Humanitarian-Impact

ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&m xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;
TtpD&ifcHpmudk *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) u
('DpDat) rdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (DCA Mine Action) . enf;ynm yHhydk;r_jzifh ðypkxm;onf?
2011
ajrjr Kyfrdkif;a-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&m
xdcdkufoufa&mufr+rsm;
2011
1
rmwdum
• tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf
3
• twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;
5
• jrefrmEdkifiH wdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;. trnf
7
• aus;Zl;wifv$m
8
1? ed'gef;ESifh aqmuf&Gufr_enf;em
10
2? aemufcHta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctae
14
ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; toHk;ðy=uyHkordkif;
14
xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm;
15
xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;
18
xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;
21
3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
24
epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;udk tultnDay;jcif;
29
rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;
31
ajrjrKyfrdkif; qef@usifa&; wdkufwGef;pnf;&Hk;r_
33
rdkif;rsm; &Sif;vif;jcif;
36
4? rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ tvm;tvm&Sdolrsm;odk@ yHhydk;ay;jcif;
39
5? ed*Hk;
42
6? t=uHðycsufrsm;
44
7? aemufqufwGJrsm;
49
2
tpD&ifcp
H m tusOf;csKyf
ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&m
xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;
&&SdEdkifor#aom tcsuftvufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH 1 wGif
ajrjrKyfrdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm; &Sdae+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH
onf urBmay:wGif ajrjrKyfrikd ;f '%fjy\em }uD;av;pGm &ifqikd f
awG@ñuHae&onfh EdkifiHwpfckjzpfa=umif; azmfjyaeygonf?
Tjy\emtwdrt
f euf/ vlxrk sm;tay: rnfr# xdcu
kd o
f uf
a&mufr_ &Sdaeaponf/ &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;. rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_
twGuf vkt
d yfcsuf rsm;/ rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_wiG f rnfo@kd aom
tiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufvmEdkifonf qdkonfh udpPrsm;
tay: tenf;i,fr#om od&ygonf?
rdrdwdk@vkyfief;twGuf t"dutcuftcJ t[ef@twm;tjzpf
v_y&f mS ;olrsm;u azmfxw
k o
f wfrw
S cf =hJ uygonf? rdrw
d @kd vyk if ef;
tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh &vmonfh tcGifhtvrf;=um;wGif jy\em
0da&m"d xif&mS ;pGm &Sad eaoma=umifh *seD AD m awmif;qkcd sut
f zG@J
ESihf ('DpaD t) rdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J w@kd onf jrefrmEdik if H ajrjrKyfrikd ;f
jy\emESifh ywfoufI tpD&ifcHpmwpfapmif xkwfjyef&ef/
rdrw
d @kd awG@&x
dS m;onfh vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk rnfo@kd rnfykH ajz&Si;f
Edkifrnfudk vltrsm; tm¶Hkxm;rdvm=uap&ef pOf;pm;cJh=uyg
onf? TtpD&ifcpH mudk 2010 ckEpS /f ZGev
f rS pufwifbmv
twGi;f aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nfh okawoevkyif ef;rsm;tay: tajcðy
a&;om;xm;ygonf? jrefrmEdik if /H xdik ;f Edik if /H b*Fvm;a'h&EfS ikd if /H
w¶kwEf ikd if w
H @kd &dS yg0ifywfoufae=uol (32) OD;wd@k ukd awG@qkH
ar;jref;I ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\ema=umifh vuf&Sdumv/ tv,f
tvwfumvESihf a&&Snu
f mvwd@k wiG f a'ocHjynfow
l @kd tay:
oufa&mufxdcdkufEdkifr_wdk@udk ydkrdkem;vnfod&Sd&efESifh =um;0if
aqmif&u
G I
f &Edik o
f nfh yifrv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk ar;jref;avhvmcJh
ygonf?
jrefrmtpdk;&onf ajcaxmufjywfcJh&olrsm;udk taxGaxG
usef;rma&; tpDtpOfatmufrSwqifh ajcwkwyfay;jcif;
vk y f i ef ; ud k tuef @ towf j zif h tul t nD a y;jcif ; rS v G J I
rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ rnfonfyh pkH rH sK;d udrk qdk ydwyf ifwm;jrpfxm;
ygonf? rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;u wpfpw
d w
f ydik ;f / od@k r[kwf
vHk;0xdef;csKyfxm;onfh a'orsm;wGifom aqmif&GufEdkifyg
onf? epfemcJ&h olrsm;udk tultnDay;jcif;/ ppfwrf;aumuf,l
jcif; vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&. cGifhðycsufr&SdbJESifh aqmif
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f vlowfrikd ;f rsm;. rlvtponf vufeufuikd f
&GufEdkifygonf?
yÉdyuQrsm; pwif&m q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmuyif &SdvmcJhygonf?
2006 ckEpS f rdrw
d @kd vkyif ef;rsm; pwifcsed rf pS I *seD AD m awmif;qkd
,ck w d k i f Ed k i f i H . tcsKd @ aomae&mrsm;wG i f quf v uf I
csut
f zG@J EiS hf ('DpaD t) rdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J w@kd onf a'oqdik &f mESihf
wd k u f y G J r sm; jzpf y G m ;aeqJ & S d y gonf ? vl o wf r d k i f ; rsm;onf
tjcm;aom EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@yif rdkif;qdkif&m
,ckumvwdkif jrefrmtpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrawmfESifh/
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; aqmif&u
G v
f akd omfvnf;/ jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f tuef@
trsKd;rsKd;aom tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;/ xdk@tjyif
towfjzifhom cGifhðyxm;onfh vlom;csif;pmemr_ uGufvyf
2
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u qufvuf
e,fy,fatmufwiG f rnfo@kd rnfykH taumif;qH;k aqmif&u
G Ef ikd f
oH;k pGaJ e=uqJ jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdik if .
H wdik ;f ESihf jynfe,f (14)ck
rnfukd azmfxw
k o
f wfrw
S cf &hJ ygonf? rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
teuf (10) ckwGif rdkif;rsm; wnf&Sdaeygonf? xdkif;EdkifiHESifh
pwif&ef tpd;k &. cGiðhf ycsurf &&Sjd cif;ESihf rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd ef pfem
e,ferd w
d cf si;f xdpyfaeonfh ta&S@yikd ;f a'o&Sd jynfe,fEiS hf wdik ;f
ae&onfh a'orsm;udk oGm;a&muf&efcufcjJ cif;udpP (2)&yfrmS
2
w&m;r0if vkyfief;rsm;wGif rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwfvkyfolrsm;/ a&mif;0,f
azmufum;olrsm;/ ukeful;olrsm; pojzifh trsKd;rsKd;aom vkyfaqmifolrsm;
&Sdae =uygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;udk &Hzef&Hcg Todk@aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif
“pD;yGm;jzpf-rdkif;” rsm;tjzpf toHk;csae=uygonf? atmufazmfjyyg tcef;
(2)udkvnf; =unfhyg?
1
1989 ckESpfrSpI EdkifiH. w&m;0iftrnfudk t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzifh jrefrm
(Myanmar) tjzpf ajymif;vJcJhonf? ,cifu bm;rm; (Burma) [k ac:wGifcJh
+yD; tcsKd@aom EdkifiHrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjyify&Sd tiftm;pkrsm;u
qufvufoHk;pGJae=uqJ jzpfonf? ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif trnfESpfckpvHk;udk oHk;pGJ
xm;ygonf ? Tod k @ oH k ; pG J j cif ; onf Ed k i f i H a &;&yf w nf c suf t jzpf
azmfjyjcif;r[kwfyg?
3
onf? Tppfwrf;rsm;onfyif trSefwu,f tajctaeudk
xif[yfazmfjyaecsuf !$ef;udef;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf;/ yx0D
taetxm;t& ae&mtuef@towf &Sdygonf?
,ckumvwGif a'ocH&yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;/ Edik if H
tqifh tJe*f st
D rkd sm;onf ukvor*~EiS hf Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D kd
rsm;xufpmv#if rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeonfh a'orsm;odk@ ydkrdkoGm;vm
xdawG@cGifh &Sd=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; a'ocH&yf&Gmtajcðy
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHtqifh tJef*sDtdkrsm;. t"du
OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;onf rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsr_ ynmay;a&;/
rdkif;'%foifholrsm;udk tultnDay;a&;r#om jzpfaeygonf?
ta=umif;rSm rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;vkyu
f ikd rf r_ sm;ESihf ywfoufI
tpd k ; &u uef @ owf x m;aoma=umif h jzpf y gonf ? Tod k @
v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;onfyif rxifr&Sm; odraf rG@pmG aqmif
&Guaf e=u&jcif; jzpf+yD;/ rdik ;f tE &W m,f avsmch sa&;oifwef;rsm;
udk taxGaxGtE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; oifwef;acgif;pOfrsm;
atmuf/ usef;rma&;tpDtpOfrsm;atmufwGif aqmif&Gufae
=u&jcif; jzpfonf? rdkif;'%foifhol tultnDay;a&;rSmrl
taxGaxG roefrpGr;f tultnDay;r_ tpDtpOfrsm;atmufY
aqmif&Gufae=u&onf?
rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh rdik ;f rsm; xlajympGm&Syd g onf? b*Fvm;a'h&fS
ESihf w¶kwEf ikd if eH ,fpyf tcsK@d aomae&mrsm;wGiv
f nf; rdik ;f rsm;
&Sad eygonf? Tae&mrsm;wGif rdik ;f a=umifh rawmfwq xdcu
kd rf _
rsm;&Sad eygonf? òrd@e,frsm;wGiaf exdik o
f l cef@reS ;f ajc vl(5)oef;
cef@rSm rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeonfh tE W&m,f¹yGrf;aom a'orsm;wGif
aexkid af e=u&ygonf? olw@kd . tE &W m,f&EdS ikd af om trltusihf
rsm; yaysmufapa&;twGuf rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;
vkyfief;rsm;vnf; vdktyfaeygonf? rlvuwnf;u xdcdkuf
'%f&m&xm;olrsm;twGuf tultnDay;r_rsm;vnf; vdt
k yf
aeygonf?
,H=k unf&avmufaom tcsut
f vuf a'wmrsm; r&Sad eaom
a=umifh/ rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&ol rnfr#qdkonfh ta&
twGuu
f kd ,ckwikd f aocsm&Si;f vif;pGm razmfjyEdik yf g? od@k aomf
vnf; tpD&ifcHpmu awG@&Sd&onfrSm tpdk;&r[kwfonfh
tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh a'orsm;wGif rdkif;'%f&m
&olrsm;Y uav;rsm; odoo
d mom rsm;jym;aeonfukd awG@&dS
&ygonf? Tae&mrsm;wGif uav;ppfom; &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rsm;onfh
twGuaf =umifh jzpfEikd yf gonf? u&ifeD (u,m;jynfe,f) wGif
uav; (2)a,mufv#if wpfa,mufrmS uav;ppfom; jzpfae
ygonf? u&ifjynfe,fwGifrl uav; (4)OD;v#if wpfOD;rSm vlowfrikd ;f rsm; wpfEikd if v
H ;kH wGif ydwyf ifwm;qD;a&;ESihf rdik ;f udk
uav;ppfom; jzpfaeygonf?
t"du oHk;pGJaeonfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;.
rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;twGuf tpd;k &u cGiðhf ycsuf yd w f y if w m;qD ; r_ r sm;onf teD ; qH k ; tem*wf u mvwG i f
csray;jcif;ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ae vufawG@jzpfvmzG,f r&Sad o;yg? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap a'oqdik &f m
k f vlowfrikd ;f ydwyf ifwm;qD;a&;/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if H
onfhtwGufa=umifh vlom;csif;pmemr_ &nf&G,fcsufjzifh tvdu
G x
f m;Edik rf o
_ nf q,fpEk pS f
rdkif;&Sif;jcif;vkyfief; vkyfaqmif&ef wu,fhae&mr&Sd jzpfae& taemufyikd ;f a'orsm;wGif aqmif&u
ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tcsK@d aom rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; rsm;pGm=um jynfwGif;ppfyGJ/ yÉdyuQrsm;ESifh eyrf;vHk;cJh&aom
H pfcv
k ;kH twGuf tm;ustwk,zl ,
G /f taumif;zuf
udk tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrawmfESifh tpdk&r[kwfonfh jrefrmEdik if w
tiftm;pkrsm;u vkyfaqmifae=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tðyoabmajymif;vJr_rsm;. tpysKd;jzpfvmapEdkifygonf?
Tvkyaf qmifr_ rsm;onf ppfa&;&nf&,
G cf sut
f wGuf rdik ;f &Si;f
jcif;avm/ vlom;csi;f pmemr_ &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh rdik ;f &Si;f oavm
[lonfrmS ruGjJ ym;yg? xd@k tjyif jynfwiG ;f tajctae ¶_yaf xG;
aeonft
h wGuaf =umifh zufpakH xmifph kH ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm;
ðyvkyf&efvnf; tajctaeray; jzpfae&onf? &yf&Gmvlxk
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm; ðycJ+h yD;/ awG@&cdS suf
rsm;t& rdkif;rsm; ododomom xlajymaea=umif; awG@&yg
4
twda
k umuf a0g[m&rsm;
AP
vlowfrdkif;
ARNO
&cdkif ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk;§ ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;wyfrawmf
BGF
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@
CBO
&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;
CNF/CNA
csif;trsKd;om; wyfOD;§wyfrawmf
DCA
('DpDat) rdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_
DKBA
wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om; wyfrawmf ('DaubDat)
ICBL
ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; ydwfyifa&; EdkifiHwum urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_
ICRC
tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD aumfrDwD
IDP
jynfwGif;Y tdk;tdrfpGef@ypf xGufajy;ae&ol (jynfwGif;'kuQonf)
IED
vufvkyf azmufcGJa&;ypPnf;
IMAS
EdkifiHwum rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsuf
INGO
EdkifiHwum tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
KIA
ucsif vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf
KIO
ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@
KNLA
u&iftrsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf
KNPLF
u&ifeD vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfOD; (uvvw)
KNU
u&if trsKd;om;tpnf;t&Hk;
5
LDF
vm;[l trsKd;om;wyfOD;
MAG
rdkif;udpP t=uHay;tkyfpk
MIMU
ukvor*~ ,lteJ 'f yD aD tmuf&dS jrefrmEdik if H owif;tcsut
f vuf pDrcH ef@caJG &; ,lepf
MRCS
jrefrmEdkifiH =uufajceDtzGJ@
MRE
rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;
NGO
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
NMSP
rGefjynfopfygwD
NSA
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ v_yf&Sm;olrsm;
NUPA
&cdkiftrsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD§ &cdkifwyfrawmf
PPLO/ PPLA
ytdk@0f jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@§ ytdk@0f jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf
PWG
umuG,fr_ay;a&; tvkyftzGJ@
PSLF
yavmifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;
SPDC
EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;tzGJ@ (etz)
TATMADAW
tpdk;& vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ (wyfrawmf)
UNHCR
ukvor*~ 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;¶Hk;
UNMAS
ukvor*~ rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_tzGJ@
UXO
raygufuGJ&ao;aom ,rf;rsm;jrefrmEdkifiH
6
jrefrmEdi
k i
f H
wdi
k ;f ESihf jynfe,frsm;. trnf
(jrefrmbmomjzifh ac:qdk&mwGif trsm;pkrSm wlnDaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pmvHk;aygif;&mwGif uGJvGJaejcif; jzpfonf?)
¶dk;&mpOfvmtrnf (wdik ;f &if;om; vlenf;pktzG@J rsm;/ tpd;k &r[kwf
onfh tiftm;pkrsm;/ e,fpyfjyify&Sd tJe*f st
D rkd sm;/ jynfy&Sd owif;rD',
D m
Xmersm;u trsm;tm;jzifh toH;k ðyonf?)
tpdk;& w&m;0iftrnf (etz ppftpdk;&/
ukvor*~/ Oa&myor*~/ &efuek &f dS
Edik if w
H um tdik t
f eJ *f st
D rkd sm;u toH;k ðyonf?)
{&m0wDwikd ;f (Irrawaddy Division)
(Ayeyarwady Division)
yJc;l wdik ;f (Pegu Division)
(Bago Division)
csi;f jynfe,f
(Chin State)
(Chin State)
ucsifjynfe,f
(Kachin State)
u&ifejD ynfe,f
u&ifjynfe,f
(Kachin State)
u,m;jynfe,f
(Karenni State)
(Karen State)
(Kaya State)
(Kayin State)
rauG;wdik ;f (Magwe Division)
(Magway Division)
rE aW v;wdik ;f (Mandalay Division)
(Mandalay Division)
rGejf ynfe,f (Mon State)
(Mon State)
&cdik jf ynfe,f
(Rakhine State)
(Arakan State)
ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f (Sagaing Division)
(Sagaing Division)
&Sr;f jynfe,f
(Shan State)
(Shan State)
weoFm&Dwdkif; (+rdwf-xm;0,fwdkif;)
(Thanintharyi Division)
(Tanasserim Division) (Mergui-Tavoy Division)
&efuek w
f ikd ;f (Rangoon Division)
(Yangon Division)
7
aus;Zl ; wif v $ m
*seD AD m awmif;qdck suf
(Geneva Call)
tzG@J taeESihf befaumufòrd@&dS aemfa0oH¶;kH udk ,ck pDrcH surf sm;tay: pdwt
f m;apwem
xufoefpmG axmufyahH y;r_twGuf txl;aus;Zl;wif &Sad =umif; azmfjyvdyk gonf? xd@k tjyif ,cktpD&ifcpH m jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
wefz;kd rjzwfEikd af om tjrifrsm;ESihf owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; ay;cJ=h uaomolrsm;udk aus;Zl;txl;wif&adS =umif;vnf; azmfjyvdk
ygonf? tu,fI xdo
k rl sm;. jznfq
h nf;r_om ryg0ifygu ,cktpD&ifcpH m xGuaf y:vm zG,rf &Syd g? aemufq;kH taejzifh ('DpaD t)
rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@udkvnf; aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? xdktzGJ@. t=uHay;rsm;ESifh enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m
u|r;f usio
f l 0efxrf;rsm;u tcsed af y;I t=uHrsm;ay;I ulncD =hJ uygonf? xGu&f v
dS maom T&v'frmS vmrnfEh pS rf sm;twGi;f
*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@ESifh ('DpDat) rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@twGuf olwdk@a&S @vkyfief;pOfrsm; qufvufcsrSwfaqmif&Guf
Edkifa&;tay: rsm;pGm taxmuftulðyvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmudk enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf toHk;csI tjcm;aom
tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh ydkrdk wufºuGpGm yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmap&ef/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif txl;vdktyfaeonfh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;udk wdk;Iaqmif&Gufvmap&ef wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?
8
tpD & if c H p ma&;om;ol r sm;
*seD AD m awmif;qdck suf (Geneva Call) tzG@J
*sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@onf =um;ae bufrvdkufaom vlom;csif;pmemonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck
3
jzpf y gonf ? tpd k ; &r[k w f o nf h vuf e uf u d k i f t if t m;pk r sm;ES i f h quf o G , f I aqG ; aEG ; r_ r sm; ðyvk y f + yD ; Ed k i f i H w um
vlom;csif;pmemr_Oya'ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm; 4 . wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemvmap&ef oHEMdXmefcsrSwf
aqmif&Gufaeygonf? rdrdwdk@tzGJ@ tpnf;u EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm; xdef;csKyfr_jyifywGif vHk;0uif;vGwfpGm &Sdaeonfh/
tpd k ; &r[k w f o nf h tif t m;pk r sm;ud k t"d u xm; csOf ; uyf + yD ; / TtzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;onf yif r ta=umif ; tm;jzif h
Edik if aH &;&nf&,
G cf sujf zifah omf vnf;aumif;/ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;rsm; tygt0if/ wpfpw
kH &m w&m;r0if tm%m&Sad eonfh
tzGJ@rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumu todtrSwfrðyxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;/ odk@r[kwf wpfpdwfwydkif; todtrSwfðyxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;
yg0ifygonf? 5 rdrdwdk@tzGJ@u v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk bufrvdkufa&;/ =um;aea&;/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr_&Sdapjcif; ponfh
pHE_ef;rsm;twdkif; vdkufemtaumiftxnfazmfygonf? xdk@tjyif yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sdjcif;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@tzGJ@. yifr
pHowfrSwfcsufwpfck jzpfygonf? pHvkyfief;aqmifwmwpfck taeESifh rdrdwdk@tzGJ@u oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm; tygt0if
yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;udk today;I/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;ðyygonf?
*seD AD m awmif;qdck suf (Geneva Call) tzG@J onf 2010 ckEpS /f rwfvu tzG@J . (10)ESpaf jrmuf wnfaxmifjcif; tcrf;tem;udk
usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gonf? od@k twGuaf =umifh (10)ESp=f um tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf qufqaH qmif&u
G o
f nfh tawG@tñuHrsm;
&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;e,fy,fwGif pOD;aqmif&Gufolrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm rdrdwdk@. u¾aygif;pHkwGif
6
aqmif&Gufcsuf/ atmifjrifr_&v'frsm;a=umifh ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf tygt0if/ vlowfrdkif; toHk;csjcif;/
odkavSmifodrf;qnf; xm;jcif;/ xkwfvkyfjcif;/ v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;udk wm;jrpfa&;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk zsufqD;ypfa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum
oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf (aemufydkif;wGif vlowfrdkif;wm;jrpfa&; pmcsKyf[k qufvufac:a0:oHk;pGJygrnf?) tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;/
7
Oa&myor*~/ tmz&duor*~ tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;xHrS todtrSwfðyr_rsm; &&Sdaeygonf? vlowfrdkif;wm;jrpfa&;pmcsKyfwGif
wdk;wufr_rsm; &&Sdvmaoma=umifh/ urBmwpf0Srf;&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ,Hk=unfr_udk &,lEdkifjcif;a=umifh
3
‚if;udk qGpfEdkifiHOya't& tusKd;tjrwfr,lonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktjzpf rSwfyHkwifxm;ygonf?
“vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;”[k *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@u oHk;E_ef;&mY EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum
vl@tcGit
hf a&;Oya'rsm;. pHwefz;kd xm;r_rsm;udyk g &nf!e$ ;f ajymqdjk cif; jzpfygonf? vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm; od@k r[kwf vufeufuikd f t=urf;zufr_ tajctae
wGif Twefzdk;xm;csufrsm;udk tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uyg av;pm;vdkufemap&ef rnfodk@taetxm;&Sdonf jzpfap/ vdkufemapmifhpnf;=uap&ef
&nf&G,fjcif; jzpfygonf?
5
Oyrmtm;jzifh- qm[m&m0D tm&yf 'Drdku&ufwpforRwEdkifiH (Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic) ESifh tufbfcgZD,m (Abkhazia Republic)
orRwEdkifiHwdk@ jzpfygonf?
6
ukvor*~ vHkðcHa&;aumifpD? “vufeufudkif yÉdyuQtwGif; t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;twGuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. tpD&ifcHpm”/
7
ajrjrKyfrdkif; ydwfyifwm;qD;a&;twGuf tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;udk xdawG@qufqHjcif;? *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. vkyfief;wdk;wufr_ tpD&ifcHpm/
4
9
*seD AD mawmif;qdck suf (Geneva Call) tzG@J taejzifh rdrw
d @kd . v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk yÉdyuQumvtwGi;f trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf uav;
rsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;a&;/ vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm; wm;jrpfa&;ponfh jy\emrsm;zufodk@ qufvufcsJ @xGifcJhygonf?
*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@onf 2006 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ywfoufI pwifvkyfaqmifcJhygonf?
vlowfrikd ;f rsm; wm;jrpfa&;ESihf ywfouf+yD; tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf pwifqufqaH qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf? Ttcsed w
f iG f
rdrdwdk@taejzifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if/ a'ocHv_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;ESifh
,Hk=unfr_wpfpHkw&m wnfaqmufEdkifcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?
(Dan ChurchAid) ('DpaD t)
ulnaD &;tzG@J ukd 1992 ckEpS w
f iG f pwifwnfaxmifc+hJ yD;/ ,cktcg 'de;f rwfEikd if .
H a&S @aqmif vlom;csi;f
pmemr_ ulnDay;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;wpfcktjzpf &yfwnfaeygonf? a'ocH rdwfzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m
uGef&ufrsm;/ c&pf,mefausmif;awmfrsm;/ bmoma&;uif;onfh t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vufwGJI tqif;&Jwumh
tqif;&JqHk; jynfolrsm;udk ulnDay;&ef urBmwpf0Srf;wGif aqmif&Gufaeygonf? ('DpDat) tzGJ@. a'oqdkif&m ¶Hk;cGJrsm;udk
ta&S@tv,fydkif;/ tm&S/ tmz&du/ awmiftar&duwdkufrsm;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tajccHonfh csOf;uyfyHk/
vdirf cGjJ cm;bJ wef;wl&nfwl &Sad pr_jzifh vkyif ef;rsm;udk e,fy,f (5)ckwiG f taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u
G af eygonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS pm;eyf&u
d mQ vHðk cHa&;/ tdycf st
f ikd Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g/ Edik if aH &;0ef;usizf efw;D r_/ vlom;csi;f pmemr_qikd &f m wk@H jyefaqmif&u
G rf _
ESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfygonf?
(Dan ChurchAid)
('DpaD t) . rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ukd 1999 ckEpS rf S pwifaqmif&u
G v
f mcJ+h yD;/ t,fvaf b;eD;,m;/ tif*v
kd m/ bl&eG 'f /D 'Dru
kd &ufwpf
uGef*dkorRwEdkifiH/ tD&Dx&D;,m;/ aumfqdkAdk/ tD&wf/ vufbEGef/ ql'ef ponfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif aqmif&Gufaeygonf? rdrdwdk@u
ajrjrKyfrikd ;f tºuGi;f tuserf sm;ESihf ppfyrJG S use&f o
dS nfh ypPn;f rsm;jy\emudk ajz&Si;f aqmif&u
G af &;twGuf tcuftcJ&adS eonfh
EdkifiHrsm;udk EdkifiHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm vufwGJaqmif&GufI rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;+yD;onfhwdkif/ qufvuf
ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef EdkifiHwpfckvHk;tqifh t&nftaoG; jr‡ifhwifay;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;ygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;ESpf
ppfvufeuf tºuGi;f tuserf sm; &Si;f vif;z,f&mS ;ay;onft
h jyif/ rlvurdik ;f rsm;a=umifh xdcu
kd ef pfemae&olrsm;xH olw@kd ajrudk
jyefvnftoH;k csEikd af tmif aqmif&u
G af y;¶Hrk #ru/ tus,t
f jyef@aom zG@H òzd;r_tusK;d cHpm;Edik af p&efvnf; ulnyD yhH ;kd ay;aeygonf?
('DpaD t) rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J onf rdik ;f rsm;&Si;f vif;¶Hrk # omru/ a&&Snw
f nfwo
hH nfh zG@H òzd;r_uv
kd nf; aqmifusO;f ay;ygonf?
10
1? ed ' gef ; ES i f h aqmuf & G u f r _ e nf ; em
vlowfajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. vufeufudkif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;&Sd jynfolrsm;tay: vufiif;
umvwGiyf if txl;tE &W m,f &Sad eapygonf? r=umao;rDu &&So
d nfh owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; (2008 ckEpS )f t& rdik ;f a=umifh
xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&r_rsm;onf urBmay:wGiyf if tjrifq
h ;kH Edik if rH sm;wGif wpfcjk zpfaeum jrefrmEdik if x
H uf ausmv
f eG af eonfh Edik if [
H I
l
8
tmz*efepPwefEdkifiHESifh udkvHbD,mEdkifiHrsm;om &Sdygawmhonf? vlowfrdkif;rsm;udk tpdk;&u xkwfvkyftoHk;ðyae+yD;/
vufeufuikd t
f pd;k & r[kwo
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (NSAs)uvnf; vGwv
f yfa&;&&Scd sed rf S pwifvmcJo
h nfh jynfwiG ;f ppftwGi;f Y
toH;k ðyaeygonf? TtwGuaf =umifh qd;k usK;d rsm;rSm rsm;vGe;f vSygonf? jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f òrd@e,f (325)ck &So
d nft
h euf (34)ckwiG f
9
10
ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; &Sdae=uygonf? rdkif;rsm;oifhaeonfh òrd@e,frsm;&Sd vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm txl;ojzifh vlowfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh
xdcu
kd ef pfemae=u&um/ jyefvnfxal xmifa&; apmifah &Smufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;udk vlaomif;ESichf sI
D toH;k csae=u&ygonf? wenf;
11
tm;jzifh vdktyfr_&Sdae=uygonf?
2006 ckEpS w
f iG f vkyif ef;rsm; pwifaqmif&u
G cf sed rf pS I *seD AD m awmif;qdck sut
f zG@J EiS hf ('DpaD t) rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J w@kd onf
12
tjcm;aom a'oqdkif&mESifh EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@yif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufvdkcJhygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdik if w
H iG &f adS eonfh tuef@towfjzpf cGiðhf yxm;aom vlom;csi;f pmemr_ tultnDay;Edik o
f nfh cGit
f wGi;f rS
rnfo@kd rnfykH taumif;qH;k v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; aqmif&u
G Ef ikd rf nfukd owfrw
S I
f óud;yrf;azmfxw
k cf &hJ ygonf? rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
pwif&ef tpd;k &xHrS cGiðhf ycsurf &&Sad oma=umifEh iS hf rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd ef pfemae&onfh a'orsm;udk oGm;a&muf&ef cufcjJ cif;a=umifh
TudpP (2)&yfrmS tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;tjzpf v_y&f mS ;olrsm;u azmfxw
k o
f wfrw
S cf =hJ uygonf? rdrw
d @kd vkyif ef;tusK;d pD;yGm;
ESifh &vmonfh tcGifhtvrf;=um;wGif jy\em0da&m"d xif&Sm;pGm &Sdaeaoma=umifh *sDeDAm awmif;qkdcsuftzGJ@ESifh ('DpDat)
rdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_ tzG@J w@kd onf jrefrmEdik if H ajrjrKyfrikd ;f jy\emESihf ywfoufI tpD&ifcpH mwpfapmif xkwjf yef&ef/ rdrw
d @kd awG@&x
dS m;onfh
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfudk vltrsm; tm¶Hkxm;rdvm=uap&ef pOf;pm;cJh=uygonf?
13
EdkifiHwum rdom;pku jrefrmEdkifiHta&;tay: txl;vufaES;wkH@qdkif;ae=ujcif; ESifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_ uif;rJhae=uaom
a=umif/h tvSL&Sirf sm;. yHyh ;kd ay;r_uvnf; vlom;csi;f pmemr_ tultnDrsm;ESihf tvm;wlyif/ rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;
8
ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor.
9
Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU).2010. Townships with Known Hazards of Antipersonnel Mines.
10
DCA Mine Action estimate based on MIMU map Estimated Population Density with Townships and Urban Areas (2007).
11
&efukef&Sd tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajcwk toHk;ðyae&oludk cef@rSef;xm;cJhygonf?
rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ (vlom;csif;pmemr_jzifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_[k vlodrsm;aom) vkyfief;onf ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifh ppftwGif;u usef&pfaeonfh aygufuGJ
apwwfaom ,rf;rsm; (usnfrsm; tygt0if) a=umifh jzpfonfh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufepfemr_rsm;udk av#mhcsEdkif&ef &nf&G,fygonf?
12
International Mine Action Standards 04.10, Second Edition, 1 January 2003.
13
rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_wGif t"duvkyfief; (5)ck yg0ifygonf? rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;r_/ vlom;csif;pmemr_ &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdkif;&Sif;jcif;/ rdkif;ESifh
ppftwGif;u usef&pfaeonfh aygufuGJapwwfaom,rf;rsm; (ERW) ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;/ ajryHkxkwfjcif;/ trSwftom;ðyjcif;ESifh &Sif;vif;jcif;/ jyefvnf
emvHxlapa&;ESifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&; tygt0if xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm; tultnDay;jcif;/ pkyHkodrf;qnf;xm;r_rsm; zsufqD;jcif;/
ajrjrKyfrdkif; (vlowfrdkif;) toHk;ðyaer_ESifh ywfoufI wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;jcif; vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifonf?
&efukefwGif EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif ,ckudpPudk jr‡ifhwifajymqdka&;onf 2008 ckESpf/ em*pfqdkufuvkef;rkefwdkif; wdkufcwf+yD;aemuf
tultnDtwGuf Edik if w
H umaxmufyrhH _ &&S&d efpnf;¶H;k &onfxuf rsm;pGmcufcv
J rd rhf nf[k xifjrifa=umif; ajym=uygonf? tjcm;Edik if rH sm;jzpfonfh a[wDivsif
umvu obm0uyfab;wGif Tr#tcuftcJ rawG@cJh=u&yg?
See also Myanmar Times article, Volume 26, No. 521, at http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/521/news09.html
11
14
tay:wGifvnf; tuef@towf&Sdaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf &efyHkaiG tenf;i,fr#udkom
+yD;cJah omESprf sm;twGi;f u axmufyahH y;cJyh gonf? od@k aomfvnf; r=umao;rDu tcsK@d w;kd wufrr_ sm; &Sv
d mcJyh gonf? om"u
15
tm;jzif-h 2008 ckEpS w
f iG f tar&duef a':vm (1)oef;udk jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_twGuf axmufyahH y;cJyh gonf?
2007 ckEpS w
f iG f tar&duefa':vm (183˜800) &&Sad e&mrSqv
kd #if odoo
d mom wd;k wufvmr_yif jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf;
rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef cGifhðyxm;aom tjcm;rdkif;'%foifhEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#if rsm;pGmenf;aeygao;onf?
ajrjrKyfrikd ;f / od@k r[kwf rayguu
f aJG o;aom ,rf;ypPn;f rsm; &Sad e=uonfh uarBm'D;,m;/ vmtd/k tD&wfEiS hf tmz*ef epPwefEikd if H
wdk@wGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf axmufyHhay;&mwGif yHkrSefay;aeovdk/ yrm%t&vnf; rsm;pGmrsm;jym;ygonf? 16
xd@k r#ru &efyakH iGenf;yg;ae&onft
h jyif/ Edik if t
H wGi;f rdik ;f &So
d nfah e&mrsm;udk oGm;a&muf&ef cufcjJ cif;ESihf vkyu
f ikd &f ef cGiðhf ycsuf
r&jcif;wdk@a=umifh rdkif;qdkif&m pDrHcsufvkyfief;rsm;udk tuef@towfjzifhom taumiftxnfazmfcGifh&ygonf? EdkifiHwum
17
tJe*f st
D t
kd zG@J tpnf;rsm;/ Edik if w
H iG ;f &Sd tJe*f st
D rkd sm;/ &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm; wGif &efyakH iGtuef@towfjzifh &&Su
d m/
rdik ;f tE &W m,fñuHawG@ae&aom jynfov
l x
l rk sm;. tenf;tusO;f tpGe;f tpr#ukd rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sr_ ynmay;oifwef;rsm;/
18
rdik ;f '%foif&h ol um,uH&iS rf sm;udk tultnDay;jcif;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gonf? od@k aomfvnf; Ttoif;tzG@J rsm;
onf ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf vdktyfaeol vl (4)OD;v#if wpfOD;r#udkom ulnDay;Edkifygonf?
useaf om rdik ;f '%foif&h olrsm;rSm ajcwkrsm;udk jyifyaps;uGuu
f ydI
k }uD;aomaps;E_e;f ESihf 0,f,&l jcif;/ 0g;vH;k / opfom;/ a&ydu
k f
odk@r[kwf ajcwkudk vkyf,lwyfqif&jcif;/ odk@r[kwf csKdif;axmufoHk;I oGm;vm&jcif;ðyae&onf?
TtpD&ifcpH m. &nf&,
G cf surf mS rdik ;f '%foifI
h xdcu
kd ef pfemae&onfh vlxrk sm;xHo@kd / &Sad eaom tpd;k &. tuef@towfrsm;ESihf
qufvufjzpfay:aeaom yÉdyuQrsm;=um;rS/ EdkifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;u rnfodk@rnfyHk ulnDaxmufyHhEdkifrnfudk
&SmazGwifjy&ef jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f rdik ;f rsm; tE &W m,f&adS eonfah e&m rnfr#&o
dS nfukd a'wm owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; tjynft
h pHk r&&SEd ikd o
f vd/k
rdkif;'%foifhI xdcdkufepfem&ol rnfr#&Sdonf? &yf&Gmrnfr# tultnD vdktyfaeonfudk tjynfhtpHk od&SdEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg?
ta=umif;rSm rdkif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;aumuf,lI A[dkwpfckwGif pkpnf;rnfh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_
tm%mydik t
f zG@J zG@J pnf;rxm;jcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? rdik ;f jy\emESihf ywfoufI tpd;k &u todtrSwðf y&ef wGe@f qw
k af er_a=umifh
,ckwdkif EdkifiHtqifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tm%mydkiftzGJ@udk rxlaxmifEdkif&ao;jcif; jzpfygonf?
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urBmhb%f. tcsuftvufrsm;t& w&m;0if zGH@òzd;a&;tultnD&&Sdr_ pkpkaygif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfyEdkifiH&yfjcm; tultnD Overseas Development
Assistance (ODA) tjzpf 2008 ckESpfwGif vlwpfOD;v#if (11) a':vmom &&Sdygonf? uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGifrl vlwpfOD;onf (51)a':vmESifh vmtdkEdkifiHwGifrl
vlwpfOD;v#if a':vm (80) &&Sd=uygonf?
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS
15
ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor T&efyHkaiGrsm;udk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/
16
ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor. See also chapter 2.
17
&yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm; (CBOs) qdo
k nfrmS yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk wpfcck Ek iS hf qufE,
G rf &_ +dS yD;/ vlom;csi;f pmemr_ ulnaD &;u,fq,fa&;
tzGJ@rsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@rsm;/ trsKd;orD;/ vli,ftzGJ@rsm;tjzpf cGJxkwfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
18
See calculation in chapter 2. See also chapter 3.2.2.1. “Prosthetic legs for mine victims”, ICBL Landmine Monitor, 2009.
ajrjrKyfrdkif; ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;
ESifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm; ulnDr_twGuf txl;ojzifh u&ifjynfe,fESifh u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,fwdk@wGif oHk;pGJcJhygonf? &efyHkaiGtenf;pkudk weoFm&Dwdkif;/
&Srf;jynfe,fESifh csif;jynfe,fwdk@wGifvnf; oHk;pGJcJhygao;onf?
12
tuef@towf&Sdaeonfhwdkif/ awG@qHkar;jref;cef; toD;oD;rS
pkaqmif;vmrdonfh owif;tptersm;u ,ae@Eikd if t
H wGi;f
&ifqdkif ñuHawG@ae&onfh rdkif;jy\emudk aumif;pGmazmfjy
EdkifcJhygonf? jrefrmtpdk;&onfvnf; aemufxyf ta&;}uD;
onfh yg0ifywfoufaeol wpfO;D jzpfum/ ajrjrKyfrikd ;f jy\em
ESiyhf wfoufI v$r;f ðcHtjrifukd azmfjyay;Edik yf gonf? od@k aomf
vnf; ,cktpD&ifcpH mtwGuf okawoevkyif ef;rsm; aqmif
&Gu&f mwGif ,ckjy\emESihf ywfoufI tpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;
ESihf w&m;0ifawG@q&kH ef rjzpfEikd af =umif; ydI
k xif&mS ;&Si;f vif;pGm
odvm&ygonf? od@k twGuaf =umifh ar;cGe;f v$mwpfcu
k kd tpd;k &
xHodk@ wifjycJhygaomfvnf; rnfonfhwkH@jyefr_rS jyefrvmcJhyg?
od@k twGuaf =umifh ,cktpD&ifcpH mwGif ajrjrKyrf ikd ;f ESihf ywfoufI
tpd;k &.tjrifrmS Edik if w
H um rdom;pkEiS hf tpd;k &t=um; ajrjrKyf
rdkif;udpPESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG; ajymqdkae=uonfhtay:rS
oHk;oyf&,ljcif;om jzpfygonf? wdkuf¶dkufawG@qHk ar;jref;I
&&Sdvmaom &v'fr[kwfyg?
a'wm owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEdkifr_ tuef@towf
&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ ,cktpD&ifcHpmonf yg0ifywfoufaeol
trsK;d rsK;d ESihf wdu
k ¶f u
kd f awG@qakH r;jref;r_rsm;ðyI jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f
rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfaeyHkudk xif&Sm;
&Si;f vif;pGm ¶kyyf kH azmfEikd &f ef óud;yrf;cJyh gonf? Tod@k awG@qkH
ar;jref;cJo
h nfh yg0if ywfoufaeolrsm;wGif tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh
tzGJ@tpnf; (8)zGJ@/ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk (5)zGJ@/ a'oqdkif&m
tJe*f st
D kd (5)zG@J / &yf&mG tajcðyvlrt
_ zG@J tpnf; (7)ck/ bmoma&;
tajccHtzG@J tpnf; (3) zG@J / aq;¶Hk (2) ck/ jynfwiG ;f Y ajymif;a&$@
xGufajy;ae&onfh 'kuQonfpcef; (1)ck/ owif;rD'D,mtzGJ@
(2)ck/ ukvor*~Xme (4)ckEiS hf tvSL&Sit
f pd;k &rsm; (3)ck (olw@kd
. a'oqdik &f m oH¶;kH rsm;rSwqif)h wd@k yg0ifygonf? TawG@qkH
ar;jref;r_rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH/ xdkif;EdkifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ w¶kwf
EdkifiHrsm;wGif ('DpDat) rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@. ynm&Sif
wpfO;D u aqmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf? ('DpaD t) rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_
enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m t=uHay;wpfOD;u uGif;qif;avhvm
jznfhqnf;I ulnDay;cJhygonf? ukvor*~/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;
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wm;jrpfa&; EdkifiHwumv_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef; (ICBL) / EdkifiH
wum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ jrefrm EdkifiHwGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\emESifh
ywfoufI azmfjyxm;onfh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;. tpD&ifcHpm/ owif;rsm;ESifhvnf; wdkufqdkifppfaq;
t=uH&,lcJhygonf?
yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESihf awG@qakH r;jref;r_ wpf0ufe;D yg;cef@rmS
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; aqmif&GufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? usefawG@qHk
ar;jref;r_rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ w¶kwfEdkifiHrsm;wGif
aqmif&u
G cf +hJ yD;/ rdik ;f rsm; xlajymonfh a'oòrd@e,frsm;rSmvnf;
e,fpyfESifh eD;uyfaeonfh a'orsm;jzpfygonf? typftcwf
&yfpJa&;ðyxm;onfh tzGJ@rsm;a&m/ typf&yfr[kwfonfh tzGJ@
rsm;rS yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;udk xnfhoGif;ar;jref;cJhygonf?
awG@qHk ar;jref;r_wGif ar;jref;cJhaom ar;cGef;rsm;wGif olwdk@
a'otwGi;f ajrjrKyfrikd ;f . qd;k usK;d rsm;ESihf ywfoufI awG@qkH
ar;jref; cH&ol. ud,
k af wG@tawG@tñuH/ rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sr_
ynm ay;a&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; awG@&Sdxm;r_ &Sd-r&Sd/
ajrjrKyf rdkif;jzifh '%f&m&olrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;/
wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfr_ESifh rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; aqmif&GufEdkif&ef
tcGifhtvrf; jzpfEdkifacsrsm;tay: tjrifwdk@ jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;oifwef;
rsm; aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/h rdik ;f jzifh xdcu
kd ef pfem&olupd P ppfwrf;
aumuf,l&mwGif yg0ifcJh=uonfh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/
&yf & G m tajcðy vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;/ tpd k ; & r[k w f o nf h
tiftm;pkrsm; ponfh yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm; tm;vH;k vdv
k kd
udk awG@qHk ar;jref;cJhygonf? yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;onf
rdkif;jy\em&Sdaeonfh a'orsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufxdawG@Edkif&ef
19
xd@k tjyif (&yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhp[
f k
od=uonf)h a'wmabhprf S jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f rdik ;f rsm; ys@H E@HS wnf&dS
aeyHk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;
ajrjrKyfrdkif; ydwfyifwm;qD;a&; EdkifiHwum urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_ International
Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) qdkonfrSm EdkifiH(90)ausmf yg0if
aom urBmvH;k qdik &f m uGe&f ufjzpf+yD;/ urBmay:wGif vlowfrikd ;f rsm; uif;&Si;f
apa&;ESihf ya'omAH;k usnrf sm; (cluster munitions) uif;&Si;f apa&;twGuf
aqmif&Gufaeygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;ESifh ya'omAHk;usnf '%foifh&olrsm; b0
udk jynfh0pGm cHpm;&&SdEdkif&ef &nf&G,fonf? www.icbl.org
13
20
azmfjycJhygonf? rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk
wpfcku axmufyHhxm;onfh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;. a'wmabhpw
f iG f rdik ;f tE &W m,f&adS eonfh ae&m (166)ck
udk yg0ifazmfjyxm;aomfvnf;/ wpfEikd if v
H ;kH v$r;f ðcHazmfjyonfh
tajctae yHu
k m;csyu
f rkd l razmfjyEdik yf g? ta=umif;rSm &yf&mG
tajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u xdawG@owif;&,lEdkifaom
ae&mtuef@towf &Sdaejcif;ESifh rdkif;rsm;&Sd&m a'orsm;wGif
ppfyrJG sm; qufvufjzpfay:aejcif;ESihf jrefrmEdik if H wdik ;f &if;om;
vlenf;pkrsm; aexdkif&m a'orsm;twGuf a'wmowif;
tcsuftvufrsm; &Sdraejcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfygonf? (&yf&Gm
tajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;
a'oudo
k m xdawG@Eikd =f uygonf?) xd@k tjyif rSwcf suðf y&efrmS
a'wmabhpf&Sd owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;
vlenf;pk tkypf rk sm;udk awG@qakH r;jref;r_rsm;tay:rSom txl;
rSDwnfxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.
a'wmaumuf,rl E_ iS v
hf nf; qufpyfaeygonf? axmufyahH &;
ESihf tjcm;aom vHðk cHa&;ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh &yf&mG tajcðy
vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;onf a'wmaumuf,&l mwGif tjcm;a'o
rsm;od@k xd;k azmufxad wG@Eikd jf cif; r&S=d uyg? yHrk eS q
f &kd rnfqv
kd #if
u&if &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; u&ifvlxkrsm;udk
awG@qkH ar;jref; +yD;/ csi;f &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf; rsm;u
csif;vlxkrsm;udk ar;jref;=uygonf? tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkrsm;vnf; tvm;wl aqmif&Guf=uygonf?
pmrsm;/ vlwpfOD;csif; rdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfem&r_ tpD&ifcH
csufrsm;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; tE W&m,f&Sdaeonf[k rouFm&
onfh ae&mjy ajryH/k rdik ;f ayguu
f o
JG nf[k oHo,&S&d onfh ajryHk
ponfwdk@udk TtpD&ifcHpmwGif xnhfoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;
r&Syd g? oufqikd f onfh &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;xHrS
óudwifciG ðhf ycsuf r&&Sb
d J a'wmabhp/f owif;tcsut
f vuf
rsm;udk xkwfjyefay;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg?
Tvk y f i ef ; rsm;. tuJ q wf r _ oabmobm0a=umif h
(vkyfief;udpPrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suf aqmif&GufcJh&ygonf?) yg0if
ywfoufaeonfh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;tay:
oufa&mufEikd o
f nfh vHðk cHa&; aemufqufwJG tajctaersm;
a=umifh rdkif;wnf&Sdae&ma'orsm;ESifh ywfoufI tpD&ifcH
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&yf&Gm tajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpfwGif tzGJ@tpnf; (7) cku
2006 ckESpfwGif awG@qHk ar;jref; pkaqmif;cJhonfh rdkif;xdcdkuf'%foifh&olrsm;.
tcsuftvufrsm;/ 2006 ckESpfrS pwifI pkaqmif;cJhaom rdkif;rsm;wnf&Sd&m
a'orsm; yg0ifygonf? TawG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;wGif rdkif;jzifh xdckduf'%f&m&ol
(850)/ rdkif;tE W&m,f &Sdaeonf[k oHo,ruif;&aomae&mESifh ywfoufI
tpD&ifcHcsuf (166) ck/ (vlaygif; 38˜000 OD;) wdk@udk rdkif;tE W&m,f av#mhcsa&;
ynmay;udpPrsm; yg0ifonf?
14
Credit : DCA
2? aemufcHta=umif
ta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctae
ajrjrKyf r d k i f ; rsm; toH k ; ðy=uyH k ord k i f ;
jrefrmtpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ (wyfrawmf) a&m/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uyg yÉdyuQumvwav#mufvHk;
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[email protected]&;udk aygufajrmufap&ef rdkif;rsm; toHk;cscJh=uygonf? &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rdkif;owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; (a'wmabhp)f wGif rSww
f rf;wifxm;&mY yxrOD;qH;k rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_onf 1950 ckEpS rf sm;uwnf;u &Scd yhJ gonf?
1990 ckEpS rf sm; tv,fyikd ;f rwdik rf w
D iG f tdrv
f yk rf ikd ;f rsm;a&m/ puf¶x
kH w
k rf ikd ;f rsm;yg toH;k cscahJ =umif; (a'wmabhp)f owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;t& od&ygonf? tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;url tdrv
f yk rf ikd ;f rsm;a&m/ puf¶x
kH w
k rf ikd ;f rsm;yg toH;k csc=hJ uonf?
Trdik ;f rsm;udk uarBm'D;,m;Edik if rH S wifoiG ;f vm+yD;/ oifwef;avhusiahf y;&ef/ ppftajcpdu
k pf cef;rsm;udk umuG,&f efEiS hf twdu
k t
f cH
tiftm;pkrsm;udk xd;k ppfqif wdu
k cf u
kd &f eftwGuf toH;k csc=hJ uonf? jrefrmwyfrawmfu tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;udk
wdu
k cf u
kd &f ef rdik ;f udk toH;k cs=uonf? xd@k tjyif twif;tusyf a&$@ajymif;&ef apcdik ;f onfh vlxrk sm;udk ae&yf&if; jyefrvmEdik &f ef
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wm;qD;ydwfqdk@r_tjzpf toHk;cs=uonf? tpdk;& ppfwyfua&m/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uyg ppfpcef;rsm;udk
umuG,&f ef rdik ;f axmifxm;onfukd awG@&&dS wwfonf? ppfpcef;rsm;od@k oGm;onfv
h rf;rsm;ESihf tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;ESihf e,fpyfrsm;/
aus;&Gmrsm;twGif;ESifh teD;w0dkuf/ jynfwGif; a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&onfh 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;teD;/ a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;/
aumif;uif"mwftm;óud;vdik ;f / wdik rf sm;ESihf wHwm;rsm;uJo
h @kd aom tajccHtaqmuftOD;rsm;teD;ESihf a'ow0du
k w
f iG f rdik ;f axmif
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xm;wwfonfukd awG@&=dS u&onf?
1990 ckEpS rf sm; tv,fyikd ;f rSpI rdik ;f rsm; toH;k csyo
kH nf wpfenf;wzHk ajymif;vJvmcJo
h nf? wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tcsK@d /
txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if H ajrmufyikd ;f ESihf taemufyikd ;f &Sd tiftm;pkrsm;onf tpd;k &ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlncD surf sm;
ðyEdik =f u+yD;aemuf rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_ odoo
d mom avsmeh nf;oGm;onf? Ttcsed w
f iG f jrefrmEdik if H awmifyikd ;f a'owGirf l tcsK@d aom
tiftm;pkrsm;url ajrjrKyfrikd ;f udk wd;k ItoH;k ðyvmonfukd awG@&=dS u&onf? od@k r[kwf rawmfwq rdik ;f jzifh xdcu
kd rf t
_ a&twGuf
24
wd;k wufvmonf[k qdv
k #iv
f nf; jzpfEikd o
f nf? txl;ojzifh u&ifjynfe,fEiS hf u,m;jynfe,f (u&ifejD ynfe,f)/ &Sr;f jynfe,f
awmifydkif;a'orsm;/ rGefjynfe,fESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;wdk@wGif jzpfonf?
jrefrmhwyfrawmftaejzifh puf¶x
kH w
k rf ikd ;f rsm;udk toH;k ðyavh&+dS yD;/ yJc;l wdik ;f taemufyikd ;f &Sd anmifajcaxmuf rdik ;f xkwv
f yk af &;
25
puf¶rkH S xkwo
f nf? od@k r[kwf w¶kwEf iS hf ¶k&mS ; tygt0if tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS wify@kd onfh rdik ;f rsm;udk toH;k ðy=uonf? wzufwiG rf l
tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;u vuf&t
dS ajctaewGif vufvyk rf ikd ;f rsm;udo
k m toH;k ðy=uonf? TypPn;f (rdik ;f ) rsm;udk
&Hzef&Hcg tdkiftD;'D (IED) (vufvkyfaygufuGJapwwfaom ypPnf;) [kvnf; ac:qdk=uonf? TtpD&ifcHpmtwGufrl vlESifh
xdawG@v#if ayguu
f aJG paom tdik t
f ;D 'Drsm;udk vlowfrikd ;f rsm; (AP mines) [k ac:qdo
k mG ;ygrnf? 26
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ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor.
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Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@xHrS pkaqmif;&&Sdonf?
CBO Database (txufazmfjyyg atmufajcrSwfpk -20 wGif tus,f&Sif;vif;csufudk =unfhyg?)
rawmfwq rdkif;jzifh xdcdkufr_ wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmjcif;onf rdkif;udk wdk;ItoHk;ðyjcif;a=umifh jzpfvmonf[k aocsmwyftyfrajymEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf;
a'wm owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ydkIaumif;rGefpGm ay;ydk@vmEdkifaoma=umifh/ odk@r[kwf jynfwGif;Y aexdkifolrsm; a&$@ajymif;oGm;vmr_ wdk;vmaoma=umifh
vnf; jzpfEdkifonf?
Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@xHrS pkaqmif;&&Sdonf?
vlxdawG@v#if aygufuGJapaom tdkiftD;'D (IED) qdkonfrSm xdawG@v#if/ odk@r[kwf vl&Sdaev#if/ odk@r[kwf tem;a&mufvmv#if aygufuGJapaom ypPnf;jzpfI
vlowfrdkif;[k owfrSwfEdkifonf? ‚if;udk rdkif;wm;jrpfa&;pmcsKyf (EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf) wGif wm;jrpfxm;onf? trdef@ay; cvkwfESdyfrS aygufuGJapaom
tdik t
f ;D 'D (IED) qdo
k nfrmS toH;k ðyolu rnfonft
h csed w
f iG f ayguu
f aJG prnfukd qH;k jzwfonf? ‚if;udrk l pmcsKyfwiG f wm;jrpfyw
d yf ifxm;jcif; r&Syd g? od@k aomfvnf;
Tvufeufrsm; toHk;ðyr_onf &Hzef&HcgwGif EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_ Oya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf? txl;ojzifh t&yfom;rsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;
wdkufcdkufonfh tajctaersKd;wGif jzpfonf? trdef@ay; cvkwfESdyfI&aom AHk;rsm;ESifh (tdkiftD;'D) rsm;udkvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;/ ppfwyfrsm;/
tpdk;&rsm;u “ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;” [kyif ac:a0:oHk;pGJ azmfjy=uonf?
23
24
25
26
ICBL,http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Universal/MBT/Non-State-Armed-Groups, accessed 8th December 2010.
15
tpdk;&wyfESifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u toHk;ðyae=uonfhtjyif/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;uvnf;
27
pD;yGm;a&; &nf&G,fcsufESifh toHk;ðyae=uygonf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;uvnf; umuG,fay;r_AsL[mt& vnf;aumif;/ cdk;qdk;
vk,ufr_rsm;rS umuG,f&efvnf;aumif; toHk;ðyae=uygonf?
xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm;
28
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f òrd@e,f (325)ck &So
d nft
h euf (34) ck (10² 5µ) wGif rdik ;f '%foifch aH e&ygonf? Tòrd@e,frsm;onf wdik ;f &if;om;
vlenf;pkrsm; t"du aexdik =f uonfh a'orsm;wGif wnf&adS eygonf? trsm;pkrmS xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf uyfvsuw
f nf&o
dS nf?
tcsKd@aom b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH/ w¶kwfEdkifiHESifh e,fpyfuyfvsuf òrd@e,frsm;rSmvnf; rdkif;'%foifhcHae&ygonf? (azmfjyyg yHk-1
udk =unfyh g?) Ta'orsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm; jzpf+yD;/ awmxlxyfonf? tajccHtaqmuftOD;vnf; enf;yg;ygonf?
(o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;twGufudk a&vrf;/ ajcoGm;vrf;wdk@udkom tm;xm;ae=u&onf?)
Tòrd@e,fwpfckcsif;pD. vlOD;a&yrm%udk twdtus &&dSEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg? odk@twGufa=umifh ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
rdik ;f '%f oifx
h cd u
kd ef pfemae&ol vlO;D a&udk azmfjycef@reS ;f &mY ukvor*~ pm;eyf&u
d mQ ESihf pdu
k yf sK;d a&;tzG@J (UNFAO) vlO;D a&
29
pm&if;udo
k m tajcðyazmfjy&ygonf? vlO;D a& (50²2) oef;&S&d m/ (10² 5µ)aom òrd@e,frsm;wGif rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd ef pfemae=u&
onfhtwGuf tcsKd;uswGufcsufv#if cef@rSef;vlOD;a& (5 ²2) oef;onf rdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfemae&onfh òrd@e,frsm;wGif
30
aexdik af e=uygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vufawG@taexm;wGirf l rdik ;f '%foifI
h xdcu
kd ef pfemae&aom òrd@e,frsm;wGif aexdik af e
=uol vlOD;a&onf tenf;i,fr# Txufavsmhenf;Edkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pDrHcef@cGJr_pepf (MIMU) . ajryHkt&
31
wpfpwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmwGif aexdkifolusJyg;a=umif; azmfjyxm;+yD;/ rdkif;'%fuif;&Sif;aom a'orsm;wGif vlaexlxyfygonf?
&yf & G m tajcðy vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;/ Ed k i f i H w um tJ e f * sD t d k r sm;ud k awG @ qH k a r;jref ; r_ r sm;t&ES i f h tzG J @ tpnf ; tcsKd @ .
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;t& 2007 ckEpS f rwdik rf u
D / csi;f jynfe,fEiS hf ucsijf ynfe,f&dS òrd@e,frsm; tygt0if tjcm;aom òrd@e,frsm;wGif
vnf; rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeonf[k ouFmruif; jzpf&onf? rdkif;ESifh rawmfwqr_rsm; &SdcJhonf[k azmfjy=uonf? Tòrd@e,frsm;udkrl
jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pDrHcef@cGJr_pepf (MIMU) . ajrjrKyfrdkif;tE W&m,f&SdaeqJ òrd@e,frsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? 32
27
v_y&f mS ;aeoltrsK;d rsK;d wGif rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwv
f yk af eolrsm;/ a&mif;0,f ukeu
f ;l aeolrsm;/ arSmifcx
kd w
k af eolrsm;vnf; yg0if+yD; ajrjrKyf rdik ;f udk toH;k ðyae=uonf?
Todk@ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsKd;udk olwdk@. xl;jcm;csufudkvdkufI “pD;yGm;jzpf rdkif;rsm;” [k ac:qdk=uonf?
28
ICBL Landmine Monitor reporting on Burma/Myanmar since January 2007 and Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) map dated
15 June 2010 “Townships with Known Hazard of Antipersonnel Mines” available at
http://themimu.info/MapsInfo/Hazard/MIMU195v02_Myanmar_Antipersonnel_Mine_(Bilingual)_100615_A4.pdf
29
UNFAO. 2009. The size of Burma/Myanmar’s population is 50,200,000. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.asp?lang=en&iso3=MMR
30
ICBL Landmine Monitor reporting on Burma/myanmar since January 2007 and Myanmar information in MIMU map dated 15 June 2010
31
Based on DCA Mine Action assumption on the map dated 15 June 2010 “Townships with Known Hazard of Antipersonnel Mines
“available at http://themimu.info/MapsInfo/Hazard/MIMU195v02_Myanmar_Antipersonnel_Mine_(Bilingual)_100615_A4.pdf and the
map entitled “Estimated Population Density 2000 with Townships and Urban Areas” accessed 8 December 2010 at
http://www.themimu.info/MapsInfo/Population/MIMU002_EstPop2000_A3.pdf
32
2007 ckESpfrwdkifrD owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf òrd@e,ftqifhwGif r&&SdEdkifjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf? (wdkif;ESifh jynfe,ftqifhwGifom &SdaeEdkifonf?) odk@r[kwf
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ajryHkxkwf&mtqifhwGif rdkif;tE W&m,fwnf&Sdaer_udk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&avmufatmif rjynfhpHkonfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?
16
Disclaimer: The names shown and the boundaries used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
rSwfcsuf/ þajryHkay:&Sd trnfrsm;ESifh e,ferdwfrsm;onf ukvor*¾rS w&m;0iftwnfjyKvufcHxm;onf[k t"dyÜg,fraumuf,l&/
yH-k 1? vlowfrikd ;f rsm; tE &W m,f&adS eonf[k od&x
dS m;aom òrd@e,frsm;
17
MYANMAR
Estimated Population Density 2000
with Townships & Urban Areas
75
76
68
69
201
Ayeyarwady Division
1 Bogale
2 Danubyu
3 Dedaye
4 Einme
5 Hinthada
6 Ingapu
7 Kangyidaunt
8 Kyaiklat
9 Kyangin
10 Kyaunggon
11 Kyonpyaw
12 Labutta
13 Lemyethna
14 Maubin
15 Mawlamyinegyun
16 Myanaung
17 Myaungmya
18 Ngapudaw
19 Nyaungdon
20 Pantanaw
21 Pathein
22 Pyapon
23 Thabaung
24 Wakema
25 Yegyi
26 Zalun
Bago East Division
27 Bago
28 Daik-U
29 Kawa
30 Kyaukkyi
31 Kyauktaga
32 Nyaunglebin
33 Oktwin
34 Phyu
35 Shwegyin
36 Tantabin
37 Taungoo
38 Thanatpin
39 Waw
40 Yedashe
Bago West Division
41 Gyobingauk
42 Letpadan
43 Minhla
44 Monyo
45 Nattalin
46 Okpho
47 Padaung
48 Pauk Kaung
49 Paungde
50 Pyay
51 Shwedaung
52 Thayarwady
53 Thegon
54 Zigon
Chin State
55 Falam
56 Hakha
57 Htantlang
58 Kanpetlet
59 Madupi
60 Mindat
61 Paletwa
62 Tiddim
63 Tonzang
Kachin State
64 Bhamo
65 Chipwi
66 Hpakan
67 Injangyang
68 Kawnglanghpu
69 Machanbaw
70 Mansi
71 Mogaung
72 Mohnyin
73 Momauk
74 Myitkyina
75 Nogmung
76 Puta-O
77 Shwegu
78 Sumprabum
79 Tanai
80 Tsawlaw
81 Waingmaw
Kayah State
82 Bawlakhe
83 Demoso
84 Hpasawng
85 Hpruso
86 Loikaw
87 Mese
88 Shadaw
Kayin State
89 Hlaingbwe
90 Hpa-An
91 Hpapun
92 Kawkareik
93 Kyain Seikgyi
94 Myawaddy
95 Thandaung
Magway Division
96 Aunglan
97 Chauk
98 Gangaw
99 Kamma
100 Magway
101 Minbu
102 Mindon
103 Minhla
104 Myaing
105 Myothit
106 Natmauk
107 Ngape
108 Pakokku
109 Pauk
110 Pwintbyu
111 Salin
112 Saw
113 Seikphyu
114 Sidoktaya
115 Sinbaungwe
116 Taungdwingyi
117 Thayet
118 Tilin
119 Yenangyaung
120 Yesagyo
79
78
80
Source:
194
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)
Center for International Earth Science Information Network
(CIESIN) Columbia University, Global Population of the World 3
using "The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, 1983
Population Census, Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs,
Immigration and Manpower Department, October 1987."
67
KACHIN STATE
65
183
66
195
74
Note:
"Although the State (administrative 1 level) population data for 1985
and 1990-1997 were based on the 1983 census, the 1983 census
was not directly used for computing growth rates. It is believed that
artifically high rates are produced when the 1983 census is
incorporated into the calculations. This is partially because the state
of Kawthulei (Karen) had a population that doubled from 1983
(633,000) to 1985 (1,109,000), but from 1985 the increase in
population is gradual. Also, it was reported that there were
approximately 1,183,005 persons residing in inaccessible areas
during the 1983 census, Kawthulei may have been one of these
areas. Thus growth rate at level 1 from 1985 to 1997 were applied
to 1983 level 2 (township) population to estimate 1990, 1995 and 2000."
81
71
72
184
73
180
Mandalay Division
121 Amarapura
122 Aungmyaythazan
123 Chanayethazan
124 Chanmyathazi
125 Kyaukpadaung
126 Kyaukse
127 Lewe
128 Madaya
129 Mahaaungmyay
130 Mahlaing
131 Meiktila
132 Mogoke
133 Myingyan
134 Myittha
135 Natogyi
136 Ngazun
137 Nyaung-U
138 Patheingyi
139 Pyawbwe
140 Pyigyitagon
141 Pyinmana
142 Pyinoolwin
143 Singu
144 Sintgaing
145 Tada-U
146 Tatkon
147 Taungtha
148 Thabeikkyin
149 Thazi
150 Wundwin
151 Yamethin
Mon State
152 Bilin
153 Chaungzon
154 Kyaikmaraw
155 Kyaikto
156 Mawlamyine
157 Mudon
158 Paung
159 Thanbyuzayat
160 Thaton
161 Ye
Rakhine State
162 Ann
163 Buthidaung
164 Gwa
165 Kyaukpyu
166 Kyauktaw
167 Maungdaw
168 Minbya
169 Mrauk-U
170 Munaung
171 Myebon
172 Pauktaw
173 Ponnagyun
174 Ramree
175 Rathedaung
176 Sittwe
177 Thandwe
178 Toungup
Sagaing Division
179 Ayadaw
180 Banmauk
181 Budalin
182 Chaung-U
183 Hkamti
184 Homalin
185 Indaw
186 Kale
187 Kalewa
188 kanbalu
189 Kani
190 Katha
191 Kawlin
192 Khin-U
193 Kyunhla
194 Lahe
195 Lay Shi
196 Mawlaik
197 Mingin
198 Monywa
199 Myaung
200 Myinmu
201 Nanyun
202 Pale
203 Paungbyin
204 Pinlebu
205 Sagaing
206 Salingyi
207 Shwebo
208 Tabayin
209 Tamu
210 Taze
211 Tigyaing
212 Wetlet
213 Wuntho
214 Ye-U
215 Yinmabin
Shan State (East)
216 Kengtung
217 Matman
218 Monghpyak
219 Monghsat
220 Mongkhet
221 Mongla
222 Mongping
223 Mongton
224 Mongyang
225 Mongyawng
226 Tachileik
209
203
185
77
SAGAING DIVISION
204
190
64
213
70
230
241
211
63
196
237 245
191
236
235
232
231
193
62
188
187
239
242
234
207
56
189
181
215
202
59
143
212
122138
142
121
145 144 126
136
199
133
120
109
60
137
114
168
221
131
149
MAGWAY DIVISION
101
171
162
226
219
151
263
251
105
176
218
262
252
110
172
SHAN STATE (EAST)
264
269
139
106
222
250 258
SHAN STATE (SOUTH)
97
119
225
216
253
267
125
111
169
175
220
255
150
130
217
260
254
270
58
166
173
134
224
261
257
MANDALAY DIVISION
113
163
135
147
108
112
247
205
200
206 182
104
61
243
249
240
229
198
118
167
233
246
128
179
98
248
SHAN STATE (NORTH)
192
208
57
238
132
214
197
CHIN STATE
228
227
148
210
186
55
244
268
146
100
223
256
259
265
107
116
141
103
RAKHINE STATE
266
127
115
86
83
88
165
85
102
174
117
96
99
178
47
51
84
33
49
53
16
91
43
6
164
32
28
52
27
26
25
23
11
294
29
300
288321
324 290 303 323
4
7
14
24
18
15
22
NSO-Based Estimated Population, 1995 ('000)
42,770
NSO-Based Estimated Population, 2000 ('000)
46,979
UN FAO adjusted Population, 1990 ('000)
40,517
UN FAO adjusted Population, 1995 ('000)
44,352
UN FAO adjusted Population, 2000 ('000)
47,749
152
89
160
90
153
3
1
KAYIN STATE
92
158
299
301
8
17
12
38
155
19 296295
AYEYARWADY DIVISION 293308289
21
39
318
2
10 20
38,942
35
42
5
13
NSO-Based Estimated Population, 1990 ('000)
87
36
31
44
1997
Last Year of Reference
82
95
BAGO DIVISION
30
45 34
(WEST)
BAGO DIVISION
54
9
41
(EAST)
46
177
Shan State (North)
227 Hopang
228 Hseni
229 Hsipaw
230 Konkyan
231 Kunlong
232 Kutkai
233 Kyuakme
234 Lashio
235 Laukkaing
236 Mabein
237 Manton
238 Mongmao
239 Mongmit
240 Mongyai
241 Muse
242 Namhsan
243 Namphan
244 Namtu
245 Nanhkan
246 Nawnghkio
247 Pangsang
248 Pangwaun
249 Tangyan
Shan State (South)
250 Hopong
251 Hsihseng
252 Kalaw
253 Kunhing
254 Kyethi
255 Laihka
256 Langkho
257 Lawksawk
258 Loilen
259 Mawkmai
260 Monghsu
261 Mongkaung
262 Mongnai
263 Mongpan
264 Nansang
265 Nyaungshwe
266 Pekon
267 Pindaya
268 Pinlaung
269 Taunggyi
270 Ywangan
Tanintharyi Division
271 Bokpyin
272 Dawei
273 Kawthoung
274 Kyunsu
275 Launglon
276 Myeik
277 Palaw
278 Tanintharyi
279 Thayetchaung
280 Yebyu
National Population Estimates
KAYAH STATE
37
48
50
170
40
156
YANGON DIVISION
157
MON STATE
94
Estimated Population 2000
154
density-per square kilometer
159
High : 40,404 people per km2
93
Low : 83 people per km2
284
Yangon Division
281 Ahlone
282 Bahan
283 Botahtaung
284 Cocokyun
285 Dagon
286 Dagon Myothit(East)
287 Dagon Myothit(North)
288 Dagon Myothit(Seikkan
289 Dagon Myothit(South)
290 Dala
291 Dawbon
292 Hlaing
293 Hlaingtharya
294 Hlegu
295 Hmawbi
296 Htantabin
297 Insein
298 Kamaryut
299 Kawhmu
300 Kayan
301 Kungyangon
302 Kyauktada
303 Kyauktan
304 Kyeemyindaing
305 Lanmadaw
306 Latha
307 Mayangone
308 Mingaladon
309 Mingalartaungnyunt
310 North Okkalapa
311 Pabedan
312 Pazundaung
313 Sanchaung
314 Seikgyikanaungto
315 Seikkan
316 Shwepyithar
317 South Okkalapa
318 Taikkyi
319 Tamwe
320 Thaketa
321 Thanlyin
322 Thingangkuun
323 Thongwa
324 Twantay
325 Yankin
161
Townships
Urban Areas
280
1:5,500,000
275
272
279
277
276
278
274
TANINTHARYI
DIVISION
271
273
2007, Map prepared by the IASC Information Management Unit (MMR001, Estpop_2000.pdf)
yH-k 2? cef@rSe;f vlO;D a& odyo
f nf;r_ (2000)ckEpS f ESihf òrd@e,frsm;/ òrd@jya'orsm;
18
States/Divisions
&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& rdkif;tE &W m,f&o
dS nf[k ouFmruif;&onfh
ae&m (166)ck &Syd gonf? Tae&m (16)ckrmS &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f &Syd gonf? (ae&mtm;vH;k wGif rdik ;f axmifxm;onf?) useo
f nfh
(rdik ;f rsm; &Sad eonfh oHo,&So
d nfh (134) ae&mESihf rayguu
f aJG o;onfh ,rf;ypPn;f rsm; &Sad eonfh ae&m 16-ck) ae&mrsm;rSm
u&ifjynfe,f/ yJcl;wdkif; tcsKd@a'orsm;/ rGefjynfe,fwdk@wGif &Sdae=uygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmwGif rdkif;tE W&m,f oHo,
jzpfz,
G &f o
dS nfh cef@reS ;f ae&m yrm%udv
k nf; azmfjyxm;ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tjcm;Edik if rH sm; tawG@tñuHt& Tod@k upd rP sK;d udk
enf;ynm ru|rf;usifolrsm;u ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mY rdkif;oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdonfh ae&mrsm;udk ydkvGefI cef@rSef;azmfjy
xm;wwfonfukd awG@&wwfaoma=umif/h ,cktpD&ifcpH mwGif xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Syd g? tu,fI enf;ynmu|r;f usio
f l
jzifh 'kw,
d t}udrf ppfwrf;aumuf,rl _ aqmif&u
G Ef ikd rf o
S mv#if rdik ;f xlajympGm&Sad eonfh ae&mrsm;udk aocsmwGuq
f Edik rf nf
jzpfonf?
xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f rdik ;f '%fa=umifh rnfr#twdik ;f twmtxd vlra_ &;-pD;yGm;a&;t& qd;k usK;d oufa&mufae&onfukd a'wm owif;
tcsut
f vufrsm; tjynft
h pHk r&&Syd g? od@k aomfvnf; &&Sx
d m;or#aom tuef@towfjzifh owif;tcsut
f vufukd toH;k ðyI
&yf&Gmvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay:wGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&yHkudk “wdkuf¶dkuf xdcdkufepfemapr_” ¶_axmifhrS aomf
vnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf “EdkifiHa&;t& oufa&mufr_” ¶_axmifhrSaomf vnf;aumif; avhvm=unfhEdkifygonf?
“wdu
k ¶f u
kd x
f cd u
kd ef pfemapr_” ¶_axmifrh S =unfo
h nfq&kd mY vlxt
k rsm;tjrifzufrS =unfjh cif;jzpfygonf? rdik ;f rsm;a=umifh pdu
k yf sK;d
csed /f &dwo
f rd ;f csed rf sm;wGif olw@kd . v,f,mrsm;od@k roGm;Edik =f uawmhonft
h jyif/ jzpfaeonfh vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh
vltrsm; xGuaf jy;=u&csed Yf touftE &W m,fyg &Sad pygonf? xd@k tjyif awmawmifukd jzwfI ay:wmxrf;&&mY vnf;aumif;/
33
tajctae at;aq;I rdrd&yf&Gmjyefvm&mwGifaomf vnf;aumif; touftE W&m,f&Sdapygonf? &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpf (owif;tcsut
f vuf) rsm;Y rdik ;f '%foifh xdcu
kd ef pfem&olrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh v,form;rsm;
jzpfaeI tpm;tpmvHkðcHa&;tay: rsm;pGm oufa&mufr_&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? rdkif;'%foifhcHxm;&olu v,fxJuGif;xJ
tvkyfvkyf&mY ,cifuxuf ydkI av#mhenf;+yD;om vkyfudkifEdkifygawmhonf? xdk@tjyif rdom;pktay:ESifh &yf&Gmtay:wGif
rvdkvm;tyfonfh/ tydk0efxkyf0efydk; jzpfapygonf? rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;ynmay;r_twGuf ppfwrf;aumuf,l
avhvmolrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuft& rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;onf olwdk@ v,fxJuGif;xJ qif;I &yf&Gmvkyfief;. wpfpdwf
wydik ;f tjzpf tvkyrf vkyEf ikd af wmhaoma=umifh &Suo
f nf[k ajymqd=k ua=umif; od&onf?34 rdik ;f '%foif&h olEiS hf ol.rdom;pktay:
pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&m 0efxkyf0efydk;ESifh ¶dk;&mtpGJwpfcka=umifhvnf; ydkIqdk;&Gm;aponf? T¶dk;&mtpGJrSm rdkif;'%foifh&olonf
ol@bmom rdkif;eif;rdI tE W&m,f&Sdjcif;r[kwfbJ/ tcsKd@u ‘usifh0wfazmufjyefI jypf'%fcwfcH&onf’[k jrif=uonf? ,cif
twdwfb0u raumif;aom jypfr_usL;vGefaoma=umifh bmoma&;t&/ usifh0wft& uH0ÉfaºuG;udk cH&onf/ odk@r[kwf
35
,ckb0wGif wpfcck k trSm;vkyrf I
d Tod@k jypf'%fc&H onf[k jrif=uonf?
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;a&m/ e,fpyfa'orsm; teD;wGifyg aexdkif=uol &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;u ajrjrKyfrdkif;
toHk;ðyjcif;udk ‘t"dujy\em’ tjzpf xifjrif=uovdk/ wpfpHkw&m tumtuG,f[kvnf; ,lq=uonf? (odk@aomfvnf;
t&yfom;xdcdkufr_ tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdapygonf?) xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;!Gef@aygif;tzGJ@}uD;
33
ppfwyftwGuf t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf qifhac:I rdkif;rsm; xlajymonfh a'orsm;wGif ypPnf;rsm;/ 0efrsm; o,faqmif&ef cdkif;apwwfonf?
Todk@ qifhac:onfudk ay:wGJqGJonf[k ac:onf?
34
2010 ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif (MRE) udpP ppfwrf;aumuf,l avhvmonfhtzGJ@acgif;aqmifESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf?
35
2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (14) &ufwGif (MRE)udpP aqmif&Gufol &yf&GmtzGJ@tpnf; nd‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf?
19
(wDbb
D pD )D . 2009 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f 'kuo
Q nfta=umif; tpD&ifcpH mwGif &yf&mG vlxk vHðk cHa&;twGuf t"du+cdr;f ajcmufrt
_ jzpf
ppfwyf. vSnfhuif;ppfa=umif;rsm;ESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;[k tdrfaxmufpk ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ ajz=um;ol (40µ) u azmfjy=u
36
ygonf? 2007 ckEpS f pm&if;ESihf Edi_ ;f pmv#if 29µ wd;k rsm;vmjcif; jzpfygonf? 2007 ESihf 2009 ckEpS f ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm;wGif
tjcm;aom +cdr;f ajcmufrj_ y\emrsm;u Tr#twdik ;f twmtxd r}uD;ae=uyg? od@k aomfvnf; u&if&yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J
tpnf;wpfcrk S 0efxrf;wpfO;D u ajymjy&mwGif “ ajrjrKyfrikd ;f awG[m usL;ausmw
f u
kd cf u
kd v
f mr,fo
h al wGtwGuf twm;tqD;
=um;cHjzpfygw,f? ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh &yf&GmxJu aoqHk;&wJholvnf; ydkvdk@enf;ygw,f? ajrjrKyfrdkif;awGom r&Sd&if (tpdk;&ESifh
37
r[mrdwðf yxm;onfh ppfwyfz@JG rsm;) owfjzwfwma=umifh ydv
k @kd aoqH;k &rSmyg? “ [k qdyk gonf?
typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;ESifh twdkuftcdkuf ydkenf;onfh a'orsm;wGifrl t&yfom;jynfolrsm;onf ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufI onf;nnf;cHEikd o
f nfph w
d f ydI
k enf;ygonf? jrefrmEdik if H ta&S@yikd ;f a'orS &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;0ifwpfO;D u
ajymjy&mwGif “weoFm&Dwdkif;rSm&SdaewJh t&yfom; b,folwpfOD;urS ajrjrKyfrdkif;awGudk olwdk@udk umuG,fr_ay;wJht&mvdk@
38
,lq=uw,fv@kd usaemf rxifygb;l ” [k qdck o
hJ nf? Tod@k azmfjy=uonft
h wdik ;f t&yfom; vlxrk sm;t=um;wGif ajrjrKyfrikd ;f
rsm;onf umuG,fr_ay;a&; ypPnf;ud&d,mwpfckavm- [kwf/ r[kwfqdkonfudk txiftjriftrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;ae=uygonf?
xd@k tjyif ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyjcif;ESihf ywfoufI umuG,rf a_ y; a&;qdik &f m enf;vrf;rsm;teuf wpfct
k jzpf toH;k csae=uyHu
k kd
39
“yÉdyuQEiS hf &Sio
f ef&yfwnfr?_ jrefrmEdik if H ta&S @awmifyikd ;f wGif rdrb
d momumuG,cf ck aH &;” (csmorfa[mufp)f tpD&ifcpH m
ESifh “zdtm;rsm;atmufY rdrdbmom umuG,fa&;/ u&if jynfe,f ajrmufydkif;a'owGif t&yfom;rsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;
40
wdkufcdkufaejcif;ESifh a'ocHrsm;. wkH@jyefr_” (KHRG) ponfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif awG@&Sd&onf?
wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pk (tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;)ESifh jrefrmppftpdk;&t=um; rcdkifjrJvSonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;
oabmwlnDcsuf &,lEdkifcJhaoma'orsm; (jrefrmEdkifiH. ajrmufydkif;ESifh taemufydkif;) wGifrl awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t& a&m/
&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpf (owif;tcsuftvufrsm;)t&yg rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m &r_
av#mu
h somG ;onfukd awG@&ygonf? Tod@k rkid ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd rf _ av#mu
h somG ;&jcif;onf wpfpw
d w
f ydik ;f wGif tdrv
f yk f rdik ;f rsm;
od@k r[kwf tdik t
f ;D 'Drsm; oufwrf;ukeq
f ;kH oGm;jcif; a=umif[
h k qdEk ikd o
f nf? puf¶x
kH w
k f rdik ;f rsm;onf olw@kd . ayguu
f rJG t
_ pGr;f udk
q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm=um xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif=u aomfvnf; tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;rSmrl axmifxm;+yD;onfhumvrS (6)vr#om
42
cHwwfygonf? 41 od@k aomfvnf; ('DpaD t) tzG@J EiS hf rdik ;f qdik &f m t=uHay;tzG@J (MAG) wd@k tqdt
k & (6)v=um+yD; aemufwiG f
'Dwdkaewm aygufuGJap&ef tvkyfrvkyfawmh[k qdkonfhwdkif Trdkif;onf tjcm;tajctaewpfckatmufwGif aygufuGJ
Edkifygao;onf? tyla=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ yGwfwdkufr_a=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ aygufuGJ,rf;rsm; "mwfajymif;
(Crystallisation) aoma=umifh vnf;aumif; "mwfz@JG pnf;r_ rwnf+idrjf zpfvm+yD; ayguu
f EJG ikd yf gao;onf?43 tcsKyfqdk&v#if
tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;u tdrv
f yk rf ikd ;f rsm; toH;k rðy=uawmhonfw
h ikd /f TypPn;f rsm;a=umifh aemufxyf rawmfwq
xdcu
kd rf t
_ E &W m,frsm; vH;k 0csKyf+idr;f oGm;+yD[k rqdEk ikd yf g? xd@k tjyif rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&ol ta&twGuf usqif;oGm;&
36
Thailand Burma Border Consortium, November 2009. www.tbbc.org
37
2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (12) &ufwGif xdkif;EdkifiHY &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf?
38
Ibid.
Conflict and Survival : Self-protection in south-east Burma, Chatham House, September 2010. The full report is available at
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files
17343_0910pp_burma_es.pdf
40
“Self-protection under strain: Targeting of civilians and local responses in northern Karen (Kayin) State”, Karen Human Rights Group,
August 2010. The report is available at http://www.khrg.org/khrg2010/khrg1004
39
41
awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tqdkt&/ tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;wGif aygufuGJaprnfh 'Dwdkaewmudk pGrf;tifay;&eftwGuf w¶kwfEdkifiHvkyf
aps;aygaom atat-"mwfcJrsm;udk toHk;ðy=uonf? awmxJwGif ESpf0ufcef@=um+yD;aemufwGif aygufuGJap&ef rD;yGifhay;EdkifaomtpGrf; r&Sdawmhyg?
42
rdkif;qdkif&m t=uHay;tzGJ@ (MAG) qdkonfrSm +AdwdefEdkifiH tajcpdkuf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_ tJef*sDtdk tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfygonf?
(www.maginternational.org)
43
According to MAG briefing document “Residual hazards of improvised landmines” prepared specifically for Geneva Call, and to DCA
Mine Action Technical Adviser field visit.
20
jcif;onf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;a'orsm;wGif vlrsm; a&$ @ajymif;
aexdik rf _ usqif;oGm;+yD;/ wdu
k yf rJG sm;a=umifh vlrsm;xGuaf jy;ae
p&m rvdktyfawmhonfhtwGufa=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf?
xd@k tjyif typftcwf&yfpaJ &;a'o&Sd vlxrk sm;u tE &W m,f&dS
aeonf[k od&Sdxm;onfh a'orsm;udkvnf; a&SmifuGif;oGm;
vmEdik =f uygonf? Tae&mwGif tE &W m,f&adS eonf[k &yf&mG
u todtrSwfðyxm;r_ raysmufrcsif;/ aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u
rarhav#mhrcsif; umvwpfpHkw&mwdkif roGm;=uawmh&m/
TtwGufa=umifh xdcdkufr_enf;jcif;vnf; trSefjzpfygonf?
odk@r[kwfygu ajrjyifay:wGif wpfpHkw&m ajymif;vJoGm;ygu/
odk@r[kwf olwdk@. &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;twGuf r0ifrae&
xdka'owGif; 0ifa&muf&rnfqdkygu tE W&m,f&SdEdkifygonf?
“EdkifiHa&;t& oufa&mufr_” ¶_axmifhrS =unfhrnfqdkv#if
jrefrmEdik if .
H Edik if aH &;-ppfa&; tajctaeudk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;
&rnf jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm a&;om;aecsdefwGif jrefrm
tpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;t=um; yÉdyuQ
av#mhusqif;oGm;p&mta=umif; a&wdkumvwGif rawG@&yg?
xd@k tjyif TtcsuEf iS q
hf ef@usiI
f ydw
k ;kd vmzG,yf if &Sad eygonf?
1990 ckEpS rf sm;u typftcwf&yfpx
J m;=uonfh tpd;k &r[kwf
onfh tcsK@d aom tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wdu
k yf rJG sm;yif jyefIjzpfvm
ygonf? typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnD=uonfh tpdk;&
r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs)/ (tiftm;tawmifw
h if;
qHk;tzGJ@rsm; tygt0if) u e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGif
ajymif;zGJ@pnf;&ef tpdk;&. awmif;qdkcsufudk jiif;y,faecJh=u
ygonf?44 Tod@k ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;+yD;ygu tpd;k &. vufeufuikd f
wyfz@JG (wyfrawmf) . xde;f csKyfra_ tmufwiG f xm;&S&d rnfjzpf
onf? Tjy\emudk zdtm;ay; aqmif&Gufvmaoma=umifh
&efvdkwdkufcdkufr_topfrsm;vnf; jyefIpwifvmzG,f &Sdae
onf? jrefrmEdkifiH taetxm;wGifrl tawG@tñuHrsm;t&
vufeufuikd w
f u
kd yf t
JG opfrsm; ay:ayguv
f mjcif;onf rdik ;f toH;k
ðyr_EiS hf qufpyfae+yD;/ aemufxyf xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&r_topfrsm;
vnf; xGufay:vmzG,f&Sdonf?
2009-2010 ckEpS w
f iG f txl;ojzifh ucsijf ynfe,fY (&Sr;f jynf
e,f tygt0if) tcsKd@aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pk
rsm;u vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; jyefvnfpwif&ef jyifqifr_
44
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@ qdkonfrSm tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.
vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;udk tpdk;&vufeufudkif wyf (wyfrawmf) atmuf
xnfhoGif;zGJ@pnf;ap&ef jzpfygonf?
rsm; &SdaecJhonf? olwdk@u vlowfrdkif;rsm; csxm;jrKyfESHjcif;/
odk@r[kwf rdkif;cif;&eftwGuf jyifqifjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifae
=uonf? owif;&if;jrpf (4) ckrS azmfjycsurf sm;t& tenf;qH;k
vl (10)OD; (ucsifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf45
autdik af t rS 9-OD;ESihf t&yfom; 1-OD;) onf +yD;cJo
h nfEh pS f
twGif; ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; topfaxmifxm;aom rdkif;
rsm;a=umifh '%f&m&&SdcJhonf ? 46 tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyf
(wyfrawmf)uvnf; ppftwGuf jyifqifaeonf? 16-ESpw
f m
umvtwGif; yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftaeESifh tpdk;&u xdef;csKyf
xm;onfh owif;rD'D,mwGif ucsif vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@
(autdik t
f )kd ESihf vufeufuikd w
f yf (autdik af t) udk “aomif;
usef;ol” [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJvmcJhonf? ,cifu oHk;pGJovdk
47
+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;[k roHk;pGJ=uawmhyg?
owif;rD'D,mtzGJ@rsm;. azmfjycsufrsm;t& tjcm;aom
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;tzG@J rsm;onfvnf; “aomif;useo
f rl sm;”
tjzpfo@kd jyefIajymif;vJz,
G f &Sad eonf? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;
tzGJ@rsm;jzpfonfh ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (KIO)/ rGefjynf
opfygw(D NMSP)48/ &Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf (ajrmuf) (SSA-N)
ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &; rðyxm;&ao;aom u&if trsK;d om;
49
tpnf;t¶Hk; (KNU) / u&ifeD trsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
(KNPP)/ csif; trsKd;om;wyfOD; (CNF) wdk@u “zuf'&,f
wyfrawmf” xlaxmif&ef oabmwlncD =hJ uonf? typftcwf
&yfpJxm;aomtzGJ@rS cGJxGufvmonfh wdk;wufaom Ak'<
50
bmom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶H;k ('DaubDat) uvnf;
45
46
47
48
ucsifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (autdkiftdk) onf 2010 ckESpfwGif
e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGifajymif;a&;udk jiif;qefxm;onfh typftcwf
&yfpJa&;tzGJ@wpfck jzpfonf?
ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; tvkyfvkyfudkifaeonfh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk0efxrf;
wpfOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf (arv / 2010 ckESpf)
“The Burmese junta described the Kachin Independence Army
(KIA), a cease-fire group which operates on the Sino-Burmese
border, as “insurgents” in state-run-newspapers on Friday,
ceasing to call them a cease-fire group which they have done
since signing a cease-fire agreement with the KIA in 1994" quoted
from The Irrawaddy, October 15, 2010. For the full article, see
http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19743
rGefjynfopfygwDonf 2010 ckESpfwGif e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGifajymif;
a&;udk jiif;qefxm;onfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@wpfck jzpfonf?
49
u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; (autJef,l) onf typftcwf&yfpJa&; rðy&
ao;aom tzGJ@wpfck jzpfonf?
50
wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; ('DaubDat)/ u&if
trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (autJef t,fvfat) rS cGJxGufvm
onfh tkyfpkwpfck jzpfonf? twGif;wGif acgif;aqmifr_ pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_ r&Sdyg?
tcsKd@aom ('DaubDat) rsm;u e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf vufcHtoGif
ajymif;cJh=uonf?
21
tpd;k &wyfz@JG rsm;ESihf jyefvnfpwifI wdu
k cf u
kd af eonf? 0jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;wyfrawmf
51
wdkufcdkuf&ef tvm;tvm&Sdaeonf?
(UWSA)
uvnf; jyefvnf
aemufqHk;taeESifh “pD;yGm;jzpfrdkif;rsm;” [k ac:qdkae=uonfh (obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,l&ef/ a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;
twGuf qnfrsm;/ "mwftm;aumif;uifóud;wdkifrsm;/ wHwm; rsm; umuG,fa&;twGuf/ typftcwf&yfpJa&; a'orsm;rSm
tygt0if toHk;ðyae=uaom) rdkif;rsm;onf &yf&Gmvlxkrsm; twGuf aemufxyfpdk;&drfylyefzG,f udpPwpf&yf jzpfygonf?
“2009ckESpf rSm ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; axmifxm;wJh rdkif;awG[m pD;yGm;a&;udpP awGtwGuf axmifxm;wmcsnf;yJ?” [k
typftcwf&yfpJa&; a'o&Sd &yf&GmtajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rS yk*~dKvfwpfOD;u TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf okawoeðyaepOfumvY
ajymygonf? olu typf&yfxm;onfh tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;udak &m/ typftcwf &yfrxm;onfh tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh
tzG@J tpnf;udyk g typfqykd g onf? olw@kd obm0&if;jrpf xkwv
f yk rf r_ S 0ifaiG&ap&ef Tod@k rdik ;f rsm; cif;ae=uonf[k pGypf yJG gonf?
od k @ aomf v nf ; Tazmf j y csuf u d k avh v mol t rsm;pk u oabmrwl n D = uyg? tpd k ; &r[k w f o nf h tif t m;pk r sm;u
oH;k aomrdik ;f rsm;onf olw@kd wdik ;f &if;om; vlenf;pkjynforl sm;udk umuG,af y;&eftwGuo
f m rsm;aomtm;jzihf cif;=ua=umif;
jiif;qdak jym=um;=uygonf? r=umao;rDumvu ucsijf ynfe,f ajrmufyikd ;f a'owGif tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfcu
k
ajrjrKyfrikd ;f rsm;udk olw@kd a'o olw@kd umuG,&f eftwGuf aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;xH jzef@jzL;xkwaf 0ay;cJyh gonf? ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_EiS hf
ywfoufI topfjzpfay: wdk;wufr_rsm;wGif u|rf;usifr_r&Sdonfh t&yfom;rsm;udk aygufuGJapaom ,rf;ypPnf;rsm;
jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;vnf; wpfcktygt0if jzpfygonf? (tcsKd@u Todk@aomrdkif;rsm;a=umifh xdcdkuftemw& &SdapcJha=umif;
52
azmfjy=u+yD;) pd;k &drzf ,
G f tajctaevnf; jzpfonf?
tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh typftcwf&yfpaJ &; +yD;onfah emufwiG f ajrjrKyfrikd ;f udk qufI toH;k ðy=uOD;rnfjzpf
onft
h jyif/ tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm; xde;f csKyfxm;&m a'orsm;wGif rdik ;f jzifh xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&r_ trsm;tjym; =um;odae&
ao;aomfvnf;/ &yfqdkif;vdk[ef r&Sd=uonfhtwGuf vmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;jzifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdr_ wdk;wuf
rsm;jym;aeOD;rnfyif jzpfygonf?
xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;
rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;twGuf wpfEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m pm&if;Z,m;rsm; r&Sday? (ICBL) . ajrjrKyfrdkif; avhvm
apmif=h unfah &; 2009 ckEpS f tpD&ifcpH mwGif azmfjyxm;csut
f & 1999 ckEpS rf S 2008 ckEpS =f um;wGif xdcu
kd rf a_ ygi;f (2˜ 325)r_
&SdcJh+yD;/ (175) OD; aoqHk;um/ (2˜002) OD; xdcdkuf'%f&m &&SdcJhonf/ (148) OD;. tajctaeudkrl twdtus rod&yg?)
tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uufajceDtzG@J (tdik pf t
D mpD) u jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ajcaxmuf-vufjywf&olrsm;. ta&twGuu
f kd cef@reS ;f &mY
53
(12˜000)cef@ &Sdrnf[kqdk+yD;/ trsm;pkrSm ajrjrKyfrdkif;'%foifholrsm; jzpfygonf?
&yf&mG tajcðytzG@J rsm;. rdik ;f a'wmabhpo
f nfvnf; rdik ;f '%foif&h ol umu,H&iS rf sm;udk od&EdS ikd af om aemufxyf t&if;tjrpf
jzpfygonf? Ta'wmabhpf tcsut
f vuf rSww
f rf;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdik if w
H 0Sr;f ESihf xdik ;f Edik if &H dS 'kuo
Q nfpcef;rsm;wGi;f &Sad eol
rdik ;f '%foif&h ol vl (850) . tcsut
f vufrsm;udk awG@qakH r;jref;I pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? TrSww
f rf;rsm;wGif u&ifjynfe,f/
51
“Karen rebels go on offensive in Myanmar”, Asia Times, 16 November 2010. The full article can be viewed at
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LK16Ae02.html
52
See also “Self-protection under strain: Targeting of civilians and local responses in northern Karen (Kayin) State”, Karen Human Rights
53
2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (29) &ufae@wGif &efukefòrd@Y tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (ICRC) ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;&mY jrefrmEdkifiH =uufajceDtzGJ@. zm;tHòrd@&Sd
ajcwkvufwk aq;cef;rsm;xHrS 2008 ckESpfwGif ajcwkvufwk &&Sd=u+yD;olrsm;. (67µ) rSm ajrjrKyfrdkif;'%foifhcH&olrsm; jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;
a'owGif tjcm; ajcwk-vufwk aq;cef; 2-ck &Sdae+yD;/ olwdk@ ukoay;or#aom vlemrsm;rSm rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm; jzpfygonf?
Group, August 2010. http://www.khrg.org/khrg2010/khrg1004
22
yHk-3? xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rjzpfyGm;rD tvkyftudkif (rl&if;&yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rdkif;a'wmabhpf)
yH-k 4? xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&pOfwiG f vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u
G af er_ (rl&if;&yf&mG tajcðy tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. rdik ;f a'wmabhp)f
u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwikd ;f twGi;f rdik ;f '%foif&h olrsm;. ud,
k af &;tcsut
f vufrsm; yg0ifygonf? Ta'orsm;
onf ‚if;tzG@J rsm; oGm;a&mufxad wG@Eikd af om a'orsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? Ta'wmabhpf tcsut
f vufrsm;wGif atmufazmf
jyyg udpPrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
• jzpf&yftrsm;pkonf tpd;k &ppfwyfrsm;u axmifaom rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&jcif; jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf;
tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;u axmifonfh rdik ;f rsm;a=umifv
h nf; xdcu
kd &f r_ ta&twGuf odoo
d mom
54
&Syd gonf? (tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;[k qd&k mwGif tpd;k &udk vdv
k m;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;a&m/ qef@usif
aeonfh tiftm;pkrsm;yg yg0ifygonf?)
54
&yf&GmtajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rdkif; a'wmabhpft& (2000-ckESpfrS 2008-ckESpftwGif;) u&ifjynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/ yJcl;wdkif; a'otcsKd@ESifh rGefjynfe,f
a'otcsKd@wGif rdkif;a=umifh '%f&m&&Sdol (293)OD; yg0ifygonf? '%f&m&olrsm;. (37 µ) u tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh '%f&m&&Sdonf[k ajymqdkazmfjy=u+yD;/
(25µ) url puf¶Hkxkwfrdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&onf[k qdk=uonf? usef&Sdol (38 µ) url olwdk@ xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdr_onf puf¶Hkxkwfrdkif;a=umifhavm/
tdrfvkyfrdkif;a=umifhavm [lonfudk wdwdusus azmfjyEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uyg?
23
• jrefrmEdik if H ta&S@yikd ;f a'otwGuf a'wmabhpf tcsut
f vufrsm;. tenf;qH;k wpf0ufwiG f t&yfom;jynfol
rsm;udk xdcdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? tjcm;xdcdkuf'%f&m&ol wpf0ufrSm ppfom;rsm; - wdkufcdkufa&;orm;rsm;
jzpf+yD; xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ jzpfyGm;pOfwGif ppfa&;wm0ef xrf;aqmifae=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? (azmfjyyg yHk-2 udk
=unfhyg?)
• rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&oltrsm;pkrSm t&G,fa&muf+yD; a,mufsm;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@u xHk;wrf;pOfvmt&
rdkif;tE W&m,fydkrsm;aom 0ef;usifwGif pGef@pm;I vkyfudkif=u&olrsm; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- olwdk@ rod
ru|rf;aomae&modk@ c&D;oGm;a&muf&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf?
• ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm;. (35²1) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sda=umif; Ta'wmabhpfu
azmfjyaeygonf? tjcm;tE W&m,frsm;aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif c&D;xGufjcif; (24² 0) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh csufðywf&ef
twGuf xif;ckwjf cif; (10² 5) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f / tpm;taomuf &SmazGjcif; (11² 0) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f (v,f,mvkyu
f ikd jf cif;/
ig;zrf;jcif;/ trJvdkufjcif;ESifh wd&dp>mefausmif;jcif;wdk@ tygt0if jzpfonf?) wdk@ yg0ifazmfjyxm;onf?
• tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;&m a'orsm;wGif odomxif&Sm;onfh rdkif;'%f&m&olrsm;rSm
uav;ppfom;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,fwiG f uav; (2)OD;v#if wpfO;D rSm uav;ppfom;jzpf
ae+yD;/ u&ifjynfe,fwGifrl uav; (4) OD;v#if wpfOD;rSm uav;ppfom; jzpfaeygonf?
• u&ifjynfe,f/ u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f/ rGejf ynfe,f. a'otcsK@d EiS hf yJc;l wdik ;f wd@k wiG f rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd 'f %f&m
&&Sdr_rsm; 1990 ckESpfrsm; ESpfv,fydkif;rSpI ododomom wdk;wufvmaecJhygonf?
rdkif;&Sif;vif;aepOf xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ jzpfyGm;ygu ydkIjyif;xefpGm cHpm;&onf? ta=umif;rSm rdkif;&Sif;vif;onfholxHwGif
tumtuG,f0wfpHk/ 0ef;usifrsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
Credit : DCA
24
3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
2004 ckEpS rf pS wifI jrefrmtpd;k &onf ukvor*~/ Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;ESihf tjcm;aom jyifytiftm;pkrsm;. rdik ;f qdik &f m
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jiif;y,fxm;cJhygonf? ‚if;umvrwdkifrD ESpfrsm;wGif tm%mydkifrsm;u rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;
twGuf ajcwk vufwkwyfay;aom aq;cef;rsm;/ rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;/ cGifhðyxm;cJh+yD;/ EdkifiHwum
tJef*sDtdkrsm;uvnf; zGifhxm;ay;onfh TtcGifhtvrf;udk toHk;cscJh=uygonf?55
2009 ckESpfwGif ukvor*~'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;¶Hk; (UNHCR) . umuG,fay;r_qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@ (PWG)
t=uHðycsufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtajcpdkuf ukvor*~rpf&Sif¶Hk;u ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m tzGJ@i,fudk tpysKd;aqmif&GufcJhonf?
Tvkyfief; tzGJ@i,f xlaxmifEdkifr_a=umifh (UNHCR) ESifh jrefrmtpdk;&t=um; ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m aqG;aEG;ajymqdkr_rsm;
&Sdvmonf? odk@aomf 0ef}uD;XmeESifh tjcm;tpdk;&Xme (5)ckESifh qufoG,faqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf;/ rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
vkyfaqmif&ef EdkifiHawmf tqifh tm%mydkifrsm;u cGifhðycsufcsay;jcif; r&Sdao;yg? 56 EdkifiHawmftm%mydkifrsm;xHrS
rdik ;f tE &W m,fav#mch sa&; ynmay;r_EiS hf rdik ;f &Si;f vif;jcif;twGuf cGiðhf ycsu&f &S&d ef óud;yrf;aeaom tjcm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSmvnf;
,ck w d k i f cG i f h ð ycsuf r&&S d = uao;yg? xd k @ tjyif ajrjrKyf r d k i f ; ud p P r S m jref r mEd k i f i H . qd k ; &G m ;usqif ; aeonf h tjcm;aom
vlr_a&;tajctaersm;ESifhtwl tjcm;jy\em rsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_atmufwGif &Sdae=uonf?
cGifhðycsufay;jcif; r&SdonfhtwGufa=umifh vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDay;onfh udpPrsm;tay: &wufrat;jzpfae&ygonf?
od@k twGuaf =umifh tvSL&Sirf sm;ESihf Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D t
kd zG@J rsm;u jzpfEikd o
f nfeh nf;vrf;rsm;udk &Sm=uHI xdcu
kd ef pfemae&aom
jynforl sm;xH tultnDay;Edik &f eftwGuf jynfwiG ;f rS aomfvnf;aumif;/ e,fpyfjzwfausmI
f axmufyahH om enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif; =uHaqmifvyk u
f ikd af e=uygonf? Edik if w
H umrSaeI rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_rsm; (txl;ojzifh rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd f
epfemcJh&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;twGufESifh rdkif;tE W&m,f av#mhyg;apa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;) twGuf tultnDay;Edkif&ef
tvm;tvmrSm 2005-2006 ckESpfumvrsm;txd Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if ar#mfvifhzG,f awmufyaecJhygonf? xdktcsdefu
tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (tdkifpDtmpD) u ajcwkvufwk aq;cef;wpfckudk zGifhvSpfxm;EdkifcJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd
tpdk;&ydkifaq;cef; (6)ckodk@ yHhydk;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m tultnDrsm; ay;aecJhygonf? (tdkifpDtmpD) tzGJ@tpnf;
taeESihf rdik ;f '%foifI
h 'kuaQ &mufae=uonfh &yf&mG a'otcsK@d xo
H @kd yif a&S@wef;¶H;k cGJ (5)ckrw
S qifh oGm;a&mufxad wG@Eikd cf yhJ gonf?
uGi;f qif;ppfwrf; aumuf,al vhvmcsurf sm;tay: tajccHI (tdik pf t
D mpD) tzG@J . rdik ;f tE &W m,fav#mch sa&; ynmay;vkyif ef;
rsm;udk jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;. cGifhðycsufjzifh jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif pwifaqmif&Gufawmhrnfh tajctaeyif
&Scd yhJ gonf? od@k aomfvnf; 2005 ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;u rdik ;f tE &W m,fav#mch sa&; ynmay;vkyif ef;rsm;udk cGiðhf ycsuf
¶kyfodrf;cJh+yD;/ 2006 ckESpfwGif (tdkifpDtmpD) tzGJ@. ¶Hk;cGJrsm;udkyg ydwfypfap&ef trdef@ay;cJhygonf? zm;tHòrd@&Sd ajcwkvufwk
aq;cef;udk jrefrm=uufajceDtoif;xH v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfc&hJ ygonf? Taq;cef;wGif ,cktcsed w
f ikd f ajcwk vufwrk sm; qufvuf
xkwfvkyfaeqJ jzpfygonf?
55
56
tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (tdkifpDtmpD) onfomv#if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajcwkvufwkrsm; axmufyHhay;ae+yD;/ rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf uGif;qif;ppfaq;r_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifaom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfygonf? rdkif;qdkif&m t=uHay;tkyfpk (MAG) uvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;oifwef;tcsKd@ tuef@towfjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf?
yg0ifywfoufaom 0ef}uD;Xmersm;rSm vlr0_ efxrf; 0ef}uD;Xme/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xme/ Edik if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ e,fpyfa'ozG@H òzd;a&; ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;
zGH@òzd;a&;0ef}uD;Xme (ewv) ESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmewdk@ jzpfygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t& umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeonf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf
t"duxm; qufoG,f&rnfhol jzpfygonf?
25
2004 ckEpS /f atmufwb
kd mv (18) &ufae@wiG f tpd;k &twGi;f zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh ,ckuo
hJ @kd jrefrmtpd;k &zufrS
oabmxm;rsm; ajymif;vJomG ;cJjh cif;vnf; jzpfEikd pf &mta=umif;&Syd gonf? Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D t
kd zG@J tpnf;rsm;od@k aysmah jymif;
onfh oabmxm;&So
d [
l k xifjrif,q
l =uaom/ 0ef}uD;csKyf Adv
k cf sKyfcif!eG @f ukd ppftpd;k &acgi;f aqmif Adv
k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$u
xkwyf ,fco
hJ nf? (etz) ppftpd;k &. 'k-OuUX 'k-Adv
k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; armifat;u tJe*f st
D rkd sm;tay:wGif oabmxm;wif;rmonf/
&efvo
kd nf[k ,lq&+yD;/ wif;usypf mG uef@owftyk cf sKyfvo
kd nhf oabm&Syd gonf? 2005 ckEpS rf pS I rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_ rsm;
tiftm;wdrf;yg; usqif;vmcJh&+yD;/ wzufwGifvnf; tpdk;&u EdkifiHtwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\emudk todtrSwfðy ajz&Sif;&ef
jiif;y,faer_udk xif[yfazmfjyaeygonf? vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk; “Oya'abmiftwGif;” a&mufvmrS/
wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&; &&SdvmrSom jzpfEdkifajc &Sdaeygawmhonf? 57
odk@twGufa=umifh EdkifiHwumrS 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufolrsm;rSm vkyfief;taumiftxnfazmfr_ tusyftwnf;ESifh ñuHawG@&yg
onf? wzufwiG f jrefrmEdik if u
H ‚if;tay: '%fcwfyw
d q
f @kd xm;onfh Edik if rH sm;rSvm+yD;/ Edik if t
H wGi;f tajcðyxm;onfh Edik if w
H um
tJe*f st
D t
kd zG@J tpnf;rsm;xHrS tultnDrsm;udk rvdck siv
hf ckd siEf iS hf vufc&H ,laeonf? TonfrmS wzufwiG f pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwf
ydwq
f @kd rj_ y\emESihf oufqikd af e+yD;/ wzufwiG v
f nf; “wyfrawmf tpOftvmt&” tpd;k &u csO;f uyfðyrl aqmif&u
G yf rkH sm;ESihf
vnf; oufqikd af eygonf? &efuek òf rd@wiG f awG@qakH r;jref;r_rsm;t& tpd;k &u wyfrawmfukd ppfwyfz@JG wpfcx
k ufyI
kd t&mxm;
ae+yD;/ ‚if;udk vltrsm;u apwemh0efxrf;pdwjf zifh wm0efxrf;ae=uonfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfct
k jzpf ,lqonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h
obm0uyfab;rsm; ñuHawG@&mwGif vlrsm;udk ulnu
D ,fq,fay;r_rsK;d aqmif&u
G o
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;rsK;d vnf;jzpfonf? od@k twGuf
a=umifh Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;xHrS tultnDrsm;onf tðyoabm jznfq
h nf;aqmif&u
G af y;jcif;xuf/ +cdr;f ajcmufrw
_ pfc[
k k
xifjrif,lqaeonf? jyifyrSvmonfh tultnDrsm;udk wyfrawmfrS ulnDay;onfxuf omvGefonfh tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m
enf;vrf;wpfct
k jzpf xifjrif,q
l oGm;rnfukd tpd;k &u pd;k &drpf w
d u
f aJ ejcif; jzpfonf? tcsKyfq&kd aomf Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;u
rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_rsm; aqmif&u
G Ef ikd rf nfh tajctaerSm rsm;pGmtuef@towf &Sad e+yD;/ jynfwiG ;f rSaeI vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u
G af e&
onfh taetxm;wGif rdik ;f rsm;'%foifah e&aom jynfov
l x
l Ek iS hf a'orsm;od@k ra&muf&EdS ikd b
f J jzpfae=uonf? tjcm;wzufwiG f
vnf; tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;xHodk@ EdkifiHwum
tJe*f st
D rkd sm;/ od@k r[kwf Edik if jH cm;&if;jrpfrsm;rSay;aom e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDrsm;udk a&muf&&dS avatmif Edik if .
H ta&S@yikd ;f
a'orsm;wGif aqmifusO;f ay;Edik =f uonf? usK;d a=umif;qDavsmpf Of;pm;rnfqykd gu e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_onf tvkyf
jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; vkyfief;rsm;wGif jzpfonf?
xd@k tjyif rdik ;f rsm;&Sad eonf[k ouFmruif;jzpf&aom òrd@e,frsm;rSmvnf; tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;ESihf uyfvsuf e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif
wnf&adS e=uonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onfom rdik ;f '%foif&h ol um,uH&iS rf sm;xH axmufyahH y;Edik rf nfh trSew
f u,f enf;vrf;
rsm; jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_EiS hf ywfoufI atmufazmfjyyg tuef@towfrsm;/ jy\emrsm;vnf;
ñuHawG@ae&ao;onf?
• qufvufjzpfymG ;aeaom vufeufuikd w
f u
kd yf rJG sm;a=umifh oGm;a&mufxad wG@&r_ tcuftcJ&adS eum/ od@k twGuaf =umifh
&Hzef&HcgwGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;. vufeufudkif tapmifhta&Smufrsm; vdkufay;&ef vdktyfaeonf?
Todk@qdkv#if a&muf&SdtusKd;&Sdrnfh jynfolvlxkrsm;tay:wGif oufa&mufr_&Sdaeygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm ‚if;tpdk;&
r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;u vdkvm;onfh jynfolvlxkrsm;om tusKd;&v'f &&Sd=urnfjzpfonf? 58
57
58
. okawoend‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif awG@qHkar;jref;r_?
csmorfa[mufpf (The Chatham House) . tpD&ifcHpm Conflict and Survival: Self-protection in south-east Burma wGif e,fpyfjzwfausmfI
aqmif&Guf&aom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh jy\em pdwfac:csufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?
(ICBL)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/17343_0910pp_burma_es.pdf
26
• typftcwf&yfpaJ &; ðyvkyx
f m;jcif; r&Sad o;aom tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm; xde;f csKyf&ma'orsm;wGif e,fpyf
jzwfausmf tultnDay;ae=uonfh &yf&mG tajcðytzG@J tpnf;rsm; 2006 ckEpS rf pS wifI ta&twGuf usqif;vmyg
onf? txl;ojzifh rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif txl;ydI
k usqif;av#meh nf;vmygonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h u&ifjynfe,f
wGif wd;k wufaom Ak'b
< mom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t&H;k ('DaubDat) u e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_rsm;udk
ydkIwif;usyfae+yD;/ xdkolrsm;u rlvu tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkwpfckjzpfonfh u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk;
(autJe,
f )l . e,fajrrsm;udk wd;k I xde;f csKyfvmaeygonf? (autJe,
f )l tzG@J u e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDrsm;udk
59
ydkIvufcHvdkpdwf &Sdygonf?
• ukvor*~/ Oa&myor*~ ESifh tvSL&SifEdkifiHtrsm;pku jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ tpdk;&&efyHkaiGrsm;udk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI
tultnDay;r_rsm;udk cGirhf ðyvd=k uyg? tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS hf Oa&myEdik if rH sm;onf e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnD
ay;onfh udpt
P wGuf 60 txl;tm;wufoa&m axmufc=H uol Edik if rH sm;jzpf+yD;/ 2007 ckEpS f rS 2009 ckEpS =f um;wGif
e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_rsm;vnf; trSefwu,f wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aom
61
Oa&myEdik if rH sm;u e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_tay: wGe@f qw
k v
f maeonfuv
kd nf; wd;k I awG@jrifae&ygonf?
&efyakH iG axmufyahH y;r_t&vnf; cufc¶J y_ af xG;r_rsm; &Sad eygonf? rdik ;f rsm;wnf&adS e&m a'ood@k aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdik ;f '%foifh
xdcu
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h nf; vuf&t
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vuf&t
dS ajctaewGif jrefrmEdik if o
H nf vlwpfO;D csi;f &&So
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k & “2009 ckEpS w
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a':vm (0²680)/ u&ifjynfe,fwGif tar&duefa':vm (0²117)/ yJcl;wdkif;wGif tar&duefa':vm (0²005)r#om &Sdygonf?
Tod@k tultnDrsm;twGuf uGm[csuf jzpfay:ae&r_onf Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;tay:wGif tpd;k &u uef@owfcsKyfcs,x
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od@k twGuaf =umifh rdik ;f rsm; xlajympGm&Sad eonfh wdik ;f ESihf jynfe,frsm;rS epfemae&ol jynforl sm;rSm taxmuftyHh r&&SEd ikd =f ubJ
&Sad e&ygonf? Tod@k uef@owfxm;r_twGuf tjcm;&Si;f vif;csuw
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udkifwdkufyGJrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ae&m a'orsm;jzpfonfhtwGufa=umifh tpdk;&u EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdkrsm;udk 0ifa&muf
ywfoufr_ rvdkvm;[kvnf; qdk=uygonf?
tHh=ozG,f r&SdonfhtcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf &&Sdaom &efyHkaiGonf tjcm;aom ajrjrKrdkif; ESifh
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f aJG o;aom ppftºuGi;f tusef ,rf;ypPn;f rsm; &Sad eonfh Edik if rH sm;ESihf Edi_ ;f pmv#if rsm;pGm enf;yg;aejcif;yif jzpfygonf?
2009 ckEpS /f tjynfjynfqikd &f m ajrjrKyfrikd ;f wm;qD;a&; urfyed ;f v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J (IBCL). azmfjycsut
f & 2008 ckEpS w
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u rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf axmufyHhaiG tar&duefa':vm wpfoef;r#om &&SdcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; txufwGif
59
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u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd &yf&GmtajcjyK vlr_tzGJ@rsm; aqmif&Gufaeonfh rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;tzGJ@ 6-ckteuf 2-ckonf taxmuftyHh r&&Sd
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rlwnfI tajymif;tvJ &Sdaeygonf?
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tvSL&Sif EdkifiHrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t&
World Bank data on net official development assistance per capita at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS
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63
ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor.
28
yHk-5? 2009 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;u vlwpfOD;csif;twGuf toHk;p&dwf
29
rdik ;f &Si;f vif;jcif;
epfem&oltwGuf
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X
X
X
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X
TtzGJ@tpnf;udk rl0g'rsm; avhusifhoif=um;ay;I uGif;qif; vufawG@aqmif&Gufaponf?
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txufwiG af zmfjycJo
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30
jcif;udk jynfwGif;rSa&m/ e,fpyfjzwfausmfIyg aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; rSwfcsufðy&efrSm typftcwf&yfpJa&;
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jrefrmEdik if w
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ajym=um;cJhonf?
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jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;Y ajcwkvufwk xkwfvkyfr_E_ef;xm;rSm (rJaqmuf&Sd aq;cef; tygt0if) 967-ckom &Sdae+yD;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh ajcvufjywf&olrsm;
ta&twGuf. (24µ) udkom v$rf;ðcHr_ &Sdygonf?
31
olrsm;rSm csKdif;axmufudk aomfvnf;aumif; (tcsKd@aom
tJe*f st
D rkd sm;§ &yf&mG tajcðy tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u csKid ;f axmuf
axmufyHhay;ygonf?) jyifyaps;uGufrSaeI ajcwkvufwk
0,fIaomfvnf;aumif; (olwdk@wwfEdkifonfh aps;E_ef;xuf
ydkrsm;ygonf?) odk@r[kwf tdrfvkyf ajcwkvufwkrsm;udk 0g;/
opfom;/ yvyfpwpfa&ydu
k rf sm;udk t0wfp/ om;a&/ pufb;D
wdik ,
f m pojzifw
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f wyfqifae=u&ygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tpdk;&aq;¶Hk aq;cef;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduaq;¶Hk
rsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;twGuf ajcwkvufwkrsm;udk aps;E_ef;
ydk}uD;I awmif;qdkygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm. &nf&G,fcsuf
wpfpdwfwpfydkif;onf yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm; yg0ifywf
oufaer_udkvnf; =unfh¶_avhvm&ef &nf&G,fxm;ygonf?
Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;u axmufyahH y;xm;onfh a,bk,s
tm;jzifh ajcvufjywfawmufolrsm;udk =unfh¶_ukoay;ae
onfh aq;cef;rsm;tcsK@d u rnfonft
h wGuaf =umifh '%f&m&
onfjzpfap/ rnfodk@yHkpHrsKd;jzifh '%f&m&Sdaeonf jzpfap/ uko
apmifah &Smufay;ae+yD;/ aq;cef; (2)ckrmS tpd;k &ESihf typftcwf
&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh a'owGif &Sdygonf?
(u&ifjynfe,f/ zm;tHòrd@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH =uufajceDtzGJ@.
aq;cef;&Sd+yD;/ u&ifeD (u,m;jynfe,f)/ vdGKifaumfòrd@ u&ifeD
vlrsK;d aygi;f vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (uvvw) xde;f csKyf&mae&m
wGif aq;cef;wpfck &Sdygonf?) 67 tjcm;aq;cef;wpfckrSm
typftcwfr&yfpJxm;onfh a'owGif&Sd+yD; xdkif;e,fpyfteD;
wGif &Sdonf? jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&onfh u&if
'kuo
Q nfrsm;qdik &f m aumfrw
D D (CIDKP) u u&ifjynfe,f/
zmyGecf ¶dik w
f iG f zGiv
hf pS x
f m;onfh aq;cef;jzpfonf? usew
f pfck
rSm xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf rJaqmufòrd@&dS rJawmfaq;cef; jzpfonf?
rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;
awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom ywfoufaeol tiftm;pktm;vHk;u
&yf&mG vlxk todu
k t
f 0ef;rsm;t=um;wGif rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmh
csa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonf[k xkwfazmf
ajymqdkcJhonf? “ t&yfom;jynfolawGudkyJ rdkif;tE W&m,f
ynmay; vkyfzdk@vdkwm r[kwfygbl;/ vufeufudkiftkyfpkawG
twGufvnf; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;
awG aqmif&u
G af y;zd@k vykd gw,f?”[k weoFm&Dwidk ;f rS a&$@ajymif;
tvkyo
f rm;wpfO;D u ajymqdck o
hJ nf? 68 tenf;qH;k vlenf;pk
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2006 ckESpfpI jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS typftcwf &yfpJxm;
aom a'orsm;twGi;f ESihf vuf&Sd jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfymG ;aeaom
a'orsm;twGi;f rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;
rsm; vkyfaqmifay;cJhonf? pkpkaygif; vlaygif; (38˜000) cef@
twGuf ynmay;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh+yD; jzpfonf?
rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;tm; Edik if t
H qifh
tm%mydkifrsm;u w&m;0if cGifhðyxm;jcif; r&dSaoma=umifh
ynmay;vkyif ef;rsm;udk a'ocHvel nf;pkwikd ;f &if;om; tm%mydik f
rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f um odo
k o
kd yd o
f yd f vkyaf qmif&onf? yHrk eS t
f m;
jzifh tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G &f
avh&dSonf? rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&; vkyfief;
trsm;pkudk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI rkdif;'%foifha'orsm;twGif;
oGm;a&mufvyk u
f ikd o
f nf? xdo
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wpf&yfrmS rdik ;f '%foihaf 'orsm;od@k oGm;a&muf&mwGif txl;
ojzifh jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfymG ;aeaom a'orsm;od@k oGm;a&muf
&mwGif &efuek rf S oGm;jcif;xuf e,fpyfa'orS oGm;a&muf&ef
vG,u
f al oma=umifh jzpfonf? e,fpyfjzwfausmf rdik ;f tE &W m,f
‚if; Edik if w
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k t
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d al ygi;f rSm wpfEpS v
f #if (967)OD; t& =unfhygu typf&yfa'orsm;wGifxuf jynfwGif;jzpfay:
&Syd gonf? yH-k 6 wGif aq;cef;tvdu
k f ajcwkvufwk vufc&H &Sd aeaom a'orsm;u ydkI&v'faumif;rsm; xGuf&dScJhonf?
aom vlemta&twGufudk cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
typf&yfa'orsm;wGif rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;
t}udrf tenf;i,fom aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf? yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_ rwl
67
u&ifeD vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (uvvw) onf
typftcwf&yfpJa&; tzGJ@wpfckjzpf+yD;/ 2010 ckESpfwGif e,fjcm;apmifh
wyftjzpf toGifajymif;cJhonf?
68
32
xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H w G i f ; &S d a&$ @ ajymif ; vk y f o m;ynmay;a&; tzG J @ tpnf ; wpf c k r S
a&$@ajymif;tajccs vkyfom;wpfOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf (ZGefv / 14 &uf/
2010 ckESpf)
uGJjym;&jcif;rSm typf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;twGif; &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;u tm%mydkifrsm;. ta&;,lr_udk pdk;&drf&jcif;
a=umifh jzpfonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tkypf v
k u
dk f yg0ifrt
_ wGuf twm;
tqD;wpfck tjzpf wnf&dSaeonf? ,if;a'orsm;twGif; rdkif;ynmay;jcif;udk wpfOD;csif;pDtvdkuf ‚if;wdk@aetdrfrsm;wGif
vkdufvHvkyfaqmifay;&jcif;a=umifh &v'fudk wdkif;wm&ef ydkIcufcJonf?
rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;tm; jynfwiG ;f ESihf e,fpyfa'oESpcf pk vH;k twGi;f typf&yfa'orsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppf
qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;Y wef;wl aqmif&Gufjcif;onfu taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfonf? xdkrSom
todynm&&dSolOD;a& ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmEdkifum ynmay;vkyfief;. tus,ft0ef;udkvnf; &Edkifor# wdk;csJ@Edkifrnf jzpfonf?
vHkòcHa&;jy\em/ EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh xdyfwkdufawG@qHkEdkifonfh jy\emrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf typf&yfa'o
rsm;ESifh tpdk;&xdef;csKyfa'orsm;wGif rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;tm; tjcm;usef;rma&; (odk@r[kwf)
tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; tpDtpOfrsm; atmufwGif xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufoihfonf?
jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;twGuf ajrjrKyfrikd ;f udpo
P nf vH;k 0txdrcH tuJqwfaom udp&P yfwpfcjk zpfaoma=umifh rdik ;f [k acgi;f pOf
69
wyfI woD;woef@ rvkyfaqmifoifhay?
rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;tm; typf&yfa'orsm;ESifh tpdk;&xdef;csKyfaom a'orsm;twGif; vuf&dS
&dq
S t
J pDtpOfatmuf xnfo
h iG ;f aqmif&u
G &f mwGiv
f nf; Edik if t
H qifh tm%mydik rf sm;u vufcEH ikd af om vkyif ef;trsK;d pm;rsK;d udk
om vkyaf qmifoifo
h nf? vkyif ef;tpDtpOfukd trnfay; ac:a0:&mwGiv
f nf; oD;jcm;ay:vGiaf om toH;k tE_e;f rsK;d rjzpfoifah y?
2008 ckESpf em*pfrkefwdkif; wdkufckduf+yD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHonf obm0ab;tE W&m,fudk wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf&mwGif jynfhpHkpGm
umuG,rf a_ y;Edik jf cif; r&d[
S al omtcsuu
f kd Edik if t
H qifh tm%mydik rf sm;u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; oabmaygucf o
hJ nf? “obm0ab;
tE &W m,f qd;k usK;d avsmyh g;a&;” (od@k r[kw)f “tE &W m,favsmyh g;a&;” toH;k tE_e;f a0g[m&rsm;onf Edik if t
H qifh tm%mydik rf sm;
twGuf ydkrdkvufcHEdkifp&m tac:ta0:rsm; jzpfvmapygonf? xdk@a=umifh “rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;
tpDtpOf” [k qdkonfxuf tajctae wnf+idrfoGm;+yD;jzpfaom ae&yfa'orsm;odk@ jyefoGm;rnfh v,form;rsm;twGuf
“tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; vkyfief;tpDtpOf” (odk@r[kwf) “temw& jzpfr_avsmhyg;apa&;” pojzifh vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk
yHkazmfaqmif&GufEkdifonf?
typfcwf&yfpJxm;aom a'orsm;twGif; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh ywfoufI aus;&Gmwpf&GmpD
twGuf wm0ef&dSolwpfOD;pDtm; rdkif;ynmay;qdkif&m avhusifh oif=um;ay;I xdkolrSwqifh oufqdkif&m vlr_todkuft0ef;
&yf&mG twGi;f jyefvnfy@kd csay;&ef [lI t=uHðyxm;onf? jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfymG ;&m a'orsm;twGi;f vlrt
_ odu
k t
f 0ef; wpfcrk S
wpfckqDodk@ oGm;vmum rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief; aqmif&Gufae=uaom rkdif;ynmay; tvkyftzGJ@rsm;
twGuf ,if;enf;vrf;u ykdIoabmuszG,f jzpfonf? tu,fI EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrS EdkifiHjcm;om; 0efxrf;wpfOD;u
atmufajcvlr_todkuft0ef; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rkdif;tE W&m,fta=umif; oif=um;ay;rnfqdkyguvnf; ,if;oifwef;udk
rdik ;f '%foifah 'orsm; (jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f rdik ;f rsm;wnf&aSd om òrd@e,frsm;) wGif rvkyaf qmifoifb
h J ydrk =kd um;aejzpfonfh ae&m/
om"utm;jzifh &efuek òf rd@uo
hJ @kd ae&mrsK;d wGif vkyaf qmifoiho
f nf[k typf&yfa'orsm;wGif tajcðyaom vkyif ef;wltzG@J rsm;u
t=uHðyxm;onf? ,if;t=uHðycsuo
f nf wjcm;Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;. vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm;. “tawG@tñuHrS xGuaf y:vm
aom oifcef;pmrsm;”/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm;udk
tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf? tm%mydik rf sm;u xdcu
kd rf cHEikd af om a'orsm;wGif Edik if jH cm;om;0efxrf;rsm; &daS eygu oufqikd &f m
vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf jy\em&dSEkdifovdk/ tm%mydkifrsm;uvnf; a'ocH0efxrf;rsm;tay: rvdkvm;tyfaom
oHo,rsm; &dSEkdifonf[k wifjyr_rsm;&dScJhonf?
69
Tt=uHðycsufrsm;onf ukvor*~ESifh &efukefwGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;&mrS od&Sdvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?
33
ajrjrKyfrdkif;qef@usifwdkufzsufr_ wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_
jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif oabmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&dSay?
urBmu
h v
k or*~ taxGaxGnv
D mcHu rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_wm;jrpfyw
d yf ifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyftm; tjynfjynfqikd &f m pmcsKyfwpfck
jzpfvmapa&; awmif;qdrk t
_ ay: 1997 ckEpS rf pS I rJray;bJ awmufav#mufaevmcJo
h nfh Edik if aH ygi;f (18)Edik if w
H iG f jrefrmEdik if H
yg0ifonf? jrefrmtpd;k &onf rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_ wm;jrpfyw
d yf ifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyfqikd &f m tpnf;ta0;rsm;od@k wufa&mufr_
&Sm;yg;onf? odk@aomf 2003ckESpf befaumufòrd@ESifh 2006 ckESpf *seDAmwGif usif;ycJhaom rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif;
oabmwlpmcsKyfqdkif&m pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm; tpnf;ta0;odk@ avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufcJhonf? 2009 ckESpf/ {+yDv
befaumufòrd@wiG f usi;f ycJah om rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_ wm;jrpfyw
d yf ifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyf 'kw,
d t}udraf jrmuf jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;
uGezf &ift
h wGuf jyifqifa&;tpnf;ta0;od@k vnf; jrefrmtpd;k & wufa&mufco
hJ nf? od@k aomf pmcsKyfwiG f obmwlvufrw
S af &;
xd;k rnfh t&dyt
f a,mif jyo cJjh cif;r&daS y? jrefrmEkid if t
H wGi;f tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;u ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyjcif;udak wmh
tpdk;&u udk;um;ajymqdkcJhonf?
2000 ckEpS rf pS I ajrjrKyfrikd ;f rsm;ydwyf ifa&; Edik if w
H um urfyed ;f v_y&f mS ;r_ (ICBL) tzG@J 0iftzG@J tpnf;wpfck jzpfonfh Edik if w
H um
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t=urf;rzuf v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J (Nonviolence International) u jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f vlowfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_ ydwyf ifwm;jrpfjcif;
v_y&f mS ;r_wpfck vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf? (Nonviolence International) onf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;xHo@kd jrefrmbmom
odk@ jyefqdkxm;aom rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDaumfrwD (ICRC)
&Sif;vif;csuf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; ay;tyfcJhonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&dS rkdif;'%foihfolrsm; ta&twGufudkvnf;
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ay;tyfco
hJ nf? (ICBL) onf ‚if;. Ekid if jH cm;rpf&iS t
f jzpf (etz) ppftpd;k & ESihf xdawG@qufqcH +hJ yD; &efuek òf rd@wiG f oufqikd &f m
0ef } uD ; rsm;ES i f h tpnf ; ta0;rsm; ðyvk y f c J h o nf ? xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H t ajcpd k u f (ICBL) Ed k i f i H t qif h urf y d e f ; v_ y f & S m ;r_ ¶ H k ; u
72
u&ift
h rsK;d om;wyfrawmf (KNLA) / (etz) ppftpd;k &ponfh zufEpS zf ufpvH;k ESihf qufqrH r_ sm; ðyvkycf +hJ yD; wdu
k cf u
dk rf r_ sm;
tqH;k owfapaom oabmwlncD suw
f pfcck jk zifh ajrjrKyfridk ;f udp&P yftay: ESpzf ufpvH;k u ta&;w,lðy=u&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f xm;onf?
vGefcJhaom (12) ESpftwGif; (ICBL) . ESpfywfvnf ajrjrKyfrdkif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tpD&ifcHpm. jrefrmEkdifiHqdkif&m
tcef;tm; jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0cJh+yD; (etz) ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; jzef@csDcJhonf?
twdu
k t
f cH Edik if aH &;ygww
D pfcjk zpfaom trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfu,
kd pf m;ðyr_ aumfrwDu rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_
wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jrefEkdifor#tjrefqHk; oabmwlyg0if&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? 73
atmufajctqifhwGif wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_vkyfief; atmifjrifaeqJjzpfonf? 2003 ckESpfrSpI tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pk
(6)zGJ@u vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;qkdif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf
tzG@J . &yfwnfcsuEf iS hf vkyif ef;twGuf oHEXdM mefcsrw
S x
f m;r_74 wGif vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJo
h nf? xd@k a=umifh ajrjrKyfridk ;f toH;k ðyr_ukd
pGe@f vw
$ &f efEiS hf rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u
G rf nfh ‚if;wd@k .oabmxm;udk azmfjyvdu
k jf cif;yif jzpfonf?
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71
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Edik if w
H umt=urf;rzuf v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J (ta&S@awmiftm&S y¶d*k &rfrsm;ta=umif;) ydrk o
kd &d v
dS ykd gu - see http://nonviolentinternational.net/?page_id=114
Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpD (etz) State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) qdo
k nfrmS jrefrmppftpd;k &. w&m;0iftrnf
jzpfonf?
u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (KNLA) qdkonfrSm u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; (autJef,l) tzGJ@. vufeufudkifwyf jzpf+yD;/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;
oabmwlnDcsuf &,lxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
EdkifiHwum ajrjrKyfrdkif;wm;jrpfa&; urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (ICBL) ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; avhvmapmifh=unfha&;okawoe nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufa&;rSL; (wm;jrpfr_
rl0g'qdkif&m- tm&Swdkuf) ESifh ('DpDat) rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ tzGJ@ (DCA Mine Action) 2010 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (7) &ufae@wGif tD;ar;vf qufoG,fr_t&
*sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) t& vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifa&;udk pGJjrJvkyfaqmif&efESifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifyg&ef oHEMdXmef
csrSwfvkyfaqmifr_ (The Deed of Commitment for Adherence to a Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines and for Cooperation in Mine Action)
qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwum pmcsKyfwpfckuJhodk@ rSwfwrf;taxmuftxm; jzpfonf? TrSwfwrf;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u vlom;csif; pmem
axmufxm;r_ wefzdk;rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnfhta=umif;/ w&m;0if vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk csrSwfvkyfaqmifrnfhta=umif; uwdðyjcif; jzpfonf?
TqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&ef wm0ef,ljcif; jzpfonf? aemufqufwGJ (c) wGif =unfhyg?
http://genevacall.org/Asia/Burma-Myanmar/burma-myanmar.htm.
34
• &cdkif ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk;§ ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;wyfrawmf (2003 ckESpf)
• &cdkiftrsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD§ &cdkifwyfrawmf (2003 ckESpf)
• csif;trsKd;om; wyfOD;§wyfrawmf (2006 ckESpf)
• vm;[l trsKd;om;wyfOD; (2007 ckESpf)
• ytd@k 0f jynfo@l vw
G af jrmufa&;tzG@J § ytd@k 0f jynfo@l vw
G af jrmufa&; wyfrawmf (2007 ckEpS )f
• yavmifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (2007 ckESpf)
xdt
k zG@J rsm; vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJah om tcsed w
f iG f tzG@J tm;vH;k rSm typfcwf&yfpx
J m;aom tzG@J rsm;r[kwo
f nfh tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh
tiftm;pkrsm; jzpf=uonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif ,if;wd@k teuf tcsK@d tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k oabmqENtavsmuf ysujf y,f
75
oGm;=u+yD; tcsK@d tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u ,ae@txd tywftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlnrD &_ ,lxm;jcif; &daS o;ovd/k tcsK@d tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;u vH;k 0wnf&jSd cif; r&daS wmhay? vufrw
S af &;xd;k xm;onfh tzG@J rsm;teuf wpfz@JG u zsuo
f rd ;f cJ+h yD;/ trnfaemufwpfrsK;d jzifh
jyefvnfpkzGJ@cJhonf?
,cktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifaepOftwGif; oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_wGif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u vufrSwf
a&;xd;k +yD;aemuf rwlnaD om vm;&mESpcf k xGuaf y:cJo
h nf? yxrwpfcrk mS yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D (PSLF)
tajcpdu
k af om/ vm;[l 'Dru
kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (LDF) ESihf ytd@k 0jf ynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (PPLO/ PPLA) tajcpdu
k af om
(LDF) udk zsuo
f rd ;f cJ+h yD; vm;[l 'Dru
kd &ufwpftpnf;t¶H;k (LDU) atmufwiG f jyefvnfpzk @JG co
hJ nf? ytd@k 0jf ynfe,f vGwaf jrmuf
a&;tzGJ@ (PPLO/PPLA) u wjcm;wpfzGJ@jzifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?) jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@jcrf;a'owGif ajrjrKyfrkdif;toHk;ðyr_
qufvuf&dSaeao;onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tpkd;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ tygt0if vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;
qufvufwnf&aSd ejcif;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pktzG@J tpnf;}uD;rsm;u oHEXdM mefcsrw
S x
f m;r_wiG f vufrw
S af &;xd;k jcif;
r&daS o;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? od@k aomf vufrw
S af &;xk;d xm;aom tzG@J 0if tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ud,
k w
f ikd u
f rl rkid ;f axmifjcif;vkyif ef;
rsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;r&dSawmhay? wjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;rsm;axmif=ucsdefwGif oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_ vufrSwfa&;xdk;aom
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u oufqkdif&ma'orsm;twGif; jynfolvlxkrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&;
ynmay;vkyif ef;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf? 'kw,
d tcsurf mS oHEXdM mefcsrw
S x
f m;r_ vufrw
S af &;xd;k +y;D aemuf
jrefrmEdik if t
H aemufzufjcrf;a'orsm;wGif ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_ avsmu
h svmonf[k awG@&&Sd onf? ar#mrf eS ;f xm;onfh twdik ;f yif
xdak 'otwGi;f &dS vufrw
S af &;xd;k xm;aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (ARNO, NUPA ESihf CNF/CNA) u ajrjrKyfrikd ;f axmifjcif;udk
&yfqikd ;f cJ&h m pdw0f ifpm;p&myif tpd;k &vufeufuikd w
f yfz@JG rsm;uvnf; rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_ukd &yfqikd ;f cJo
h nf? ESpzf ufpvH;k rS rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_
avsmu
h svmapaom ta=umif;&if;rSm vlowfrikd ;f rsm; vH;k 0ydwyf ifwm;jrpfa&;ESihf rdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;twGuf
*seD AD m awmif;qdck sut
f zG@J . &yfwnfcsuEf iS hf vkyif ef;twGuf oHEXdM mefcsrw
S x
f m;r_wiG f oufqikd &f m tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pk
rsm;u vufrSwfa&xdk;vdkufjcif;. wdkuf¶dkuftusKd;&v'fwpfck jzpfEdkifonfhtjyif vufeufudkif yÉdyuQESifh ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh jzpfEdkifonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH taemufzufjcrf;wGif vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0 ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf
*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnfcsufESifh vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_udk vufrSwfxdk;xm;aom tzGJ@rsm;u
75 vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;wcku awG@qHkar;jref;r_wGif 2008 ckESpfY (etz) ppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf &yfpJa&; oabm wlnDcJhonf[k
azmfjyonf?
35
oabmwlcsuEf iS hf ywfoufI &v'faumif;rsm; xkwaf zmfjyaeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdik if H ta&S@bufjcrf;&Sd jrefrmtpd;k &ESihf tpd;k &
r[kwfaom t"dutiftm;}uD; tkyfpkrsm;t=um; r=umciftcdsef tawmtwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;
pmcsKyfwiG f vufrw
S af &;xd;k vdrrhf nf[k ,lqI r&Edik af y? tcsK@d tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;u ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_ ydwyf if
wm;qD;jcif;wGif vufrw
S rf xd;k uef@uu
G =f uonf? ta=umif;&if;rSm ‚if;wd@k ppftajcpdu
k pf cef;rsm; od@k r[kwf jynfwiG ;f 'kuo
Q nf
(IDPs) pcef;rsm; tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif xkwfvkyfaom tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm; toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfonf[k
ta=umif;jyjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; tvm;wl tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;teuf tcsK@d aomtiftm;pkrsm;u
rdik ;f toH;k ðyr_a=umifh t&yfom;jynforl sm;tay: oufa&mufr&_ o
dS nfukd em;vnfvufc=H uonf? xd@k a=umifh rdik ;f toH;k ðy&mwGif
wif;=uyfaom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; csrw
S jf cif;/ rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_wiG f tm;jznfah qmif&u
G af y;jcif;jzifh t&yfom; jynforl sm;
tay: rdkif;qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_ avsmhyg;oGm;ap&ef óud;yrf;aqmif&Guf=uonf?
,ae@umv tcif;tusi;f atmufwiG f w&m;0ifjzpfap od@k r[kwf w&m;r0ifjzpfap a'owpfcck si;f tvdu
k f ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_
wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;oabmwlcsuf &,ljcif;onf EdkifiHawmftqifh oabmwlnDcsufwpfck &&Sda&; apmifhqdkif;ae&onfxuf
tcsed w
f u
kd mvwpfct
k wGi;f t&yfom;jynforl sm;. vHðk cHa&;ESiyhf wfoufI &v'faumif;rsm; jrefjrefqefqef &&SEd ikd rf nfo
h abm
aqmifaeonf? wdkif;jynf. pOfqufrjywf jzpfyGm;aeaom yÉdyuQtwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; toHk;ðyaejcif;tay: t&yfom;
jynfoEl iS hf vufeufuikd w
f yfrsm; (tpd;k &wyfz@JG od@k r[kwf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;) u r=umc%qdo
k vdk pdwyf surf =d u
onf? odk@aomfvnf; ajrjrKyfrdkif;udpPonf EdkifiHa&;t& xdcdkufrcHEdkifaom tuJqwfonfh udpPjzpfaoma=umifh vGwfvyfpGm
xkwfazmfajymqdkEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uay? “jynfolvlxku ppfwyfawGudk ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyaewmawGudk &yfwef@apcsifw,fqdk&if
ajrjrKyfrikd ;f awG toH;k rðyyge@J v@kd ajym&wmxuf wdu
k cf u
kd rf a_ wG tqH;k owfay;ygv@dk ajym&ygw,f” [k u&ifjynfe,frS t&yfom;
wpfOD;u ajymjycJhonf?
ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_ukd &yfwef@ypfjcif; w&m;0if &yfwnfcsurf w
l pfck xm;&dES ikd jf cif;u taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfonf?
om"utm;jzifh tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm; a&maESmxdef;csKyfonfh jynfe,f (odk@r[kwf)
wdik ;f wpfc.
k tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfck pojzifh tedrq
f ;kH atmufajctqifw
h iG f w&m;0ifrw
l pf&yf xm;&dES idk jf cif;jzpfonf? aemufxyf
jzpfEikd af om enf;vrf;wpfcrk mS ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_ &yfwef@a&; ESpzf ufoabmwlncD suw
f pfct
k m; a'owGi;f tvGwo
f abm
&,ljcif; jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@ tvm;wl ESpfzufoabmwlnDcsufrsKd;udk wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpk wpfckwnf;rSm typf&yftzGJ@ESifh
typfr&yftzGJ@t=um; &,lcJhzl;onf?76 odk@aomf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u ,if;uJhodk@ oabmwlnDcsufrsKd;tm;
vlod&Sif=um; xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef vufwGef@=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u typf&yfxm;aom
tzGJ@tm; typfr&yf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tvGef;eD;uyfaeonf [laom tjrifrsKd; rxifapvdkaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? 77
76 u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf (KNLA) ESifh wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (DKBA) wdk@=um;wGif tjyeftvSef
v#Kd@0Sufem;vnfr_ &Sdxm;onf? ‚if;rSm tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif wdkufcdkufr_ rvkyf&efESifh u&ifppfom;rsm; tcsif;csif; &nf&G,fI rdkif;axmifjcif;rsm; rðyvkyf&efwdk@
jzpfonf? owif;rl&if;- Committee for Internally Displaced Karen People (CIDKP).
77 rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;ynmay; vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeonfh &yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@rsm;ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ ZGef-Zlvdkifvrsm;wGif avhvmapmifh=unfhr_t&?
36
rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;
oHo,&dzS ,
G f rkid ;f cif;xm;onfah 'orsm; ppfwrf;avhvmcsuu
f kd jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfymG ;aeaom a'orsm;wGio
f m t"duxm;I
e,fpyfausmfjzwfvkyfief;tjzpf vkyfaqmifae&onf? typf&yfa'orsm;twGif; oHo,&dSzG,f rkdif;cif;xm;onfh a'orsm;ESifh
ywfoufaom tpD&ifcrH r_ sm;u tuef@towfjzifo
h m &do
S nf? yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm;wGif ajrjyifwnfae&mjy
pepf (GPS) ud&,
d mrsm;/ ajryHq
k rJG w
S o
f m;jcif;ponfw@kd yg0ifaoma=umifh ppfzufqidk &f m vkyif ef;wpfct
k jzpf tjrifvo
JG mG ;Edik f
ojzifh jynfwiG ;f rS ppfwrf;aumuf,rl r_ sm;onf tuef@towfjzifo
h m vkyaf qmif&onf? rdik ;f cif;ae&mrsm;. yx0Dwnf&rSd u
_ kd
v#Kd@0u
S pfpaf&;owi;ftjzpf owrfw
S x
f m;aoma=umihf *syDt
D upfpfepf (GPS) taxmut
f uðlyrygaom rikd;fppw
f r;faumu,
f l
r_rsm;onfyif tvGeftE W&m,frsm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;rS vkyfief;wlaqmif&Gufzufrsm;tm; avhusifhoif=um;ay;jcif;
(od@k r[kw)f oHo,&dzS ,
G f rkid ;f cif;xm;onfah 'orsm; ppfwrf;aumuf,&l mwGiv
f nf; taxmuftulðy ud&,
d mrsm; wyfqif
ay;xm;jcif;r&Sdao;ay? &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjyif tenf;qHk; u&ifjynfe,fESifh u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f&dS
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pktcsK@d u oHo,&dzS ,
G f rkid ;f cif;xm;onfh a'ojyajryHk ðyvkyx
f m;onf? od@k aomf ,if;tcsut
f vuf
rsm;onf v#Kd@0Suftcsuftvufrsm;jzpfI jzef@a0jcif;r&dSay?
typfcwf&yfpaJ &;rvkyx
f m;aom a'orsm;twGi;f tzG@J tpnf; (3)zG@J u oHo,&dzS ,
G f rkid ;f cif;xm;onfh a'orsm;udk owday;
qd k i f ; bk w f r sm;ud k tuef @ towf j zif h vk y f a qmif a eonf ? &yf & G m tajcðy vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; ES i f h tpd k ; &r[k w f a om
tiftm;pkrsm;onf tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaoma'owGif rdkif;cif;xm;onfh a'orsm;t=um;
pnf;¶d;k owfrw
S x
f m;jcif; r&daS y? xd@k tjyif tpd;k &vufeufuikd f wyfz@JG rsm;uvnf; rdik ;f ae&mowfrw
S jf cif;ESihf pnf;¶d;k umjcif;rsm;
vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf? (ICBL) tm&Sa'o ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_ wm;jrpfyw
d yf ifa&;/ rl0g'qdik &f m ajrjrKyfrikd ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;
okawoetzG@J EiS hf tpd;k &r[kwaf om vufeufuikd t
f yk pf rk sm; (tjynfjynfqikd &f m)u vGecf ahJ om (5)ESpf (2006 ckEpS rf S 2010
ckESpftxd) twGif; tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;u rkdif;ae&mowfrSwfjcif;/ pnf;¶dk;umjcif;rsm; ydkrdkvkyfaqmifcJhonf[k
avhvmcJ&h onf? od@k aomf (ICBL) onf rdik ;f ae&mowfrw
S jf cif;ESihf pnf;¶d;k umjcif;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tppftrSew
f ;kd wufcjhJ cif;
&d-S r&du
S kd ,wdjywfajymqdEk ikd jf cif; r&dcS o
hJ vdk (ICBL) owif;yd@k orl sm; taejzifv
h nf; ,if;pnf;¶d;k umxm;aom a'orsm;od@k
oGm;a&mufavhvmEkdifrnfh rkdif;tE W&m,f&dSaom òrd@e,frsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufcGifh &cJh-r&cJhudkvnf; taotcsm ajymqdkEkdifjcif;
r&dScJhay?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vwfwavmtajctaeY wdus&Sif;vif;aom vlom;csif;pmemonfh rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfiefrsm; r&dSao;ay?
od@k aomf tpd;k &vufeufuikd w
f yfz@JG rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;u rdik ;f &Si;f vif;jcif;vkyif ef;tcsK@d vkyaf qmif=u+yD;
78
jzpfonf? odk@aomf ppfa&;&nfrSef;csuft& (odk@r[kwf) vlom;csif;pmemaom &nfrSef;csuft& [lI &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
r&daS y?79 tzG@J tpnf;wpfck (typftcwf&yfpaJ &; r&daS oma'orsm;)omv#if rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&; tpDtpOf&cSd +hJ yD; ‚if;rdik ;f &Si;f vif;jcif;
onf ppfa&;t& (0g) vlom;csif;pmemr_t& vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;udkawmh wdwdusus rod&dScJh&ay? ,if;vkyfief;tpDtpOfonf
,ae@tcsdefwGif vkyfaqmifawmhjcif; r&dSawmhbJ xdkvkyfief;tpDtpOfrSwqifh rkdif;&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf axmufyHhay;aom
b¾maiGtm; wdkif;&if;om; tm%mydkifrsm;u rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&; vkyfief;twGuf ajymif;a&$@toHk;ðy
xm;onf?
78 rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;ynmay; vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeonfh &yf&GmtajcðytzGJ@ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (7)&ufwGif awG@qHkar;jref;csuft&?
79 “vlom;csif;pmemr_t& rdkif;&Sif;jcif;” qdkonfrSm vlom;csif;pmemr_ta=umif;jzifh ulnDay;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif; jzpf+yD;/ ppfa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
rdik ;f &Si;f vif;jcif;ESihf vH;k 0uGjJ ym;ygonf? ppfa&;&nf&,
G cf sujf zifh rdik ;f &Si;f jcif;rSm wdu
k yf GJ ppfqifa&;twGi;f ppfa&; ypfrw
S af e&mod@k oGm;Edik &f ef vlomG ;vrf;a=umif;
wav#muf &Sif;vif;jcif; jzpfonf? ,ck “vlom;csif;pmemr_t& rdkif;&Sif;jcif;” vkyfief;rsm; wGif rdkif;rsm;ESifh ppfumvtºuGif;tusef aygufuGJapwwfaom
,rf;usnfrsm; (ERW) tE W&m,frS z,f&Sm;ay;a&; vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifyg onf? enf;pepfwus ppfwrf;aumuf,l avhvmjcif;/ ajryHkxkwfjcif;/ rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;/
trSwftom;ðyjcif;/ rdkif;&Sif;vif;+yD;aemuf rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/ &yf&GmESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh rdkif;&Sif;xm;aom ajrudk jynfolvlxkxH
jyefvnfay;tyfjcif;wdk@ yg0ifvkyfaqmifygonf? (rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vrf;!$ef) Guide to Mine Action, 4th ed., GICHD 2010.
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tpdk;&r[kwfaom vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;onf EdkifiHwGif; a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&olrsm;ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaom
tultnDay;a&; at*sipf rD sm; awmwGi;f wpfae&mrS wpfae&mod@k oGm;vmEdik &f eftwGuf vrf;&Si;f aomtcgwiG f rdik ;f &Si;f vif;
jcif; vkyfief;wpfck vkyfaqmifavh&dSonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;. rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;onf
EdkifiHwum rdkif;vkyfief;rsm; pHowfrSwfcsufESifh avsmfnDjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif xdkrdkif;rsm;udk tjcm;a'orsm;wGifvnf; jyefvnf
axmifavh&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh “vlom;csif;pmemaom rdkif;&Sif;vif;r_” qdkaom a0g[m&onf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pk
rsm;u rdik ;f &Si;f vif;onfh yHpk rH sm;ESihf xyfwx
l yfr#rusay? jrefrmjynf ta&S@bufjcrf;wGif tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;.
vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;onf 0g;vHk;&SnfESifh ajr}uD;udk wl;qGI rdkif;&SmaomyHkpHudk trsm;qHk;
toHk;ðy=uonf? jrefrmjynfta&S@bufjcrf;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf vloGm;vrf;wav#muf 0g,mprsm;
&SmazGwl;azmf&mwGif ig;r#m;wHESifh ig;r#m;óud;udkvnf; toHk;ðy=uonf? tcsKd@tajctaersm;wGif EdkifiHwum rdkif;vkyfief;rsm;
pHowfrSwfcsufwGif !$ef;qdkxm;onfxuf t&nftaoG;enf;yg;aom owWK&Sm ud&d,mrsm; toHk;ðyonfudk awG@&onf?
jrefrmjynf taemufbufjcrf;twGi;f awG@qakH r;jref;cJah om vkyif ef;wGzJ ufvyk u
f ikd o
f l wpfO;D wpfa,mufurS ‚if;rdik ;f &Si;f enf;
rsm;udk rod=uay? xdka'orsm;wGif rnfonfhrdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm; toHk;ðyaeonfudk wdwdusus rajymEdkifcJhay?
tumtuG,fypPnf;rsm; toHk;ðyjcif;r&Sd? rdkif;&Sif;vif;csdef rawmfwqaygufuGJr_ jzpfyGm;ygu “rdkif;&Sif;vif;ol” onf
tumtuG,yf pPn;f rsm;ESihf rsuu
f mrsm; wyfqifxm;jcif; r&So
d jzifh vufq;kH &_;H &ovdk wcgw&H rsupf yd if ysupf ;D oGm; wwfonf?
0g;wH&n
S jf zifh rdik ;f &SmazGjcif;enf;vrf;onf vHðk cHrr_ &S[
d k awG@qakH r;jref;r_rsm;u t=uHðy=uonf? xdo
k @kd vHðk cHrr_ &S&d jcif;rSm yHpk rH sK;d pHjk zifh
xkwfvkyfaom tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;udk puf&HkrSxkwfvkyfaom rdkif;rsm;axmifxm;onfh a'otwGif;rSmyif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
toH;k ðyjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;tzG@J wpfcEk iS hf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrk w
S qifh typfcwf
&yfpx
J m;aom tzG@J tpnf;ESihf vuf&q
dS ufvufwu
kd yf 0JG ifaeaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&;oifwef;ESihf vdt
k yfaom
toHk;taqmifypPnf;rsm; axmufyHhay;&ef EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;odk@ arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfief;onf
vlom;csi;f pmemaom &nfreS ;f csut
f wGuo
f m aqmif&u
G rf nfEiS hf azmfxw
k &f aom rdik ;f rsm;udk aemufwcg toH;k rðybJ zsuq
f ;D
ypfygrnf [laom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mwpfckudk tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@wpfckxHrS urf;vSrf;cJhonf?
od@k aomf atmufazmfjyygar;cGe;f rsm; &Si;f vif;&ef use&f adS eygojzifh tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;/ od@k r[kwf &yf&mG tajcðy
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI avhusifhoif=um;ay;&eftwGuf tcsdefapmaumif; apmEdkifao;onf?
• rdik ;f axmifr_ qufvuf&adS ejcif;ESihf ‚if;azmfxm;aom rdik ;f rsm;udk wjcm;ae&mwGif jyefvnftoH;k rðy [lI tmrcHcsuf
wpfck &&S&d efcufco
J nf? xd@k tjyif vlowfrikd ;f rsm; vH;k 0ydwyf ifwm;jrpfa&;ESihf rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G f
a&;twGuf *sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnfcsufESifh vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_ (odk@r[kwf) wjcm;
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf em;vnfrp_ mc|ev
f m$ vufrw
S af &;xd;k jcif; r&So
d nfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;pGm a'otwGi;f wnf&aSd ejcif;
a=umifhvnf; ydkIcufcJaponf?
• typf&yfa'orsm;wGiyf if typf&yftyk pf rk sm;ESihf tpk;d &vufeufuikd f wyfz@JG rsm;t=um; wif;rmr_ (od@k r[kw)f typf&yf
tzG@J rsm; tcsi;f csi;f =um; wif;rmr_rsm;a=umifh tajctaeudk ydI
k rwnf+idrjf zpfaponf? xd@k a=umifh rdik ;f qufaxmif
rnfh tE W&m,fydk&dSvmonf?
• rdkif;tE W&m,foifh a'orsm;twGif;&dS a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm; taejzifhvnf; rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk yHhydk;
axmufcH&mwGif a'otwGif;&dS tzGJ@rsm;pGmteuf wpfzGJ@wnf;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf &,lI vkyfaqmifjcif;rsKd;
r[kwb
f J tzG@J tm;vH;k ESihf tjynft
h 0oabmwlncD suf &,l&ef vdt
k yfonf? tvm;wl a'otwGi;f &dS wjcm;aom
tkyfpkrsm;u rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; oabmwlnDcsuftay: oabmxm;uGJvGJEdkifum rdkif;azmfolrsm;twGuf vHkðcHa&;
tE &W m,f zefw;D ay;Ekid o
f nft
h jyif rdik ;f &Si;f vif;jcif;twGuf wlnaD om tusK;d pD;yGm;r&dyS gu rdik ;f &Si;f vif;jcif;vkyif ef;
udk [ef@wm;jcif;/ ydwfyifjcif;rsm;vnf; vkyfvmEdkifonf?
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• tpd;k &wyfz@JG rsm;ESihf tcsK@d aomtypf&yf &yfpx
J m;aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwv
f yk jf cif;/ a&mif;0,f
jcif;/ ul;oef;a&mif;csjcif;rsm; tygt0if w&m;r0ifvyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaumif; yg0ifEikd o
f nf? ajrjrKyfrikd ;f rsm;tm;
wcgw&HwGif xdkvkyfief;rsm;twGuf “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;oHk; rdkif;rsm;” tjzpf toHk;ðywwf=uonf?
tpd;k &taejzifh wkid ;f jynfwiG f ajrjrKyfridk ;f jy\em&daS eonf[k todtrSwðf yI rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&; vkyaf qmifoiho
f nf[k vufcjH cif;
uawmh taumif;qH;k taetxm;jzpfonf? od@k aomf tpd;k &onf ,if;jy\emudk todtrSwðf yjcif;/ Ekid if t
H qifh rkid ;f vkyif ef;
qdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif; (odk@r[kwf) ukvor*~tm; (wjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif aqmif&GufouJhodk@) tvm;wl
vkyfief;rsKd; vkyfaqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;rsm; ra0;aomumvwGif vkyfaqmifrnfhyHk r&dSay? ukvor*~odk@ awmif;qdkrnfh
tajctaeonf vuf&dStpdk;&ESifh ukvor*~t=um; vwfwavmqufqHa&;t& jzpfEkdifacs tvGefenf;yg;onf?
tem*wfrdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf jzpfvmEdkifaom tajctaewpfckrSm • tpd;k &onf umuG,af &;0ef}uD;XmeatmufwiG f rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&;¶H;k wpfck zGiv
hf pS v
f mEdik +f yD; tpd;k &ujzpfap/ e,fjcm;
apmifw
h yf zG@J pnf;&ef oabmwlxm;aom tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;u jzpfap xde;f csKyfaom a'orsm;wGif
rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfief;rsm; cGifhðyvmEkdifonf?
• “wyfrawmf tpOftvm” tay: tpd;k &u xm;&daS omtjrift& tpd;k &wyfz@JG rsm;omv#if rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&; vkyf
aqmifEikd o
f nf? e,fjcm;apmifw
h yfz@JG tjzpf vufccH ahJ om tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wGzJ ufIvnf; aqmif
&GufEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; jyifyrS oifwef;ESifh aiGa=u;tultnDudkrl &,lEkdifonf?
• Edik if t
H qifh tm%mydik rf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k tay: a0zefajymqdak vh&aSd om taemufEikd if rH sm;xuf ‚if;wk@d EiS hf ydI
k o[
Zmwjzpfaom tm&SEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh w¶kwfEkdifiHuJhodk@aom EdkifiHrsm;rS tultnDrsm; ydk&,lEdkifonf?
• tpdk;&onf e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@odk@ ryg0ifaom typftcwf&yfpJjcif; r&dSao;aom tzGJ@rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJ
xm;aom tzGJ@rsm;twGuf rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; oifwef;rsm;tay: tqdk;jrifjzifh csOf;uyfvmEdkifonf?
tpdk;&ESifh (jzpfEdkifor#) eD;eD;uyfuyf vkyfaqmif&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xdkrSom wjcm;rdkif;'%foifh wdkif;jynfrsm;twGif;
rd k i f ; &S i f ; vif ; a&;vk y f i ef ; taumif txnf a zmf r _ r sm;ta=umif ; tpd k ; &u avh v mEd k i f r S m jzpf o uJ h o d k @ aemuf x yf
xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm; xyfrHrjzpfyGm;&ef tpdk;&u tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfh jynfolvlxktwGuf tultnDrsm;
&&dSapa&;twGuf EkdifiH tqifhrS oifhavsmfaomenf;vrf;rsm; awG@&dSvmap&ef jzpfonf?
Credit : DCA
39
4? tvm;tvm&dSaom rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ axmufyHholrsm;
e,fpyfjzwfausmf vkyaf qmifjcif; (od@k r[kw)f jynfwiG ;f rS vkyaf qmifjcif;jzpfap ukvor*~EiS hf Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;twGuf
yHrk eS af wG&Edik o
f nfh pdeaf c:csujf y\emwpfcrk mS e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;aeonfh a'otrsm;pkwiG f tpd;k &vufeufuikd f
wyfz@JG rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;onf ajrjrKyfridk ;f rsm; qufvuftoH;k ðyaejcif; jzpfonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdik if H
twGif; rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf taumif;qHk;aom tajctaewpf&yfrSm EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;u ukvor*~/
Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;/ tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;/ jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f &dS rsm;pGmaom
t&yfzuf vlr_todkif;t0ef; tkyfpkrsm;ESifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; rdkif;tE W&m,f&dS a'orsm;twGif;odk@
vGwv
f w
G v
f yfvyf oGm;vmcGiðhf y+yD; rkid ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk vGwv
f yfpmG taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u
G cf iG ðhf y&ef jzpfonf?
odk@aomf vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; EdkifiHwum tJef*sDrsm;. ‚if;a'orsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufcGifhudk tajccHI =unfhaomf
txufazmfjyyg tajctaeonf rsm;r=umrDumvtwGif; jzpfEkdifacs r&dSao;ay?
urBmhukvor*~rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_at*sifpDrsm;
urBmu
h v
k or*~onf yg0ifaqmif&u
G o
f w
l pfO;D tjzpf jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_wiG f vH;k 0tuef@towf}uD;pGmjzifh
aqmif&u
G af e&+yD;/ 2004 ckEpS rf S 2009 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvtwGi;f jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f ajrjrKyfrikd ;f jy\emESihf ywfoufI vH;k 0eD;yg;
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E_wfydwfaecJh&onf?
od@k aomf 2009 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvrSpI umuG,rf a_ y;a&; tvkyt
f yk pf rk w
S qifh ukvor*~'u
k o
Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;¶H;k
(UNHCR) onf ajrjrKyfri
kd ;f udpu
P kd xyfraH zmfxw
k v
f u
kd jf yefonf? urBmu
h v
k or*~onf jynfwiG ;f tajcpdu
k f tpk;d &r[kwaf om
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;twGuf tvm;tvm&daS om rkid ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_twGuf tquftoG,af umif;
rsm; &SmazG&m/ b¾maiG&SmazG&m qHkcsufwpfckjzpfvmonf? ,if;vkyfief;wGif rdkif;'%foifholrsm;twGuf tultnDESifh
rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay;a&; (rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;twGuf r[kwf) yg0ifonf? ukvor*~uav;rsm; &efyHkaiGtzGJ@
(UNICEF) u jrefrmEdi
k if w
H iG f Edik if w
H iG ;f tajcðy¶H;k rsm; &do
S nf? ‚if;¶H;k rsm;udk wjcm;rdik ;f '%foifh wkid ;f jynfrsm;wGif uJo
h @kd yif
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh vufwGJvkyfudkifaom rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay;a&; tm;xkwfr_rsm;. wpfpdwfwydkif;tjzpf
aqmif&GufEdkifonf? (UNICEF) onf uav;tumtuG,fay;a&; vkyfief;wGifvnf; yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
twGif; ajrjrKyfrkdif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&ol uav;OD;a&rsm;pGm wnf&dSjcif;aea=umifh rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif (UNICEF)
yg0ifae&jcif;onf ydkIvnf; qDavsmfr_&dSonf?
EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;
2005 ckESpfrSpI tenf;qHk; EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdk (7) zGJ@u jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwif&ef tm;xkwfcJh
=uonf? od@k aomf ‚if;wd@k teufrS (3)zG@J omv#if vkyif ef;pwifaqmif&u
G &f ef atmifjrifr&_ &dcS o
hJ nf? xdk (3)zG@J pvH;k onf a'ocH
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh (rdkif;'%foihf jynfolrsm;tm; tultnDay;jcif;/ rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;ESifh
ppfwrf;aumuf,jl cif;vkyif ef;) rsm; vkyaf qmifaeqJ jzpfonf? rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ta&; aqmif&u
G af om wjcm;Edik if w
H um
tJe*f st
D rkd sm;onf jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f tem*wfrikd ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif tvm;tvm&daS om vkyu
f ikd zf uftzG@J tpnf;rsm;
jzpf=uonf?
80
ICBL
tzGJ@ okawoevkyfief; nd‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;ESifh 2010 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif awG@qHkar;jref;csuft&
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vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,fu rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkwpfcku jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;qdkif&m
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; pwifaqmif&u
G Ef ikd &f ef tcGit
hf vrf;rsm; &SmazGaom yHrk eS t
f pnf;ta0;rsm; usi;f yonfh tvkyu
f eG &f ufwpfcu
k kd
wnfaxmifcJhonf?
jrefrmtpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk w&m;0ifcGifhðyygu txl;ojzifh rkdif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfief;udk
w&m;0ifcGifhðyvdkufygu EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;. &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_onf tqaygif;rsmpGm wdk;yGm;vmrnfhtjyif ,ae@umv
uarBm'D;,m;ESifh vmtdkEdkifiHwdk@wGif jrifawG@ae&onfhtwdkif; ‚if;wdk@. oHEMdXmefckdifusnfr_udk jrifawG@vm&rnf jzpfonf?
EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;
(2004-2005) ckEpS rf pS I jrefrmEdik if t
H qifh tm%mydik rf sm;onf rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif pdw0f ifpm;jcif; r&daS wmhonft
h jyif
Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm; axmufyahH y;xm;onfh ajcwkvufwk aq;ay;cef;rsm;uJo
h @kd vuf&v
Sd yk af qmifaeqJ rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_
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tcsKd@udkyif ydwfyifwm;jrpfvmcJhonf?
rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; pwif&ef/ ajcwkvufwak q;ay;cef;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef (od@k r[kw)f rkid ;f &Si;f
vif;r_rsm; wif&ef arwWm&yfccH suEf iS t
hf wl Edik if aH wmftm%mydik rf sm;od@k ,ae@umv wku
d ¶f u
kd cf sO;f uyfrr_ sm;onf atmifjrif&ef
tvm;tvm tvGefenf;yg;onf? odk@aomf vlr_0efxrf;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf&dS roefpGrf;olrsm;qdkif&m vkyfief;tkyfpkrSwqifh
rkid ;f '%foifo
h rl sm;udk jrefrmEdik if rH S roefprG ;f olrsm; [laom a,bk,sacgi;f pOfatmufwiG f xnfo
h iG ;f I aqmif&u
G yf gu jzpfEikd af cs
&do
S nf? awG@qakH r;jref;cJo
h l vkyif ef;wGzJ uf aqmif&u
G af eolrsm;uvnf; jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f rkid ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_twGuf tem*wf
jzpfEdkifacs tpðy&rnfhae&monf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmevnf; jzpfEkdifonf[k qdkonf?
rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;tm; wm0efcHvkyfief;,E W&m;rsm; pwifwnfaxmif&ef tm;ay;
oifh+yD;/ tedrfhqHk;tqifh yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;jcif; r&dSawmhaom a'orsm;wGif rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief;rsm; pwifaqmif&Gufjcif;udk
cGiðhf yay;oifo
h nf? tm%mydik rf sm;onf tvm;wl vkyif ef;,E &W m;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef oifah vsmaf om enf;vrf;rsm; jyXmef;&m
wGif tjcm;rkdif;'%foihf jynfe,frsm;rS om"ursm;udk toHk;ðyoifhonf?
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaom
&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
rdik ;f '%foifh jynfe,fEiS w
fh idk ;f wpfcrk v
S I
JG jynfe,fwikd ;f tm;vH;k rS tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;/ tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pk
rsm;ESihf eD;eD;uyfuyf wGzJ ufvyk u
f ikd af eaom &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k a'otwGi;f rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
taumiftxnfazmfvdka=umif; pdwf0ifpm;r_udk azmfjy=uonf? rdkif;'%foihf&m jynfe,fESifh wkdif;rsm;twGif;&dS tcsKd@aom
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;u rdik ;f ppfwrf;aumuf,jl cif;udk cGirhf ðyaomfjim; use&f aSd eao;onfh rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmyh ga&;
ynmay;a&;ESifh rkdif;'%foifholrsm; tultnDay;a&;vkyfief;udkrl qufvufcGifðyxm;onf? 82
81 ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor, chapter 2.2.4. “The conditions for current Mine Action in Burma/Myanmar”
82 2006 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiH. rdkif;'%foifh epfemae&onfh wdkif;-jynfe,f 6-ckrS tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkwdk@. awG@qHk
ar;jref;r_rsm;udk tajcðyxm;onf?
41
vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnf
csuEf iS hf vkyif ef;twGuf oHEXdM mefcsrw
S x
f m;r_wiG f vufrw
S af &;xd;k xm;aom tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pk (6)zG@J . tawG@tñuH
rsm;udk ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k ðyr_ &yfwef@a&; vufweG @f ae=uaom wjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;xHo@kd jzef@a0ay;oifo
h nf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;wGif use;f rma&;ESihf ynma&;Xmersm; &d=S uonf? xdXk mersm;rSwqifh rdik ;f '%foifjh ynforl sm;
twGuf wm0ef,al y;Edik o
f uJo
h @kd tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm; xde;f csKyfxm;aom e,fajrrsm;twGi;f &dS vlxak q;ay;cef;
rsm;/ pmoifausmif;rsm;rSwqifh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jzef@a0ay;Edkifonf?
EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aom EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; (85)zGJ@ &dSonf?83
awG@qakH r;jref;rsm;r_t& Edik if t
H qifEh iS hf atmufajctqifh tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzG@J tpnf;tcsK@d u rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ txl;ojzifh
rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;a&;ESihf rkid ;f '%foifjh ynforl sm;twGuf tultnDay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmif&ef pdw0f if
pm;onf? wcgw&HwiG f Edik if t
H qifh tJe*f st
D rkd sm;onf ukvor*~ (od@k r[kw)f Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;xuf rdik ;f '%foifah 'o
rsm;od@k oGm;vmcGit
hf cGit
hf a&; yd&k =Sd uonf? Ekid if t
H qifEh iS hf atmufajctqifh roefprG ;f olrsm;ta&; aqmif&u
G o
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;onf rdik ;f '%foifo
h rl sm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuo
f mru tE &W m,favsmyh g;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
G &f eftwGuv
f nf;
csdwfqufr_wpfck jzpfEkdifonf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH&dS roefpGrf;olrsm;ta&; aqmif&Gufonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&u
G jf cif;tm; wdik ;f jynftwGi;f rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmyh g;a&; ynmay;a&;ESihf rdik ;f '%foiho
f rl sm; tultnDay;a&; vkyif ef;
azmfaqmif&mwGif csO;f uyfrw
_ pfck jzpfEikd o
f nf? rkid ;f '%foifo
h rl sm; tultnDay;r_ukd tjcm;roefprG ;f olrsm; tultnDay;r_wiG f
xnfhoGif;&ef vdktyfEdkif+yD;/ rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;udk xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ avsmhyga&; a,bk,svkyfief;
tpDtpOfrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;&ef vkdtyfonf?
EdkifiHtqifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f jynfot
l rsm;pku Ak'b
< mom0ifrsm; jzpf=uaomfvnf; c&pf,mefbmomtajcðy tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf tvGef
tm;aumif;=u+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rkdif;'%foifha'orsm;odk@ twGif;usus 0ifa&mufEkdifonf? c&pf,mefbmom tajcðy
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvdkonfh jyif;jyaom pdwf0ifpm;r_&dSonf? tenf;qHk; c&pf,mef
bmomtajcðy tzG@J tpnf;wpfco
k nf rdik ;f '%foifo
h rl sm;udk ulnaD y;r_wiG f vuf&ySd g0ifae+yD; tjcm;tzG@J onf rdik ;f tE &W m,f
avsmhcsa&;ynma&;ESifh 2007 ckESpf rkdif;'%foifholrsm; ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t&
,if;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;vkyif ef;/ rkid ;f '%foifo
h rl sm; xdcu
dk 'f %f&m ukoay;a&;oifwef;wGif
pdw0f ifpm;=uonft
h jyif rdik ;f '%foifo
h rl sm;twGuf ajcwkvufwk wyfqifay;aom aq;ay;cef;rsm; vkyu
f ikd &f eftwGuv
f nf;
pdwf0ifpm;=uonf? xdk@tenf;wlyif Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; trsm;pkaexdkifaom a'orsm;wGifvnf; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&;
ynmay;a&;ESihf tjcm;rkid ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf Ak'b
< mom bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;onf rxdawG@&ao;aom
tm;udk;zG,f t&if;tjrpfrsm;vnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifonf?
83 &efukefwGif EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (25) &ufae@rS Zlvdkifv (6) &ufae@twGif; awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;t& jzpfonf?
42
• tpd;k &wyfz@JG rsm;ESihf tcsK@d aomtypf&yf &yfpx
J m;aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwv
f yk jf cif;/ a&mif;0,f
jcif;/ ul;oef;a&mif;csjcif;rsm; tygt0if w&m;r0ifvyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaumif; yg0ifEikd o
f nf? ajrjrKyfrikd ;f rsm;tm;
wcgw&HwGif xdkvkyfief;rsm;twGuf “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;oHk; rdkif;rsm;” tjzpf toHk;ðywwf=uonf?
tpd;k &taejzifh wkid ;f jynfwiG f ajrjrKyfridk ;f jy\em&daS eonf[k todtrSwðf yI rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&; vkyaf qmifoiho
f nf[k vufcjH cif;
uawmh taumif;qH;k taetxm;jzpfonf? od@k aomf tpd;k &onf ,if;jy\emudk todtrSwðf yjcif;/ Ekid if t
H qifh rkid ;f vkyif ef;
qdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif; (odk@r[kwf) ukvor*~tm; (wjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif aqmif&GufouJhodk@) tvm;wl
vkyfief;rsKd; vkyfaqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;rsm; ra0;aomumvwGif vkyfaqmifrnfhyHk r&dSay? ukvor*~odk@ awmif;qdkrnfh
tajctaeonf vuf&dStpdk;&ESifh ukvor*~t=um; vwfwavmqufqHa&;t& jzpfEkdifacs tvGefenf;yg;onf?
tem*wfrdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf jzpfvmEdkifaom tajctaewpfckrSm • tpd;k &onf umuG,af &;0ef}uD;XmeatmufwiG f rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&;¶H;k wpfck zGiv
hf pS v
f mEdik +f yD; tpd;k &ujzpfap/ e,fjcm;
apmifw
h yf zG@J pnf;&ef oabmwlxm;aom tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;u jzpfap xde;f csKyfaom a'orsm;wGif
rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfief;rsm; cGifhðyvmEkdifonf?
• “wyfrawmf tpOftvm” tay: tpd;k &u xm;&daS omtjrift& tpd;k &wyfz@JG rsm;omv#if rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&; vkyf
aqmifEikd o
f nf? e,fjcm;apmifw
h yfz@JG tjzpf vufccH ahJ om tpd;k &r[kwaf om tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wGzJ ufIvnf; aqmif
&GufEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; jyifyrS oifwef;ESifh aiGa=u;tultnDudkrl &,lEkdifonf?
• Edik if t
H qifh tm%mydik rf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k tay: a0zefajymqdak vh&aSd om taemufEikd if rH sm;xuf ‚if;wk@d EiS hf ydI
k o[
Zmwjzpfaom tm&SEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh w¶kwfEkdifiHuJhodk@aom EdkifiHrsm;rS tultnDrsm; ydk&,lEdkifonf?
• tpdk;&onf e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@odk@ ryg0ifaom typftcwf&yfpJjcif; r&dSao;aom tzGJ@rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJ
xm;aom tzGJ@rsm;twGuf rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; oifwef;rsm;tay: tqdk;jrifjzifh csOf;uyfvmEdkifonf?
tpdk;&ESifh (jzpfEdkifor#) eD;eD;uyfuyf vkyfaqmif&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xdkrSom wjcm;rdkif;'%foifh wdkif;jynfrsm;twGif;
rd k i f ; &S i f ; vif ; a&;vk y f i ef ; taumif txnf a zmf r _ r sm;ta=umif ; tpd k ; &u avh v mEd k i f r S m jzpf o uJ h o d k @ aemuf x yf
xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm; xyfrHrjzpfyGm;&ef tpdk;&u tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfh jynfolvlxktwGuf tultnDrsm;
&&dSapa&;twGuf EkdifiH tqifhrS oifhavsmfaomenf;vrf;rsm; awG@&dSvmap&ef jzpfonf?
Credit : DCA
39
ESpfrsm;twGif;Y okawoeðyEdkifonfh{&d,m usqif;vma=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;a=umifh ,cktcg EdkifiHtwGif;
rdik ;f ESihf ywfoufI v_y&f mS ;r_ tvGeef nf;yg;aeonf[k qdEk ikd af omfvnf;/ rdrw
d @kd . okawoevkyif ef;rsm;t& vmrnfEh pS rf sm;wGif
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f rdik ;f ESiyhf wfoufI v_y&f mS ;r_ wd;k cs@J aqmif&u
G Ef ikd &f ef jzpfEikd af jc&Sad om vkyu
f iG ;f vkyu
f u
G rf sm;udk azmfxw
k af y;Edik f
cJhygonf?
• Edik if aH wmftqif/h a'otqifh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ESihf e,fpyf&dS &yf&mG vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;u rdik ;f ESihf ywfoufI
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufvdka=umif; pdwftm;jyif;jypGm azmfjyr_rsm; &SdcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh rdkif;tE W&m,f
avsmch sa&; ynmay;a&; ESihf rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd ef pfem&ol om;aumifrsm;udk taxmuftyHah y;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif
jzpfonf? tcsKd@olrsm;u Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pIyif aqmif&Gufae=u+yD jzpfonf?
• rdkif;&Sdaom {&d,mrsm;udk trSwftom;ðya&;ESifh ywfoufI vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sdae+yD;/ ,cktcg ae&mtrsm;wGif
aqmif&u
G Ef ikd jf cif; r&Syd g? txl;ojzifh tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm; xde;f csKyf&m a'orsm; jzpf+yD;/ rdik ;f axmifjcif;rsm;
qufvufjzpfay:aeygonf? ajrjrKyfrikd ;f rsm; oH;k onft
h cg tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;u trSwt
f om;ðyxm;oifh
ygonf? yÉdyuQajz&Si;f rajyvnfEikd rf csi;f t&yfom;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGuf aqmif&u
G &f ef cufcv
J o
S nfh vkyif ef;pOf
jzpf+yD;/ rdik ;f jrKyfxm;onfh {&d,mrsm;rSm ppfa&;twGuf toH;k cs&ef &nf&,
G x
f m;onfh ae&mrsm;jzpf&m Tod@k trSwf
tom;ðy&ef tqdðk yonft
h ay: vufrcHEikd =f uyg? txl;oHo,vnf; &Sad e=uygonf? yÉdyuQEiS hf rdik ;f rsm; jrKyfEaHS er_rsm;
&yfqdkif;oGm;onfhtcg trSwftom;ðyjcif;ESifhtwl rdkif;&Sif;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf=u&rnf
jzpfonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; ae&mrSwfom;xm;a&;oufoufudkom aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;pOfr[kwfyg?
• rdik ;f rsm; us,jf yef@pmG wnf&adS er_ukd ydI
k jynfph pkH mG ppfwrf;aumuf,&l ef vdt
k yfaeygonf? t&yfzuf vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;
(CBO) . rdi
k ;f tcsut
f vuf a'wmabhpo
f nfom rdik ;f &Sad eonf[k oHo,&Szd ,
G f {&d,mrsm;ta=umif; wnf&adS e
onfh tcsut
f vufrsm; jzpfygonf? od@k aomf rsm;pGm tuef@towf&ydS gonf? Towif;tcsut
f vuf a'wmabhpf
u Edik if t
H wGi;f &Sd tcsK@d aom wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk a'orsm;. ae&mtcsK@d uo
kd m rdik ;f jy\em&Sad eonf[k azmfjyxm;
ygonf? Ta'wmtcsuftvufrsm;udk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI óud;yrf;aumuf,l pkaqmif;cJhjcif; jzpf+yD;/ xdktcsdefu
rdik ;f ESihf ywfoufI v_y&f mS ;aeolrsm;tzd@k jrefrmjynfwiG ;f rS tcsut
f vuf pkaqmif;&ef wif;usyo
f nfh Edik if .
H Oya'
pnf;rsOf;rsm;t& tE W&m,ftvGefrsm;ygonf?
• rdkif;&Sif;vif; ðzwfodrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI {&mr vdktyfcsuf&Sdaeonf? tpdk;&u cGifhrðyEdkifaoma=umifh wdkufyGJrsm;
qufvufjzpfymG ;aeonft
h wGuaf =umifh jy\emwpfct
k jzpf qufI&Sad e&onf? rdik ;f &Si;f vif;rnfo
h rl sm;twGuf txl;
tE W&m,f&Sdaponfh tajctaejzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;udk
rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&; oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;onf T&nf&,
G cf sut
f wGuf jzpfEikd af jcwpfck jzpfygonf? Tudpt
P wGuf tcsK@d
aom tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;u awmif;qdrk r_ sm; &Sad eygonf? od@k aomfvnf; typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabm
wlncD sut
f csK@d rmS rwnf+idraf o;bJ/ òyduEJG ikd af o;onfh tajctae&Sad e&m/ rdik ;f &Si;f vif;&eftwGuf w&m;0if Edik if w
H um
rS u|r;f usio
f rl sm;ESihf ypPn;f ud&,
d mrsm; &&Sad &;rSm tcktajctaewGif rjzpfEikd af o;yg? vmrnfh teD;uyf tem*wf
umvwGiv
f nf; Edik if w
H um rdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_ pHEe_ ;f owfrw
S cf suf (IMAS) t& aqmif&u
G &f ef rjzpfEikd af o;yg? vlom;csi;f
pmemr_t& rdkif;&Sif;onfhvkyfief;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aemufqHk;taeESifh taumiftxnfazmf&efrSm tjcm;aomEdkifiH
rsm;wGif vGefcJh onfh q,fpkESpf-ESpfckumvtwGif; aqmif&GufatmifjrifcJhonfh tawG@tñuHrsm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;udk
tajcðyI vkyfaqmif&rnf jzpfonf? ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ESifh ajrrsm; jyefvnfay;tyfjcif;wGif taumif;qHk;
usifhoHk;yHkenf;emrsm;udk xnfhoGif; toHk;cs=u&rnf jzpfayonf?
• Tokawoeu jyqdck &hJ mwGif rdik ;f a=umifh xdcu
kd ef pfemae&onfh vlxw
k pf&yfv;kH udk xdawG@Eikd &f eftwGuEf iS hf vlom;csi;f
pmemr_ tultnDrsm; jznfq
h nf;Edik &f eftwGuq
f v
kd #i/f e,fpyfjzwfausmf enf;vrf;a&m/ jynfwiG ;f rS tpysK;d vkyu
f ikd f
44
onfh vkyif ef;rsm;udyk g aqmif&u
G o
f ifo
h nf? yHyh ;kd ulnaD y;oifyh gonf? rdik ;f uGi;f rsm;xH wdu
k ¶f u
kd x
f ad wG@Eikd o
f rl mS ukv
or*~ r[kwo
f vd/k Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm;vnf; r[kwyf g? taxGaxGaom a'ocHvy_ &f mS ;olrsm; (tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeol &yf&Gm vlxktzGJ@rsm;/ roefrpGrf; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;tajcðytzGJ@ (FBOs)
rsm;/ ta&twGuf wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmaeaom t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ a'ocH wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk
ausmif;rsm;/ a'ocH aq;cef;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSA)) udk,fwdkifyif jzpfygonf?
• jrefrmtpdk;&u ajrjrKyfrdkif;wm;jrpfydwfyifa&; oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfðyjcif;jzifh jrefrm
wpfEikd if v
H ;kH wGif rdik ;f ydwyf ifwm;qD;a&;ESihf rdik ;f ESihf ywfoufI v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf Oya'tajccHrsm; ay:xGe;f vmEdik rf nfh
tajctaerSm vmrnft
h em*wfumvwGif tvGeef nf;ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; a'otvdu
k f toH;k ðyr_ ydwyf ifwm;jrpf
jcif;tm;jzifh tuef@towfjzifh rdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; ay:ayguv
f mEdik yf gonf? od@k twGuaf =umifh ar#mv
f ifch suaf &mifjcnfrmS
*seD AD m awmif;qkcd sut
f zG@J (Geneva Call) . vkyaf qmifcsuf oHEXdM mefðyr_tay: tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pk(6)zG@J u
vufrw
S af &;xd;k oabmwlncD jhJ cif; jzpfygonf? ToabmwlncD suaf emufyikd ;f ajrjrKyfrikd ;f wm;jrpfjcif;jzifh qufvuf
aqmif&GufcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh tenf;qHk; jrefrmEdkifiH taemufydkif;a'orsm;wGif aqmif&GufEdkif+yD jzpfonf?
TtwGufa=umifh tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsuftenf;i,f jzpf&ygonf? tvm;wl rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ avsmhcsa&;udk
Edik if w
H pf0rS ;f wGif aqmif&u
G Ef ikd cf yhJ gu TtawG@tñuHonf tjcm;aom rdik ;f '%foifh xdcu
kd ef pfemae&ol jynforl sm;/
yg0ifywfoufae=uolrsm;twGuf twk,lp&m tm;usp&m jzpfvmapvdrfhrnf?
6? t=uHðycsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&odk@• jrefrmEdik if H Edik if o
H m;trsm;pkonf taxGaxGaom tiftm;pkrsm;u axmifaomrdik ;f rsm;. wdu
k ¶f u
kd x
f cd u
kd rf _ &v'f
a=umifh epfemae=u&ygonf? od@k twGuaf =umifh tpd;k &taejzifh rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;twGuf oifah vsmf
aom cGifhðyr_/ taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef yHhydk;tm;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhonf?
• tpd;k &taejzifh tcsK@d aom rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;udk tjcm;aom vlom;csi;f pmemr_ ulnrD _ vkyif ef;rsm;
wGif yifrvkyfief;rsm; jzpfvmap&ef tenf;qHk;cGifhðyoifhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- roefrpGrf;olrsm;udk ulnDjcif;ESifh
rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhenf;apa&; ynmay;r_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf?
• tpd;k &taejzifh rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mtqifh tm%mydik t
f zG@J ukd zG@J pnf;oifo
h nf? owif; tcsut
f vuf
rsm; pkaqmif;Ekid &f efEiS hf rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,Ef ikd &f ef jzpfonf? tjcm;aom rdik ;f '%foifh
&onfh Edik if rH sm;. tawG@tñuHraS eI tpd;k &u oifcef;pmxkw,
f +l yD;/ tvm;wl rdik ;f vkyif ef;qdik &f m tm%mydik t
f zG@J rsm;
xlaxmifoifhonf? Ttm%mydkiftzGJ@rsm;onf vmrnfhtem*wfwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufa&;A[dkcsufrS Xmersm; jzpfvmayrnf?
• tpd;k &u roefrpGr;f tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf vufwI
JG rdik ;f '%foif&h olrsm; tygt0if/ roefrpGr;f olrsm;udk taxmuftyHh
ay;Edik &f ef tvkyv
f yk u
f ikd o
f ifo
h nf? od@k ro
S m roefrpGr;f olvrl sm;pkxH a&muf&EdS ikd rf nf jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif tpd;k &tae
jzifh roefrpGr;f jzpfaeonfo
h rl sm;. tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m Edik if w
H um oabmwlncD suu
f v
kd nf; vufrw
S af &;xd;k vufcH
oifhonf? odk@rSom jyif;jyonfhqEN&Sda=umif; jyo&ma&mufrnf jzpfayonf?
45
• rdkif;&Sd&m ae&ma'o/ {&d,mrsm;udk owday;csufrsm; wyfqifxm;jcif;udk ,cktcg wyfrawmfu aqmif&Gufxm;
onfukd avhvmawG@&&dS +yD;/ qufvufaqmif&u
G o
f ifo
h nf? xd@k tjyif vlom;csi;f pmemr_ Oya'rsm;atmufY t&yfom;
jynforl sm;tay: wm0ef&rdS .
_ wpfpw
d w
f pfyikd ;f taeESihf aqmif&u
G jf cif; jzpfap&efvnf; wdu
k w
f eG ;f tm;ay;oifo
h nf?
Tod@k owday;pmwrf;rsm;udk wyfrawmfu vkyif ef;pHwpf&yftaeESihf xlaxmifxm;oif+h yD;/ rdik ;f tE &W m,fta=umif;
vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m vdktyfonfh A[kokwrsm; r&Sdaeonfh t&yfom;rsm;u aqmif&Guf&rnf r[kwfyg?
• jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf ajrjrKyfrikd ;f qufvuftoH;k ðyaeqJjzpfaom tpd;k &wyfrsm;teuf wpfcjk zpfygonf? rdik ;f toH;k ðy
aer_ukd &yfp&J efEiS hf csucf si;f tm%mwnfap&ef t=uHðywdu
k w
f eG ;f vdo
k nf? jrefrmtpd;k &taejzifh vdt
k yfonfh tqifrh sm;
aqmif&u
G u
f m vlowfrikd ;f ydwyf ifwm;qD;a&; oabmwlncD suu
f kd jzpfEikd o
f r# apmv#ipf mG todtrSwðf y vdu
k ef m
oifhonf? aemufqHk; tqHk;owfEdkifrnfh tcsdefZ,m;udkvnf; a=unmoifhonf?
ukvor*~odk@
• ukvor*~taeESihf jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ajrjrKyfrikd ;f udpEP iS hf ywfoufI 2009 ckEpS u
f pI jyefvnf qufo,
G af jym qdv
k mcJh
onf? jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;ESihf rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm; cGiðhf yvmEdik af jc/ ueOD; tpysK;d rdik ;f '%foif&h ol
tultnDay;a&;ESihf rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;r_upd rP sm;tay: qufvufaqG;aEG; ajymqdak eonf? Tóud;yrf;
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif¶Hkr#om r[kwf/ tm;jznfhaqmif&Gufoifha=umif; t=uHðyvdkonf?
• ukvor*~ taejzifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;ydwfyifa&;twGufESifh rdkif;rsm; qufvufcsxm;aejcif; &yfqdkif;yg&ef jrefrmEdkifiH
tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufaeaom wdkufwGef;ajymqdkr_rsm;udk qufI aqmif&Gufoifhaomfvnf;/ twif;qufI
wGe;f jcif;onf tjcm;aom vlom;csi;f pmemr_ vkyif ef;rsm;udyk g tuef@towf jzpfomG ;apEdik af =umif;vnf; owdðyap
vdkygonf?
• ukvor*~Xmetm;vHk;onf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;Y rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfief;vnf; yg0if&ef ta&;}uD;
a=umif;/ odk@rSom tjcm;aom vlom;csif;pmemr_ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf óudwif&Sdxm;&rnfh tajctae
jzpfa=umif; qufvufwdkufwGef;oifhygonf?
• tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif rdkif;tE W&m,f ynmay;a&;vkyfief;Y t"dutcef;u¾u aqmif&Gufaeaom ,leDqufzf
(UNICEF) tzG@J tpnf;onf/ jrefrmEdi
k if .
H ajrjrKyfrikd ;f rsm; wnf&adS e&m jynfe,fEiS hf wdik ;f rsm;wGiv
f nf; ¶H;k cGrJ sm;wnf&dS
aeonfhtwGufa=umifh jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh rdkif;tE W&m,fynmay;a&;vkyfief; pwifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef qufI aqG;aEG;
wdu
k w
f eG ;f ajymqdo
k ifyh gonf? tjcm;aom tE &W m,favsmch sa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ‚if;rdik ;f tE &W m,f avsmch sa&;ynmay;
vkyfief;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef jzpfygonf?
• tu,fI jrefrmtpdk;&u ukvor*~udk rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufyg&ef w&m;0if
awmif;qkdvmcJhygu/ tjcm;rdkif;'%foifh EdkifiHrsm;rS tawG@tñuHrsm;ESifh oifcef;pmrsm; xkwf,lum yl;aygif;aqmif
&Gufa&; aumfrDwDwpf&yf zGJ@pnf;oifhygonf? EdkifiH. xl;jcm;aom tajctaeESifh oifhav#mfpGm avsmfuefaom
vkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef aocsmaqmif&Guf=u&ygvdrfhrnf?
46
EdkifiHwum rdom;pkodk@ • tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;pGm taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf axmufyHh&ef wGef@qkwfae=uygonf?
vuf&Sd vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m tajctaeESifh jrefrmEdkifiH jynfolrsm; &&Sdaeaom tuef@towf tenf;i,fr#
tultnDrsm;udk axmufxm;I tvSL&SiEf ikd if rH sm;taejzifh taxGaxG tultnDrsm; wd;k ay;yg&ef t=uHðyvdyk gonf?
xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; vufawG@atmifjrifr_rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdonfh pepfwus aocsmpDpOfxm;aom rdkif;qdkif&m
v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; tultnDay;oifhygonf?
• tcsKd@aom Oa&my tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf e,fpyfjzwfausmfI tultnDay;&ef wdk;I wdk;I wGef@qkwfvmae=uyg
onf? odk@aomfvnf; e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;
twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; &Sdaeonfh òrd@e,ftrsm;pkonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh
e,fpyfuyfI wnf&adS eaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? tvSL&Sirf sm;taejzifh olw@kd . rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf taxmuf
tyHhrsm;wGif e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_udkyg xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
• Edik if w
H um rdom;pktaejzifh jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ajrjrKyfrikd ;f toH;k csaer_avsmch sapa&;/ od@k r[kwf &yfpaJ &;twGuf yÉdyuQwiG f
yg0ifywfoufaeol tiftm;pktm;vHk;odk@ wdkufwGef;ajymqdkoifhygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmtaejzifh
Tod@k wm;jrpfr_ r&&SEd ikd yf gu/ a'oqdik &f mtvdu
k f wm;jrpfyw
d yf ifjcif;udv
k nf; wdu
k w
f eG ;f oifyh gonf? axmufco
H ifh
ygonf?
• EdkifiHwum rdom;pktaejzifh roefrpGrf;olrsm; tvkyftzGJ@. “roefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_
twGuf bH&k yfwnfcsuq
f ikd &f m xkwjf yefa=unmcsu”f udk todtrSwðf y vufrw
S af &;xd;k yg&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f tyfygonf?
• Edik if w
H um rdom;pktaejzifh jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ajcwkvt
kd yfaeol vdt
k yfcsu.
f (av;yHw
k pfy)kH udo
k m ajcwk yHyh ;kd axmufyhH
ay;Edkifygonf? Todk@ epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;udk wdk;ay;oifhygonf? Todk@ ulnDr_
rsm;wGif ajcwkwyfqifay;onfh aemufxyf aq;cef;topfrsm;/ wDxGifzefwD;r_&Sdonfh 0ifaiG&&Sdapa&; vkyfief;rsm;/
txl; xdcdkuftemw&&Sdonfh rdkif;'%foifholrsm;twGuf b¾ma&;t& axmufyHha=u;ay;jcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?
ajcvuf rjywfoGm;onfh rdkif;'%foifholrsm;onfvnf; taxmuftyHh &&Sdoifhygonf?
• jrefrmEdik if .
H tdref ;D csi;f Edik if t
H csK@d onf e,fpyfjzwfausmI
f vlom;csi;f pmemr_ tultnDay;r_ukd tuef@towfjzifh
vufcHae=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;'%foifh&aom òrd@e,ftrsm;pkonf e,fpyfrsm;ESifh uyfvsufwnf&Sdae&m/
tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm; taejzifh Ta'orsm;rS vlxrk sm;twGuf rdik ;f qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;twGuf yHyh ;kd ay;=u
yg&ef wdkufwGef;t=uHðyvdkygonf? txl;ojzifh rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhudpPrsm;wGif jzpfygonf?
• jrefrmEdik if o
H nf ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;toif; (tmqD,)H . tzG@J 0ifEikd if w
H pfcjk zpf&m/ tjcm; tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;
(txl;ojzifh rdkif;wm;jrpfa&;pmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh) jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\em/
vH;k 0ydwyf ifwm;jrpfrt
_ wGuf tusK;d aus;Zl;&SEd ikd yf rkH sm;udk qufqaH jymqd=k uyg&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f vdyk gonf? xd@k tjyif tmqD,H
tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm; taejzifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;ESifh ywfoufI a'oqdkif&m nDvmcHwpf&yf usif;y&ef/ jrefrmEdkifiHudkvnf;
Tjy\emwGif qufvufI qufpyfaqmif&Gufap&ef wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?
47
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs) odk@ • tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs) taejzifh rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;vkyif ef;rsm;/ ppfwrf;aumuf
,la&;ESihf rdik ;f '%foifo
h l tultnDay;a&;tzG@J rsm;tay:wGif ulnaD y;cJ=h u+yD;/ vdv
k v
kd m;vm;vnf; &Syd gonf? Tod@k
qufqHa&;udk a&S@qufaqmif&GufoGm;yg&efESifh wdk;csJ@oGm;Edkif&ef t=uHðyygonf?
• ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;udk tpdk;&vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@omrubJ/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; toHk;csae=uyg
onf? Tod@k rdik ;f toH;k ðyaer_ukd &yfqikd ;f yg&ef t=uHðyvdyk gonf? tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vH;k uvnf;
*seD AD mawmif;qdck sut
f zG@J . “vkyif ef;twGuf oHEXdM mefcsrw
S x
f m;r_” udk vufrw
S af &;xd;k todtrSwðf y&jcif; r&S=d u
ao;yg? Todk@ aqmif&Gufcsuf. jy,k*f/ oHEMdXmefcsxm;r_onfyif tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf wGef;tm;
aphaqmfr_ jzpfapygonf?
• rdkif;rsm; qufvuftoHk;ðyaeao;onfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;xHodk@/ rdkif;toHk;ðyjcif; &yfpJcJhonfh tpdk;&
r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; tawG@tñuHrsm; zvS,af 0iSoifyh gonf? vufrw
S af &;xd;k xm;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;
taejzifh tjcm;vufrw
S af &;rxk;d &ao;aom tiftm;pkrsm; tygt0if tcsi;f csi;f awG@q=kH uyg&ef/ aqG;aEG;pnf;a0;yGJ
rsm;/ q,frDemrsm; twlac: jcif;ðy=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf?
• tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm; xde;f csKyf&ma'orsm;wGif rdik ;f rsm;&So
d nfah e&m tenf;i,fr#uo
kd m trSwt
f om;ðy
xm;ygonf? rdik ;f rsm;wnf&&dS m ae&mtm;vH;k udk trSwt
f om;ðy+yD;/ ajryHk qGx
J m;=uyg&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f t=uHðyvdyk gonf?
EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ (tJef*sDtdk) tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@• Edik if w
H umtJe*f st
D rkd sm; taejzifh rdik ;f rsm; wnf&adS e&ma'ood@k oGm;a&mufxad wG@ciG hf r&So
d nft
h wGu/f olw@kd taejzifh
a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwGif; tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wdk@udk
t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ &efyHkaiG axmufyHhay;jcif;ðy&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf? jzpfEdkifonfh tajctaewdkif;wGif
Edik if w
H um tJe*f st
D rkd sm; taejzifh rdik ;f qdik &f mv_y&f mS ;r_ vkyif ef;rsm; jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf xufjrufxad &mufonfh
pepf,E W&m;rsm; wnfaxmifEdkifa&;twGuf ulnDay;oifhygonf?
• Ta'orsm;twGif; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&ef pdwfyg0ifpm;=uonfh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;onf
EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkuGef&ufrsm; jyefvnfpwif wnfaqmuf=uyg&efESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
jr‡iw
hf ifaqmif&u
G Ef ikd af &; tcGit
hf vrf;rsm; pHpk rf;azmfxw
k Ef ikd &f ef yHrk eS af wG@qo
kH if=h uygonf? jzpfEikd yf gu jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f
ukvor*~ rpf&iS ¶f ;kH u zG@J pnf;xm;aom umuG,rf a_ y;a&;qdik &f m tvkyt
f zG@J (Protection Working Group—PWG).
atmuf&Sd vufatmufcHtkyfpkrsm;ESifh csdwfqufoifh=uygonf?
• jrefrmEdik if H ae&mtus,t
f jyef@wiG f rdik ;f '%foiho
f rl sm; ys@H usw
J nf&adS eonft
h avsmuf/ ajcwkwyfay;onfh aq;cef;
rsm;rSm enf;yg;+yD; wpfcEk iS w
hf pfcv
k nf; tvSr;f a0;onft
h wGuaf =umifh ydI
k t&G,t
f pm;i,fonf/h a&$@ajymif; ajcwkwyf
aq;cef;rsm; &Sdap&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf? Todk@jzifh rdkif;'%foifh &yf&Gmvlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;udk ydkIxdawG@Edkifrnf
jzpfonf? rdkif;'%foifh&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;udk olwdk@. tdrfrsm;teD;Yyif ulnDyHhydk;ay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?
48
• &yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf t&yfzufvrl t
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;onf rdik ;f '%foifh &yf&mG vlxrk sm;xHo@kd oGm;a&muf
xdawG@Eikd =f uonft
h jyif/ tcsK@d aomtkypf rk sm;u rdik ;f '%foifh jynforl sm;udk tultnDrsm; ay;tyfae=u+yD; jzpfygonf?
Tóud;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk wdk;csJ@Edkif&efESifh tm;jznfhay;&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf?
• rdik ;f &Si;f vif;a&;vkyif ef;pOf rjzpfay:Edik af o;onfh umvtwGi;f / typf&yfa'orsm;a&m/ typftcwf r&yfp&J ao;onfh
a'orsm;wGi;f &Sd jynforl sm;udk rdik ;f tE &W m,f ynmay;a&;vkyif ef; wd;k wufaqmif&u
G af y;&ef txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
vHðk cHa&;taetxm;a=umifh rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;qdo
k nfrmS wpfcw
k nf; oD;jcm;aqmif&u
G f
&onf r[kwfyg? &efukefzufrScsnf; aqmif&GufEdkifonfvnf; r[kwfyg? ‚if;tpm; wnf&Sdae+yD;om; &yf&GmzGH@òzd;a&;
tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf yl;wGaJ pI tE &W m,favsmch sa&;/ use;f rma&; umuG,rf a_ y;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; ESit
hf wl aqmif&u
G Ef ikd f
ygonf?
• &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwGif;&Sd bmoma&;tajccH tzGJ@tpnf; (FBOs) rsm;onf rdkif;'%foifh
jynfolvlxkrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm xdawG@Edkifonfh tm;omcsuf&Sdaoma=umifh/ &yf&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;/ &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;udk
tE &W m,frsm;ESihf ywfoufI wdu
k ¶f u
kd o
f ifwef;ay;=uyg&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f vdyk gonf? xd@k tjyif rdik ;f '%foifh jynforl sm;ESihf
‚if;wd@k . rdom;pkrsm;xH tultnDay;Edik o
f nfh enf;vrf;rsm;/ owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udv
k nf; jzef@a0iSoifah =umif;
t=uHðyvdkygonf?
• ajcwkwyfqifay;a&;oifwef;rsm;/ rdik ;f tE &W m,favsmch sa&; ynmay;oifwef;rsm;udk jyifyrS tiftm;pkrsm;/ &if;jrpfrsm;
ESihf aqmif&u
G o
f nft
h cg a'ocH&yf&mG tajcðy vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk tE &W m,fr&Sad paom enf;vrf;jzifh aqmif&u
G o
f ifh
ygonf? Toifwef;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;uif;&Sif;onfh oifwef;rsm;jzpf&ef vdktyf+yD;/ &efukefuJhodk@aom “=um;ae”
a'owGif jzpfoifyh gonf? rdik ;f '%foifch aH e&aom òrd@e,frsm;uJo
h @kd jy\emtuJqwfonfh ae&mrsK;d rjzpfapoifyh g?
• tcsK@d aom tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs) u rdik ;f ydwyf ifwm;jrpfjcif;uJo
h @kd aom tðyoabm erlemrsm;udk
jr‡iw
hf iftoday;I/ ‚if;aemufyikd ;f wGif tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh tiftm;pkrsm; xde;f csKyfxm;&ma'orsm;/ od@k r[kwf =oZm
oufa&mufaom a'orsm;wGif rdkif;toHk;ðyr_udk avsmhcsjcif; paomvkyfief;rsm;onf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;
wpfpHkvHk;. wpfpdwfwpfydkif; jzpfoifh+yD;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_rsm;wGif toHk;ðy&rnf
jzpfygonf?
49
aemufqufwJG (u)
roefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf bHk&yfwnfcsufqdkif&m xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf
atmufwiG f vufrw
S af &;xd;k xm;=uonfh tzG@J tpnf; at*sipf rD sm;onf azmfjyygtcsurf sm;udk oabmwlnyD gonf?
• wnf&adS eaom Edik if w
H um oabmwlncD surf sm;t& (txl;ojzifh roefrpGr;f olrsm;. tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m Edik if w
H um
oabmwlncD suf tyk'd -f 32) roefrpGr;f olrsm; (Persons with Disabilities—PwD) onf zG@H òzd;a&;vkyif ef;pOf
rsm;wGif roefrpGrf;r_ r&Sdolrsm;ESifh tvm;wlyif wef;wlnDr#pGm yg0ifap&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf?
• b&mwpfpfvmAm (Bratislava) xkwfjyefa=unmcsufESifh r=um;ao;rDu tjcm;xkwfjyefa=unmcsufrsm;t&
roefrpGrf;olrsm; tjynfht0 yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh r&Sdv#if/ axmifpkESpfqdkif&m zGH@òzd;a&;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfhrD&ef
ta=umif;r&Sdyg?
• Edik if w
H um tultnDay;a&; ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zG@J tpnf;rsm;onf rdrw
d @kd yHyh ;kd ay;xm;aom vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif
roefrpGrf;olrsm; tjynfht0 yl;aygif;yg0if aqmif&GufEdkifapa&;twGuf aocsmpDrHay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?
• r=umao;rDu xkwfjyefcJhonfh taumif;qHk; usifhoHk;r_rsm;qdkif&m t=uHðycsufrsm;t&/ TuJhodk@ udk,fpm;vS,f
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf Tod@k yg0ifaqmif&u
G Ef ikd cf iG hf &Sad pa&;twGuf enf;ynmydik ;f ESihf &efyakH iGrsm; axmufyahH y;&rnf?
• Todk@ yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef aocsmaqmif&Gufay;zdk@ ysufuGufjcif;a=umifh/ z,fcsefxm;jcif;a=umifh usOfz,fxm;
onfh taetxm;a&mufapjcif;/ TtusK;d &v'fa=umifh roefrpGr;f olrsm;onf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/
zGH@òzd;r_. cHpm;cGifhrsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif; z,fusOfxm;cH&rnfh taetxm;&Sdaeygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh olwdk@
udk,fwdkif. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_udk vnf;aumif;/ olwdk@. &yf&GmESifh EdkifiHawmf. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf yg0ifjznfhqnf;
aqmif&GufEdkif&ef ta=umif;r&Sdawmhyg?
od k @ twG u f a =umif h atmuf w G i f vuf r S w f a &;xd k ; xm;=uonf h tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;onf atmuf y gvk y f i ef ; rsm;
azmf a qmif & ef wm0ef & S d o nf ?
• Tudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS tultnDawmif;cHI taumiftxnfazmfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; taejzifh
roefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom tpDtpOfrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufyga=umif; jyo&rnf jzpfonf?
• vkyif ef;pDrcH suf y¶dyk q
kd ,f (tqdðk ycsu)f rsm;onf roefrpGr;f olrsm; yg0ifaqmif&u
G cf iG &hf adS =umif; ppfaq;I oufao
jyoEdkifap&ef aocsmaqmif&Guf&rnf?
• roefrpGrf;olrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifapa&;twGuf b¾maiG (bwf*suf) twdtusudk cGJa0owfrSwfxm;&rnf?
(owdðy&efrmS TonfrmS roefrpGr;f olrsm;twGuf oD;oef@aqmif&u
G &f ef[k owfrw
S x
f m;onfh pDrcH surf sm; r[kwyf g?)
Tyrm%onf pkpkaygif; ukefusoHk;pGJaiG. (5µ) cef@ &Sdoifhygonf?
vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf roefrpGrf;olrsm;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI aemufxyf
rl0g'rsm; zGH@òzd;ap&ef/ oifwef;rsm;/ apmihf=unfhavhvma&; enf;vrf;rsm;/ yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh usifhoHk;vmapa&;twGuf
t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfief;pOf pojzifh zGH@òzd;vmap&ef udpPrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf jzpfonf?
50
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;cHpm;&aom uav;oli,frsm;tm; umuG,fa&;ESifh
ywfoufI *sDeDAmaum tzGJ@ESifhcsKyfqdkaom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m
DEED OF COMMITMENT UNDER GENEVA CALL FOR THE PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN FROM THE EFFECTS OF ARMED CONFLICT
oifhavsmfaom tm%mvkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;onfhudk,fpm;vS,f (rsm;) rSwqifh vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh rdrdwdk@. æ æ æ
æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ tzJ@G onf vufeufuikd f
yÉdyuQrsm;onf uav;oli,frsm;. ¶kyyf ikd ;f ESihf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufrE_ iS hf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH . vHðk cHa&;/ a&&Snw
f nfwHh
cdik +f rJaom +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&;wpfcv
k ;kH tay: tE &W m,fðyapaomESifh us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@jzpfapaom oufa&mufr_
rsm; jzpfaponfhtay: pdk;&drfrdapjcif;/
t&yfom;jynfolrsm; txl;ojzifh uav;oli,frsm;. taumif;qHk;tusdK;udk y"mexnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um uav;rsm;tay:
ppfa&;vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;. oufa&mufrr_ sm; od@k r[kwf tE &W m,fjzpfapr_rsm;rS umuG,af y;&ef qH;k jzwfxm;csurf sm;/ xd@k tjyif
uav;rsm;. touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ vl@*k%foduQm&&SdcGifh/ ynmoif=um;cGifhESifh zHG@òzd;wdk;wufcGifhrsm;udk av;pm;jcif;rsm;udk
&&Sdap&rnf[k qdkaom rdrdwdk@. qHk;jzwfxm;csufrsm;udk xyfavmif;twnfðyapjcif;/
Edik if w
H umOya'rsm; txl;ojzifh uav;rsm;udk txl;umuG,af y;xm;onfh *seD AD mpmcsKyfrsm;ESihf uav;oli,f tcGit
hf a&;
pmcsKyfEiS hf ‚if;.aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyfjzpfaom vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;wGif uav;rsm; yg0ifrq
_ ikd &f m pmcsKyfrsm;wGif yg0ifonfh
pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif;/ xd@k tjyif touf (18)ESpaf tmuf jzpforl sm;udk ppfrx
_ rf;apjcif;ESihf tE &W m,f&adS om
tajctaersm;wGif toHk;ðyapjcif;tay: rdrdwdk@. wm0ef&Sdjcif;rsm;udk xif&Sm;ay:vGifap&ef qHk;jzwfxm;jcif;/
touf (15) ESpaf tmuf uav;i,frsm;udk ppfwyfwiG ;f od@k r[kwf tzG@J tyk pf rk sm;twGi;f 0ifa&muf&ef pkaqmif;jcif;/ od@k r[kwf
tE &W m,f&adS om tajctaersK;d xJwiG f wufºuGpmG yg0ifapjcif;rsm;tay: tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfr_ w&m;¶H;k Oya'orsm;u
&mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfudk owdrlrdjcif;/
rnfo
h nft
h a=umif;a=umifyh if jzpfap xdo
k @dk vyk af qmifrr_ sm;udk qef@usiI
f xdt
k ðytrlrsm;onf vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQtwGi;f &Sd
uav;rsm;Tay: w&m;rJhqufqHr_tjzpf todtrSwfðyapjcif;/ EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;onf
vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh tzG@J tm;vH;k tay: oufa&mufr&_ +dS yD; wm0ef&adS ponfqakd om tcsuu
f kd
vufcHjcif;/
,ckcsrw
S x
f m;aom t"dXmefonf rde;f uav;ESihf a,mufsm;av;rsm; ESprf sK;d pvH;k tygt0if uav;rsm;tm;vH;k udk umuG,af y;
onf[k txl;xyfavmif; ajymqdkjcif;?
51
,ckem;vnfr_pmc|ef. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf uav;oli,f[kqdk&mwGif touf (18) ESpfatmuf&Sdaomolrsm; (touf
(18)ESpf rjynfhao;aomol[k ,lqoHo,&Sdygu xdkoludk uav;tjzpf rSwf,lqufqH&rnf) udk qdkvdka=umif; em;vnf
oabmaygufjcif;/
xdktwGufa=umifh atmufygtajctaeowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk t"dXmefðytyfygonf?
(1) tE W&m,f&Sdaom tajctaersm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;tm; toHk;ðyjcif;tm; vHk;0ydwfyifjcif;udk cdkifrmpGm usifhoHk;
ygrnf?
(2) uav;oli,frsm;udk qEN&o
dS nfa=umifh jzpfap/ twif;tusyf jzpfap rdrw
d @kd . vufeufuikd w
f yfz@GJ rsm;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
apcdik ;f jcif;r&Sad p&ef aocsmatmif vkyaf qmifygrnf? uav;oli,frsm;udk rdrw
d @kd . vufeufuikd w
f yfz@GJ rsm;od@k 0ifa&muf
apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf qufvuf&Sdaeapjcif;rsm; cGifhrðyyg?
(3) uav;oli,frsm;udk rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfzJG@rsm;ESifh qufEG,fywfoufapjcif;rsm; odk@r[kwf qufvufyg0if
ywfoufapjcif;rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrS rðyrlyg? qufEG,fywfoufr_[kqdk&mwGif ppfyJGrsm;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
wdkuf¶dkufjzpfap tjcm;enf;jzifh ulnDaqmif&Gufr_ jzpfap rnfonfhenf;rsKd;udkrqdk qdkvdkonf? uav;oli,frsm;udk
xdo
k @kd vyk af qmifrr_ sm;&Syd gu ,ckem;vnfrp_ mc|ev
f m$ . tyd'k f (6)t& xdu
k av;rsm;udk jzpfEikd o
f rSs tapmqH;k tcsed w
f iG f
jyefv$wfay;rnf?
(4) ppfqifa&;tcsed rf sm;twGi;f rdrw
d @kd . vufeufuikd t
f zG@J rsm;ESit
hf wl uav;oli,frsm; vdu
k yf gaejcif;rsm; r&Sad p&efEiS hf
ppfqifa&;tcsed t
f wGi;f rdrw
d @kd xrd ;f csKyfxm;aom e,fajra'oxJY uav;rsm;&Srd ae&atmif vkyaf qmifEikd rf nft
h csuf
rsm;tm;vHk;udk aocsmatmif vkyfaqmifygrnf?
(5) vufeufudkifyÉdyuQESifh ywfoufI csKyfaESmifjcif; odk@r[kwf axmifcsjcif;cH&aom uav;oli,frsm;tay: olwdk@.
touft&G,fESifh vdifuJGjym;r_tvdkuf n‡mwmpGm qufqHrnfjzpf+yD; [email protected]_udk z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;onf
tjcm;enf;rsm; r&Sdawmhonfh aemufqHk;vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd; jzpf&rnfjzpf+yD; oifhavsmfonfh twdkqHk;tcsdefrsKd;om
jzpf&rnf? uav;t&G,ftcsdeftwGif; usL;vGefonfh jypfr_wpfckcka=umifh rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufudkrS ao'%f
csrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwf tjypfay;jcif; vkyfaqmifrnfr[kwfyg?
(6) rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfzJG@rsm;twGif;rS uav;rsm;udk jyefv$wfay;jcif;ESifh yg0ifywfoufaer_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;jcif;
rsm;udk vkyaf qmifygu vHðk cHpw
d cf saom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh vkyaf qmif&rnf? jzpfEikd af om tajctaersm;&Syd gu uav;
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;qdkif&m txl;ðy vkyfaqmifaeaom tjcm;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifrnf?
(7) rdrw
d @kd tm%musio
hf ;kH aeaom ae&ma'orsm;twGi;f &Sd uav;rsm;udk oifah vsmaf om tajctaersK;d wGif vlom;csi;f
pmemulnaD omtzG@J rsm; od@k r[kwf zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&;tzG@J rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I vdt
k yfonfh tultnDrsm;ESihf apmihaf &Smuf
r_rsm; axmufyhHay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnf? xdkodk@ vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf tjcm;t&mrsm;tjyif rdrdwdk@onf(u) uav;rsm;taejzifh vHak vmufaom tpm;tpmrsm;/ pdwyf ikd ;f ESihf vlrt
_ axmuftulrsm; tygt0if use;f rma&;
apmifah &Smufrr_ sm;/ ynma&;ESihf jzpfEikd af om tajctaersK;d wGif tyrf;ajzr_EiS hf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
&&SdcHpm;Edkifatmif vdktyfonfh vkyfaqmifay;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;rnf?
(c) uav;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;ESifh tjcm;aomenf;rsm;jzifh t=urf;zufjcif;rsm; r&Sdatmif umuG,fay;rnf?
(*) vdktyfaeaom uav;rsm;udk rsufESmvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ vlom;csif;pmemaom tultnDrsm;udk ay;Edkifatmif
vkyfaqmifay;rnf?
52
(C) uav;rsm;udk olw@kd .rdom;pkrsm;ESihf jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;Edik &f ef rsuEf mS vdu
k jf cif;r&Sb
d J vkyaf qmifaeaom vlom;
csif;pmemr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk yhHydk;ay;rnf?
(i) pmoifausmif;rsm; od@k r[kwf uav;rsm; t"dutoH;k ðyaeaom tjcm;y&d0%
k rf sm;udk ppfa&;t& toH;k ðyjcif;udk
a&SmifusOfrnf?
(8) rdrw
d @kd . Edik if aH &;ESihf ppfa&;qdik &f m Xmersm;/ ppfzufqikd &f m t}uD;tuJrsm;ESifh wdu
k yf 0GJ ifrsm; rdrw
d @kd . ,ckt"dXmefðyxm;
csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh wnfjrJapjcif;wdk@ jzpfap&ef owif;tcsuftvufrsm; jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;ESifh
oifwef;rsm; yd@k csay;jcif;rsm; tygt0if vdt
k yfaom trde@f a=unmcsurf sm;ESifh nGe=f um;csurf sm;udk xkwjf yefomG ;rnf?
ppfzufqikd &f m t}uD;uJrsm;ESifh xdyyf ikd ;f t&m&drS sm;onf rdrw
d @kd vufatmufi,fom;rsm;twGuf wm0ef&o
Sd nf? ,ck
tcsurf sm;udk vdu
k ef maqmif&u
G jf cif; r&do
S nht
f cgrsK;d wGif xdck sK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk csucf si;f &yfwaHh pjcif;/ oifah wmfovdk
pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;t& ta&;,ljcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifrnf?
(9) *seD AD maumtzG@J EiS t
hf jyif xdt
k zG@J EiS hf &nf&,
G cf sut
f wlwl qufo,
G v
f yk af qmifaeonfh tjcm;vGwv
f yfonfh Edik if w
H um
tzGJ@rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJ@rsm;tm; ,ckt"dXmefðycsufrsm;udk apmifh=uyf&efESifh qef;ppfEdkif&eftwGuf cGifhðyI
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G f vkyaf qmifomG ;rnf? yGiv
hf if;jrifomr_EiS hf wm0efcrH w
_ @kd &Sad p&ef &nf&,
G cf surf sm;t& vdt
k yfonfh
twdik ;f xdo
k @kd apmif=h uyfrr_ sm;ESihf qef;ppfrr_ sm; vkyaf qmif&mwGif rdrw
d @kd vy_ &f mS ;aeonfh e,fajr{&d,mrsm;tm;vH;k od@k
oGm;a&mufcGihfESifh ppfaq;r_rsm;/ vdktyfonfh owif;rsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHcsufrsm; xkwfjyefay;jcif;rsm; yg0ifonf?
(10) ,ckt"dXmefðycsufudk vlom;csif;pmemr_ pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; txl;ojzifh EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_ Oya'rsm;/
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI pHerlemjzpfaponfh rl0g'rsm;. ajcvSrf;wpfvSrf; taejzifhjzpfap odk@r[kwf
ydrk u
kd s,jf yef@aom t"dXmef. tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfck taejzifjh zpfap rSw,
f u
l sio
hf ;kH rnf? xd@k tjyif vufawG@ywf0ef;usiw
f iG f
trSew
f u,f av;pm;pGm usio
hf ;kH r_rsm;ESihf vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQEiS hf ywfoufI vlom;csi;f pmemr_qikd &f m tqift
h wef;
pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; aemufxyfwdk;yGm;vmatmif taxmuftuljzpfaprnf?
(11) ,ckem;vnfrp_ mc|ev
f m$ onf 1949 ckEpS f =o*kwv
f (12) &ufae@u jyXmef;cJah om *seD AD mpmcsKyf. tyd'k f (3)wGif
yg0ifonfh pmom;t& rdrdwdk@. w&m;0ifr_qdkif&m tqifhtwef;tay: oufa&mufjcif;rðyap&?
(12) rdrw
d @kd . vdu
k ef maqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;ESihf vdu
k ef maqmif&u
G &f ef ysuu
f u
G rf r_ sm;ESihf ywfoufI *seD AD maumtzG@J taejzihf
vltrsm;od&dSap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifonfudk rdrdwdk@oabmaygufem;vnfonf?
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(16) ,ck em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; *sDeDAmjynfaxmifpkESifh òrd@awmfa'ou xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef
vufcHvdkufonfh tcsdefrSpI twnfðyoufa&mufaprnf jzpfonf?
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