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Extreme Soil Mechanics:
The Challenge of dealing with soft soils
Mecánica de Suelos Extrema:
El reto de los suelos blandos
Volume Prepared by ISSMGE
Technical Committee # 214
Volumen preparado por el Comité Técnico
TC-214 de la ISSMGE
For / para
XVIIIth ICSMGE, 2013, Paris, France
XVIII Conferencia de la ISSMGE, 2013,
Paris, Francia
Edited by / Editado por:
José Luis Rangel
Efraín Ovando
Gabriel Y. Auvinet
Moisés Juárez
©Copyright, México 2013
Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Geotécnica
Mexican Society for Geotechnical Engineering
Av. Valle de Bravo 19, Col. Vergel de Coyoacán, Delegación Tlalpan 14340 México, D.F.
Tel: (+5255) 5677 3730
Web page http://www.smig.org.mx/
e-mail [email protected]
ISBN 978-543-84406-0-7
Printed in Mexico, 2013
Impreso en México, 2013
Total or partial reproduction of this book by any medium, requires prior written consent of Sociedad
Mexicana de Ingeniería Geotécnica.
Prohibida su reproducción parcial o total por cualquier medio sin permiso por escrito de la
Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Geotécnica.
Opinions expressed in each paper of this book are the sole responsibility of the authors.
Las opiniones expresadas en cada artículo son responsabilidad de los autores.
This publication was sponsored by: Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM, Mexico
Esta publicación ha sido patrocinada por: Instituto de Ingeniería de la UNAM, México
Cover: Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral
Portada: La Catedral Metropolitana de la ciudad de México
iii
ISSMGE TC-214 Core Members / Miembros ejecutivos
Chairman / Presidente: J.L. Rangel-Núñez
Secretary / Secretario: B.C. Méndez-Urquidez
M. Karstunen
G.Y. Auvinet
B. Indraratna
Institute of Engineering, UNAM / Instituto de Ingeniería de la UNAM
Director: Adalberto Noyola Robles
Mexican Society for Geotechnical Engineering / Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Geotécnica
Board / Mesa directiva, 2013-2014
President: D. Yañez Santillán
H.R. Aguilar Becerril
E. Botero Jaramillo
C. Dumas González
E. Valle Puga
G. Clavellina Miller
C.M. González Blandón
N.P. Parra Peidrahita
Consultive Council / Consejo Consultivo
H.M. Valverde Landeros
J.F. Fernández Romero
R. Rivera Constantino
W.I. Paniagua Zavala
J.D. Alemán Velázquez
Organizing Committee / Comité Organizador
J.L. Rangel Núñez
E. Ovando Shelley
E. Valle Puga
Editorial Committee / Comité Editorial
J.L. Rangel Núñez
E. Ovando Shelley
G.Y. Auvinet Guichard
M. Juárez Camarena
iv
FOREWORD
The International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering has twenty seven
technical committees, which deal with specific subject areas in the field of geotechnical
engineering. These committees provide a forum for discussing, developing and applying specialist
geotechnical knowledge. The committees have been divided in three main categories: Behavior of
geomaterials, Geo-engineering and Engineering for Society.
The purpose of a technical committee is to: a) Disseminate knowledge and practice within the TC’s
subject area to the membership of the ISSMGE b) Establish guidelines and technical
recommendations within the TC’s subject area c) Assist with technical programs of international
and regional conferences organized by the ISSMGE d) Interact when necessary with other
overlapping groups working in area related to the TC’s area and e) Provide an avenue for active
participation by the individual members of ISSMGE
Taking into account the severe geotechnical problems encountered in Mexico City, in 2010,
Guillermo Springall, then Vice-President of ISSMGE for North America, proposed to ISSMGE
President Kenji Ishihara the creation of a new committee on “Foundation engineering in difficult
soft soil conditions” to be hosted by the Mexican Society for Soil Mechanics (now Mexican Society
for Geotechnical Engineering). I had the honor to chair this committee (TC36) during the 20002009 period. The committee was confirmed by ISMMGE Presidents William Van Impe in 2001 and
Pedro Seco y Pinto in 2005. Successful international workshops were organized in Mexico City on
topics going from “Foundation engineering in difficult soft soils conditions” (2002) to “Rigid
inclusions in difficult soft soil conditions” (2006) and “Geotechnical Engineering in urban areas
affected by land subsidence” (2008).
The TC36 committee (now TC214) received a new impulse in 2009 when Dr José-Luis Rangel took
over as chair of the committee. After a Special Session organized in Querétaro during the IAHS
Symposium on “Land subsidence, Associated Hazards and the Role of Natural Resources
Development” (2010), an international workshop on “Extreme Soil Mechanics” was proposed by
the committee (May 23rd 2013). The large attendance registered for this technical meeting shows
that the committee responds to a keen interest from many geotechnical engineers for the topics
covered by TC214.
Gabriel AUVINET
ISSMGE Vice-President for North America (2009-2013)
Professor-Researcher
Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM
v
INTRODUCTION
Many areas still available for development in existing urban centers or coastal facilities are sites
with extremely poor subsoil. Furthermore, some of these areas are affected by regional subsidence
and are located in highly seismic areas. In these extremely difficult conditions, geotechnical
engineers face exceptional challenges that require mobilizing the best abilities of soil scientists,
foundation designers and constructors in order to find technically and economically viable
solutions. In most instances, conventional techniques must be improved or substituted by innovative
methods.
The goals of the “Foundation Engineering in Difficult Soft Soil Conditions” Technical
Committee (TC-214) of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,
is to evaluate the state of the art of these special techniques and provide sufficient information to
geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineers on how to use them in different contexts. It is also
responsible for promoting cooperation and exchange of knowledge in the area of foundation
engineering.
Along this line, the Mexican Society of Geotechnical Engineering and the International Technical
Committee TC-214 with the collaboration of Institute of Engineering, UNAM, organized a
workshop on Extreme Soils Mechanics: The Challenge of dealing with soft soils.
As shown in the proceedings presented in this volume, the workshop was addressed to specialists
in soil mechanics who face extreme geotechnical conditions in soft soils, such as problems of
subsidence, cracking, dynamic amplification and large deformations. It covered the following
aspects: soft soil characterization, modeling of soft soil static and dynamic behaviour, foundation
solutions, ground improvement, case histories and new technologies. This workshop offered a
valuable opportunity to share and discuss the contemporary analysis and design techniques, as well
as the impact of this technology in foundation engineering.
José-Luis Rangel-Núñez
Chair, TC-214
Professor-Researcher
Autonomous Metropolitan University
vi
CONTENTS
CONTENIDO
FOREWORD
PREFACIO
G. Auvinet, ISSMGE Vice-President for North America …………………………………………. ix
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCCIÓN
J.L. Rangel-Núñez, Chair ISSMGE TC-214 …………………........………………………..……... xi
SPECIAL LECTURES
CONFERENCIAS ESPECIALES
Study on the composition and microstructure of lacustrine soft soil deposits in Mexico City
Estudio de la composición y microestructura de los depósitos de suelos blandos lacustres de la
ciudad de México
F. Almanza-Hernández, J.L. Rangel-Nuñez & E. Garfias-García ………………...…………….…. 3
Some geotechnical properties to characterize Mexico City Clay
Algunas propiedades geotécnicas para caracterizar la arcilla de la Ciudad de México
E. Ovando-Shelley …………………………………………….…………………………………... 13
Pore water pressure build-up due to pile driving in clayey deposits
Incremento de la presión de poro durante el hincado de pilotes en suelos arcillosos
M. J. Mendoza, E. Ibarra, M. Rufiar & M. Orozco …………...……………..……………………. 33
Geotechnical risks in Mexico City Valley. A case history
Riesgos geotécnicos en el Valle de México. Un caso historia
G. Auvinet, M. Juárez & E. Méndez ………………...…………………………….………….…... 47
Deep Foundations in Mexico City at the Early XXI Century
Cimentaciones profundas en la ciudad de México a inicios del siglo XXI
W. I. Paniagua …...……………………….….………………………….…………..…………….. 57
Monografía sobre los pilotes de control: Utilidad, mantenimiento y desatinos
Monograph on control piles: Applicability, maintenance and mistakes
E. Santoyo & R. Alanís .…………………………..….…………………………………………… 77
A historical tunneling case in soft ground
Caso historia de un túnel en suelo blando
J. J. Schmitter, O. P. Aguilar & D. C. Pérez ……………………………….…………….………. 119
Análisis y revisión geotécnica de un túnel excavado con EPB en suelos blandos: deformaciones
súbitas en el endovelado
Analysis and geotechnical review of a tunnel excavated with EPB-TBM in soft soils: instant
deformation of lining
M. A. Aguilar-Téllez, J. D. Valencia-Gaona & J. L. Rangel-Núñez ………….………………… 135
vii
Comments on the Foreseeability of some Geotechnical Failures
Comentarios sobre la previsibilidad de algunas fallas geotécnicas
D. W. Hight ……….……………………………………………….…………………………….. 157
MINUTES OF INTERNATIONAL TC-214 WORKSHOP ON EXTREME SOILS
MECHANICS: The challenge of dealing with soft soils
MINUTAS DEL TALLER INTERNACIONAL DEL TC-214 MECÁNICA DE SUELOS EXTREMA:
El reto de los suelos blandos ………………………….…………………..…………...….……... 193
TC-214 ACTIVITY REPORT
INFORME DE ACTIVIDADES DEL TC-214 ….…………..……….…………………………… 199
viii
SPECIAL LECTURES CONFERENCIAS ESPECIALES