De King Kong a Einstein La física en la ciencia ficción

Anuncio
poli78p.qxd
23/09/99 5:32 PM
Página 1
POLITEXT 78
De King Kong a Einstein
La física en la ciencia ficción
poli78p.qxd
23/09/99 5:32 PM
Página 3
POLITEXT
Manuel Moreno Lupiáñez
Jordi José Pont
De King Kong a Einstein
La física en la ciencia ficción
EDICIONS UPC
poli78p.qxd
23/09/99 5:32 PM
Página 4
Primera edición: octubre de 1999
Diseño de la cubierta: Manuel Andreu y Jorge Calvet
Dibujos: Vicent Ribas
©
los autores, 1999
©
Edicions UPC, 1999
Edicions de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, SL
Jordi Girona Salgado 31, 08034 Barcelona
Tel. 934 016 883 Fax. 934 015 885
Edicions Virtuals: www.edicionsupc.es
e-mail: [email protected]
Producción:
Romanyà-Valls
Pl. Verdaguer 1, 08786 Capellades (Barcelona)
Depósito legal: B-31.490-99
ISBN: 84-8301-333-9
Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático y la distribución de ejemplares de
ella mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos, así como la exportación e importación de ejemplares para su
distribución y venta fuera del ámbito de la Unión Europea.
V <‚A‚ tZ‚%s8‚t‚ {Bt js ‚R}‚„st9s I‚ JZ‚
RZ 8$j‚t$B ‚j }„?B-$8B R‚s 8‚`B„ JZ‚ ‚j tZ‚R„B
O s $ p‚88s }B„JZ‚ Y‚8BR 8st‚t$IB
R$‚8}„‚ ‚Rs ‚R}‚„st9s k
‚t ‚RBR $‚8}BR I‚ $I‚sj‚R }‚„I$IBR
Y‚8BR ‚`‚„{$IB ‚j I‚„‚{YB s js ZB}?s
V jBR ‚{BR I‚j }sRsIB s }sR$Bt‚R I‚RssIsR
{B8B Y$‚jB RBA„‚ PZ‚B
V _$js„ }B„ YsA‚„ BRsIB
„BAs„j‚ Zt $‚8}B }„‚{$BRB JZ‚ j‚ }‚„‚t‚{‚
O sj\js JZ‚ ‚R?s }B„ jj‚s„ Zts tZ‚%s 8Z‚R„s
I‚j 8$js„B I‚ js %$Is
V 8BIB I‚ }„‚R‚ts{$?
Bt
}B„ B„s }s„‚ I‚j BIB $tt‚{‚Rs„$s
V }„$t{$}$BR I‚ jBR sKtBR R‚‚ts Z%B {$‚„B ‚{B }B}Zjs„ Zt j$A„B JZ‚ tBR sj‚„sAs RBA„‚
7‚ „ssAs I‚
I‚j tB„‚s8‚„${stB Vj%$t
qB/‚„ JZ$‚t ‚t I${Ys BA„s „‚4‚-$BtsAs RBA„‚ js %‚jB{$IsI I‚ {s8A$B ‚t Zts {ZjZ„s {B8B
js tZ‚R„s IB8$tsIs }B„ jBR ‚P‚{BR I‚ js {$‚t{$s k js ‚{tBjB?s k RZ ‚-{‚}{$Btsj {s}s{$IsI
„stRPB„8sIB„s Ns $I‚s {‚t„sj I‚j j$A„B I‚ qB/‚„ }Z‚I‚ ‚-}Bt‚„R‚ I‚ PB„8s {sR$ $tZ$$%s
k
{Bt Zt R‚t{$jjB ‚`‚8}jBU tZ‚R„BR st‚}sRsIBR ts{$‚„Bt k s}„‚tI$‚„Bt s %$%$„ ‚t
Zt 8ZtIB JZ‚ ‚t „stI‚R j?t‚sR R‚Z$„?s R$‚tIB ‚j 8$R8B ‚tB„tB IBtI‚ s{sAs„?st RZR I?sR
et sJZ‚j ‚tBt{‚R tB ‚„s t‚{‚Rs„$B sIs}s„R‚ s Zt 8ZtIB {s8A$st‚ ks JZ‚ jBR {s8A$BR
$t‚%$sAj‚R k R$‚8}„‚ }„‚R‚t‚R R‚ }„BIZ{?st s Zt „$8B jB RZh{$‚t‚8‚t‚ j‚tB {B8B }s„s
tB sj‚„s„ R$t$h{s$%s8‚t‚ jBR 8BIBR PZtIs8‚tsj‚R I‚ {B8}B„s8$‚tB }‚„RBtsj IZ„st‚ js
%$Is I‚ Zt R‚„ YZ8stB _‚„B s tBRB„BR }B„ RZ‚„‚ B }B„ I‚R„s{$s sj
tBR ‚R?s ks
I‚ht$$%s8‚t‚ %‚IsIs
js
jj‚sIs }„‚8sZ„s I‚j PZZ„B
ej RYB{, I‚j PZZ„B
Ps8$j$s„
{B8BI$IsI
et jsR Z?j$8sR I?‚{sIsR ‚j „$8B I‚ {s8A$B R‚ Ys Y‚{YB st s{‚j‚„sIB JZ‚ YBk RsA‚8BR ks JZ‚
‚j 8ZtIB ‚t JZ‚ s}„‚tI‚8BR s %$%$„ k „‚js{$Bts„tBR tB R‚„?s ‚j 8$R8B IBtI‚ %$%$„‚8BR js 8skB„
}s„‚ I‚ tZ‚R„sR %$IsR ej {s8A$B }„‚R$I‚ tZ‚R„s {$%$j$9s{$?Bt I‚ Zts PB„8s BAR‚R$%s {B8B
tB YsA?s sP‚{sIB st‚R s tZ‚R„BR st‚}sRsIBR eRs8BR BAj$sIBR s {Bt%$%$„ {Bt ‚j PZZ„B k
jBR {s8A$BR JZ‚ s}B„s O ‚Rs %‚jB{$IsI s{‚j‚„sIs I‚ {s8A$B }„B{‚I‚ R$t IZIs sjZts I‚ jBR
‚P‚{BR JZ‚ js {$‚t{$s 8BI‚„ts k js ‚{tBjB?s s%st9sIs ‚`‚„{‚t {B$I$sts8‚t‚ RBA„‚ tZ‚R„s
8st‚„s I‚ %$%$„ eRstIB ks }„?B-$8B s jBR {$t{Z‚ts sKtBR JZ$‚t ‚R{„$A‚ k jsR }‚„RBtsR I‚ js
8$R8s ‚t‚„s{$?Bt wk s8A$?‚t s RZ %‚9 jsR JZ‚ {BtPB„8st jsR R$Z$‚t‚R ‚t‚„s{$Bt‚RD Y‚8BR
%$%$IB tZ‚R„s $tPst{$s k sIBj‚R{‚t{$s R$t „st }s„‚ I‚ js ‚{tBjB?s JZ‚ YBk ‚R?s }„‚R‚t‚ ‚t
tZ‚R„sR %$IsR I‚ PB„8s $t{Z‚R$BtsAj‚U js ‚j‚%$R$?Bt jBR B„I‚tsIB„‚R yt‚„t‚ jsR ‚{B„sP?sR
js „‚RBtst{$s 8st?‚${s js 8${„B{$„Z?s jBR tZ‚%BR 8s‚„$sj‚R js $t‚t$‚„?s ‚t?‚${s k Zt
js„Z?R$8B ‚{?‚‚„s tBR Yst BAj$sIB s sIs}s„tBR s 8s„{YsR PB„9sIsR s Zt }„‚R‚t‚ JZ‚ js
‚{tB{$‚t{$s sj‚„s I?s s I?s _‚„B ‚t‚tI‚„ ‚j {s8A$st‚ }„‚R‚t‚ I‚ tZ‚R„s s{Zsj$IsI tB ‚R
s„‚s P?s{$j _B„ „s9Bt‚R BA%$sR I‚ j‚tZs`‚ {B8}j‚`$IsI I$h{ZjsI k js $t‚%$sAj‚ k R$‚8}„‚
{„‚{$‚t‚ ‚R}‚{$sj$9s{$?Bt js {B8}„‚tR$?Bt I‚ js ‚{tB{$‚t{$s k RZ %‚„IsI‚„B sj{st{‚ Yst JZ‚IsIB
I‚8sR$sIB sj‚`sIBR I‚ jsR }BR$A$j$IsI‚R „‚sj‚R I‚ js 8skB„?s I‚ js RB{$‚IsI 7sA‚8BR ks JZ‚
‚t js $tPst{$s k js sIBj‚R{‚t{$s tBR ‚R $8}„‚R{$tI$Aj‚ tB R?BjB s}„‚tI‚„ R$tB k ‚RB ‚R jB 8?sR
$8}B„st‚
WZ‚R„B PZZ„B {B8B R‚„‚R YZ8stBR R‚ {BthZ„s ks I‚RI‚
js t‚{‚R$IsI $8}‚„$BRs I‚ sIJZ$„$„ R$‚8}„‚ tZ‚%BR {Bt{‚}BR k s}„‚tI‚„ s 8st‚`s„ tZ‚%BR
s„‚Ps{BR ‚{tBj?B${BR
s}„‚tI‚„ s s}„‚tI‚„
_B„ ‚RB Zt j$A„B JZ‚ ‚t ‚j PBtIB s$‚tI‚ s js $t‚%$sAj‚ s„‚s I‚ js I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$‚t?h{s {B8B
‚j JZ‚ Yst ‚R{„$B jBR IB{B„‚R FB„I$ FBR?‚ k st‚j B„‚tB wB st‚j B„‚tB k FB„I$ FBR?‚
JZ‚ stB 8Bts 8Bts stBD ‚R I‚j BIB $8}„‚R{$tI$Aj‚ 7Z s8‚tB ‚ $t‚„‚Rst‚ „sAs`B
tBR s{‚„{s s jBR {Bt{‚}BR I‚ js P?R${s I‚ PB„8s ‚-„‚8sIs8‚t‚ R‚t{$jjs {B8}„‚tR$Aj‚ k jB
8?sR $8}B„st‚ 8Zk P?s{$j8‚t‚ „‚{B„IsAj‚ *‚RI‚ Ys{‚ sKtBR %‚tB }„B{js8stIB js t‚{‚R$IsI
I‚ Zts I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$‚t?h{s „‚sj k RBA„‚ BIB s8‚ts k I$%‚„$Is O ‚R‚ j$A„B ‚R s8‚tB
k I$%‚„$IB O ‚RsR {s„s{‚„?R${sR tB RBt Zt %sjB„ 8‚tB„ ‚t jBR ss„‚sIBR I?sR I‚ tZ‚R„B
}„‚R‚t‚ O ‚RB ‚R sR? }B„JZ‚ FB„I$ k st‚j tBR ‚-}j${st jBR {Bt{‚}BR 8?sR $8}B„st‚R I‚ js
P?R${s Z$j$9stIB Zt %‚Y?{ZjB 8s„s%$jjBRBU js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ]B8B BIBR RsA‚t js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt
‚R ‚R‚t{$sj8‚t‚ Zt ?‚t‚„B ts„„s$%B }„B}$B k {s„s{‚„?R${B I‚ tZ‚R„B R$jB JZ‚ ‚t js %$‚`s
PB„8Zjs{$?Bt I‚j IB{B„ yRss{ VR$8B% $t‚ts stsj$9s„
js „‚R}Z‚Rs YZ8sts s jBR {s8A$BR ‚t ‚j
t$%‚j I‚ js {$‚t{$s k js ‚{tBjB?
s
et {$‚„s PB„8s jBR j‚{B„‚R I‚ {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt R‚ }„‚}s„st I‚ PB„8s s8‚ts }s„s %$%$„ ‚t ‚j PZZ„B
{s8A$st‚ JZ‚ tBR sZs„Is }s„s {B8}„‚tI‚„ jsR sj‚„ts$%sR JZ‚ js {$‚t{$s k js ‚{tBjB?s tBR
I‚}s„st ks k 8?sR $8}B„st‚ s?Zt JZ‚ tBR I‚}s„s„?st ‚t Zt PZZ„B sj %‚9 {‚„{stB z‚s8BR Zt
‚`‚8}jB ‚%$I‚t‚ B8sIB ‚Rs %‚9 I‚j {s8}B I‚ js $t‚t$‚„?s ‚t?‚${s ]ZstIB ‚t P‚A„‚„B I‚
d R‚ {B„Bt?B {Bt ?‚-$B ‚j BA`‚$%B I‚ {jBts„ Zts B%‚`s k BIB ‚j 8ZtIB ‚8}‚9?B s YsAjs„ I‚
*Bjjk I‚ js }BR$Aj‚ {jBts{$?Bt I‚ BIB $}B I‚ 8s8?P‚„BR k ‚t {Bt{„‚B I‚ js }BR$Aj‚ {jBts{$?Bt
I‚ R‚„‚R YZ8stBR ‚j I‚As‚ sj{st9?B s js 8skB„?s NBR $tIZIsAj‚R }„BAj‚8sR ?‚${BR }R${Bj?B${BR
k I‚ BIB $}B JZ‚ }BI„?s {B8}B„s„ js {jBts{$?Bt I‚ R‚„‚R YZ8stBR I$‚„Bt jZs„ s Zts s8}j$s
%s„$‚IsI I‚ I$R{Z„RBR k 8st$P‚Rs{$Bt‚R *‚RI‚ ‚j RZ8B }Bt?h{‚ I‚ js yj‚R$s ]s?Bj${s s
{B8$R$Bt‚R I‚ ‚-}‚„BR I‚ js =We7]! BIB ‚j 8ZtIB R‚ 8st$P‚R?B RBA„‚ jB JZ‚ ‚t sJZ‚j
8B8‚tB R‚ }„‚R‚tsAs {B8B Zts „st tB%‚IsI }s„s {sR$ BIBR ej
R‚ „‚h‚„‚ s jBR j‚{B„‚R
I‚ {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt JZ$‚t‚R Z$sIBR }B„ js {s}s{$IsI ‚R}‚{Zjs$%s I‚ RZR 8‚`B„‚R sZB„‚R R‚
YsA?st Ps8$j$s„$9sIB ks {Bt jBR }BR$Aj‚R ‚P‚{BR k {BtR‚{Z‚t{$sR I‚ js {jBts{$?Bt sjZtsR I‚{sIsR
st‚R JZ‚ jBR I‚8?sR *‚RI‚
>dn1H I‚ V <Z-j‚k sj sAZtIst‚ „ss8$‚tB I‚j
‚8s ‚t js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt I‚ jBR sKtBR R‚R‚ts k R‚‚ts YsRs jj‚s„ s BA„sR {sR$ I‚ht$$%sR {B8B
>dMxH I‚ ] F ]Y‚„„kY jBR j‚{B„‚R I‚ {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt tBR YsA?s8BR s{BRZ8A„sIB s
}‚tRs„ ‚t ‚Rs }BR$A$j$IsIU Zt I?s YsA„?s {jBt‚R I‚ R‚„‚R YZ8stBR VI‚8?sR I‚ js I$%‚„R$?Bt I‚
Zts j‚{Z„s $t‚j$‚t‚ ‚t?s8BR RBA„‚ jBR I‚8?sR sj 8‚tBR ‚Rs B„s %‚ts`s sIs}s$%s WB ‚R
}B{s {BRs ‚t jBR $‚8}BR I‚ {s8A$B s{‚j‚„sIB JZ‚ {B„„‚t
{sR$
ej 8ZtIB P‚j$9
]k‚‚t
eRs ‚R js PZt{$?Bt {s„s{‚„?R${s I‚ js AZ‚ts {$‚t{$s h{{$?BtU ‚R$8Zjs„ js „‚4‚-$?Bt RBA„‚ jsR
{BtR‚{Z‚t{$sR RB{$sj‚R k I‚ BIB $}B JZ‚ {B8}B„s„?st $tI‚P‚{$Aj‚8‚t‚ jsR tZ‚%sR ‚{tBjB?sR
O ‚Rs PZt{$?Bt ‚R js JZ‚ Yst „‚{B$IB {Bt A„$jjst‚9 k s8‚t$IsI FB„I$ FBR?‚ k st‚j B„‚tB
‚t ‚R‚ j$A„B Zt j$A„B I‚ I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$‚t?h{s I‚ js P?R${s AsRsIB ‚t js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt *BR
sR}‚{BR JZ‚ ‚t ‚-{‚}{$Btsj „‚sh„8s{$?Bt R$t?‚„${s tBR „‚„B„s‚t {Bt ?‚-$B s ‚R‚ {j?sR${B
R$‚8}„‚ st I$P?{$j k }„BAj‚8?s${B
$tR„Z$„
I‚j‚$stIB
Ns {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ‚R 8Zk sI‚{ZsIs }s„s ‚jjB _BR‚‚ IBR {s„s{‚„?R${sR }„B}$sR JZ‚ js Ys{‚t
8Zk ‚R}‚{$sj _B„ Zts }s„‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ‚R Zts ts„„s$%s JZ‚ tBR }„‚R‚ts ‚R}‚{Zjs{$Bt‚R
s„„$‚RsIsR k 8Zk s 8‚tZIB P„st{s8‚t‚ $t‚t{$BtsIsR JZ‚ tBR Ys{‚t 8‚I$s„ RBA„‚ tZ‚R„B
8ZtIB k tZ‚R„s B„st$9s{$?Bt RB{$sj B RBA„‚ jBR ‚P‚{BR k jsR {BtR‚{Z‚t{$sR I‚ js {$‚t{$s k
js ‚{tBjB?
s ‚t jsR RB{$‚IsI‚R JZ‚ jsR Z$j$9st
7‚ „ss sJZ?
I‚ Zts %‚„$‚t‚ „‚4‚-$%s I‚
js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt JZ‚ s 8‚tZIB Ys R‚„%$IB }s„s {s„s{‚„$9s„ s js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt ‚R{„$s {B8B
Zts %‚„IsI‚„s j$‚„sZ„s I‚ $I‚sR
=ts j$‚„sZ„s JZ‚ Ys Z$j$9sIB ‚R}‚{Zjs{$Bt‚R $t‚j$‚t‚R
RZ„$IsR ‚t BIBR jBR s
?8A$BR k 8Zk ‚t }s„${Zjs„ ‚t js P?
R${s k RZR 8?
Zj$}j‚R s}j${s{$Bt‚R
_‚„B }B„ B„s }s„‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt BP„‚{‚ ZtsR }BR$A$j$IsI‚R I‚ 8s„s%$jjs k I‚ sI8$„s{$?
Bt
{sR$ $tsBsAj‚R NBR tZ‚%BR 8ZtIBR k R‚„‚R jsR tZ‚%sR {ZjZ„sR k {$%$j$9s{$Bt‚R jsR tZ‚%sR }BR$T
A$j$IsI‚R I‚ js {$‚t{$s k I‚ js ‚{tBjB?
s tBR sA„‚t jBR B`BR I‚ js 8‚t‚ s Zt tZ‚%B Zt$%‚„RB JZ‚
{Bt‚8}js8BR 8s„s%$jjsIBR k RB„}„‚tI$IBR sI‚t„?
stIBtBR ‚t tZ‚%BR 8ZtIBR I‚ }BR$A$j$IsI‚R
eRB ‚R jB JZ‚ }‚„8$‚ JZ‚ jBR ‚R}‚{$sj$RsR YsAj‚t I‚ Zt $8}B„st‚ R‚t$IB I‚ jB 8s„s%$j jBRB
{B8B I‚ ZtB I‚ jBR ‚j‚8‚tBR 8?
sR {s„s{‚„?
R${BR I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt 7Bt }„‚{$Rs8‚t‚ ‚RsR
‚R}‚{Zjs{$Bt‚R k ‚RsR 8s„s%$jjsR I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt jsR JZ‚ s„s‚t {B8B tB }BI?
s R‚„ 8‚tBR s
jBR `?
B%‚t‚R JZ‚ R‚ $t‚„‚Rst P?
s{$j8‚t‚ }B„ RZ ‚8?
s${s k {Bt‚t$IB JZ‚ Ysjjst ‚t RZR {Bts{BR
{Bt js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt 8B$%B I‚ I$%‚„R$?
Bt }‚„B s8A$?
‚t I‚ „‚4‚-$?
Bt B„$$tsj k }„B8‚‚IB„s
]Bt ‚RsR R$8}j‚R „‚P‚„‚t{$sR ‚R P?
s{$j {B8}„‚tI‚„ JZ‚ {BtR$I‚„s„ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt {B8B Zt
8s‚„$sj B %‚Y?
{ZjB ‚R}‚{$sj8‚t‚ sI‚{ZsIB ‚t ‚j s
?8A$B I‚ jB IB{‚t‚ ‚„s $t‚%$sAj‚
VR?
jB
}‚„{$A$‚„Bt Ys{‚ ks ZtBR sK
tBR sjZtBR }„BP‚RB„‚R }s„${Zjs„8‚t‚ s{$%BR }‚„‚t‚{$‚t‚R sj
8ZtIB stjBRs`?
Bt O „sR YsA‚„ R$IB Zt ?
‚t‚„B $tB„sIB ‚ $t{jZRB I‚R}„‚{$sIB }B„ ‚j 8ZtIB
s{sI?
‚8${B js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt Ys jB„sIB ks }B„ RZR }„B}$BR 8?
‚„$BR jj‚s„ s PB„8s„ }s„‚ I‚ jBR
{Z„„?
{ZjBR I‚ jsR Y$YTR{YBBjR k Zt$%‚„R$IsI‚R stjBRs`BtsR VZtJZ‚ ‚t Zt }„$8‚„ 8B8‚tB js
{$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt R‚ {Bt%$„$?
B ‚t ‚j‚8‚tB I‚Rs{sIB ‚t js ‚tR‚K
tst9s I‚ js j$‚„sZ„s k js j‚tZs
$tj‚Rs s8A$?
‚t Ys R$IB Z$j$9sIs „‚js{$Bt?
stIBjs {Bt ‚j $8}s{B RB{$sj I‚ jsR I$%‚„RsR ‚{tBjB?
sR
k {B8B s}„B-$8s{$?
Bt ‚IZ{s$%s s sJZ‚jjB JZ‚ Vj%$t qB/‚„ %$tB ‚t I‚tB8$ts„ ‚j RYB{, I‚j PZZ„B
WB ‚R ?
‚R‚ ‚j jZs„ }s„s I‚sjjs„ js Y$RB„$s I‚j ZRB IB{‚t‚ I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt }‚„B R?
{B8‚ts„?
‚
Bt I‚ eRZI$BR RBA„‚
js {„‚s{$?
Bt ‚t d( I‚ js 7{$‚t{‚ 3${$Bt i‚R‚s„{Y VRRB{$s$Bt wVRB{$s{$?
js ]$‚t{$s 3${{$?
Bt 73iVD 3B„8sIs YBk ‚t I?
s }B„ {sR$ 8‚I$B 8$jjs„ I‚ }„BP‚RB„‚R ‚t BIB
‚j 8ZtIB jBR BA`‚$%BR I‚ js 73iV $t{jZk‚tU
"‚j ‚RZI$B I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt k js PstsR?
s
8‚`B„s„ js ‚tR‚K
tst9s ‚t ‚j sZjs ‚%sjZs„ jBR tZ‚%BR j$A„BR k jBR tZ‚%BR 8?
‚BIBR k 8s‚„$sj‚R I‚
‚tR‚K
tst9s" 7‚ „ss ‚%$I‚t‚8‚t‚ I‚ Z$j$9s„ js $tI$R{Z$Aj‚ s„s{{$?
Bt JZ‚ jBR `?
B%‚t‚R }Z‚I‚t
R‚t$„ }B„ js ‚8?
s${s I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?
Bt }s„s }„B8B%‚„ RZ ZRB ‚t jsR sZjsR ej „‚RZjsIB I‚
js s{$%$IsI I‚ js 73iV k B„sR RB{$‚IsI‚R }s„‚{$IsR Ys R$IB Zt {„‚{$‚t‚ {Bt`ZtB I‚ s„?
{ZjBR
k j$A„BR I‚ {s„?
s{‚„ s{sI?
‚8${B ‚ $t{jZRB js s}s„${$?
Bt I‚ „‚%$RsR Zt$%‚„R$s„$sR ‚R}‚{$sj$9sIsR
q„sR js }$Bt‚„s e-„s}Bjs$Bt {„‚sIs ‚t dx }B„ qYB8sR ]js„‚RBt k ‚I$sIs „‚R %‚{‚R sj sK
tB
}B„ js =t$%‚„R$IsI I‚j eRsIB I‚ €‚t ‚t !Y$B {sA‚ {$s„ 3BZtIs$Bt $t${$sIs }B„ sj{Bj8
eIbs„IR ‚t d1 ‚t ‚j _Bj$?
‚{t${B I‚j WB„‚R‚ I‚ NBtI„‚R k 7{$‚t{‚ 3${$Bt 7ZI$‚R PZtIsIs
‚t dn }B„ *s„,B 7Z%$t k i * Zjj‚t ‚t ‚j *‚}s„s8‚tB I‚ ytj?
‚R I‚ js =t$%‚„R$IsI
]Bt{B„I$s ‚t Bt„?
‚sj s8AsR s8A$?
‚t I‚ }‚„$BI${$IsI {Zs„$8‚R„sj Ns $I‚s {‚t„sj I‚ ‚RsR
s}s„${$Bt‚R „‚{B?
s ‚t Zt }„$8‚„ 8B8‚tB js {Bt%‚t$‚t{$s I‚ Z$j$9s„ }s„s js ‚tR‚K
tst9s I‚ js
j‚tZs k j$‚„sZ„s $tj‚RsR BA„sR {Zks ‚8?
s${s }Z‚Is R‚„ I‚ 8skB„ $t‚„?
‚R }s„s jBR sjZ8tBR
JZ‚ jBR ‚-BR Z$j$9sIBR „sI${$Btsj8‚t‚ ‚t ‚RBR 8‚t‚R‚„‚R i‚RZjsAs 8Z{YB 8?
sR P?
s{$j JZ‚
jBR `?
B%‚t‚R I‚ YBk R‚ $t‚„‚Rs„st st‚R }B„ BA„sR {B8B Ns 8stB $9JZ$‚„Is I‚ js BR{Z„$IsI
>dEH I‚ =„RZjs € N‚ pZ$t JZ‚ }B„ }Bt‚„ Zt ‚`‚8}jB }B„ ej }s„s?
RB }‚„I$IB >dEEH I‚
FBYt $jBt I‚j {Zsj jBR `?B%‚t‚R I‚j R$jB  ‚R?st }B„ jB 8‚tBR Zt stB I$Rst‚R _‚„B
s8A$?‚t {sA‚ ‚j ZRB I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt }s„s 8Z{YBR B„BR {B8‚$IBR IB{‚t‚R {B8B 8Z‚R„s
js R$8}j‚ ‚tZ8‚„s{$?Bt I‚ sjZtBR {Z„RBR stjBRs`Bt‚R „‚{$‚t‚RU ]$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt k js ‚tR‚K
tst9s
I‚ jsR {$‚t{$sR ]$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ‚t Zt {Z„RB I‚ "ytPB„8?s${s k 7B{$‚IsI" ]$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt RB{$sj
Ns ‚tR‚K
tst9s I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt {Bt {Bt‚t$IB }Bj?${B ‚{ VZtJZ‚ s sjZtBR j‚{B„‚R ‚R‚
ZRB IB{‚t‚ I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ‚t ‚j 8ZtIB stjBRs`?Bt }Z‚Is }s„‚{‚„j‚R I‚8sR$sIB j‚`stB ks
Ys{‚ sK
tBR JZ‚ Ys jj‚sIB s tZ‚R„B }s?R k ‚R }BR$Aj‚ „‚R‚K
ts„ s8A$?‚t sjZtsR $t${$s$%sR {Z„RBR
k }ZAj${s{$Bt‚R JZ‚ Z$j$9st js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt {B8B 8s‚„$sj ‚IZ{s$%B }s„s js ‚tR‚K
tst9s I‚ jsR
{$‚t{$sR
]Bt%$‚t‚ sI%‚„$„ JZ‚ tB ‚R t‚{‚Rs„$B JZ‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt s„‚ k ts„„s$%s ‚t I‚ht$$%s R‚s
‚-s{s k {B„„‚{s ‚t RZ ZRB I‚ js {$‚t{$s k I‚ js ?‚{t${s V %‚{‚R AsRs Z$j$9s„ ‚j ‚%$I‚t‚
s„s{$%B JZ‚ jBR `?B%‚t‚R R$‚t‚t }B„ js ‚8?s${s I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt }s„s }BI‚„ „‚4‚-$Bts„
RBA„‚ Y‚{YBR {$‚t?h{BR k ‚-„s‚„ ‚tR‚K
tst9sR I‚ jBR 8$R8BR FB„I$ FBR?‚ k st‚j B„‚tB {B8B
AZ‚tBR }„BP‚RB„‚R RBt {BtRZ8sIBR ‚-}‚„BR ‚t ‚R‚ s„‚ I‚ Rs{s„ ‚tR‚K
tst9sR $t{jZRB I‚ jBR
8Z{YBR k stsR %‚{‚R I$R}s„ssIBR ‚„„B„‚R JZ‚ RZ„‚t ‚t 8Z{YsR }‚j?{ZjsR I‚ {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt
_„BP‚RB„‚R I‚j *‚}s„s8‚tB I‚ 3?R${s ‚ yt‚t$‚„?s WZ{j‚s„ I‚ js =t$%‚„R$s _Bj$r‚{t${s I‚
tBR I‚ ‚-}‚„$‚t{$s {Bt RZ {Z„RB
]ssjZtks w=_]D FB„I$ FBR?‚ k st‚j B„‚tB $‚t‚t ks %s„$BR sK
RBA„‚ 3?R${s $ {$r‚t{$sTh{{$?B $8}s„$IB I‚RI‚ ‚j {Z„RB dnTd; =t {Z„RB P„st{s8‚t‚ }B}Zjs„
JZ‚ Ys ‚t‚„sIB ks Zt $t‚„‚Rst?R$8B j$A„B I‚ ‚-B wZtB I‚ ‚RBR j$A„BR {Bt P?B„8ZjsRD JZ‚
jj‚%s ‚j 8$R8B ?ZjB I‚j {Z„RB weI${$Bt‚R =_] d;D
<‚ ‚t$IB js RZ‚„‚ I‚ R‚„ ‚R$B }„$%$j‚$sIB I‚ {?B8B ‚j „st $t‚„?‚R I‚ FB„I$ k st‚j }B„ js
P?R${s js I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$‚t?h{s k js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt R‚ 8s‚„$sj$9s„Bt }„$8‚„B ‚t sjZtsR {BtP‚T
Z k I‚R}Z?‚R I‚A$IB s 8$ }‚RsIs $tR$R‚t{$s ‚t s„{‚jBtsD
„‚t{$sR w‚t z$jstB%s $ js p‚j„?
?sR s„I‚ jj‚s„Bt jBR {Z„RBR Zt$%‚„R$s„$BR I‚ 3?R${s $ {$r‚t{$sTh{{$?B wYsRs YBk ZtB I‚ jBR I‚
8skB„ ?‚-$B I‚ 8s„?{Zjs ‚t ‚j ]s8}ZR WB„‚ I‚ s„{‚jBts I‚ js =_]D k }BR‚„$B„8‚t‚ B„sR
s{$%$IsI‚R I‚ I$%Zjs{$?Bt JZ‚ jBR 8$R8BR sZB„‚R {B8‚tst ‚t RZ }„‚R‚ts{$?Bt I‚ ‚Rs tZ‚%s
‚-}BR${$?Bt I‚ Zt ‚8s JZ‚ IB8$tst k JZ‚ ‚-}Bt‚t {Bt Zts 8s‚R„?s $t$ZsjsAj‚ q„sR ‚j j$A„B
I‚ ‚-B I‚j {Z„RB ks {$sIB }s„‚{?s {Bt%‚t$‚t‚ JZ$s„ jsR P?B„8ZjsR k Ys{‚„ s{{‚R$Aj‚ ‚j j$A„B k
?
RZ „$JZ‚9s I$I?s{${s s B„B $}B I‚ j‚{B„‚R eR‚
‚R ‚j BA`‚$%B I‚j }„‚R‚t‚ j$A„B JZ‚ B„I‚ts
s{Zsj$9s {B8}j‚s k 8‚`B„s {js„s8‚t‚ js %‚„R$?Bt st‚„$B„ O ‚t 8$ B}$t$?Bt ‚j BA`‚$%B R‚
Ys sj{st9sIB {Bt {„‚{‚R
7‚ sh„8s JZ‚ js ‚t%$I$s ‚R ‚j 8?sR ‚R}sK
tBj I‚ jBR }‚{sIBR {s}$sj‚R k sj %‚9 tB R‚s B{$BRB
„‚{BtB{‚„ JZ‚ }‚„RBtsj8‚t‚ R$‚tB js 8?sR IB„sIs I‚ jsR ‚t%$I$sR „‚R}‚{B s ‚R‚ „sAs`B I‚
FB„I$ FBR?‚ k st‚j B„‚tB ‚ ZRs„?s YsA‚„ R$IB kB JZ$‚t jB YZA$‚R‚ jj‚%sIB s {sAB eRBk
R‚Z„B I‚ JZ‚ tB YsA„?s }BI$IB Ys{‚„jB 8‚`B„ +Z‚ ZR‚I‚R jB I$RP„Z‚t
$JZ‚j s„{‚j?B
s„{‚jBts B{ZA„‚ I‚ dM
?ytI${‚
dn
?ytI${‚
_„?BjBB
dx
d €$t €Bt YB8A„‚R 8‚tZst‚R k Zt$%‚„RBR ‚t Zts Bs I‚ sZs
dd
d1
dn
d;
V‚t{$?
BtU {Z$IsIB {Bt jsR YB„8$sR Ns P?R${s I‚ pZjj$%‚„U $st‚R k ‚tstBR z‚$t‚ 8$j j‚ZsR I‚ %$s`‚ RZA8${„BR{?
B}${B ?
sJZ$tsR k s„$jZ$BR I‚ ?‚R‚ k B„BR 8ZtIBR
1d
1
;d
xd
d
n
ME
1
d(n
d(x
1 =ts BI$R‚s ‚t ‚j ‚R}s{$BU I‚j et‚„}„$R‚ sj <sj{?Bt $j‚ts„$B
1d
11
1n
1;
1x
1E
]$t{B {Zs„B „‚R IBR ZtB gyt${$?
Bt *‚ js q$‚„„s s g s„RBB8 "F‚P‚ B„B s `‚P‚ „B`BU ‚t }BR${$?
Bt" s„‚R {$j?tI„${BR ‚RP‚„sR I‚ *kRBt k ‚Rs{$Bt‚R B„A$sj‚R
7‚ AZR{s ABBt‚R }s„s sR{‚tRB„ ‚R}s{$sj 5iskBR2 giskBR 7$tPBt?s }s„s B„s Z‚„„s I‚ jsR sjs-$sR
n *‚ 7Z}‚„8st sj YB8A„‚ $t%$R$Aj‚U ?IBjBR {Bt }$‚R I‚ As„„B
nd
n1
nn
n;
nx
3jsRY ‚j „‚j?
s8}sB YZ8stB *‚j YB8A„‚ 8Z„{$?‚jsB sj YB8A„‚ s„sK
ts
7Z}‚„8st Zt RZ}‚„Y?‚„B‚ 8BI?‚j${B WZ‚%BR YB8A„‚R }s„s ‚j 8sK
tsts et AZR{s I‚j YB8A„‚ $t%$R$Aj‚ dd
dn(
d;n
dx
dEE
3stsR?sR ‚j?‚{„${sR k 8st?‚${sR ej 8BtR„ZB I‚ 3„st,‚tR‚$t k js ‚j‚{„BA$BjB?s e8ZjstIB s jBR I$BR‚RU „‚{‚sR }s„s js $t8B„sj$IsI
NBR w}R‚ZIBD}BI‚„‚R I‚ js 8‚t‚ dM(
dM1
dn
1(
; 57Z‚Kts 3„st,‚tR‚$t {Bt B%‚`sR ‚j?‚{„${sR2
;d
;1
;n
;;
*‚ €$t €Bt s e$tR‚$t
d;
x N‚k‚tIsR I‚ Zt }jst‚s jjs8sIB q$‚„„s
xd
x1
xn
x;
_${Tt${ ‚t ‚j {‚t„B I‚ js q$‚„„s <BjB{sZRBRU I‚j 8ZtIB I‚ sI s- sj $t%$‚„tB
qB„tsIBR %Bj{st‚R k B„sR {s?
sR„BP‚R *‚j 8s„$jjB I‚ NZ{$P‚„ sj 8s„$jjB I‚ *$BR tZ{j‚s„
11;
1nd
1;n
1x;
_„?
B-$8s ‚Rs{$?
BtU R$jB  ]B„„‚R}BtI‚t{$s {Bt B„sR j?t‚sR I‚j $‚8}B
5*‚t„B I‚ {$‚t sK
tBR BIBR {sj%BR2 q„st{‚R Y$}t?
B${BR k {„$B‚t$s W$‚BR }R${?
B}ssR {sZRsj$IsI k }s„sIB`sR Ns P?R${s I‚ jBR %$s`‚R ‚t ‚j $‚8}B Ws%‚R ‚t‚„s{$Btsj‚R ‚ $8}‚„$BR sj?
s{${BR VZ`‚„BR I‚ ZRstB k B„BR j‚sIBR I‚ js „‚js$%$IsI ‚t‚„sj 1EM
1
1Md
11
n(
nd;
E pZ?s }s„s %$s`‚„BR I‚j $‚8}B
Ed
E1
En
E;
Ex
EE
?ytI${‚ sjPsA?‚${B
n1n
V„sI‚{$8$‚tBR
nn
_„?
BjBB
Ns {$‚t{$s ‚-}j${s ‚j Zt$%‚„RB js }R${BjB?s ‚-}j${s jBR R‚„‚R }‚„B
Ysk JZ‚ RsA‚„ I‚P‚tI‚„R‚ tB {‚I‚„ tB I‚`s„R‚ s„„st{s„ jsR Z?j$8sR
8$s`sR I‚ $jZR$?Bt
iB8s$t ps„k NBR }?s`s„BR %st s 8B„$„ sj _‚„?Z
V %‚{‚R YsRs js P?R${s I‚`s }sRB s js j?B${s
„ 7}B{, ‚t 7s„ q„‚,U sJZ‚j }s?R I‚R{BtB{$IB
Ns {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt R‚ Ys ‚„$$IB ‚t Zts }BI‚„BRs Y‚„„s8$‚ts I‚ s}„‚tI$9s`‚ k s}„B-$8s{$?Bt
sj 8ZtIB I‚ js {$‚t{$s ]B8B RBR$‚t‚ ‚j P?R${B V8sI‚Z BtBB "js h{{$?Bt JZ‚ tBR R$„%‚ I‚
‚t„‚‚t$8$‚tB k tBR skZIs s RBKts„ ‚R$8Zjs js {Z„$BR$IsI k js $8s$ts{$?Bt WBR 8Z‚%‚ s
js $tIss{$?Bt I‚ jB I‚R{BtB{$IB k s js A?ZRJZ‚Is I‚ ‚-}j${s{$Bt‚R jsR 8$R8sR s{$ZI‚R JZ‚ R‚
‚t{Z‚t„st ‚t ‚j B„$‚t I‚ js {$‚t{$s" WB „‚RZjs RB„}„‚tI‚t‚ }B„ jB stB JZ‚ {$‚t?h{BR
{B8B 7‚}Y‚t G <sb,$t ]s„j 7sst 7‚%‚t G‚$tA‚„ 7Y‚jIBt NpjsRYBb B Z„„sk p‚jjT
stt wjBR „‚R Z?j$8BR jsZ„‚sIBR {Bt ‚j }„‚8$B WBA‚j I‚ P?R${sD Yskst „‚{BtB{$IB sA$‚„s8‚t‚
RZ I‚ZIs {Bt js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt {B8B st‚Rsjs s RZR A„$jjst‚R „sk‚{B„$sR ‚t ‚j 8ZtIB I‚ js
P?R${s Vh„8s 7‚}Y‚t G <sb,$tU "Ns {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt {B8B js JZ‚ 8Z‚R„s 7s„ q„‚, tB
{BtR$Zk‚ Zt R$8}j‚ }sRs$‚8}B R$„%‚ sR$8$R8B s Zt R‚„$B }„B}?BR$BU ‚-}stI$„ js $8s$ts{$?Bt
YZ8sts >H NB JZ‚ YBk ‚R h{{$?Bt R‚ {Bt%$‚„‚ s 8‚tZIB ‚t h„8‚ „‚sj$IsI {$‚t?h{s 8sKtsts
]Bthts„ tZ‚R„s s‚t{$?Bt s 8s‚„$sR ‚„„‚R„‚R R‚„?s j$8$s„ ‚j ‚R}?„$Z YZ8stB" ej 8$R8B
$t‚„?‚R k s„s{$%B JZ‚ tB ‚R{s}s s „st }s„‚ I‚ js RB{$‚IsI
Os I‚RI‚ jBR sKtBR R‚R‚ts sjZtsR Zt$%‚„R$IsI‚R tB„‚s8‚„${stsR Yst %‚t$IB ZRstIB ‚j ‚-T
„sB„I$ts„$B }B‚t{$sj I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ‚t js ‚tR‚Ktst9s I‚ I$%‚„RsR I$R{$}j$tsR I‚RI‚ js
RB{$BjB?s s js A$BjB?s Ys{$‚tIB ‚R{sjs ‚t ‚j 8ZtIB I‚ js P?R${s i‚{B$‚tIB ‚j ‚R$B I‚
‚RsR }„$8‚„sR ‚-}‚„$‚t{$sR Y‚8BR %‚t$IB „‚sj$9stIB I$%‚„RsR s{$%$IsI‚R I‚ s{‚„{s8$‚tB sj
8ZtIB I‚ js P?R${s I‚ js 8stB I‚ js h{{$?Bt 7‚8$ts„$BR {Z„RBR }s„s }„BP‚RB„‚R k ‚RZI$st‚R
I‚ ‚tR‚Ktst9s R‚{ZtIs„$s {Z„RBR Zt$%‚„R$s„$BR w{B8B 3?R${s k {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt Zts sR$tsZ„s
I‚ j$A„‚ ‚j‚{{$?Bt $8}s„$Is ‚t js =t$%‚„R$s _Bj$r‚{t${s I‚ ]ssjZtks w=_]D I‚RI‚ ‚j {Z„RB
s{sI?‚8${B dnTd;D {BtP‚„‚t{$sR }s„s ‚R}‚{$sj$RsR ‚t P?R${s $t{jZRB R‚8$ts„$BR ‚t jsR VZjsR
I‚ ‚-‚tR$?Bt Zt$%‚„R$s„$s }s„s js ‚„{‚„s ‚IsI ]BtR$Zk‚t ‚t R? 8$R8sR ‚j h‚j „‚4‚`B I‚ Zts
$t${$s$%s JZ‚ „sR{$‚tI‚ jBR ‚R„${BR j?8$‚R s{sI?‚8${BR k JZ‚ I‚ PB„8s ‚h{$‚t‚ }‚t‚„s ‚t
jBR 8?sR I$%‚„RBR ‚Rs8‚tBR RB{$sj‚R =t s8}j$B sAst${B I‚ {Bt‚-BR ‚ $t‚„‚R‚R JZ‚ 8Z‚R„s
jBR P„ZBR I‚ Zts s}Z‚Rs 8Zk ‚tsIB„s
*${YsR ‚-}‚„$‚t{$sR Yst }‚„8$$IB {BtRss„ {?B8B js ‚B„?s P?R${s RZR j‚k‚R k }„$t{$}$BR }Z‚I‚t
s 8‚tZIB R‚„ $t„BIZ{$IBR I‚ PB„8s 8?sR RZ‚R$%s }B„ 8‚I$B I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ej s„s{$%B
I‚ ‚R‚ }„B{‚I$8$‚tB ‚R JZ‚ R$„%‚ I‚ ‚R?8ZjB }s„s ‚j s}„‚tI$9s`‚ k ‚j j‚{B„ R‚ R$‚t‚ 8?sR
{‚„{s I‚ Zts I$R{$}j$ts „sI${$Btsj8‚t‚ {B8}j‚`s {B8B js P?R${s O tB R?BjB jB s{‚„{s sj 8ZtIB
I‚ js P?R${s R$tB JZ‚ sA„‚ Zts %?s I‚ s{{‚RB s B„sR „s8sR I‚ js {$‚t{$s wA$BjB?s JZ?8${s
RB{$BjB?sD ej st?sj$R$R I‚ js P?R${s $tY‚„‚t‚ s js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt }„B}B„{$Bts ‚j‚8‚tBR I‚
I$R{ZR$?Bt k PB8‚ts Zt RsjZIsAj‚ ‚R}?„$Z {„?${B k ‚R{?‚}${B st t‚{‚Rs„$B ‚t tZ‚R„BR I?sR
]B8B ‚R{„$A‚ js }‚IsBs FZsts 7st{YBU " ‚j }„BAj‚8s }„$t{$}sj I‚ js ‚tR‚Ktst9s tB
„sI${s ‚t ‚j s{{‚RB s js $tPB„8s{$?Bt R$tB ‚t js t‚{‚R$IsI I‚ {Bts„ {Bt {„$‚„$BR I‚ R‚j‚{{$?Bt
{B8}„‚tR$?Bt k „stRP‚„‚t{$s }B„ }s„‚ I‚j ‚RZI$st‚ k I‚j }„B}$B }„BP‚RB„ 7sA‚„ ‚R{B‚„ RsA‚„
Is„ R‚t$IB s js $tPB„8s{$?Bt k RsA‚„ Z$j$9s„js }s„s }BI‚„ „‚RBj%‚„ }„BAj‚8sR ‚t{s„s„ tZ‚%sR
R$Zs{$Bt‚R k {Bt$tZs„ s}„‚tI$‚tIB RBt jsR {Z‚R$Bt‚R PZtIs8‚tsj‚R I‚ js ‚tR‚Ktst9s k ‚j
s}„‚tI$9s`‚ s{Zsj‚R" qs8A$?‚t skZIs s $t%‚„$„ s{$ZI‚R t‚s$%sR w$t{jZRB YBR$j‚RD P„‚t‚ s js
{$‚t{$s k s I$R$tZ$„ js {$‚t{$s „‚sj I‚ js }R‚ZIB{$‚t{$s Zts ‚tP‚„8‚IsI PZ‚„‚8‚t‚ s„„s$sIs
‚t js RB{$‚IsI qBIBR ‚RBR ‚j‚8‚tBR R‚ ‚t{Z‚t„st ‚t 8skB„ B 8‚tB„ „sIB „‚{B$IBR ‚t ‚Rs
BA„s@ k {BtPB„8st jBR s8A${$BRBR BA`‚$%BR JZ‚ }‚„R‚Z$8BR
ej }„‚R‚t‚ ‚-B sAB„Is sjZtBR I‚ jBR „stI‚R RZ‚KtBR I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?BtU js $t8B„sj$IsI
js $t%$R$A$j$IsI B ‚j %$s`‚ }B„ ‚j $‚8}B FZtB s js %$R$?Bt JZ‚ ‚8sts I‚ jsR }?s$tsR B $8?s‚t‚R
I‚ js h{{$?Bt R‚ I$R{Z‚ js %$sA$j$IsI I‚ jsR $I‚sR ‚t ?‚„8$tBR P?R${BR {$„{ZtRst{$s JZ‚ }‚„8$‚
}„BPZtI$9s„ ‚t ‚j {BtB{$8$‚tB {$‚t?h{B VjZtsR ‚R$8s{$Bt‚R R‚t{$jjsR skZIst s {Zst$h{s„
js %‚„s{$IsI I‚ sj‚R s„Z8‚tBR ]sIs {s}?ZjB $t{jZk‚ „‚P‚„‚t{$sR ‚-}j?{$sR s }‚j?{ZjsR k
tB%‚jsR I‚j ?‚t‚„B Ns „‚js{$?Bt I‚ ?ZjBR JZ‚ R‚ {$st tB ‚R t$ }„‚‚tI‚ R‚„ ‚-YsZR$%s
ej ?ZjB I‚j j$A„B tB R?BjB „‚4‚`s jBR sR}‚{BR I‚ RZ {Bt‚t$IB {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt k P?R${s R$tB
js }„B}$s ‚R„Z{Z„s I‚j ‚-BU }B„ Zt jsIB ‚R?s €$t €Bt 8$B k s„JZ‚$}B I‚ ‚RBR R‚„‚R
Pst?sR${BR {Bt jBR JZ‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt tBR s{BRZ8A„s s RB„}„‚tI‚„ *‚ RZ 8stB R‚ $t${$s
‚R‚ %$s`‚ _B„ B„B ‚R?s VjA‚„ e$tR‚$t 8BI‚jB k „‚P‚„‚t‚ I‚j RsA$B $8s‚t }B„ stB
I‚ js {$‚t{$s 7ZR ‚B„?sR sZs„Ist sj htsj I‚j „‚{B„„$IB wB sj %‚9 R‚ „s‚ I‚ Zt tZ‚%B
}ZtB I‚ }s„$Is Ys{$s ‚j PZZ„BD V8ABR }‚„RBts`‚R $8s$ts„$B k I‚R8‚RZ„sIB ZtB „‚sj
k I‚ }„BAsIs „stI‚9s $t‚j‚{Zsj ‚j B„B „‚}„‚R‚tst ‚j }„B„‚RB YsA$IB ‚t js {B8}„‚tR$?Bt
I‚ jBR P‚t?B8‚tBR P?R${BRU Zt s%st{‚ JZ‚ %s I‚RI‚ jsR R‚t{$jjsR j‚k‚R I‚ ‚R{sjs YsRs js 8?sR
8BI‚„ts ‚B„?s I‚ js „‚js$%$IsI O }Z‚RBR s AZR{s„ 8?sR stsjB?sR ‚j B„$js w‚j 8BtBD k
‚j YB8A„‚ {BtR$Zk‚t s8A$?‚t Y$BR ‚t js ‚%BjZ{$?Bt I‚ js „s9s YZ8sts {B8B ‚R}‚{$‚ et ‚j
NBR st‚{‚I‚t‚R I‚ ‚R‚ ‚-B R‚ ‚t{Z‚t„st ‚t tZ‚R„B j$A„B 3?R${s $ {$r‚t{$sTh{{$?B weI${$BtR
=_] s„{‚jBts d;D ej j$A„B RB}B„‚ I$I?s{${B I‚ js sR$tsZ„s I‚j 8$R8B ?ZjB $‚t‚ Zt ‚tPBJZ‚
8s„{sIs8‚t‚ s{sI?‚8${B I$„$$IB {B8B ‚R?s s ‚RZI$st‚R Zt$%‚„R$s„$BR i‚8$$8BR sj j‚{B„ $t‚„‚T
RsIB JZ‚ I‚R‚‚ }„BPZtI$9s„ ‚t sjZtB I‚ jBR ‚8sR ‚-}Z‚RBR ‚t js }„‚R‚t‚ BA„s B ‚t B„BR sht‚R s
I${YB j$A„B k s jsR „‚P‚„‚t{$sR JZ‚ ‚t ?‚j R‚ {$st
@
}„$8‚„ {s}?ZjB stsj$9s8BR js $8}BR$A$j$IsI I‚ $tR‚{BR {BjBRsj‚R k B„$jsR {B8B €$t €Bt
s }s„$„ I‚ jsR j‚k‚R I‚ ‚R{sjs yt{„‚?Aj‚R YB8A„‚R 8‚tZst‚R k Zt$%‚„RBR RZA8${„BR{?B}${BR
{Bt‚t$IBR ‚t Zts Bs I‚ sZs {B8}j‚st Zt R$tZBRB $$t‚„s„$B }B„ 8ZtIBR $8}BR$Aj‚R et ‚j
{s}?ZjB R‚ZtIB B8stIB „Z8AB Ys{$s ‚j B{?‚stB I‚ js tB{Y‚ %$%$„‚8BR Zts %‚„IsI‚„s BI$R‚s
‚t ‚j ‚R}s{$B _?‚„hIsR R$„‚tsR „s%$sB„$sR jj‚%s„?st tZ‚R„s ts%‚ s 8ZtIBR I‚ s}jsRst‚
„s%‚IsI k s j$%$stsR eR„‚jjsR I‚ js Z‚„‚ =ts ‚-‚tRs sj‚„?s I‚ RZ}‚„Y?‚„B‚R I‚RI‚
7Z}‚„8st sj <B8A„‚ yt%$R$Aj‚ I‚Rhjst s jB js„B I‚j ‚„{‚„ {s}?ZjB 7Bt BA`‚B I‚ st?sj$R$R RZR
w}„‚RZtBRD RZ}‚„}BI‚„‚R k RB„}„‚tI‚t‚R s„$jZ$BR JZ‚ }s„‚{‚t P„stJZ‚s„ jBR }„B}$BR j?8$‚R
I‚ js P?R${s 7‚„?s ‚j 8B8‚tB I‚ Ys{‚„ Asjst{‚ I‚j ZRB wk sAZRBD I‚ js 8‚{?st${s t‚bBt$sts ‚t
js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt et ‚j {s}?ZjB {Zs„B jsR P‚t?B8‚tBR ‚j?‚{„${BR tBR I‚R}‚„s„?st I‚j RZ‚KtB I‚ js
$t8B„sj$IsI ‚tsIBR }B„ z?{B„ 3„st,‚tR‚$t k B„BR RsA$BR jB{BR {Bt sR}$„s{$Bt‚R I$%$tsR et
‚j JZ$tB {s}?ZjB s{B8}sKts„‚8BR s ‚8‚„s„$BR %$s`‚„BR ‚t RZ {„Z9sIs sj {‚t„B I‚ js q$‚„„s
ZtIBR I‚%sRsIBR }B„ YBjB{sZRBR tZ{j‚s„‚R k $‚„„sR st‚sIsR }B„ B{?‚stBR $tht$BR R‚„?st
B„BR I‚ jBR }s„sI$R?s{BR I‚R$tBR I‚ ‚R‚ „‚{B„„$IB }B„ js w5}BR$Aj‚2D Y$RB„$s PZZ„s I‚j }jst‚s
q$‚„„s VAstIBtstIB jsR {BtPB„sAj‚R B„$jjsR I‚ js P?R${s {j?sR${s ‚t ‚j R‚-B k Z?j$8B {s}?ZjB
tBR RZ8‚„$„‚8BR ‚t ‚j }„B{‚jBRB 8s„ I‚j $‚8}B ‚t 8$R$?Bt I‚ „‚R{s‚ I‚ ts?ZP„sBR I‚j $‚8}B
RB„‚stIB {„BtBR‚?R8BR k }s„sIB`sR ‚8}B„sj‚R e8ZjstIB s jBR ‚8‚„s„$BR „$}Zjst‚R I‚ js
ts%‚ et‚„}„$R‚ Y‚8BR $t‚tsIB {B8B ks B„BR Y${$‚„Bt st‚R "%$s`s„ sjj?s s IBtI‚ tsI$‚ Ys
BRsIB jj‚s„" s Zt 8ZtIB ‚t ‚j JZ‚ js {ZjZ„s {$‚t?h{s wk js P?R${s ‚t }s„${Zjs„D PB„8‚ }s„‚
I‚j $t{Z‚R$BtsAj‚ Ass`‚ {ZjZ„sj I‚ BIB {$ZIsIstB =t {BtB{$8$‚tB JZ‚ {BtR$Zk‚ ZtB I‚
jBR 8?sR PsAZjBRBR j‚sIBR I‚ js YZ8st$IsI `ZtB s jsR BA„sR I‚ *sj? ]‚„%st‚R B B9s„
Z{YBR $t„?‚}$IBR %$s`‚„BR tBR Yst s{B8}sKtsIB ‚t ‚Rs BI$R‚s ‚t ‚R‚ %$s`‚ sjZ{$tst‚ sj
8ZtIB I‚ js P?R${s s „s%?‚R I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?BtU ‚R Zt }js{‚„ s„sI‚{‚„ ‚j {Bt$tZB ‚R?8ZjB
I‚j $tPs$sAj‚ *„ $JZ‚j s„{‚j?B {BtB{$IB ‚I$B„ k %‚„IsI‚„s sj8s 8s‚„ I‚ BIs s{$%$IsI
s„${ZjsIs sj„‚I‚IB„ I‚ js {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt ‚t js =t$%‚„R$s _Bj$r‚{t${s I‚ ]ssjZtks Vj *„
et„${ z‚„IsZ‚„ {s‚I„?s${B I‚ P?R${s ‚?B„${s I‚ js =t$%‚„R$s I‚ s„{‚jBts }B„ RZ j‚{Z„s
{„?${s I‚j {s}?ZjB I‚I${sIB s js P?R${s I‚ jBR %$s`‚R ‚t ‚j $‚8}B 7ZR RZ‚„‚t{$sR Yst ‚t„$JZ‚{$IB
tBsAj‚8‚t‚ ‚j {Bt‚t$IB I‚ I${YB {s}?ZjB V jBR *„R V8sI‚Z BtBB k is[Zj iBI„?Z‚9
I‚j *‚}s„s8‚tB I‚ 3?R${s ‚ yt‚t$‚„?s WZ{j‚s„ I‚ js =_] }B„ YsA‚„ „‚%$RsIB I$%‚„RsR }s„‚R
I‚j ‚-B s„8sIBR I‚ }s{$‚t{$s V FBR‚} s„$s 7‚„„s is8Bt s„? k BtR‚ sKt?‚ I‚ eI${$BtR
=_] }B„ YsA‚„ 8st‚t$IB Zts P‚ {$‚s ‚t ‚R‚ ‚-B k YsA‚„ }„B}B„{$BtsIB BIB ‚j RB}B„‚
8s‚„$sj t‚{‚Rs„$B V FBst 7Bj‚„ }B„ RZ skZIs $t‚R$8sAj‚ ‚t js }„‚}s„s{$?Bt I‚j ‚-B k ‚t js
$tR‚„{$?Bt I‚ $8rs‚t‚R V z${‚t i$AsR }B„ YsA‚„ RsA$IB }jsR8s„ {Bt RZR $jZR„s{$Bt‚R tZ‚R„sR
s 8‚tZIB %ssR }„B}Z‚RsR s}B„stIB P„‚R{Z„s k AZ‚t YZ8B„ ?‚„$B RZkB ‚R ‚j YsA‚„ {„‚sIB
‚R‚ }‚„RBts`‚ Zt 7Z}‚„8st %‚t$IB s 8‚tBR {ZksR }‚„$}‚{$sR k s 8‚tZIB I‚R%‚tZ„sR {B„„‚t
}s„sj‚jsR sj I‚Rs„„BjjB I‚j ‚-B O ‚t I‚ht$$%s tZ‚R„B 8?sR R$t{‚„B s„sI‚{$8$‚tB s jBR
‚R{„$B„‚R k Z$Bt$RsR I‚ {$‚t{$s h{{$?Bt R$t {Zks $8s$ts{$?Bt ‚R‚ ‚-B tZt{s YZA$‚R‚ R$IB
}BR$Aj‚
NBR sZB„‚R
z$jstB%s $ js p‚j„?Z B{ZA„‚ I‚ dM
*$„‚{{$Bt‚R I‚ {B„„‚B ‚j‚{„?Bt${BU 9uvYl!9CƒvCqY}|!R
bCƒI%!bCRqY}|!R
Descargar