crisis de una forma de vida tradicional: la vega baja del segura

&5,6,6'(81$)250$'(9,'$75$',&,21$//$9(*$
%$-$'(/6(*85$
$OHMDQGUR&DVHV0DUWtQH]\1DLDUD0DUURTXt)HUUiQGH]
(VWXGLDQWHVGHOD/LFHQFLDWXUDGH*HRJUDILD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH(VSDxD
&RUUHRHOHFWUyQLFRDOFDVHVB#KRWPDLOFRP\QDLDUDBULNX#KRWPDLOFRP
5HFLELGRGHPD\RGH'HYXHOWRSDUDUHYLVLyQGHMXQLRGH$FHSWDGR
GHMXQLRGH
(Q GHILQLWLYD VH KD VDFULILFDGR HO
WHUULWRULR SDUD FRQVHJXLU HO
GHVDUUROOR0DULR*DYLULD6RFLyORJR
HVSDxRO
5(680(1
/D SUHRFXSDFLyQ GH ORV GLVWLQWRV SDtVHV \ UHJLRQHV D QLYHO PXQGLDO SRU VHU SRORV
WXUtVWLFRV HV EDVWDQWH LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG (VWD UHIOH[LyQ QRV DFHUFD XQ SRFR D
ORVHIHFWRVQHJDWLYRVTXHHOWXULVPRSXHGHWHQHUVREUHWRGRVLORFRPELQDPRVFRQXQD
PDODSODQLILFDFLyQ\JHVWLyQGHORVUHFXUVRV$GHPiVYHPRVHOFRQIOLFWRTXHHOWXULVPR
SXHGH JHQHUDU HQWUH ORV GLVWLQWRV VHFWRUHV GH OD SREODFLyQ SRU HO XVR GH ORV UHFXUVRV
VREUHWRGRVLHVWRVVRQHVFDVRV(OWXULVPRGHFRVWDHVWiOOHYDQGRDHVWDUHJLyQDOOtPLWH
GH VXV SRVLELOLGDGHV 1R HV EXHQR TXH XQD VROD DFWLYLGDG SRU UHQWDEOH TXH VHD
PRQRSROLFHODHFRQRPtDGHXQDUHJLyQ
3DODEUDVFODYH$JULFXOWXUD(VSDFLR5XUDO8UEDQL]DFLyQ(VSHFXODFLyQ
$%675$&7
7KHFRQFHUQRI HDFKFRXQWU\ DQG UHJLRQVZRUOGZLGHIRUEHLQJWRXULVWLF3ROHVLVYHU\
LPSRUWDQW7KLVUHIOH[LRQEULQJVXVDELWFORVHUWRWKHQHJDWLYHSRLQWVWKDWWRXULVPFRXOG
KDYH HYHQ LI ZH FKDQJHG LW ZLWK D EDG SODQLILFDWLRQ RU JHVWLRQ $OVR ZH FDQ VHH WKH
FRQIOLFWWRXULVPFDQJHQHUDWHZLWKLQWKHGLIIHUHQWVHFWRUVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQIRUWKHXVHRI
WKHUHVRXUFHVHYHQLIWKHUHLVQRWHQRXJK7RXULVPRIFRVWDLVWDNLQJWKLVUHJLRQWRLWLV
OLPLWH RI LW LV SRVVLELOLWLHV ,W LV QRW ULJKW IRU D VLQJOH DFWLYLW\ WKDW LV DKHDG VKRXOG
PDQLSXODWHWKHUHJLRQVHFRQRP\
.H\ZRUGV$JULFXOWXUD5XUDOVSDFH8UEDQL]DWLRQ6SHFXODWLRQ
ϭ
,1752'8&&,Ï1
(O iPELWR GH HVWXGLR HV OD FRPDUFD GH OD 9HJD %DMD GHO ULR 6HJXUD WDPELpQ FRQRFLGD
FRPR OD +XHUWD GH 2ULKXHOD OD FDSLWDO GH OD FRPDUFD HV OD FLXGDG GH 2ULKXHOD /D
FRPDUFDVHORFDOL]DHQHOVXUGHODSURYLQFLDGH$OLFDQWH\VHSURORQJDGHVGHHOVXUGH
(OFKHKDVWDOD+XHUWD0XUFLDQD
)LJXUD&RPDUFDVGHOD&RPXQLGDG9DOHQFLDQD
)XHQWH:LNLSHGLD
/D ]RQD SUHVHQWD XQD VLWXDFLyQ GH GHFDGHQFLD GH OD DJULFXOWXUD SURYRFDGD SRU HO
SURJUHVLYRGHWHULRURGHODVUHQWDVGHORVDJULFXOWRUHV\SRUODHVFDVH]GHDJXD(VWRKD
GHWHUPLQDGRODGHFDGHQFLDGHODDJULFXOWXUDIDPLOLDUSUHGRPLQDQWHHQOD]RQDDIDYRUGH
RWUDVDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODHVSHFXODFLyQGHOVXHOR/DFULVLVGHODDJULFXOWXUD
IDPLOLDUVHGHEHWDPELpQDXQDPD\RUGHSHQGHQFLDGHOVHFWRUH[WHUQRHVWDVLWXDFLyQVH
DJUDYD FRQ OD HQWUDGD HQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD 3$& TXH OHMRV GH D\XGDU D OD SHTXHxD
HPSUHVDIDPLOLDUTXHHVODTXHSUHGRPLQDHQOD]RQDODKDSHUMXGLFDGR
7DPELpQ OD DJULFXOWXUD HV XQD DFWLYLGDG LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD ]RQD VH HVWiQ GDQGR XQRV
FDPELRV PX\ UDGLFDOHV TXH HVWiQ SURSLFLDQGR OD GHVDSDULFLyQ GH OD DJULFXOWXUD TXH KD
VLGRODIRUPDGHYLGDGHOD]RQDGXUDQWHPXFKRVDxRV'LFKRVFDPELRVQREHQHILFLDQD
ODJUDQPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQGHOD]RQDTXHYLYHLQGLJQDGDYLHQGRODVGHFLVLRQHVTXH
Ϯ
WRPDQVXVUHSUHVHQWDQWHVSROtWLFRV /DVLWXDFLyQVHYHDJUDYDGDQRVRORSRUODSROtWLFD
VLQRWDPELpQSRUODDFFLyQGHDOJXQDVSHUVRQDVTXHYHQHQRWUDVDFWLYLGDGHVXQDPD\RU
UHQWDELOLGDG (O SURJUHVR QR HV URPSHU FRQ WRGR OR DQWHULRU VLQR VDEHU HYROXFLRQDU
UHVSHWDQGRORWUDGLFLRQDO\UHVSHWDQGRWDPELpQDWRGRHOPXQGR
/D 9HJD %DMD GHO 5LR 6HJXUD HV XQD ]RQD PX\ H[FOXVLYD \D TXH VH WUDWD GH XQ
HFRVLVWHPD~QLFRGHOTXHVRORH[LVWHQGLH]HMHPSORVHQWRGRHOPXQGR3RUHVWHPRWLYR
\ ORV FLWDGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH VHUtD LPSRUWDQWH FRQVHUYDU HVWH WHUULWRULR \ SDUD HOOR HV
QHFHVDULDXQDSODQLILFDFLyQ\JHVWLyQDGHFXDGD
(O REMHWLYR GH HVWH HVWXGLR HV GDU D FRQRFHU XQD ]RQD SUiFWLFDPHQWH GHVFRQRFLGD SDUD
PXFKDV SHUVRQDV TXH QR VDEHQ YDORUDU OD ULTXH]D GH OD ]RQD HQ OD TXH YLYHQ (Q HVWH
FRQWH[WR VH SUHWHQGH TXH OD JHQWH OOHJXH D FRPSUHQGHU TXH OD DJULFXOWXUD \ VX
SDWULPRQLRSXHGHQOOHJDUDVHUXQDWUDFWLYR&RQHVWHHVWXGLRVHSUHWHQGHFRQFLHQFLDUD
DOJXQDV SHUVRQDV VREUH ORV HIHFWRV QHJDWLYRV TXH SDVDQ GHVDSHUFLELGRV R LQFOXVR
FDPXIODGRVHQGHWHUPLQDGDVGHFLVLRQHV DGHPiV VHGHPXHVWUDTXHPXFKDVYHFHVSDUD
YLVLWDUOXJDUHVDWUDFWLYRVQRKD\TXHLUVHGHPDVLDGROHMRV
(QGHILQLWLYDVHSUHWHQGHGHPRVWUDUTXHWDPELpQODDJULFXOWXUDHVLPSRUWDQWH\TXHKD\
FLHUWDV SHUVRQDV TXH DWHQWDQ FRQWUD HOOD /D DJULFXOWXUD HV XQ YDORU TXH WLHQHQ ORV
KDELWDQWHV GH HVWD ]RQD TXH DGHPiV HV LGyQHD SRV VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DJUtFRODV SRU HO
EHQHILFLRGHXQRVSRFRVQRVHSXHGHSHUGHUXQDDFWLYLGDGFRQWDQWDKLVWRULD
(O WUDEDMR HVWi HVWUXFWXUDGR HQ WUHV HStJUDIHV HQ HO SULPHUR GH HOORV VH DERUGD OD
HYROXFLyQ GH OD ]RQD GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD DJULFXOWXUD OD JDQDGHUtD \ OD
SREODFLyQ GHVGH TXH VH FRQVWUX\R HO WUDVYDVH 7DMR6HJXUD (Q HO VHJXQGR HStJUDIH VH
KDFHDOXVLyQDOWXULVPR\VXLQIOXHQFLDHQODHFRQRPtDGHOD]RQDVHPHQFLRQDQWDQWR
ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVQHJDWLYDVFRPRODVSRVLWLYDVDVtFRPRORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHWXULVPR
TXHVHGDQHQHOWHUULWRULR(QHOWHUFHU\~OWLPRHStJUDIHVHDERUGDQORVWHPDVVREUHOD
SUREOHPiWLFD GHO DJXD \ ORV FDPSRV GH JROI DVt FRPR ORV SUREOHPDV GHULYDGRV GH OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV \ XUEDQL]DFLRQHV PDO SODQLILFDGDV \ FRQ FODUDV
LQWHQFLRQHVHVSHFXODWLYDV
3RU ~OWLPR DO ILQDO VH KD UHDOL]DGR XQ HStJUDIH D PRGR GH FRQFOXVLyQ HQ HO TXH VH
UHVXPHWRGRORDQWHULRUPHQWHGHVFULWR\VHDSRUWDXQDYLVLyQPiVFUtWLFD
3DUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GHO HVWXGLR HQ OD PHWRGRORJtD XWLOL]DGD VH KDQ LQFOXLGR GRV
HQWUHYLVWDV D GRV HVWXGLRVRV VREUH HO WHPD \ VH KD FRQVXOWDGR ELEOLRJUDItD \ WDPELpQ
UHFXUVRVHOHFWUyQLFRV+DVLGRIXQGDPHQWDOODH[SHULHQFLDSURSLD\HOWUDEDMRGHFDPSR
1RVHKDFRQVLGHUDGRRSRUWXQRODXWLOL]DFLyQGHHQFXHVWDVSRUTXHHOHVSDFLRGHWUDEDMR
HVEDVWDQWHDPSOLR\QRKDEUtDFRQVHQVRHQWUHODVPLVPDVQRVHREWHQGUtDXQUHVXOWDGR
ILDEOH \ DGHPiVODSREODFLyQGHGLFDGD DODDFWLYLGDGDJUtFRODWLHQHXQDDYDQ]DGDHGDG
SRUORTXHHQPXFKRVFDVRVQRWLHQHQXQFRQRFLPLHQWRDFHUWDGRVREUHODVLWXDFLyQGHOD
DFWLYLGDG
ϯ
)RWRJUDItD9DOOHDOXYLDOGHULR6HJXUDDVXSDVRSRU2ULKXHOD
$XWRUHV1DLDUD0DUURTXt)HUUiQGH]\$OHMDQGUR&DVHV0DUWtQH])HFKDMXQLR
/$ 9(*$ %$-$ $17(6 < '(638e6 '( /$ &216758&&,Ï1 '(/
75$69$6(7$-26(*85$
(O WUDVYDVH 7DMR6HJXUD FRPHQ]y D IXQFLRQDU HQ SHUR WLHQH VX RULJHQ HQ HO 3ODQ
1DFLRQDOGH2EUDV+LGUiXOLFDVHODERUDGREDMRODGLUHFFLyQGH0DQXHO/RUHQ]R3DUGRHQ
6H SUHWHQGtD DFDEDU FRQ HO GHVHTXLOLEULR KLGUROyJLFR GHO SDtV (O SUR\HFWR VH
SHUGLy HQ HO WLHPSR \ VH YROYLy D UHWRPDU HQ OD pSRFD GH ORV SODQHV GH GHVDUUROOR
IUDQTXLVWDVHQGHVGHHVDIHFKDKDVWDVHHMHFXWRHOSUR\HFWR
(O FRVWH GHO SUR\HFWR IXH GH PLOORQHV GH SHVHWDV HXURV XQ
PiVGHORTXHVHSUHYHtD/DVSUHYLVLRQHVSDUDHOXVRGHODJXDWUDVYDVDGDQXQFD
VHKDQFXPSOLGR\HODJXDVHKDGHVWLQDGRDRWURVXVRV\QRDODDJULFXOWXUDFRPRVHGLMR
HQXQSULQFLSLR
$JULFXOWXUD
$ORODUJRGHORVDxRVHQOD9HJD %DMDVHGLVWLQJXtDQGRVPRGDOLGDGHVGHDJULFXOWXUD
ORV UHJDGtRV KLVWyULFRV OODPDGRV OD 9HJD LUULJDGD \ VLWXDGRV DO QRUWH GH OD FRPDUFD
PDUJHQL]TXLHUGDGHOULR6HJXUD\HQFRQWUDSRVLFLyQXQD]RQDDJUDULDGHVHFDQRDOVXU
GHODFRPDUFDOODPDGD&DPSRGHO%DMR6HJXUDPDUJHQGHUHFKDGHOULR6HJXUD
ϰ
&DPSRGHOD9HJD%DMDGHO6HJXUD
(VXQD]RQDHQODTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVXSHUILFLHVHGHVWLQDDORVFXOWLYRVOHxRVRVFRPR
HO DOPHQGUR HO DOJDUURER \ HO ROLYR TXH VXVWLWX\HURQ D ORV FHUHDOHV SRU VX PD\RU
SURGXFWLYLGDG$SULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;;HOROLYDU\ODYLGHUDQORVFXOWLYRVHVWUHOODSHUR
VRQVXVWLWXLGRVGHVGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHSRUHODOPHQGURSRUVXPD\RUUHQWDELOLGDG
\ GXUH]D DQWH ODV SODJDV 6H WUDWD GH XQRV VXHORV GH EXHQD FDOLGDG HQ XQD ]RQD
SULYLOHJLDGD HQ FXDQWR D LQVRODFLyQ \ SUiFWLFDPHQWH OLEUH GH KHODGDV GH LQYHUVLyQ
WpUPLFD /D ]RQD SUHVHQWD HQ GHILQLWLYD XQDV FRQGLFLRQHV DJURFOLPiWLFDV OLJHUDPHQWH
PHMRUHVTXHODVGHOYHFLQR&DPSRGH&DUWDJHQDRTXHORVSURSLRVUHJDGtRVKLVWyULFRVGH
OD9HJD%DMD
3RUHVWDVUD]RQHVGXUDQWHODSULPHUDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;WLHQHQOXJDUYDULDVRSHUDFLRQHV
SDUD SRQHU HQ ULHJR GHWHUPLQDGRV VHFWRUHV GHO &DPSR GHO %DMR VHJXUD 'LFKDV
RSHUDFLRQHV FRQVLVWHQ HQ XQRV WUDEDMRV GH UHJXODFLyQ GH OD FXHQFD GHO 6HJXUD TXH
KDEUtDQ SHUPLWLGR XQD PHMRUD VHQVLEOH GHO PRGXOR IOXYLDO \ TXH VH EDVDEDQ
SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHPEDOVHV
$SDUWLUGHDOJXQRVSURSLHWDULRVFRPLHQ]DQDHOHYDUODVDJXDVIOXYLDOHVSDUDUHJDU
VXVSURSLHGDGHVTXHDQWHULRUPHQWHHUDQGHVHFDQR(VWDDFWLYLGDGVHLQWHQVLILFDGHVSXpV
GHOD*XHUUD&LYLO\ODVDJXDVVHGHVWLQDEDQDUHJDUODVSURSLHGDGHVGHORV
PLOLWDUHV \ ORV DGHSWRV D OD GLFWDGXUD 7DPELpQ VH FRQVWUX\HURQ SR]RV DXQTXH QR
WXYLHURQPXFKRp[LWR\DTXHFXDQGRVHH[WUDtDPXFKDDJXDHOSR]RVHVDOLQL]DED
/D UHJXODFLyQ IOXYLDO SHUPLWLy LQFUHPHQWDU OD VXSHUILFLH UHJDGD QR REVWDQWH KDEtD XQD
SUHIHUHQFLD GH FDXGDOHV ILJXUDQGR HQ SULPHU OXJDU ORV UHJDGtRV KLVWyULFRV DQWHULRUHV D
(OLQFUHPHQWRGHODVXSHUILFLHUHJDGDWHQtDTXHVHUVLHPSUHHQ]RQDVSUy[LPDVD
ORVULHJRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV
(O LQFUHPHQWR GH OD VXSHUILFLH UHJDGD GH OD SULPHUD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;; QR WLHQH
FRPSDUDFLyQFRQHOLQFUHPHQWRTXHVHH[SHULPHQWDHQOD]RQDFRQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHO
WUDVYDVH'HVGHPHGLDGRVGHORVVHVHQWDVHIXHSHUILODQGRODSUHYLVLyQGHTXHHOWUDVYDVH
VH OOHYDUtD D FDER VH LQLFLR XQD ORFD FDUUHUD SRU URWXUDU \ SRQHU HQ UHJDGtR WLHUUDV DO
PDUJHQGHVXYDORUDJURQyPLFR(VWRVHKL]RFRQODILQDOLGDGGHDFRJHUVHDORVQXHYRV
FDXGDOHVYHQLGHURVFRQHOWUDVYDVH
8QDSLH]DFODYHHQHVWDSXHVWDHQUHJDGtRGHOFDPSRGHOD9HJD%DMDGHOULR6HJXUDHV
HO&DQDOGH5LHJRVGH/HYDQWHXQFDQDODUWLILFLDOTXHVXPLQLVWUDHODJXDQHFHVDULDSDUD
UHJDUHVWRVQXHYRVUHJDGtRV'LFKRFDQDOVHSODQLILFDHQ\DTXHHOULRWUDtDEDVWDQWH
DJXD HO FDXGDO FRPLHQ]D D GHVFHQGHU VREUH WRGR SRU OD SXHVWD HQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH
HVWRV QXHYRV UHJDGtRV OR TXH KDFH QHFHVDULR OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO WUDVYDVH TXH VH
SODQWHDUtD FRPR \D VH KD GLFKR HQ DXQTXH VX FRQVWUXFFLyQ VH UHWUDVDUtD PXFKR
PiV
ϱ
&RQODOOHJDGDGHOUHJDGtRDOFDPSRGHOD9HJD%DMDORVFXOWLYRVKDVWDDKRUDH[LVWHQWHV
VH YHQ UHGXFLGRV R VXVWLWXLGRV SRU ORV FtWULFRV (O DOPHQGUR \ VREUH WRGR HO DOJDUURER
GHVDSDUHFHQHQEHQHILFLRGHORVFtWULFRVGHELGRDVXPD\RUUHQGLPLHQWR
0X\UHFLHQWHPHQWHHOFXOWLYRGHORVFtWULFRVKDGHMDGRGHVHUSURGXFWLYRSRUODHQWUDGD
HQHOPHUFDGRGHODVSURGXFFLRQHVGHRWURVSDtVHVGRQGHODPDQRGHREUDHVPiVEDUDWD
/RV DUEROHV VH DUUDQFDQ \ HQ VX OXJDU VH SODQWDQ KRUWDOL]DV HQWUH ODV TXH GHVWDFDUtD OD
DOFDFKRID \ODSDWDWDKDQHVWDGRVLHPSUHSHURVHYLHURQUHGXFLGRVSRU HOERRPGHORV
FtWULFRV(OORQRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHORVFtWULFRVKD\DQGHVDSDUHFLGRSHURVLHVYHUGDGTXH
KDQVXIULGRXQDSHTXHxDUHGXFFLyQ
5HJDGtRVKLVWyULFRV
$QWHV GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO WUDVYDVH 7DMR6HJXUD HQ HO %DMR 6HJXUD OD DJULFXOWXUD VH
HQIRFDEDDOFRQVXPRSURSLRQXQFDDODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHORVSURGXFWRV
(O SUHGRPLQLR HQ OD ]RQD FRUUHVSRQGtD D ORV FXOWLYRV KHUEiFHRV (O FXOWLYR KHUEiFHR
SUHGRPLQDQWH HUD HO FixDPR TXH VH XWLOL]DED SDUD IDEULFDU XWHQVLOLRV FDVHURV FRPR
FXHUGDV ORQDV ILEUDV WH[WLOHV SDUD URSD \ GHPiV REMHWRV (VWH FXOWLYR GHFDH FRQ OD
LQWURGXFFLyQGHOSOiVWLFRTXHOHUREDSDUWHGHVXVXVRV\HVXQDPHMRUPDWHULDSULPD
&RQODGHVDSDULFLyQGHOFixDPRVHLQWHQVLILFDQORVFtWULFRVTXH\DWHQtDQSUHVHQFLDHQOD
]RQD SHUR TXH DKRUD DGTXLHUHQ PXFKD PiV FRPLHQ]D SRU SULPHUD YH] HQ OD ]RQD D
FRPHUFLDUVHFRQORVFtWULFRVSHURDSHTXHxDHVFDOD7DPELpQHVLPSRUWDQWHHOFXOWLYRGH
OD DOFDFKRID HO WRPDWH HO PHOyQ HO SLPLHQWR OD FHEDGD \ HO PDt] WRGRV HOORV GH
FRQVXPRIDPLOLDUQXQFDSDUDODYHQWDHQHOPHUFDGR
&RQODSXHVWD HQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOWUDVYDVH7DMR6HJXUD HQORV FtWULFRVFREUDQ
XQDJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDHVWRVXSRQHHOFRPLHQ]RGHODVH[SRUWDFLRQHV \DTXHOD]RQDHV
PX\ SURGXFWLYD WDQWR HQ FDOLGDG FRPR HQ FDQWLGDG 3RU SULPHUD YH] VH SDVD GH XQ
FRPHUFLRGHiPELWRORFDOSURYLQFLDORFRPRPXFKRQDFLRQDODXQiPELWRLQWHUQDFLRQDO
/RVFtWULFRV\ODVKRUWDOL]DVGHOD]RQDVRQGHJUDQFDOLGDGSRUORTXHVXVH[SRUWDFLRQHV
DOH[WUDQMHURFUHFHQSURJUHVLYDPHQWH
/DLQYDVLyQGHORVFtWULFRVKDFHTXHGHFDLJDPXFKRHOFXOWLYRGHOWRPDWHODDOFDFKRID
HOPHOyQHOSLPLHQWRODFHEDGDODSDWDWD \HOPDt]$OJXQRVFXOWLYRVFRPRODFHEDGD
GHVDSDUHFHQSRUFRPSOHWR
(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV DO LJXDO TXH HQ HO FDPSR GHO %DMR 6HJXUD ORV UHJDGtRV HVWiQ
VXIULHQGRJUDQGHVFDPELRVVHDUUDQFDUDUEROHV\VHDSXHVWDSRUHOFXOWLYRGHKRUWDOL]DV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHODSDWDWDODDOFDFKRID\ODOHFKXJD(VWRVHGHEHDOLJXDOTXHHQOD]RQD
GHVHFDQRDODHQWUDGDHQHOPHUFDGRGHRWURVSDtVHVFDSDFHVGHSURGXFLUPiVEDUDWR
ϲ
6LVHEXVFDODSHUYLYHQFLDGHODDJULFXOWXUDKD\TXHWHQHUFODURTXHQRVHSXHGHFRPSHWLU
FRQGHWHUPLQDGRVSDtVHVHQFXDQWRDFDQWLGDG\SUHFLRVODFRPSHWHQFLDKDGHGDUVHHQ
FXDQWRDFDOLGDGSRUORTXHFREUDQPXFKDLPSRUWDQFLDODVGHQRPLQDFLRQHVGHRULJHQ
*DQDGHUtD
/D DFWLYLGDG JDQDGHUD HQ HO %DMR 6HJXUD VH KD FRQILJXUDGR WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH
GHSHQGLHQWH GH OD H[SORWDFLyQ DJUDULD $QWDxR HO JDQDGR DGHPiV GH HVWLpUFRO
SURSRUFLRQDED VX IXHU]D GH WUDEDMR WUDQVSRUWH \ ODERUHR GH KHFKR KDVWD OD VHJXQGD
PLWDGGHOVLJOR;;ODVIDHQDVVHUHDOL]DEDQSUHIHUHQWHPHQWHFRQHOJDQDGRYDFXQR\HO
JDQDGRFDEDOODU/DFDEDxDJDQDGHUDGHFDGDILQFDVHOLPLWDEDDORLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUD
FXEULUODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHDXWRDEDVWHFLPLHQWRFRQXQSDUGHFDEUDVSDUDSURGXFLUOHFKH
\ XQ SDU GH FHUGRV SDUD OD FHED /D JDQDGHUtD DSDUHFH YLQFXODGD D OD DJULFXOWXUD \
VLHPSUHFRPRFRPSOHPHQWRGHODVUHQWDVQXQFDFRPRIRUPDGHYLGD
'LFKDV H[SORWDFLRQHV IDPLOLDUHV VH HQFRQWUDEDQ QRUPDOPHQWH HQ HO FDPSR GHO %DMR
6HJXUD]RQDGHVHFDQR\FRQODOOHJDGDGHO&DQDOGH5LHJRVGH/HYDQWH\ODSXHVWDHQ
UHJDGtR GH SDUWH GHO FDPSR VH SHUGLy JUDQ SDUWH GH OD DFWLYLGDG SHFXDULD HO VHFWRU
DJUtFROD WDPELpQ KD FRODERUDGR HQ OD UHJUHVLyQ GH OD JDQDGHUtD IDPLOLDU \D TXH QR VH
FXOWLYDQDSHQDVSODQWDVIRUUDMHUDV\SRURWUDSDUWHODPHFDQL]DFLyQKDVXVWLWXLGRDORV
DQLPDOHVHQHOODERUHR
$SUR[LPDGDPHQWHHQVHSURGXFHXQDSXMDQ]DGHODFDEDxD JDQDGHUDFRQGHVWLQR
FRPHUFLDOXQDYH]VHVXSHUDODYLQFXODFLyQDOODERUHRGHODWLHUUD&DQDOHV
$SDUWLUGHFRQODHQWUDGDGH(VSDxDHQOD&((&RPXQLGDG(FRQyPLFD(XURSHD
OD JDQDGHUtD IDPLOLDU GHVDSDUHFH \D TXH OD 3$& SRWHQFLDED XQD JDQDGHUtD LQWHQVLYD \
HVWDEXODGD 1R REVWDQWH QR HVWDPRV HQ XQD ]RQD GRQGH OD JDQDGHUtD KD\D VLGR PX\
LPSRUWDQWH\DTXHODWLHUUDHVPiVUHQWDEOHGHVWLQDGDDODDJULFXOWXUD
&XDGUR(PSUHVDVGHJDQDGHUtDHQHO%DMR6HJXUD
(PSUHVDV
JDQDGHUDV
%RYLQR 2YLQR &DSULQR 3RUFLQR $YLFXOWXUD (TXLQR $SLFXOWXUD
)XHQWH,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(VWDGtVWLFD&HQVR$JUDULR
6HKDQLQFOXLGRGHQWURGHODFRPDUFDGHO%DMR6HJXUDDOJXQRVPXQLFLSLRVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHO%DMR
9LQDORSy (OFKH \ 6DQWD 3ROD (Q HO ,1( DPERV DSDUHFHQ MXQWR FRQ ORV PXQLFLSLRV GHO %DMR 6HJXUD
DJUXSDGRVHQOD&RPDUFD0HULGLRQDO
ϳ
$GLIHUHQFLDGHOUHVWRGHODVFDEDxDVHOJDQDGRERELQRVHFRQFHQWUDHQORVVHFWRUHVGHOD
KXHUWD UHJDGtR GRQGH KD\ XQD JUDQ SRVLELOLGDG GH DSURYHFKDU ORV H[FHGHQWHV TXH
JHQHUDODDJULFXOWXUDSDUDODDOLPHQWDFLyQDQLPDO
/RVFDPELRVTXHKDQWHQLGROXJDUHQODHYROXFLyQJDQDGHUDGHO%DMR6HJXUDHQWUH
\KDQVLGRHVSHFWDFXODUHV\KDQUHSHUFXWLGRHQXQDQXHYDRULHQWDFLyQJDQDGHUDGH
ODFRPDUFD&RQODPHFDQL]DFLyQGHODDJULFXOWXUD\ORVPHGLRVGHWUDQVSRUWHGLVPLQX\R
OD SREODFLyQ GH JDQDGR HTXLQR WDPELpQ HO YDFXQR FX\D XWLOLGDG VH FHQWUD HQ OD
DFWXDOLGDG HQ OD REWHQFLyQ GH FDUQH \ GH IRUPD VHFXQGDULD OHFKH (Q GHILQLWLYD HO
JDQDGR\DQRVHXWLOL]DSRUVXIXHU]DGHWUDEDMRVLQRSDUDHOFRQVXPRSUHIHUHQWHPHQWH
/DFULVLVSHFXDULDVHYLQFXODDODEDMDUHQWDELOLGDGGHODVH[SORWDFLRQHVGHWLSRIDPLOLDU
TXH VRQ ODV PiV QXPHURVDV SDUD ODV TXH OD JDQDGHUtD HV XQD IXHQWH GH LQJUHVRV
FRPSOHPHQWDULDDXQDDJULFXOWXUDFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRUHOPLQLIXQGLR\ODSDUFHODFLyQ
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODSREODFLyQ
(Q OD FRPDUFD H[LVWH XQD SREODFLyQ \ XQ SREODPLHQWR WRWDOPHQWH YLQFXODGRV D OD
DJULFXOWXUD (VWR GD OXJDU D XQ SDLVDMH FDUDFWHUtVWLFR HQWHQGLHQGR HO SDLVDMH FRPR HO
UHVXOWDGRGHODDFFLyQGHOKRPEUHVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DHQXQGHWHUPLQDGRWHUULWRULR\HQ
XQGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWRKLVWyULFR(VWDDFFLyQGHOKRPEUHVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DGDOXJDU
DO SDWULPRQLR FXOWXUDO TXH VH HVWi FRQYLUWLHQGR HQ XQ SURGXFWR WXUtVWLFR DO DO]D FRPR
YHUHPRVPiVDGHODQWH
/DSREODFLyQWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHYLYtDGHODDJULFXOWXUDKDVWDODOOHJDGDGHOWXULVPRHQOD
GpFDGD GH ORV FLQFXHQWD /D OOHJDGD GHO WXULVPR KDFH TXH FDGD YH] PDV SREODFLyQ
DEDQGRQHHOFDPSRDIDYRUWDPELpQGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQFX\RLPSXOVRHQODFRPDUFDVH
YLQFXOD DO WXULVPR (O SUREOHPD GH HVWRV QXHYRV VHFWRUHV UDGLFD HQ TXH QRUPDOPHQWH
VXHOHQVHUSRFRHVWDEOHVVREUHWRGRHOWXULVPRSRUVXHVWDFLRQDOLGDG\SRUWDQWRVRQORV
PiVFDVWLJDGRVSRUHOGHVHPSOHR/DDJULFXOWXUDHVXQVHFWRUPXFKRPiVHVWDEOH\HQODV
pSRFDVGHFULVLVODSREODFLyQVHUHIXJLDHQpO
(OSUREOHPDHQHOVHFWRUDJUDULRGHODFRPDUFDHVHOPLVPRTXHHQHOUHVWRGHOSDtVHO
FDPSR VH HQIUHQWD DO FRQWLQXR HQYHMHFLPLHQWR GH ORV DJULFXOWRUHV \ OD IDOWD GH
LQFRUSRUDFLyQGHJHQWHMRYHQ/DWHQGHQFLDGHODDJULFXOWXUDHVDWHQHUFDGDYH]PHQRV
LPSRUWDQFLDGHQWURGHODHFRQRPtDFRPDUFDOSUXHEDGHHOORORWHQHPRVHQODSREODFLyQ
GHVHPSOHDGD HQ HO VHFWRU TXH HQ HUD GH XQ PLHQWUDV TXH HQ KDEtD
GHVFHQGLGRDO6LKD\PHQRVJHQWHSDUDGDHVRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHODSREODFLyQTXHVH
GHGLFDDODDJULFXOWXUDWDPELpQKDGHVFHQGLGR
$QWHV GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO WUDVYDVH OD SREODFLyQ YLYtD HQ YLYLHQGDV GLVSHUVDV SRU HO
WHUULWRULR DSURYHFKDQGR ODV FXDOLGDGHV SRVLWLYDV TXH HVWH RIUHFH SDUD OD DJULFXOWXUD
7HQHPRV SHTXHxRV PLQLIXQGLRV HQ ORV TXH HO SURSLHWDULR UHVLGH MXQWR FRQ VX IDPLOLD
ϴ
FRQILJXUDQGR SHTXHxDV H[SORWDFLRQHV IDPLOLDUHV HQ OD TXH OD IXHU]D GH WUDEDMR HV OD
SURSLDIDPLOLD
(QODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;VHLQLFLDXQDQXHYDHWDSDHQODTXHODVH[SORWDFLRQHV
IDPLOLDUHV WLHQGHQ D GHVDSDUHFHU \ D RFXSDU FDGD YH] PHQRV VXSHUILFLH D IDYRU GH
H[SORWDFLRQHV PXFKR PiV JUDQGHV \ HQ RFDVLRQHV FDSLWDOLVWDV /DV H[SORWDFLRQHV
IDPLOLDUHVVHIUDJPHQWDQFDGDYH]HQPiVSDUFHODVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODVKHUHQFLDV
HVWRHVORTXHGLIHUHQFLDDODDJULFXOWXUDGHOD]RQDGHOUHVWRGHODDJULFXOWXUDGH(VSDxD
\GH(XURSDODH[LVWHQFLDGHH[SORWDFLRQHVFDGDYH]PiVSHTXHxDV
(VWDV SHTXHxDV SDUFHODV VRQ FDGD YH] PHQRV SURGXFWLYDV \ ORV SURSLHWDULRV DFDEDQ
YHQGLHQGRRDEDQGRQDQGRVXVWLHUUDV/DVSDUFHODVVXHOHQDFDEDUHQPDQRVGHHPSUHVDV
FDSLWDOLVWDV TXH IRUPDQ JUDQGHV H[SORWDFLRQHV DGHFXDGDV DO PHUFDGR FDSLWDOLVWD (VWH
VHUtD HO PHMRU GH ORV FDVRV \ HQ HO SHRU GH ORV FDVRV ODV SDUFHODV DFDEDQ HQ PDQRV GH
HVSHFXODGRUHVTXHODVDEDQGRQDQ\HVSHUDQDTXHVHUHYDORULFHQ
18(9$6)81&,21$/,'$'(6(1/$9(*$%$-$'(/5Ë26(*85$
/DVQXHYDVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHVHQOD9HJD%DMDFRPLHQ]DQHQODGpFDGDGHORVVHVHQWDFRQ
HOWDUGtRLQLFLRGHOWXULVPRGHPDVDV/DSULPHUDDFWLYLGDGTXHDSDUHFHHVHOWXULVPRGH
FRVWDTXHDSDUHFHHQODGpFDGDGHORVFLQFXHQWDDXQTXHWHQGUiWRGRVHHVSOHQGRUHQOD
GpFDGD GH ORV VHVHQWD HO WXULVPR SDWULPRQLDO \ FXOWXUDO DSDUHFH SRFR GHVSXpV \ HO
WXULVPRUXUDOHVPX\UHFLHQWH\SUiFWLFDPHQWHLQH[LVWHQWH/DGpFDGDGHORVVHVHQWD\OD
OOHJDGDGHOWXULVPRGHPDVDVPDUFDQHOLQLFLRGHODGHFDGHQFLDGHODDJULFXOWXUD
/DDSDULFLyQGHOWXULVPRFXOWXUDO\UXUDOVHGHEHDTXHHOWXULVPRGHFRVWDFDGDYH]HV
PHQRVFRPSHWLWLYR\DTXHHVWDPRVSHUGLHQGRODVFXDOLGDGHVTXHORKDFtDQDWUDFWLYR3RU
HOOR HO WXULVPR UXUDO \ FXOWXUDO HV XQD QXHYD DSXHVWD SDUD WUDWDU GH PDQWHQHU OD
KHJHPRQtD WXUtVWLFD GH OD ]RQD $ OD YH] HVWDV PRGDOLGDGHV GH WXULVPR VRQ PiV
UHVSHWXRVDVFRQHOHVSDFLR\SHUPLWHQPDQWHQHU\UHFXSHUDUHOSDWULPRQLRGHOD]RQD
7XULVPRGHFRVWD
(OWXULVPRGHFRVWDHQHO%DMR6HJXUDVHLQLFLDHQODGpFDGDGHORVFLQFXHQWD \WHQGUi
WRGRVXHVSOHQGRUDSDUWLUGHODGpFDGDGHORVVHVHQWDFRLQFLGLHQGRFRQHOGHVSOLHJXHGHO
WXULVPRGHPDVDV
/D 9HJD %DMD FXHQWD FRQ XQDV FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV \ ItVLFDV LQPHMRUDEOHV SDUD HVWD
PRGDOLGDG WXUtVWLFD D OD YH] TXH SRVHH XQRV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV SOD\DV WDPELpQ
LQPHMRUDEOHV/DFDOLGDGGHODVSOD\DVHQODFRPDUFDHVH[FHOHQWHYpDVHFXDGUR\VH
KDQFRQYHUWLGRHQXQUHIHUHQWHSDUDHOWXULVPRGHFRVWDHQWRGDODFRVWDPHGLWHUUiQHD
ϵ
&XDGUR6LWXDFLyQGHODVSOD\DVHQORVPXQLFLSLRVOLWRUDOHVGHO%DMR6HJXUD
0XQLFLSLRV
7RWDOGH
SOD\DV
3OD\DVFRQ
EDQGHUDD]XO
&HUWLILFDFLRQHVGHFDOLGDG
2ULKXHOD
7RUUHYLHMD
*XDUGDPDUGHO
6HJXUD
3LODUGHOD+RUDGDGD
)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGHGDWRVGHOD&UX]5RMD
(O HVSDFLR GHO %DMR 6HJXUD FXHQWD FRQ XQ WRWDO GH SOD\DV \ ]RQDV GH EDxR GH ODV
FXDOHV PiV GH OD PLWDG KDQ VLGR JDODUGRQDGDV FRQ HO GLVWLQWLYR GH %DQGHUD $]XO /D
PD\RUtD GH ODV SOD\DV JDODUGRQDGDV FRQ HVWH GLVWLQWLYR VRQ GH WLSRORJtD XUEDQD R
VHPLXUEDQD\DTXHODIUDQMDFRVWHUDVHHQFXHQWUDHQJUDQPHGLGDHGLILFDGD2ULKXHODHV
HOPXQLFLSLRFRQPD\RUQ~PHURGHSOD\DVTXHKDQREWHQLGRHVWDFHUWLILFDFLyQ
$VLPLVPRHVWHHVSDFLRFXHQWDFRQXQWRWDOGHVHLVFHUWLILFDFLRQHVGHFDOLGDG2ULKXHOD
REWXYR ORV FHUWLILFDGRV ,62 \ HQ ORV DxRV \ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
7RUUHYLHMD REWXYR HO FHUWLILFDGR ,62 HQ \ XQ DxR PiV WDUGH HO ,62 PLHQWUDV TXH 3LODU GH OD +RUDGDGD REWXYR DPEDV FHUWLILFDFLRQHV HQ 6LVWHPD GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ WXUtVWLFD GH OD &RPXQLGDG 9DOHQFLDQD :LQVLWXU &RQVHOOHUtD GH 7XULVPR
(OWXULVPRGHFRVWDKDOOHYDGRFRQVLJRXQQRWDEOHGHVDUUROORWXUtVWLFRUHVLGHQFLDOWDQWR
HQ OD IUDQMD OLWRUDO FRPR HQ OD SUHOLWRUDO 'HVWDFD LQGXGDEOHPHQWH HO PXQLFLSLR GH
7RUUHYLHMD FX\R HQRUPH FUHFLPLHQWR XUEDQRWXUtVWLFR KD DOWHUDGR OD IXQFLRQDOLGDG
WUDGLFLRQDO GH HVWH HVSDFLR FX\D FDSLWDOLGDG KLVWyULFD SHUWHQHFtD D 2ULKXHOD 7RUUHYLHMD
VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQR GH ORV Q~FOHRV GH PD\RU FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH YLYLHQGDV GH XVR
YDFDFLRQDO \ WXUtVWLFR GH OD FXHQFD PHGLWHUUiQHD HO PXQLFLSLR KD H[SHULPHQWDGR XQ
SURFHVR UHVLGHQFLDO TXH KD LQFUHPHQWDGR HO SHVR GHPRJUiILFR GH OD FRPDUFD \ KD
FRQWULEXLGR D XQD HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ HFRQyPLFD EDVDGD HQ HO ELQRPLR FRQVWUXFFLyQ
VHUYLFLRV
(O SURFHVR GH GHVDUUROOR WXUtVWLFR \ UHVLGHQFLDO KD LGR DFRPSDxDGR GH OD FUHDFLyQ GH
HTXLSDPLHQWRV GH RFLR \ WXULVPR HQWUH ORV TXH FDEH GHVWDFDU OD RIHUWD QiXWLFD \ VREUH
WRGRORVFDPSRVGHJROI'HQWURGHHVDRIHUWDQiXWLFDGHVWDFDQVHLVSXHUWRVGHSRUWLYRV
GH SRFR FDODGR FRQVHUYDQGR 7RUUHYLHMD HO PD\RU Q~PHUR GH DPDUUHV UHSDUWLGRV HQWUH
VXVGRVSXHUWRVGHSRUWLYRV2ULKXHODGLVSRQHGHOGHORVDPDUUHVUHSDUWLGRVWDPELpQ
HQWUHVXVGRVSXHUWRV(O3LODUGHOD+RUDGDGDDOLJXDOTXH*XDUGDPDUGH6HJXUDWLHQHQ
XQ SXHUWR FDGD XQR /D PD\RUtD GH HVWRV SXHUWRV SRVHHQ DFWLYLGDGHV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV
ϭϬ
FRPRVHUYLFLRVGHUHVWDXUDFLyQHVFXHODVGHYHODREXFHRHWF/RVSXHUWRVVXHOHQDOWHUDU
JUDYHPHQWHODGLQiPLFDPDULQD\DIHFWDQPXFKRDODVFRUULHQWHV
9LQFXODGRVDHVWDPRGDOLGDGGHWXULVPRDSDUHFHQWDPELpQHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVGHVDOXG \
EHOOH]D WHQHPRV HO &HQWUR GH %DOQHRWHUDSLD HQ 3LODU GH OD +RUDGDGD \ HO +RWHO OD
/DJXQD6SDHQ5RMDOHV(VWRVFHQWURVDFW~DQFRPRDFWLYLGDGFRPSOHPHQWDULDDOWXULVPR
GHVRO\SOD\D
/RVPXQLFLSLRVGHO%DMR6HJXUDWDPELpQWLHQHQYDULRVHTXLSDPLHQWRVUHFUHDWLYRVHQWUH
ORV TXH GHVWDFDQ WUHV SDUTXHV DFXiWLFRV UHSDUWLGRVHQWUH &LXGDG 4XHVDGD 7RUUHYLHMD \
3LODUGHOD+RUDGDGD7RGRVHOORVWDPELpQFRPRFRPSOHPHQWRDOWXULVPROLWRUDO
(O SUREOHPD GHO WXULVPR GH FRVWD HV TXH FRQOOHYD XQ WXULVPR UHVLGHQFLDO TXH HVWi
DFDSDUDQGRWRGRHOWHUULWRULRSDUDOD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHXUEDQL]DFLRQHV FRPR \DYHUHPRV
HQ HO FDSLWXOR VLJXLHQWH /D VRVWHQLELOLGDG GH HVWH PRGHOR HFRQyPLFR EDVDGR HQ HO
WXULVPRHVGHHVFDVDFUHGLELOLGDG\VXVHIHFWRVQHJDWLYRVHPSLH]DQDVHUSDWHQWHVVREUH
HOWHUULWRULR
6HJ~Q*&DQDOHVHOWXULVPRGHFRVWDHQHO%DMR6HJXUDQRHVVRVWHQLEOH\DTXH
VH KDQ JHQHUDGR HQFODYHV H[FHVLYDPHQWH JUDQGHV GRQGH KD GLVPLQXLGR OD FDOLGDG GH
YLGD\ODYLDELOLGDGPHGLRDPELHQWDOVHWLHQGHDODPDVLILFDFLyQSRUTXHHVPiVUHQWDEOH
7DPSRFRVHKDWUDEDMDGRHOFRQFHSWRGHVRVWHQLELOLGDGORTXHKDKHFKRTXHVHSLHUGDHO
SULQFLSDO DWUDFWLYR GH OD ]RQD TXH HUD OD WUDQTXLOLGDG (QWUH ODV SDXWDV D VHJXLU SDUD
EHQHILFLDUVH GHO WXULVPR GH FRVWD \ QR SHUMXGLFDU HO WHUULWRULR FDEULD GHVWDFDU OD
LPSOLFDFLyQ GH ODV SREODFLRQHV HO VDEHU ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV GHO WHUULWRULR FDSDFLGDG GH
FDUJD \ HO FRQVLGHUDU HO WXULVPR FRPR XQ FRPSOHPHQWR \ QR FRPR OD EDVH GH OD
HFRQRPtD
7XULVPRFXOWXUDO\SDWULPRQLDO
(VWDPRGDOLGDGGHWXULVPRHVWiYLQFXODGDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHDODFLXGDGGH2ULKXHODSRU
VX ULFR SDWULPRQLR PRQXPHQWDO (O SDWULPRQLR HV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GH WLSR UHOLJLRVR
SDODFLRV LJOHVLDV FDWHGUDO FRQYHQWRV HWF 'H IRUPD DGLFLRQDO DO SDWULPRQLR
FRQVWUXLGR H[LVWHQ RWURV HYHQWRV FXOWXUDOHV TXH DYDODQ HO SDWULPRQLR FXOWXUDO GH OD
FLXGDG OD ILHVWD \ WUDGLFLyQ GH OD 6HPDQD 6DQWD UHFLHQWHPHQWH GHFODUDGD GH ,QWHUpV
7XUtVWLFR 1DFLRQDO \ FRQ XQ DWUDFWLYR FRQVLGHUDEOH DVt FRPR ODV ILHVWDV GH 0RURV \
&ULVWLDQRV \ SRU ~OWLPR HO 0HUFDGLOOR 0HGLHYDO GHFODUDGR FRPR HO PiV JUDQGH GH
(VSDxD
(VWDPRGDOLGDGGHWXULVPRVHYHUtDDYDODGDWDPELpQSRUHOSDWULPRQLRKLVWyULFRDUWtVWLFR
H[LVWHQWHHQ&DOORVDGH6HJXUD\5RMDOHV
(O SDWULPRQLR DUTXHROyJLFR H[LVWHQWH HQ 5RMDOHV 2ULKXHOD R *XDUGDPDU GH 6HJXUD
WDPELpQHVPX\LPSRUWDQWH\DYDODGHLJXDOPRGRHOWXULVPRFXOWXUDOGHOD]RQD
ϭϭ
2WURV UHFXUVRV TXH FRQWULEX\HQ DO DWUDFWLYR GH HVWD PRGDOLGDG GH WXULVPR VHULD HO
SDWULPRQLRHWQRJUiILFRYLQFXODGRDODFXOWXUDGHODJXD\ODVDQWLJXDVIRUPDVGHUHJDGtR
FRQMXQWRPRQXPHQWDOKLGUiXOLFRPROLQRVGHYLHQWRDOMLEHVD]XGHVHWF
&RPRSURGXFWRWXUtVWLFRHOSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDOJR]DGHXQDWUDFWLYRPHGLR\DTXHDXQ
QR VH KDQ FUHDGR VXILFLHQWHV RIHUWDV TXH SHUPLWDQ DVHJXUDU XQD GHPDQGD HVWDEOH \ XQ
YROXPHQ VXILFLHQWH D OR ODUJR GHO DxR 1R REVWDQWH ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV GH FUHFLPLHQWR
IXWXUR VRQ EXHQDV VLHPSUH TXH VH FUHHQ RIHUWDV LQWHUHVDQWHV \ VH IRPHQWHQ ORV YDORUHV
SURSLRV GHO HVSDFLR /D DSXHVWD SRU HVWD PRGDOLGDG WXUtVWLFD \D KD FRPHQ]DGR \ XQD
DSXHVWD LPSRUWDQWH VRQ ORV PXVHRV QR REVWDQWH VH KDQ SHUGLGR XQRV DxRV LPSRUWDQWHV
TXHDKRUDHVGLItFLOUHFXSHUDUYpDVHFXDGUR
&XDGUR1~PHURGHPXVHRVHQORVGLIHUHQWHVPXQLFLSLRVGHO%DMR6HJXUD
0XQLFLSLRV
1XPHURGHPXVHRV
2ULKXHOD
7RUUHYLHMD
&DOORVDGH6HJXUD
5RMDOHV
*XDUGDPDUGH6HJXUD
$OPRUDGt
3LODUGHOD+RUDGDGD
6DQ)XOJHQFLR
)XHQWH6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQ7XUtVWLFDGHOD&RPXQLGDG9DOHQFLDQD&RQVHOOHUtDGH7XULVPR
2ULKXHODFXHQWDFRQHOGHORVPRQXPHQWRVGHFODUDGRV%LHQGH,QWHUpV&XOWXUDOHQ
OD 9HJD %DMD (O RWUR PRQXPHQWR GH JUDQ VLJQLILFDFLyQ GHQWUR GH OD 9HJD %DMD HV OD
,JOHVLD 3DUURTXLDO GH 6DQ 0DUWtQ HQ &DOORVD GH 6HJXUD $EXQGDQ WDPELpQ HQ HVWH
HVSDFLRODVWRUUHVGHYLJLODQFLDTXHVHORFDOL]DQHQORVPXQLFLSLRVGH7RUUHYLHMD*UDQMD
GH 5RFDPRUD 2ULKXHOD \ 3LODU GH OD +RUDGDGD 2ULKXHOD DGHPiV RIUHFH VX FDVWLOOR HO
3DOPHUDO \ HO \DFLPLHQWR DUTXHROyJLFR GH ORV 6DODGDUHV &DEH GHVWDFDU WDPELpQ OD
FRQWULEXFLyQ SDWULPRQLDO GH *XDUGDPDU GH 6HJXUD FRQ VX FDVWLOOR \ VX ]RQD
DUTXHROyJLFDGHODVGXQDVDFWXDOPHQWHHQSHOLJUR\EDVWDQWHGHJUDGDGD
(OWXULVPRSDWULPRQLDOSRGUtDVHUXQDGHODVDOWHUQDWLYDVDHVHWXULVPRGHFRVWDTXHHVWi
DFDEDQGRFRQHOWHUULWRULRWDO\FRPRORFRQRFtDPRV(VXQDPRGDOLGDGGHWXULVPRTXH
QRDOWHUDHOWHUULWRULR\DGHPiVSURWHJHHOSDWULPRQLR\DTXHHVVXSULQFLSDOUHFODPR(V
XQDPRGDOLGDGUHODWLYDPHQWHUHFLHQWHHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQHOWXULVPRGHFRVWD\DXQOH
IDOWD PXFKR SDUD VHU XQD PRGDOLGDG SXQWHUD GHQWUR GHO WXULVPR GH OD 9HJD %DMD QR
REVWDQWH\DVHYHLQWHQFLyQSRUSDUWHGHODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVGHH[SORWDUHVWHELHQ
ϭϮ
6HJ~Q*&DQDOHVHOSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDOVLSXHGHFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDDOWHUQDWLYD
DOWXULVPRGHVRO\SOD\DSHURKDEUtDTXHWUDEDMDUORQRVRORHQODWHRUtDVLQRWDPELpQHQ
ODSUiFWLFDORTXHVHKDKHFKRHQHOWHUULWRULRHVXQDDQWtWHVLVGHORTXHVHWHQGUtDTXH
KDEHU KHFKR (O SUREOHPD HV TXH HO DWUDFWLYR SDWULPRQLDO GH OD 9HJD %DMD VH KD LGR
GHVWUX\HQGR SRU OR TXH KDEUtD TXH FRQVHUYDU OR TXHDXQ QRV TXHGD \ WDPELpQ LQWHQWDU
UHFXSHUDUORSHUGLGR/DVLWXDFLyQDFWXDOHVGHFULVLV\SRUHOORVHKDFHGLItFLOSHQVDUHQ
LQYHUWLU SDUD OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GHO SDWULPRQLR KDEUtD TXH KDEHU DSURYHFKDGR OD pSRFD
iOJLGDGHORVIRQGRV352'(5(QFLHUWRPRGRVHSXHGHGHFLUTXHVHKDOOHJDGRWDUGH
SHURKD\TXHFRQVHUYDUDTXHOORTXHODPRGDOLGDGGHWXULVPRGHFRVWD\ODXUEDQL]DFLyQ
D~QQRKDQGHVWUXLGRSRUVXSXHVWRODFXOSDQRHVGHOWXULVPRVLQRGHXQDPDODJHVWLyQ\
SODQLILFDFLyQ
(Q FXDQWR D EHQHILFLRV HO WXULVPR FXOWXUDO SHUPLWLUtD OD SURWHFFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH OD
UHFXSHUDFLyQ GHO SDWULPRQLR JHQHUDU HPSOHR GLQDPL]DU HO FRPHUFLR \ UHFXSHUDU OD
PHPRULDGHORVWHUULWRULRV\ORVOXJDUHV
(O SDWULPRQLR HQ OD 9HJD %DMD QR VROR HV GH WLSR HGLILFDWRULR VLQR TXH FXHQWD FRQ
UHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHV'HQWURGHODFRPDUFDKD\QXHYHHVSDFLRVGHLQWHUpV
QDWXUDO \ TXH DGHPiVHVWiQSURWHJLGRVSRUVXLPSRUWDQFLDPHUHFHODSHQDGHVWDFDUGH
IRUPD EUHYH HO 3DUTXH QDWXUDO GH ODV /DJXQDV GH OD 0DWD \ 7RUUHYLHMD \ OD 6LHUUD
(VFDORQD\'HKHVDGH&DPSRDPRU
3DUTXHQDWXUDOGHODV/DJXQDVGHOD0DWD\7RUUHYLHMD
)RUPD SDUWH GH ORV WpUPLQRV PXQLFLSDOHV GH 7RUUHYLHMD *XDUGDPDU GH 6HJXUD \ ORV
0RQWHVLQRV \ HVWi IRUPDGR SRU GRV ODJXQDV /DV GRV ODJXQDV HVWiQ VHSDUDGRV SRU XQ
DQWLFOLQDO \ XQLGDV FRQ HO PDU SRU PHGLR GH XQ FDQDO DUWLILFLDO 6H KD XWLOL]DGR GHVGH
VLHPSUHSDUDODH[SORWDFLyQGHODVDO\GHVWDFDSRUVXIORUD\IDXQD
(Q HVWH SDUTXH VH SXHGHQ GHVDUUROODU DFWLYLGDGHV LQIDQWLOHV FLFOR WXULVPR FXUVRV \
WDOOHUHVHGXFDFLyQDPELHQWDOREVHUYDFLyQGHDYHV\UXWDV
6LHUUD(VFDORQD\'HKHVDGH&DPSRDPRU
$IHFWD D ORV WpUPLQRV PXQLFLSDOHV GH 2ULKXHOD 3LODU GH OD +RUDGDGD \ 6DQ 0LJXHO GH
6DOLQDV (VWD VLWXDGR HQ XQ OXJDU VHPLiULGR \ DOEHUJD PDJQtILFRV SLQDUHV QDWXUDOHV \
WRPLOODUHVHQWUHRWUDVIRUPDFLRQHVYHJHWDOHV'HVWDFDWDPELpQSRUVXIDXQDHQFXDQWRD
DYHV\VHSUHWHQGHVXFDWDORJDFLyQFRPR=RQDGH(VSHFLDO3URWHFFLyQSDUDODV$YHV
ϭϯ
7XULVPRUXUDO
+R\SRUKR\QRHVPX\VLJQLILFDWLYR\VHGDHQDTXHOODV]RQDVGHLQWHULRUTXHQRWLHQHQ
XQ GHVDUUROOR WXUtVWLFRLQPRELOLDULR LPSRUWDQWH 3RGUtD WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ XQ SURGXFWR
PiVVLJQLILFDWLYRHQODPHGLGDHQTXHVHGHVDUUROOHQRIHUWDVGHDORMDPLHQWRVLQJXODUHV\
GH FDOLGDG HQ HO PHGLR UXUDO DQWLJXDV FDVDV GH ODEUDQ]D FDVDV GH OD KXHUWD HWF \ VH
FUHHQ UXWDV VHQGHURV \ DFWLYLGDGHV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV TXH GRWHQ GH FRQWHQLGR D ODV
HVWDQFLDVHQHOPHGLRUXUDO
(VWD PRGDOLGDG GH WXULVPR VHUtD XQ JUDQ SDVR HQ OD ]RQD \D TXH VXSRQGUtD HO
PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV DJUDULDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV (O WXULVWD TXH HOLJH HVWD
PRGDOLGDGTXLHUHODWUDQTXLOLGDG\HOUHSRVRTXHHOPHGLRUXUDOSXHGHSURSRUFLRQDUSRU
ORWDQWRHVFRQWUDULRDODXUEDQL]DFLyQ1RREVWDQWHHVWHWLSRGHWXULVPRPDOHQWHQGLGR
SXHGH VXSRQHU OD HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ GHO WHUULWRULR HQ OD DFWLYLGDG WXUtVWLFD \ OD
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH SHUGLGD GH OD DJULFXOWXUD (V LPSRUWDQWH TXH VHD XQ WXULVPR FRQ
FDPSHVLQRV \ TXH HVWRV QR TXHGHQ GHVYLQFXODGRV GHO WHUULWRULR +D\ TXH SHUVHJXLU HO
GHVDUUROORDJUtFROD\QRHOGHVDUUROORUXUDOTXHDXQTXHSDUH]FDQFRQFHSWRVVLPLODUHVQR
ORVRQGHKHFKRVRQLQFRPSDWLEOHV
3HVH D TXH QR HV PX\ VLJQLILFDWLYR VL HV YHUGDG TXH HPSLH]D D YHUVH SRU SDUWH GH ORV
D\XQWDPLHQWRV XQD SHTXHxD LQLFLDWLYD GH SRQHU HQ YDORU HVWH UHFXUVR GHO TXH OD ]RQD
SRGUtDEHQHILFLDUVHEDVWDQWH\DTXHHVPX\ULFDHQFXDQWRDSDWULPRQLRUXUDO
6HJ~Q * &DQDOHV HO WXULVPR UXUDO DGHPiV GH IDYRUHFHU HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV
PXQLFLSLRVGHLQWHULRUVHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQDQWtGRWRDODXUEDQL]DFLyQORVLQWHJUDQWHVGH
HVWRV IOXMRV WXUtVWLFRV EXVFDQ ORV DWULEXWRV SURSLRV GHO FDPSR SRU OR TXH KD\ TXH
SURWHJHUOR(OWXULVPRUXUDOHVXQWXULVPRFRQVHUYDFLRQLVWD\DTXHVXDWUDFWLYRUHVLGHHQ
ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV SRU OR TXH VH WLHQGH D FRQVHUYDUORV HQ EXHQ HVWDGR $GHPiV HV
LQWHJUDGR SRU OR TXH PDQWLHQH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV GHO PHGLR VLQ DOWHUDUODV
2WUR DVSHFWR EHQHILFLRVR HV TXH OD SREODFLyQ GH WXULVWDV QXQFD VXSHUD D OD SREODFLyQ
UXUDOQRFRPRVXFHGHHQODFRVWDFRQODVXUEDQL]DFLRQHV
/$ (63(&8/$&,Ï1 < /$ 32&$ 352)(6,21$/,'$' '( /26
5(63216$%/(6(1/26$<817$0,(1726</$6$'0,1,675$&,21(6
/DV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV FRPR FXOSDEOHV GH OD IUDJPHQWDFLyQ \ GHVWUXFFLyQ GHO
WHUULWRULR\FRPRIUHQRDODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV
(Q ORV ~OWLPRV FLQFR R VHLV DxRV HQ OD 9HJD %DMD VH KDQ SUR\HFWDGR XQD VHULH GH
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVTXHGHVGHORVSXHEORVODSREODFLyQFXHVWLRQD \DTXHQR DSRUWDQLQJ~Q
EHQHILFLR D OD FRPDUFD \ VL PXFKRV SHUMXLFLRV 1R HV QRUPDO TXH QXQFD KD\DQ KHFKR
IDOWDODVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV\TXHDKRUDHQXQRVSRFRVDxRVORVSROtWLFRVQRVGLJDQTXHVRQ
QHFHVDULDVFXDWURLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVHQWUHODVTXHVHLQFOX\HQWUHVDXWRSLVWDV\HO$9(
ϭϰ
/DGHVWUXFFLyQGHOD+XHUWDWUDGLFLRQDOTXHSURYRFDUtDQHVWDVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVVXSRQGUtD
ODDVIL[LDGHQXPHURVRVSXHEORVHQOD9HJD%DMDSXHVWRTXHVXHFRQRPtDVHEDVDHQOD
DJULFXOWXUD(VWRVSXHEORV \SHGDQtDVTXHGDUtDQDSULVLRQDGRVSRUXQDUHGGHFDUUHWHUDV
TXH IUDJPHQWDUtDQ HO WHUULWRULR \ OLPLWDUtDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV HQWUH WpUPLQRV
PXQLFLSDOHV6XSRQGUtDWDPELpQODGHVWUXFFLyQGHFDPLQRV\YHUHGDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV\OD
DFXPXODFLyQ GH YtDV UiSLGDV FRQ XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH WUiILFR URGDGR D JUDQGHV
YHORFLGDGHV (Q GHILQLWLYD HVWDV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV VXSRQGUtDQ HO DPXUDOODPLHQWR GH ORV
SXHEORVDGHPiVGHRWURVHIHFWRVQHJDWLYRV
'HQWURGHODVWUHVDXWRSLVWDVH[LVWHQHQRUPHVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVTXHSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWR
TXHGHWUiVVHHVFRQGHXQJUDQSRWHQFLDOHVSHFXODWLYRSXHVHOODVPLVPDVVHFRQWUDGLFHQ
HQWUHVL\QRVHUtDQHFHVDULDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODVWUHVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSXHVLQFOXVRFRQ
XQD VROD VHUtD VXILFLHQWH /D 9HJD %DMD \D HVWi VDWXUDGD GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV \ QR HV
QHFHVDULRFRQVWUXLUQLQJXQDPiV\PHQRVSDUDHOEHQHILFLRGHRWUDVFRPXQLGDGHV
+HPRVGHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHOD+XHUWD7UDGLFLRQDOGHODFRPDUFD
FRQVWLWX\HODJDUDQWtDGHUHFXSHUDFLyQHFRQyPLFD\WXUtVWLFD/DSpUGLGDGHHVWHUHFXUVR
KXQGLUtDPiVODFRPDUFDVXHFRQRPtD\VXIXWXUR\DTXHODSUHVHQFLDGHODDJULFXOWXUD
HVPD\RULWDULD/DGLYHUVLILFDFLyQGHODHFRQRPtDHQODFRPDUFDVHULDXQSXQWRGHYLWDO
LPSRUWDQFLDSDUDVXUHFXSHUDFLyQ
(VWDV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV QR VROR SHUMXGLFDQ D OD FRPDUFD GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD
HFRQyPLFR \ VRFLDO H[SURSLDFLRQHV GH WLHUUDV GH ODERU HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FDVRV
WDPELpQ VRQ XQ LQFRQYHQLHQWH GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD HFROyJLFR \ DPELHQWDO $OJXQDV
]RQDV GH OD FRPDUFD HVWiQ GHFODUDGDV SRU HO /LEUR %ODQFR GHO $JXD \ SRU HO
3$75,&29$ 3ODQ GH $FFLyQ 7HUULWRULDO GH FDUiFWHU VHFWRULDO VREUH SUHYHQFLyQ GHO
5LHVJR GH ,QXQGDFLyQ HQ OD &RPXQLGDG 9DOHQFLDQD FRPR ]RQDV FRQ DOWR ULHVJR GH
LQXQGDFLyQ DGHPiV H[LVWHQ PXOWLWXG GH HMHPSORV GH HVDV LQXQGDFLRQHV (VWDV
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV VHULDQ DXWHQWLFDV PXUDOODV \ FRQYHUWLUtDQ D GHWHUPLQDGRV SXHEORV R
SHGDQtDV HQ DXWpQWLFRV HPEDOVHV HQ HO FDVR GH GDUVH XQD LQXQGDFLyQ R FUHFLGD GHO ULR
6HJXUD
(QXQRGHORVFDVRVVHTXLHUHFRQVWUXLUXQDYtDUiSLGDDHVFDVRVPHWURVGHGRQGH\DKD\
XQDFDUUHWHUDTXHFRQOLJHUDVPRGLILFDFLRQHVSXHGHKDFHUHOPLVPRSDSHO&9(Q
HVWHFDVRVHSURYRFDUtDXQJUDQGHVSLOIDUURIUXWRGHXQDPDODSODQLILFDFLyQSRUSDUWHGH
ORVD\XQWDPLHQWRVVLQFRQWDUORVGDxRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHVTXHXQDLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDGHWDO
PDJQLWXG SURYRFDUtD HQ HO OXJDU (VH GLQHUR SRGUtD LQYHUWLUVH HQ DOJR PiV QHFHVDULR
FRPRVHULDODPHMRUDGHOVLVWHPDGHULHJRGHODKXHUWD\DTXHVHGHVSHUGLFLDPXFKDDJXD
\HVWDHVXQELHQHVFDVRHQODFRPDUFD
(Q RWUR GH ORV FDVRV VH SUHWHQGH FRQVWUXLU XQD DXWRSLVWD $3 TXH SDVD SRU OD
SURYLQFLD GH $OLFDQWH \ ~QLFDPHQWH EHQHILFLD D OD FRPXQLGDG GH 0XUFLD \D TXH OD
FRQHFWDFRQODFRVWDDOLFDQWLQD'HVGHORVD\XQWDPLHQWRVQRVGLFHQTXHHVSDUDHOELHQ
GH OD 9HJD %DMD SHUR QR VH HQWLHQGH \D TXH GHVWUX\H OD KXHUWD \ DGHPiV HV XQD
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD SDUD FX\R XVR KD\ TXH SDJDU /DV LQWHQFLRQHV HVSHFXODWLYDV VDOWDQ D OD
ϭϱ
YLVWD SRUTXH QR HV QHFHVDULR FRQVWUXLU XQD QXHYD DXWRSLVWD TXH FRQHFWH 0XUFLD FRQ
$OLFDQWHSRUTXH\DWHQHPRVXQDTXHDGHPiVVHUiDPSOLDGDHQORVSUy[LPRVDxRV
6HJ~Q - $QGUHX SRUWDYR] GH 8QLRQ 3URJUHVR \ 'HPRFUDFLD GH OD SURYLQFLD GH
$OLFDQWH OD DXWRSLVWD $3 GHVGH 0XUFLD$OLFDQWH SRQH HQ ULHVJR OD YLGD GH
XQDV SHUVRQDV DO GLVFXUULU SRU XQD ]RQD LQXQGDEOH HQ OD FXDO HQ RFDVLRQHV VH
UHJLVWUDQOOXYLDVWRUUHQFLDOHV$JUDYDWDPELpQODVLWXDFLyQGHFULVLV\DTXHGHVWUX\HXQRV
SXHVWRV GH WUDEDMR DJUtFROD GLUHFWRV D OD YH] TXH GHVWUX\H KiELWDWV GH HVSHFLHV
SURWHJLGDVYtDVSHFXDULDV\XQDJUDQSDUWHGHODFXOWXUDDJUtFRODGHOD]RQD
(QHOFDVRGHO$9(HQODSULPHUDRSFLyQTXHVHSUHVHQWRGHVGH)RPHQWRHVWHGLVFXUULUtD
SDUDOHORDOD$VLHQGRVXVLPSDFWRVSUiFWLFDPHQWHQXORVSDUDODKXHUWDWUDGLFLRQDO(Q
FDPELR GLFKR SUR\HFWR VH DEDQGRQD D IDYRU GH XQR FRQ PiV LPSDFWRV QHJDWLYRV \
DGHPiV PiV FRVWRVRV SXHVWR TXH VXSRQH XQDV PD\RUHV H[SURSLDFLRQHV \ DGHPiV
DWUDYLHVDYDULRVQ~FOHRVXUEDQRVHQORVTXHKD\TXHDFRPHWHUREUDVPX\FRVWRVDVSDUD
SDOLDUVXVHIHFWRVQHJDWLYRV
)LJXUD,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDVGHWUDQVSRUWHSUHYLVWDVHQODFRPDUFDGHOD9HJD%DMD
)XHQWH83\'9HJD%DMDIHEUHUR
ϭϲ
7UDV YHU HVWD LPDJHQ GH FyPR TXHGDUtD OD 9HJD %DMD WUDV OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH GLFKDV
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV\WUDVOHHUHOFRQWHQLGRGHHVWHDSDUWDGRUHDOPHQWHGHEHUtDPRVSHQVDUVL
VRQQHFHVDULDVWDQWDVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVFRPRQRVGLFHQ\ORTXHHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHTXH
YHQWDMDV\TXHGHVYHQWDMDVSURYRFDUtDQHVWDVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVHQOD]RQD(OSUREOHPDHV
TXH VH FRQVWUX\HQ LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV LQQHFHVDULDV \ QR VH SULRUL]D OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ODV
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVQHFHVDULDV
(QHOSXQWRWUHFHGHOD'HFODUDFLyQGH$SR\RSDUDOD'HIHQVDGHO3DWULPRQLR&XOWXUDO
+XHUWDQR DSUREDGR HQ ODV 9, -RUQDGDV GH 'HIHQVD GH OD +XHUWD RUJDQL]DGDV SRU OD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWHVHFLWDORVLJXLHQWHCC(OGHVDUUROORGHJUDQGHVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV
GHEH LU SUHFHGLGR GH OD DFWXDOL]DFLyQ SRU HTXLSRV LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUHV FRPR RUGHQD HO
DUWtFXORGHOD/H\GHO3DWULPRQLR&XOWXUDO9DOHQFLDQRGHORV&DWiORJRVGH%LHQHV
\(VSDFLRV3URWHJLGRVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVDIHFWDGRVFRQFDUJRDODHQWLGDGSURPRWRUD/D
HYDOXDFLyQ GH LPSDFWR DPELHQWDO QR HV VXILFLHQWH FXDQGR VH SDUWH GH XQD GHILFLHQWH
SURWHFFLyQ MXUtGLFD GH ORV ELHQHV FXOWXUDOHV FRPRHQ JHQHUDO RFXUUH FRQ HO SDWULPRQLR
KLGUiXOLFR
'HODH[SORWDFLyQDJUDULDDODXUEDQL]DFLyQ
/D9HJD%DMDKDVLGRDORODUJRGHODKLVWRULDXQD]RQDHPLQHQWHPHQWHDJUtFRODDXQTXH
GHVGH HO LQLFLR GHO WXULVPR GH PDVDV HQ OD GpFDGD GH ORV VHVHQWD OD DJULFXOWXUD KD
HPSH]DGR D SHOLJUDU (VWH SHOLJUR YLHQH GHWHUPLQDGR SRU HO HPSHRUDPLHQWR GH ODV
FRQGLFLRQHV GH OD DJULFXOWXUD ORV SUREOHPDV TXH DIHFWDQ D OD DJULFXOWXUD VRQ
SULQFLSDOPHQWHODHVFDVH]GHDJXDSURYRFDGDSRUORVFRQIOLFWRVHQVXXVR\ODFDtGDGH
ORV SUHFLRV SDJDGRV D ORV DJULFXOWRUHV OR TXH KDFH TXH OD WLHUUD VHD PiV UHQWDEOH FRQ
RWURVXVRV/DFDtGDGHODDJULFXOWXUDHVDIDYRUGHOWXULVPRGHFRVWD\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
PDVLYD GH XUEDQL]DFLRQHV HQ WRUQR D OD FRVWD \ XQD YH] VDWXUDGD HVWD WDPELpQ HQ HO
LQWHULRU DFWXDOPHQWH PiV GHO GH OD IDFKDGD PDUtWLPD HVWD XUEDQL]DGD \ OD RIHUWD
KRWHOHUDHV HVFDVDOXHJR VRQFDVDVSDUWLFXODUHV(QODFRPDUFDGHOD9HJD%DMDVHKDQ
FRPHWLGR QXPHURVRV DEXVRV XUEDQtVWLFRV SRU SDUWH GH ORV JUDQGHV SURPRWRUHV \ ODV
WLHUUDV GH FXOWLYR VH KDQ DEDQGRQDGR HVSHUDQGR VX UHYDORUL]DFLyQ SRU PHGLR GH OD
HVSHFXODFLyQ WRGR HVWR XQLGR SRU VXSXHVWR D XQD OHJLVODFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO EDVWDQWH
SHUPLVLYD
'HVGHODGpFDGDGHORVVHVHQWDKDVWDODDFWXDOLGDGODFRPSHWHQFLDGHODDFWLYLGDGDJUDULD
FRQ RWURV VHFWRUHV LQGXVWULDO UHVLGHQFLDO \ UHFUHDWLYR SULQFLSDOPHQWH KD LGR HQ
DXPHQWR 3RU DQWHFHGHQWHV KLVWyULFRV \ HFROyJLFRV ODV SULQFLSDOHV iUHDV UHJDGDV GH OD
&RPXQLGDG 9DOHQFLDQD VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ ODV SODQDV FRVWHUDV SODQWHiQGRVH XQD GXUD
FRPSHWHQFLD FRQ RWURV VHFWRUHV HFRQyPLFRV FRPR HO WXULVPR HQ OR TXH FRQVWLWX\H HO
OODPDGRHVSDFLR~WLOYDOHQFLDQR5RVHOOy
/DGHVWUXFFLyQGHOVXHORDJUtFRODSDUDILQHVXUEDQtVWLFRVHLQGXVWULDOHVVHKDFRQYHUWLGR
HQ XQD GLQiPLFD KDELWXDO HQ ORV UHJDGtRV GHO %DMR 6HJXUD WDQWR HQ ODV ]RQDV FRVWHUDV
ϭϳ
FRPR HQ HO LQWHULRU 6RQ KDELWXDOHV ODV HMHFXFLRQHV GH SODQHV XUEDQtVWLFRV SDUD OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH JUDQGHV XUEDQL]DFLRQHV VREUH UHVDOWHV FRQ EXHQDV YLVWDV SDLVDMtVWLFDV
6HJ~Q 5LFR OD UHGXFFLyQ GH UHJDGtRV SURGXFWLYRV KD VLGR HVSHFWDFXODU HQ ORV
PXQLFLSLRVGH7RUUHYLHMD5RMDOHVR6DQ)XOJHQFLRFRQSpUGLGDVGHPiVGHOHQHO
SHULRGR7DPELpQVHKDLPSXHVWRODSURPRFLyQGHFDPSRVGHJROI
'DGR HO LPSRUWDQWH SURWDJRQLVPR GHO VHFWRU LQPRELOLDULR HQ OD FUHDFLyQ GH RIHUWD
WXUtVWLFDHVWRDIHFWDDODDVLJQDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVDOPHUFDGRGHWUDEDMR\DODV
LQYHUVLRQHVS~EOLFDV\SULYDGDVTXHVHGHFDQWDQDIDYRUGHOSURGXFWRLQPRELOLDULR
/D JUDQ RFXSDFLyQ GH WHUUHQR KD PRWLYDGR TXH ODV SUHYLVLRQHV YLDULDV QR VHDQ ODV
DGHFXDGDV 6H FRQVWUX\HQ LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV UiSLGDPHQWH SDUD FXEULU ODV QHFHVLGDGHV \
FRPRKHPRVYLVWRHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUHVWRGHVHPERFDHQXQDPDODSODQLILFDFLyQ \
HQSpUGLGDVGHWLSRHFROyJLFR\PHGLRDPELHQWDO
/DKXHUWDHVXQSDLVDMHIXQFLRQDO\FRPRWDOSRGUtDJHQHUDUEHQHILFLRVHFRQyPLFRV/R
PiVLPSRUWDQWHVHULDOOHJDUDXQDDFWLYLGDGSURGXFWLYDTXH DSRUWH UHQWDV GLJQDV \ HVWR
VROR VH FRQVHJXLUtD PHGLDQWH HO DSR\R DO VHFWRU \ OD LQYHUVLyQ WDQWR S~EOLFD FRPR
SULYDGD (Q pSRFDV GH FULVLV OD DJULFXOWXUD HV XQD DFWLYLGDG PX\ LPSRUWDQWH \D TXH
DGHPiV GH DEVRUEHU D SDUWH GH OD SREODFLyQ GHVHPSOHDGD DVHJXUD OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD
DOLPHQWDULDGHOWHUULWRULR\VXDEDVWHFLPLHQWR
/D ]RQD UH~QH XQDV FRQGLFLRQHV YHQWDMRVDV SDUD PDQWHQHU \ SRGHU LQFUHPHQWDU OD
SURGXFFLyQ DJUtFROD VLHPSUH GHVGH XQ UHJDGtR VRVWHQLEOH 0HGLDQWH OD PHMRUD GH OD
FDOLGDG GH ORV SURGXFWRV \ UHGXFLHQGR FRVWHV VH SRGUtD OOHJDU D XQD DJULFXOWXUD
H[SRUWDGRUD\GHHOHYDGDUHQWDELOLGDGDODYH]JHQHUDGRUDGHHPSOHRHLQWHQVLYD(VWDV
SRVLELOLGDGHVVHYHQLPSRVLELOLWDGDVSHVHDODFDOLGDGGHODJXD\ORVVXHORVGHELGRDOD
IXHUWH FRPSHWHQFLD GH XVRV GHO VXHOR TXH VRQ PiV SURGXFWLYRV FRQ HO WXULVPR \ OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FKDOHWV (O SUREOHPD GH OD EDMD UHQWDELOLGDG GH OD DJULFXOWXUD SRGUtD
VROXFLRQDUVHFRQODLQYHUVLyQ\DVHDS~EOLFDRSULYDGD\FRQODTXHVHSHUVLJDODPHMRUD
GH ODV WpFQLFDV GH SURGXFFLyQ \ GH ORV SURGXFWRV GH HVWD IRUPD VHULD UHQWDEOH HO XVR
DJUtFRODGHORVVXHORV
8QDIRUPDGHLQFUHPHQWDUORVEHQHILFLRVGHORVDJULFXOWRUHVHYLWDQGRDVtODGHVDSDULFLyQ
GHODDFWLYLGDGFRQVLVWLUtDHQSURPRYHUODLQQRYDFLyQHQHOVHFWRU&RQVLVWLUtDHQPHMRUDU
ORV VLVWHPDV GH GLVWULEXFLyQ \ YHQWD GH IRUPD TXH VH DSURYHFKDUtDQ PHMRU ODV
SRVLELOLGDGHVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\VHLQFUHPHQWDUtDQORVEHQHILFLRVGHORVDJULFXOWRUHV
6HSODQWHDHQWRQFHVODQHFHVLGDGGHHVWDEOHFHUVROXFLRQHVPHGLDQWHODSODQLILFDFLyQGH
ORVXVRVGHOVXHOR\ODJHVWLyQUDFLRQDOGHORVUHFXUVRVGHIRUPDTXHSXHGDQH[LVWLUGH
IRUPDFRQMXQWDODVDFWLYLGDGHVWXUtVWLFDVFRQORVHVSDFLRVSURGXFWLYRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV
ϭϴ
&LXGDG4XHVDGD
(QOD]RQDDSDUWLUGHPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR;;\VREUHWRGRDSDUWLUGHODGpFDGDGHORV
VHWHQWDKDKDELGRXQJUDQGHVDUUROORLQPRELOLDULRTXHVHKDGDGRVREUHWRGRHQODFRVWD
\ HQ ORV PXQLFLSLRV FHUFDQRV D HVWD 'HQWUR GH HVWH DSDUWDGR YDPRV D GHVWDFDU HO
FRQJORPHUDGRGHXUEDQL]DFLRQHVTXHIRUPDQ&LXGDG4XHVDGDXQDGHODVXUEDQL]DFLRQHV
UHVLGHQFLDOHV PiV DQWLJXDV \ SREODGDV GH OD 9HJD %DMD HQ HO WpUPLQR PXQLFLSDO GH
5RMDOHV HV XQ FODUR HMHPSOR GHO ERRP LQPRELOLDULR GH OD ]RQD \ OD GHVWUXFFLyQ GHO
HQWRUQRUXUDOGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDDFWXDOPHQWHODXUEDQL]DFLyQ
(O WpUPLQR PXQLFLSDO GH 5RMDOHV FXHQWD FRQ KD GH ODV FXDOHV KD HVWiQ
RFXSDGDVSRU&LXGDG4XHVDGD0LQLVWHULRGH0HGLR$PELHQWH\0HGLR5XUDO\0DULQR
6LVWHPD GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH SDUFHODV DJUtFRODV HV GHFLU HO  GHO
WHUULWRULRGH5RMDOHVHVWiRFXSDGRSRU&LXGDG4XHVDGD
'H ORV KDELWDQWHV GH 5RMDOHV ,1( PiV GH OD PLWDG UHVLGHQ HQ &LXGDG
4XHVDGD GRQGH SUHGRPLQD OD SREODFLyQ IRUiQHD 5RMDOHV HV HO VHJXQGR PXQLFLSLR
HVSDxROFRQPD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHH[WUDQMHURVMXVWRGHVSXpVGH6DQ)XOJHQFLR
TXHHVXQDORFDOLGDGYHFLQD(QHOSHULRGRHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHPRJUiILFRHQHO
PXQLFLSLRKDVXSHUDGRHOGHELGRDODOOHJDGDGHQXHYRVH[WUDQMHURVHXURSHRVORV
EULWiQLFRVIRUPDQHOFROHFWLYRPiVQXPHURVRVHJXLGRGHORVDOHPDQHV'XUDQWHHOVLJOR
;;HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQKDVLGRHVFDORQDGRSHURDSDUWLUGHODSREODFLyQ
SUiFWLFDPHQWHVHKDWULSOLFDGR
/DXUEDQL]DFLyQHVWiVLWXDGDMXQWRDXQD]RQDQDWXUDOSURWHJLGD\FRQVHUYDGDGHSLQDGD
\ PDWRUUDO (O HQWRUQR HV LPSRUWDQWH SDUD OD ]RQD GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD
ELRGLYHUVLGDG SXHVWR TXH MXQWR FRQ OD /DJXQD GH OD 0DWD \ 7RUUHYLHMD FRQIRUPDQ XQ
HVSDFLRSHFXOLDU\DPHQD]DGRSRUODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
(QSRFRVDxRV&LXGDG4XHVDGDKDFUHFLGRGHIRUPDGHVPHGLGD\VLQFRQWUROGHIRUPD
TXHODVFDVDVHQPXFKRVFDVRVFDUHFHQGHODVSUHVWDFLRQHVUHFRPHQGDEOHV$GHPiVHO
DOFDQWDULOODGR VH KD LGR UHDOL]DQGR PXFKR PiV WDUGH \ VROR OR HQFRQWUDPRV HQ OD]RQD
PiV UHFLHQWHPHQWH FRQVWUXLGD SRU OR TXH KD\ XQ JUDQ PDOHVWDU JHQHUDO \ IDOWD GH
VHUYLFLRV HQ PXFKRV FDVRV $ ORV UHVLGHQWHV DO FRPSUDU VLHPSUH VH OHV RFXOWDQ HVWRV
IDOORVHQODVFRQVWUXFFLRQHV\HVRVTXHVHVHSDSHURGHVREUDVHVDEHTXHODVYLYLHQGDV
HVWiQFRQVWUXLGDVFRQPDWHULDOHVGHHVFDVDFDOLGDG
/DXUEDQL]DFLyQVXIUHFRQVWDQWHVFRUWHVGHDJXDHQYHUDQRDGHPiVGHIDOWDGHSUHVLyQGH
DJXD FRUULHQWH /D XUEDQL]DFLyQ HVWi IRUPDGD SRU YLYLHQGDV XQLIDPLOLDUHV FRQ MDUGtQ \
SLVFLQDGRQGHHOGHUURFKHGHDJXDHVHOHYDGRDORTXHKD\TXHVXPDUXQJUDQFDPSRGH
*ROI7RGRHVWRKDFHTXHHQDxRVGHVHTXtDVHDUHDOPHQWHGLItFLODEDVWHFHUDWDOFDQWLGDG
GHYLYLHQGDV
ϭϵ
/D VHJXULGDG HV RWUR SUREOHPD \D TXH HO WpUPLQR PXQLFLSDO GH 5RMDOHV QR WLHQH
VXILFLHQWHV PHGLRV SDUD DVHJXUDU OD VHJXULGDG WDQWR HQ HO SXHEOR 5RMDOHV FRPR HQ OD
XUEDQL]DFLyQ6RQIUHFXHQWHVORVURERV\RWURVGHOLWRV
$FWXDOPHQWHODSREODFLyQGH&LXGDG4XHVDGDH[WUDQMHUDHQVXPD\RUtDVHKDFDQVDGR
GH HVWDU UHVLGLHQGR GXUDQWH DxRV HQ OD XUEDQL]DFLyQ \ TXH HO D\XQWDPLHQWR KDJD FDVR
RPLVRDVXVQHFHVLGDGHVSRUHOORKDFUHDGRXQSDUWLGRSROtWLFRTXHPHGLDQWHXQSDFWR
JRELHUQD HQ HO D\XQWDPLHQWR \ VH SUHRFXSD PiV GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV TXH KD\ (VWR KD
VXSXHVWRXQDPHMRUDHQPXFKRVDVSHFWRVSDUDODSREODFLyQSHURKD\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWD
TXHQRHVEXHQRTXHHOD\XQWDPLHQWRORJRELHUQHXQSDUWLGRIRUPDGRHQWHUDPHQWHSRU
H[WUDQMHURV \D TXH DO LJXDO TXH QXHVWURV SROtWLFRV UHSUHVHQWDQ QXHVWURV LQWHUpV ORV
SROtWLFRV H[WUDQMHURV UHSUHVHQWDUDQ WDPELpQ ORV LQWHUHVHV GH OD SREODFLyQ H[WUDQMHUD \
VREUHWRGRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHHVPD\RULWDULD
)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDDpUHDGH5RMDOHV
)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGHODIRWRJUDItDDpUHDGH5RMDOHV
ϮϬ
3XHEORGH5RMDOHV
&DPSRGHJROIGH&LXGDG4XHVDGD
8UEDQL]DFLyQ&LXGDG4XHVDGD
&RQIOLFWRGHLQWHUHVHVSRUHODJXD\GHVYLDFLyQGHODPLVPDDORVFDPSRVGHJROI
/DSUREOHPiWLFDGHODJXDHQOD9HJD%DMDVHGHEHDOFRQIOLFWRTXHJHQHUDVXXVRTXHVH
GHEDWH HQWUH OD DJULFXOWXUD \ HO DEDVWHFLPLHQWR XUEDQR HVSHFLDOPHQWH HO WXUtVWLFR
UHVLGHQFLDOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQH[SDQVLyQ8QRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSUREOHPDVVXHOHVHUHO
GHVDFXHUGR HQWUH ORV DJULFXOWRUHV TXH GHPDQGDQ XQD PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH DJXD SDUD VXV
FXOWLYRV \ORVSURPRWRUHVLQPRELOLDULRVTXHGHPDQGDQFDGDYH]PiVFDQWLGDGGHDJXD
SDUD SRGHU VHJXLU FRQVWUX\HQGR VXV XUEDQL]DFLRQHV \ OR TXH HV SHRU VXV FDPSRV GH
JROI
(OSUREOHPDGHODHVFDVH]GHDJXDKDH[LVWLGRVLHPSUHGHELGRDOFOLPDGHOD]RQDTXHHV
EDVWDQWHVHFRDODYH]GLFKRFOLPDHVHOTXHKDIDYRUHFLGRHOGHVDUUROORWXUtVWLFRGHOD
]RQD (O SUREOHPD VH KD VROYHQWDGR VLHPSUH FRQ HO EXHQ DSURYHFKDPLHQWR DJUtFROD GH
ODV DJXDV 3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH FRQVWUX\R HO WUDVYDVH 7DMR6HJXUD FUH\HQGR TXH VHUtD OD
VROXFLyQ GHILQLWLYD D ORV SUREOHPDV KtGULFRV GH OD DJULFXOWXUD DVt OR IXH KDVWD TXH
HPSH]y OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ PDVLYD GH XUEDQL]DFLRQHV TXH KDQ DFDEDGR SRU UREDU D OD
DJULFXOWXUD
/DDJULFXOWXUDGHUHJDGtRHQOD9HJD%DMDVLJQLILFDODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHORVFXOWLYRV\HO
PDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQUXUDOHQOD]RQD/DIDOWDGHDJXDSDUDODDJULFXOWXUDSRU
ODVVHTXtDVHQSULPHUOXJDU \SRUODPD\RUGHPDQGDGHODVXUEDQL]DFLRQHVHQVHJXQGR
OXJDU KD WHQLGR UHSHUFXVLRQHV HFRQyPLFDV VRFLDOHV \ HFROyJLFDV HQ ODV H[SORWDFLRQHV
DJUDULDVTXHVHKDQYLVWRPHUPDGDV/DVXSHUILFLHFXOWLYDGDVHKDUHGXFLGRHQXQ
OD SURGXFFLyQ HQ XQ OD UHQWD DJUDULD HQ XQ \ ORV SXHVWRV GH WUDEDMR HQ XQ
WRGRHVWRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV
(O UHJDGtR DFWXDO QR HV FDSD] GH DGPLQLVWUDU ORV SRFRV UHFXUVRV KtGULFRV TXH TXHGDQ
SDUD OD DJULFXOWXUD OR TXH LQIOX\H WDPELpQ HQ OD GLILFXOWDG GH REWHQHU XQ SURGXFWR
FRPSHWLWLYR HQ FDOLGDGSUHFLR HQ HO PHUFDGR JOREDOL]DGR (VWH HV RWUR IDFWRU TXH
WDPELpQKDLQIOXLGRHQODPHUPDGHODDJULFXOWXUD
/D UiSLGD XUEDQL]DFLyQ TXH KD VXIULGR OD ]RQD MXQWR FRQ OD HVSHFXODFLyQ GHO VXHOR KD
KHFKR TXH VH DEDQGRQHQ WLHUUDV GH FXOWLYR \ TXH HO VXHOR FXOWLYDEOH VH SXHEOH GH
HGLILFLRV \ FKDOHWV TXH QRUPDOPHQWH LQFOXVR RFXSDQ ORV VXHORV PiV IpUWLOHV /RV
DJULFXOWRUHV YHQGHQ ODV WLHUUDV HQWUH RWURV PRWLYRV SRUTXH OD DJULFXOWXUD QR OHV GD
LQJUHVRV VXILFLHQWHV SDUD YLYLU DGHPiV FDGD YH] KD\ PiV FRQIOLFWRV H LQWHUHVHV SRU HO
XVRGHODJXDTXHVLHQGR\DHVFDVDODTXHSHUFLEtDQORVUHJDGtRVVHYHDXQPiVUHGXFLGD
FXDQGR KD\ TXH DEDVWHFHU D ODV QXHYDV SREODFLRQHV \ UHJDU FDPSRV GH JROI TXH KDQ
Ϯϭ
VXUJLGRHQSRFRWLHPSR\FRQDSHQDVSODQLILFDFLyQ(QHOPXQLFLSLRGH6DQ0LJXHOGH
6DOLQDV HO GH ORV YHFLQRV QR GLVSRQH GH DJXD SRWDEOH \ VLQ HPEDUJR VH VLJXHQ
FRQVWUX\HQGR PiV \ PiV YLYLHQGDV HQ YHUDQR OD SUHVLyQ GH DJXD HQ ODV YLYLHQGDV
GHVFLHQGH QRWDEOHPHQWH \ HQ RFDVLRQHV KD\ UHVWULFFLRQHV \ HVWR QR HV VROR HQ XQ
PXQLFLSLRVLQRTXHSDVDHQODPD\RUtD
(O WRWDO GH ORV UHFXUVRV GLVSRQLEOHV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG HVWi IRUPDGR SRU HO YROXPHQ
UHQRYDEOH GH ODV DJXDV VXSHUILFLDOHV \ VXEWHUUiQHDV GH OD SURYLQFLD ORV FDXGDOHV
SURFHGHQWHVGHODFDEHFHUDGHOUtR7DMRPHGLDQWHHOWUDVYDVH\ORVDSRUWHVGHUtR6HJXUD
6LFRPSDUDPRVHOYROXPHQGHUHFXUVRVKtGULFRVGLVSRQLEOHVSDUDXQDxRFRQODGHPDQGD
GH DJXD UHTXHULGD SDUD GLFKR DxR SRU OD VXSHUILFLH DJUtFROD GH ULHJR HO VXPLQLVWUR
XUEDQR\ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHOVHFWRUWXUtVWLFRREWHQGUHPRVXQEDODQFHKtGULFRGHVDVWURVR
/DYHJD%DMDVRSRUWDXQJUDQGpILFLWKtGULFRTXHFRQGLFLRQDHOGHVDUUROORGHVXDFWLYLGDG
HFRQyPLFD \ FDOLGDG GH YLGD GH VXV JHQWHV GLFKR GpILFLW HVWi SURYRFDQGR XQD
VREUHH[SORWDFLyQGHORVDFXtIHURV\DJXDVVXSHUILFLDOHVTXHDFDEDUDQSRUGHVDSDUHFHU
/DVROXFLyQDOSUREOHPDQRHVODPHQWDUVHGHTXHOOHJDSRFRDJXDFRQHOWUDVYDVH\TXH
SRGUtDOOHJDUPiVODVROXFLyQVHUtDQRGHSHQGHUGHRWUDVDXWRQRPtDV \VHUFRQVFLHQWHV
GH ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV TXH QRV RIUHFH HO WHUULWRULR QR VROR GH ODV YHQWDMDV &DEULD UHVDOWDU
FRPR SUREOHPD LPSRUWDQWH ORV FDPSRV GH JROI HVWRV VRQ XQ GHUURFKH \D VXSRQHQ XQ
HOHYDGRJDVWRKtGULFRDODSDUTXHHFRQyPLFRSXHVWRTXHTXHUHPRVWHQHUORVHQXQD]RQD
FRQ XQ FOLPD WRWDOPHQWH FRQWUDULR D VXV QHFHVLGDGHV GHELGR D OD JUDQ LQVRODFLyQ \
HYDSRWUDQVSLUDFLyQ
/DTXHMDGHORVDJULFXOWRUHVGHOD]RQDVHEDVDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQORVFDPSRVGHJROI
(QHODxRHQOD9HJD%DMDKDEtDVLHWHFDPSRVGHOJROIIHGHUDGRVGHORVGLHFLRFKR
WRWDOHVTXHKD\HQODSURYLQFLDGH$OLFDQWHVLWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDTXHHQODVFRQGLFLRQHV
FOLPiWLFDVGHOD]RQDVRQQHFHVDULRVPHWURVF~ELFRVGHDJXDSRUKDDQXDOPHQWH
QRVGDUHPRVFXHQWDGHORGHVDVWURVDTXHHVODVLWXDFLyQ\SRGUHPRVDODYH]HQWHQGHUD
ORVDJULFXOWRUHV\VXVGHPDQGDV3DUDHQWHQGHUHVWDVTXHMDVGHORVDJULFXOWRUHVWDPELpQ
KHPRVGHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHORVFDPSRVGHJROIHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVVRQSDUDHO
GLVIUXWHGHORVUHVLGHQWHVGHODVXUEDQL]DFLRQHVTXHVXHOHQVHUORVH[WUDQMHURV
/RV FDPSRV GH JROI KDQ SDVDGR GH VHU XQD HVWUXFWXUD FRPSOHPHQWDULD GH ODV
XUEDQL]DFLRQHV D FRQYHUWLUVH HQ Q~FOHRV GH GHVDUUROOR XUEDQtVWLFR (VWR HV XQ JUDQ
SUREOHPDGHOTXHGHEHUtDQWRPDUVHPHGLGDV
6H SRGUtDQ VROXFLRQDU EDVWDQWHV SUREOHPDV VL HO DJXD HQ OXJDU GH GHVWLQDUVH D UHJDU
FDPSRVGHJROIVHGHVWLQDUDDODDJULFXOWXUD(VWHSUREOHPDDOLJXDOTXHODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
PDVLYDGHXUEDQL]DFLRQHVSRGUtDVROXFLRQDUVHFRQXQDSODQLILFDFLyQDGHFXDGDSRUSDUWH
GH ODV DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV SHUWLQHQWHV 8QD YH] GLFKD SODQLILFDFLyQ VH OOHYH D FDER XQD
EXHQDVROXFLyQSDUDDWHQGHUODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHWRGDVODVYLYLHQGDVFRQVWUXLGDVVHULDQODV
GHVDOLQL]DGRUDVSHVHDVXJUDQFRVWH\VXVUHVLGXRV
ϮϮ
6HJ~Q*&DQDOHVHOFRQIOLFWRSRUHOXVRGHODJXDHVXQWHPDWRWDOPHQWHSROtWLFR
\ SDUWLGLVWD HO DJXD QR YD SDUD OD DJULFXOWXUD VLQR SDUD ORV LQWHUHVHV LQPRELOLDULRV GH
IRUPD TXH WRPDQ HO SHOR D ORV DJULFXOWRUHV \ D OD VRFLHGDG (O DJXD GHEHUtD VHU XQD
FRPSHWHQFLDQDFLRQDO\QRUHJLRQDO\DTXHHVWD~OWLPDIRUPDJHQHUDPXFKRVFRQIOLFWRV
(ODJXDHVGHWRGRVSHURGHEHUtDKDEHUXQDPD\RUSODQLILFDFLyQGHIRUPDTXHHOWUDHUHO
DJXDDHVWD]RQDQRSHUMXGLTXHDORVOXJDUHVGHGRQGHODWUDHPRV
7RGR GHEHUtD HVWDU SODQLILFDGR \ GLVHxDGR \ QR VH GHEHUtD SHUPLWLU TXH HQ WHPDV WDQ
FRPSURPHWLGRVVHDFWXDUDGHIRUPDHVSRQWDQHD 2WUDFXHVWLyQLPSRUWDQWHHVTXHHQ HO
WHPDGHODJXDQRGHEHKDEHUIDYRULWLVPRV
&21&/86,Ï1
6HJ~Q * &DQDOHV VH KD SHUVHJXLGR WRGR OR XUEDQR OR TXH KD VXSXHVWR OD
GHVWUXFFLyQGHOPXQGRUXUDOTXHVHFRQRFtDDILUPDTXHORLGyQHRVHULDXQDFRVDPL[WD
SHUR VH KD OOHJDGR XQ SRFR WDUGH \ HQ RFDVLRQHV HO UHWRUQR HV LPSRVLEOH 4XHGD XQD
KXHUWDTXHQRWLHQHDJULFXOWRUHVQLJHQWHTXHTXLHUDGHGLFDUVHDODDJULFXOWXUDKD\TXH
IDYRUHFHUDTXLHQVLTXLHUH\DTXHQRTXHGDPXFKDJHQWH6HKDFRQVHJXLGRXQSDLVDMH
DEDQGRQDGR \ GHVFXLGDGR \D TXH VH KD SHUVHJXLGR OR XUEDQR TXH QHFHVLWD XQ HQWRUQR
DJUDGDEOH TXH \D QR WHQHPRV WDPSRFR WHQHPRV XQD KXHUWD YLYD SRU OR TXH WDPSRFR
WHQHPRVXQPRGHORUXUDO(QUHVXPHQEXVFDQGRXQPRGHORXUEDQRKHPRVGHVWUXLGRHO
UXUDO\FRQHOWLHPSRWDPELpQKHPRVSHUGLGRODSDUWHDJUDGDEOHGHHVHPRGHORXUEDQR
3DUWH GHO SDWULPRQLR TXH WHQLD HVWD FRPDUFD VH KD SHUGLGR SRU HO FDPLQR SHUR D~Q
TXHGDQ RSFLRQHV \D TXH OD ]RQD WHQtD XQD JUDQ ULTXH]D SDWULPRQLDO \ QR WRGR HVWD
SHUGLGR QL GHVWUXLGR 3RU GHVJUDFLD OD 9HJD %DMD D OR ODUJR GH ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV KD
HOHJLGRXQFDPLQRTXHOOHYDDORXUEDQRSHURHOPXQGRUXUDOWRGDYtDQRVHKDSHUGLGR
DXQTXHVLHVYHUGDGTXHHVWiPX\GDxDGR
(OWXULVPRHQVtQRHVPDOR\DSRUWDULTXH]DDODVRFLHGDGHOSUREOHPDHVFXDQGRHVWHVH
DFRPSDxDGHXQDPDODJHVWLyQ\SODQLILFDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHODVDXWRULGDGHVSHUWLQHQWHV
(OSUREOHPD HQOD9HJD %DMDHV TXHKD\XQDHVFDVDYROXQWDGSROtWLFDSRUSUHVHUYDUHO
PHGLRWUDGLFLRQDOTXHVHKDHQWUHJDGRHQEDQGHMDGHSODWDDORVJUDQGHVHVSHFXODGRUHV
/D FRQVWUXFFLyQ PDVLYD GH XUEDQL]DFLRQHV KD OOHYDGR D OD ]RQD DO ERUGH GHO FDRV HQ
WRGRV ORV SXQWRV GH YLVWD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ XVR GH ORV UHFXUVRV
HFRORJtD HWF (Q RFDVLRQHV SULPDQ ORV GHVHRV GH ORV HVSHFXODGRUHV DQWHV TXH ODV
QHFHVLGDGHVGHOWHUULWRULR\VXVKDELWDQWHV
/D PHMRU IRUPD SDUD FRQVHJXLU XQ SDLVDMH TXH VH DMXVWH D OD VRFLHGDG \ HYLWDU OD
GHVWUXFFLyQ GH OD QDWXUDOH]D VHULD SURPRFLRQDU OD FXOWXUD \ HO SDLVDMH UXUDO FRPR
DWUDFWLYR SDUD ORV YLVLWDQWHV GH HVWD IRUPD QR VHUtD QHFHVDULD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH
XUEDQL]DFLRQHV \ VH HQIRFDUtD HO WXULVPR GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD PiV VRVWHQLEOH 8Q
EXHQ FRPLHQ]R VHULD SUHVHQWDU D ORV YLVLWDQWHV ODV FRVWXPEUHV OD JDVWURQRPtD \ HO
Ϯϯ
SDWULPRQLR DJUtFROD FRPR DWUDFWLYR VL HVWH VH SUHVHQWD GH IRUPD DGHFXDGD \ FRPR
FRPSOHPHQWR GH RWUDV DFWLYLGDGHV SXHGH JHQHUDU LQWHUpV GHQWUR GHO FROHFWLYR GH
YLVLWDQWHV
(O SUREOHPD HV TXH HQ OD ]RQD KD\ XQD JUDQ WROHUDQFLD OHJDO KDFLD OD FRUUXSFLyQ HQ
JHQHUDO \ KDFLD ORV HVSHFXODGRUHV HQ SDUWLFXODU +DFH IDOWD XQ PD\RU FDVWLJR SDUD
DTXHOORVTXHLQFXPSODQODVOH\HVDPELHQWDOHV\VREUHWRGRKDFLDORVTXHRFXSDQFDUJRV
TXH SUHVXSRQHQ UHVSRQVDELOLGDG \ OXHJR QR FXPSOHQ FRUUHFWDPHQWH FRQ VXV
REOLJDFLRQHV
3RU ~OWLPR GHVWDFDU TXH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG HO ERRP LQPRELOLDULR VH HQFXHQWUD
HVWDQFDGRGHELGRDODFULVLVTXHHVWiVXIULHQGRHOSDtVHQJHQHUDO\OD]RQDHQSDUWLFXODU
(VWDFULVLVKDKHFKRTXHORVJUDQGHVHVSHFXODGRUHV\SURPRWRUHVLQPRELOLDULRVSDUHQHO
GHVDVWUHTXHHVWDEDQFDXVDQGRHOSUREOHPDHVTXHFRPR\DVHKDGHPRVWUDGRHQRWUDV
RFDVLRQHVQRVHDSUHQGHQDGD \XQDYH]HVWDVFULVLVVHKDQVDQHDGRVHYXHOYHQDWHQHU
ORVPLVPRVHUURUHVTXHODVKDEtDQFDXVDGR
8QLGR DO GHVDVWUH XUEDQtVWLFR YLHQH WDPELpQ OD PDOD VLWXDFLyQ GH OD DJULFXOWXUD /RV
DJULFXOWRUHVGHO%DMR6HJXUDHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVKDQSDVDGRVHULRVSUREOHPDVSULPHUR
VHYLHURQREOLJDGRVDPRGHUQL]DUVXVH[SORWDFLRQHVTXLHQHVSXGLHURQSHUPLWtUVHORSDUD
SRGHUFRPSHWLUFRQODVH[SORWDFLRQHVFDSLWDOLVWDVHQORVTXHVHFRQRFHFRPRODFULVLVGH
ODDJULFXOWXUDWUDGLFLRQDOTXHFRPHQ]yDPHGLDGRVGHODGpFDGDGHORVFLQFXHQWD/XHJR
FRQODVH[SORWDFLRQHV\DPRGHUQL]DGDVODPD\RUtDGHORVDJULFXOWRUHVKDQDVLVWLGRDYHU
HOSURJUHVLYRGHVFHQVRGHVXVUHQWDVHQORTXHVHUtDODFULVLVGHODDJULFXOWXUDPRGHUQD
TXHFRPLHQ]DHQODGpFDGDGHORVVHWHQWD
+DFH DOJXQRV DxRV ORV DJULFXOWRUHV GH OD ]RQD HUDQ D OD YH] TXH SURGXFWRUHV
FRQVXPLGRUHVGHVXVSURSLRVSURGXFWRVHOSUREOHPDFRPHQ]yFRQODLQWURGXFFLyQGHOD
DJURLQGXVWULD\ODLQGXVWULDVXPLQLVWUDGRUDGHLQVXPRV
8QDDSXHVWDH[FHOHQWHTXHSHUPLWLUtDSDOLDUXQSRFRORVHIHFWRVGHODDJULFXOWXUDVHULDQ
ODV FRRSHUDWLYDV HVWDV SHUPLWLUtDQ D ORV DJULFXOWRUHV HPSOHDU PDV WHFQRORJtD \
PRGHUQL]DUVXVH[SORWDFLRQHVDEDVWHFLPLHQWRFRQMXQWR\QRLQGLYLGXDODSURYHFKDUODV
YHQWDMDVGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODRIHUWDDSURYHFKDUHOYDORUDxDGLGRTXHVHJHQHUDFRQ
OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV SURGXFWRV LQIOXLU HQ ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH JHQHUDFLyQ GH
SUHFLRV\DIURQWDUGHVGHXQDSRVLFLyQPiVUHIRU]DGDORVULHVJRVGHOPHUFDGR
Ϯϰ
(175(9,67$6$(678',262662%5((/7(0$
*UHJRULR&DQDOHV0DUWtQH]'LUHFWRUGHODVHGHGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH
HQ2ULKXHOD
¢4Xp SRVLELOLGDGHV \ EHQHILFLRV SXHGH RIUHFHU HO WXULVPR UXUDO D ORV PXQLFLSLRV GHO
LQWHULRUGHOD9HJD%DMD"
¢(VRQRVRVWHQLEOHHOWXULVPRGHFRVWDHQOD9HJD%DMD"¢4XpSDXWDVKDEUtDTXHVHJXLU
SDUDSRGHUIDYRUHFHUVHGHHVWHWLSRGHWXULVPRVLQLQFXUULUDODYH]HQRWURVSHUMXLFLRV"
¢3RGUtDHOWXULVPRFXOWXUDO\HOSDWULPRQLRGHODVFLXGDGHVFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDDOWHUQDWLYD
DOWXULVPRGHVRO\SOD\D"¢4XpEHQHILFLRVSXHGHVXSRQHU"
¢4XpRSLQDVGHOFRQIOLFWRGHLQWHUHVHVSRUHODJXD"
¢4XpSLHQVDVHQXQIXWXURUXUDORXUEDQRSDUDOD9HJD%DMD"
-RVp-HV~V6DQPDUWtQ3DUGR3UHVLGHQWHGHOD3ODWDIRUPD'HIHQVDGHOD+XHUWD
¢(V EHQHILFLRVD &LXGDG 4XHVDGD SDUD XQ SXHEOR FRPR5RMDOHV R SRU HOFRQWUDULR URED
SURWDJRQLVPRDOSXHEOR"
¢4XpRSLQDVVREUHHOSUREOHPDDFWXDOGHODVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVHQOD9HJD%DMD"
¢&yPRYDORUDUtDVODDFWXDFLyQGHORVUHSUHVHQWDQWHVSROtWLFRVHQODGHIHQVDGHODKXHUWD
WUDGLFLRQDOHQOD9HJD%DMD"
¢4XpRSLQDVGHOFRQIOLFWRGHLQWHUHVHVSRUHODJXD"
¢4XpSLHQVDVHQXQIXWXURUXUDORXUEDQRSDUDOD9HJD%DMD"
(Q JHQHUDO ODV XUEDQL]DFLRQHV FXDQGR VH PDVLILFDQ SURYRFDQ XQ HIHFWR
GHVHVWUXFWXUDQWH HQ HO WHUULWRULR GHWUD\HQGR WDPELpQ UHFXUVRV LQJHQWHV D ORV Q~FOHRV
XUEDQRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV3RUHOORHVWDQLPSRUWDQWHUHLPSODQWDUODFDOLGDGGHYLGDHQWUH
ORV KDELWDQWHV GH OD 9HJD %DMD GH HVWD PDQHUD HOGLVIUXWH GH OD +XHUWD 7UDGLFLRQDO
TXHHVWiHQTXHVHKDOOHDPHQRVGHPLQXWRVFDPLQDQGRSDUDWRGRVORVFLXGDGDQRVGH
OD FRPDUFD HV XQ REMHWLYR UHOHYDQWH TXH PDUFD OD FDOLGDG GH YLGD \ OD HFRQRPtD
VRVWHQLEOHTXHPHUHFHPRV/DHVSHFXODFLyQUDPSDQWH\XQDVFDSDVGLULJHQWHVGHSHUILO
QHDQGHUWDO KDQ SURPRYLGR OD GHVWUXFFLyQ GH +XHUWD 7UDGLFLRQDO \ XQD HFRQRPtD
EDVDGD HQ OD HVSHFXODFLyQ QR HQ OD HPSUHVD WRGR HOOR MXQWR D RWURV IDFWRUHV KD
JHQHUDGRXQDFULVLVTXHHQODFRPDUFDVHPDQLILHVWDFRQHVSHFLDOEUXWDOLGDG
Ϯϱ
%,%/,2*5$)Ë$
&DQDOHV 0DUWtQH] * (O %DMR 6HJXUD HVWUXFWXUD HVSDFLDO GHPRJUiILFD \ HFRQyPLFD
$OLFDQWH&$0\8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH
&OHPHQWH +HUQiQGH] 3 /D 9HJD %DMD GHO 6HJXUD $OLFDQWH 3XEOLFDFLRQHV GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH
9HUD5HEROOR-)7UDGLFLyQ\FDPELRHQHOFDPSRGHO%DMR6HJXUD$OLFDQWH,QVWLWXWR
GH(VWXGLRV$OLFDQWLQRV
5(&85626(/(&75Ï1,&26
&RQVHOOHULDGH7XULVPHGHOD&RPXQLWDW9DOHQFLDQD>(QOtQHD@
KWWSZZZFRPXQLGDG
YDOHQFLDQDRUJRSHQFPVRSHQFPVWXULVPHYDILOHVSGIREVHUYDWRULRSXEOLFDFLRQHVS
GI!>GHIHEUHURGH@
,QJHQLHUtD&LYLO\0HGLR$PELHQWH>(QOtQHD@
KWWSZZZPLOLDULXPFRPPRQRJUDILDV7UDVYDVHB7DMR6HJXUDKLVWRULDKWP!>GH
IHEUHURGH@
$FWLYLGDGDJUDULDHQODVFRPDUFDVGHOVXUGH$OLFDQWH\FRPSHWHQFLDFRQRWURVVHFWRUHV
SRUORVXVRVGHODJXD\GHOVXHOR8QLYHUVLGDG0LJXHO+HUQiQGH]>(QOtQHD@
KWWSZZZXPHVGSJHRJUDILDSDSHOHVQDFWLYLGDGSGI!>GHHQHURGH@
&HQWURYDOHQFLDQRGH(VWXGLRVGHO5LHJR8QLYHUVLGDG3ROLWpFQLFDGH9DOHQFLD>(Q
OtQHD@KWWSJUXSRXVHVFLEHULFRDUFKLYRVBDFUREDWVHYLOODVDQFKLVSGI!>IHEUHURGH
@
$VRFLDFLyQHQ'HIHQVDGHOD+XHUWD>(QOtQHD@KWWSZZZGHIHQVDGHODKXHUWDRUJ!
>PDU]RGH@
8QLRQ3URJUHVR\'HPRFUDFLD9HJD%DMD>(QOtQHD@
KWWSXS\GYHJDEDMDEORJVSRWFRP!>GHDEULOGH@
0LQLVWHULRGH0HGLR$PELHQWH\0HGLR5XUDO\0DULQR>(QOtQHD@
KWWSZZZPPDHVVHFFLRQHVELRGLYHUVLGDGYLDVBSHFXDULDVIRQGRBYLDVFXDGHUQRVBWUD
VKXPDQFLDSGIBPHGLWHUUDQHRBSGI!>GHDEULOGH@
*HRJUDILD+XPDQDGHOD&RPXQLGDG9DOHQFLDQD>(QOtQHD@
KWWSHQFLFORSHGLDXVHVLQGH[SKS*HRJUDI&$'DBKXPDQDBGHBODB&RPXQLGDGB
9DOHQFLDQD!>GHPD\RGH@
Ϯϲ
3ODQGH(VSDFLRV7XUtVWLFRVGHOD&RPXQLGDG9DOHQFLDQD&RQVHOOHULDGH7XULVPR
*HQHUDOLWDW9DOHQFLDQD>(QOtQHD@KWWSZZZFRPXQLGDG
YDOHQFLDQDRUJRSHQFPVRSHQFPVWXULVPHHVILOHVSGISODQLILFDFLRQ(7%DMR6HJXUD
VLPSOSGI!>GHHQHURGH@
0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQ\&LHQFLD'LSXWDFLyQGH$OLFDQWH>(QOtQHD@
KWWSZZZLJPHHV,17(51(76,',0$*(1(6B3')
!>GHPD\RGH@
0LQLVWHULRGH0HGLR$PELHQWH\0HGLR5XUDO\0DULQR&RQIHGHUDFLyQ+LGURJUiILFD
GHO6HJXUD>(QOtQHD@
KWWSZZZFKVHJXUDHVFKVFXHQFDUHVXPHQGHGDWRVEDVLFRVUHFXUVRVKLGULFRVWUDVYDVH7
DMR6HJXUDKWPO!>GHIHEUHURGH@
(VWXGLRGHODHYROXFLyQGHOUHJDGtRHQODFXHQFDGHO6HJXUD'LSXWDFLyQGH$OEDFHWH
>(QOtQHD@KWWSZZZGLSXDOEDHV,QIRUPH$JXDLQIRUPHILQDOSGI!>GHDEULOGH@
Ϯϳ