A FONDO Accidentes de trabajo en la construcción, ¿responde penalmente el empresario? Nuestro Código Penal castiga, hasta con penas de prisión, los incumplimientos en materia de seguridad en el trabajo. El tema de debate es quién debe hacerse responsable, en el seno de la empresa, de estos incumplimientos cuando, por su causa, se produce un accidente de trabajo de un empleado. El Tribunal Supremo fijó la teoría de la delegación que ahora, además, será la pauta de actuación que ha de guiar a los fiscales en estos procesos. Diego Cabezuela Sancho Círculo Legal (OSDVDGRPHVGH1RYLHPEUHOD)LVFDOtD !"#"$%&'("&')*+%(,'-./&012'.#%'0#+"$"*%#3 WH&LUFXODUTXHXQL¿FDORVFULWHULRV GHDFWXDFLyQGHVXV¿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ÓN PARA EVITAR QUE RESPONDA PENALMENTE EL EMPRESARIO – Realizarse en favor de personas con la cualificación necesaria para desempeñar las funciones transferidas. – Proveerles de medios materiales y humanos proporcionados. – Dotarles de autonomía en la toma de decisiones. – Que el empresario o consejero mantenga una supervisión, residual pero constante, sobre el ejercicio de las facultades traspasadas y por supuesto proceda a la sustitución de cualquier persona o criterio que se acredite como ineficaz. 42 | Inmueble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y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yQGHOD(GL¿FDFLyQHQ GH¿QLWLYDLPSOHPHQWDUHQVXVHPSUHVDVHO 1.;-&0;0"#+,' ("' &%' #,$;%+0D%'("' P$"D"#3 102#' ("' Q0"*4,*' 7%/,$%&"*E' 9' -$,9"1+%$&,' *,/$"'+,(,*'&,*'#0D"&"*'("'&%'%1+0D0(%(6' &%*' ,/$%*E' ("B"1+,*' ("' D040&%#10%' "#' &,*' "#3 1%$4%(,*'"+16E'*0#'&%';<*';J#0;%'0#(%4%102#' %1"$1%'("'*0'"G0*+J%'("&"4%102#E'*0'"*+%/%'/0"#' ,';%&'="1=%E'#0'%1$"(0+%$'#0#4.#%'$"&%102#' "*-"10%&'("'&,*'(0$"1+0D,*'1,#'&,*'="1=,*'(03 B"$"#+"'("'&%'("'*"$'&%'1%/"K%'("'&%'";-$"*%' GRQGH pVWRV KDQ RFXUULGR /D )LVFDOtD FRQ %&4.#%*' "G1"-10,#"*E' =%' %*0*+0(,' 0;-%*0/&"' %'"*+"'"*+%(,'("'1,*%*E'(<#(,&"'1%$+%'("'#%3 +.$%&"K%'+$%DH*'("'*.*'"*1$0+,*'("'%1.*%102#' 9'&,*'N.K4%(,*'*,&,',1%*0,#%&;"#+"'-%$"1"#' =%/"$'1%J(,'"#'&%'1."#+%'("'&%'(,1+$0#%'"*+%3 /&"10(%'-,$'"&';<G0;,'A$0/.#%&'=%1"'9%';<*' GHDxRV )#' ,+$%*' -%&%/$%*E' &,' :."' =%' ("' "G040$*"' %' &,*' %(;0#0*+$%(,$"*' "*' :."' 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