Revista Viceversa 2

6
HQFRQWUDQGRORVHVODERQHVSHUGLGRVGHXQD
KLVWRULDTXHQROHVIXHFRQWDGDRTXHQHFH
VLWDQUHSRQHUGHRWUDIRUPD
$SDUWLUGHODVSDODEUDVGHODVYLHMDVJHQH
UDFLRQHVHOORVYDQWHMLHQGRODXUGLPEUHGH
ODKLVWRULD3HURODVYRFHVTXHFXHQWDQQR
VRQVyORDTXHOODVTXHKDQRFXSDGRHOOXJDU
FHQWUDOHQHOUHODWRGHOSDVDGRUHFLHQWHORV
IDPLOLDUHV\DIHFWDGRVGLUHFWRVGHODUHSUH
VLyQHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHORVGHVDSDUHFLGRV\
ORVVREUHYLYLHQWHV3RUHOFRQWUDULRHQOD
HVFHQDYDQHPHUJLHQGRRWURVSURWDJRQLV
WDV SXHV ODV QXHYDV JHQHUDFLRQHV QHFH
VLWDQ WUDPLWDU HVD H[SHULHQFLD GDQGR
FXHQWDGHODVP~OWLSOHVSHUVSHFWLYDV
³YHUODVGLVWLQWDVRSLQLRQHVWUDWDUGH
HQWHQGHU WDPELpQ D OD RWUD SHUVRQD
TXHFDSD]TXHORYHGHVGHRWURSXQWR
GH YLVWD HQWRQFHV DFHSWDU WDPELpQ
RWUDV«RWUDVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVGHOR
TXH SDVy >«@ SRUTXH PH LQWHUHVD
VDEHUSRUDKtSRUTXpORVGHVDSDUH
FtDQSRUTXpPXFKDJHQWHVHWXYR
TXHLUGHOSDtV\YHUQRVpDQDOL]DU
SRUDKtTXpSRVWXUDWDPELpQWHQtDQ
ORVPLOLWDUHVSDUDOOHJDUDWRGRHVR
TXHKLFLHURQ´
3DXOD-XQtQSURYLQFLD
GH%XHQRV$LUHV
(Q OD PD\RUtD GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV ORV
³YHFLQRV´ HV GHFLU HO GH ³DO ODGR´ HV
FRQYRFDGRDKDEODU(QRFDVLRQHVFXHQWDQ
ORTXHYLHURQXQRSHUDWLYRGHVHFXHVWUR
XQIDOVRHQIUHQWDPLHQWR(QRWUDVFXHQWDQ
OR TXH YLYLHURQ H[SHULHQFLDV RUJDQL]D
WLYDVHQODIiEULFDRHOEDUULRODUHSUHVLyQ
OD GHVRFXSDFLyQ HO PLHGR 7DPELpQ VXV
UHODWRV UHSRQHQ HQ SDODEUDV OR TXH SDVD
KR\ OD SREUH]D ORV SUREOHPDV HQ HO
WUDEDMRHQHOEDUULRHQODHVFXHOD
(QHVWDSUROLIHUDFLyQGHYRFHVODGLDWULED
GHOSDVDGRQDUUDGDHQWpUPLQRVELQDULRVGH
YtFWLPDVYVYLFWLPDULRVVHKDFHFRPSOHMD
HPHUJLHQGRXQDWUDPDVRFLDORSDFDGDTXH
IXHODTXHFRQ¿JXUyHOSDVDGRYLROHQWRGH
QXHVWURSDtV(OUHODWRFDQyQLFRIRUPXODGR
HQ HO ,QIRUPH 1XQFD 0iV GHVFULEtD HVD
WUDPD XELFDQGR D OD VRFLHGDG FRPR
YtFWLPDOLVD\OODQDGHO(VWDGRWHUURULVWD
6LQHPEDUJRKXERVHFWRUHVHLQGLYLGXRV
TXHGLHURQVXFRQVHQWLPLHQWRTXHFRODER
UDURQFRQHODFFLRQDUGHO(VWDGRHLQFOXVR
TXH VH EHQH¿FLDURQ FRQ VX DFFLRQDU
0XFKRVGHHOORVD~QKR\VLJXHQSHQVDQGR
TXH OD UHSUHVLyQ HMHUFLGD HVWXYR ELHQ
0XFKRV GH HOORV KRPEUHV \ PXMHUHV
FRUULHQWHV QL IDQiWLFRV QL PLOLWDQWHV QL
FXDGURV HPSUHVDULDOHV QL HFOHVLDOHV /RV
MyYHQHVORVHQFXHQWUDQHQHOEDUULRHQOD
‹&DUORV*DVWHOXPHQGL
VXSXHVWR GH WRGD SHGDJRJtD FUtWLFD ORV
DOXPQRV VRQ VXMHWRV DFWLYRV GHO DFWR
HGXFDWLYRQRGHVWLQDWDULRVSDVLYRV<DVt
IXHHO3URJUDPDKDVLGRDSURSLDGR\UHVLJ
QL¿FDGRSRUORVMyYHQHV+D\PDUFDVTXH
ORUHYHODQ8QDGHHOODVHVODLQQRYDFLyQHQ
ODVWHPiWLFDVSURSXHVWDV/RVHVWXGLDQWHV
HQOD]DQHOSDVDGR\HOSUHVHQWHGHPRGRV
GLYHUVRV HQFRQWUDQGR SXHQWHV LQHVSHUD
GRV6LVXSXQWRGHSDUWLGDHVODGLVFULPL
QDFLyQTXHSHVDVREUHHOORVSRUKDELWDUXQ
EDUULRHVWLJPDWL]DGRSRUODYLROHQFLD\OD
SREUH]D ORJUDQ UHHODERUDU VX LGHQWLGDG
GHVFXEULHQGRVXKLVWRULDGHRUJDQL]DFLyQ\
VROLGDULGDGVLOHQFLDGDSRUPXFKRWLHPSR
8QDUUR\RGHDJXDVVHUYLGDVDOTXHFDVL\D
VHDFRVWXPEUDURQSXHVDVtIXHGHVGHTXH
QDFLHURQHVUHGHVFXELHUWRFRPRXQFXUVR
GH DJXD FDVL FULVWDOLQD TXH H[LVWtD GHVGH
KDFHDxRV'HVSXpVYLQRODDXVHQFLDGHO
(VWDGRODDFFLyQGHSUHGDGRUDGHOPHGLR
DPELHQWH GH ODV HPSUHVDV SULYDGDV HO
HPSREUHFLPLHQWRGHORVVHFWRUHVSRSXOD
UHV/DVSODFDVUHFRUGDWRULDVDPXUDGDVHQ
ODV SDUHGHV GH OD HVFXHOD OHV SURYRFDQ
FLHUWDVSUHJXQWDVTXHLQWHUSHODQODVPDUFDV
GH OD PHPRULD GHMDGDV SRU ODV JHQHUD
FLRQHVDQWHULRUHVTXLpQHVVRQORVUHFRUGD
GRVTXLpQIDOWDTXLpQQRGHEHUtDHVWDUð(Q
ORVP~OWLSOHVUHODWRVXQD\RWUDYH]YDQ
'(%$7(61RXQDVLQRPXFKDVPHPRULDV
HVFXHODHQODFDOOHHQVXIDPLOLD
'HHVWHPRGRORVMyYHQHVQRVyORUHFLEHQ
ORSUHYLVWR"VLQRTXHH[KXPDQHVFDUEDQ
EXVFDQORRFXOWRORVLOHQFLDGRGHVFXEUHQ
(VRVKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVFRUULHQWHVTXHORV
MyYHQHVYDQFRQRFLHQGRWRPDQXQOXJDUHQ
OD KLVWRULD VXSRQHQ RSFLRQHV PRGRV
GLIHUHQWHV GH DFWXDU \ FRQVHFXHQFLDV \
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVSRUHVRVDFWRV
<HQHVWHLU\YHQLUGHOSUHVHQWHDOSDVDGR
VHYDTXHEUDQGRODSHUFHSFLyQGHOWLHPSR
FRPR SUHVHQWH FRQWLQXR \ SRU WDQWR OD
QDWXUDOL]DFLyQ GH OR TXH VXFHGH DTXt \
DKRUD < DO PLVPR WLHPSR HPHUJH OD
SUHJXQWD VREUH OD SURSLD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG
HQORTXHSDVD
'LFH/DXUDXQDDGROHVFHQWHGHDxRV
³\RFUHRTXHSDUDHVRVLUYHWHQHUPHPRULD
\ FRQRFHU HO SDVDGR SDUD SRGHU GHFLGLU
FRVDVHQHOSUHVHQWH¢QR"<SRGHUWRPDU
GHFLVLRQHVVDELDV´
(OSDVDGRQRHQVHxDQLGHMDOHJDGRVTXH
KD\TXHGHVFXEULUQLVHxDODHOFDPLQR/D
DFFLyQ FRQPHPRUDWLYD QR VDOYD GH OD
UHSHWLFLyQQLDXJXUDXQIXWXURPHMRU(O
SDVDGRHVXQSDWULPRQLRGHH[SHULHQFLDV
FRQHOTXHXQDVRFLHGDGFXHQWD/DPHPR
ULD HQWHQGLGD FRPR FRQVWUXFFLyQ FRPR
DFWR FRPR WUDEDMR QR FRPR FRQWHQLGR
SXHGHVHUJHQHUDGRUDGHQXHYDVH[SHULHQ
FLDVRDPSOLDFLyQGHORVKRUL]RQWHVGHODV
PLVPDV
(QVRFLHGDGHVFRPRODVQXHVWUDVDWUDYH
VDGDVSRUSDVDGRVYLROHQWRV\FRQÀLFWLYRV
HO VDOGDU ODV FXHQWDV FRQ HVH SDVDGR \
UHFRQ¿JXUDU OD FRPXQLGDG SROtWLFD
TXHEUDGDQRGHEHHPSXMDUQRVDOFLHUUHGH
ODKLVWRULDDWUDYpVGHODE~VTXHGDGHXQ
UHODWRVXSXHVWDPHQWHFRQVHQVXDGR\WUDQ
TXLOL]DGRU7RGRORFRQWUDULRODVSROtWLFDV
GHODPHPRULDGHEHQVHUSXHUWDVDELHUWDV
RSRUWXQLGDGHVGHQXHYDVH[SHULHQFLDV\OD
WUDQVPLVLyQ GHEH HQWHQGHUVH FRPR HVH
GHUHFKR TXH WLHQHQ ODV QXHYDV JHQHUD
FLRQHV D OD PHPRULD FRPR SURFHVR GH
DSURSLDFLyQ GH VX SDVDGR FRQ VXV
UHFKD]RV\YDOLGDFLRQHV
(O3URJUDPD³-yYHQHV\PHPRULD´ HVXQ
FDVRTXHSRQHHQHYLGHQFLDTXHHVSRVLEOH
VHJXLUHVHFDPLQR
(QHOH[&ROHJLR1DFLRQDOGH0RUyQXQDORFDOLGDGGHODSURYLQFLDGH%XHQRV$LUHVSRULQLFLDWLYDGHXQJUXSRGHDOXPQRVVHTXLWyODSODFDTXHUHFRUGDEDDXQDQWLJXRGLUHFWRUTXHKR\HVLQGLFDGRFRPRFRODERUDGRUGHOD
GLFWDGXUD(QOD0HGLDGH6DQ0DUWtQRWUDORFDOLGDGERQDHUHQVHOXHJRGHYDULRVDxRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQDFHUFDGHTXLpQHVHUDQORVTXH¿JXUDEDQHQODSODFDHQFRQPHPRUDFLyQGHORVGHVDSDUHFLGRVGHODHVFXHOD
GHVFXEULHURQTXHIDOWDEDQQRPEUHVHQWUHHOORVHOGH1RUPD$UURVWLWRXQDPLOLWDQWHPRQWRQHUDPX\FRQRFLGDTXHIXHSDUWHGHODFRQGXFFLyQQDFLRQDOGHHVDRUJDQL]DFLyQJXHUULOOHUDH[DOXPQDGHODHVFXHODGHVDSDUHFLGD
GHOD(VFXHODGH0HFiQLFDGHOD$UPDGD(60$&RQHVWDRPLVLyQGHVFXEULHURQWDPELpQORVVLOHQFLRVTXHVRQSDUWHFRQVWLWXWLYDGHODVPHPRULDVGHODGLFWDGXUD
9ROYHUDOtQGLFH