¶El influjo del clima sobre los seres organizadosi y la retórica
Anuncio
91
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUH
ORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·
\ODUHWyULFDLOXVWUDGD
HQHOSemanario del Nuevo
Reyno de Granada L
0DXULFLR1LHWR
3DROD&DVWDxR3
'LDQD2MHGD'
,QWURGXFFLyQ/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGHORV¶LOXVWUDGRVGHOD1XHYD
*UDQDGD·HOS~EOLFROHFWRU\OD¶5HS~EOLFDGHODV/HWUDV·
(QODVSULPHUDVGpFDGDVGHOVLJOR;,;HQOD1XHYD*UDQDGDVREUHVDOLyXQJUXSRGH
DPHULFDQRVHVSDxROHVTXHDVXPLHURQFRPRSURSLDVSUiFWLFDVSROtWLFDV\FLHQWtÀFDV
HVWUHFKDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD,OXVWUDFLyQHXURSHD6HWUDWyGHXQJUXSRVRFLDOHQ
FX\DVPDQRVODJHRJUDItDODKLVWRULDQDWXUDOODPHGLFLQD\ODDVWURQRPtDVHFRQYLUWLHURQ
HQODH[SUHVLyQ\HQHOPHGLRGHUHDOL]DFLyQGHVXVLQWHUHVHVSROtWLFRV
%DMRODGLUHFFLyQGH)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVHQHQHURGHVHLQLFLyODSXEOLFDFLyQ
GHOSemanario del Nuevo Reyno de GranadaFRQHOSURSyVLWRGHGLIXQGLUHQWUHORV¶KRPEUHV
GHOXFHV·DTXHOORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVFRQVLGHUDGRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDODSURVSHULGDGGHOD
1XHYD*UDQDGD/RVDXWRUHVGHODVGLVWLQWDVPHPRULDVIXHURQHQVXPD\RUtDFULROORV
L
3
'
$UWtFXORUHFLELGRHOGHHQHURGH\DSUREDGRHOGHDEULOGH
3URIHVRU$VRFLDGRGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH+LVWRULDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGHORV$QGHV
3ROLWyORJDHKLVWRULDGRUDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGHORV$QGHV
(FRQRPLVWDHKLVWRULDGRUDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGHORV$QGHV
(QWUHORVFRODERUDGRUHVGHOSemanarioVHHQFXHQWUDQ-RVp0DQXHO5HVWUHSR-RUJH7DGHR/R]DQR-RVp0DUtD
6DOD]DU-RDTXtQ&DPDFKR-RVp0DUtD&DEDO6LQIRURVR0XWLV\1LFROiV7DQFRHQWUHRWURV$SDUHFHQWDPELpQ
DOJXQDVWUDGXFFLRQHVGHDXWRUHVH[WUDQMHURVFRPR$OH[DQGHUYRQ+XPEROGW
=HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
92
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
TXHVHRFXSDURQGHWHPDVFRPRODJHRJUDItDODKLVWRULDQDWXUDOODSREODFLyQODVDOXG
ODHFRQRPtDHOFRPHUFLRODHGXFDFLyQ\FRPRYHUHPRVDTXtFRQFLHUWRGHWDOOHGHO
FOLPDGHO1XHYR5HLQRGH*UDQDGD7DQWRORVDXWRUHVGHODVGLVWLQWDVPHPRULDVGHOD
SXEOLFDFLyQFRPRVXVOHFWRUHVWHQtDQXQPLVPRLQWHUpVHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\HOFRQWURO
GHOWHUULWRULRDPHULFDQRVXVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\VXSREODFLyQ
(QODVSiJLQDVVLJXLHQWHVYDPRVDPRVWUDUFyPRORVFULROORVOHWUDGRV\
&DOGDVHQSDUWLFXODUKLFLHURQVX\RXQGLVFXUVRFLHQWtÀFRVREUHHOFOLPD
FyPRGLFKDVSUiFWLFDVFLHQWtÀFDVVRQSUiFWLFDVSROtWLFDVHQODPHGLGDHQ
TXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQRUGHQVRFLDO\XQRUGHQQDWXUDO9HUHPRVTXHXQD
SXEOLFDFLyQFRPRHOSemanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada IXHXQPHGLR
SDUDODFRQVROLGDFLyQGHXQJUXSRVRFLDO
3DUD HVWR HV QHFHVDULR H[SOLFDU GH TXp IRUPD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR HV HO UHVXOWDGR GH
SUiFWLFDVDOWDPHQWHUHJXODGDV\HVFRQVWUXLGREDMRQRUPDV\UHJODVGHMXHJRFROHFWLYDV
/DFLHQFLDHVXQDVXQWRGHRUJDQL]DFLyQVRFLDO\VXSUiFWLFDH[LJHODKDELOLGDGSDUDFUHDU\
FRPELQDUUHFXUVRVFRQFHSWXDOHVPDWHULDOHVHFRQyPLFRV\KXPDQRV23DUDFRPSUHQGHU
ODFRPSOHMLGDGGHGLFKDVSUiFWLFDVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWR\DXWRULGDGQRV
SDUHFHRSRUWXQRLOXVWUDUDWHQGLHQGRODVVXJHUHQFLDVGHODVRFLRORJtDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
\ODWHRUtDGHUHGHVGHDFWRUHV3FyPRVHFRQVWUX\HODFRQÀDQ]DDWUDYpVGHXQSURFHVR
GHFUHDFLyQGHYtQFXORV\FRQVROLGDFLyQGHDOLDQ]DVHQWUHDFWRUHVGHGLVWLQWDtQGROH
7UDWDUHPRVGHUHFRQVWUXLUODVUHGHVTXHFRQIRUPDQORVDUJXPHQWRVGHORVDXWRUHV
GHOSemanario\PRVWUDUHPRVODQHFHVLGDGGHUHFRQRFHUTXHORVDFWRUHV\ODVDOLDQ]DV
TXHFRQIRUPDQHVWDVUHGHVQRSXHGHQOLPLWDUVHDDFWRUHVKXPDQRVGHEHPRVWDPELpQ
FRQVLGHUDUGLVSRVLWLYRV\FRQHFWRUHVQRKXPDQRVFRPRDUWHIDFWRVLQVWUXPHQWRV\
GHVGHOXHJRDODQDWXUDOH]DPLVPD(VGHFLUTXHVLTXHUHPRVKDEODUGH¶ODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
9HU/$:-RKQ´/HODERUDWRLUHHWVHVUpVHDX[µ, HQ&$//210LFKHO/DVFLHQFHHWVHVUpVHDX[JHQqVHHWFLUFXODWLRQ
GHVIDLWVVFLHQWLÀTXHV3DUtV(GLWLRQV/D'pFRXYHUWHSDVVLP.
/DQRFLyQGHredQRVLQYLWDDSHQVDUHQWHMLGRVHQXUGLPEUHVTXHVLUYHQSDUDDWUDSDURVXMHWDUDOJR\WDPELpQ
HQXQFRQMXQWRGHFRVDVRSHUVRQDVTXHREUDQHQIDYRURHQFRQWUDGHXQÀQ(VWHHVXQFRQFHSWR~WLO\DTXH
DTXtQRVRFXSDPRVGHSURFHVRVGHDSURSLDFLyQ\FRQWUROTXHFLHUWRVJUXSRVKXPDQRVHMHUFHQVREUHRWURV6LQ
HPEDUJRHVWDQRFLyQWLHQHULHVJRVQRVSXHGHKDFHUSHQVDUHQDOJRTXHHVWiDQWHVTXHSUHFHGHDORVDFWRUHVTXH
ODFRPSRQHQFXDQGRORVDFWRUHVGHGLFKRWHMLGRVHFRQVWLWX\HQPXWXDPHQWH\HQODPHGLGDHQTXHLQWHUDFW~DQ
HOORVVRQODUHG6LODUHGVHURPSHVHGHVKDFHQVXVDFWRUHVODVFRVDVQRDFW~DQVREUHUHGHVVLQRPiVELHQVRQVX
SURGXFWR8QDH[SOLFDFLyQGHWDOODGDGHORVSURSyVLWRV\DOFDQFHVGH$FWRU1HWZRUN7KHRU\HVWiHQ/$7285
%UXQR5HDVVHPEOLQJWKH6RFLDOJHQHUDOLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH$FWRU1HWZRUNWKHRU\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
3DUDXQDFRPSLODFLyQGHODELEOLRJUDItDPiVUHOHYDQWHVREUHODWHRUtDGH5HGHVGH$FWRUHVYHU7KH$FWRU
1HWZRUN5HVRXUFH$Q$QQRWDWHG%LEOLRJUDSK\)HEUXUDU\HQKWWSZZZFRPSODQFVDFXNVRFLRORJ\FVV
DQWUHVDQWUHVKWP.
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
93
VRFLDOGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR·pVWDGHEHVHUHQWHQGLGDHQXQVHQWLGRDPSOLRPHGLDQWHHOFXDO
ORVRFLDOVHKDFHLQVHSDUDEOHGHORWHFQROyJLFR\ORQDWXUDO4'HHVWDPDQHUDHVWDUHPRV
HQFDSDFLGDGGHUHFRQRFHUTXHODKLVWRULDGHODQDWXUDOH]D²GHOPHGLRDPELHQWH²GH
ODFLHQFLDGHODWHFQRORJtD\GHODSROtWLFDVRQLQGLVROXEOHV\UHVXOWDQLQFRPSUHQVLEOHV
HQVXYHUGDGHUDGLPHQVLyQVLSUHWHQGHPRVDERUGDUODVSRUVHSDUDGR
3DUDFRQVLGHUDUODSUHJXQWDVREUHODLPSRUWDQFLDKLVWyULFDGHXQDSXEOLFDFLyQFRPR
HO Semanario \ HQWHQGHU ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GH VX FUHDFLyQ \ GLIXVLyQ HV QHFHVDULR
UHFRQRFHUHOVHQWLGRSROtWLFRGHODVGLVWLQWDVPHPRULDVTXHDSDUHFHQHQODVSiJLQDVGH
HVWHSHULyGLFRHQWDQWRDSXQWDQDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQRUGHQVRFLDODSDUWLUGHVXV
GLVWLQWDVWHPiWLFDV3HURHOUHVXOWDGRPiVYLVLEOH\SRVLEOHPHQWHPiVLPSRUWDQWHGH
ODDSDULFLyQ\FLUFXODFLyQGHWH[WRV\PHPRULDVGHFDUiFWHUFLHQWtÀFRHVODFRQVROLGDFLyQ
GHXQJUXSRVRFLDOSDUWLFXODUODpOLWHGHFULROORVOHWUDGRVTXHKR\UHFRQRFHPRVFRPR
¶ORVLOXVWUDGRVGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGD·
8QD GH ODV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV PiV HYLGHQWHV GH ODV pOLWHV FULROODV \ GH VXV HVFULWRV
FLHQWtÀFRVHVHODIiQGHGLVWLQFLyQHVGHFLUODE~VTXHGDGHDTXHOORVHOHPHQWRVTXH
ORVKDFHQGLIHUHQWHVGHORVRWURVKDELWDQWHVGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGDOHJtWLPRVDPRVGH
ODQDWXUDOH]D\ODVRFLHGDG/DJHRJUDItD\HOGLVFXUVRLOXVWUDGRVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DQR
VyORGHPDUFDQOtPLWHVWHUULWRULDOHVRWD[RQyPLFRVVLQRTXHGHPDQHUDVLPXOWiQHD
GLIHUHQFLDQ MHUiUTXLFDPHQWH D ORV FULROORV OHWUDGRV GHO UHVWR GH OD SREODFLyQ VXV
HVFULWRVHQFDUQDQXQHVIXHU]RFRQWLQXRSRUPDUFDUODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUH¶QRVRWURV·\
¶HOORV·HQWUHORVVXMHWRV\ORVREMHWRVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\HORUGHQ
(VSRUHVWDUD]yQTXHHODQiOLVLVGHODIRUPD\GHODUHWyULFDGHOGLVFXUVRLOXVWUDGROR
TXHSRGUtDPRVOODPDUODVUHJODVGHMXHJRGHODFLHQFLD\ODVFRQYHQFLRQHVTXHKDFHQ
SRVLEOHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODVFUHHQFLDVGHO¶YXOJR·²\SRUHQGH
HQWUHHOLOXVWUDGR\HOLJQRUDQWH²HVGHFHQWUDOLPSRUWDQFLDDODKRUDGHYLQFXODUORV
SUREOHPDVGHODQDWXUDOH]DHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODSROtWLFD
8QDGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVEiVLFDVSDUDTXHODOHJLWLPLGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVHDUHFRQRFLGD
\SURFODPDGDHVODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQS~EOLFRLGyQHR/DYLGDGH&DOGDVHVXQFODUR
/$7285%UXQR/D(VSHUDQ]DGH3DQGRUDHQVD\RVVREUHODUHDOLGDGGHORVHVWXGLRVVREUHFLHQFLD%DUFHORQD*HGLVD
$GHPiVGHOSemanarioDÀQDOHVGHOVLJOR;9,,,\SULQFLSLRVGHO;,;VHSXEOLFDURQHQ6DQWDIpRWURVSHULyGLFRV
LPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODVpOLWHVFULROODV(QWUHHOORVSRGHPRVPHQFLRQDU/D*D]HWDGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWi(O3DSHO
3HULyGLFRGHOD&LXGDGGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWi(O&RUUHR&XULRVR(UXGLWR(FRQyPLFR\0HUFDQWLOGHOD&LXGDGGH
6DQWDIpGH%RJRWi(O5HGDFWRU$PHULFDQR\(O$OWHUQDWLYRGHO5HGDFWRU$PHULFDQR
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
94
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
HMHPSORGHODVGLÀFXOWDGHVGHVHUXQKRPEUHGHFLHQFLDVLQXQDFRPXQLGDGFLHQWtÀFD.
(QXQFRPLHQ]RVX¶S~EOLFR·VHOLPLWyDXQJUXSRUHGXFLGRGHDPLJRVFRQTXLHQHV
FRPSDUWLyVXVLQWHUHVHV\DTXLHQHVQDUUyVXVREVHUYDFLRQHV/DDPSOLDREUDHSLVWRODU
GH&DOGDV\ODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDHQWUHORVFULROORVFRQVWLWX\HXQPDWHULDOGHHQRUPH
LQWHUpVSXHVDOOtVHFRQVLJQDQVXVSUHRFXSDFLRQHV\SUR\HFWRVHLQFOXVREXHQDSDUWH
GHVXWUDEDMRFLHQWtÀFR
$OOt HQFRQWUDPRV H[SUHVLRQHV GH XQ SURIXQGR VHQWLGR GH DPLVWDG \ UHVXOWD PX\
LQWHUHVDQWH H[SORUDU HO WLSR GH YtQFXORV \ GH UHODFLRQHV TXH VH FUHDURQ HQWUH
FRUUHVSRQVDOHV6HWUDWDGHHVFULWRVHQWUHDPLJRVTXHFRPSDUWtDQORVPLVPRVLQWHUHVHV
GHQWUR GH XQ VHQWLGR GH UHVSHWR \ FDPDUDGHUtD $Vt OD FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD IXH XQ
SRGHURVRPHFDQLVPRGHORVLOXVWUDGRVSDUDFRQVWUXLUVHFRPRJUXSRSDUDFRQVROLGDU
DOLDQ]DV\SUR\HFWRVFRPXQHV7DO\FRPRORKDVHxDODGR5HQiQ6LOYDSDUDHOFDVR
GH&DOGDVHQODREUDHSLVWRODUGHORVQDWXUDOLVWDVHQFRQWUDPRVHOPDWHULDOGHVXREUD
FLHQWtÀFDDXQTXHHOFDUiFWHUSULYDGRGHVXVFDUWDVPDQWLHQHVXVLGHDVHQHOiPELWR
GHODVRSLQLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV
6LXVWHGWLHQHFXLGDGRGHXQLUPLVFDUWDV\OHHUODVGHVSXpVGHVHJXLGR
WHQGUiXQFRPSHQGLRDEUHYLDGRGHPLYLDMHD4XLWRRKDEODQGRFRQPiV
SUHFLVLyQWHQGUiHOPDWHULDOGHHVWHYLDMHSRUTXHELHQVDEHXVWHGTXp
GLIHUHQFLDKD\HQWUHHOPDWHULDOGHXQOLEUR\XQOLEURGLJQRGHDSDUHFHU
HQS~EOLFR9.
/RVDSXQWHVHOGLDULR\ODVFDUWDVGH&DOGDVFRQIRUPDQORVPDWHULDOHVEiVLFRVGH
VXREUDHQFRQVWUXFFLyQSHURpVWDFDUHFHGHORPiVLPSRUWDQWHSDUDTXHVHDXQD
REUDFLHQWtÀFDXQS~EOLFR(OSDVRGHODFDUWDPDQXVFULWDGHXQVRORHMHPSODUDO
WH[WRLPSUHVRGHXQFHQWHQDUGHFRSLDVHVFRQVLGHUDEOHKDFHSRVLEOHVXLQJUHVRDOD
¶5HS~EOLFDGHODV/HWUDV·\DXQS~EOLFRGLVWLQWR&DOGDVDEDQGRQDODVHJXULGDGGHO
9HUSRUHMHPSOR$33(/-RKQ:LOWRQ)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVDVFLHQWLVWDWZRUNLQ1XHYD*UDQDGD3KLODGHOSKLD
$PHULFDQ3KLORVRSKLFDO6RFLHW\ %$7(0$1$OIUHGR)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVVtQWHVLVELRJUiÀFD%RJRWi
(GLWRULDO.HOO\'Ì$=3,('5$+,7$6DQWLDJR1XHYDDSUR[LPDFLyQD)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVHSLVRGLRVGH
VXYLGD\GHVXDFWLYLGDGFLHQWtÀFD%RJRWi$FDGHPLD&RORPELDQDGH+LVWRULD6&+80$&+(5+HUPDQQ
$OEHUW%LRJUDItDFXOWXUDOGHOVDELR&DOGDV%RJRWi*XDGDOXSH
9HU$5,$6'(*5(,))-RUJH\%$7(0$1$OIUHGRHGV&DUWDVGH &DOGDV%RJRWi$FDGHPLD&RORPELDQD
GH&LHQFLDV([DFWDV)tVLFDV\1DWXUDOHV
6,/9$5HQiQ/RVLOXVWUDGRVGH1XHYD*UDQDGD*HQHDORJtDGHXQDFRPXQLGDGGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ0HGHOOtQ
8QLYHUVLGDG(DÀW%DQFRGHOD5HS~EOLFD&DS9,
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp&DUWDGHOGHDJRVWRGHFLWDGRHQ 6,/9$5HQiQRSFLWS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
95
iPELWRSHUVRQDOHtQWLPRGHXQDFDUWD\VHDEUHSDVRDXQDFRPXQLGDGGHOHWUDGRV
TXHSDUHFHDELHUWD\DQyQLPDSHURTXHOHRWRUJDXQOXJDUSULYLOHJLDGRGHQWURGHXQD
UHGGHLQWHUORFXWRUHVPXFKRPiVDPSOLD /DFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDGH&DOGDVGHMDYHUOD
LPSRUWDQFLDTXHLPSOLFDSDUDpOHOKHFKRGHSUHVHQWDUVXVLGHDVHQ´OHWUDGHPROGHµ
\DXQS~EOLFRDPSOLR/DVSDODEUDVGH&DOGDVVRQFODUDVHQHVWHVHQWLGR´(ODPRU\
JDQDGHVHUDXWRUHVGHYHUVHHQOHWUDGHPROGHSUHFLSLWDDPXFKRV\ORVKDFHGHOLUDU
SRUIRUWXQDSUHVWRVHGHVHQJDxDQSHURDH[SHQVDVGHVXUHSXWDFLyQ\GHOKRQRUGH
ODSDWULDµ.
5HÀULpQGRVHDODLQYLWDFLyQTXHOHKL]RDxRVDWUiVVXDPLJR6DQWLDJR$UUR\RSDUD
SXEOLFDUDOJ~QHVFULWRHQHO&RUUHR&XULRVR&DOGDVFRPHQWD
<DXVWHGHQFRPSDxtDGHPLVRWURVDPLJRVPHTXLHUHHFKDUDOS~EOLFR
\RDSUHFLRVXDIHFWR\ODHVWLPDFLyQTXHKDFHQGHPLVFRVDVSHURQRHUD
WLHPSRGHTXLWDUPHODPiVFDUD\DSDUHFHUHQHOPXQGROLWHUDULR0HMRU
KDEUtDVLGRPDQWHQHUPHDOJXQRVDxRVPiVDODVRPEUDGHXQQRPEUH
JULHJRGHXQDLQLFLDOHVKDVWDKDEHUPHIRUPDGR\UHSUHVHQWDUHQHOSDtV
GHODVOHWUDVPLSDSHOFRQDOJXQDGLJQLGDG11.
8QS~EOLFRTXH&DOGDVFDOLÀFDGH¶LQH[RUDEOH·DOTXHFRQVLGHUDWHVWLJR\MXH]GHOYDORU
GHVXVRSLQLRQHVXQS~EOLFRVLQHOFXDOQRSRGUtDVHUDXWRU´(QÀQVLDOJREXHQR
RFXUULHVH\OOHJDVHDSURGXFLUDOJ~QUDVJRORUHPLWLUpDXVWHGSDUDTXHPiVLQH[RUDEOH
TXHHOS~EOLFRORMX]JXH\ORVHQWHQFLHDODVOODPDVRDODOX]S~EOLFDSXHVHVWHS~EOLFR
QRSXHGHVXIULUVLQRFRVDVGLJQDVGHpOµ. 6XDSDUHQWHGHVHRGHSHUPDQHFHUDQyQLPR
VHPRGLÀFDUiJUDGXDOPHQWH(VWRSXHGHVHUYLVWRFRPRVXJLHUH6LOYDHQHOSURFHVR
GHHYROXFLyQGHVXÀUPD'HVXSULPHUDSXEOLFDFLyQHQHO&RUUHR&XULRVRHQ
HQODTXHÀUPDFRQODVVLJODV)-&&DOGDVSDVDUiDÀUPDUFRPR'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH
&DOGDVOXHJRFRPR'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVLQGLYLGXRPHULWRULRGHOD([SHGLFLyQ%RWiQLFD
\PiVWDUGHHQODVPHPRULDVGHOSemanarioGHOHDJUHJDUi'LUHFWRUGHO5HDOMDUGtQ
%RWiQLFR\&DWHGUiWLFRGHPDWHPiWLFDVGHO&ROHJLR0D\RUGHO5RVDULR.
8QRGHORVREVWiFXORVPiVVHYHURVSDUDKDFHUFLHQFLDHQODSHULIHULDGHOPXQGRHXURSHR
HVWiHQODIDOWDGHLQWHUORFXWRUHV\SRUHQGHGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWR\DXWRULGDG'HHVWD
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVpHQ$5,$6'(*5(,))-RUJH\%$7(0$1$OIUHGR(GVRSFLWS
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp&DUWDGHOGHMXQLRGHFLWDGRSRU6,/9$5HQiQRSFLWS
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp&DUWDGHOGHPDU]RGHHQ$5,$6'(*5(,))-RUJH\%$7(0$1$OIUHGR
(GVRSFLWS
6,/9$5HQiQRSFLWS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
96
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
PDQHUDXQHOHPHQWRHVHQFLDOSDUDHQWHQGHUODQDWXUDOH]DGHXQGHEDWHFLHQWtÀFR
SDUDH[SOLFDUORVUHFXUVRVDUJXPHQWDWLYRVGHXQDTXHUHOODLOXVWUDGDHVODH[LVWHQFLDGH
WHVWLJRVLGyQHRVDTXLHQHVVHOHVRWRUJDODFDSDFLGDGGHGHWHUPLQDUTXLpQWLHQHUD]yQ
\TXLpQQR(OS~EOLFROHFWRU¶ÀORVyÀFR·HVHMXH]¶LQH[RUDEOH·UHVXOWDHVHQFLDOSDUD
TXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVHDFHUWLÀFDGR'HDKtODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOSUR\HFWRGHOSemanario
TXHVHFRQYLUWLy HQ OD WULEXQD \ HO PHGLR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ TXHOH GLR YLVLELOLGDG
UHFRQRFLPLHQWR\DXWRULGDGD&DOGDV\DRWURVFULROORVLQWHUHVDGRVHQODVFLHQFLDV
QDWXUDOHV/DLPSUHQWDSRUVXSDUWHIXHHOPHGLRTXHOHVSHUPLWLyDEDQGRQDUODHVIHUD
GHORSULYDGRHOPHFDQLVPRTXHOHRWRUJyDORVHVFULWRUHVODSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQWDUFRQ
XQFROHFWLYRGHWHVWLJRV\MXHFHV\GHFRQYHUWLUVXVSXQWRVGHYLVWDVREUHODQDWXUDOH]D
\ODVRFLHGDGHQXQDVXQWRS~EOLFRHVGHFLUHQFRQRFLPLHQWR/DLPSUHQWD\ODSUHQVD
VRQHQWRQFHVKHUUDPLHQWDVEiVLFDVSDUDWUDQVIRUPDUODQDWXUDOH]DHQFXOWXUD
(OGHEDWHVREUHHOFOLPDHQHOSemanario del Nuevo
Reyno de Granada
(OFOLPDFRQVWLWX\yXQDGHODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVFHQWUDOHVGHORVDXWRUHVGHOSemanario. El
LPSDFWRGHOPHGLRVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRV\VREUHODQDWXUDOH]DGHOKRPEUHHQSDUWLFXODU
IXHHOREMHWRH[SOtFLWRGHYDULDVPHPRULDVGHOSHULyGLFRDGHPiVGHVHUXQDVXQWR
TXHDWHQGLHURQODPD\RUtDGHORVFULROORVDORFXSDUVHGHWHPDVFRPRODJHRJUDItDOD
ERWiQLFDOD]RRORJtDODPHGLFLQDRODHGXFDFLyQ(OLQWHUpVGHORVFULROORVSRUHOFOLPD
HVH[SOLFDEOHSRUYDULDVUD]RQHV(QSULPHUOXJDUSRUTXHHOSHQVDPLHQWRLOXVWUDGRHQ
JHQHUDO\HQSDUWLFXODUORVHVFULWRVGHOSemanarioWLHQHQFRPRSUHRFXSDFLyQFHQWUDO
HOFRQWUROGHOKRPEUHVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DORTXHVHWUDGXFHHQHOWULXQIRGHODUD]yQ
\ODFXOWXUDVREUHODEDUEDULH(VSUHFLVDPHQWHHQHVWRVDUJXPHQWRVGRQGHVHPDUFDOD
GLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODFLYLOL]DFLyQ\HORUGHQSRUXQODGR\ORVDOYDMH\FDyWLFRSRUHO
RWUR(QODH[SRVLFLyQGHGLFKDVQRFLRQHVVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DVHSUHVHQWDQORVVXMHWRV
LOXVWUDGRV\VHFRQVWUX\HODDXWRULGDGSDUDRUGHQDUODQDWXUDOH]D\ODVRFLHGDG
7DPSRFRSRGHPRVROYLGDUTXHHOFOLPD\VXLQÁXHQFLDVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRVHVXQ
WySLFRGHOFXDOVHRFXSDURQDOJXQRVDXWRUHVFOiVLFRVGHVGHOD$QWLJHGDG\TXHFREUy
(QWUHODVPHPRULDVTXHWUDWDQVREUHHOFOLPDHQHOSemanarioHVWiQ´(QVD\RVREUHHOLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDHQOD
HGXFDFLyQItVLFD\PRUDOGHOKRPEUHGHO1XHYR5H\QRGH*UDQDGDµGH)UDQFLVFR$QWRQLRGH8OORDODVPHPRULDV
´(QVD\RVREUHOD*HRJUDItDSURGXFFLRQHVLQGXVWULD\SREODFLRQHVGHOD3URYLQFLDGH$QWLRTXLDHQHO1XHYR
5HLQRGH*UDQDGDµHVFULWDSRU-RVp0DQXHO5HVWUHSR\´5HODFLyQWHUULWRULDOGHODSURYLQFLDGH3DPSORQDµ
SRU-RDTXtQ&DPDFKR´0HPRULDGHVFULSWLYDGHOSDtVGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiHQTXHVHLPSXJDQYDULRVHUURUHV
GHODTXHHVFULELy/HEORQGVREUHHOPLVPRREMHWROHtGDHQOD$FDGHPLD5HDOGHODV&LHQFLDVµSRU-RVp0DUtD
6DOD]DU\´)UDJPHQWRGHXQDREUDWLWXODGD)DXQD&XQGLQDPDUTXHVDRGHVFULSFLyQGHORVDQLPDOHVGHO1XHYR
5H\QRGH*UDQDGDµGH-RUJH7DGHR/R]DQR
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
97
D~QPD\RULPSRUWDQFLDHQHOVLJOR;9,DOFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQRGHORVHMHVFHQWUDOHVGH
ODOLWHUDWXUDHXURSHDVREUHHO1XHYR0XQGR\VREUHODQDWXUDOH]DDPHULFDQD/DV
SROpPLFDVUHODWLYDVDODQDWXUDOH]D\ODSREODFLyQGHO1XHYR0XQGRJLUDURQHQWRUQRD
ODVYLVLRQHVVREUHHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHODYLGD\HVHQGLFKRVGHEDWHVTXHSRGHPRV
UHFRQRFHUORVDUJXPHQWRVFHQWUDOHVGHORTXH$QWRQHOOR*HUELKDOODPDGR´/DGLVSXWD
GHO1XHYR0XQGRµ6LYHPRVHVWHSUREOHPDDODOX]GHODKLVWRULDGHODVLGHDVOD
LQÁXHQFLDGHOPHGLRVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRVIXHXQWHPDGHFHQWUDOLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDORV
QDWXUDOLVWDVGHORVVLJORV;9,,,\;,;\SDUDORVSRVWHULRUHVGHEDWHVVREUHHORULJHQ
GHODVHVSHFLHV6LQHPEDUJRHVWHWH[WRSUHWHQGHWRPDUGLVWDQFLDGHFLHUWDVIRUPDV
WUDGLFLRQDOHVGHODKLVWRULDGHODVLGHDV\QREXVFDVHxDODUXQDYH]PiVODLQÁXHQFLD
GHSHQVDGRUHVHXURSHRVVREUHORVFULROORVOHWUDGRVQLHVFULELUXQFDStWXORPiVGHOR
TXHSDUDDOJXQRVKDVLGRODGLIXVLyQGHOD,OXVWUDFLyQHXURSHD
(OGHEDWHVREUHHOFOLPDUHVXOWDIXQGDPHQWDOHQXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHFLHQFLD\
SROtWLFDHQHOVLJOR;,;8QUDVJRFHQWUDOGHOD,OXVWUDFLyQHVWiHQODWHQVLyQTXHVH
SUHVHQWDHQWUHODV¶OH\HVGHODQDWXUDOH]D·\OD¶OLEHUWDGKXPDQD·HQWUHHOimperio de la
QDWXUDOH]D\HOLPSHULRGHOKRPEUH'HLJXDOPDQHUDODVWHRUtDVVREUHODGLIHUHQFLDFLyQ
GHODVUD]DV\ODVWHRUtDVVREUHHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVRQLQVHSDUDEOHV\FRPSOHPHQWDULDV
&XDQGRQRVRFXSDPRVGHOGHEDWHVREUHHOFOLPDDPHULFDQRHQFRQWUDPRVTXHORV
KDELWDQWHVGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGDORVFULROORVPLVPRVIXHURQSDUWHGHOSUREOHPD6L
HOFOLPDHVGHWHUPLQDQWHHQHOGHVDUUROORItVLFRPRUDOHLQWHOHFWXDOGHORVVHUHVYLYRV
VXQDWXUDOH]DSRGUtDHVWDUGHÀQLGDQRVyORSRUVXRULJHQUDFLDO\SRUODQREOH]DGH
VXVDQWHSDVDGRVVLQRSRUHOFOLPD\ODQDWXUDOH]DGHOOXJDUHQTXHQDFHQ\YLYHQ
7DQWRORVQDWLYRVGH$PpULFDFRPRORVDIULFDQRV\HXURSHRVTXHVHHVWDEOHFLHURQ
HQWHUULWRULRDPHULFDQRHVWDUtDQItVLFD\PRUDOPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGRVSRUHOFOLPDGHO
1XHYR0XQGR6HWUDWDHQWRQFHVGHXQGHEDWHTXHKDFRQYHUWLGRDORVHXURSHRVTXH
QDFLHURQ\KDELWDQRWUDVODWLWXGHV\RWURVFOLPDVHQXQDSUHRFXSDFLyQFLHQWtÀFDQR
PX\GLVWLQWDDODSUHJXQWDSRUODQDWXUDOH]DGHRWUDVUD]DVRJUXSRVKXPDQRV
(QHOSemanarioHOFOLPDIXHREMHWRGHORTXHSRGUtDPRVGHQRPLQDUXQDTXHUHOODR
XQGHEDWHFLHQWtÀFRHQWUHORVFULROORV\HQWUHORVFULROORV\DOJXQRVDXWRUHVHXURSHRV
/RVGLVWLQWRVWH[WRVUHDFFLRQHV\DUJXPHQWRVVREUHHVWHWHPDRIUHFHQLQIRUPDFLyQ
YDOLRVDVREUHORVLQWHUHVHVGHORVDPHULFDQRVHVSDxROHVGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGD\VREUH
3DUDXQDSUHVHQWDFLyQDPSOLDGHHVWHGHEDWHGHVGHOD$QWLJHGDGYHU*/$&.(1&ODUHQFH+XHOODVHQODSOD\D
GH5RGDVQDWXUDOH]D\FXOWXUDHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRRFFLGHQWDOGHVGHOD$QWLJHGDGKDVWDÀQDOHVGHOVLJOR;9,,,%DUFHORQD
(GLFLRQHVGHO6HUEDO
*(5%,$QWRQHOOR/DGLVSXWDGHO1XHYR0XQGR+LVWRULDGHXQDSROpPLFD0p[LFR)RQGRGH&XOWXUD
(FRQyPLFD
*/$&.(1&ODUHQFHRSFLWSS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
98
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
ODVIRUPDVGHDUJXPHQWDFLyQ\ODVSUiFWLFDVGLVFXUVLYDVGHODpOLWHFULROOD(QHOSULPHU
Q~PHURGHOSemanario&DOGDVH[SRQHGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVGHYLVWDVREUHHOLQÁXMRGHO
FOLPDTXHKDQVLGRGHIHQGLGRVSRUDXWRUHVHXURSHRVFRPR*HRUJHV/RXLV/HFOHUF
FRQGHGH%XIIRQ
(VWDDVRPEURVDYDULHGDGGHSURGXFFLRQHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDV\GHSUHVLRQ
HQOXJDUHVWDQSRFRGLVWDQWHVHVSUHFLVRTXHKD\DLQÁXLGRVREUHHOFDUjFWHU
\ODVFRVWXPEUHVGHORV3XHEORVTXHKDELWDQODEDVD\VREUHOD&RUGLOOHUD
(QHIHFWR£TXqUDVJRVWDQGLIHUHQWHV\GHFLVLYRVQRVHDGYLHUWHQHQWUHHO
KRPEUHGHODFRVWD\HOGHODFLPDGHORV$QGHV(ORMRPHQRVSHQHWUDQWH
\ REVHUYDGRU GLVWLQJXH DO 0RPSR[vQR GHO 3DPSORQqV DO TXH UHVSLUD
HO D\UH DEUDVDGRU GH *XD\DTXLO GHO TXH YLYH HQ OD GXOFH WHPSHUDWXUD
GH &XHQFD \ HO VDOYDJH GHO 2ULQRFR HQ QDGD VH SDUHFH DO U~VWLFR GH
4XLWR+D\SRFRVSXQWRVVREUHODVXSHUÀFLHGHOJORERPDVYHQWDMRVRV
SDUDREVHUYDU\VHSXHGHGHFLUSDUDWRFDUHOLQÁX[RGHOFOLPD\GHORV
DOLPHQWRVVREUHODFRQVWLWXFLRQItVLFDGHOKRPEUHVREUHVXFDUiFWHUVXV
YLUWXGHV\VXVYLFLRV18.
&RPRUHDFFLyQDODVDÀUPDFLRQHVGH&DOGDV\FRQHOSURSyVLWRGHTXHVHDSXEOLFDGDHQ
HOSemanarioHQIHEUHURGH'LHJR0DUWtQ7DQFRGLULJHXQDFDUWDHQODFXDOH[SUHVD
VXGHVDFXHUGRFRQODVWHRUtDVVREUHHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDGHIHQGLGDVSRU&DOGDV
3DUHFHQRTXHGDGXGDTXHSRUHVWDDVHUFLyQFUpH9PGTXHHO&OLPD\
ORVDOLPHQWRVLQÁX\HQGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHODVYLUWXGHV\VREUHORVYLFLRV
GHORVKRPEUHV\HVWDRSLQLRQHVODTXHSLHQVRFRPEDWLUSRUTXHODPLD
QRFRQRFHRWURSULQFtSLRSDUDREUDUHOKRPEUHHOELHQ{HOPDOTXHVX
PLVPDFRQVWLWXFLRQORVEXHQRVzPDORVH[HPSORVTXHVHOHSUHVHQWHQ\OD
EXHQDzPDODHGXFDFLRQTXHUHFLEDVLHQGRSRUFRQVHTXHQFLDLQGLIHUHQWH
SDUDORXQR\SDUDORRWURODLQÁXHQFLDGHO&OLPD\GHORVDOLPHQWRV19.
(OFOLPDSDUD7DQFR´QRSXHGHDOWHUDUODPRUDOGHORVKRPEUHVTXHHVODUD]RQSRU
HVHQFLDµSHURUHFRQRFHTXHSRGUtDWHQHU´LQÁXHQFLDVREUHODVSDVLRQHVµ<FRPSDUD
ORVHIHFWRVGHOFDORURGHOIUtRFRQORVGHOYLQRTXH´QRVGDXQJUDQGHLPSXOVRSHUR
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(VWDGRGHOD*HRJUDÀDGHO9LUH\QDWRGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiFRQUHODFLRQjOD
HFRQRPLD\HOFRPHUFLRSRU'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVHSKGH&DOGDVLQGLYLGXRPHULWRULRGHOD([SHGLFLyQ%RWiQLFD
GHO5H\QR\HQFDUJDGRGHO2EVHUYDWRULR$VWURQyPLFRGHHVWD&DSLWDOµHQSemanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada
1R6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiHQHURGHS
7$1&2'LHJR0DUWtQ&DUWDGLULJLGDD'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVHQSemanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada
1R6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiIHEUHURGHS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
99
LQGLIHUHQWHKiFLDHOELHQzKiFLDHOPDOµ(OHTXLOLEULRQHFHVDULRSDUDHOLPSHULRGHOD
YLUWXGVHSXHGHTXHEUDQWDUFXDQGRODSDVLyQGRPLQDQXHVWUDVRWUDVIDFXOWDGHV´SHUR
qVWDIDOWDPDVGHEHDWULEXLUVHFRPRVHYpiOD6RFLHGDGTXHjODQDWXUDOH]D\VLOD
HGXFDFLRQHVODSULQFLSDOFDXVDGHDTXHOGHVyUGHQSRUHOODSXHGHFRUUHJLUVH«µ.
$Vt7DQFRSDUHFHWRPDUGLVWDQFLD\FRQIURQWDUODVDÀUPDFLRQHVGH&DOGDV
&RQFOX\RSXHVDVHJXUDQGRPLRSLQLRQTXHQRHVHO&OtPDHOTXHIRUPDOD
PRUDOGHORVKRPEUHVVLQyODRSLQLyQ\ODHGXFDFLRQ\HVWDOVXSRGHUTXH
HOODVWULXQIDUiQVLHPSUHGHODV/DWLWXGHV\D~QGHOWHPSHUDPHQWRGHFDGD
LQGLYtGXRHO&OtPDORViOLPHQWRVODQDFLRQODIDPLOLDHOWHPSHUDPHQWR
QRGHWHUPLQDQDEVROXWDPHQWHDOKRPEUHjDEUD]DUHOYLFLRzODYLUWXG
WRGRV\HQWRGDVSDUWHVVRQOLEUHVHQKDFHUODHOHFFLRQ22.
/DV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV GH 7DQFR UHYHODQ XQ SUREOHPD FLHQWtÀFR PRUDO \ UHOLJLRVR
PD\RU3DUDORVFULVWLDQRVODOLEHUWDGSDUDHOHJLUHQWUHHOELHQ\HOPDOQRSXHGHHVWDU
GHWHUPLQDGDSRUODQDWXUDOH]D /RVFRPHQWDULRVGH7DQFRIXHURQPRWLYRVXÀFLHQWH
SDUDTXH&DOGDVSXEOLFDUDHQORVQ~PHURVDOGHOSemanarioXQDH[WHQVDPHPRULD
WLWXODGD´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµTXHVXDXWRUSUHVHQWy
FRPRXQDUHVSXHVWDDVXDPLJR'LHJR0DUWtQ7DQFRFRQODVLJXLHQWHQRWD
/D0HPRULDDGMXQWDLPSRQGUiD9GHORVIXQGDPHQWRVTXHWXYHSDUDGHFLU
HQPL'LVFXUVRVREUHHO(VWDGRGHOD*HRJUDItDHWFTXHVHSRGLDREVHUYDU
\DXQWRFDUHOLQÁX[RGHOFOLPD\GHORVDOLPHQWRVVREUHODFRQVWLWXFLRQ
ItVLFDGHOKRPEUHVREUHVXFDUDFWHUVXVYLUWXGHV\VXVYLFLRV23.
(OWH[WRGHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVHVXQDFXLGDGRVDGHIHQVD\
H[SRVLFLyQGHWHVLVDIDYRUGHODLQÁXHQFLDGHOFOLPDFRQDÀUPDFLRQHVWDOHVFRPR
4XHVHUHFRUUDHOJORERTXHVHVXEDiODVFLPDVRVHED[HDORVYDOOHV
TXHVHH[kPLQHQORVERVTXHV\VHSDVHUHYLVWDiWRGRVORVDQLPDOHVTXH
HOKRPEUHPLVPRVHVXMHWHiHVWHH[kPHQHQWRGDVSDUWHVHQWRGRVORV
VHUHVVHKDOODSURIXQGDPHQWHJUDYDGRHOVHOORGHOFDORU\GHOIUtRQRKD\
,ELGSS
,ELGS
,ELG1R6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiIHEUHURGHSS
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVSRU'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVHSKGH
&DOGDV,QGLYLGXRPHULWRULRGHOD([SHGLFLRQ%RWiQLFDGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWi\HQFDUJDGRGHO2EVHUYDWRULR
$VWURQyPLFRGHHVWD&DSLWDOµHQSemanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada1R6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiPD\RGH
S
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
100
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
HVSHFLHQRKD\LQGLYLGXRHQWRGDODH[WHQFLRQGHODWLHUUDTXHSXHGD
VXEVWUDHUVHDOLPSHULRLOLPLWDGRGHHVWRVHOHPHQWRVHOORVORVDOWHUDQORV
PRGLÀFDQORVFLUFXQVFULEHQHOORVYDULDQVXVJXVWRVVXVLQFOLQDFLRQHV
VXVYLUWXGHV\VXVYLFLRV6HSXHGHSXHVGHFLUTXHVHREVHUYD\VHWRFD HO
LQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHODFRQVWLWXFLRQ\VREUHODPRUDOGHOKRPEUH24.
(VWRVQRVRQORV~QLFRVWH[WRV\DXWRUHVTXHVHRFXSDURQGHOSUREOHPDHQHOSemanario
del Nuevo Reyno de Granada6LQHPEDUJRSDUDH[DPLQDUFRQFLHUWRGHWDOOHODVIRUPDV
GHDUJXPHQWDFLyQGHORVDXWRUHVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVPHPRULDVQRVRFXSDUHPRVDTXt
GHORVWH[WRVGH7DQFR\&DOGDVSULQFLSDOPHQWH(OHQIUHQWDPLHQWRGHSXQWRVGH
YLVWDGLVtPLOHV¶YHUGDGHURV·FRQWUD¶IDOVRV·HVXQUHFXUVRFRP~QHQODUHWyULFD(VWHHV
XQUHFXUVRSHUPDQHQWHGHGLIHUHQFLDFLyQHQWUHXQDPHUDRSLQLyQ\HOFRQRFLPLHQWR
LOXVWUDGR UDFLRQDO \ XQLYHUVDO GHO FXDO ORV FULROORV VH SURFODPDQ YRFHURV (V
SUHFLVDPHQWHHQODRSRVLFLyQGHLGHDV\GHDUJXPHQWRVTXHSRGHPRVFRPSUHQGHUOD
HVWUXFWXUD\ODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVLOXVWUDGRVHVGHFLUODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GHDXWRULGDG
5HWyULFD26H[SHULHQFLDDXWRULGDG\¶KHFKRVVHJXURV·
(Q SULPHU OXJDU GHEHPRV DFODUDU FXiOHV VRQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD UHFRQRFHU XQ
DUJXPHQWRFRPRYiOLGRFXiOHVVRQORVVXSXHVWRVGHREMHWLYLGDGTXHSURPXOJDQORV
PLVPRVSURWDJRQLVWDVGHODTXHUHOODFLHQWtÀFDDODTXHQRVKHPRVUHIHULGR7DQWR
&DOGDVFRPR7DQFRUHFODPDQGHOSULYLOHJLRGHODREVHUYDFLyQ\ODH[SHULHQFLDGLUHFWD
VXPD\RUIRUWDOH]DDUJXPHQWDWLYD$VtHOGHEDWHSDUHFHFLUFXQVFULWRGHQWURGHORV
LGHDOHV GH XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR UDFLRQDO HQ HO FXDO ODV REVHUYDFLRQHV DGTXLHUHQ XQ
FDUiFWHUQHXWUR\DEVROXWR´'HSRQLHQGRWRGRHVStULWXGHSDUWLGR\WRGDDXWRULGDG
H[kPLQDUHPRV FRQ OD VRQGD HQ OD PDQR \ VLHPSUH JXLDGRV SRU OD DQWRUFKD GHOD
REVHUYDFLRQTXDOHVHOSRGHUGHOFOLPD\KDVWDGRQGHOOHJDVXLPSHULRVREUHORVVHUHV
,ELG1RMXOLRGHSS(OVXEUD\DGRHVQXHVWUR
(QWUHORVQ~PHURVDOGHDSDUHFHRWURH[WHQVRWH[WRHQHVWHFDVRGH)UDQFLVFR$QWRQLR8OORD
FX\RÀQHV´DYHULJXDUORVUHPHGLRVTXHVHGHEHQHPSOHDUHQFRUUHJLUFLHUWRVYLFLRVSURYHQLHQWHVGHOLPSHULRGHFLHUWRVFOLPDV
RSXHVWRViODSHUIHFFLyQItVLFD\PRUiOGHOKRPEUHTXHKDELWDHQHVWDSDUWHGHORV$QGHV«µ8//2$)UDQFLVFR$QWRQLR
´(QVD\RVREUHHOLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDHQODHGXFDFLRQItVLFD\PRUDOGHOKRPEUHGHO1XHYR5H\QRGH*UDQDGD
SRU')UDQFLVFR$QWRQLRGH8OORD$ERJDGRGHHVWD5HDO$XGLHQFLDGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiµHQSemanario del
Nuevo Reyno de Granada1R6DQWDIHGH%RJRWiDJRVWRGHSS (VWHWH[WRHVWiFHQWUDGR
HQHOHVWXGLRGHORVKRPEUHVGHO1XHYR5H\QRGH*UDQDGD\SRUORWDQWRWUDWDVREUHODGLFRWRPtDHQWUHOD
QDWXUDOH]D\HOKRPEUHGRVWHPDVGHFHQWUDOLQWHUpVSDUDORVFULROORVLOXVWUDGRV
(OWpUPLQR¶UHWyULFD·ORHQWHQGHPRVHQVXVHQWLGRFOiVLFRFRPRHODUWHGHDUJXPHQWDUGHGDUDOOHQJXDMHHÀFDFLD
SDUDSHUVXDGLURGHOHLWDU\TXHQRVXSRQHQHFHVDULDPHQWHHQJDxRVRDUJXPHQWRVTXHFDUHFHQGHYHUDFLGDG
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
101
RUJDQL]DGRVµ3DUDORVDXWRUHVHOLGHDOGHODLPSDUFLDOLGDGQRSRGUtDGHVFDQVDUHQ
DUJXPHQWRVGHDXWRULGDG\VyORHVSRVLEOHKDEODUGHFRQRFLPLHQWRHQODPHGLGDHQTXH
pVWHVHDFRUURERUDGRPHGLDQWHXQH[DPHQGLUHFWRGHODQDWXUDOH]D
7DQFR \ &DOGDV PDQLÀHVWDQ SRU LJXDO TXH QR TXLHUHQ EXVFDU VX IXQGDPHQWR HQ
DUJXPHQWRVGHDXWRULGDG(QODVSULPHUDVOtQHDVGHVXPHPRULDVREUHHO,QÁXMRGHO
FOLPDHQFRQWUDPRVODVLJXLHQWHDÀUPDFLyQGH&DOGDV
/DDXWRULGDGODVLPSOHDXWRULGDGGHVQXGDGHDSR\RVQRWLHQHQLQJXQD
IXHU]D HQ HVWD PDWHULD 0LV URGLOODV QR VH GREODQ GHODQWH GH QLQJ~Q
)LOzVRIR4XHKDEOH1HZWRQzHO&DULEHTXH6DLQW3LHUUHKDOOHKDUPRQLDV
HQWRGDVODVSURGXFFLRQHVGHOD1DWXUDOH]DTXH%XIIRQVDTXHjOD7LHUUD
GHODPDVDGHO6ROTXH0RQWHVTXLHXQRYHDVLQyHOFOLPDHQODVYLUWXGHV
HQODVOH\HVHQOD5HOLJLRQ\HQHOJRELHUQRSRFRLPSRUWDVLODUD]RQ\OD
H[SHULHQFLDQRORFRQÀUPDQ(VWDVVRQPLOX]HVWDVPLDSR\RHQPDWHULDV
QDWXUDOHVFRPRHO&zGLJRVDJUDGRORHVGHPLIH\GHPLVHVSHUDQ]DV28.
$SHVDUGHOFODUROODPDGRDODH[SHULHQFLD\DOHPSLULVPRHQORTXHVLJXHSURFXUDUHPRV
LOXVWUDUFRQFLHUWRGHWDOOHODPDQHUDFRPRORVDXWRUHVOHWUDGRVSDUDSRGHUKDEODUGH
´KHFKRVVHJXURVµUHTXLHUHQGHUHGHV\DOLDQ]DVTXHOHVSHUPLWHQKDFHUVHSRUWDYRFHV
GHORUGHQQDWXUDO/RVDFWRUHVTXHFRQIRUPDQHVWDVUHGHVLQFOX\HQDXWRUHVGHDPSOLR
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRLQVWUXPHQWRVFLHQWtÀFRVSUHFLVRV\FRQÀDEOHV\IDFWRUHVFOLPiWLFRV
TXHFRPRODDOWXUDODWHPSHUDWXUDODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDORVYLHQWRV\ODKXPHGDG
LQÁX\HQVREUHODVSODQWDVORVDQLPDOHV\ORVVHUHVKXPDQRV(QDSDULHQFLDQRVHVWDPRV
HQIUHQWDQGRDXQFRQJORPHUDGRGHHQWLGDGHVGHGLVWLQWDQDWXUDOH]DUHGHVVRFLDOHV
DUWHIDFWRVKHFKRVSRUHOKRPEUH\XQDQDWXUDOH]DLQGHSHQGLHQWH¶DKtDIXHUD·TXH
HVWDUiUHSUHVHQWDGDSRUHOFOLPD\VXLQÁXHQFLDVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRV
$SHVDUGHTXHQRVRFXSDUHPRVGHHVWRVWUHVJUXSRVGHHQWLGDGHVSRUVHSDUDGR
QXHVWURSURSyVLWRHVPRVWUDUTXHVHWUDWDGHWUHVQLYHOHVHVWUHFKDPHQWHDVRFLDGRV
TXHLQWHUDFW~DQ\VHFRQVWLWX\HQPXWXDPHQWH&DOGDVHOJHyJUDIRVXEDUyPHWUR\OD
SUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGDVRQHQWLGDGHVTXHQRSRGHPRVHQWHQGHUSRU
VHSDUDGR/DVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGLIHUHQFLDFLRQHVHQWUHORViPELWRVGHORVRFLDOORKXPDQR
ORIDEULFDGRDUWHIDFWRV\HOPXQGRQDWXUDOHOFOLPD\ORVVHUHVYLYRVHQWRUSHFHQ
HLGHDOL]DQORVSURFHVRVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtÀFR/DQRFLyQGH
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RPD\RGH
S
,ELG
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
102
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
FRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtÀFRFRPRODSLQWXUDÀHOGHXQDUHDOLGDGH[WHULRUHLQGHSHQGLHQWH
GHORVRFLDO\GHORIDEULFDGRKDVLGRVXÀFLHQWHPHQWHFXHVWLRQDGD6LQHPEDUJRQR
PHQRVFRQWURYHUWLGDV\SUREOHPiWLFDVVRQODVVROXFLRQHVFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDVTXHVXSRQHQ
TXHHOPXQGR\ODQDWXUDOH]DVRQXQDPHUDIDEULFDFLyQVRFLDO(QHVWHVHQWLGRQRV
SDUHFHRSRUWXQRUHFRUGDUTXHORVDFWRUHVTXHUHVXOWDQGHGLFKDVLQWHUDFFLRQHVQR
SXHGHQUHGXFLUVHDOQLYHOHVWULFWDPHQWH¶VRFLDO·.
(UXGLFLyQORVDXWRUHV\VXVDOLDGRV
(Q ORV WH[WRV VREUH HO FOLPD GH ORV FXDOHV QRV RFXSDPRV OD FUHGLELOLGDG GH ODV
REVHUYDFLRQHV\GHORVSXQWRVGHYLVWDTXHDOOtVHH[SUHVDQQR GHSHQGHQWDQWRGHOR
TXHORVDXWRUHVKD\DQREVHUYDGRHQVROLWDULRVLQRTXHSRUHOFRQWUDULRVXDXWRULGDG
VHFRQVWUX\HHQODPHGLGDHQTXHHQWUDQHQHVFHQDDOLDGRVFRQÀDEOHV\SRUORWDQWR
VXVSXQWRVGHYLVWDVHSUHVHQWDQGHPDQHUDFROHFWLYD(VWRVDXWRUHVQXQFDHVWiQVRORV
\IRUPDQSDUWHGHODVRSLQLRQHVGHRWURVKRPEUHVGHOXFHV7DQFRLQVLVWHHQTXHHO
IXQGDPHQWRGHVXVRSLQLRQHVHVOD¶H[SHULHQFLD\ODKLVWRULD·SHURDOPLVPRWLHPSR
VHxDODTXHFRPR&DOGDVpOWDPELpQFXHQWD¶HQVXVpTXLWR·PXFKRVRWURVDXWRUHVQR
PHQRVUHVSHWDEOHV
%LHQVpTXH9PGHQVXRSLQLRQVLJXHODGHPXFKRV(VFULWRUHVUHSXWDGRV
SRUEXHQRVÀOyVRIRV\FRPRODPLDWDPSRFRHVWDQVtQJXODUTXHQR
WHQJD HQ VX VpTXLWR RWURV PXFKRV GH LJXDO UHSXWDFLRQ OD H[SRQGUp
IXQGiQGRODHQODH[SHULHQFLD\HQODKLVWRULDTXHVRQODVEDVHVVREUHTXH
SUHWHQGRSHUVXDGLUDO/HFWRULPSDUFLDO\ODV~QLFDVTXHGHEHQGHFLGLU
HQODPDWpULD31.
(QHOSULPHUSiUUDIRGHODPHPRULDVREUHHOFOLPD&DOGDVDOLJXDOTXHVXULYDOTXLHUH
PRVWUDUTXLpQHVHVWiQGHVXODGR\TXLpQHVQR´WHQLDELHQSUHVHQWHVODUD]RQHVHQ
TXHVHIXQGDQ6DLQW3LHUUH\ORVÀOzVRIRVTXHQRTXLHUHQUHFRQRFHUHOLQÁX[RGHO
FOLPDVREUHHOKRPEUH+DELDWDPELHQUHÁH[vRQDGRPDGXUDPHQWHORVIXQGDPHQWRV
VREUHTXHVHDSR\DHOVHQWLPLHQWRFRQWUDULRµ. /RVDOLDGRVGH&DOGDVWDO\FRPR
1RYHPRVSUREOHPDHQUHFRQRFHUHOFDUiFWHU´FRQVWUXFWLYLVWDµGHHVWHWH[WRQXHVWURSUREOHPDHVWiFRQHO
DGMHWLYR´VRFLDOµ\ODGLÀFXOWDGTXHVXUJHDORWRUJDUOHDOD´VRFLHGDGµXQSRGHUH[SOLFDWLYRDEVROXWR
9HU/$7285%UXQR/D(VSHUDQ]DGH3DQGRUDRSFLWFDStWXORV\\&$//210LFKHO´)RXU0RGHOVIRU
WKH'\QDPLFVRI 6FLHQFHµ, HQ-$6$12))6HWDO+DQGERRNRI 6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\6WXGLHV /RQGUHV6$*(
SDVVLP
7$1&2'LHJR0DUWtQ&DUWDGLULJLGDD'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVRSFLW1RIHEUHURGHS
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RPD\RGH
SS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
103
pOORVSUHVHQWDVRQPiVFRQÀDEOHV´%XIIRQTXHVHJXUDPHQWHVDEtDPDV+LVWRULD
1DWXUDOTXH6DLQW3LHUUHDVHJXUDTXHHO2VREODQFRGHO1RUWHHVIHUR]SHURQRVDFD
ODFRQVHTXHQFLDGHTXHHOFOLPDQRLQÁX\Hµ. /tQHDVPiVDGHODQWHDJUHJD
(VWH PRGR VzOLGR ILORVzILFR \ SURIXQGR GH YHU \ GH DSUHFLDU ODV
SURGXFFLRQHVGHOD1DWXUDOH]DHVGLJQRGHO3OLQLRGHODIUDQFLD>%XIIRQ@
\ELHQGLIHUHQWHGHOGH6DLQW3LHUUH¢4XLHQOHKDGLFKRjHVWHOLWHUDWRTXH
HOIULRH[WLQJXHHOIXURU"«2[DODTXHFRQWHQLGRHQWUHORVOLPLWHVTXH
SUHVFULEtDQVXVOXFHV\VXSURIHVLRQQRKXELHUDOOHYDGRVXKR]DGHYDVWDU
HOIHFXQGRFDPSRGHODV&LHQFLDV«6DLQW3LHUUHTXLHUHKDFHUSRHPDV
KDOODUKDUPRQLDVFUHDUV\VWHPDV\WUDVWRUQDUORVSULQFLSLRVGHODVVHYHUDV
&LHQFLDV6LHPSUHVLQJXODUVLHPSUHVHGXFWRUSRUORVHQFDQWRVGHOHVWLOR
VLHPSUHDPLJRGHORUDURDVLHQWDSURSRVLFLRQHVIDOVDVH[WUDYDJDQWHV\
DWUHYLGDV34.
(VLQWHUHVDQWHODPDQHUDHQTXH&DOGDVFODVLÀFD\FDOLÀFDDHVWRVDXWRUHVPLHQWUDVTXH
%XIIRQWLHQHXQPRGRGHYHU¶VyOLGRÀORVyÀFR\SURIXQGR·6DLQW3LHUUHHVXQPHUR
¶OLWHUDWR·$Vt%XIIRQFRPRFLHQWtÀFROHJtWLPRVHFRQYLHUWHHQHOPiVSRGHURVRGH
VXVDOLDGRV&DOGDVQRVTXLHUHPRVWUDUTXHTXLHQHVHVWiQGHVXODGRQRVyORVRQPiV
QXPHURVRVVLQRPXFKRPiVSRGHURVRVTXHORVDOLDGRVGH7DQFR'HWDOPDQHUDOD
¶VDJUDGD·H[SHULHQFLDHQODFXDOVHEDVDQVXVDUJXPHQWRVDGTXLHUHVHQWLGRVRODPHQWHHQ
ODPHGLGDHQTXHHVODH[SHULHQFLDGHPXFKRVRWURV3RQHUHQGXGDVXVDÀUPDFLRQHV
HVSRQHUHQGXGDODVDÀUPDFLRQHVGHORVPiVUHSXWDGRVKRPEUHVGHFLHQFLD
&DOGDVQRSRGUtDKDEODUGHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVHQHOSODQHWD
WHQLHQGR FRPR VXVWHQWR VXV SURSLDV REVHUYDFLRQHV WLHQH TXH KDFHU SURSLDV ODV
REVHUYDFLRQHVGHWHVWLJRVFRQÀDEOHV\KDFHUODVFRLQFLGLUFRQODVVX\DV(Q~OWLPDV
TXLHQ HVWi KDEODQGR QR HV pO VLQR %XIIRQ /DFHSHGH %RXJXHU 'DXEHQWRQ ´ORV
KRPEUHVSULYLOHJLDGRVDTXLHQHVVHKDQDELHUWRODVSXHUWDVGHOVDQWXDULRµ´JHQLRV
H[WUDRUGLQDULRVµ´PRQXPHQWRVLQPRUWDOHVµ$VtSDUDHVFULELU\KDFHUSDUWHGHXQ
GHEDWHFLHQWtÀFRHVQHFHVDULRSRVHHUFLHUWDHUXGLFLyQVXFDUHQFLDHVXQIDWDOVLJQR
GHLQFRPSHWHQFLD'HKHFKRVLDOJRKD\HQFRP~QHQWUHORVDXWRUHV\OHFWRUHVGHO
,ELG1RMXQLRGHQRWDDOSLHS
,ELG.
´<RFRQYLGRiORVHQHPLJRVGHOFOLPDiTXHFRQVXOWHQORVPRQXPHQWRVLQPRUWDOHVTXHDFDERGHFLWDU>%XIIRQ/DFHSHGH'DXEHQWRQ
1DXWRQ@«µ&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RMXQLR
GHS
9HU6+$3,16WHYHQ´3XPSDQGFLUFXPVWDQFHV5REHUW%R\OH·VOLWHUDU\WKHRU\µ, HQ6RFLDO6WXGLHVRI 6FLHQFH YRO
/RQGUHVSS3DUDHOFDVRSDUWLFXODUGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGDYHU6,/9$5HQiQRSFLWS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
104
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
SemanarioHVSUHFLVDPHQWHVXHGXFDFLyQODFXDOVHH[SUHVDHQWUHRWUDVPDQHUDVHQOD
FDSDFLGDGGHFRPSDUWLUXQDVHULHGHUHIHUHQWHVGHODOLWHUDWXUDHXURSHD
0XFKRVGHORVHMHPSORVHQORVTXHVHIXQGDQWDQWR&DOGDVFRPR7DQFRHVWiQPX\
OHMRVGHVHUHOUHVXOWDGRGHVXVSURSLDVREVHUYDFLRQHVSXHVVHWUDWDGHVHxDODPLHQWRV
TXH SURYLHQHQ GH OXJDUHV TXH QXQFD KDQ YLVLWDGR FRPR (XURSD R ÉIULFD ´(VWDV
HQRUPHV GLIHUHQFLDV HVWRV FDUDFWHUHV GLVWLQWLYRV GH ORV SXHEORV TXH KDELWDQ ODV
H[WUHPLGDGHV GH QXHVWUR JORER QR VRQ VLQy ORV SURGXFWRV GHO FDORU \ GHO IULR
SURGXFWRVUHFRQRFLGRVSRUORV)LOzVRIRVGHWRGDVODVHGDGHV\FRQÀUPDGRVSRUOD
H[SHULHQFLDµ(VWDVH[SHULHQFLDVDODVTXHVHUHÀHUHVRQODVGHGLIHUHQWHVYLDMHURV
VHWUDWDGHORVWHVWLPRQLRVGHYLVLWDQWHVGHRWURVOXJDUHV\HQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRV
GHDXWRUHVTXHKDQVHOHFFLRQDGR\FRPSLODGRORVWHVWLPRQLRVGHRWURVYLDMHURV&DOGDV
FRPSDUWHFRQHOORVQRODVH[SHULHQFLDVVLQRHOOHQJXDMHODYLVLyQGLVFLSOLQDGDTXHOH
GDVXIRUPDFLyQ\ODSUHFLVLyQGHVXVLQVWUXPHQWRV
$VXPLHQGR HO SDSHO GH YRFHUR GH RWURV YLDMHURV \ UHSXWDGRV REVHUYDGRUHV GH OD
QDWXUDOH]D &DOGDV KDFH XQ UHFRUULGR SRU HO PXQGR HQWHUR REVHUYDQGR ORV PiV
GLVWDQWHVULQFRQHVGHODWLHUUDSHURHVWRQRHVVXÀFLHQWH/DVXPDGHREVHUYDFLRQHV
GHLOXVWUHVYLDMHURVOHSHUPLWHLPDJLQDUORVDWRGRVMXQWRVHQXQHVFHQDULRGRQGHUHFUHD
ODH[SHULHQFLDORTXHQRHVSRVLEOHVLQRHQSDODEUDVVREUHHOSDSHODPRGRGHXQ
H[SHULPHQWRPHQWDO
6LXQ0RQDUFDSRGHURVRUHXQLHVHHQVX&RUWHXQ1HJURXQ/DSRQXQ
4XLPLRXQ3HUVDXQ&KLQRXQ3DULVLHQVHXQ+RWHQWRWHXQ3DWDJRQ\
XQ&DOPXNR\TXHWRGRVREUDVHQFRQODOLEHUWDGGHVXVSDLVHVRULJLQDULRV
£TXHYDULHGDGHQHOWDOOHHQODHVWDWXUD\HQHOFRORU£4XpGLIHUHQWHVORV
JXVWRVODVLQFOLQDFLRQHVODVYLUWXGHV\ORVYLFLRV<RWRPDUuDSRUODPDQRi
HVWRVHVStULWXVUHEHOGHVOHVPRVWUDUtDHVWRVKRPEUHV\OHVGLUtD$TXtWHQHLV
ODREUDGHOFDORU\GpOIULRYHGORVSURGXFWRVGHODWHPSHUDWXUD\GHODODWLWXG38.
(ODXWRUDWUDYpVGHHVWHUHFXUVRKDORJUDGRPRYLOL]DUHOPXQGR\SUHVHQWDUORHQXQD
FRQWXQGHQWHHVFHQD/HRIUHFHDOOHFWRUXQDHÀFLHQWHVXPDGHH[SHULHQFLDV¶UHDOHV·
FRQÀDEOHVHLQFOXVRPiVFRQYLQFHQWHVTXHFXDOTXLHUDGHVXVREVHUYDFLRQHVHQDOJ~Q
ULQFyQGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGD8QDYH]&DOGDVKDGHMDGRFODURTXHQRHVWiVROR\KD
FRQVROLGDGRORVDUJXPHQWRVGHDXWRULGDGTXHORUHVSDOGDQVHXELFDHQXQDSRVLFLyQ
SULYLOHJLDGDTXHOHSHUPLWHKDEODUVREUHOD1XHYD*UDQDGD
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RMXQLRGHSS
,ELG1RMXQLRGHSS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
105
,QVWUXPHQWRV\¶KHFKRVVHJXURV·
(QORVWHVWLPRQLRVGH&DOGDVVREUH$PpULFD\HO1XHYR5HLQRGH*UDQDGDDSDUHFHQ
RWURWLSRGHDFWRUHV²DUWHIDFWRVHQHVWHFDVR²VLQORVFXDOHVHODXWRUQRSRGUtDFRQWDU
FRQXQS~EOLFRFLHQWtÀFRQLSUHVHQWDUVHFRPRWUDGXFWRU\OHJtWLPRLQWpUSUHWHGHOD
QDWXUDOH]D&DOGDVQRVyORFXHQWDFRQHODSR\RGHLOXVWUHVYLDMHURVHQHOWHUULWRULR
DPHULFDQR\QDWXUDOLVWDVGHODPD\RUUHSXWDFLyQHQ(XURSDVLQRWDPELpQ\QRPHQRV
HÀFD]PHQWHFRQHOVRSRUWHGHFRQÀDEOHVLQVWUXPHQWRV
/RVLQVWUXPHQWRVFLHQWtÀFRVVRQWDQQHFHVDULRVSDUDSRGHUIRUPDUSDUWHGHODFRPXQLGDG
GHODVFLHQFLDVQDWXUDOHVFRPRORVLQWHUORFXWRUHV\ODVUHIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiÀFDV(Q
ODREUDGH&DOGDV\DORODUJRGHOSemanarioHQFRQWUDPRVQXPHURVRVHMHPSORVTXH
GHMDQHQFODURODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODVPHGLFLRQHV\GHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVFRPRSDUWHGH
ODUHWyULFDLOXVWUDGD6XDFWLYLGDGFLHQWtÀFDVXLPSRUWDQFLDFRPRJHyJUDIRDVWUyQRPR
\ERWiQLFRVHUtDLQFRQFHELEOHVLQVXVLQVWUXPHQWRV6LQEDUyPHWURVWHUPyPHWURV
FXDUWRVGHFtUFXORQLWHOHVFRSLRV&DOGDVHQPXGHFHUtD\TXHGDUtDLQFRPXQLFDGR/RV
LQVWUXPHQWRVFRQVWLWX\HQODVUHGHVFLHQWtÀFDVTXHOHSHUPLWHQVHUYLVLEOHGHQWURGHXQD
FRPXQLGDGGHODFXDOEXVFDIRUPDUSDUWH(QFLHUWDPHGLGDVRQHVWRVGLVSRVLWLYRVORV
TXHOHRWRUJDQHOSDVDSRUWHDO¶PXQGRGHODFLHQFLD·\JDUDQWL]DQHOFDUiFWHUFLHQWtÀFR
GHVXREUDDOSRQHUODHQXQOHQJXDMHXQLYHUVDO.
3RU XQD SDUWH &DOGDV GHMD YHU D OR ODUJR GH VX REUD \ GH VX FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD HO
KHFKRGHTXHVXVSUR\HFWRVFLHQWtÀFRVGHSHQGHQHQEXHQDSDUWHGHODDGTXLVLFLyQ
GHLQVWUXPHQWRV´+HPHGLWDGRPXFKRVREUHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVTXHH[LJHPLSODQ
\KDOORTXHSDUDODVUHIUDFFLRQHV\SRVLFLRQHVGHODVHVWUHOODVDXVWUDOHVHVQHFHVDULR
XQFXDUWRGHFtUFXORGHXQGLiPHWURFRQVLGHUDEOH\GHXQFURQyPHWURµ'HDOOt
HOODPHQWRIUHFXHQWHSRUVXFDUHQFLD´3HURTXpSRGtDKDFHUHQXQSDtVHQTXHVH
LJQRUDEDQKDVWDORVQRPEUHVGHFtUFXORWHOHVFRSLRSpQGROD"&XDWUROLEURVTXHXQD
IHOL] FDVXDOLGDG DUURMy D HVWD FLXGDG PH GDEDQ QRFLRQHV GH HVWD FLHQFLD \ GH VXV
LQVWUXPHQWRVPLVGHVHRVPLIXURUSRUODDVWURQRPtDPHVXJHUtDQUHFXUVRVµ(OXVR
GHLQVWUXPHQWRVFRPRHOEDUyPHWUROHDEULUiODVSXHUWDVD&DOGDVSDUDIRUPDUSDUWH
GHXQDFRPXQLGDGOHWUDGDSDUDDFFHGHUDXQS~EOLFRFLHQWtÀFRFRQHOFXDOFRPSDUWH
XQD VHULH GH SUiFWLFDV SURWRFRORV PHGLGDV \ GHVGH OXHJR DUWHIDFWRV FDOLEUDGRV \
IDEULFDGRVEDMRSDWURQHVH[DFWRV
9HU%285*8(70DULH1RsOOH/,&233(&KULVWLDQ\6,%80+2WWR(GV,QVWUXPHQWV7UDYHODQG6FLHQFH
,WLQHUDULHVRI SUHFLVLRQIURPWKHVHYHQWHHQWKWRWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ /RQGUHV5RXWOHGJH6WXGLHVLQWKH+LVWRU\RI 6FLHQFH
7HFKQRORJ\DQG0HGLFLQH
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVpHQ$5,$6'(*5(,))-RUJH\%$7(0$1$OIUHGRHGVRSFLWSS
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVpFLWDGRSRU'Ì$=3,('5$+,7$6DQWLDJRRSFLWS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
106
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
1RKD\GXGDTXHODSUHFLVLyQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVFRQVWLWX\HXQLPSRUWDQWHUHFXUVR
DUJXPHQWDWLYR´4XHVHJXULGDGTXHYHQWDMDODVTXHRIUHFHQHVWRVLQVWUXPHQWRVSDUD
SHUIHFFLRQDUODVUHIUDFFLRQHVDVWURQyPLFDVHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHVµ(QODVHJXQGD
SDUWHGHODPHPRULDVREUHHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDFXDQGR&DOGDVGHÀQHHQYDUDV
FDVWHOODQDVVREUHHOPDU´HOWpUPLQRVXSHULRUDGRQGHKDOOHYDGRHOKRPEUHODFXOWXUD
\ORVJDQDGRVµDFODUD
(VWHQLYHOHVWjVyOLGDPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGRSRUODVREVHUYDFLRQHVGH+XPEROGW
\SRUODVPLDV4XDQGRHVFDOpODVPDVFpOHEUHVPRQWDxDVGHORV$QGHV
GH4XLWRHQVROLFLWXGGHODYHJHWDFLRQH[WUHPDGHQXHVWURJORERORKLFH
VLHPSUHFRQHO%DUyPHWURHQODPDQR/RVKDWRVODVFDEDxDVGHORVSDVWRUHV
OODPDURQPLDWHQFLRQ\GHVSXHVGHPXFKDVREVHUYDFLRQHVPHÀ[pHQHO
QPHURH[SUHVDGR(VSXHVXQKHFKRVHJXURTXHHOKRPEUHQRKDVXELGR
GHHVWHQLYHOVREUHORV$QGHVGHODYHFLQGDGGHO(TXDGRU43.
$IDYRUGHODVREVHUYDFLRQHVGH&DOGDVQRVyORHVWiVXH[SHULHQFLDGLUHFWDGHORV
IHQyPHQRVTXHOHRWRUJDVXFRQGLFLyQGHH[SORUDGRU\YLDMHURVLQRTXHVHDFRPSDxD
GHSRGHURVRV´WHVWLJRVµ\´DOLDGRVµTXHKDFHQGHVXVDÀUPDFLRQHV´KHFKRVVHJXURVµ
SRUXQODGRFXHQWDFRQXQSRGHURVRFyPSOLFHKXPDQR$OH[DQGHUYRQ+XPEROGW
\ SRU HO RWUR FRQ XQ ÀHO \ FDVL LQIDOLEOH DOLDGR XQ FRPSDxHUR LQVHSDUDEOH HO
EDUyPHWUR445HÀULpQGRVHDOXVRGHOEDUyPHWURHQHOHVWXGLRGHOD1XHYD*UDQDGD
&DOGDVDÀUPD
/DDOWXUDVREUHHO2FHDQRODFROXPQDPHUFXULDOHQHO%DUzPHWURGHFLGH
GHVXYHJHWDFLRQGHVXVDQLPDOHVGHVXFDORUGHVXDJULFXOWXUD\GH
VXV KRPEUHV (O %DUzPHWUR HVWH LPSRUWDQWH LQVWUXPHQWR HV HO TXH
SULQFLSDOPHQWHGHEHFRQVXOWDUHO)LVLFRGHQXHVWURVSDLVHVVLTXLHUHWHQHU
LGHDVH[kFWDVGHQXHVWUDVFRVDV\GHORPDVLQWHUHVDQWHHQODDJULFXOWXUD
HQHOFRPHUFLRHQORVPHWHRURVHQODPHGLFLQD\HQODPRUDOPLVPD
5HJLVWUHPRVED[RGHHVWHDVSHFWRiQXHVWUDSDWULD45.
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVpHQ$5,$6'(*5(,))-RUJH\%$7(0$1$OIUHGR(GVRSFLWS
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RMXQLRGH
SVXEUD\DGRQXHVWUR
$TXtREVHUYDPRVXQFODURHMHPSORGHODVUHGHVGHDFWRUHVDFWDQWHVGHODVTXHQRVKDEODQVRFLyORJRVFRPR
%UXQR/DWRXU0LFKHO&DOORQR-RKQ/DZ\TXHFRPRYHPRVQRVHOLPLWDQDDFWRUHVKXPDQRV\UHGHVVRFLDOHV
VLQRTXHVHYHQIRUWDOHFLGRVSRUVXLQWHUDFFLyQFRQDFWRUHVQRKXPDQRV
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RMXQLRGH
SS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
107
/DVJUDQGHVPRQWDxDV\ODDOWXUDVHUiQYDULDEOHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQODSRVLFLyQGHORV
DPHULFDQRVQHRJUDQDGLQRVIUHQWHDOSUREOHPDGHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPD6LELHQHOFOLPD
²ODWHPSHUDWXUD²GHWHUPLQDODQDWXUDOH]DGHORVVHUHVYLYRVHQ$PpULFD\HQOD1XHYD
*UDQDGDODVFRUGLOOHUDV\ODYDULDFLyQGHODDOWLWXGRIUHFHQXQDDPSOLDYDULHGDGGH
FOLPDVTXHQRGHSHQGHQ~QLFDPHQWHGHODODWLWXG\SRUORWDQWRQRHVSRVLEOHKDFHU
JHQHUDOL]DFLRQHVVREUHHOGHWHUPLQLVPRFOLPiWLFRGHHVWD]RQDGHOSODQHWD(VODDOWXUD
´ODFROXPQDPHUFXULDOHQHOEDUyPHWURµ\QRODODWLWXGHOIDFWRUTXHGHWHUPLQDHO
FDORUODYDULHGDGHQODYHJHWDFLyQODDJULFXOWXUDORVDQLPDOHV\ORVKRPEUHVHQHO
WUySLFR´<RYHRTXHHOFDORU\HOIULRVRQORVTXHKDQUHSDUWLGRDWRGRVORVDQLPDOHV
VREUHODWLHUUDTXHORVJUDGRVGHO7HUPyPHWURGHFLGHQGHVXGHVWLQR\GHVXSDWULD\
KDFLHQGRSDUHFHUiXQRV\YLYLÀFDQGRjRWURVKDQVHxDODGROtPLWHVTXHQDGLHSXHGH
DOWHUDUµ.
(V LQWHUHVDQWH YHU ORV WpUPLQRV HQ TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV OtPLWHV QDWXUDOHV FX\D
GHOLPLWDFLyQVyORHVSRVLEOHJUDFLDVDOWHUPyPHWURHVHOLQVWUXPHQWR²RPHMRUODV
FRPSOHMDVUHGHVGHWUDGXFFLyQHLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHDFWRUHVKXPDQRV\QRKXPDQRV²OR
TXHSHUPLWHKDFHUPHGLFLRQHVFRPSDUDFLRQHV\GHWHUPLQDUIURQWHUDVEDMRHVWiQGDUHV
ÀMRV\HVWDEOHV (OSRGHUGHOEDUyPHWURRGHOWHUPyPHWURHVWiHQTXHWUDHQFRQVLJR
FRQVHQVRXQDWUDGLFLyQXQDVHULHGHSUiFWLFDV\XQOHQJXDMHFRP~Q\HVWDEOH
'HHVWDPDQHUDORVLQVWUXPHQWRVQRVRQPHUDVKHUUDPLHQWDVTXHRIUHFHQPD\RU
SUHFLVLyQHQODVREVHUYDFLRQHVRPHGLFLRQHVQLVLPSOHVLQWHUPHGLDULRVHQWUHODWHRUtD
\ODSUiFWLFDVRQSRUHOFRQWUDULRORVGLVSRVLWLYRVTXHKDFHQSRVLEOHHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
FLHQWtÀFR(VDWUDYpVGHHOORVTXHVHHVWDELOL]DXQOHQJXDMHFRP~QVHDEDQGRQDOD
FRQGLFLyQ GH ORFDOLGDG SRU OD GH ¶XQLYHUVDOLGDG· FRQGLFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD TXH ODV
UHGHVRSHUHQH[LWRVDPHQWH\VHGHWHUPLQDQDTXHOORVDVSHFWRVGHODUHDOLGDGTXH
VRQGLJQRVGHDWHQFLyQFLHQWtÀFD6LQHVWRVDUWHIDFWRVQRKD\FRQVHQVR\SRUHQGH
REMHWLYLGDGHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWR$VtHOWHUPyPHWURRHOEDUyPHWURHQODPHGLGDHQ
TXHLQWHUDFW~DQFRQKRPEUHVGHELGDPHQWHHQWUHQDGRVWUDQVIRUPDQDTXLHQHVKDFHQ
XQXVRDGHFXDGRGHHOORVHQOHJtWLPRVSRUWDYRFHVGHORUGHQGHODQDWXUDOH]D
,ELG1RMXQLRGHS
/$:-RKQ´2QWKH0HWKRGVRI /RQJ'LVWDQFH&RQWURO9HVVHOV1DYLJDWLRQDQGWKH3RUWXJXHVH5RXWHWR
,QGLDµHQ/$:-RKQHG3RZHU$FWLRQDQG%HOLHI$1HZ6RFLRORJ\RI .QRZOHGJH"6RFLRORJLFDO5HYLHZ0RQRJUDSK
5RXWOHGJH+HQOH\SS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
108
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
7HVWLPRQLRVLQVWUXPHQWRVHOOHQJXDMHGHODFLHQFLD
\OD¶YR]GHODQDWXUDOH]D·
&RPRKHPRVYLVWR&DOGDVWLHQHGHVXODGRDXQVHOHFWRJUXSRGHDXWRUHVDFUHGLWDGRV
\ OD SUHFLVLyQ \ OD REMHWLYLGDG GH ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV SHUR D~Q QRV IDOWD H[SOLFDU OD
DSDULFLyQHQHVFHQDGHORVDFWRUHVSURWDJyQLFRVGHHVWHGHEDWHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV
\HOFOLPD²ODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDODFDUJDHOpFWULFDODVPRQWDxDVORVYLHQWRVORV
UtRVODVVHOYDVODVOOXYLDV\ORVDOLPHQWRV²(QVXPHPRULDVREUHHOLQÁXMRGHOFOLPD
VHGHÀQHQFRQSUHFLVLyQFXiOHVVRQORVREMHWRVGHHVWXGLROLPLWDQGRDVtHOWHUULWRULR
VHPiQWLFRHQHOFXDOWHQGUiOXJDUODGLVSXWD\SRUORWDQWRHVWDEOHFLHQGRORVOtPLWHV
GHXQDTXHUHOODTXHGHKHFKRVHKDGHVDUUROODGRHQVXVSURSLRVWpUPLQRV´)L[HPRV
QXHVWUDVLGHDVSRUGHÀQLFLRQHVH[kFWDVDQWHVGHLQWHUQDUHQPDWHULDWDQLPSRUWDQWH
([SOLFDUHOVHQWLGRHQTXHVHWRPDQODVSDODEUDVGHWHUPLQDUELHQVXVLJQLÀFDGRHV
LUSRUHODWDMRiODYHUGDGµ/tQHDVGHVSXpVDxDGH
3RUFOLPDHQWLHQGRQRVRODPHQWHHOJUDGRGHFDORU\IULRGHFDGD
UHJLRQVLQzWDPELHQODFDUJDHOqFWULFDODFDQWLGDGGHR[vJHQRODSUHVLRQ
DWPRVIHULFDODPD\RUyPHQRUGHQVLGDGGHOD\UHODDEXQGDQFLDGHUtRV
\ GH ODJRV OD GLVSRVLFLRQ GH ODV PRQWDxDV ODV VHOYDV \ ORV SDVWRV HO
JUDGRGHSREODFLRQzORVGHVLHUWRVORVYLHQWRVODVOOXYLDVHOWUXHQRODV
QLHEODVODKXPHGDGF/DIXHU]DGHWRGRVHVWRVDJHQWHVSRGHURVRVGH
OD1DWXUDOH]DVREUHORVVHUHVYLYLHQWHVFRPELQDGRVGHWRGRVPRGRV\
HQSURSRUFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVHVORTXHOODPRLQÁX[RGHOFOLPD49.
6LQ HPEDUJR HV HQ OD ~OWLPD SDUWH GH OD PHPRULD DO SUHVHQWDU ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV
TXHUHDOPHQWHHQWUDQHQHVFHQDORVSURWDJRQLVWDVTXHGHÀQHQHVWDTXHUHOOD<DQR
VRODPHQWHWHQHPRVDOLDGRVKXPDQRV\VXVDUWHIDFWRVVLQRTXHHQVXLQWHUDFFLyQFRQ
ORVDQWHULRUHV&DOGDVUHFXUUHDKRUDDORVWHVWLPRQLRVGHODPLVPDQDWXUDOH]D(OFDORU
\HOIUtRODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDODDOWXUDODKXPHGDGVRQWRGRVIDFWRUHVSRQGHUDEOHV
\YLVLEOHVHQWDQWRVHH[SUHVDQDWUDYpVGHORVDSDUDWRVTXHSHUPLWHQPHGLUVXJUDGR
GHLQWHQVLGDG5HFRUGHPRVTXHHVWRVIDFWRUHVVRQUHDOHVVyORHQODPHGLGDHQTXH
VRQQRFLRQHVFRPSDUWLGDVVREUHODVFXDOHVH[LVWHFRQVHQVR\XQOHQJXDMHFRP~QHQWUH
TXLHQHVVHRFXSDQGHOFOLPD\GHODJHRJUDItDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDFLHQWtÀFD
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RPD\RGH
S
,ELGS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
109
/D~OWLPDSDUWHGHODPHPRULDVHGLYLGHHQDFiSLWHVTXHSUHVHQWDQXQRDXQRORV
IDFWRUHVFOLPiWLFRVTXHDFW~DQVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRVFDUJDHOpFWULFDPRQWDxDVYLHQWRVUtRV
VHOYDVOOXYLDV yDOLPHQWRV&DGDXQRGHHVWRVIDFWRUHV\VXLQÁXMRVREUHORVRUJDQLVPRV
YLYRVHVSUHVHQWDGRHQXQOHQJXDMHWpFQLFRSURSLRGHODTXtPLFDODÀVLRORJtDODItVLFD\
RWUDViUHDVGHODVFLHQFLDVQDWXUDOHV(QHVWDVVHFFLRQHVVRQIUHFXHQWHVODVH[SUHVLRQHV
QXPpULFDV\ODVPHGLFLRQHVKHFKDVFRQGLVWLQWRVLQVWUXPHQWRV(VDVtFRPRODSUHVLyQ
DWPRVIpULFDODFDUJDHOpFWULFDODDOWXUD\RWURVHIHFWRVGHOFOLPDGHMDQYHUHLQFOXVR´WRFDUµ
VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDVVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRV
3DUD LQFRUSRUDU HVWRV QXHYRV DFWRUHV &DOGDV GHÀQH VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ HO SDSHO
TXH RFXSDQ HQ VX DUJXPHQWDFLyQ 6REUH OD SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD SRU HMHPSOR
GLFH´8QÁXLGRHOiVWLFRFRPSUHVLEOH\GLiIDQRURGHDQXHVWURJORER$HVWDFDSD
DPELHQWH OODPDPRV $WPzVIHUD \ DO ÁXLGR TXH OD FRQVWLWX\H $\UHµ 6X DFFLyQ HV
RPQLSUHVHQWH
/DJUDYHGDGGHOD\UHXQLGDiVXHODVWLFLGDGORFRPSULPH\ORKDFHPDV
yPHQRVGHQVRVLPSUHHQUD]RQGHOSHVRTXHORRSULPH(QODVFRVWDV
VRVWLHQHWRGRHOSHVRGHODDWPyVIHUD\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHVXGHQVLGDGDTXL
HVODPD\RUTXHSXHGHWHQHU'LVPLQX\HHQUD]RQGLUHFWDGHODDOWXUD\OD
FROXPQDPHUFXULDOHQHO%DUzPHWURHVVLPSUHSURSRUFLRQDGDiHOOD51.
/RVHIHFWRVGHODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDVHYHQVREUHORVRUJDQLVPRVYLYRV´'HHVWRV
SULQFLSLRVVROLGDPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGRVSRU0UGH/DYRLVLHUGHGXFLPRVTXHHQORVOXJiUHV
HQTXHHOD\UHHVPDVGHQVRKD\PDVGHVFRPSRVLFLRQGHR[vJHQRPDVFDUERQRPDV
KLGUyJHQRDUUHEDWDGRiODVDQJUH\HQÀQPDVFDOyULFRGHSXHVWRHQHOODµ$ORTXH
HODXWRUDJUHJD´£4XHHIHFWRVTXHYDULDFLRQHVHQODVIXHU]DVHQORVKXPRUHVHQODV
LQFOLQDFLRQHVHQHOLQJHQLRHQORVJXVWRVHQODVYLUWXGHV\HQORVYLFLRV<RORGH[R
iODFRQVLGHUDFLRQGHORV)tVLFRVµ.
&RPRYHPRVODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDHQWUDHQHVFHQDSDUDIRUWDOHFHUORVDUJXPHQWRV
VREUHORVHIHFWRVGHOFOLPDORFXDOHVSRVLEOHHQODPHGLGDHQTXHLQWHUDFW~DFRQHO
EDUyPHWUR\FRQTXLHQHVORXVDQ(QHVWHSXQWR&DOGDVVHDFRPSDxDQRVRODPHQWHGH
VXVLQVWUXPHQWRVVLQRGHODVH[SHULHQFLDV\GHODDXWRULGDGGHRWURVFRPR6DXYDJHV
6DXVVXUH\/DYRLVLHU'HPDQHUDVLPLODUODFDUJDHOpFWULFDKDFHHYLGHQWHVXUHDOLGDG
\VXVHIHFWRVHQODPHGLGDHQTXHHVWUDQVIRUPDGDHQREMHWRFLHQWtÀFR\WHFQROyJLFR
,ELG1RMXOLRGHS
,ELGSS
,ELG1RMXOLRGHS
,ELGS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
110
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
´/DHOHFWULFLGDGHVWHDJHQWHSRGHURVRGHOD1DWXUDOH]DHVWHÁXLGRTXHHQODVPDQRV
GH3OLQLRHUDXQMXJHWH\HQODVGH)UiQNOLQHOUD\RREUDSRGHURVDPHQWHVREUHQXHVWUR
VHU VREUH ORV DQLPDOHV \ VREUH ODV SODQWDV 6DEHPRV TXH DFHOHUD OD FLUFXODFLRQ OD
VHFUHFLRQGHORVKXPRUHV\WDPELHQODWUDQVSLUDFLRQµ8QDYH]PiVVHUHFXUUHD
ORVWHVWLPRQLRVGHUHFRQRFLGRVDXWRUHVFRPR6DXVVXUH
¢<ORVDQLPDOHVQRJR]DQGHODLQÁXHQFLDLQPHGLDWDGHHVWHÁXLGR"
'HVSXHV GH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV KHFKDV FRQ PL FRQGXFWRU SRUWDWLO KDQ
SUREDGR TXH OD HOHFWULFLGDG DWPRVIHULFD VH KDFH VHQWLU WDQ FHUFD GH
OD VXSHUÀFLH GH OD WLHUUD QR VH SXHGH GXGDU TXH OD GXOFH \ FRQWLQXD
HOHFWUL]DFLRQTXHH[SHULPHQWDXQKRPEUHTXHVHSDVHDDOD\UHOLEUHHQXQ
OXJDUHOHYDGR\GHVFXELHUWRQRLQÁX\DVREUHVXVyUJDQRVVREUHODFLUFXODFLRQGH
ODVDQJUHVREUHODVHFUHFLyQGHORVKXPRUHV\VREUHODWUDQVSLUDFLRQµ55.
$GHPiVGHOXVRGHXQOHQJXDMHWpFQLFR\HUXGLWRGHOXVRGHLQVWUXPHQWRV\PHGLFLRQHV
DODKRUDGHUHIHULUVHDODQDWXUDOH]DHQFRQWUDPRVHQORVHVFULWRVGH&DOGDVXQOHQJXDMH
FDUJDGRGHURPDQWLFLVPRTXHOHSHUPLWHH[DOWDUHOSRGHUGHODQDWXUDOH]DODFXDOSDUHFH
KDEODUSRUVtPLVPD9HDPRVRWURVHMHPSORVGHFyPR&DOGDVSUHVHQWDDVXVPiV
IXHUWHV\GHÀQLWLYRVDOLDGRV/DDFFLyQGHODVPRQWDxDVHQOD1XHYD*UDQDGDUHVXOWD
LPSRVLEOHGHLJQRUDU´HVWDVHPLQHQFLDVGHQXHVWURJORERTXHYDULDQGRQXHVWUD
PRUDGDQRVOOHQDQGHSUHVHQWHVSUHFLRVRV\GHWRGDVODVFRPRGLGDGHVGHODYLGDYDUtDQ
QXHVWUDWHPSHUDWXUD\QXHVWURFOLPD(OODVVRQODFDXVD\GDQRULJHQiODVIXHQWHV\iORV
UtRVHOODVDFXPXODQODVQLHEODVGDQGLUHFFLRQjORVYLHQWRV\DXPHQWDQyGLVPLQX\HQ
ODVOOXYLDVµ/RVYLHQWRVSRUVXSDUWHVRQDFWRUHVLJXDOPHQWHFRQWXQGHQWHV
>@DVHJXUDPRVTXHHQWUHWRGRVORVPHWHRURVQLQJXQRWLHQHPDVLQÁXHQFLD
VREUHQXHVWURVHU(OORVGHVHFDQzKXPHGHFHQQXHVWUDSLHOHOORVSXULÀFDQ
OD DWPzVIHUD HOORV WUDHQ GH ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV GH OD WLHUUD H[KDODFLRQHV
YHQHQRVDVTXHGHUUDPDQVREUHODWLHUUDODGHVRODFLRQ\ODPXHUWH(OORV
SURGXFHQORVXUDFDQHVHVSDQWRVRVDUUDQFDQORVDUEROHV\ORVHGLÀFLRVHOORV
HQIXUHFHQHO2FpDQRHVWUHOODQVREUHODVURFDVyVHSXOWDQHQORVDELVPRV
ODV(VTXDGUDV(OORVQRVOOHYDQQXHVWUDVSURGXFFLRQHVDO3ROR\QRVOLJDQ
FRQWRGDVODVQDFLRQHV(OORVVDFXGHQQXHVWUDVVHOYDV\QXHVWUDVPLHVHV
HOORVFRQVXHODQyDUURMDQHQODGHVHVSHUDFLRQDOODEUDGRUHOORVQRVWUDHQ
ODVOOXYLDVODVQLHEODVODVQHJUDVWHPSHVWDGHV\WDPELHQODGHVRODFLRQ57.
,ELGS
,ELGS
,ELG1RMXOLRGHS
,ELGS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
111
&RPR KHPRV VHxDODGR ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GH OD UHG GH DFWRUHV GH OD FXDO KDFHQ
SDUWH&DOGDVVXVDOLDGRVFLHQWtÀFRVORVLQVWUXPHQWRV\ODQDWXUDOH]DVHIRUWDOHFHQ
PXWXDPHQWH\HOSURFHVRGHWUDGXFFLyQTXHLQWHQWDPRVGHVFULELUSDUHFHFHUUDUVH.
$KRUDVt&DOGDVSXHGHKDEODUFRQDXWRULGDGSRUTXHQRHVpOTXLHQKDEODVRQVXV
VLPLODUHVHQHOPXQGRHQWHURVRQORVYLDMHURVQDWXUDOLVWDVVXVLQVWUXPHQWRV\ODPLVPD
QDWXUDOH]DORVTXHQRVPXHVWUDQ¶KHFKRVVHJXURV·
4XHVHUHXQDQORVHIHFWRVGHOFDORU\GHOIULRGHODSUHVLRQDWPRVIpULFDGH
ODHOHFWULFLGDGGHODVPRQWDxDVGHORVYLHQWRVGHORVULRVGHODVVHOYDVGH
ODVOOXYLDV\GHORVDOLPHQWRVHQÀQTXHVXLPSHULRVHSHUSHWXq\SDVH
GHJHQHUDFLRQHQJHQHUDFLRQ/RVSURGXFWRVYDULDUjQFRPRODVFDXVDV
(OKRPEUHDGTXLULUiHOFRORUQHJUREODQFRDFH\WXQDGR\WRGDVODVWLQWDV
VXHVWDWXUDLUiGHVGHODJLJDQWHVFDKDVWDHOSLJPHRVXVIDFFLRQHVGHVGHOD
GHIRUPLGDGKDVWDODEHOOH]DVXPRUDOGHVGHODVYLUWXGHVKDVWDORVYLFLRV
\HQXQDSDODEUDHOKRPEUHVHPRGLÀFDUiHQWRGDVVXVSDUWHV\FHGHUi
jODSRWHQFLDDFWLYD\HQqUJLFDGHOFOuPD59.
'HHVWHPRGRSDUHFHTXH\DQRHV&DOGDVTXLHQGHFLGHQLWDPSRFRORVÀOyVRIRV
UHSXWDGRV \ VXV LQVWUXPHQWRV /D ~OWLPD SDODEUD FRUUHVSRQGH D OD ¶QDWXUDOH]D
PLVPD·D¶ORVKHFKRV·<VLQHPEDUJRFRPRORKHPRVYLVWRODQDWXUDOH]DHOFOLPD
ODWHPSHUDWXUDHWFVRQHOUHVXOWDGRGHODLQWHUDFFLyQGHHVWDYDULHGDGGHHOHPHQWRV
VRFLDOHVWpFQLFRV\QDWXUDOHV
5HÁH[LRQHVÀQDOHV
6L ELHQ HVWD VXPD GH DUJXPHQWRV \ GH DJHQWHV TXH &DOGDV KD SUHVHQWDGR SDUHFH
LPSODFDEOH FRQWUD VXV RSRVLWRUHV pO DO LJXDO TXH 7DQFR KDFH GH OD TXHUHOOD XQD
IRUPDOHJtWLPDGHEXVFDUOD¶YHUGDG·\HO¶ELHQGHWRGRV·6HHQFXHQWUDGHDFXHUGR
FRQVXGHWUDFWRU HQ FLHUWRV DVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHV D SHVDU GH TXHVH VLHQWHPDO
LQWHUSUHWDGRSRUpO´¢(QTXHOXJDUGHPL'LVFXUVRKHGLFKRTXHHOFOLPDWLHQHWDQWR
LQÁX[RVREUHHOKRPEUHTXHOHTXLWHODOLEHUWDGHQVXVDFFLRQHV"µ. (VWHHVXQSXQWR
FHQWUDOVREUHHOFXDOLQVLVWHQGHPDQHUDREVHVLYD&DOGDV\7DQFR´(OFOLPDLQÁX\H
HVYHUGDGSHURDXPHQWDQGRyGLVPLQX\HQGRVRODPHQWHORVHVWtPXORVGHODPiTXLQD
&$//210LFKHO´6RPHHOHPHQWVRI DVRFLRORJ\RI WUDQVODWLRQGRPHVWLFDWLRQRI WKHVFDOORSVDQGÀVKHUPHQ
RI 6W%ULHXF%D\µHQ/$:-RKQ(G3RZHUDFWLRQDQGEHOLHIRSFLWSS
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVµRSFLW1RMXOLRGH
S
,ELG1RPD\RGHS
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
112
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
TXHGDQGRVLHPSUHQXHVWUDYROXQWDGOLEUHSDUDDEUD]DUHOELHQzHOPDO/DYLUWXGy
HOYLFLRVLHPSUHVHUjQHOUHVXOWiGRGHQXHVWUDHOHFFLRQHQWRGDVODVWHPSHUDWXUDV\HQ
WRGDVODVODWLWXGHVµ.
'HHVWDIRUPDPiVTXHXQDGLVSXWDHQWUHRSLQLRQHVRSXHVWDVHLUUHFRQFLOLDEOHVHO
GHEDWHSDUHFHGLOXLUVHHQXQDVHULHGHDFODUDFLRQHVGHSDUWH\SDUWHTXHIRUWDOHFHQ
DUJXPHQWRVFHQWUDOHVVREUHHOSRGHUGHODUD]yQKXPDQD\TXHUHDÀUPDQODFUHGLELOLGDG
\DXWRULGDGGHVXVYRFHURV$ÀQGHFXHQWDVORTXHLPSRUWDQRVRQODVRSLQLRQHVGH
&DOGDVQLODVGH7DQFRHOYHUGDGHURWULXQIRHVGHODFLHQFLDGHODUD]yQ\GHODYHUGDG
\SRUHQGHGHVXVSRUWDYRFHVLOXVWUDGRV6LHOOHFWRUHVSHUDFRQRFHUXQJDQDGRUHQ
HVWHGHEDWHSXHGHWHQHUODVHJXULGDGGHUHFRQRFHUORFRQFODULGDGHVHOLPSHULRGHO
KRPEUHHOWULXQIRGHODFXOWXUD\ODFLYLOL]DFLyQVREUHODQDWXUDOH]D
/RTXHKHPRVGHVFULWRVRQDOJXQDVGHODVSUiFWLFDVDWUDYpVGHODVFXDOHVVHFRQVWUX\H
ODFUHGLELOLGDG\ODFRQÀDQ]DIRUPDVGHHOHYDUHOFRVWRGHGLVHQWLU\DTXHRSRQHUVH
DODVDÀUPDFLRQHVGHXQWUDEDMRELHQGRFXPHQWDGRHVHQWUDUHQXQDGLVFXVLyQFRQ
WRGDVODVDXWRULGDGHVTXHFLWD$VtVHJ~Q%UXQR/DWRXUODOLWHUDWXUDPiV¶WpFQLFD·HVOD
PiV¶VRFLDO·HQWDQWRPRYLOL]DODPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHDXWRULGDGHVFLWDVLQVWUXPHQWRV
UHIHUHQFLDVGDWRVHWF$VtHOPiVVyOLGRGHORV¶KHFKRV·QRHVHOTXHORJUDVHSDUDUVH
GHOR¶VRFLDO·VLQRSRUHOFRQWUDULRDTXpOTXHUHVXOWDGHODVUHODFLRQHVPiVUREXVWDV
FRQKXPDQRV\FRQDUWHIDFWRV.
&RPR OR KHPRV YLVWR HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtÀFR UHTXLHUH GH SUiFWLFDV UHWyULFDV
FRPSOHMDVTXHFRPELQDQP~OWLSOHVUHFXUVRVOLWHUDULRVWpFQLFRVVRFLDOHV\QDWXUDOHV
\TXHSRUORWDQWRQRVLPSLGHUHFRQRFHUORFRPRXQSURGXFWRGHODUD]yQSXUD/D
SUHFLVLyQ\ODH[DFWLWXGVRQUDVJRVTXHDOPLVPRWLHPSRVRQPRUDOHV\WHFQROyJLFRV
DWULEXWRVTXHSHUWHQHFHQSRULJXDODORVKRPEUHVGHFLHQFLD\DVXVLQVWUXPHQWRV
FRPRDVXVREMHWRVGHHVWXGLR/RVDSDUDWRVORVKRPEUHV\ODQDWXUDOH]DVRQHQWRQFHV
HQWHVWpFQLFRVPRUDOHV\SROtWLFRVGHPDQHUDLQGLVFULPLQDGD
1RKD\GXGDTXHH[DPLQDUODVSRVLFLRQHVGH&DOGDV7DQFR\ORVFULROORVHQJHQHUDO
FRPSDUDUVXVSXQWRVGHYLVWDFRQORVGHDXWRUHVHXURSHRVHQWRUQRDOLPSDFWRGHOFOLPD
VREUHORVVHUHVYLYRVRVXVLPSOLFDFLRQHVHQODFRQFHSFLyQGHODQDWXUDOH]DGHO1XHYR
0XQGRHVXQDWDUHDLQWHUHVDQWHVLQHPEDUJRHQHVWHWH[WRQRVKHPRVFRQFHQWUDGR
HQH[SORUDUODVIRUPDVHQTXHVHSUHVHQWDQ\FRQVWUX\HQORVDUJXPHQWRV5HÁH[LRQDU
,ELG
9DOHODSHQDQRWDUTXHHOVHQWLGRGHODGLVFXVLyQVHSRVWXODLQFOXVRHQWpUPLQRVGHO¶LQWHUpVJHQHUDO·\HO¶ELHQ
FRP~Q·RGHLGHDOHVFRPR¶RUGHQ·¶ELHQHVWDU·\¶PRUDOLGDG·
9HU/$7285%UXQR/DHVSHUDQ]DGH3DQGRUDRSFLW
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
0DXULFLR1LHWR3DROD&DVWDxR'LDQD2MHGD
113
VREUHORVGLVFXUVRVGHORVKRPEUHVGHFLHQFLD\VXVUHFXUVRVUHWyULFRVQRVSHUPLWH
XQDPHMRUDSUHFLDFLyQGHOVHQWLGRVRFLDO\SROtWLFRGHODVFLHQFLDVQDWXUDOHVGXUDQWH
OD ,OXVWUDFLyQ (O GHEDWH VREUH HO LQÁXMR GHO FOLPD QRV KD SHUPLWLGR FRPSUHQGHU
DOJXQRVGHORVUHFXUVRVFHQWUDOHVHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQFRQRFLPLHQWRVFRQÀDEOHVVREUH
HOPXQGRQDWXUDO\PiVLPSRUWDQWHD~QHQODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHVXMHWRVFRQDXWRULGDG
ODDSDULFLyQGHOHJtWLPRVYRFHURVGHORUGHQ(QHVWDUHÁH[LyQVREUHODVUHJODVGHO
MXHJRGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRLOXVWUDGRSRGHPRVUHFRQRFHUTXH¶QDWXUDOH]D·¶WHFQRORJtD·\
¶VRFLHGDG·QRVRQFDWHJRUtDVGLVFUHWDV\SDUDHQWHQGHUVXKLVWRULDUHVXOWDHQULTXHFHGRU
WUDVJUHGLUVXVIURQWHUDV
%LEOLRJUDItD
)XHQWHVSULPDULDV
&$/'$6)UDQFLVFR-RVp´(VWDGRGHOD*HRJUDÀDGHO9LUH\QDWRGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiFRQ
UHODFLRQjODHFRQRPLD\HOFRPHUFLRSRU'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVHSKGH&DOGDVLQGLYLGXR
PHULWRULR GH OD ([SHGLFLyQ %RWiQLFD GHO 5H\QR \ HQFDUJDGR GHO 2EVHUYDWRULR
$VWURQyPLFRGHHVWD&DSLWDOµHQSemanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada1R6DQWDIp
GH%RJRWiHQHURGH\1RIHEUHURGH
BBBBBBBBB´(OLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRVSRU'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVHSK
GH&DOGDV,QGLYLGXRPHULWRULRGHOD([SHGLFLRQ%RWiQLFDGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWi\
HQFDUJDGRGHO2EVHUYDWRULR$VWURQyPLFRGHHVWD&DSLWDOµHQSemanario del Nuevo Reyno
de Granada1R6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiPD\RGH\1RMXOLRGH
7$1&2'LHJR0DUWtQ&DUWDGLULJLGDD'RQ)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVHQSemanario del Nuevo
Reyno de Granada1R6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiIHEUHURGH\1RIHEUHUR
GH
8//2$)UDQFLVFR$QWRQLR´(QVD\RVREUHHOLQÁX[RGHOFOLPDHQODHGXFDFLRQItVLFD\PRUDO
GHOKRPEUHGHO1XHYR5H\QRGH*UDQDGDSRU')UDQFLVFR$QWRQLRGH8OORD$ERJDGR
GHHVWD5HDO$XGLHQFLDGH6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiµHQSemanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada
1R6DQWDIpGH%RJRWiMXOLRGH\1RRFWXEUHGH
)XHQWHVVHFXQGDULDV
$33(/-RKQ:LOWRQ)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVDVFLHQWLVWDWZRUNLQ1XHYD*UDQDGD3KLODGHOSKLD
$PHULFDQ3KLORVRSKLFDO6RFLHW\
$5,$6'(*5(,))-RUJH\%$7(0$1$OIUHGR(GV&DUWDVGH &DOGDV%RJRWi$FDGHPLD
&RORPELDQDGH&LHQFLDV([DFWDV)tVLFDV\1DWXUDOHV
%$7(0$1$OIUHGR)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVVtQWHVLVELRJUiÀFD%RJRWi(GLWRULDO.HOO\
%285*8(7 0DULH1RsOOH /,&233( &KULVWLDQ \ 6,%80 + 2WWR (GV ,QVWUXPHQWV
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
114
¶(OLQÁXMRGHOFOLPDVREUHORVVHUHVRUJDQL]DGRV·«
7UDYHODQG6FLHQFH,WLQHUDULHVRI SUHFLVLRQIURPWKHVHYHQWHHQWKWRWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ /RQGUHV
5RXWOHGJH6WXGLHVLQWKH+LVWRU\RI 6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJ\DQG0HGLFLQH
&$//210LFKHO´)RXU0RGHOVIRUWKH'\QDPLFVRI 6FLHQFHµ, HQ-$6$12))6HWDO
+DQGERRNRI 6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\6WXGLHV /RQGUHV6$*(SS
BBBBBBB´6RPHHOHPHQWVRI DVRFLRORJ\RI WUDQVODWLRQGRPHVWLFDWLRQRI WKHVFDOORSVDQG
ÀVKHUPHQRI 6W%ULHXF%D\µHQ/$:-RKQ(G3RZHUDFWLRQDQGEHOLHI/RQGUHV
5RXWOHGJHDQG.HJDQ3DXOSS
'Ì$=3,('5$+,7$6DQWLDJR1XHYDDSUR[LPDFLyQD)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDVHSLVRGLRVGHVXYLGD
\GHVXDFWLYLGDGFLHQWtÀFD%RJRWi$FDGHPLD&RORPELDQDGH+LVWRULD
*(5%,$QWRQHOOR/DGLVSXWDGHO1XHYR0XQGR+LVWRULDGHXQDSROpPLFD0p[LFR
)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD
*/$&.(1&ODUHQFH+XHOODVHQODSOD\DGH5RGDVQDWXUDOH]D\FXOWXUDHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRRFFLGHQWDO
GHVGHOD$QWLJHGDGKDVWDÀQDOHVGHOVLJOR;9,,,(GLFLRQHVGHO6HUEDO%DUFHORQD
/$:-RKQ´/HODERUDWRLUHHWVHVUpVHDX[µ, HQ&$//210LFKHO/DVFLHQFHHWVHVUpVHDX[JHQqVH
HWFLUFXODWLRQGHVIDLWVVFLHQWLÀTXHV3DUtV(GLWLRQV/DGpFRXYHUWHSS.
BBBBBBB ´2Q WKH 0HWKRGV RI /RQJ 'LVWDQFH &RQWURO 9HVVHOV 1DYLJDWLRQ DQG WKH
3RUWXJXHVH 5RXWH WR ,QGLDµ HQ /$: -RKQ (G 3RZHU $FWLRQ DQG %HOLHI $ 1HZ
6RFLRORJ\RI .QRZOHGJH"6RFLRORJLFDO5HYLHZ0RQRJUDSK5RXWOHGJH+HQOH\
SS
/$7285%UXQR5HDVVHPEOLQJWKH6RFLDOJHQHUDOLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH$FWRU1HWZRUNWKHRU\2[IRUG
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
BBBBBBB/D(VSHUDQ]DGH3DQGRUDHQVD\RVVREUHODUHDOLGDGGHORVHVWXGLRVVREUHFLHQFLD%DUFHORQD
*HGLVD
6&+80$&+(5 +HUPDQQ $OEHUW %LRJUDItD FXOWXUDO GHO VDELR &DOGDV %RJRWi *XDGDOXSH
6+$3,16WHYHQ´3XPSDQGFLUFXPVWDQFHV5REHUW%R\OH·VOLWHUDU\WKHRU\µ, HQ6RFLDO6WXGLHV
RI 6FLHQFH YRO/RQGUHVSS
6,/9$ 5HQiQ /RV LOXVWUDGRV GH 1XHYD *UDQDGD *HQHDORJtD GH XQD FRPXQLGDG GH
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ0HGHOOtQ8QLYHUVLGDG(DÀW%DQFRGHOD5HS~EOLFD
7KH$FWRU1HWZRUN5HVRXUFH$Q$QQRWDWHG%LEOLRJUDSK\)HEUXDU\HQKWWSZZZFRPS
ODQFVDFXNVRFLRORJ\FVVDQWUHVDQWUHVKWP.
HISTORIA CRÍTICA NO. 30, BOGOTÁ, JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2005, pp. 91-114
