Producci ny consumo de traducciones literarias en la Espa

Actas del I Congreso Internacional
de la Asociación Ibérica de Estudios de Traducción e Interpretación
Producción y consumo de traducciones literarias
en la España actual
Luis PEGENAUTE RODRÍGUEZ
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Como citar este artículo:
PEGENAUTE RODRÍGUEZ, Luis (2003) «Producción y consumo de traducciones literarias
en la España actual», en MUÑOZ MARTÍN, Ricardo [ed.] I AIETI. Actas del I Congreso
Internacional de la Asociación Ibérica de Estudios de Traducción e Interpretación.
Granada 12-14 de Febrero de 2003. Granada: AIETI. Vol. n.º 1, pp. 671-677. ISBN
84-933360-0-9. Versión electrónica disponible en la web de la AIETI:
<http://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/I/AIETI_1_LPR_Produccion.pdf>.
3URGXFFLyQ\FRQVXPRGHWUDGXFFLRQHVOLWHUDULDV
HQOD(VSDxDDFWXDO
/XLV3(*(1$87(52'5Ì*8(=
8QLYHUVLWDW3RPSHX)DEUD
OXLVSHJHQDXWH#XSIHGX
5HVXPHQ
(QHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRPHSURSRQJRHVWXGLDUORVGDWRVSURSRUFLRQDGRVSRUIXHQWHV
FRPR OD 'LUHFFLyQ *HQHUDO GHO /LEUR $UFKLYRV \ %LEOLRWHFDV HO ,QVWLWXWR
1DFLRQDO GH (VWDGtVWLFD \ OD )HGHUDFLyQ GH *UHPLRV GH (GLWRUHV UHIHUHQWHV D
YRO~PHQHVGHOLEURVSXEOLFDGRV\YHQGLGRVHQ(VSDxDFRQHOILQGHDQDOL]DUORV
SRUFHQWDMHV GH WUDGXFFLRQHV HQ HO iPELWR OLWHUDULR (VWH DQiOLVLV QRV SHUPLWLUi
FRWHMDUGDWRVUHIHUHQWHVDREUDVRULJLQDOHVOHQJXDVWUDGXFLGDVRWUDVPDWHULDVQR
OLWHUDULDVORVLQFUHPHQWRVUHODWLYRVHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVYHQWDV\GLIHUHQFLDVPiV
VLQWRPiWLFDV FRQ RWURV SDtVHV GH QXHVWUR HQWRUQR HWF 6LPXOWiQHDPHQWH QRV
SURSRQHPRVSUHVHQWDUXQHVTXHPiLFRSHUILOSURIHVLRQDOGHOWUDGXFWRUOLWHUDULRHQ
(VSDxD OODPDQGR OD DWHQFLyQ VREUH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV ODERUDOHV GHEHUHV \
GHUHFKRV HQ ODV TXH GHVHPSHxD VX DFWLYLGDG VXV PRGRV GH IRUPDFLyQ HQ HVWH
iPELWRSDUWLFXODU\HOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVRFLDOTXHVXDFWLYLGDGPHUHFH
&RQWDPRVFRQGDWRVTXHQRVSHUPLWHQHVWXGLDUODRIHUWDHGLWRULDOHVSDxROD\FRP
SDUDUOD FRQ OD GH RWURV SDtVHV HXURSHRV $Vt SRGHPRV YDOHUQRV GH KDVWD WUHV
IXHQWHVODVFXDOHVVLELHQXVDQPHWRGRORJtDVGLIHUHQWHVSURSRUFLRQDQLQIRUPDFLyQ
FRLQFLGHQWH HQ ODV WHQGHQFLDV 7HQHPRV ORV GDWRV HVWDGtVWLFRV VREUH HO &RPHUFLR
,QWHULRU GHO /LEUR HQ (VSDxD SURSRUFLRQDGRV SRU OD )HGHUDFLyQ GH *UHPLRV GH
(GLWRUHV GH (VSDxD OD 3DQRUiPLFD GH OD HGLFLyQ HVSDxROD GH OLEURV GHO 0LQLVWHULR GH
(GXFDFLyQ&XOWXUD\'HSRUWHDWUDYpVGHOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGHO/LEUR$UFKLYRV
\ %LEOLRWHFDV \ ILQDOPHQWH OD (VWDGtVWLFD GH OD SURGXFFLyQ HGLWRULDO GH OLEURV GHO
,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(VWDGtVWLFD/RVGDWRVDSRUWDGRVYDUtDQFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHOD
XQLGDGGHDQiOLVLVREMHWRGHHVWXGLR0LHQWUDVTXHOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGHO/LEUR
WLHQHHQFXHQWDORV,6%1FRQFHGLGRVDQXDOPHQWHHO,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(VWDGtV
WLFDWRPDFRPRXQLGDGGHDQiOLVLVORVWtWXORVSXEOLFDGRVHVGHFLUVLSRUHMHPSOR
XQDHQFLFORSHGLDVHFRPSRQHGHYDULRVYRO~PHQHVVHDVLJQDXQ,6%1DOFRQMXQWR
GH OD SXEOLFDFLyQ \ RWURV ,6%1 GLIHUHQWHV SDUD FDGD YROXPHQ LQGLYLGXDO 6LQ
HPEDUJRVLVHFRQVLGHUDVyORHOWtWXORGHODHQFLFORSHGLDVHWHQGUtDHQFXHQWDVyOR
HVD XQLGDG 3RU VX SDUWH OD )HGHUDFLyQ GH *UHPLRV GH (GLWRUHV GH (VSDxD D
WUDYpVGHODVRFKRDVRFLDFLRQHVTXHODFRQVWLWX\HQUHSUHVHQWDDPiVGHVHWHFLHQWDV
(Q5LFDUGR0XxR]0DUWtQHG,$,(7,$FWDVGHO,&RQJUHVR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD$VRFLDFLyQ,EpULFDGH(VWXGLRVGH7UDGXF
FLyQH,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ*UDQDGDGHIHEUHURGH*UDQDGD$,(7,9RO,SS,6%1‹$,(7,
/ X LV 3H JHQ D XW H 5R G Ut JXH] HPSUHVDVSULYDGDVORTXHFRQVWLWX\HODSUiFWLFDWRWDOLGDGGHODHGLFLyQSULYDGD\
HOGHODSURGXFFLyQHGLWRULDOTXHVHFRPHUFLDOL]D
/DSURGXFFLyQHGLWRUDOFRQVWLWX\HHQ(VSDxDXQVHFWRUHQFRQVWDQWHDXPHQWR
HQ HO DxR VH SXEOLFDURQ OLEURV IUHQWH D ORV GHO DxR DQWHULRU OR
TXHVXSXVRXQLQFUHPHQWRGHO·/DLQGXVWULDHGLWRULDOHVODLQGXVWULDFXOWXUDO
PiVLPSRUWDQWHGH(VSDxDFRQHOGHOSURGXFWRLQWHULRUEUXWR(OGH ODV
H[SRUWDFLRQHVHVSDxRODVFRUUHVSRQGHDHVWHVHFWRU+D\TXHGHFLUDGHPiVTXHHV
HQ&DWDOXxDGRQGHVH GDXQDPD\RUFRQFHQWUDFLyQJHRJUiILFDGHODHGLFLyQSXHV
DTXtVHSXEOLFDQXQ·GHOWRWDOGHOLEURV3RURWUDSDUWHKHPRVGHHVWDUFDGD
YH] PiV DWHQWRV D OD HGLFLyQ HOHFWUyQLFD SXHV HQ HO DxR pVWD DXPHQWy XQ
· IUHQWH DO DxR 'H WRGRV PRGRV HVWRV DOWRV tQGLFHV GH HGLFLyQ QR VH
FRUUHVSRQGHQ FRQ ORV tQGLFHV GH OHFWXUD 'DWRV VREUH OHFWXUD IDFLOLWDGRV UHFLHQ
WHPHQWH HQ QRYLHPEUH GH SRU OD )HGHUDFLyQ GH *UHPLRV GH (GLWRUHV HUDQ
SRFRSURPHWHGRUHVXQGHODSREODFLyQPD\RUGHDxRVQROHHQXQFD+D\
GH WRGRV PRGRV XQD EXHQD QRWLFLD GHQWUR GHO SRUFHQWDMH GH OHFWRUHV KD DXPHQ
WDGRHOGHOHFWRUHV IUHFXHQWHV IUHQWHDOGHRFDVLRQDOHV&DEHGHVWDFDUWDPELpQTXH
ODVPXMHUHVOHHQPiVTXHORVKRPEUHVHOGHHOODVOHHQDOPHQRVXQDYH]SRU
VHPDQD\ORVMyYHQHVGHHQWUH\DxRVVHVLW~DQHQWUHORVPiVLQWHUHVDGRVSRU
ODOHFWXUD/DPD\RUtDFRPSUDORVOLEURVTXHOHHWDQVyORXQSRUFLHUWRORVFRJH
SUHVWDGRVDRWURVHORVUHJDODQXQORVFRJHHQSUpVWDPRHQDOJXQDELEOLR
WHFD\XQORVORJUDGHDOJXQDRWUDPDQHUD
6L FRPSDUDPRV HO Q~PHUR GH WtWXORV SXEOLFDGRV DO DxR HQ ORV GLYHUVRV SDtVHV
GHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDYHPRVTXHSRUHMHPSORHQHO5HLQR8QLGRIXHHOSDtV
FRQ PD\RU SURGXFFLyQ FRQ FDVL WtWXORV VHJXLGR GH $OHPDQLD FRQ XQRV
\ HQ WHUFHU OXJDU (VSDxD FRQ PiV GH (Q FXDQWR DO Q~PHUR GH
KDELWDQWHVSRUWtWXORSXEOLFDGRHOPiVEDMRORRFXSDHO5HLQR8QLGRVHJXLGRSRU
(VSDxD\DJUDQGLVWDQFLDSRUGHWUiVGH6XHFLDR)LQODQGLD$OHPDQLD/DVFDXVDV
GHHVWHIHQyPHQRQR VHGHEHQDTXHWHQJDPRVHQ (VSDxDXQRVtQGLFHVGHOHFWXUD
PX\ DOWRV TXH GHEDQ VHU VDWLVIHFKRV VLQR D TXH DO LJXDO TXH RFXUUH HQ HO 5HLQR
8QLGRHQWUHXQ\XQGHQXHVWUDSURGXFFLyQHGLWRULDOHVH[SRUWDGD
6L QRV FHQWUDPRV \D HQ OR TXH D QRVRWURV YHUGDGHUDPHQWH QRV FRPSHWH HO
HVWXGLRGHODVWUDGXFFLRQHVYHUHPRVTXHDORODUJRGHORV~OWLPRVDxRVHOQ~PH
URGHREUDVWUDGXFLGDVHQWRGRHOPXQGRKDLGRVLJXLHQGRHQWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHV
XQULWPRFUHFLHQWH(QORVYHLQWHDxRVTXHPHGLDQHQWUH\HQFRQWUDPRV
GHKHFKRTXHWDOQXPHURVHKDEtDGXSOLFDGROOHJDQGRDORV$SDUWLUGHWDO
IHFKDHVSRVLEOHDSUHFLDUDOJXQDOLJHUDGLVPLQXFLyQSHURVLELHQORVYDORUHVDEVR
OXWRV SXHGHQ KDEHU H[SHULPHQWDGR RVFLODFLRQHV ORV QLYHOHV SRUFHQWXDOHV GH ODV
WUDGXFFLRQHV UHVSHFWR D ODV SURGXFFLRQHV GH WH[WRV RULJLQDOHV KDQ SHUPDQHFLGR
SUiFWLFDPHQWHLQDOWHUDGRVVLWXiQGRVHHQWRUQRDOGHODSURGXFFLyQJOREDO/R
TXH UHDOPHQWH UHVXOWD VLJQLILFDWLYR HV YHU ODV LPSRUWDQWtVLPDV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ ORV
SRUFHQWDMHVGHORVGLVWLQWRVSDtVHV$VtSRUHMHPSORHQHO5HLQR8QLGRHOYROXPHQ
GH WUDGXFFLRQHV QR VREUHSDVD HO GHO YROXPHQ WRWDO GH REUDV SXEOLFDGDV 7DP
ELpQSRGHPRVLQFOXLUHQODQyPLQDGHSDtVHVFRQEDMDSURGXFFLyQGHWUDGXFFLRQHV
672
3URGXFFLyQ\FRQVXPRGHWUDGXFFLRQHVOLWHUDULDVHQOD(VSDxDDFWXDO
D (VWDGRV 8QLGRV \ &DQDGi FRQ SRUFHQWDMHV DOJR VXSHULRUHV DO GHO 5HLQR 8QLGR
SHURSRUGHEDMRGHODPHGLDGHO(QOD]RQDFRPSUHQGLGDHQWUHHO\HO
VH VLW~DQ FDVL WRGRV ORV SDtVHV GHVDUUROODGRV D H[FHSFLyQ GH ORV \D PHQFLRQDGRV
FRPR )UDQFLD ,WDOLD $OHPDQLD HWF (Q OD ]RQD DOWD OD GH SDtVHV FRQ XQ QLYHO GH
WUDGXFFLyQVXSHULRUDOKDOODPRVD+RODQGD'LQDPDUFD\(VSDxD(QQXHVWUR
FDVR OOHJDPRV D SXEOLFDU XQD WUDGXFFLyQ SRU FDGD FXDWUR OLEURV HQ HO FDVR GH OD
OLWHUDWXUD LQIDQWLO \ MXYHQLO OOHJD KDVWD HO 3DUDGyMLFDPHQWH HO Q~PHUR GH
REUDVWUDGXFLGDVGHOHVSDxRODRWUDVOHQJXDVQROOHJDQLVLTXLHUDDO
(Q (VSDxD ODV WLUDGDV PHGLDV GH ODV REUDV WUDGXFLGDV VH KDQ LGR DFHUFDQGR
SDXODWLQDPHQWH D ODV GH ODV REUDV RULJLQDOHV SUHVHQWDQGR YDORUHV SUiFWLFDPHQWH
LGpQWLFRV UHVSHFWR D DTXHOODV /DV OHQJXDV GRPLQDQWHV D OR ODUJR GH ORV ~OWLPRV
DxRVVRQODLQJOHVDFRQXQRVYDORUHVTXHVXSHUDQHOODIUDQFHVDHQWRUQRDO
SHURFRQXQDWHQGHQFLDDGLVPLQXLUODDOHPDQDTXHUR]DFDVLHO\HO
LWDOLDQRFRQXQRVYDORUHVFHUFDQRVDO2WURVLGLRPDVFRPRHOJULHJRHOUXVRR
HOSRUWXJXpVRFXSDQSXHVWRVPHUDPHQWHWHVWLPRQLDOHVQRVXSHUDQGRQXQFDHO
GHOWRWDOGHWUDGXFFLRQHV(OHVSHFWURWHPiWLFRVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQSUHGRPLQLRGH
ODWUDGXFFLyQHQHOiPELWROLWHUDULRSXHVSRUHMHPSORHQHODxRXQ·GH
ORVOLEURVGHFUHDFLyQOLWHUDULD\XQ·GHORVOLEURVLQIDQWLOHV\MXYHQLOHVSXEOL
FDGRVHQ(VSDxDIXHURQWUDGXFFLRQHV-XVWRHVGHFLUVLQHPEDUJRTXHWDOHViPELWRV
WHPiWLFRV VyOR FRQVWLWX\HURQ XQ · \ XQ · UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH GHO WRWDO GH
OLEURVSXEOLFDGRV(OiPELWRHQHOTXHHQFRQWUDPRVXQPD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHSXEOL
FDFLRQHVHVHOGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\KXPDQDVXQ·GHOWRWDODXQTXHVyOR
XQ · GH HVWRV OLEURV VRQ WUDGXFFLRQHV /D WUDGXFFLyQ GH FLHQFLDV DSOLFDGDV
PXHVWUDXQDSURJUHVLyQ TXHFUHFHFRQHOSDVRGHORVDxRV&DEUtDVXJHULUTXHORV
HOHYDGRV SRUFHQWDMHV GH WUDGXFFLRQHV H[LVWHQWHV SDUD HO iUHD GH FLHQFLDV DSOLFDGDV
HYLGHQFLDQXQDFLHUWDSUHFDULHGDGLQYHVWLJDGRUDORTXHKDPRWLYDGRTXHDTXHOORV
TXH LQWHUHVDGRV HQ LQYHVWLJDU KD\DQ GH FRQHFWDUVH FRQ OD UHDOLGDG FLHQWtILFD GH
RWURVSDtVHVSDUDSRGHUVDWLVIDFHUVXVDVSLUDFLRQHV
6L FRPELQDPRV PDWHULDV \ OHQJXDV YHPRV TXH HO LQJOpV HV OD OHQJXD SUHGRPL
QDQWHHQWRGDVODVPDWHULDVWULSOLFDQGR\FXDGULSOLFDQGRORVYDORUHVGHOIUDQFpV\GHO
DOHPiQHQWRGDVHOODVH[FHSWRHQHOFDPSRGHODUHOLJLyQGRQGHORVtQGLFHVUHVXOWDQ
PDVDSUR[LPDGRV6HJ~QOD$JHQFLD(VSDxRODGHO,6%1HQWUH\VHSXEOL
FDURQHQ(VSDxDXQDVWUDGXFFLRQHVHQIRUPDGHOLEUR(QDPERVDxRVVHGD
OD FDVXDOLGDG GH KDEHU DOFDQ]DGR ODV FRWDV PiV DOWDV HQ FXDQWR D SRUFHQWDMH GH
WUDGXFFLRQHVHQHOWRWDOGHSXEOLFDFLRQHVXQHOSRUFHQWDMH PHGLRHQORVDxRV
FRPSUHQGLGRVHVGHO/DSUHSRQGHUDQFLDGHOLQJOpVHVUHSLWRLPSUHVLRQDQWH
VHKDQWUDGXFLGRQDGDPHQRVTXHWtWXORVWDQVyORHQHODxR
(QORTXHUHVSHFWDDOSHUILOVRFLDO\SURIHVLRQDOGHORVWUDGXFWRUHVGHOLEURVHQ
(VSDxDGHOHVWXGLROOHYDGRDFDERSRU5RGUtJXH]/DSUREOHPiWLFDSURIHVLRQDOGHORV
HVFULWRUHV \ WUDGXFWRUHV VH GHVSUHQGH TXH XQD JUDQ SDUWH GH HOORV HO WUDGXFHH[FOXVLYDPHQWHGHOLQJOpVRGHOIUDQFpV3HURWDPELpQKD\XQDSURSRUFLyQ
VLJQLILFDWLYDGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVGHRWURVLGLRPDVPiVPLQRULWDULRVXQ\H[LVWH
XQDEXHQDSURSRUFLyQ GHWUDGXFWRUHVSOXULOLQJHVXQPRGDOLGDGHVWDTXH
673
/ X LV 3H JHQ D XW H 5R G Ut JXH] LGHQWLILFD PiV XQD FRPSHWHQFLD SRWHQFLDO TXH XQD UHDOL]DFLyQ HIHFWLYD GDGDV ODV
HVFDVDV RFDVLRQHV GH SUDFWLFDUOD TXH RIUHFH HO PHUFDGR 2WUR PRGR GH HVSHFLILFD
FLyQGHOSHUILOSURIHVLRQDO GHOWUDGXFWRUHVSDxROGHOLEURV SXHGHVHUHOGHOJpQHUR
GHREUDTXHWUDEDMDHQFXDQWRDTXHWDPELpQHVWiDVRFLDGRDXQDPD\RURPHQRU
SURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ (Q HVWH VHQWLGR GHVWDFD SRU XQD SDUWH HO FDUiFWHU PtQLPD
PHQWH SURIHVLRQDO GH OD WUDGXFFLyQ SRpWLFD GDGD VX DOWD GLILFXOWDG \ VX HVFDVD
UHQWDELOLGDG\SRURWUDHOFDUiFWHUSDUWLFXODUPHQWHSURIHVLRQDOGHODWUDGXFFLyQGH
REUDV GH GLYXOJDFLyQ FX\D UDSLGH] HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ ODV KDFH FRGLFLDGDV HQ
WpUPLQRV HFRQyPLFRV 9HPRV TXH HQ PXFKRV FDVRV OD WUDGXFFLyQ GH OLEURV HV VL
PXOWDQHDGD FRQ DOJXQD RWUD ODERU SURIHVLRQDO QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGD FRQ
OD WUDGXFFLyQ OR TXH QR RFXUUH HQ ORV FDVRV GH WUDGXFWRUHV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV FRPR
SXHGH VHU XQ WUDGXFWRU MXUDGR R XQ WUDGXFWRU WpFQLFR ELHQ FXDOLILFDGR SXHV HQ
PXFKRV OD DFWLYLGDG WUDGXFWRUD VH FRQYLHUWH HQ DFWLYLGDG H[FOXVLYD $ OD KRUD GH
HVWXGLDU HO JUDGR GH VLPXOWDQHLGDG GH OD WUDGXFFLyQ FRQ RWUDV ODERUHV SURIHVLR
QDOHV SRGHPRV OOHJDU D OD FRQFOXVLyQ GH TXH OD PXOWLSOLFLGDG SURIHVLRQDO GH ORV
WUDGXFWRUHVDSDUHFHHVWUXFWXUDGD³HQORTXHUHVSHFWDDVXUHODFLyQFRQODWUDVFHQ
GHQFLDHFRQyPLFDGHODDFWLYLGDG³HQWUHGRVSRORVH[WUHPRVHOGHORVWUDGXFWRUHV
SXUDPHQWH RFDVLRQDOHV \ HO GH ORV WUDGXFWRUHV D WLHPSR FRPSOHWR /RV SULPHURV
PiVOLJDGRVDXQDHVSHFLDOLGDGLGLRPiWLFDPLQRULWDULD\DORVJpQHURVPiVH[LJHQ
WHV\FRQXQDSURGXFFLyQPX\HVFDVD<ORVVHJXQGRVYROFDGRVHQJHQHUDODXQD
SURGXFFLyQLQWHQVLYDORTXHOHVOOHYDDSULYLOHJLDUORVJpQHURVGHIDFWXUDPiVUiSL
GD\ODVDFWLYLGDGHVPiVUHQWDEOHV\DXQDGLYHUVLILFDFLyQGHODVIXHQWHVGHWUDEDMR
(Q(VSDxDGHQWURGHOVHFWRUSULYDGRGHODWUDGXFFLyQHQHOTXHVHFRQFHQWUDOD
WUDGXFFLyQ GH OLEURV HQFRQWUDPRV SRU OR JHQHUDO WUDGXFWRUHV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV TXH
WUDEDMDQSDUDWRGRWLSRGHXVXDULRV\TXHWUDGXFHQHQSULQFLSLRWRGRWLSRGHWH[WRV
(QWUHHVWRV~OWLPRVDSUHFLDPRVWRGDYtDDOJXQRVGHORVUDVJRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DEDQDO
WUDGXFWRULQGHSHQGLHQWHHQpSRFDVSDVDGDVPHQRVHVSHFLDOL]DGDV$VtQRHV LQIUH
FXHQWHYHUTXHHVWRVWUDGXFWRUHV VLPXOWDQHDQHOHMHUFLFLRWUDGXFWRUFRQRWUDVDFWLYL
GDGHV SURIHVLRQDOHVTXHSUDFWLFDQ PRGDOLGDGHVPX\GLYHUVDVGHWUDGXFFLyQ\TXH
WUDEDMDQFRPRWUDGXFWRUHVGHPDQHUDHVSRUiGLFD'HWRGRVPRGRVVRQFDGDYH]PDV
ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV GHGLFDGRV GH IRUPD H[FOXVLYD D SUDFWLFDU LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH OD
WUDGXFFLyQGHVGHVXGRPLFLOLRHQEXHQDPHGLGDFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODFRQVROL
GDFLyQGHOFRUUHRHOHFWUyQLFRFRPRPHGLRGHFRQWDFWR$HOORVDFXGHQODVHGLWRULDOHV
ODV DJHQFLDV GH WUDGXFFLyQ \ DOJXQDV HPSUHVDV \ RUJDQLVPRV S~EOLFRV \ SULYDGRV
7DPELpQVXHOHQRFXSDUVHGHDWHQGHUHOPHUFDGRJHQHUDGRSRUORVGLVWLQWRVPHGLRV
GHFRPXQLFDFLyQSUHQVDFLQH\WHOHYLVLyQHOPXQGRGHODSXEOLFLGDGHWF
+D\TXHUHFRQRFHUTXHODVLWXDFLyQSURIHVLRQDOGHORVWUDGXFWRUHVGHOLEURVQR
HVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHKDODJHxDORVLQFXPSOLPLHQWRVHQHOFREURGHUHPXQHUDFLRQHV
VRQ PiV IUHFXHQWHV GH OR TXH VHUtD GHVHDEOH D~Q H[LVWHQ FDVRV GH WUDGXFFLyQ VLQ
FRQWUDWRGHHGLFLyQIRUPDOL]DGRSRUHVFULWRDSHVDUGHTXHWDOFXHVWLyQH[SHULPHQ
WyXQFDPELRPX\SRVLWLYRFRQODSURPXOJDFLyQGHOD/H\GH3URSLHGDG,QWHOHFWXDO
GHO GH QRYLHPEUH GH HQ YLJRU GHVGH HO GH GLFLHPEUH GH TXHO PLVPR
DxRTXHUHFRQRFHHQVXDUWtFXORODFRQGLFLyQGHDXWRUGHOWUDGXFWRUFRQORTXH
674
3URGXFFLyQ\FRQVXPRGHWUDGXFFLRQHVOLWHUDULDVHQOD(VSDxDDFWXDO
HVWROOHYDDSDUHMDGRGHUHFKRDXQDUHPXQHUDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDO\HO‹GHODWUDGXF
FLyQ D~Q HQ HO FDVR GH TXH H[LVWD FRQWUDWR QR VLHPSUH VH GDQ OLTXLGDFLRQHV ORV
FRQWUDWRVGHDGKHVLyQQRSHUPLWHQODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHOWUDGXFWRUORTXHKDFHTXHVH
SLHUGD OD OLEHUWDG GH HVWDEOHFHU PXWXDPHQWH ODV FOiXVXODV OD XQLGDG GH PHGLGD
SDUDVXSRVWHULRUUHWULEXFLyQHVLPSUHFLVDQRVHGDXQDFHUWLILFDFLyQGHWLUDGDODV
FOiXVXODV VRQ DEXVLYDV HWF 3RU RWUD SDUWH HQ (VSDxD ODV WDULIDV HQ FRQFHSWR GH
DQWLFLSRVREUHGHUHFKRVGHDXWRUVRQGHODVPiVEDMDV GH(XURSDH[LVWHXQDJUDQ
GLVFUHSDQFLD HQWUH HO SUHFLR TXH SDJD SRU SDODEUD WUDGXFLGD XQ FOLHQWH FXDQGR
VROLFLWDXQHQFDUJRDXQDDJHQFLDGHWUDGXFFLyQ\ODWDULIDPHGLDSRUSDODEUDSDUD
OLEURVODVWDULIDVKDQFUHFLGRHQORV~OWLPRVGLH]DxRVSRUGHEDMRGHO,3&0XFKRV
GHHVWRVGHVPDQHVVRQGHQXQFLDGRVSRU0DUWtQH]HQXQDUWtFXORSXEOLFDGR
UHFLHQWHPHQWHHQODUHYLVWD9DVRV&RPXQLFDQWHV $OOtVHSRQHWDPELpQGHPDQLILHVWR
TXHVLHVWDFDyWLFDVLWXDFLyQOOHYyDQHJRFLDUHOGHMXOLRGHODILUPDGHXQRV
0RGHORV GH &RQWUDWRV GH 7UDGXFFLyQ HQWUH OD )HGHUDFLyQ *HQHUDO GH *UHPLRV GH
(GLWRUHVGH(VSDxDOD$VRFLDFLyQ&ROHJLDOGH(VFULWRUHVOD6HFFLyQ$XWyQRPDGH
7UDGXFWRUHVGH/LEURVGHHVWD DVRFLDFLyQ\OD)HGHUDFLyQGH$VRFLDFLRQHVGH,OXV
WUDGRUHVWDOHVPRGHORVVLJXHQVLQVHUDSOLFDGRV
9HPRVTXHDSHVDUGHODVHYLGHQWHVPHMRUDVODERUDOHVGHOJUHPLRODILJXUDGHO
WUDGXFWRU FDUHFH WRGDYtD GH XQD QRUPDWLYD OHJDO HVSHFtILFD (VWD VLWXDFLyQ TXH
DIHFWDDOUHVWRGHORVSDtVHVGHOD8(KDKHFKRTXHOD&RPLVLyQDWUDYpVGHVX&R
PLWpGH$VXQWRV&XOWXUDOHVKD\DSURSXHVWRODUHGDFFLyQGHXQPRGHORGH(VWDWXWR
SURIHVLRQDOHQFRODERUDFLyQFRQODVGLVWLQWDVDVRFLDFLRQHVSURIHVLRQDOHV\ODVDXWR
ULGDGHVSHUWLQHQWHV<DOD81(6&2KDEtDUHGDFWDGRHQOD5HFRPHQGDFLyQGH
1DLUREL SDUD DVHJXUDU OD SURWHFFLyQ MXUtGLFD GH ORV WUDGXFWRUHV \ OD 2,7 KDEtD
GHOLPLWDGRORVSHUILOHVODERUDOHVGHWUDGXFWRUHVHLQWpUSUHWHVGHQWURGHOGRFXPHQWR
©,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUGRI2FFXSDWLRQª(OFDPLQRKDEtDVLGRGHVEUR]DGRSUHYLD
PHQWHSRUHOGRFXPHQWRVXVFULWRSRUODVVRFLHGDGHVDVLVWHQWHVDO,9&RQJUHVRGH
OD ),7 FHOHEUDGR HQ 'XYUREQLY HQ \ TXH VH HQFXHQWUD GLVSRQLEOH HQ 2VHUV
(Q(VSDxDWDO\FRPRVHxDOD'XURORVWUDGXFWRUHVFXHQWDQFRQPDV
GHEHUHVTXHGHUHFKRV\DTXHODPD\RUSDUWHGHODOHJLVODFLyQYLJHQWHHVWDHQFDPL
QDGDDDVHJXUDUHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHVXVREOLJDFLRQHVILVFDOHV$VtORVWUDGXFWRUHVH
LQWHUSUHWHV TXH WUDEDMDQ SRU VX FXHQWD \D VHD SDUD HO VHFWRU SXEOLFR R SULYDGR
HVWiQ VXMHWRV DO ,PSXHVWR VREUH OD 5HQWD GH ODV 3HUVRQDV )tVLFDV DO ,PSXHVWR GH
$FWLYLGDGHV (FRQyPLFDV \ D OD DILOLDFLyQ \ FRWL]DFLyQ D OD 6HJXULGDG 6RFLDO \ DO
,PSXHVWRVREUHHO9DORU$xDGLGR+D\TXHGHFLUGHWRGRVPRGRVTXHORVWUDGXF
WRUHV OLWHUDULRV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ FLHUWD SRVLFLyQ GH YHQWDMD UHVSHFWR D VXV RWURV
FRPSDxHURV \D TXH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG OD +DFLHQGD 3~EOLFD OHV H[LPH GHO SDJR GHO
,9$ OR TXH VXSRQH HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH VX FRQGLFLyQ GH FUHDGRUHV DUWtVWLFRV /D
81(6&2 SRU RWUD SDUWH H[LJH GH IRUPD H[SOtFLWD TXH HO QRPEUH GHO WUDGXFWRU
DSDUH]FD HQ OD SRUWDGD GH ORV OLEURV \ OD /H\ GH 3URSLHGDG ,QWHOHFWXDO GH QR
YLHPEUHGHKDORJUDGRJDUDQWL]DUODSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDOGHORVWUDGXFWRUHV
SHUR WRGDYtD QR KD VDOYDJXDUGDGR VXILFLHQWHPHQWH OD SHUFHSFLyQ GH GHUHFKRV GH
DXWRU SXHV HVWRV QR SDVDQ GH VHU PHUDPHQWH VLPEyOLFRV WDO \ FRPR VH RFXSy GH
675
/ X LV 3H JHQ D XW H 5R G Ut JXH] VHxDODU %HQtWH] SDUD HO iPELWR QDFLRQDO \ 9HQXWL HQ HO LQWHUQD
FLRQDO6LHQHOSDVDGRORFRUULHQWHHUDREYLDUODPHQFLyQGHOWUDGXFWRUHQODREUD
WUDGXFLGDSRFRDSRFRVHFRPHQ]yDLQFOXLUVXQRPEUHHQODSiJLQDGHGHUHFKRV\
DFWXDOPHQWHVRQPXFKDVODVREUDVOLWHUDULDVHQODVTXHDSDUHFHWDPELpQHQODSRU
WDGDEDMRHOGHODXWRU
(QJHQHUDOORVWUDGXFWRUHVGLVWDQPXFKRGHHVWDUVDWLVIHFKRVFRQHOSDQRUDPD
TXH RIUHFH OD SURIHVLyQ 6LUYDQ GH PXHVWUD ODV VLJXLHQWHV SDODEUDV GH /LDxR
SXEOLFDGDV HO DxR HQ HO GLDULR (O 3DtV \ TXH VHJXUDPHQWH VHUtDQ VHFXQGDGDV
SRUODFDVLWRWDOLGDGGHOJUHPLRKR\HQGtD
/D VLWXDFLyQ GH LPSXQLGDG \ GHWHULRUR HQ TXH QRV HQFRQWUDPRV LQWHUSUH
WDFLRQHV QHIDVWDV GH DFWRV [] LQFRPSUHQVLEOHV PDQXDOHV GH LQVWUXFFLRQHV
GH WRGR WLSR GH HOHFWURGRPpVWLFRV GREODMHV \ VXEWLWXODFLRQHV LQIDPHV GH
SHOtFXODV[] WUDGXFFLRQHVYHUJRQ]RVDVGHDUWtFXORV\UHSRUWDMHVHQUHYLVWDV
\ SHULyGLFRVPDQXDOHVLQIRUPiWLFRVVXUUHDOLVWDVHWFpWHUD[] /DVFDXVDVGH
HVWD VLWXDFLyQ VRQ YDULDV HQWUH HOODV OD QXOD FRQFLHQFLD GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD
TXHHVWRVVHUYLFLRVWLHQHQHQORViPELWRVHQWUHRWURVHGXFDWLYRLQIRUPDWLYR
\ VRFLDO OD PH]TXLQGDG GH HGLWRUHV SURGXFWRUHV \ RWURV HPSUHVDULRV TXH
SRUDKRUUDUVHXQGXURPHGLDQWHWDULIDVGHKDPEUHRVLPSOHPHQWHODHVWD
IDRIUHFHQXQVHUYLFLRQHIDVWR\ HOGHVDPSDURMXUtGLFRHQTXHVH HQFXHQ
WUDQHVWRVSURIHVLRQDOHV
&RQ WRGR DXQTXH HV LQGXGDEOH TXH TXHGD PXFKR FDPLQR SRU UHFRUUHU OD SUH
VHQFLD VRFLDO GH ORV WUDGXFWRUHV VH KDFH FDGD YH] PiV SDOSDEOH HQ QXHVWUR SDtV
&DEHGHFLUTXHVRQYDULRVORVIDFWRUHVTXHKDQSURSLFLDGRXQFDPELRGHDFWLWXGHQ
HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH HVWD ODERU \ WRGRV HOORV JXDUGDQ HQWUH Vt XQD UHODFLyQ GH
LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD$VtSRGHPRVPHQFLRQDUODFUHDFLyQGHGLYHUVRVFHQWURVXQLYHU
VLWDULRV GHGLFDGRV D IRUPDU WUDGXFWRUHV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR QR FDEH GXGD GH TXH OD
LUUXSFLyQGHODWUDGXFFLyQHQHOSDQRUDPDHGXFDWLYRHVSDxROKDVHUYLGRSDUDTXH
HOWUDGXFWRUDGTXLHUDXQSDSHOFDGDYH]PiVSUHSRQGHUDQWHHQQXHVWUDVRFLHGDG$
OD YH] HO VHJXLPLHQWR GH XQD IRUPDFLyQ HVSHFtILFD D QLYHO XQLYHUVLWDULR KD KHFKR
TXH pVWD KD\D SDVDGR D VHU XQD SURIHVLyQ PXFKR PDV YRFDFLRQDO HV GHFLU XQD
SUiFWLFD D OD TXH VH OOHJD SRU LQWHUpV SHUVRQDO \ QR SRU GLYHUVRV \ FDSULFKRVRV
DYDWDUHVGHOGHVWLQR5HFRUGHPRVHQHVWHVHQWLGRODVSDODEUDVGH0RUDWtQTXHVH
KLFLHURQ EXHQDV GXUDQWH GRV VLJORV \ TXH HQ VX ViWLUD GHQRWDEDQ FyPR D OD
WUDGXFFLyQ VH OOHJDED SRU OD HVFDVH] GH RWURV UHFXUVRV SURIHVLRQDOHV PDV TXH SRU
YROXQWDGSURSLD©VL\RPHOOHJRDYHUXQDYH]GHVHVSHUDGRRPHPHWRDWUD
GXFWRURPHGHJHOORRPHFDVRª+R\HQGtDQRFDEHGXGDGHTXHHVWDUHQSRVH
VLyQGHXQWtWXORDFDGpPLFRKDWHQLGRFRPRHIHFWRXQPD\RUUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVRFLDO
GH HVWD SURIHVLyQ \ SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH XQDV PHMRUHV FRQGLFLRQHV ODERUDOHV &DEH
DxDGLU WDPELpQ HO QDFLPLHQWR GH DVRFLDFLRQHV GHGLFDGDV D UHJXODU ORV GHUHFKRV \
GHEHUHV GH ORV WUDGXFWRUHV HQWUH RWUDV OD $VRFLDFLyQ 3URIHVLRQDO (VSDxROD GH
7UDGXFWRUHV H ,QWpUSUHWHV IXQGDGD HQ OD 6HFFLyQ $XWyQRPD GH 7UDGXFWRUHV
GH/LEURVGHOD$VRFLDFLyQ&ROHJLDOGH(VFULWRUHVFUHDGDHQ\TXHFXHQWDHQ
676
3URGXFFLyQ\FRQVXPRGHWUDGXFFLRQHVOLWHUDULDVHQOD(VSDxDDFWXDO
VXPD\RUSDUWHFRQWUDGXFWRUHVOLWHUDULRVGLIHUHQWHVDVRFLDFLRQHVGHWUDGXFWRUHVDO
FDWDOiQ DO JDOOHJR \ DO YDVFR 75,$& XQD $VRFLDFLyQ FDWDODQD TXH SURPXHYH OD
FUHDFLyQGHO&ROHJLR3URIHVLRQDOHWF\WDPELpQFODURHVWiODFUHDFLyQGH$VRFLD
FLRQHVFRPR pVWDTXHLQDXJXUDPRV FRQGXFHQWHVDKDFHUGHOHVWXGLRGHODWUDGXF
FLyQHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQXQFDPSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSUHVWLJLRVR\GLQiPLFR
5HIHUHQFLDV
É9,/$ É/9$5(= $QWRQLR0DUtD/DRIHUWDHGLWRULDO(Q-RVp$QWRQLR0,//É1 FRRUG
/D OHFWXUD HQ (VSDxD ,QIRUPH 0DGULG )HGHUDFLyQ GH *UHPLRV GH (GLWRUHV GH
(VSDxDSS
%(1Ì7(= (VWKHU/D VLWXDFLyQGHOWUDGXFWRUSURIHVLRQDOHQ(VSDxDHQ3XULILFDFLyQ
)(51É1'(=1,67$/ HG(VWXGLRVGHWUDGXFFLyQ3ULPHU&XUVR6XSHULRUGH7UDGXFFLyQ,QJOpV
(VSDxRO9DOODGROLG8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOODGROLGSS
³(QWRUQRDO 9DVRV&RPXQLFDQWHVSS
&25'Ð1*$5&Ì$ -RVp$QWRQLR/DWUDGXFFLyQHQ(VSDxD0HWDSS
'852025(12 0LJXHO(OWUDGXFWRU\+DFLHQGDODVUHODFLRQHVILVFDOHVGHOWUDGXFWRU
FRPR SURIHVLRQDO DXWyQRPR FRQ OD $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ 7ULEXWDULDGHO (VWDGR (Q )e/,; \
257(*$ FRRUGV
(6&2%$5 -XOLD $SUR[LPDFLRQHV D OD VLWXDFLyQ DFWXDO GH OD WUDGXFFLyQ H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
0DGULG,QVWLWXWR&HUYDQWHV
³/DWUDGXFFLyQ\ODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQHQHVSDxRO(P(OHVSDxROHQHOPXQGR$QXDULRV
GHO,QVWLWXWR&HUYDQWHV 0DGULG,QVWLWXWR&HUYDQWHV$UFR/LEURVSS
)e/,; )(51É1'(= /HDQGUR \ (PLOLR 257(*$ $5-21,//$ HGV ,, (VWXGLRV VREUH 7UDGXFFLyQ H
,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ$FWDV GH ODV,,-RUQDGDV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVGH7UDGXFFLyQH,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ 0iODJD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH0iODJD
/,$f2025$/ -3UREOHPDGHWUDGXFFLyQ(O3DtV S
0$57Ì1(=08f2= &DWDOLQD/DWUDGXFFLyQGHOLEURVHQ(VSDxD9DVRV&RPXQLFDQWHV
3$/20$5(6 3(55$87 5RFtR /DV WUDGXFFLRQHV HQ HO FRQWH[WR HGLWRULDO HVSDxRO (Q
)e/,;\ 257(*$ FRRUGVSS
52'5Ì*8(= 025$7Ð $UWXUR/DSUREOHPiWLFDSURIHVLRQDOGH ORVHVFULWRUHV\WUDGXFWRUHV
XQDYLVLyQVRFLROyJLFD%DUFHORQD$&(&
9(187, /DZUHQFH 7UDGXFFLyQ DXWRUtD \ GHUHFKRV GH DXWRU 9DVRV &RPXQLFDQWHV SS
99$$/LEUREODQFRGHODWUDGXFFLyQHQ(VSDxD0DGULG$&(7UDGXFWRUHV
677