Periodismo en linea y desarrollo de blogs como

Anuncio
$1$*5$0$681,9(56,'$''(0('(//,1
3(5,2',602(1/Ì1($
<'(6$552//2'(%/2*6&202
$/7(51$7,9$'((;35(6,Ð1
,1)250$7,9$
0DUtDGHOD/X]&DVDV3pUH]
5HFLELGRGHDEULOGH$FHSWDGRGHPD\RGH
5(680(1
(O WpUPLQR ´EORJµ SURYLHQH GH ODV SDODEUDV :HE \ /RJ \ VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQD
KHUUDPLHQWDGHUHFXHQWRGHKLVWRULDVSDUDOHODV\DTXHDWUDYpVGHHOORVHVSRVLEOH
YLVXDOL]DUGLVWLQWDVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVDXQPLVPRDFRQWHFLPLHQWR
6LELHQHORULJHQGHORVEORJVHVSHUVRQDOD~OWLPDVIHFKDVORVPHGLRVSHULRGtVWLFRV
HQOtQHDKDQFRORFDGREORJVFRPRUHFXUVRGHLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHVXVOHFWRUHV(VWROHV
KDDUURMDGRUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ\KDSHUPLWLGRREWHQHUXQDVHQVLELOLGDGGLUHFWDGHOD
RSLQLyQS~EOLFDHQIRUPDFLyQ\SURPXHYHQXHYRVWHPDVDLQVHUWDUVHHQODDJHQGD
(O SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR UHYLVD ORV EORJV FRPR DOWHUQDWLYDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DO UHFXUVR
SHULRGtVWLFR DQDOL]DQGR HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV EORJV LQVHUWDGRV HQ GLYHUVRV
SHULyGLFRV\VLWLRVGHLQIRUPDFLyQSHULRGtVWLFDHQOtQHD
3DODEUDVFODYHEORJVSHULRGLVPRGLJLWDO
(VWHDUWtFXORGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFD\WHFQROyJLFDVHGHVDUUROODHQODVOtQHDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQSROtWLFD\PHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQTXH
GHVDUUROODODDXWRUD
/LFHQFLDGDHQFRPXQLFDFLyQ0DJtVWHUHQFRPXQLFDFLyQ'RFWRUDHQ&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV7HFQROyJLFRGH0RQWHUUH\&DPSXV&XHUQDYDFD
0p[LFR(PDLOPDULOXFDVDV#LWHVPP[
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
0DUtDGHOD/X]&DVDV3pUH]
21/,1(-2851$/,60$1''(9(/230(172)%/2*6
$6$1$/7(51$7,9(2),1)250$7,21
7(&+12/2*<(;35(66,21
$%675$&7
7KHWHUP´EORJµFRPHVIURPWKHZRUGV:HEDQG/RJDQGLWKDVUHFHQWO\EHFRPHD
WRRO WR UHWHOO SDUDOOHO VWRULHV VLQFH WKH\ DOORZ WKHLU DXGLHQFH WR YLVXDOL]H GLIIHUHQW
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKHVDPHHYHQW
$OWKRXJKEORJVZHUHSHUVRQDOLQRULJLQODWHO\RQOLQHPHGLDMRXUQDOLVWVDUHXVLQJEORJV
DVDQDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQVRXUFHDVZHOODVDQLQWHUDFWLRQUHVRXUFHIRUUHDGHUV
)RUPHGLDEORJVJLYHXVHIXOIHHGEDFNIRUWKHMRXUQDOLVWLFDJHQGDDOVRSURPRWLQJQHZ
VXEMHFWVWREHGLVFXVVHG
7KLV DUWLFOH RIIHUV D UHYLHZ RQ EORJV DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH VRXUFH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU
MRXUQDOLVWLFPHGLDZKLOHDQDO\]LQJWKHEHKDYLRURIEORJVIURPZHOONQRZQMRXUQDOV
DQGZHEVLWHV,WVUHVXOWVVKRZVRPHRIWKHPRVWFODLPHGFRQWHQWVFRPPXQLFDWHG
E\WKHVHPHGLD
.H\ZRUGVEORJVRQOLQHMRXUQDOLVP
$1$*5$0$6
3HULRGLVPRHQOtQHD\GHVDUUROORGHEORJVFRPRDOWHUQDWLYDGHH[SUHVLyQLQIRUPDWLYD
,1752'8&&,Ð1
(ORULJHQGHORVEORJVGDWDGHORVDxRV\
DOJXQRVORFRQILHUHQD-RUQ%DUJHUHGLWRUGH5RERW
:LVGRP\FRQRFHGRUGH,QWHUQHWHOKDEHUDFXxDGR
HOWpUPLQR:HEORJ:LNLSHGLD6HJ~Q%ORRG
ORVEORJVDSDUHFLHURQSRUSULPHUDYH]FRPR
XQD QRYHGDG HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH DSOLFDFLRQHV
LQWHUDFWLYDV D WUDYpV GH OD FRPSXWDGRUD FRQ OD
SiJLQD :KDWV 1HZ 3DJH GHO 1DWLRQDO &HQWHU IRU
6XSHUFRPSXWLQJ $SSOLFDWLRQV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG
GH ,OOLQRLV HQ %ORRG HQ :DONHU 3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHFRPLHQ]DDKDEODUGHORVEORJV
FRPR UHFXUVRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VLQ HPEDUJR
QR VH HPSLH]D D KDEODU GH OD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ
GH ORV EORJV VLQR KDVWD FXDQGR VH
SURSRUFLRQD XQ OLVWDGR GH SiJLQDV DFFHVLEOHV
HQ ODV TXH VH GLVFXWHQ GLYHUVRV WHPDV \ TXH
IXH UHFRSLODGD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH JUDFLDV D ORV
HVIXHU]RVGH'DYLG:LQHU\3HWHU0HUKRO]
(OWpUPLQR:HEORJORDFXxD-RUQ%DUJHUSUHFL
VDPHQWHHQSDUDUHIHULUVHDORVLQJUHVRVR
YLVLWDV TXH GHWHUPLQDGRV XVXDULRV KDFtDQ D Si
JLQDVZHETXLHQHVGHMDEDQXQFRPHQWDULRRXQ
UHJLVWUR GH YLVLWD 3DUD 0HUKRO] VXJHUtD OD
H[SUHVLyQZHORJLQGLFDQGRODSUiFWLFDGHHQWUDU\
GHMDUHVWHWLSRGHUHJLVWURV%UDQXP
/RV EORJV VH JHQHUDOL]DUtDQ D SDUWLU GH FRQODLQDXJXUDFLyQRILFLDOGHSRUWDOHVGHGLFDGRV
DODSXEOLFDFLyQGHEORJVFRPR(DWRQ:HE3RUWDO\
FRQHOODQ]DPLHQWRFRPHUFLDOGH%ORJJHUHOVHUYL
FLRJUDWXLWRGHSXEOLFDFLyQGHZHEORJV
(Q VXV LQLFLRV ORV EORJV IXHURQ XWLOL]DGRV
FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GH XVR SHUVRQDO HQ HO
TXHORVYLVLWDQWHVSODVPDEDQVXVLGHDV\FRPHQ
WDULRV DFHUFD GH DOJ~Q WHPD HQ SDUWLFXODU SUR
SRUFLRQDQGRDFFHVRDELHUWRRUHVWULQJLGRDXQD
FRPXQLGDGHVSHFtILFDGHOHFWRUHV1RREVWDQWH
HOEORJKDHYROXFLRQDGRKDVWDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQ
UHFXUVR LQIRUPDWLYR GH HQRUPH YDORU SDUD GLV
WLQWRV SURSyVLWRV 'H PDQHUD LQVWLWXFLRQDO SRU
HMHPSOR ODV HPSUHVDV KDQ UHFXUULGR D ORV EORJV
HQVXVWLWXFLyQGHODVUHYLVWDVLQWHUQDVDILQGHHV
WDEOHFHUXQDFRQH[LyQPiVFHUFDQDFRQVXVHP
SOHDGRV \ FOLHQWHV PLHQWUDV TXH SRU RWUR ODGR
UHFRQRFLHQGRHOHQRUPHYDORUGHORVEORJVFRPR
YHQWDQDVKDFLDODRSLQLyQS~EOLFDORVPHGLRVGH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDOHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH ORV
QRWLFLRVRVKDQHVWDEOHFLGREORJVFRQHOSURSyVL
WRHVSHFtILFRGHDEULUODVQRWLFLDVDODLQWHUDFFLyQ
HLQWHUFDPELRGHFRPHQWDULRVHQWUHORVOHFWRUHV
UDGLRHVFXFKDV R WHOHVSHFWDGRUHV 'HVGH HVWD
SHUVSHFWLYD HO EORJ VH KD FRQYHUWLGR LQFOXVR HQ
XQDLPSRUWDQWHDUPDDWUDYpVGHODFXDOVHVLHP
EUDQORVDVXQWRVDGLVFXWLUHQODDJHQGDSROtWLFD
'UH]QHU
-867,),&$&,Ð1'(/(678',2
(QWRGDVODVpSRFDVTXLpQHVFULEHTXpVREUH
TXpRVREUHTXLpQKDVLGRVLHPSUHXQDVXQWRGH
LQWHUpVSDUDODVpOLWHVRORVFtUFXORVGHODLQWHOHF
WXDOLGDGVRFLDORSROtWLFD
/D RSLQLyQ SULYDGD WUDVSDVy ORV OtPLWHV GH
ODLQWLPLGDGSDUDLQVHUWDUVHHQODDUHQDSROtWLFD
PLHQWUDV ODV VRFLHGDGHV FRUWHVDQDV GLYXOJDURQ
VXVRSLQLRQHVGHYLYDYR]OOHYDQGRODLQIRUPDFLyQ
GHXQODGRDRWURHQWHUWXOLDVRFDIpV&XDQGRODV
FDUWDV\GLDULRVSULYDGRVGHODDULVWRFUDFLDLQYD
GLHURQODVFDOOHVOOHYDQGRHOFKLVPHDOSXHEOROD
YLGDGHORVLPSRUWDQWHVVHFRQYLUWLyHQWHPiWLFD
GHO FRUULOOR SRSXODU H LQFOXVR OOHJy D SODVPDUVH
HQGLDULRV\YRODQWHVGHGLIXVLyQUHVWULQJLGD/D
DSDULFLyQ GH ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ SUL
PDULDPHQWH FHQVXUDGRV SRU HO SRGHU SROtWLFR
LQKLELy HVWD SUiFWLFD TXH YHQtD GHVDUUROOiQGRVH
GHVGHOD(GDG0HGLD
+R\ HO EORJ YLHQH D UHFXSHUDU HOHFWUyQLFD
PHQWH OD WUDGLFLyQ GHO GLDULR GH OD ELWiFRUD GH
YLDMHGHOiOEXPGHUHFXHUGRV\GHWDQWRVRWURV
UHFXUVRVGHUHFXSHUDFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQFRQYLU
WLpQGRVHHQXQUHFXUVRGHJHVWLyQ\GHLGHQWLILFD
FLyQFRQHOJUXSRGHUHIHUHQFLD
(QORVEORJVSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDULQIRUPDFLyQ
GHWRGRWLSRUHIOHMDQGRGHDOJXQDPDQHUDODIRU
PDGHVHQWLUHOGLiORJR\ODSURSXHVWDGHVROXFLR
QHVDQWHSUREOHPiWLFDVVHQVLEOHVTXHDTXHMDQD
ODVRFLHGDGFRQWHPSRUiQHD
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
0DUtDGHOD/X]&DVDV3pUH]
/RVEORJVVRQXQRGHORVUHFXUVRVPiVVRFR
UULGRVSRUORVLQWHUQDXWDVKR\HQGtD\MXQWRFRQ
RWURVHVSDFLRVGHUHODFLyQVHFRQVLGHUDQXQRGH
ORVPiVIDYRUHFLGRVSRUORVLQWHUHVDGRVHQSDU
WLFLSDUHQORTXHKR\HQGtDVHFRQVLGHUDOD´UHG
VRFLDOµYLUWXDO
/D SUHQVD HVFULWD KR\ VH VLUYH GH ORV EORJV
\D TXH KD FRPSUREDGR TXH SXHGHQ VHU XQ
UHFXUVR PXFKR PiV HILFLHQWH TXH HOOD PLVPD
SDUD FRQYRFDU D OD RSLQLyQ S~EOLFD \ WRPDU
WHPDVSDUDWUDVODGDUORVDODVSULQFLSDOHVSODQDV
GH ORV SHULyGLFRV 'H KHFKR FRPR DOJXQRV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHV VRVWLHQHQ HO 3UHVLGHQWH GH ORV
(VWDGRV 8QLGRV %DUDFN 2EDPD HV HO SULPHU
SURGXFWRGHODGLVFXVLyQGHIHQyPHQRVGHLQWHUpV
S~EOLFRDWUDYpVGHODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVFRPRELHQ
DQDOL]DHO0DVVDFKXVVHWV,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\
HQVX7HFKQRORJ\5HYLHZ7DOERWW
¢4XpWDQDXWyQRPRVVRQORVEORJV"¢(QTXp
PHGLGDUHVSRQGHQDORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHSDUWL
FLSDFLyQGHXQDVRFLHGDGFLYLOTXHFODPDSRUHV
SDFLRVGHLQWHUDFFLyQ\SURPRFLyQGHODRSLQLyQ
S~EOLFD"¢6HWUDWDSRUHOFRQWUDULRGHHVSDFLRV
FRQGXFLGRV SROtWLFDPHQWH RUTXHVWDGRV SDUD
DOHQWDU OD JHVWLyQ GH PRYLPLHQWRV GH SUHVLyQ"
¢3RUTXpSXHGHHQXQPRPHQWRGDGRXQPHGLR
GHFRPXQLFDFLyQWUDGLFLRQDOFRPRXQSHULyGLFR
HQOtQHDRXQQRWLFLHURGHWHOHYLVLyQGHFLGLUDEULU
XQEORJSDUDLQWHUDFWXDUGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQVXS~
EOLFR"¢4XpWDQDEXQGDQWHHVODLQIRUPDFLyQGH
HVWRV EORJV R TXp WDQWR VRQ FRQVXOWDGRV \ FRQ
UHIHUHQFLDDTXpWLSRGHWHPiWLFDV"
(VSRUHOORTXHHQHVWHHVWXGLRKHPRVGHFL
GLGRDERFDUQRVDODQiOLVLVGHOEORJQRFRPRXQD
PDQLIHVWDFLyQGHH[SUHVLyQLQGLYLGXDOVLQRFRPR
HVSDFLRVGHUHODFLyQGHOLEHUDGDPHQWHRUTXHVWD
GRVSRULQVWLWXFLRQHVGHPHGLRVSDUDRULHQWDU\
SURPRYHUH[SUHVLRQHVTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHVHUiQ
XWLOL]DGDVFRPRPRWRUGHJXtDSDUDSURFHVRVGH
RSLQLyQS~EOLFD
0(72'2/2*Ì$
$ILQGHFRQWULEXLUDODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\PHMRU
HQWHQGLPLHQWRGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORVEORJV\
GHODPDQHUDHQTXHODSUHQVDLPSUHVDKDKHFKR
XVRGHHVWHPDWHULDOVHUHFXUULyDODFODVLILFDFLyQ
TXHSURSRUFLRQD)XPHUREDVDGRHQ:DFND
\%UDQXP
/DPHWRGRORJtDHVWDEOHFHTXHSXHGHKDEHU
GLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHSULQFLSLRVEDMRORVFXDOHVIXQ
FLRQDXQEORJ\SXHGHQUHVSRQGHUDFULWHULRVGH
RUGHQVRFLDOHQWUHORVFXDOHVHVWiQXQDPRWLYD
FLyQSHUVRQDORSURIHVLRQDORELHQXWLOL]DUORVFRQ
ILQHVGHSURPRYHUDXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQRFRUSRUD
FLyQTXH SXHGHQ WHQHU REMHWLYRV GH QDWXUDOH]D
H[WHUQD YHQWDV UHODFLyQ LPDJHQ GH PDUFD R
ELHQLQWHUQRVJHVWLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFRODER
UDFLyQFXOWXUDFRUSRUDWLYD
3RU RWUD SDUWH SXHGHQ WHQHU YDULRV SURSy
VLWRVKRUL]RQWDOHVGHSURSyVLWRJHQHUDORYHU
WLFDOHV FRQ XQ SURSyVLWR PiV HVSHFtILFR /RV
EORJVWDPELpQYDUtDQGHDFXHUGRFRQHOiPELWRGH
VXDSOLFDFLyQ\DTXHKD\ORVTXHDFHSWDQWHPDV
SROtWLFRVRUJDQL]DFLRQDOHVRSHUVRQDOHVGHSRU
WLYRVFXOWXUDOHVHQWUHWHQLPLHQWRUHOLJLyQIDUiQ
GXOD HWF 'H DFXHUGR FRQ VX FDUiFWHU LQIRUPD
FLRQDOSRGHPRVLQFOXVRHQFRQWUDUEORJVGHWH[WR
DXGLREORJVIRWREORJVRYLGHREORJVGHSHQGLHQGRGHO
WLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHUHFRJHQ
/RVEORJVGHORVPHGLRVSHULRGtVWLFRVVRQHQ
VX PD\RUtD WH[WXDOHV QR REVWDQWH KD\ PHGLRV
FRPR ORV QRWLFLHURV WHOHYLVLYRV TXH KDFHQ JDOD
\DSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHODSRVLELOLGDGTXHWLHQHQ
SDUDDFXPXODULQIRUPDFLyQHQYtGHR\GHMDUKXH
OOD \ UHJLVWUR GH RWUR WLSR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ /RV
FDQDOHVGHWHOHYLVLyQTXHFXHQWDQFRQEORJVWDP
ELpQKDFHQXVRGHDXGLR\IRWRV/RVWHPDVTXH
XWLOL]DQ ORV PHGLRV LQIRUPDWLYRV SHULRGtVWLFRV
WLHQHQ TXH YHU QR VRODPHQWH FRQ OD QRWLFLD GHO
GtD VLQR WDPELpQ FRQ QRWDV VHFXQGDULDV VREUH
WHFQRORJtDFXOWXUDJHQWHP~VLFDOLWHUDWXUDGH
SRUWHV SROtWLFD QHJRFLRV HFRQRPtD VRFLHGDG
DUWH\RWURVWHPDV
(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHGHVDUUROOyDSDUWLUGH
XQD PHWRGRORJtD PL[WD TXH SHUPLWLy OD UHFXSH
UDFLyQGHODFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHORTXHHVXQEORJ
VX FODVLILFDFLyQ D SDUWLU GH GLYHUVRV FULWHULRV GH
$1$*5$0$6
3HULRGLVPRHQOtQHD\GHVDUUROORGHEORJVFRPRDOWHUQDWLYDGHH[SUHVLyQLQIRUPDWLYD
RUGHQ VRFLDO HVWUXFWXUDO H LQIRUPDFLRQDO VX
FXDQWLILFDFLyQ OD FRPSRQHQWH WHFQROyJLFD VLQ
GLFDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRV\VXVSODWDIRUPDVGHSX
EOLFDFLyQHQWUHRWURVWHPDV
/RV FULWHULRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD OD FODVLILFDFLyQ
IXHURQORVVLJXLHQWHV
&ULWHULRVGHRUGHQVRFLDO
0RWLYDFLyQ2IUHFHQHVSDFLRVSDUDFUHDU
EORJVSHUVRQDOL]DGRVFRQWHPDVOLEUHV
3URIHVLRQDO2IUHFHQSXEOLFDFLRQHVHVSH
FLDOL]DGDV \ VHUYLFLRV DSURYHFKDQGR ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV EORJV FRPR KHUUD
PLHQWDGHFRODERUDFLyQ\FRPXQLFDFLyQ
2UJDQL]DWLYDFRUSRUDWLYD
([WHUQRV FX\R SURSyVLWR VH YLQ
FXODFRQODRUJDQL]DFLyQSDUDSUR
PRYHU
9HQWDV
5HODFLyQ
,PDJHQGHPDUFD
,QWHUQRV FX\R SURSyVLWR HV EXV
FDUDOJXQRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVREMH
WLYRV
*HVWLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
&RODERUDFLyQ
&XOWXUDFRUSRUDWLYD
3URSyVLWRHQWHQGLGRFRPRHOVHQWLGRGH
ODGLYXOJDFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQHQHOEORJ
FX\RVFRQWHQLGRVVRQ
+RUL]RQWDOHV%ORJVVREUHWHPDVOL
EUHV TXH VRQ LQWHUFDPELDGRV SRU
SHUVRQDV TXH WLHQHQ ODV PLVPDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
9HUWLFDOHV %ORJV VREUH WHPDV HV
SHFtILFRVFX\RFRQWHQLGRHVLQWHU
FDPELDGRFRQGLVWLQWRVQLYHOHVGH
SURIXQGLGDG
ÉPELWR GH DSOLFDFLyQ UHODFLRQDGR FRQ
ODV WHPiWLFDV D ODV FXDOHV LPSDFWDQ ORV
LQWHUFDPELRVGHQWURGHOEORJTXHSXHGHQ
VHUGHQDWXUDOH]DYDULDSROtWLFDRUJDQL]D
FLRQDOSURIHVLRQDO\SHUVRQDORUHIHULUVH
DFXHVWLRQHVGHLQWHUpVHQHOFDPSRGH
ORV GHSRUWHV FXOWXUD HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR
SROtWLFDUHOLJLyQPHGLRDUWtVWLFR\PiV
$XWRUtD UHIHUHQWH DO DXWRU R SURGXFWRU
GHOEORJ/RVEORJVSXHGHQVHUGHDXWRUtD
,QGLYLGXDO
&ROHFWLYD
&ULWHULRV GH RUGHQ HVWUXFWXUDO /RV EORJV QR
VROR VRQ UHFXHQWRV GH ODV H[SUHVLRQHV GH
DOJXQDV SHUVRQDV VLQR TXH WDPELpQ KDFHQ
DOXVLyQDLQIRUPDFLyQSXEOLFDGDSRURWURV/D
PD\RUtD GH ORV EORJV GLVSRQHQ GH QDWXUDOH]D
KLSHUWH[WXDO\FDUiFWHUFRQYHUVDFLRQDO
1DWXUDOH]D KLSHUWH[WXDO 'HQWUR GH ORV
EORJVTXHQRVUHPLWHQDRWURVEORJVHQFRQ
WUDPRVORVVLJXLHQWHV
,QWUDEORJ8QEORJDOTXHVHKDFHUH
IHUHQFLDGHQWURGHRWUREORJ\TXH
VHHQFXHQWUDHQHOPLVPRHVSDFLR
GHGLVFXVLyQ
([WUDEORJ8QEORJIXHUDGHOEORJ
,VREORJ 6H UHILHUH D EORJV HODERUD
GRV SRU JUXSRV HVSHFtILFRV FRQ
HVWiQGDUHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ,62HQ
FXDQWRDVHJXULGDG
&DUiFWHU FRQYHUVDFLRQDO 6RQ EORJV TXH
UHSRUWDQ HO LQWHUFDPELR GH H[SUHVLRQHV
HQWUHORVOHFWRUHVTXHVHFRQYLHUWHQDVt
PLVPRHQFRDXWRUHVGHOEORJ
&ULWHULRVGHRUGHQLQIRUPDFLRQDO
&RQWHQLGRV
%ORJVWH[WXDOHVHVWiQGDUVRORSUH
VHQWDQWH[WR
$XGLREORJVFRQWLHQHQDXGLR
)RWREORJVSURSRUFLRQDQIRWRJUDItDV
0REORJV VRQ EORJV TXH SHUPLWHQ
VHU FRQVXOWDGRV GHVGH GLVSRVLWL
YRVPyYLOHV
9LGHREORJVLQFOX\HQYtGHR
(OWUDEDMRGHFDPSRVHKL]RDSDUWLUGHLQGD
JDFLyQHQODUHGVREUHODEDVHGHWUHVSHULyGLFRV
PH[LFDQRV UHFRQRFLGRV ([FpOVLRU (O 8QLYHUVDO
\ HO 5HIRUPD \ GH WUHV FDGHQDV GH WHOHYLVLyQ
PH[LFDQDVLJXDOPHQWHUHFRQRFLGDV2QFH7979
$]WHFD\7HOHYLVD1RKXERXQFULWHULRGHILQLGR
SDUDODVHOHFFLyQGHPHGLRVPiVDOOiGHWRPDUHQ
FRQVLGHUDFLyQTXHWRGRVHOORVKLFLHUDQXVRUHJX
ODUGHOUHFXUVRGHORVEORJV
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
0DUtDGHOD/X]&DVDV3pUH]
/D LQIRUPDFLyQ QRV SHUPLWLy JHQHUDU XQD
EDVH GH GDWRV FRQVWLWXLGD SRU XQD PDWUL] HQ OD
TXHVHUHJLVWUyODLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGDGXUDQWH
ORVPHVHVGHHQHURDMXQLRGHOHQODFXDOVH
FUX]yLQIRUPDFLyQUHODWLYDDODQDWXUDOH]D\FULWH
ULRVGHORVEORJVHQFRQWUDGRVFRQWUDHOFDUiFWHU
LQVWLWXFLRQDORGHGHEDWHGHFDGDXQRGHORVEORJV
HQFRQWUDGRVHQORVPHGLRVDORVTXHVHKL]RUH
IHUHQFLDSUHYLDPHQWH
5(68/7$'26
8QD GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV SUREOHPiWLFDV SDUD
DQDOL]DUHOWHPDUDGLFDHQTXHHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
FDPELDFRQVWDQWHPHQWH\QRHVSRVLEOHGHWHUPLQDU
FRQ SUHFLVLyQ VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV (Q HVWH FDVR
HO SHUtRGR HQ HO TXH VH HVWXYLHURQ REVHUYDQGR
ORV EORJV GH ORV VLWLRV LQGLFDGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH
IXHGHSRFRPiVGHVHLVPHVHVFRQHOSURSyVLWR
GHFRUURERUDUVLHUDIDFWLEOHUHJLVWUDUXQSDWUyQ
FRQVWDQWHHQHOVLWLRREVHUYDGR'HHVWDPDQHUD
VHKL]RXQDHYDOXDFLyQGHORVVLWLRVWRPDQGRHQ
FRQVLGHUDFLyQODQDWXUDOH]DGHOPHGLRGHIRUPD
TXH LQLFLDOPHQWH VH UHDOL]y XQD REVHUYDFLyQ GH
EORJV DJUXSiQGRORV SRU HO WLSR GH VLWLR HQ HO
TXH VH SXEOLFDURQ 3DUD HO UHJLVWUR VH HODERUy
XQDPDWUL]SRUWLSRGHPHGLRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
TXH SHUPLWLy UHDOL]DU XQ LQYHQWDULR GHO WLSR
GH HOHPHQWRV TXH FDGD EORJ RIUHFH GH DFXHUGR
FRQ OD WLSRORJtD PHQFLRQDGD DQWHULRUPHQWH
(VWH UHJLVWUR FRQWHQtD XQD GHVFULSFLyQ VLPSOH
GHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHFDGDEORJ\GHOWLSRGH
LQWHUDFFLyQTXHSHUPLWHFRQORVXVXDULRV
/RV UHVXOWDGRV GH ORV EORJV DQDOL]DGRV TXH
FRUUHVSRQGLHURQ D ODV HVWDFLRQHV GH WHOHYLVLyQ
GHPRVWUDURQTXHHQVXPD\RUtDHVWRVEORJVVHFD
UDFWHUL]DQSRUDERUGDUORVWHPDVGHXQDPDQHUD
VXSHUILFLDO/DVWHPiWLFDVDERUGDGDVVRQGHSRU
WHVIDUiQGXODVDOXGHQWUHWHQLPLHQWRDVWURORJtD
RELHQHVWDUSHUVRQDO
(Q FDPELR DO KDFHU XQD HYDOXDFLyQ GH ORV
EORJVSXEOLFDGRVHQVLWLRVGHSHULyGLFRVHQOtQHD
VHHQFRQWUyTXHORVEORJVUHFRQRFHQORVLQWHUHVHV
GHORVDXWRUHVRORVGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHQODV
TXHODERUDQ(QJHQHUDOHOSHULyGLFRFRQWUDWDD
XQD SHUVRQDOLGDG UHFRQRFLGD SDUD TXH HVFULED
VREUHWHPDVGHLQWHUpV\DQDOLFHORVHYHQWRVGH
DFWXDOLGDG
(V LPSRUWDQWH VHxDODU TXH DOJXQRV GH ORV
EORJV TXH HYHQWXDOPHQWH UHFLEHQ SRVDGD HQ XQ
PHGLR WUDGLFLRQDO KDQ VLGR FUHDGRV D LQLFLDWLYD
GHXQQDYHJDQWHDVLGXRDOVLWLRGH,QWHUQHWTXH
GHVHDGDUDFRQRFHUVXVSXQWRVGHYLVWD\RIUHFH
ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQSHULyGLFDDWUDYpVGHXQEORJ
(QDOJXQRVFDVRVORVEORJVSXHGHQVHULQWHU
FDPELR SXEOLFLWDULR FRQ XQD LQVWLWXFLyQ R ELHQ
VHU SDJDGRV D XQ H[WHUQR (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH
REWLHQH REVHUYDQGR HO UHJLVWUR \ ILUPD GH TXLH
QHV SDUWLFLSDQ FRPR DXWRUHV \ OD GHFODUDFLyQ
TXH KDFHQ DFHUFD GH ORV SURSyVLWRV GH VX EORJ
3RU HMHPSOR SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU EORJV UHODWLYRV
DILQDQ]DVGHVDUUROODGRVSRUXQDDVRFLDFLyQGH
FRQWDGRUHVRFRQVXOWRUHVHQILQDQ]DVXQEORJUH
ODWLYRDFXHVWLRQHVGHSURWHFFLyQDOFRQVXPLGRU
RWURGHQXWULFLyQGHHGXFDFLyQHWF
/RV EORJV VH GLVWLQJXHQ SRU VX WHPiWLFD \
JHQHUDOPHQWHDSDUHFHQUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODSUR
JUDPDFLyQGHOFDQDOGHWHOHYLVLyQRELHQFRQODV
VHFFLRQHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHOSHULyGLFRLPSUHVR
/DFDQWLGDGGHDXWRUHVTXHDERUGDQWHPDV
HVSHFtILFRVWDPELpQLQGLFDODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHHO
SHULyGLFR\VXVOHFWRUHVOHRWRUJDQDGHWHUPLQD
GDVWHPiWLFDV'HVWDFDODLQIOXHQFLDGHOWLSRGH
PHGLR\GHODQDWXUDOH]DJpQHURSHULRGtVWLFR\OD
IRUPDHQODTXHpVWRVLPSDFWDQDODVWHPiWLFDV
DODVTXHVHOHVEULQGDXQHVSDFLRDWUDYpVGHORV
EORJV$VtVLXQDWHPiWLFDHVWiYLJHQWHRHVPX\
LPSRUWDQWHSDUDHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHODDJHQGD
SHULRGtVWLFDHVPX\SUREDEOHTXHRWRUJXHHVSDFLR
DXQRRYDULRVEORJVTXHSURSRUFLRQHQLQIRUPDFLyQ
DGLFLRQDO VREUH HO WHPD 6LQ HPEDUJR WDPELpQ
SXHGH VXFHGHU TXH OD WHOHYLVRUD R HO SHULyGLFR
LQWURGX]FDQ WHPDV QXHYRV HQ OD DJHQGD \ ORV
DEUDQSDUDODGLVFXVLyQ(VWD~OWLPDVLWXDFLyQVH
SUHVHQWDFRQPXFKRPiVIUHFXHQFLDTXHHQORV
VLWLRVGHSHULyGLFRV
(QQXHVWURDQiOLVLVSRUWLSRGHPHGLRVHRE
VHUYyTXHODVWHOHYLVRUDVWLHQGHQDXWLOL]DUPiVVX
$1$*5$0$6
3HULRGLVPRHQOtQHD\GHVDUUROORGHEORJVFRPRDOWHUQDWLYDGHH[SUHVLyQLQIRUPDWLYD
HVSDFLRGH,QWHUQHWRIUHFLHQGRSHTXHxDVFiSVX
ODVRIUDJPHQWRVGHYtGHRVREUHVXSURJUDPDFLyQ
RVREUHDVSHFWRVLPSRUWDQWHVGHVXVQRWLFLHURV\
QRORVDEUHQWDQWRSDUDODGLVFXVLyQOLEUHDWUDYpV
GH EORJV (Q HO FDVR GH EORJV H[LVWHQWHV HQ HP
SUHVDVGHWHOHYLVLyQpVWRVVRQXWLOL]DGRVSULQFL
SDOPHQWHSDUDTXHORVHVSHFWDGRUHVLQWHUDFW~HQ
FRQ DOJXQD SHUVRQDOLGDG DFWRU R FDQWDQWH R
ELHQ SDUD TXH HQYtHQ SUHJXQWDV VXJHUHQFLDV \
FRPHQWDULRVHVSHFtILFRVVREUHODSURJUDPDFLyQ
/R TXH HV PiV 7HOHYLVD H[SORWD FUHFLGDPHQWH
ODKHUUDPLHQWDGHOEORJTXH7HOHYLVLyQ$]WHFDR
&DQDO2QFH
1RWRGRVORVVLWLRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDWHOHYL
VRUDV WLHQHQ XVR GH EORJV QL ORV DSURYHFKDQ GH
OD PLVPD PDQHUD 2FDVLRQDOPHQWH DOJXQD WHOH
YLVRUDDEUHXQEORJUHJXODUPHQWHUHODWLYRDDOJ~Q
SURJUDPD GH GHSRUWHV R GH IDUiQGXOD SDUD GDU
RSRUWXQLGDG GH TXH ORV WHOHYLGHQWHV H[SUHVHQ
VXVRSLQLRQHVVREUHHOSURJUDPD(OUHVWRGHORV
VLWLRVLQWHUDFWLYRVTXHDSDUHFHQGLVSRQLEOHVVR
ODPHQWHSHUPLWHQHQYLDUFRUUHRVRFRPHQWDULRV
VREUHODSURJUDPDFLyQHQWXUQR
/RVSHULyGLFRVHQOtQHDTXHIXHURQDQDOL]D
GRV HQ HVWH HVWXGLR PRVWUDURQ XQ HVSHFLDO LQ
WHUpVSRUDSURYHFKDUODKHUUDPLHQWDGHORVEORJV
SDUD LU EXVFDQGR OHFWRUHV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV H LU
FRQVWUX\HQGRPiVVLWLRVTXHOHVSHUPLWDQGHVD
UUROODU XQ YtQFXOR HVSHFtILFR FRQ QXHYRV QLFKRV
GHPHUFDGR
'HWDOVXHUWHHVSRVLEOHHQFRQWUDUEORJVFRQ
WHPiWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV SDUD MyYHQHV FRQFUHWD
PHQWH MyYHQHV XQLYHUVLWDULRV SHUR WDPELpQ HV
SRVLEOHHQFRQWUDUEORJVSDUDDPDQWHVGHODP~
VLFDRGHODUWH
(QHOFDVRGHORVDXWRUHVGHEORJQRKD\XQ
SHUILO GHILQLGR 1RUPDOPHQWH VH WUDWD GH SHUVR
QDOLGDGHVTXHVHKDQGDGRDFRQRFHUDWUDYpVGHO
PLVPRPHGLRRELHQDWUDYpVGHRWURVPHGLRV
7DPELpQHVSRVLEOHHQFRQWUDUWDQWRDDFDGpPL
FRVRLQYHVWLJDGRUHVFRPRDDUWLVWDVSHUVRQDOL
GDGHVGHODSROtWLFDRPLHPEURVGHDVRFLDFLRQHV
UHFRQRFLGDV
8QDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOEORJHVTXHSXHGHYD
ULDUFRQUHODFLyQDOHVWLORGHUHGDFFLyQ\DOQLYHO
GH HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ /RV KD\ UHGDFWDGRV HQ XQ
HVWLOR VXPDPHQWH FRORTXLDO \ RWURV UHIHULGRV D
FXHVWLRQHVPiVHVSHFLDOL]DGDV
'HPDQHUDSDUWLFXODUORVEORJVTXHDSDUHFHQ
SXEOLFDGRV HQ SHULyGLFRV PH[LFDQRV HQ OtQHD
KDFHQXQPHMRUDSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHODSDODEUD
HVFULWD 'HVWDFDQ DGHPiV HO Q~PHUR GH
FRODERUDGRUHV\EORJVGHGLVWLQWDVWHPiWLFDVTXH
VRQSXEOLFDGRVSRUORVSHULyGLFRVQDFLRQDOHV
TXHDSDUHFHQHQODPXHVWUD7DPELpQHQIDWL]D
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHODJHQHUDFLyQGHHVSDFLRVGH
GLVFXVLyQGHpOLWHDORVTXHVRODPHQWHWLHQHQ
DFFHVRDTXHOORVTXHVRQFRQRFHGRUHVGHXQD
GHWHUPLQDGDWHQGHQFLDRHVWLORRELHQTXLHQHV
JR]DQGHXQUHJLVWURHVSHFLDOFRPRVXVFULSWRU
GHOSHULyGLFRHQOtQHD/RDQWHULRULQGLFDTXH
GHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHHOSHULyGLFRLPSUHVR
VHJPHQWDDVXVOHFWRUHVGHSHQGLHQGRGHOWLSR
GHVHFFLyQDODTXHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDORVOHFWRUHV
GH EORJV VLJXHQ GH PDQHUD ILHO D ORV DXWRUHV
TXH QRUPDOPHQWH DWLHQGHQ ORV WHPDV GH VX
LQWHUpV
'HVWDFDHOKHFKRGHTXHODWHPiWLFDGHORV
EORJV QR VRODPHQWH VH UHILHUH D FXHVWLRQHV GH
WHFQRORJtDGHSXQWDVLQRTXHWDPELpQRIUHFHOD
RSRUWXQLGDG GH H[SUHVDU OR TXH VH SLHQVD R OR
TXHVHVLHQWHVREUHGHWHUPLQDGRWHPD
(QORVSHULyGLFRVHQOtQHDDQDOL]DGRVIXHHV
SHFLDOPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWH REVHUYDU OD RSLQLyQ GH
ORV OHFWRUHV UHVSHFWR GH WHPDV UHODWLYRV D HFR
QRPtD\DSROtWLFD/DHFRQRPtDODSROtWLFD\ORV
GHSRUWHV VRQ ODV iUHDV PiV GHVDUUROODGDV HQ HO
iPELWR GH ORV EORJV /RV WHPDV PiV VRFRUULGRV
HQHOSHUtRGRHQFXHVWLyQIXHURQLQGXGDEOHPHQ
WH OD FULVLV HFRQyPLFD OD HSLGHPLD GH LQIOXHQ
]DDFRQWHFLGDHQ0p[LFRHQHVWHSHUtRGR\ODV
HOHFFLRQHV
(V LPSRUWDQWH KDFHU PHQFLyQ TXH VL ELHQ
DOJXQRV GH ORV EORJV SURYLHQHQ GH OD SOXPD GH
DQDOLVWDV\HVFULWRUHVUHFRQRFLGRVORTXHLQGX
GDEOHPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDXQSUHVWLJLRDGLFLRQDODO
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
0DUtDGHOD/X]&DVDV3pUH]
SHULyGLFR WDPELpQ VH HQFRQWUDURQ HVSDFLRV GH
H[SUHVLyQOLEUH(VWRVVRQLPSRUWDQWHV\DTXHHQ
HOORVVHEULQGDDORVOHFWRUHVODRSRUWXQLGDGGH
GHFLUORTXHVLHQWHQRSLHQVDQGHPDQHUDOLEUH(O
Q~PHURGHUHVSXHVWDVDFDGDHQWUDGDSURSRUFLR
QDDGHPiVXQDGLPHQVLyQGHOYDORU\SRSXODULGDG
TXHXQEORJSURYRFD(QRFDVLRQHVORVSHULyGLFRV
SXEOLFDQWRGRVORVFRPHQWDULRVTXHJHQHUDQORV
EORJV \ HQ RWUDV VLPSOHPHQWH SXEOLFDQ ORV PiV
UHFLHQWHV
3RURWUDSDUWHFXDQGRHOEORJHVGHDXWRUtD
SHUVRQDOGHXQH[SHUWRpVWHPX\SUREDEOHPHQWH
VHUiTXLHQGHFLGDTXpHVORTXHGHMDYHUDOUHVWR
GHVXVOHFWRUHV\TXpQR(QHVHVHQWLGRHODXWRU
GHO EORJ JHQHUD XQD HVSHFLH GH FHQVXUD R DXWR
FHQVXUD
$1É/,6,6
2ULKXHOD XWLOL]D OD VLJXLHQWH FODVLIL
FDFLyQ SDUD UHIHULUVH D ODV SHUVRQDV TXH YLVLWDQ
EORJVDSDUURTXLDQRVEWXULVWDV\FVXUIHUVHVWRHV
GHSHQGLHQGRGHOWLSRGHXVRTXHFDGDYLVLWDQWH
KDFHDXQEORJ
/RVSDUURTXLDQRVVHFRQVLGHUDQSDUWHGHXQD
FRPXQLGDG ORV WXULVWDV VRQ YLVLWDQWHV IXJDFHV
PLHQWUDV TXH ORV VXUIHUV VLPSOHPHQWH VRQ QDYH
JDQWHVGHSDVRTXHVLPSOHPHQWHDQGDQYLHQGR
ORTXHVHSXEOLFD
(VWD FODVLILFDFLyQ DKRQGD HQ OR TXH
DOJXQRV DQDOLVWDV GHVWDFDQ FRPR OD GLIHUHQFLD
IXQGDPHQWDO HQWUH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ \ OD LQWHU
DFWLYLGDG HQWHQGLHQGR SRU LQWHUDFFLyQ OD
FDSDFLGDG TXH QRV GD XQ EORJ DO VLPSOHPHQWH
KDFHU XQ FOLF HQ XQ HVSDFLR R XQD OLJD SDUD
HQFRQWUDU LQIRUPDFLyQ RSRUWXQD WUDVFHQGHQWH
RQRYHGRVDVREUHXQWHPDSDUWLFXODURELHQVHU
VLWLRVYHUGDGHUDPHQWHLQWHUDFWLYRVTXHSHUPLWHQ
D TXLHQHV ORV YLVLWDQ QR ~QLFDPHQWH OD OHFWXUD
VLQRWDPELpQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ8QDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
LPSRUWDQWH GH ORV EORJV TXH IXHURQ DQDOL]DGRV
FRPR SDUWH GH HVWD PXHVWUD HV VX GLIHUHQFLD
HQFXDQWRDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHLQWHUDFFLyQR
LQWHUDFWLYLGDGTXHSURPXHYHQ
/DV FDGHQDV PH[LFDQDV GH WHOHYLVLyQ D H[
FHSFLyQ GH 7HOHYLVD XWLOL]DQ VXV EORJV VLPSOH
PHQWHSDUDLQIRUPDUDFHUFDGHVXSURJUDPDFLyQ
RIUHFHU OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH VXELU XQ FRPHQWDULR
HQFDPELRORVEORJVTXHDSDUHFHQHQORVVLWLRVGH
ODSUHQVDPH[LFDQDHQOtQHDRIUHFHQYHUGDGHURV
HVSDFLRVGHGLVFXVLyQHQWUHVXVXVXDULRV3RGUtD
PRVGHFLUHQWRQFHVTXHPLHQWUDVODVWHOHYLVRUDV
RIUHFHQFLHUWDSRVLELOLGDGGHLQWHUDFFLyQODSUHQ
VDHQOtQHDHVODTXHYHUGDGHUDPHQWHVHDEUHDOD
SRVLELOLGDGDODLQWHUDFWLYLGDG
7DQWRODVFDGHQDVGHWHOHYLVLyQFRPRORVPH
GLRVGHSUHQVDHVFULWDUHFXUUHQDEORJVODPD\RUtD
GH HOORV SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D OD FDWHJRUtD GH ´UHOD
FLyQµ SXHV HO PRWLYR GH H[WHQGHU ORV PpWRGRV
WUDGLFLRQDOHV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH HVWRV PH
GLRV\VXVUHFHSWRUHVIXHHOGHFUHDUXQYtQFXOR
HQWUHODVHPSUHVDVVXVWHOHYLGHQWHVROHFWRUHV
/RV EORJV SHULRGtVWLFRV VRQ HQ VX PD\RUtD
WH[WXDOHVDOLJXDOTXHORVEORJVWHOHYLVLYRVHQOt
QHD6LQHPEDUJRKD\DOJXQRVTXHFXHQWDQFRQ
OLJDVDYtGHRVRDXGLRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOWHPD
SXHVWRDGLVFXVLyQ/RVFDQDOHVGHWHOHYLVLyQTXH
FXHQWDQFRQEORJVDODLUHKDFHQPiVXVRGHODX
GLRYtGHR\IRWRJUDItDV
/RVWHPDVWUDWDGRVHQORVEORJVWDQWRGHPH
GLRV WHOHYLVLYRV FRPR SHULRGtVWLFRV VRQ EiVLFD
PHQWH WHFQRORJtD FXOWXUD JHQWH P~VLFD FLQH
OLWHUDWXUD GHSRUWHV SROtWLFD QHJRFLRV HFRQR
PtDDUWLVWDVVRFLHGDGQDFLRQDO\WHPDVOLEUHV
7HOHYLVLyQ $]WHFD \ &DQDO FRORFDQ EORJV
TXHVHUHODFLRQDQH[FOXVLYDPHQWHFRQODSURJUD
PDFLyQGHOFDQDO
8QDREVHUYDFLyQSXQWXDOKHFKDSRUHOHTXL
SRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQFRQWUyTXHORVEORJVGHOSH
ULyGLFR(O8QLYHUVDOWUDWDQWHPDVGLYHUVRVGHVGH
HFRQRPtD \ SROtWLFD KDVWD VDOXG \ UHOLJLyQ 8Q
GDWR LQWHUHVDQWH HV TXH UHDOPHQWH VH SUHVHQWD
XQDLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHORVHVSHFLDOLVWDV\VXVOHF
WRUHV8QHMHPSORGHHOORHVHOEORJ1XWULFLyQ«QL
EXHQRQLPDORHQGRQGHORVWHPDVTXHVHWUDWDQ
VRQ UHVSRQGLGRV \ FRPHQWDGRV DELHUWDPHQWH
$1$*5$0$6
3HULRGLVPRHQOtQHD\GHVDUUROORGHEORJVFRPRDOWHUQDWLYDGHH[SUHVLyQLQIRUPDWLYD
3RUVXSDUWHHOSHULyGLFR5HIRUPDFRQWLHQHEORJV
TXHVRQH[FOXVLYRV\SDUDORVFXDOHVVHUHTXLHUH
VHUVXVFULSWRUGHOSHULyGLFR
DGHODQWHVLQRGHXQOLGHUD]JRDOTXHHOOHFWRUDF
FHGHDSDUWLUGHOHHUODVH[SHULHQFLDV\RSLQLRQHV
GHOOtGHUHQVXEORJ
/DOLWHUDWXUDDFDGpPLFDDOUHVSHFWRDQWLFLSD
TXHSDUDH[SOLFDUHOXVR\DSURSLDFLyQGHORVEORJV
HVQHFHVDULRGHVDUUROODUXQQXHYRFXHUSRWHyUL
FR TXH SHUPLWD H[SOLFDU ORV XVRV \ JUDWLILFDFLR
QHVGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQEORJV%UDQXP
6HSUHVXSRQHSRUHMHPSORTXHDVtFRPRHQVX
PRPHQWROD7HRUtDGHOD$JHQGD6HWWLQJLQWHQWy
H[SOLFDUOD IRUPD HQ TXH ORV PHGLRV HVWDEOHFHQ
ODVWHPiWLFDVSDUDODDJHQGDGHODGLVFXVLyQGH
OD PLVPD PDQHUD ORV EORJV RULHQWDQ OD GLVFXVLyQ
GHPDQHUDGLIHUHQFLDGDGHSHQGLHQGRGHODQDWX
UDOH]DGHFDGDXQR3RUHMHPSORXQEORJGHVDUUR
OODGR GH PDQHUD OLEUH HVWDEOHFH OD DJHQGD SDUD
VXV OHFWRUHV GHSHQGLHQGR GH ODV OHFWXUDV TXH
KDFH GH ODV UHIHUHQFLDV R ODV IXHQWHV D ODV TXH
FLWD1RREVWDQWHODSUHJXQWDLQGLFDGDHV¢TXLpQ
HVWDEOHFHODDJHQGDHOEORJJHU"(VGHFLU¢HODXWRU
GHOEORJ"¢2ODIXHQWHHQODFXDOVXEORJDSDUHFH"
.ORSIHQVWHLQHQ%UDQXP
(ODXWRUGHXQEORJQRUPDOPHQWHHVXQDSHU
VRQDTXHPRQLWRUHDODDJHQGDGHORVPHGLRVFRQ
PD\RU IUHFXHQFLD TXH RWURV OHFWRUHV R XVXDULRV
GHORVPHGLRV(OOROHSHUPLWHFRPHQWDUSURIXQ
GL]DURVRPHWHUDGHEDWHFLHUWDVWHPiWLFDV\VLVX
EORJHVIDYRUHFLGRSRUEXHQQ~PHURGHOHFWRUHV
R GH FRQVXOWDV HV PXFKR PiV SUREDEOH TXH pO
PLVPRVHFRQYLHUWDHQXQOtGHUGHRSLQLyQ8WL
OL]DQGRODGHILQLFLyQGHORTXHHVHOOLGHUD]JRGH
RSLQLyQVHJ~Q5RELQVRQ&ODUNLQ
GLFDTXHOHHUHOVLWLRFUHDGRSRUXQEORJJHUIDPRVR
JHQHUDHVWDWXVSDUDTXLHQOROHH\/DVVLFD
VXSRQHTXHHVODFRPXQLGDGDWUDYpVGHOQ~PHUR
GHYLVLWDVTXHUHFLEHXQEORJTXLHQDYDODRFHUWLIL
FDODFXDOLGDGGHOLGHUD]JRGHOEORJJHU5RELQVRQ
&ODUN\/DVVLFDHQ%UDQXP$VXYH]%ORRG
VXSRQHTXHORVFRPHQWDULRVFRORFDGRVHQ
XQEORJSRUSDUWHGHORVOHFWRUHVSURSRUFLRQDQDO
EORJJHUXQDLGHDFODUDGHODSR\RFRQHOTXHFXHQ
WDQVXVRSLQLRQHV
3RURWUDSDUWHVLHOEORJJHU´UHFLFODµOLJDVKD
FLDRWURVVLWLRVHQODUHGRDRWURVEORJVGHDO
JXQDPDQHUDORTXHKDFHHVGHILQLUODDJHQGDD
SDUWLUGHDVLJQDUSULRULGDGHVGHDFXHUGRFRQVXV
SUHIHUHQFLDV(QHVWHVHQWLGRDOJXQRVDXWRUHVVX
JLHUHQ TXH HO IHQyPHQR GHO EORJJLQJ GHEHUtD VHU
DQDOL]DGRDSDUWLUGHXQDWHRUtDQRGHIOXMRGHFR
PXQLFDFLyQHQGRVSDVRV7ZRVWHSIORZVLQRGH
P~OWLSOHVSDVRVPXOWLVWHSIORZDSDUWLUGHOFXDO
ODDJHQGDVHHVWDEOHFHGHSHQGLHQGRGHOQ~PHUR
GHUHIHUHQFLDVRFLWDVTXHXQEORJUHFLEHGHQWUR
GHRWURVEORJV%UDQXP
'DGRTXHDOJXQRVGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSHULyGL
FRVHQOtQHDDSURYHFKDQODIDPDRHOSUHVWLJLRGH
TXLHQHVHVFULEHQHQVXEORJSRUHMHPSORHOSUHV
WLJLRGH-HV~V6LOYD+HU]RJ0iUTXH]RODIDPDGH
6ROHGDG /RDH]D HO IHQyPHQR GHO EORJJLQJ WDP
ELpQSRGUtDVHUDQDOL]DGRDSDUWLUGHXQD7HRUtD
GHO/tGHUGH2SLQLyQSHURHYROXFLRQDGDHQGRQ
GHHOOLGHUD]JRVHPDQLILHVWDQRDSDUWLUGHORTXH
ORVPHGLRVGLFHQGHOOtGHURGHODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
TXHHOOtGHUGDGHODVQRWLFLDV\TXHWUDQVPLWHPiV
:HUEDFKLQGLFDTXHORVDXWRUHVGHEORJV
GH HVWLOR OLEUH WDPELpQ RSHUDQ FRPR VLVWHPDV
DOWHUQDWLYRV D ORV JXDUGDEDUUHUDV JDWHNHHSHUV
\D TXH VXSOHQ GH DOJXQD PDQHUD ORV FULWHULRV
GH FHQVXUD TXH RSHUDEDQ QDWXUDOPHQWH HQ ORV
PHGLRV LPSUHVRV R DXGLRYLVXDOHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV
1R REVWDQWH HO SURSLR EORJJHU VH FRQYLHUWH HQ
XQ FHQVRU R JXDUGDEDUUHUDV \D TXH pO PLVPR
UHTXLHUH VHU XQ OHFWRU DVLGXR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
SXEOLFDGDSUHYLDPHQWHSRUORVPHGLRVPDVLYRV
KDEHUKHFKRXQDVHOHFFLyQSUHFLVDGHDTXHOORTXH
YDOHODSHQDSURPRYHU\IXQJLUDVLPLVPRFRPR
JXtDGHDTXHOORVTXHQRWLHQHQODLQIRUPDFLyQGH
SULPHUDPDQR
'YRUDN SRU VX SDUWH LQGLFD TXH OD
QHFHVLGDG GH HVFULELU EORJV SXHGH GHEHUVH D GL
IHUHQWHVUD]RQHVE~VTXHGDGHJUDWLILFDFLyQQH
FHVLGDGGHHOLPLQDUODIUXVWUDFLyQE~VTXHGDGH
DSUREDFLyQVRFLDO\QHFHVLGDGGHGHMDUKXHOODD
WUDYpVGHODH[SUHVLyQLQGLYLGXDO(QWRGRFDVR
TXLHQHVSXEOLFDQEORJVRHVFULEHQ\FRPHQWDQHQ
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
0DUtDGHOD/X]&DVDV3pUH]
HOORVHVWiQSURSRUFLRQDQGRLQIRUPDFLyQDOUHV
WRTXHSXHGHRQRFRPSDUWLUVXVRSLQLRQHVSHUR
TXHLJXDOPHQWHSXHGHDFDEDUVLHQGRLQIOXHQFLD
GRSRUHOODV
/DSURGXFFLyQPDQWHQLPLHQWR\PRQLWRUHR
GH ORV EORJV D VX YH] UHTXLHUH GH FLHUWR HQWUH
QDPLHQWR(Q~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDGHVSXpVGHWRGR
HVWHSURFHVRGHVHOHFFLyQHGLFLyQ\FRPHQWDULR
FXDQGRHOEORJJHUJHQHUDXQDQXHYDHQWUDGDWLH
QHTXHKDFHUORGHPDQHUDTXHHOOHFWRUGHOEORJ
HQFXHQWUH SURSXHVWDV PXFKR PiV LQWHUHVDQWHV
TXHODVTXHRIUHFHQORVPHGLRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV/RV
FRQWHQLGRV DWUDFWLYRV GHO EORJ SXHGHQ FRQVLVWLU
HQ QXHYDV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
WUDGLFLRQDO TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ ORV PHGLRV OLJDV
\ YtQFXORV D LQIRUPDFLyQ DGLFLRQDO IRWRJUDItDV
LPiJHQHVRYLGHRVFRPHQWDULRVGHOEORJJHURGH
RWURV XVXDULRV TXH FRLQFLGHQ GLUHFWDPHQWH FRQ
ODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHTXLHQORVOHHRODSRVLELOLGDG
UHDOGHVRPHWHUODRSLQLyQSHUVRQDOGHXQRFRPR
FRQWULEXFLyQGLUHFWDDOEORJ
/R TXH Vt HV LPSRUWDQWH FRQVLGHUDU HV TXH
ORVEORJVTXHDSDUHFHQSXEOLFDGRVHQORVPHGLRV
WUDGLFLRQDOHV UHFLEHQ HO DYDO GHO PHGLR GHO TXH
VRQ KXpVSHGHV \D VHD XQ SHULyGLFR R XQD HV
WDFLyQ GH WHOHYLVLyQ HQ HVWH FDVR TXH TXLHQHV
HVFULEHQHQHOORVSUREDEOHPHQWHVHDQUHSRUWHURV
RSHULRGLVWDVDGVFULWRVDHVHPLVPRPHGLRTXH
VH HMHUFLWDQ HQ RWUR WLSR GH JpQHUR GH GLIXVLyQ
GHFRQWHQLGRVSHULRGtVWLFRV\QRSHULRGtVWLFRV
\TXHFRQWULEX\HQGHDOJXQDPDQHUDDIRUPDUOD
RSLQLyQGHVXVOHFWRUHV
3RU OR TXH SXHGH REVHUYDUVH HO IHQyPHQR
GHOEORJJLQJLPSRQHXQFDUiFWHUQXHYR\GLIHUHQWH
DOSURGXFWRSHULRGtVWLFRHQOtQHDJHQHUDQGRSDUD
ORVOHFWRUHVXQDRSRUWXQLGDGGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQGL
UHFWD GH OD TXH QR GLVSRQtDQ ORV PHGLRV WUDGL
FLRQDOHV(VDVtTXHHOEORJUHSUHVHQWDXQSXHQWH
HQWUHHOOHFWRURODDXGLHQFLD\ORVPHGLRVHQORV
FXDOHVpVWRVVHDVLHQWDQ
&21&/86,21(6
/RVEORJVVHKDQFRQYHUWLGRHQXQQXHYRHV
SDFLRGHUHODFLyQ
/D FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH VHQWLGR HQ ORV EORJV
VH GHVDUUROOD D WUDYpV GH HQFDGHQDPLHQWRV
FRPXQLFDWLYRVGHDXWRUtDLQGLYLGXDORFROHFWLYD
TXHDOYLQFXODUVHXQRVDRWURVHVWDEOHFHQWLSRV
GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ FRPXQLFDWLYDV LQWHUHVDQWHV \
FRPSOHMDVFRPRORPHQFLRQD3pUH]6DOD]DU
(OEORJHVSRUWDQWRXQIHQyPHQRGHLQWHUpVTXH
GHEHDQDOL]DUVH(QVXHVWUXFWXUDQRVRODPHQWH
LQFOX\H XQ FRQMXQWR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DFWLYD D
WUDYpV GH OD FXDO HV IDFWLEOH RUGHQDU REVHUYDU
\ GHULYDU ODV HVWUXFWXUDV GH DUJXPHQWDFLyQ
PHGLDQWH ODV FXDOHV VH RUGHQD \ SODQWHD XQ
GLVFXUVR VLQR TXH WDPELpQ GLULJHQ OD RSLQLyQ D
WUDYpVGHVXJHULUQDYHJDFLyQUHODFLRQDGD(QHVH
VHQWLGRHVGHVXPDLPSRUWDQFLDHQWHQGHUTXHVH
WUDWD GH KHUUDPLHQWDV GH IRUPDFLyQ GH RSLQLyQ
VXPDPHQWH~WLOHV
/DSUHJXQWDLQLFLDOGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHJXLy
HVWHWUDEDMRVXJHUtDTXHORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQL
FDFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDOHV SDUWLFXODUPHQWH OD WHOHYL
VLyQ\ORVSHULyGLFRVHQOtQHDXWLOL]DUtDQGHDOJX
QD PDQHUD VXV VLWLRV HQ ,QWHUQHW DSURYHFKDQGR
ODVERQGDGHVGHODLQWHUDFFLyQSDUWLFXODUPHQWHD
WUDYpVGHEORJVDILQGHYLQFXODUVHGHPDQHUDPiV
GLUHFWD FRQ VXV WHOHVSHFWDGRUHV \ OHFWRUHV /RV
UHVXOWDGRVVXJLHUHQTXHDGLIHUHQFLDGHODSUHQVD
ODWHOHYLVLyQQRKDORJUDGRRQRKDSRGLGRDSUR
YHFKDUODKHUUDPLHQWDGHORVEORJVTXL]iGHELGR
DODQDWXUDOH]DPiVYLVXDO\GLQiPLFDGHVXVDX
GLHQFLDV(QFDPELRORVSHULyGLFRVHQOtQHDHQ
PXFKRVFDVRVVHHQFXHQWUDQ\DHQHOSURFHVRGH
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHHVSDFLRVGHUHODFLyQ\GHGLVFX
VLyQS~EOLFDDWUDYpVGHODJHQHUDFLyQGHKtSHU
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ D Vt PLVPRV
FRPRQXHYRVGHWRQDGRUHVGHODGLVFXVLyQ
5HVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHDGHPiVFRQRFHUODVH[
SHFWDWLYDV\QHFHVLGDGHVGHLQWHUDFFLyQTXHORV
XVXDULRVGHEORJVPDQLILHVWDQDWUDYpVGHOUHJLVWUR
GH HQWUDGDV HVSHFtILFDV D ORV DQFODMHV \ QRGRV
SDUWLFXODUHVGHXQEORJ\DVHDDWUDYpVGHSUHJXQ
WDVSXQWXDOHVTXHHOFUHDGRUGHOEORJODQ]DDVXV
OHFWRUHVRELHQDWUDYpVGHHQODFHVRVXJHUHQFLDV
GHOHFWXUDVDGLFLRQDOHVTXHFRQGXFHQDOLJDVYt
GHRV LPiJHQHV \ IRWRJUDItDV TXH VH SURSRUFLR
QDQFRPRLQIRUPDFLyQGHULYDGD
$1$*5$0$6
3HULRGLVPRHQOtQHD\GHVDUUROORGHEORJVFRPRDOWHUQDWLYDGHH[SUHVLyQLQIRUPDWLYD
(O DQiOLVLV GH DOJXQRV GH ORV FRPHQWDULRV
SURSRUFLRQDGRV SRU ORV XVXDULRV GH ORV EORJV
REVHUYDGRVVXJLHUHODQHFHVLGDGTXHWLHQHQORV
OHFWRUHVGHLQWHUDFWXDUFRQODVFHOHEULGDGHVORV
JUDQGHVDXWRUHV\ORVFUHDGRUHVGHQXHYDVWHQ
GHQFLDV (VWR SDUHFH LQGLFDU TXH ODV DXGLHQFLDV
\DQRGHVHDQVHUSDVLYDV\TXHHQWpUPLQRVJH
QHUDOHVDJUDGHFHQODRSRUWXQLGDGGHVHUSDUWHGH
OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ GHMDU VX SURSLD KXHOOD HQ OD
,QWHUQHW
2WUDFXHVWLyQTXHVHSUHVHQWDFRPRUHOHYDQ
WHHVODQHFHVLGDGGHHQFRQWUDUQXHYRVPDUFRV
WHyULFRV\PHWRGROyJLFRVTXHSHUPLWDQDQDOL]DU
KHUUDPLHQWDVYDULDVGHO,QWHUQHWWDOHVFRPRORV
EORJVFRQGLYHUVRVQLYHOHVGHLQWHUDFFLyQHLQWH
UDFWLYLGDG
8QD SUHJXQWD TXH TXHGD VLQ UHVSXHVWD VLQ
HPEDUJRHVVLH[LVWHXQIHQyPHQRGHGLUHFFLyQ
GHOLEHUDGD GH OD RSLQLyQ HQ ORV HVSDFLRV GH
GLVFXVLyQ D WUDYpV GH EORJV \ VL pVWRV LQFLGHQ
GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH RSLQLyQ
S~EOLFD 3DUD WDO ILQ VHUtD QHFHVDULR GDU XQ
VHJXLPLHQWRPiVSXQWXDODOWLSRGHWHPiWLFDV\
DUJXPHQWDFLRQHV TXH ORV PHGLRV SHULRGtVWLFRV
LQWURGXFHQHQVXVEORJV(OORSHUPLWLUtDGHWHUPLQDU
VLODVWHPiWLFDV\ODDUJXPHQWDFLyQLQGXFLGDVSRU
ORVFUHDGRUHVGHEORJVIDYRUHFHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GH RSLQLyQ HQ GHWHUPLQDGDV WHPiWLFDV VL ORV
PHGLRV WLHQGHQ D SHUIHFFLRQDU \ DSURSLDUVH
GH HVWH UHFXUVR R VL ORV EORJV VH FRQVWLWXLUiQ
HYHQWXDOPHQWH FRPR UHGXFWRV GH H[SUHVLyQ
S~EOLFDDXWpQWLFDPHQWHOLEUH
5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5É),&$6
%ORRG5:HEORJVDKLVWRU\DQGSHUVSHFWLYH5HEEHFDVSRFNHW:HEORJFRQVXOWDGRHOGH
PDU]R GHO \ GLVSRQLEOH HQ OD VLJXLHQWH GLUHFFLyQ HOHFWUyQLFD KWWSZZZUHEHFFDEORRGQHWHVVD\V
ZHEORJBKLVWRU\KWPO
%UDQXP-7KH%ORJJLQJ3KHQRPHQRQ$Q2YHUYLHZDQG7KHRUHWLFDO&RQVLGHUDWLRQ6DQ0DUFRV7;6RXWKZHVW
7H[DV8QLYHUVLW\FRQVXOWDGRHOGHPDU]RGH\GLVSRQLEOHHQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWS
ZZZDM\QHWMPEEORJSKHQRPHQRQKWP
&ODUN-'HFRQVWUXFWLQJ´<RXYHJRWEORJµ)DZQ\2UJ)HEUXDU\FRQVXOWDGRHOGHMXQLRGH
GLVSRQLEOHHQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSIDZQ\RUJGHFRQEORJKWPO
'UH]QHU'7KHSRZHUDQGSROLWLFVRIEORJV7UDEDMRSUHVHQWDGRHQOD$PHULFDQ3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH$VVR
FLDWLRQFRQVXOWDGRHOGHPDU]RGH\GLVSRQLEOHHQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSZZZ
FVGXNHHGXFRXUVHVVSULQJFSVVUHDGLQJVEORJSRZHUSROLWLFVSGI
'YRUDN - 7KH EORJ SKHQRPHQRQ 3&0$*FRP 7KH LQGHSHQGHQW JXLGH WR WHFKQRORJ\ HQ OtQHD FRQVXOWDGR
HO GH MXQLR GH \ GLVSRQLEOH HQ OD VLJXLHQWH GLUHFFLyQ HOHFWUyQLFD KWWSZZZSFPDJFRPDUWL
FOHDVS
)XPHUR$8QWXWRULDOVREUHEORJV(ODEHFpGHOXQLYHUVREORJ7(/26RFWXEUHGLFLHPEUHFRQ
VXOWDGRHOGHPDU]RGHGLVSRQLEOHHQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSZZZFDPSXVUHGQHW
WHORVFXDGHUQR,LPSULPLEOHDVS"LGDUWLFXOR UHY /DVLFD-'%ORJJLQJDVDIRUPRIMRXUQDOLVP2QOLQH-RXUQDOLVP5HYLHZ0D\86&$QQHQEHUJ
&RQVXOWDGRHOGHMXQLRGHGLVSRQLEOHHQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSZZZRMURUJRMU
ZRUNSODFHSKS
2ULKXHOD-//D5HYROXFLyQGHORV%ORJV&XDQGRODVELWiFRUDVVHFRQYLUWLHURQHQHOPHGLRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
GHODJHQWH0DGULG/DHVIHUDGHORVOLEURV/LEURHOHFWUyQLFRFRQVXOWDGRHOGHMXQLRGH\GLVSRQLEOH
FRPR H&XDGHUQR HQ OD VLJXLHQWH GLUHFFLyQ HOHFWUyQLFD KWWSZZZHFXDGHUQRFRPODUHYROXFLRQGHORVEORJV
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
0DUtDGHOD/X]&DVDV3pUH]
3pUH]6DOD]DU*/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGH,QWHUQHWFRPRPHGLRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ7HVLVGHGRFWRUDGR0p[LFR
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR&RQVXOWDGDHOGHMXQLRGH\GLVSRQLEOHHQODVLJXLHQWH
GLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSZZZLQWHOLJHQFLDFROHFWLYDRUJ
5RELQVRQ-3,QWHUSHUVRQDO,QIOXHQFHLQ(OHFWLRQ&DPSDLJQV7ZRVHSIORZ+\SRWKHVHV3XEOLF2SLQLRQ
4XDUWHUO\9ROSS
7DOERWW'+RZ2EDPD75HDOO\7'LG,W7KHVRFLDOQHWZRUNLQJVWUDWHJ\WKDWWRRNDQREVFXUHVHQDWRUWR
WKHGRRUVRIWKH:KLWH+RXVH0,77HFKQRORJ\5HYLHZ6HSWHPEHU2FWREHUFRQVXOWDGRHOGHPDU]R\
GLVSRQLEOHHQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSVEHWDWHFKQRORJ\UHYLHZFRPZHE
:DFND)%HJLQQHUV*XLGHWR&RUSRUDWH%ORJJLQJ6XHFLDFRQVXOWDGRHOGHMXQLRGHGLVSRQLEOH
HQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSZZZFRUSRUDWHEORJJLQJLQIREDVLFVFRUSRUDWHEORJJLQJSULPHUSGI
:DONHU5/DKLVWRULDGHORVEORJVFRQVXOWDGRHOGHPDU]RGHO\GLVSRQLEOHHQOD
VLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSZZZURGULJRZDONHUFOODKLVWRULVLGHORVEORJ
:HUEDFK.7ULXPSKRIWKH:HEORJV6WHYHQ+DWFKVEORJ&RQVXOWDGRHOGHMXQLRGHGLVSRQLEOH
HQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSZZZKDWFKRUJWULXPSKRIWKHZHEORJV
:LNLSHGLD/D(QFLFORSHGLD/LEUH:HEORJVDQG-RUQ%DUJHU&RQVXOWDGDHOGHMXQLRGHHQODVLJXLHQWH
GLUHFFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDKWWSHVZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL-RUQB%DUJHU
$1$*5$0$6
Descargar