3B3>#>!"C/F#(%9"?2."
9%("92;%/>3(#>%9".(:/.".<<%9".("/.<#=3C("#"<#9"#=:3B3>#>.9"?2."#":/#BN9">.".<<%9"
9.".1.=2:#(!"6%/"<%9"=2#<.9"2(#"6#/:.">.<"=2./6%"9."*2.B."F/#=3#9"#"%:/#k+4, @/.=39#*.(:."#".9:#"%/>.(#=3C(">."<#9"6#/:.9">.<"=2./6%".9"<%"?2."<#"E<%9%JH#"
:%*39:#">.(%*3(#".<"%/>.(".(:/."<#9"6%:.(=3#9">.<"#<*#+"Z(".J.=:%!".<"#<*#"%"
<#"J%/*#".9"2(#"9%<#!"*3.(:/#9"?2."<#9"6%:.(=3#9"9%("*2=D#9"I":3.(.(">39:3(:#9"
J2(=3%(.9+"@./%".9:#9"J2(=3%(.9":3.(.("2(#"%/>.(#=3C("(#:2/#<+"iD39#<;./:3"=3:#"
2(":.S:%"J2(>#*.(:#<">."<#"M7==0(HB&*/*A10& que vale la pena retomar para comprender la triple ordenación entre las partes con respecto al todo. Esta triple %/>.(#=3C(!"6#/#".<"G?23(#:.!"9."#6/.=3#">.6.(>3.(>%">.<"=/3:./3%"?2."9.":%*."
.("=%(93>./#=3C(+"&.#*%9"9C<%"<#9">%9"6/3*./#9"?2."9%("<#9"*A9"#>.=2#>#9"
para nuestro caso:
Z(".J.=:%!".9":/36<.".<"%/>.("?2."9."%;9./B#".(:/.".<<#9+"[%9">.".<<#9"6/%B3.(.("
de la dependencia que una potencia tiene hacia otra; la tercera proviene del ,8
>?4"Z*3<3%"i#/=H#!"I&:3&('(8&+&2+*!"P#>/3>!"OH(:.939!"455,!"66+"4f`048f+"GDH"*39*%!".9:."
#2:%/" D#=." 2(#" =<#93E=#=3C(" >." <%9" #2:%/.9" ?2." 3(:.(:#(" .S6<3=#/" <#" =%(=3.(=3#" /.=2//3.(>%" 9C<%"
#" <#9" =#29#9" JH93=#9+" Z(" .<" 6/3*./" F/26%" 9." .(=2.(:/#" \+" @.(/%9.!" 6#/#" ?23.(" <#" =%(=3.(=3#" 9."
.S6<3=#/H#"(%"#"(3B.<"(.2/%(#<!"93(%".("2("(3B.<"=3:%.9?2.<N:3=%!"62.9"*3.(:/#9".<"(3B.<"(.2/%(#<"(%"
.9=#6#"#"<#"JH93=#"=<A93=#!".<"(3B.<"=3:%.9?2.<N:3=%"9."3(9=/3;.".("<#"JH93=#"=2A(:3=#+"Z(".<"9.F2(>%"
F/26%"9."D#<<#"Q+"]/3=t!"6#/#"?23.(".<"(3B.<"(.2/%(#<">#"=2.(:#">."<#"=%(=3.(=3#+"Z(".<":./=./"F/26%"
9.".(=2.(:/#("Z>.<*#("I"[#*#93%!"6#/#"?23.(.9"<#"=%(=3.(=3#"9."62.>.".S6<3=#/"*.>3#(:."/.>.9"
I"939:.*#9"(.2/%(#<.9+"
45
" Z<"6/3*./"I":./=./"#=:%9":#*;3N("<%9".S6<3=#_"G<.99#(>/%"iD39#<;./:3!"jG(3*#"."=%/6%"3("e%**#9%"
>u"G?23(%k!".("D161-30(,1(</*-*<0(:&*N-8*/0-3180!"B%<+"XCVII!"()*+"4!"455^!"6+"4f^+"e3*"]/#(."#9.F2/#"
?2."jZ<".(<#=.".(:/.".<"=./.;/%"I"<#"=%(=3.(=3#".9"(.=.9#/3%!"6.9."#"<#9"#6#/3.(=3#9".("=%(:/#k!".("
La mente *.=A(3=#+"e/#>+">."M2#("G<*.<#+"PNS3=%!" FCE!"455f!"6+"-^-+"m%"=%(93>./#*%9"J#<9#"92"
:.939!"93*6<.*.(:."?2.".<"=./.;/%"(%"(%9"6#/.=."92E=3.(:."6#/#">#/"=2.(:#">."<#"#2:%=%(=3.(=3#"
>.;3>%"#<"#/F2*.(:%".9F/3*3>%".(".<"=2./6%">.<":/#;#1%"I">.<"?2."6#/:.".9:#"(%:#+
4,
" G+"iD39#<;./:3!"jG(3*#."=%/6%"3("e%*#9%">uG?23(%k!".("*G4(813+!"6+"4ff+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 35
13/06/13 11:55
-`"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
%/>.(">."<%9"%;1.:%9+"a#">.6.(>.(=3#">."2(#"6%:.(=3#"#"%:/#"62.>."9./">.">%9"
*#(./#9_"2(#"9.F)(".<"%/>.(">."<#"(#:2/#<.L#"bsecundum naturae ordinemc!"
pues las cosas perfectas son naturalmente anteriores a las imperfectas; el %:/%"*%>%"9.F)("<#"F.(./#=3C("I".<":3.*6%!"62.9">."<%"?2.".9"3*6./J.=:%"9."
6#9#"#"<%"6./J.=:%"bprout ex imperfecto ad perfectum veniturc+
O."93F2.">.<"6/3*./"%/>.("q.<"?2."=%//.96%(>.s"#"<#9"6%:.(=3#9!"q62.9s"<#9"
6%:.(=3#9"3(:.<.=:3B#9"9%("#(:./3%/.9"#"<#9"6%:.(=3#9"9.(93:3B#9!">.">%(>."9."
93F2."?2."<#9">3/3F."I":3.(."3*6./3%"9%;/.".<<#9"b7:,&(,1+1A7:3(&0-C(&3(1=G&+0:3(
easc+"[."*#(./#"93*3<#/!"<#9"6%:.(=3#9"9.(93:3B#9".(".9:."%/>.("9%("#(:./3%­
/.9"#"<#9"6%:.(=3#9">.<"#<*#"(2:/3:3B#+"O.F)(".<"9.F2(>%"%/>.(!"=3./:#*.(:.!"
92=.>."<%"=%(:/#/3%+"a#9"6%:.(=3#9">.<"#<*#"(2:/3:3B#"9%("#(:./3%/.9!".("<#"BH#"
>."<#"F.(./#=3C(!"#"<#9"6%:.(=3#9">.<"#<*#"9.(93:3B#!">.">%(>."9."93F2."?2."
6/.6#/#(" #<" =2./6%" 6#/#" <#9" #==3%(.9" >." .9:#" )<:3*#+"p" >." *#(./#" 93*3<#/"
sucede con las potencias sensitivas respecto a las intelectivas.44 ]3./:#*.(:.".9"<#"6/3*./#">."<#9"%/>.(#=3%(.9"<#"*A9"3*6%/:#(:.".(".<"=%(­
:.S:%">."(2.9:/#">39=293C(+"@./%"<#"9.F2(>#":3.(."92"3*6%/:#(=3#"6%/?2.".<"(3B.<"
anterior prepara al superior 610(A&:&+031*:1-!"6%/"<%"=2#<"/.92<:#"=3./:#"<#":.939"
de que los órganos se requieren para poder sustentar la inteligencia humana.
G2(#>%"#".9:%!".9"3*6%/:#(:."92;/#I#/"?2.".<"D3<.*%/E9*%"%"B393C("#(#<CF3=#"
>.<"9./"D2*#(%"(%"=%(:.*6<#"?2.".<"D%*;/.".9:N"=%*62.9:%">.">%9"6#/:.9"
/.$3>#9!"93(%"?2."9."=%*6%(.">.">%9"6/3(=363%9"=%*6<.*.(:#/3%9"I"?2."9."/.­
quieren uno al otro. Es un compuesto; es una unio substantialis. Es un OP!"Q"!. Z<"D%*;/."(%".9"2(".96H/3:2"%"!"#$(9.6#/#>%!"=%*%"#"B.=.9"6#/.=.".(:/.9#=#/9."
>."<#"E<%9%JH#">."[.9=#/:.9h".<"G?23(#:.!".("=#*;3%!"=%(9:#(:.*.(:.">39:3(F2."
.(:/.".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%">."<#9"92;9:#(=3#9"9.6#/#>#9"I".<"D%*;/.+"P3.(:/#9"?2."
<#9"92;9:#(=3#9"9.6#/#>#9"9."=%(%=.("6%/"3(:23=3C(!".<"D%*;/."9."=%(%=."6%/"
/#=3%=3(3%"I">."*#(./#"<3*3:#>#+"Z9:%"9."#6<3=#"#<"=#9%">."<#"#2:%=%(9=3.(=3#!"
62.9"*3.(:/#9"<#9"92;9:#(=3#9"9.6#/#>#9"9."=%(%=.("6%/"92"6/%63#".9.(=3#!".<"
D%*;/."9."=%(%=."#"9H"*39*%"#":/#BN9">."<#"/.d.S3C(+"Z<"D%*;/.!"6#/#"#==.>./"
#<"#=:%"<<#*#>%"#2:%=%(9=3.(=3#!"/.?23./."/.d.S3%(#/"9%;/."9H"*39*%!"<%"=2#<"
(%"<%"<<.B#"#"=#;%":%>%".<":3.*6%!"93(%"9C<%".("#<F2(#9"%=#93%(.9+"O3"J2./#"<%"
=%(:/#/3%!".<"D%*;/.":.(>/H#"=%(=3.(=3#">."9H":%>%".<":3.*6%"I".9:#/H#".("#=:%!"
por lo que su propia esencia implicaría la autoconciencia.
@./%".<"D%*;/.".9"2(".(:."92*#*.(:."<3*3:#>%+"Z<"#<*#"3(:.<.=:3B#">."G/39­
:C:.<.9"I"e%*A9">."G?23(%".9"93.*6/."J%/*#">.<"=2./6%!"6./%"929"%6./#=3%(.9"
.9:A("<3*3:#>#9"#"<#"*#:./3#<3>#>!"#2(?2."#<F2(%9">."929"#=:%9"<#":/#9=3.(>#(+"
44
" e+">."G?23(%!"M7==0(HB&*/*A10&!"'!"?+"gg"#+"7="b<#":/#>2==3C(".9"*H#c+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 36
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
-g
'(=<29%"<#9"%6./#=3%(.9"?2.":3.(.("*#I%/"/.<#=3C("=%("<#"3(*#:./3#<3>#>"%"<#"
2(3B./9#<3>#>!"je3.(.("2(#"/.<#=3C("%"2("%/>.("=%("<#9"%6./#=3%(.9"?2."6#9#("#"
:/#BN9">."<%9"C/F#(%9">.<"=2./6%"#<"(3B.<">.<"#<*#"9.(93:3B#"I"B.F.:#:3B#k+4-"G9H!"
#=:%9"=%*%"=%(%=./"I"?2././"3(:.<.=:2#<.9!"#2(?2.">.6.(>3.(:.9">.<"=2./6%!"
B39:#"<#"/.<#=3C(">.9>."2(#"=#29#<3>#>"#9=.(>.(:.!"(%"9."92;%/>3(#("#"N<!"93(%"
?2."9."93/B.(">."N<"6#/#"<%F/#/"929"=%*.:3>%9">.9>."2(#"=#29#<3>#>">.9=.(>.(:.+"
Z9:#")<:3*#".9"2(#"=#29#<3>#>">39:3(:#"#"<#"*#:./3#<h".9"2(#"=#29#<3>#>">."#//3;#"
D#=3#"#;#1%!"#2(?2."<#"=#29#<3>#>"*#:./3#<":#*;3N("9."#6/.=3#">."#;#1%"D#=3#"
#//3;#".("<#">%;<."%/>.(#=3C(">.<"G?23(#:."I#"=3:#>#+
GD%/#" ;3.(!" <#" J%/*#" .9" <#" ?2." ;/3(>#" =%D.93C(" #<" =%*62.9:%!" <%" =2#<" D#"
B.(3>%"#"=%//%;%/#/9."=#>#"B.L"*A9"#":/#BN9">."<#"=3.(=3#".S6./3*.(:#<!"62.9"
N9:#"#9.F2/#"?2."<#"*#:./3#">."<#"=2#<"9."=%*6%(.".<"D%*;/."9.".(=2.(:/#"
9%*.:3>#"#<"=#*;3%"3(=.9#(:.+"O3(".*;#/F%!"jZ<"3(>3B3>2%"D2*#(%"6./*#(.=."
N<"*39*%!"*3.(:/#9"<%9".<.*.(:%9">."92"=%(9:3:2=3C("=%/6C/.#"9."/.(2.B#("3(=.­
9#(:.*.(:.!"=%(".<"d21%"=%(:3(2%">.<"*.:#;%<39*%"B3:#<k+47"Z<"D%*;/.".9"93*3<#/"
#"<#"*.:AJ%/#"D./#=<H:.#">.<"J2.F%"I".<"*#>./%+"Z(".<"D%*;/."9.".(=2.(:/#("<%9"
=%(:/#/3%9"=%*%".("<#"*.:AJ%/#"#(:.>3=D#_"93(".<"*#>./%"(%"9.">#".<"J2.F%!"6./%"
93(".<"J2.F%"(%"9.">#".<"*#>./%"3(=.(>3#>%h"6#/#"?2."D#I#"J2.F%"9."/.?23./.("
:#(:%".<"*#>./%"=%*%"92"=%*;29:3C(+"O%("=%(:/#/3%9"6./%"9."2(.("=%("=3./:#"
#/*%(H#h"9."2(.(".("2(#"#/*%(H#">3(A*3=#+
La libre decisión o elección como fundamento del acto moral a 5(.4".)3+)61()/#$%$&'()*"#+,-./0()$)(1(#-2"0()3+)#(),+14+
[39:3(F23/".(:/."<%9"6/%=.9%9"*.(:#<.9"I"<%9"=./.;/#<.9"62.>."929:.(:#/"?2."<#"
B%<2(:#>!"=%*%"6%:.(=3#">."H(>%<."3(:.<.=:2#<!"6./:.(.=."#"<%9"6/3*./%9"6/%=.­
9%9!"#2(?2."9."93/B#">."<%9"9.F2(>%9"I!".("=3./:%"*%>%!"62.>#"9./"3*6.>3>#"
%" <3*3:#>#" >.;3>%" #" .9:%9" )<:3*%9" *.>3#(:." JA/*#=%9" b(.2/%J#/*#=%<%FH#c" %"
<.93%(.9"=./.;/#<.9"2"%:/#9"=3/=2(9:#(=3#9!"<%"=2#<"9.".S6<3=#"6%/"*.>3%">."2(#"
=#29#<3>#>"?2."B#">."#;#1%"D#=3#"#//3;#+
Z<":.*#">."<#"<3;./:#>".(".<"=%(:.S:%">."<#">39=293C("E<%9CE=#">."<#"*.(:."
/.92<:#"*2I"2/F.(:."6#/#"<#"N:3=#"=%*%"9."D#"B39:%".(".<":./=./"#6#/:#>%+"]%("
/.96.=:%"#".9:."#92(:%"b3B&(E+&&(R1//c!".<"E<C9%J%"M%D("O.#/<.!"=%*%"I#"<%"D#"
#>.<#(:#>%" .(" %:/%9" :/#;#1%9!" =%(93>./#" ?2." .<" =%(%=3*3.(:%" ?2." 9." :3.(."
447
" G+"iD39#<;./:3!"jG(3*#."=%/6%"3("e%*#9%">uG?23(%k!".("*G4(813+!""6+"485+
Ibid+!"6+"48,+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 37
13/06/13 11:55
-f"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
#=:2#<*.(:."9%;/.".<"=./.;/%".9"3(92E=3.(:."6#/#".S6<3=#/"<#"#2:%=%(=3.(=3#+"
a#"*39*#"3(92E=3.(=3#"9."#6/.=3#".(".<"#=:%"<3;/._"jm%"9#;.*%9"=C*%"(2.9:/#"
.S6./3.(=3#"=%(9=3.(:.">."<#"<3;./:#>"62.>."=%//.96%(>./"#"2("D.=D%"#=:2#<">."
<3;./:#>k+4^"'(=<29%"2("3(>.:./*3(39*%"#<.#:%/3%"J2(>#*.(:#>%".("<#"*.=A(3=#"
=2A(:3=#"(%".S6<3=#"2(#">.=393C("<3;/.+"@#/#"O.#/<."<#"<3;./:#>".9"2("*39:./3%+"p"<%"
.9!"(%9"6#/.=.!"93"9.";29=#"92".S6<3=#=3C(">.9>."<#"62/#"*#:./3#<3>#>+"@%/".<<%!"
<#"E<%9%JH#"D3<.*C/E=#"%"#(#<CF3=#">."<#"*.(:."6#/:.">."2("#;#(3=%".:3%<CF3=%"
?2."(%"/.>2=."#<"D%*;/."#"2(#">."929"6#/:.9!"93(%"?2.":%*#"=%*%";#9."<#"
3>.#">.<"D%*;/."=%*%"OP!"Q"!. Ante la pregunta de si los eventos neuronales =#29#(".J.=:3B#*.(:."<#9">.=393%(.9"?2.":%*#".<"D%*;/.!"D#I"?2."/.96%(>./"
>3=3.(>%"6#/=3#<*.(:."?2."9H+"m%"=#29#(":%:#<*.(:."<#">.=393C(!"62.9"<#"B%<2(:#>!"
al enmarcarse en la idea primigenia que funge como principio de cognición del .(:."3(>.:./*3(#>%!"62.>.":.(>./"D#=3#":%>%":36%">.".(:3>#>!"9.#"N9:#"6/.9.(:."
%"J2:2/#!"9.#"*#:./3#<"%"3(*#:./3#<!".:=N:./#+"Z(".J.=:%!"<%9".B.(:%9"(.2/%(#<.9"
9%("2(".<.*.(:%"?2."6./*3:.".S6<3=#/"<#"<3;/.">.=393C(!"6./%"D#=."J#<:#"/.=2//3/"
#"<#"=#29#<3>#>"J%/*#<"?2."B3.(."3*6/.9#"F/#=3#9"#"<#"J%/*#"92;9:#(=3#<+"]%*%"
>3/H#" M2#(" M%9N" O#(F23(.:3!" .<" =2./6%" D2*#(%" .9:A" 3(J%/*#>%" 6%/" j6%>./.9"
3(:.(=3%(#<.9"2(3B./9#<.9k+"G">3J./.(=3#">."<%9"%:/%9"#(3*#<.9!"6#/#"?23.(.9"<#"
<.I">."92"#=:2#/".9:A"3(9=/3:#".("929"3*62<9%9">."*#(./#">.:./*3(#(:.!"62.9"
#=:)#(">."#=2./>%"=%("<%"?2."=%(%=.(!".<"D%*;/.!"#>.*A9">."=%*6#/:3/":#<.9"
J.(C*.(%9"=%(".<<%9!":3.(."<#"=#6#=3>#>">."#2:%>.:./*3(#/9."#":/#BN9">."92"
B%<2(:#>+"p".9:#"B%<2(:#>".9"=#6#L">."F23#/9."6%/"%:/#9"<.I.9"?2."(%"9%("<#9"
>."<#"(#:2/#<.L#!"93(%"6%/"<#"<.I"(#:2/#<"?2.">.9=2;/."*.>3#(:."92"3(:.<3F.(=3#+
GD%/#";3.(!"M2#("M%9N"O#(F23(.:3"#>B3./:."?2.".<"6/%;<.*#"62.>."6<#(:.#/9."
.(":N/*3(%9"=#29#<.9!".9">.=3/!"jZ<"#=:%"<3;/."=%*6%/:#"2(#"6#/:3=2<#/"causalidad .("<#"=2#<".9:A"3*6<3=#>%".<"'*!">.">%(>."(#=."<#"/.96%(9#;3<3>#>!"=%("#*6<3#9"
=%(9.=2.(=3#9" *%/#<.9!" 6%<H:3=#9!" 12/H>3=#9+" Z<" #=:%" <3;/.!" =%(" 929" .J.=:%9!" .9"
causado por mík+"nv2N":36%">."=#29#<3>#>".9"<#"?2."/.?23./."<#"<3;./:#>o"n@2.>."
<#"<3;./:#>"=%(93>./#/9.")(3=#*.(:.";#1%"<#"=#29#<3>#>">."<#9"=N<2<#9"=./.;/#<.9o"
4^
" M%D("O.#/<.!"E+&&,*=(0:,(F&7+*21*/*A'.(D&S&831*:-(*:(E+&&(R1//C(J0:A70A&(0:,(T*/13180/. m2.B#"p%/t!"]%<2*;3#"R(3B./93:I"@/.99!"455g!"6+"-4+"Z9:."E<C9%J%"(%">.1#">."<#>%".<"j(#:2/#<39*%"
;3%<CF3=%k"?2."9%9:3.(.!"62.9"=%(93>./#"?2."<#".*./F.(=3#">."<#"=%(=3.(=3#"62.>.".(:.(>./9.">."
>%9"*#(./#9+"a#"6/3*./#".9"<#"?2."N<"<<#*#"j&=&+A&:3(,k!"?2."=%(939:.".("?2."<#"=%(=3.(=3#".*./F."
a partir de ciertos sistemas causales. La segunda es la que denomina “&=&+A&:3(4k!".(">%(>."<%"
?2.".*./F."(%"9.".S6<3=#"=%*6<.:#*.(:."6%/".<"939:.*#!"93(%"?2."/.?23./.">."#<F)("%:/%".<.*.(:%+"
O.#/<."=%(93>./#"?2."92"6%9:2/#"9."3(9=/3;.".("<#"j&=&+A&:3",k!"62.9"#9.F2/#"?2."jConsciousness 1-(0(807-0//'(&=&+A&:3(G+*G&+3'(*?(-'-3&=-4(U3(1-(0:(&=&+A&:3(?&037+&(*?(8&+301:(-'-3&=-(*?(:&7+*:-(1:(
3B&(-0=&()0'(3B03(-*/1,13'(0:,(/1L71,13'(0+&(&=&+A&:3(?&037+&-(*?(-'-3&=-(*?(=*/&87/&-k+"bM%D("O.#/<.!"
HB&(D&,1-8*6&+'(*?(3B&(I1:,+"8#+"/.3*6+"]#*;/3>F.!"P#99wa%(>%(!"MIT"@/.99!"4554!"66+",,,0,4`+c
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 38
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
-8
n@2.>."<#"<3;./:#>"9./"9%<#*.(:."<#"J%/*#">."D#;<#/">."2(#"=#29#<3>#>"JH93=#o"
O3" <#" =#29#<3>#>" >." <#" <3;./:#>" 62.>." .S6<3=#/9." .(" :N/*3(%9" JH93=%0?2H*3=%9!"
n.("/.#<3>#>"9.":/#:#">."<3;./:#>o"a#"/.d.S3C("E<%9CE=#".(".9:%9"=#9%9"6#/:."
>."<%9">#:%9"I".<#;%/#=3%(.9"=3.(:HE=#9"=%("<#"=%(=3.(=3#">."92"6#/=3#<3>#>"I"
<%9"=%(J/%(:#"=%("<%9".<.*.(:%9"J.(%*.(%<CF3=%9!"9.#(".9:%9")<:3*%9"6/3*#/3%9"
%"9.=2(>#/3%9h"6%/".1.*6<%!"6%/"2("<#>%!"<#"=%(=3.(=3#">."<#"/.#<3>#>"%">.<"I%!"
I"6%/"%:/%!"<%9".9:#>%9"6#/:3=2<#/.9">."=%(=3.(=3#+"Z(".9:."9.(:3>%!"O#(F23(.:3"
:3.(."/#LC("#<"#9.(:#/"?2.":#(:%"<#"=3.(=3#"=%*%"<#"E<%9%JH#"6#/:.(">."<#".S6.­
/3.(=3#h".(".<"=#9%"?2."%=26#".9:.":/#;#1%!"<#"E<%9%JH#"6#/:.">."<#".S6./3.(=3#"
>."<#".S39:.(=3#">."<#"<3;./:#>!">."<#"=%(=3.(=3#"I">."<#"*%/#<3>#>+"@./%".9:#9"
.S6./3.(=3#9"(%"62.>.("9./"3(B.(:#>#9"(3"6%/"<#"E<%9%JH#"(3"6%/"<#"=3.(=3#!"62.>.("
ser simplemente interpretadas.4`
\.92<:#" ?2." 62.>." D#;./" =%(:/#>3==3%(.9" .(:/." #<F2(#9" =%(=<293%(.9" >."
<#" =3.(=3#" .S6./3*.(:#<" I" <#" .S6./3.(=3#" >.<" 921.:%!" .<" =2#<!" =%*%" 9." >31%!" 9."
.S6./3*.(:#"=%*%"2("#F.(:."=%(9=3.(:.!"<3;/."I"*%/#<+"Z<"I%!"J.(%*.(%<CF3­
=#*.(:.!"#6#/.=."=%*%"2("921.:%"?2."9#;."?2."9#;.!"?2.":3.(."<#"=#6#=3>#>"
6#/#"#2:%>.:./*3(#/9.".("#<F2(#9">3/.==3%(.9"I"?2.">3=D#"#2:%>.:./*3(#=3C("
<%"B2.<B."/.96%(9#;<.">."92"#=:2#/+"Z9:#"<3;./:#>"?2.".S6./3*.(:#":3.(."2(#"
*#(./#"6.=2<3#/">."*#(3J.9:#/9._"<%"D#=."#":/#BN9">."<#">2>#"?2."#"B.=.9".(­
B2.<B."<#">.=393C(!"62.9"<#".S6./3.(=3#"*2.9:/#"?2."#"B.=.9">2>#*%9">."<%"?2."
D.*%9">."/.#<3L#/!"6%/"<%"?2.".<"#>#F3%"<#:3(%"/.B.<#"2(#"B./>#>"J.(%*.(%<CF3=#"
3(=%(*%B3;<._"Ubi dubium ibi libertas.
@#/#"6%>./"#B#(L#/"D#=."J#<:#"#=<#/#/"?2N"9.".(:3.(>."6%/"#=:%"*%/#<+"
@#/#"<%F/#/<%!"D#I"?2."=%(93>./#/"?2."<%9"#=:%9"*%/#<.9"9%("#=:%9"B%<2(:#­
/3%9+"Z(".J.=:%!"=%*%";3.("#=<#/#".<"G?23(#:.!"<%9"#=:%9"B%<2(:#/3%9"9%("<%9"
?2."3*6<3=#(".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%">.<"E("#<"=2#<"9.">3/3F.(+"p".9:#">39:3(=3C(".9"
6./:3(.(:."6%/?2."D#I".(:.9"?2."9."*2.B.("#"9H"*39*%9"bmovent seipsac"
6./%"(%":3.(.(".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%">.<"E("#<"=2#<"9."*2.B.(!"=%*%"92=.>."6%/"
.1.*6<%".(".<"=#9%">."<#"6<#(:#!"?2."9."*2.B."#"9H"*39*#"=2#(>%"=/.=.+"
@./%"(%"62.>.">.=3/9."?2."<#"6<#(:#"/.#<3=.!"#<"=/.=./!"2("#=:%"B%<2(:#/3%+"
Z("=%(9.=2.(=3#!"<%"B%<2(:#/3%"#F/.F#".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"#<"6/3(=363%">.<"*%B3­
*3.(:%+"p"=%*%".<"D%*;/."9."*2.B."#"9H"*39*%"I"#>.*A9":3.(."=%(%=3*3.(:%"
>.<"E("#<"=2#<"9.">3/3F.!"9."93F2."?2.".<"D%*;/."/.#<3L#"#=:%9"B%<2(:#/3%9+"
p" (%" 9C<%" .9%!" 93(%" ?2." .9" .(" ?23.(" 9." #6/.=3#" *AS3*#*.(:." .9:%" .(" .<"
*2(>%"(#:2/#<+"@#/#">.=3/<%"=%("<%9":N/*3(%9">."9#(:%"e%*A9!"jUnde, cum 4`
" M2#("M%9N"O#(F23(.:3!"!"ja#"9=.<:#"/#L3%(#<._"2("6/%;<.*#">3"E<%9%E#">.<<#"*.(:.".">.<<#"
(.2/%9=3.(L#k!".("V830(TB1/*-*GB180!"B%<+",g!"()*+"4!"455f!"66+"47g047f+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 39
13/06/13 11:55
75"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
B*=*(=0W1=&(8*A:*-803(<:&=(-71(*G&+1-(&3(=*6&03(-&1G-7=C(1:(&17-(083127-(
maxime voluntarium inveniturk+4g
Z<" D%*;/." .9" <3;/.!" 6./%" 92" <3;./:#>" .9:A" <3*3:#>#" 6%/" 92" *#:./3#<3>#>" b.<"
=2./6%".9".<"6/3*./"<H*3:.c"I"<%"?2."<#"=3/=2(9=/3;.+"a%"?2."<#"=3/=2(9=/3;."62.>."
9./"#<F%"*#:./3#<"%"#<F%"9%=3#<h"6%/".1.*6<%!".(".<"=#9%">."<%"6/3*./%"62.>."9./"
el ubi!"*3.(:/#9"?2."<%"9.F2(>%"62.>.("9./"<#9"(%/*#9"*%/#<.9+"@%/".9%".9"
?2."G(:%(3.::3".9=/3;."?2."ja#"*.(:."(%".9!".(".J.=:%!"<3;./:#>"#;9%<2:#!"93(%"
<3;./:#>"/#>3=#>#".("2(#"(#:2/#<.L#"6#/:3=2<#/"I".("2(#"=2<:2/#"6#/:3=2<#/"I!"6%/"<%"
:#(:%!"921.:#"#"<%9"BH(=2<%9"?2.":#<.9"/#H=.9"=%<%=#(k+4f"Z<"D%*;/.".S6./3*.(:#!"
J.(%*.(%<CF3=#*.(:.!" .9:#" <3;./:#>" <3*3:#>#!" 6./%" <3;./:#>" #" E(" >." =2.(:#9+"
O."#6/.=3#"=%*%"2("I%"#2:%=%(9=3.(:."?2."9."#2:%>.:./*3(#"#":/#BN9">."92"
#==3C(!"<#"=2#<":3.(."<#"=#/#=:./H9:3=#">."9./"3(:.(=3%(#<!"#<"3F2#<"?2."<%9"%;1.:%9"
>.<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"9.(93;<."I">.<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"3(:.<.=:2#<+"Z(".J.=:%!"<#"3(:.(­
=3%(#<3>#>!"=%*%"D#"/.B#<2#>%"<#"J.(%*.(%<%FH#">.9>."6/3(=363%9">.<"93F<%"XX!"
D#=."/.J./.(=3#"#<"%;1.:%">.<"#=:%!"9.#"N9:."=%F(%9=3:3B%"%"#6.:3:3B%+48 La acción .9"3(:.(=3%(#<"6%/?2."9."/.E./."#"2("%;1.:%":#(:%"3(*#(.(:."=%*%":/#(9.)(:.+"
[."<%"#(:./3%/"62.>."9.F23/9."?2.".<"D%*;/.".9"<%"*A9"#=:3B%"?2.".S39:.!"#<"
*.(%9".(".<"*2(>%"JH93=%+"Z(".J.=:%!".<"D%*;/.!"#<"6%9../"<3;./:#>!"6%/"<3*3:#>#"
?2."9.#!".9"=#6#L">."9./"=#29#"3(:.(=3%(#<".("2("9.(:3>%"*A9".<.B#>%"?2."<%9"
#(3*#<.9"926./3%/.9"I"?2."<#9"%:/#9"=#29#9"JH93=#9">.<"*2(>%+"G<"D%*;/."6/%­
63#*.(:."=%//.96%(>.".<"9./"#F.(:.h"#<"D%*;/."=%//.96%(>.!">."*#(./#"6/%63#!"
*%B./9."#"9H"*39*%+"a%9"%:/%9".(:.9!".(:/."<%9"?2.">.9=2.<<#("<%9"#(3*#<.9"
926./3%/.9!"9%("*%B3>%9"6%/"%:/%"I!"6%/":#(:%!"9%("*.(%9"#=:3B%9"?2.".<"D%*­
;/.+"[."#DH"?2."O#(F23(.:3".9=/3;#_"jO%<#*.(:."<#"6./9%(#"083X0(b.9"0A&:3&c"
B./>#>./#*.(:.".(".<"*2(>%!">.9>.".<"*%*.(:%"?2.".<"#=:2#/".96%(:A(.%">."
<%9"J.(C*.(%9"JH93=%9!"*#9".("92"J2./L#!".9"2("#=:2#/"?2."d2I.">."2(#"*#(./#"
x>#>#u!"93("#2:%0=%(:/%<"(3"6%93;3<3>#>">."B#/3#=3%(.9"?2.!"=2#(>%"*#(>#(!"9%("
.<"/.92<:#>%">."d2=:2#=3%(.9"#==3>.(:#<.9!">."#>#6:#=3%(.9"%">.".(=2.(:/%9"
=%("%:/#9"=#29#9"JH93=#9+"Z("=#*;3%!"<%"?2.".9"6/%>2=3>%"6%/"2(#"6./9%(#"3(­
:.(=3%(#<*.(:.!"B#<.">.=3/"el objeto intencionado b(%"%:/#9"=%9#9c".9":%>%"92I%_"
.9".<<#"<#"?2."D#"?2./3>%"I".9!".(".9:."9.(:3>%!"6<.(#*.(:."/.96%(9#;<.k+-5
a%" #(:./3%/" <<.B#" #" <#" 3(>39%<2;3<3>#>" .(:/." .<" I%" I" <#" .<.==3C(!" #=:%" 6/%63%"
>."<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#".("=2#(:%"#6.:.(:.+"Z(".J.=:%!"<#".<.==3C("=%//.96%(>."#"<#"
4g
" e+">."G?23(%!"M7==0(HB&*/*A10&! I­II!"?+"`"#+",=+
" G+"G(:%(3.::3!"ja#"*.(:.":/#"=./B.<<%"."#(3*#k!".("*G4(813+!"6+"4-8+
48
>?4" P#2/3=3%" W.2=D%:!" V:3+*G*/*A;0( </*-9<804( Y0810( 7:( G&+-*:0/1-=*( 0:0/9A18*N189:18*. P#>/3>!"Q2(>#=3C("Z**#(2.<"P%2(3./!"4557+
-5
" M+"M+"O#(F23(.:3!"ja#"9=.<:#"/#=3%(#<.rk!".("*G4(813+!"6+"4^,+
4f
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 40
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
7,
B%<2(:#>!"?2.".9"2(#"6%:.(=3#">."<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#"D2*#(#+"OC<%"<#"6./9%(#"62.­
>."9./"2("jI%k!"62.9".S3F."<#"#2:%=%(9=3.(=3#h"#9H"62.9!"93"<#"#2:%=%(9=3.(=3#"
.9"(.=.9#/3#"6#/#"6%>./"#9.F2/#/"<#"#2:%>.:./*3(#=3C(!"9."93F2."?2."9C<%".<"
D%*;/."62.>.".<.F3/+"@./%"<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#"D2*#(#"92.<."=%(J2(>3/9.".("#<F2(%9"
>39=2/9%9"9%;/."E<%9%JH#">."<#"*.(:."=%("<%"?2."6%>/H#"<<#*#/9."<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#"
9.(93;<."%".9:3*#:3B#">."<%9"#(3*#<.9+"Z9:%"<%"#:.9:3F2#"O#(F23(.:3"#<"#9.(:#/"
?2."6%/".<<%"(#=.("*2=D#9"=%(J293%(.9!"3(=<29%":./*3(%<CF3=#9!"=%*%"#6<3=#/"#"
<%9"#(3*#<.9"926./3%/.9"=%(=.6:%9"%"#=:%9"?2."(%"<.9"6./:.(.=.(!"=%*%".<"#=:%"
mental de pensar.-,"'F2#<*.(:.!".9:#"=%(J293C("62.>."#<#/F#/9."#"<%9"=#9%9"
.("?2."#"<%9"#(3*#<.9"926./3%/.9"9."<.9"#:/3;2I#"<#".<.==3C(">."*#(./#"6/%63#+"
@./%".9:%9")<:3*%9"(%"9%("#2:%=%(9=3.(:.9!"6%/"<%"=2#<"<#".<.==3C("(%".9"2("#=:%"
?2."<.9"6./:.(.L=#+"
&#<." <#" 6.(#" 6/%J2(>3L#/" 2(" 6%=%" *A9" .(" <%" /.J./.(:." #<" jI%k" =%(" :#<" >."
#=<#/#/"6%/"?2N".9"#<F%".S=<293B#*.(:."D2*#(%"I"6%/"?2N".9"J2(>#*.(:#<"6#/#"
.9:#;<.=./".<"BH(=2<%"=%("<#".<.==3C(+"Z("6/3*./"<2F#/!".<"D%*;/."(%"B3B.".("<#"
3(*.>3#:.L!"=%*%"#9.F2/#"Z*./3=D"]%/.:Dh"B3B.".("<#"*.>3#=3C(">."<#"3(*.­
>3#:.L!"<%"=2#<"?23./.">.=3/"?2."(%"9.".(=2.(:/#"B3(=2<#>%"3//.*.>3#;<.*.(:."
#"<%"?2."<."=3/=2(>#!"93(%"?2.":3.(."<#"=#6#=3>#>"6#/#">.9<3F#/9."3(=<29%">.<"
6/.9.(:."I"6/%I.=:#/9."D#=3#".<"J2:2/%+"[.".9:#"*#(./#!".<"D%*;/."9."9.6#/#"
>."<%"?2."(%".9".("9H"*39*%!"9."9.6#/#">."=2#(:%"(%".9"N<!"=%("<%"=2#<"=%(9:3­
:2I."<3(FyH9:3=#*.(:."#<"jI%k!"?2.".9".<"921.:%"D2*#(%+-4"Z9:."jI%k".S6/.9#>%"
<3(FyH9:3=#*.(:."9.".S6./3*.(:#"=%*%"#<F%"=%(=/.:%"I">.:./*3(#>%"?2."9.">.9­
:#=#">."<%"3(*.>3#:%!">."<%"=3/=2(>#(:.+"m%"(%9"#>.(:/#/.*%9".(".<".(:/#*#>%"
=%(=.6:2#<"#<"?2."(%9"=%(>2=.".9:#"=%(9:#:#=3C(">.<"jI%k"I"92"BH(=2<%"H(:3*%"
=%("<#"=%(=3.(=3#!"93(%"?2."(%9".(J%=#/.*%9">3/.=:#*.(:."#<"#=:%">."6.(9#/"
?2." .<" D%*;/." .S6./3*.(:#" =%*%" 92I%!" <%" =2#<" (%9" 6./*3:." #=<#/#/" #<F2(%9"
=#;%9"?2."9.">.1#/%("#;3./:%9".(".<"#6#/:#>%"#(:./3%/+"@#/#"=%*6/.(>./".9:."
#92(:%">.9>."<#"#(:/%6%<%FH#"E<%9CE=#!"9."/.?23./.":.(./"6/.9.(:."?2.".<"=%(%­
=3*3.(:%"D2*#(%":3.(."92"%/3F.("#":/#BN9">."<%9"9.(:3>%9!"?2.".9"<%"?2."92.<."
-,
Ibid+!"6+"4^4+
" p#".("e%*A9">."G?23(%"9."#6/.=3#"<#"(%=3C(">."921.:%!"?2."*2=D#9"B.=.9"9."#:/3;2I."#"<#"E<%9%JH#"
moderna. En el De unitate intellectus!":.S:%"=<A93=%">.<"G?23(#:."J/.(:."#"<%9"#B.//%H9:#9!"#9.F2/#"]%::3./"
?2."j'<"*.:"(%:#**.(:".("<2*3z/."2(."?2.9:3%("?2."<#"6D3<%9%6D3."6<#:%(3=3.((."({#B#3:"6#9">NF#FN."
6%2/".<<.0*|*.!"<#"?2.9:3%(">2"sujet pensant+"[#(9"<#"6%93:3%(">{GB.//%}9!"<{D%**."6/N=39N*.(:"({.9:"
6#9"2(."6./9%((.!"3<".9:"2("3(>3B3>2"#(3*#<"926N/3.2/!">%(:"<#"J#=2<:N"<#"6<29"D#2:.!"<{3*#F3(#:3%(!".(:/.".("
=%(:#=:"#B.="2("3(:.<<.=:"9N6#/N".:"2(3?2.kh".("=#*;3%!"6#/#"e%*A9">."G?23(%"ja{3(>3B3>2"D2*#3(".9:"2("
921.:"#2?2.<"9%(:"#::/3;2N9".("6/%6/.">.9"#=:3B3:N9"963/3:2.<<.9!"=%**."<#"6.(9N".:"<."B%2<%3/k+"bi.%/F.9"
]%::3./!"jZ:/.".:"6./9%((.w]/3:z/.9".:"=%%/>%((N.9">{2(">N;#:k!".("GG+&&+!"5*83*+(>*==7:1-4(Z--&+&(&(
persona+"&#:3=#(%!"@%(:3E=3#"G=#>.*3#"O#(=:3"eD%*#."G?23(#:39!"455`!"66+",8045+c
-4
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 41
13/06/13 11:55
74"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
llamarse conocimiento sensitivo. El conocimiento sensitivo es el conocimiento >."<%"3(*.>3#:%!">."<%"=3/=2(>#(:.+"@./%">.;3>%"#"?2.".<"D%*;/."(%"9."<3*3:#"#<"
=%(%=3*3.(:%"=3/=2(>#(:.!"I"=%*%".<"6.(9#*3.(:%"(%"=%(939:.".(".<<%!"#2(?2."
F.(./#<*.(:."B2.<B#"9%;/."N<!".9"(.=.9#/3%"6%9:2<#/"?2.".<"6.(9#*3.(:%".9">."
otro orden.-- De ahí que Coreth asegure lo siguiente: El conocimiento puramente 9.(93:3B%"?2.>#"6.(.:/#>%"I"926./#>%"6%/"%:/%".<.*.(:%!"9C<%"=%(".<"=2#<".<"
=%(%=3*3.(:%"9."D#=."6/%63#*.(:."D2*#(%"qrs"Z<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"9.(93:3B%">.<"
D%*;/."9.".S6./3*.(:#"I".(:3.(>."93.*6/.".("<#"=%(=3.(=3#!"9."=#6:#"I"/..<#­
;%/#"=%(".<"6.(9#*3.(:%+"a%"6/%63%">.<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"D2*#(%"I"#?2.<<%"?2."<."
=#/#=:./3L#".9".<"pensamiento+"G9H!".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"9.(93:3B%".9:A":/#(9J%/*#>%"
por el conocimiento intelectivo o pensamiento.-7
Z<"6.(9#*3.(:%"D2*#(%".9!"#">3J./.(=3#">.<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"9.(93:3B%!"2("=%­
(%=3*3.(:%"=%(=.6:2#<!"*.>3#>%!"=3./:#*.(:.!"6%/".<"<.(F2#1.!"?2.":3.(."=%*%"
función representarlo. El conocimiento conceptual ha sido tradicionalmente ad­
12>3=#>%"#"<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#"D2*#(#!"?2.".("92">.96<3.F2."=%*%"intellectus o !"#$ :3.(."=%*%"%;1.:3B%"<../">.(:/%">."<#9"=%9#9"*39*#9"b1:37-(/&A&+&c+"[."#DH"?2."
.<"G?23(#:."#9.F2/."?2."D#I">3J./.(=3#".(:/.".<"9.(:3>%"bsensusc"I".<"3(:.<.=:%_"
“>*A:131*(-&:-13160(*887G037+(81+80(L70/1303&-(-&:-121/&-(&W3&+1*+&-[(8*A:131*(073&=(
intellectiva penetrat usque ad essentiam rei, obiectum enim intellectus es quod ?23>".9:k+-^ Esto no quiere decir que la potencialidad a desarrollar por el intelecto .9:N">.9B3(=2<#>#">.<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"9.(93:3B%!"6./%".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"3(:.<.=:3B%".9"
>."2("%/>.(">39:3(:%":#<"?2."6./*3:."#<"D%*;/."6.(.:/#/!"#2(?2."9.#"<3*3:#>#*.(:."
b>3=.".<"G?23(#:.".("<#"*39*#"=2.9:3C(_"jLumen autem naturale nostri intellectus &-3(<:130&(61+3731-kc!".(".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%">."<#9"=%9#9+"Z9"6/.=39#*.(:."<%"?2."(%"
62.>."D#=./".<";/2:%!"62.9".<"=%(%=3*3.(:%"3(:.<.=:3B%"6./*3:."=%(=.6:2#<3L#/"I"
/.6/.9.(:#/"<%9"=%(=.6:%9"#":/#BN9">.<"<.(F2#1.!"B.DH=2<%"*.>3#(:.".<"=2#<".<"9./"
D2*#(%"63.(9#+"Z9"#?2H">%(>."<#":.939">."]%/.:D"#>?23./."*#I%/"/.<.B#(=3#"(%"
9C<%"6#/#".<"6.(9#/!"93(%"?2.":3.(."/.9%(#(=3#9"6#/#"<#"<3;/.".<.==3C(+"[3=.".<"
E<C9%J%"#29:/3#=%_
Z<"#=:%">."6.(9#/!"=%(".<"?2."J%/*#*%9"%"=#6:#*%9".<"=%(=.6:%!".9:A">.<3­
*3:#>%".(".<".96#=3%"I".(".<":3.*6%":%>#"B.L"?2."6.(9#*%9"#?2H"I"#D%/#+"
@./%" .<" =%(:.(3>%" 62/%" >.<" 6.(9#*3.(:%!" .9" >.=3/!" .<" =%(:.(3>%" <CF3=%" ?2."
-" O2.<."93(:.:3L#/9."<#"3>.#"#9H_".<"6.(9#*3.(:%":3.(."2(#">.6.(>.(=3#".S:/H(9.=#"#"<#"*#:./3#!"
>?4"M%9N"~(F.<"i#/=H#"]2#>/#>%!"V:3+*G*/*A;0(</*-9<80+"7#+".>+"@#*6<%(#!"Z2(9#!"455f!"66+"f50f^+
-7
" Z*./3=D" ]%/.:D!" \]7^( &-( &/( B*=2+&_( Z-L7&=0( ,&( 7:0( 0:3+*G*/*A;0( </*-9<80. Trad. de ]<#2>3%"i#(=D%+"`#+".>+"W#/=.<%(#!"K./>./!",88,!"6+",4,+
-^
" e+">."G?23(%!"M7==0(HB&*/*A10&!"II­II!"?+"f"#+",=+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 42
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
7-
#6/.D.(>.*%9".(".<"=%(=.6:%!"(%".9:A"=%*%":#<"<3F#>%"#"2("62(:%">.<":3.*­
6%"I">.<".96#=3%h";3.("#<"=%(:/#/3%!"62.>."#6<3=#/9."#"=2#<.9?23./#"%;1.:%9"
6#/:3=2<#/.9".*6<#L#>%9".("<%9"<2F#/.9"I":3.*6%9"*A9">3B./9%9+"ZB3>.(=3#"
#9H".<"=%(=.6:%"?2."(%".9:A"9%*.:3>%"#"<#9"<.I.9">.<":3.*6%"I">.<".96#=3%"
I" ?2." :/#9=3.(>." .9.(=3#<*.(:."<#9" >3*.(93%(.9" >." <#" .S39:.(=3#" *#:./3#<!"
>.:./*3(#>#"I"<3*3:#>#".96#=3#<"I":.*6%/#<*.(:.+-`
Z<"D%*;/.!"F/#=3#9"#<"6.(9#*3.(:%!"(%".9:A"B3(=2<#>%">."*#(./#"/#>3=#<"#<"
.(:%/(%!"93(%"?2.".9"=#6#L">."6/%I.=:#/9."*A9"#<<A">."N<!"/%*63.(>%"<#9";#//./#9"
.96#=3%0:.*6%/#<.9"#"<#9"=2#<.9".9:A("9%*.:3>%9"<%9">.*A9".(:.9"(#:2/#<.9+"
Z(".J.=:%!"N9:#"6#/.=."9./"<#"/#LC("6%/"<#"?2."]%/.:D"=%(93>./#"?2.".<"*2(>%"
>.<"6.(9#*3.(:%".9=#6#"#"<#".9J./#">.<"9./"%;1.:3B%0*#:./3#<!"62.9".<"D%*;/."
.9"=#6#L">."J%/*2<#/"=%(=.6:%9"=2I%"=%(:.(3>%"<CF3=%"(%"9."<3*3:#"#"<#9"=%9#9"
*#:./3#<.9"I"9.(93;<.9!"=%*%".(".<"=#9%">."<%9"=%(=.6:%9"6%93;<.!"(.=.9#/3%!"
;2.(%!"*#<%!"(#>#!".:=N:./#+"a%"?2."#;#/=#(":#<.9"=%(=.6:%9"(%"9."<3*3:#"#"<%"
*#:./3#<!"93(%"?2."<%":/#9=3.(>.(+"]%*%"9."#>.<#(:C".(".<"=2#/:%"#6#/:#>%!".9"
6%93;<."#/F2*.(:#/"#"6#/:3/">."<#"2(3B./9#<3>#>">."<%9"=%(=.6:%9!".9">.=3/!"6%/"
92"=%(:.(3>%"<CF3=%+"[.".9:#"92./:.!".9"6%93;<."#E/*#/"?2."<%9"=%(=.6:%9"(%"
9%(">."%/>.("*#:./3#<!"93(%"3(*#:./3#<+"O3".<"6.(9#*3.(:%"D2*#(%!"*#(3J.9:#>%"
.("92"#=:%"6/3*#/3%">."=%(=.6:2#/!".9"#<F%".9.(=3#<*.(:.">39:3(:%">."<#9"=%9#9"
*#:./3#<.9"6%/?2."9%;/.6#9#"<#9"=%(>3=3%(.9"I"<.I.9">."<#"*#:./3#!".<"6.(9#*3.(­
:%"D2*#(%".9"#<F%".9.(=3#<*.(:.">39:3(:%"#"<#"*#:./3#!"#2(?2.".J.=:3B#*.(:."
>.6.(>.">.".<<#"6#/#"92"/.#<3L#=3C("D2*#(#+"@./%">.".9:%")<:3*%"(%"9."93F2."
?2."9C<%"#"6#/:3/">."<%9"6/%=.9%9"JH93=%9"9.#"6%93;<.">#/"/#LC(">.<"6.(9#*3.(:%"
D2*#(%+"@%/".<<%"*39*%".9"?2.".<"D%*;/."6.(9#(:.":/#9=3.(>."6%/".9.(=3#"<#"
>3*.(93C(">."<#"*#:./3#!".9">.=3/!"jv2."6%9.."2(#"J#=2<:#>"?2.".(:3:#:3B#*.(:."
I#"(%"6./:.(.=."#<".9:/#:%"*#:./3#<"93(%"?2.".(:/#".("2(#"=#:.F%/H#"%(:%<CF3=#"
.9.(=3#<*.(:."926./3%/"I"?2.!".("=%(9.=2.(=3#!".9#"J#=2<:#>!"?2."<<#*#*%9"
1:3&/1A&:810(o +0`9:!".9"2(#"J#=2<:#>"3(*#:./3#<!".963/3:2#<k+-g
Z(")<:3*%"#(A<3939!"<#"#2:%=%(9=3.(=3#!".<"6.(9#*3.(:%"D2*#(%"I":%>%"<%"?2."
ello implica son actos del !"#$ o intellectus >.<"D%*;/.+"[.9>."<#"E<%9%JH#"=<A93­
=#!"#<"*.(%9">.9>."@<#:C("I"G/39:C:.<.9!"92.<."#E/*#/9."?2.".<"D%*;/."6%9.."
!"#$+"@#/.=."?2."/.3(:/%>2=3.(>%"<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#"D2*#(#".("92"9.(:3>%">."!"#$ .9"6%93;<."#9.F2/#/"#<"D%*;/."<#"#2:%=%(9=3.(=3#!".<"6.(9#*3.(:%"I!"6%/":#(:%!"
<#".<.==3C(+"m%"?23./.">.=3/".9:%"?2.".(".<"D%*;/."9.">.9=2;/#("#=:%9".("<%9"
?2."(%":3.(."6#/:.".<"=2./6%"I".<"*2(>%"*#:./3#<+"Z<"=2./6%"I"<#"*#:./3#"(%"9%("
-`
-g
" Z+"]%/.:D!"*G4(8134!"6+",47+
U21,4!"66+",4g0,4f+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 43
13/06/13 11:55
44"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
impedimentos o antítesis del !"#$!"93(%"?2."9%("92"<2F#/"I"*.>3%"6#/#"/.#<3L#/9.+-f a%" #(:./3%/" 6#/.=." :.(./" =%(9%(#(=3#" =%(" <%" ?2." O#(F23(.:3" .9=/3;.+" [."
#=2./>%"=%("N<_"
a#9"j=#29#9k">."<#9".<.==3%(.9"9%("=%*6<.1#9"I"%6./#("#">39:3(:%9"(3B.<.9+"
O3("B./<#9"B#(#*.(:.!"9.F)(".<"*%>.<%"jD2*3#(%k">."<#"=#29#<3>#>!":H63=%"
>.<" >2#<39*%" 3(:./#==3%(39:#" I" >." <#9" =%(9.=2.(:.9" /.#==3%(.9" =%(:/#/3#9"
*%(39:#9!"<#".<.==3C("(#=."%/3F3(#/3#*.(:.">.<"I%"#2:%0#=:3B%+"O3".9:."62(:%"
9."3F(%/#"%">.9=#<3E=#!"<#".<.==3C(">.F.(./#".("2("93*6<."j92=.>./k">.<"=2#<"
(3(F2(%".9"/.96%(9#;<.!"93(%"9C<%"<%9"*.=#(39*%9"693=%(.2/#<.9"I"9%=3#<.9+"
O29"=#29#9"9%(">396%93:3B#9!"9%("=%*%"3(B3:#=3%(.9!"3*62<9%9!">3/.==3%(.9!"
3(>2==3%(.9+"Z("92"=%(J/%(:#=3C("9."#;/."#"<#"B%<2(:#>".<".96#=3%">.=393%(#<"
b.96#=3%">3(A*3=%c+
p"*A9"#>.<#(:."#9.F2/#_
Cualquier elección humana nace de un cierto trasfondo o a08bA+*7:, cogni­
:3B%"I":.(>.(=3#<!"6/3*./%"#"2("(3B.<"=%(9:3:2:3B%"b6#/#<.<%"#<"F.(N:3=%"?2."9."
>#".(".<"%/FA(3=%c!"<2.F%"#"2("(3B.<"3(>3B3>2#<3L#>%"9.F)("<#9"=3/=2(9:#(=3#9"
6./9%(#<.9">."=#>#"2(%+"G"(3B.<"=%F(3:3B%".9:A("6/.9.(:.9!".(".9:."9.(:3>%!"
<#9"=/..(=3#9"I"<%9"DA;3:%9">."<#"6./9%(#!"I"#"(3B.<":.(>.(=3#<"929"3(=<3(#=3%­
(.9!"B3=3%9"%"B3/:2>.9k+-8"Z9"=<#/%"?2.".<"#=:%">.">.=393C(!"=%(".<"=2#<":3.(."92"
%/3F.(".<"#=:%"*%/#<"=%//.96%(>."#"2(".B.(:%".(".<"?2."3(:./#=:)#("*)<:36<.9"
(3B.<.9" >." /.#<3>#>!" <%" =2#<" /.96%(>.!" 6/.=39#*.(:.!" #" <#" 2(3>#>" D2*#(#!"
62.9".<"D%*;/.".9"2(3>#>">.">39:3(:%9"(3B.<.9"%(:%<CF3=%9+"[."D.=D%!".9:%"
)<:3*%"6#/.=."9./"<#"/#LC("6%/"<#"?2."9."D#"=%(93>./#>%"#<"D%*;/."=%*%"2("
microcosmos.75
@./%"/.:%*#(>%".<"6/%;<.*#">."<#"<3;./:#>"bI"6%/".(>.">."<#".<.==3C(c"I"92"
/.<#=3C("=%(".<"=./.;/%!"6#/.=."?2."O#(F23(.:3"*39*%";/3(>#"2(#"F2H#"=%(B.­
(3.(:."6#/#"*#(:.(./"<#"<3;./:#>"I!"6%/":#(:%!".<"#=:%"*%/#<+"Z(".J.=:%!".<"E<C9%J%"
ítalo­argentino parte de la tesis de que es evidente que las elecciones pueden ser %;9./B#>#9".("92";#9."(.2/%(#<!"6./%"9C<%"3(>3/.=:#*.(:.+"e#<"B.L"<#"6/.F2(:#"
*A9"=#(>.(:.!".(".9:."=%(:.S:%!".9"<#"93F23.(:._"n.9"=%*6#:3;<."<#"<3;./:#>"=%("
.<".B.(:%"=#29#<"%/FA(3=%"%;9./B#>%o
-f
>?4"M%9.6D"i.B#./:!"Z/(G+*2/&=0(,&/(B*=2+&. e/#>+">."G<J%(9%"•/:3L+",,a+".>+"O#<#*#(=#!"
OHF2.*.!",88g!"6+",75+
-8
" M+"M+"O#(F23(.:3!"ja#"9=.<:#"/#=3%(#<.rk!".("*G4(813+!"6+"4^-+
75
>?4" P+" W.2=D%:!" I18+*8*-=*-4( Z/( B*=2+&( 8*=*( 8*=G&:,1*( ,&/( -&++" O#<:3<<%!" R(3B./93>#>"
G2:C(%*#">."]%#D23<#!"4558+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 44
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
7^
e#<"6#/.=."?2.">.;."=%*6/.(>./9."#<"J.(C*.(%">."<#".<.==3C("D2*#(#".("
.<"*#/=%">."2(#".:3%<%FH#"#*6<3#!".9">.=3/!"2(#".:3%<%FH#"?2."(%"9."/.>2L=#"#"
<#"=#29#<3>#>"E93=#<39:#+"@%/".<<%!"O#(F23(.:3">39:3(F2.":/.9"(3B.<.9">."=#29#<3­
>#>"693=%9%*A:3=#"3(:.(=3%(#<".("9.F23*3.(:%">."<#"Z9=2.<#+"Z("6/3*./"<2F#/!"
93:)#"<#9"J2(=3%(.9"9.(93:3B%0B.F.:#:3B#9h".("9.F2(>%!"<#9"J2(=3%(.9"9.(93:3B#9"
3(:.(=3%(#<.9"#<:#9!"?2."=%//.96%(>./H#(":#*;3N("#"<%9"#(3*#<.9"b926./3%/.9ch"
E(#<*.(:.!" <#9" #=:3B3>#>.9" =%F(3:3B#9" I" :.(>.(=3#<.9" 926./3%/.9" >.<" D%*;/.!"
.(">%(>."9.">#"2(#"=#29#<3>#>">."#//3;#"D#=3#"#;#1%+"[."#=2./>%"=%(".9:."
E<C9%J%!"<#9"J2(=3%(.9"9.(93:3B#9"3(:.(=3%(#<.9"#<:#9"I#"=%*6%/:#("2(#"=3./:#"
3(:.(=3%(#<3>#>" :/#(9%/FA(3=#!" <#" =2#<" 9." B." /.;#9#>#" #;39*#<*.(:." 6%/" <#9"
#=:3B3>#>.9"926./3%/.9"D2*#(#9+"Z(".<"=#9%"D2*#(%".9:#"=#29#<3>#>">."#//3;#"
D#=3#"#;#1%"#>?23./."=%((%:#=3%(.9".96.=3#<.9!"62.9".<"6.(9#*3.(:%!"=%*%"
9.">31%!".9:A";#9#>%".("#=:%9"3(*#:./3#<.9!"<%"=2#<"(%">.9=#/:#!"=%*%":#*;3N("
9."D#"92;/#I#>%!"<#"3*6<3=#=3C("*#:./3#<"?2."9.">#".(".<"=%*62.9:%"D2*#(%+"
[.".9:#"92./:.!"<#":.939">."O#(F23(.:3!"?2."62.>."=%*6#/:3/"6%/"9262.9:%"2(#"
E<%9%JH#">."<#"*.(:."92E=3.(:.*.(:."#*6<3#!".:3%<CF3=#*.(:."D#;<#(>%!"6%(>./#"
<%9".9:2>3%9"9%;/.".<"=./.;/%"I"<#9"(.2/%(#9"=%*%"*2I"):3<.9"6%/?2._"
m%9".S6<3=#(";3.("<#9"3(>396%93=3%(.9"=./.;/#<.9"?2.">39*3(2I.("%"#(2<#("<#"
<3;./:#>">."(2.9:/#9">.=393%(.9!"<<.B#(>%"#<"#=:%"D2*#(%"#"2(#">.F/#>#=3C("%"
#"92">.9%/F#(3L#=3C(+"a#";#9."=./.;/#<!"=%(93>./A(>%<#"9C<%".("92">3*.(93C("
%/FA(3=#!".9"2(#"=%(>3=3C("(.=.9#/3#"6./%"(%"92E=3.(:."6#/#"(2.9:/#9".<.=­
=3%(.9+"m%":3.(.("9.(:3>%!".("=%(9.=2.(=3#!".S6/.93%(.9"=%*%"j<#9"(.2/%(#9"
>.=3>.(k!"j<#"=%/:.L#"6/.J/%(:#<">.=3>.k"I"%:/#9"9.*.1#(:.9+"Z<3F."9%<#*.(:."
.<"I%"b<#"6./9%(#c".("=2#(:%"#=:)#".("92"%6./#=3C("B%<3:3B#"3(=%/6%/#>#".(".<"
=./.;/%+"m%"9.".<3F."93("2("=./.;/%".("#=:3B3>#>!"6./%"(%".<3F.".<"=./.;/%+7,
Z9:%">.*2.9:/#"?2.".<"D%*;/.!"#"6.9#/">."92"6%:.(=3#<"%"3(:.(=3%(#<3>#>"
3(E(3:#"=2I%"929:.(:%".9".<"!"#$!":3.(."*2=D#9"<3*3:#=3%(.9">.;3>%"#"92"*#:./3#­
<3>#>+"a#"*#:./3#<3>#>"93.*6/."=%*6%/:#"<H*3:.9!"I".(".9:%"/#>3=#"2(#"6#/#>%1#"
D2*#(#+"@./%"#"6.9#/">.":%>%!".<"!"#$(/.6/.9.(:#"<#"F#/#(:H#">.<"6.(9#*3.(:%!"
<#"#2:%=%(=3.(=3#"I"<#"<3;./:#>">.<"D%*;/.+"Q3(=#>#".(".<"!"#$!"<#"<3;./:#>"62.­
de entenderse como la capacidad que tiene la voluntad para determinarse en #<F2(#">3/.==3C(+"Z(".J.=:%!"<#"B%<2(:#>".9"<#"=#6#=3>#>"?2.":3.(.".<".(:."3(:.<3­
F.(:."6#/#"3(=<3(#/9."6%/"9H"*39*%"#<";3.(+"@%/".9%".9"?2.".<"G?23(#:."#9.F2/#"
?2.".<".(:."?2."9."3(=<3(#"#<";3.(".("B3/:2>">."2("=%(%=3*3.(:%"?2."9."<<.F#"#"
=%(%=./"*.>3#(:.".<".(:.(>3*3.(:%!".9">.=3/!">#(>%"/#LC(">."N<!"9."3(=<3(#"#<"
7,
" M+"M+"O#(F23(.:3!"ja#"9=.<:#"/#=3%(#<.rk!".("*G4(813+!"6+"4`f
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 45
13/06/13 11:55
7`"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
;3.(" 2(3B./9#<" bquasi inclinata in ipsum universale bonumc" I" (%" .9:A" >3/3F3>%"
)(3=#*.(:."#<";3.("6%/"%:/%"bnon quidem quasi ab alio solummodo directa in bonumc+74"@%/"9262.9:%"?2."<%9"#(3*#<.9!"=%*%".<"6/%63%"O#(F23(.:3"/.=#<=#!"
.<3F.("3*6/%63#*.(:.!"6./%"(%">."2("*%>%"2(3B./9#<!"=%*%"62.>."D#=./<%".<"
9./"D2*#(%+"[."#DH":#*;3N("?2.".<"Doctor communis asiente lo siguiente con 92"6/.=393C("=#/#=:./H9:3=#"=%("/.96.=:%"#<"<3;/."#/;3:/3%_
K#I"#<F2(#9"q=%9#9s"?2."(%"#=:)#("6%/"(3(F)("#/;3:/3%!"93(%"6%/"<%9"#=:%9"I"
*%B3*3.(:%9">."%:/%9!"=%*%"<#"d.=D#"9."*2.B."#<"E("*./=.>".<"#/?2./%+"K#I"
%:/#9"?2.".("B./>#>"#=:)#("6%/"2("#/;3:/3%!"6./%"(%"<3;/.!"=%*%"<%9"#(3*#<.9"
3//#=3%(#<.9_"#9H!".<"=%/>./%"9."#<.1#">.<"<%;%"6%/"2("=3./:%"123=3% bex quodam iudicioc 6%/".<"=2#<".9:3*#"?2.".9"(%=3B%"6#/#".<<#h"6./%".9:."123=3%"(%".9"<3;/.!"
93(%">#>%"6%/"<#"(#:2/#<.L# bsed a natura inditumc+"@./%"9C<%"<%"?2.":3.(."3(­
:.<.=:%"62.>."#=:2#/"=%("2("123=3%"<3;/.!".("=2#(:%"=%(%=."<#"/#LC("2(3B./9#<"
>.";3.( b1:L70:37=(8*A:*-813(7:16&+-0/&=(+031*:&=(2*:1c"62.>."12LF#/"?2."
.9:%" %" #?2.<<%" .9" ;2.(%+" [." >%(>." 9." 93F2." ?2." >%(>." D#I" 3(:.<.=:%" D#I"
<3;/."#/;3:/3%+7-
Z(".J.=:%!"F/#=3#9"#"?2.".<"D%*;/."6%9.."3(:.<.=:%"%(!"#$!"62.>."=%(%=./"
<#" /#LC(" 2(3B./9#<" >.<" ;3.(h" 62.>." 12LF#/" ?2." .9:%" %" <%" %:/%" .9" ;2.(%+" @./%"
=%*%".<";3.(".9"3(E(3:%!"#<"*.(%9".("6%:.(=3#!"62.>."9.F23/9."?2."#9H"<%".9"<#"
=#6#=3>#>"D2*#(#"6#/#":.(>./!"#*#/"%"?2././+"]3./:#*.(:.".<"=%(=.6:%">.";3.("
9."=%(B3./:."=%(".<">.".(:.!"D%/3L%(:."#"6#/:3/">.<"=2#<"9."*2.B."<#"3(:.<3F.(=3#"
I!"6%/":#(:%!".<"D%*;/.+"[."#DH"?2."]%/.:D"#9.F2/."?2.".<"D%*;/."6%9.."2(#"
=#6#=3>#>".9.(=3#<*.(:.">39:3(:#">."<#"*#:./3#+"G9H"62.9!"93.(>%".<"=./.;/%"2("
C/F#(%!"I"=%*%":#<!"E(3:%!"9."93F2."?2."(%".9"92E=3.(:."6#/#".S6<3=#/"<#"3(E(3:2>"
3(:.(=3%(#<">.<"D%*;/.!":#(:%"=%F(%9=3:3B#"=%*%"#6.:3:3B#*.(:.+
Z9:#"3(E(3:2>"62.>."B./9."/.d.1#>#".(".<"123=3%"D2*#(%"?2."B./9#"9%;/."<%"
=%(:3(F.(:.!".9">.=3/!"9%;/.".<"123=3%"?2."62.>."#>?23/3/"2(#">3/.==3C("2"%:/#+"
[.".9:#"*#(./#!".<"#=:%"D2*#(%"bI"6%/":#(:%".<"*%/#<c!"?2.":3.(."92";#9.".("2("
123=3%">.".9:#"(#:2/#<.L#!"62.>."9.F23/"2(#">3/.==3C("2"%:/#+"Z9:%"?23./.">.=3/"
?2.".<"123=3%"6/A=:3=%"non est determinatum ad unum+"@%/":#(:%!".<"#=:%"*%/#<"
(%".9:A">.:./*3(#>%+"G9H!".<"<3;/."#<;.>/H%"%"<3;./:#>">."<#"B%<2(:#>".9"=#29#">.<"
*%B3*3.(:%">.<"D%*;/.!"62.9"#?2N<".9"2(#"6%:.(=3#"?2."9."#=:2#<3L#"6/.=39#­
*.(:."=%(J%/*."9.".(123=3#"%".<3F."I!"6%/":#(:%!"9."#=:)#+44 74
" e+">."G?23(%!"M7==0(HB&*/*A10&!"I!"?+"^8"#+"4=+
U21,4!"I!"?+"^8"#+"-=!"b<#":/#>2==3C(".9"*H#c+
44
" ]%("/.96.=:%"#"<#"6%:.(=3#!".9"2("6/3(=363%"*.:#JH93=%"?2."9.">.E(."6%/"92"#=:%+"[.".9:#"
92./:.!"jM18(G&+(B7:8(0837=(L71(&-3(/12&+7=(17,1817=C(:*=1:037+(G*3&:310(L70&(&-3(B717-(0837-(
7-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 46
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
7g
GD%/#";3.(!".(".<"#=:%">."<#"<3;./:#>!"J2.(:.">.<"#=:%"*%/#<!"=%(=2//.(":#(:%"
<#"6#/:."#6.:3:3B#"=%*%"<#"=%F(%9=3:3B#">.<"D%*;/.+"@%/".<<%".9"?2.".<"=%(=.6:%"
de a08bA+*7:,">."O.#/<.":3.(.".=%"=%("<#"6%9:2/#">.<"G?23(#:.!"62.9"9."/.E./."
#<"=%(:.S:%">%(>."9.">#".<"#=:%"3(:.(=3%(#<+7^"Z(".J.=:%!"6#/#"e%*A9">."G?23(%"
<#"(#:2/#<.L#">.<"<3;/."#/;3:/3%"9.".9:2>3#"#"6#/:3/">."<#".<.==3C(!".(">%(>."=%(­
=2//.(":#(:%"<%"=%F(%9=3:3B%"=%*%"#6.:3:3B%+"@%/"2(#"6#/:.!".9">.=3/!"jEx parte L71,&=(8*A:13160&(61+3731-C(+&L71+137+(8*:-1/17=C(G&+(L7*,(,117,18037+(L71,(-13(0/3&+1(
praeferendumkh"6%/"<#"%:/#!".9">.=3/!"jEx parte autem appetitivae, requiritur quod appetendo acceptetur id quod per consilium diiudicaturk+"Z("9H(:.939!".<"<3;/."#/­
;3:/3%"/.?23./.":#(:%">.<"=%(9.1%"bconsiliumc"=%*%">."<#"#=.6:#=3C("baccepteturc"
de lo que determina el consejo.7`"Z9".("<#"3(E(3:2>"6%:.(=3#<"?2."I#">.9=/3;3*%9"
.("<#"=2#<"9."E(=#"<#"<3;./:#>">.<"D%*;/.!"?23.(!"=%*%"3(939:."O#(F23(.:3!"(%"
.9:A">.96/%B39:%">."<H*3:.9"#=:2#<.9!"<%9"=2#<.9"9."6%(.(">."*#(3E.9:%"6/.­
=39#*.(:.".(".<"=%(9.1%+"Z9:%".9"2("D.=D%"?2."=#>#"2(%"62.>."=%*6/%;#/"
3(:./3%/*.(:._"=%(J%/*."*A9"9."=%(%=.!".9"6/%;#;<."?2.".<"=%(9.1%"?2."=#>#"
2(%"9.">N"9%;/."<%9"*.>3%9"=%(>2=.(:.9"#<"E("9.#"*A9"9.F2/%"I"):3<h".("=#*;3%!"
=%(J%/*."9."=%(%=."*.(%9!".9"6/%;#;<."?2.".<"=%(9.1%"9.#"*.(%9"9.F2/%"I"
):3<+"@%/".1.*6<%!"?23.(".9"1%B.("."3(.S6./:%!".9"6/%;#;<."?2.".<"=%(9.1%">."92"
.(:.(>3*3.(:%"I".<"=%(9.(9%">."92"B%<2(:#>"9.#("*A9"<3*3:#>%9"=%("/.96.=:%"#"
<%9">."D%*;/.".S6./3*.(:#>%+"@./%"#)("=%(":%>%!":#(:%".("2(%"=%*%".("%:/%!"
.("*.(%/"I"*#I%/"*.>3>#!"62.>.">#/9."<#"<3;./:#>"%"<3;/."#/;3:/3%+"O3(">2>#!".<"
.S6./3*.(:#>%".9"*A9"/.96%(9#;<."?2.".<"1%B.(">.;3>%"#"92"*#I%/"#=:2#<3>#>"
tanto intelectiva como volitiva. a#"B393C("D3<.*C/E=#"%"#(#<CF3=#">.<"D%*;/."6./*3:."=%(=.;3/"2(#"=#29#<3­
>#>">."#//3;#"D#=3#"#;#1%".("<%9"#=:%9"6/%63#*.(:."D2*#(%9!"=%*%".(:.(>./"I"
?2././!"#9H"=%*%".<.F3/!".<"=2#<":3.(."6#/:.">.<".(:.(>./"I">.<"?2././+"@./%".9:#"
B393C(":#*;3N(":3.(."=%(=3.(=3#">."<#9"<3*3:#=3%(.9"#=:2#<.9">."=#>#"D%*;/.".("
6#/:3=2<#/!"62.9".<"=%(12(:%">."929".S6./3.(=3#9!"DA;3:%9!".:=+!"#9H"=%*%"<%"?2."
<."=3/=2(>#!"=%*6%/:#("<H*3:.9"6#/#"<#"<3;./:#>+"Z*6./%!"62.>."#E/*#/9."?2.".<"
principiumk+"be+">."G?23(%!"M7==0(HB&*/*A10&!" I!"?+"f-"#+"4"#>",+c"Z(".J.=:%!">.<"#=:%"<3;/.">."
12LF#/!"9."93F2."?2.".<"D%*;/.".9:A".("6%:.(=3#"6#/#"<<.B#/<%"#"=#;%h".9:#"6%:.(=3#"(%".9"%:/#"
?2.".<"<3;/."#/;3:/3%+
7^
" @#/#"O.#/<.!".<"a08bA+*7:,"=%(939:.".("2(#"9./3.">."=#6#=3>#>.9!"D#;3<3>#>.9"I"9#;./.9"=%*%"
bb:*)NB*)c"?2."6./*3:."#"<%9".9:#>%9"*.(:#<.9"b3(:.(=3%(#<.9c"J2(=3%(#/h"6./%".<"a08bA+*7:, no es 3(:.(=3%(#<".("9H"*39*%+"@%/".9%".9=/3;._"j'(:.(:3%(#<"6D.(%*.(#"92=D"#9"*.#(3(F9!"2(>./9:#(>3(F9!"
3(:./6/.:#:3%(9!";.<3J9!">.93/.9!"#(>".S6./3.(=.9"%(<I"J2(=:3%("X3:D3("#"9.:"%J"W#=tF/%2(>"=#6#=3:3.9"
:D#:"#/."(%:":D.*9.<B.9"3(:.(:3%(#<k!"bM+"O.#/<.!"HB&(D&,1-8*6&+'(*?(3B&(I1:,!"66+",g^"I"66+c
7`
" e+">."G?23(%!"M7==0(HB&*/*A10&!"I!"?+"f-"#+"-=+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 47
13/06/13 11:55
7f"
M#=%;"W2F#(L#"
D%*;/.".9"<3;/."F/#=3#9"#<"!"#$".(=#/(#>%"?2."=#>#"921.:%"6%9..!"#2(?2."93("
>2>#"9.":/#:#">."2(#"<3;./:#>"<3*3:#>#+"
Conclusión
O."62.>."#6/.=3#/"<#"=%*6<.13>#>"3*6<3=#>#".(".<"6/%;<.*#">."<#"<3;./:#>"I!"6%/"
:#(:%!">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"?2."3(B%<2=/#"#"<#"N:3=#"=%*%"62(:%"J%=#<+"ZB3>.(:.*.(:."
.9:."6/%;<.*#!"=.(:/#<".("<#9">39=293%(.9"E<%9CE=#9"D%>3./(#9"#"6#/:3/">."<#9"
(.2/%=3.(=3#9!" (%" .9:A" L#(1#>%" >.<" :%>%+" a#" =3.(=3#" .S6./3*.(:#<" (%" 9." D#"
6/%(2(=3#>%"9%;/.":%>%9"<%9"6/%;<.*#9h"6%/"92"<#>%!"<#"E<%9%JH#"/.?23./.">."<#"
B3/:2>">."<#":.*6./#(=3#"6#/#"9.$#<#/".<"6#9%">.<"(#:2/#<39*%"*.:%>%<CF3=%"#<"
%(:%<CF3=%+"G93*39*%!"2(#"E<%9%JH#"D3<.*C/E=#"%"#(#<CF3=#">."<#"*.(:."6#/:."
>."<#"3>.#!">39:3(:#">.<"E93=#<39*%!">."?2."<#"*.(:."(%".9"2(#"*A?23(#!".9">.=3/!"
?2."(%"9.":/#:#">."2(#".(:3>#>"*.=A(3=#!"#2(?2.":.(F#"92"929:.(:%"*#:./3#<"
.(" <#9" =%*6<3=#>#9" /.>.9!" (%" 9C<%" (.2/%(#<.9" I" 93(A6:3=#9" >.<" =./.;/%!" 93(%"
>.":%>%"<%"?2.".9"JH93=#*.(:.".<"D%*;/.+"Z(".J.=:%!"2(#"E<%9%JH#">.".9:."=2$%"
6/%6%(."?2."(%":%>%"62.>.".S6<3=#/9."/.=2//3.(>%"#"<#"=#29#<3>#>".E=3.(:."%"#"
=#29#9"JH93=#9"I!"6%/":#(:%!"%;9./B#;<.9"6);<3=#*.(:.+"G2(?2."<#9":N=(3=#9">."
%;9./B#=3C(">.<"=./.;/%"D#(";/3(>#>%"(2*./%9%9"J/2:%9"#=./=#">."<#9"L%(#9"
?2.".(:/#(".("*%B3*3.(:%"#(:."=3./:%9".9:#>%9"*.(:#<.9!"(%"6#/.=."92E=3.(:."
6#/#".S6<3=#/".<"J2(=3%(#*3.(:%">."<#"*.(:."6%/?2.!".("6/3(=363%!".9"3(#6/.9#;<.+"
GE/*#/"?2."2(#"93(J%(H#"9."/.>2=."#"<#9"(%:#9"*293=#<.9"=%("<#9"=2#<.9".9:A"
.9=/3:#"62.>."/.92<:#/"2(".*6%;/.=3*3.(:%"=%(93>./#;<.+"
[.".9:#"92./:.!"=%(93>./#*%9"?2.".<"6.(9#*3.(:%"D2*#(%!"<#"#2:%=%(9=3.(­
=3#"I".<"<3;/."#/;3:/3%"9%("#<F%"*A9"?2."<#9"/.<#=3%(.9"93(A6:3=#9"#=#.=3>#9".(".<"
=./.;/%+"Z<"#/F2*.(:%".9"93*6<._".<"C/F#(%"(%"=%(%=."92"6/%63%"#=:%!"62.9"#9H"
=%*%".<"%1%"(%"62.>."*3/#/9."#"9H"*39*%!"#9H".<"=./.;/%"(%".9"92E=3.(:."6#/#">#/"
=2.(:#">."6%/"?2N".<"D%*;/."9H"62.>."B%<B./"9%;/."9H"*39*%+"a#"*#:./3#"(%":3.(."
<#"6%93;3<3>#>">."B%<B./"9%;/."9H"*39*#+"O."/.?23./.".:3%<CF3=#*.(:."#<F%">39:3(:%"
.(".<"D%*;/.!"?2.".9"<%"?2."<#":/#>3=3C("D#">.(%*3(#>%"<#">3*.(93C(".963/3:2#<">.<"
9./"D2*#(%+"@%/".<<%".9"?2."<#"E<%9%JH#"#(#<CF3=#"%"D3<.*C/E=#!"=%*%">313*%9!":3.(."
=%*%"=%*.:3>%"9#<B#F2#/>#/"<#9">3*.(93%(.9"D2*#(#9!".(:/.".<<#9!"<#"<3;./:#>"
?2."(%"9."/.>2=."#<"=%//.=:%"J2(=3%(#*3.(:%"%/FA(3=%">.<"=./.;/%+"Z(".<"D%*;/."
=%(B./F.("B#/3#9">3*.(93%(.9"%(:%<CF3=#9!"6%/"<%"=2#<"<#":.939"#/39:%:N<3=%0:%*39:#"
/.=%;/#"92"B3F.(=3#"=%*%"unio substantialis!"=%*%"2(3C(">."*#:./3#"I".96H/3:2"
o !"#$+"G9H!"<%9"#=:%9"*.(:#<.9!"6/%63%9">.<"!"#$!":3.(.("3(1./.(=3#".("<%9"#=:%9"
=./.;/#<.9!">."<%9"=2#<.9"9."93/B."*.>3#(:."2(#"=#29#<3>#>">."#//3;#"D#=3#"#;#1%h"
6./%".<"=./.;/%":#*;3N(":3.(."2(#"=#29#<3>#>"?2."B#">."#;#1%"D#=3#"#//3;#+"
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 48
13/06/13 11:55
Z<"6/%;<.*#">.<"#=:%"*%/#<"
78
a%" ?2." (%9" D#" 3(:./.9#>%" #?2H" .9" /.d.S3%(#/" #=./=#" >." <#" 6%93;3<3>#>" >."
*#(:.(./".<"=%(=.6:%">."#=:%"*%/#<!"?2.".9"2("#=:%"B%<2(:#/3%!"=2I%"929:.(:%"
.9".<"€•‚ƒ+"Z9:."#=:%!"#2(?2."9."93/B#">."<#"*#:./3#<3>#>!".9">.=3/!">.<"=./.;/%!"
(%"9."/.>2=."#"N<!"93(%"?2."3*6<3=#"2(".<.*.(:%"?2."(%"9."D#<<.">.:./*3(#>%"
>."*#(./#"E93=#<39:#!"93(%"?2."9.#!"6/%63#*.(:.!"<3;/."6#/#"<<.B#/<%"#"=#;%+"O3".<"
*#:./3#<39*%"D#">."9./"=%(9.=2.(:.!"D#">."#=.6:#/"?2."<#"<3;./:#>"(%".9"6%93;<."
.(")<:3*%"#(A<3939h"6%/":#(:%!"?2.".<"#=:%"D2*#(%"(%".9"6%93;<.!"93(%"2(#"E==3C(+"
Q.=D#">."/.=.6=3C(_"4-w54w45,,
Q.=D#">."#=.6:#=3C(_"4gw58w45,,
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 13, enero­junio 2013, pp. 23­49.
EnClaves13.indb 49
13/06/13 11:55