Artículo en PDF

75$6(/$%$1'212'(),1,7,92
'(/$$&7,9,'$'0,1(5$
5(+$%,/,7$&,Ð1'(/$(6&20%5(5$'(/
&(5&2'(6$17(2'252(1$/0$'e1
7H[WR(GXDUGR0DUWtQH]
3UHVLGHQWHGH0LQDVGH$OPDGpQ\$UUD\DQHV6$
)RWRV0LQDVGH$OPDGpQ\$UUD\DQHV6$
DV~OWLPDVPHGLGDVUHVWULFWLYDVHQODSROtWLFD
GHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDFRQUHVSHFWRDOPHU
FXULRODEDMDUHQWDELOLGDGGHODH[SORWDFLyQ
SRUODGLILFXOWDGGHOODERUHRODDQWLJHGDGGH
ODVLQVWDODFLRQHV\HOGHVFHQVRGHOH\HV\QRHODJRWD
PLHQWRGHODPLQDOOHYDURQWUDVXQKXQGLPLHQWRHQMXQLR
GHDODSDUDOL]DFLyQGHODVODERUHVH[WUDFWLYDV\
SRVWHULRUPHQWHDODEDQGRQRGHILQLWLYRGHODVH[SORWD
FLRQHVPLQHUDV/DSURGXFFLyQGHPHUFXULRSURVLJXLy
KDVWDMXOLRGHIHFKDHQTXHILQDOL]DWRGDDFWLYLGDG
PLQHURPHWDO~UJLFDHQ$OPDGpQ
0LQDVGH$OPDGpQPDQWHQLHQGRVXSROtWLFDPHGLRDP
ELHQWDOEDVDGDHQPLQLPL]DUHOLPSDFWRGHVXDFWLYLGDGHQ
HOHQWRUQRHVWiHMHFXWDQGRHOSUR\HFWRPHGLRDPELHQWDO
PiVLPSRUWDQWHGHVXKLVWRULDODUHVWDXUDFLyQGHOD
HVFRPEUHUDGHO&HUFR6DQ7HRGRUR(VWDHVFRPEUHUD
KDUHFLELGRGXUDQWHVLJORVWDQWRHVWpULOHVSURFHGHQWHV
GHODVODERUHVPLQHUDVFRPRHVFRULDVGHORVSURFHVRV
PHWDO~UJLFRVDOFDQ]DQGRXQWDPDxRFHUFDQRDORV
PLOORQHVGHWRQHODGDVFXEULHQGRXQDVXSHUILFLHGH
KHFWiUHDV
/DHVFRPEUHUDTXHGDHQJOREDGDHQHOFDVFRXUEDQR
HQVXSDUWHPiVRULHQWDO\FRQVWLWX\HXQDOWRWRSRJUiILFR
UHVSHFWRDOUHOLHYHGHOUHVWRGHOD]RQDHVWiGHOLPLWDGD
DOVXUSRUODFDUUHWHUD1DORHVWHSRUSURSLHGDGHV
GHWHUFHURV\DOQRUWHSRUFDPLQRVORFDOHV
3DUDGHFLGLUHOPRGHORGHUHKDELOLWDFLyQIXHSUHFLVR
OOHYDUDFDERGLYHUVRVHVWXGLRVGHODHVFRPEUHUD(Q
-XOLRGHVHWHUPLQyOD´&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQDPELHQWDO
GHOSDUDMHGHODHVFRPEUHUDGHO&HUFRGH6DQ7HRGRUR
GH$OPDGpQµUHDOL]DGRSRUODHPSUHVD(186$(Q
IHEUHURGHILQDOL]yHO´(VWXGLRGHFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ
GHODHVFRPEUHUDGHO&HUFRGH6DQ7HRGRURµUHDOL]DGR
SRU(0*5,6$
&RPRUHVXPHQGHHVWRVHVWXGLRVVHSXHGHGHFLU
TXHORVPDWHULDOHVGHSRVLWDGRVHQODHVFRPEUHUDWLHQHQ
ODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHSHOLJURVRVSRUVXFRQWHQLGRHQ
PHUFXULR\TXHODSHUPHDELOLGDGGHOVXEVWUDWRVREUHHO
,
DPELHQWD6HSWLHPEUH
TXHGHVFDQVDODHVFRPEUHUDHVEDMDQRDSUHFLiQGRVH
FDPELRVOLWROyJLFRVRIUDFWXUDVTXHSXGLHUDQFRQVWLWXLU
YtDVSUHIHUHQWHVGHGUHQDMH/DUHFDUJDGHDJXDHQOD
HVFRPEUHUDSURFHGHH[FOXVLYDPHQWHGHODLQILOWUDFLyQGH
ODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVFDtGDVVREUHVXVXSHUILFLHQRH[LV
WLHQGRHQWUDGDGHIOXMRODWHUDO6XGHVFDUJDVHSURGXFH
KDFLDORVDUUR\RVTXHODFLUFXQGDQHQVXPD\RUSDUWH
HOUHVWRGHEHLQILOWUDUVHHQXQVXEVWUDWRLQIHULRUSDUD
GHVFDUJDUVREUHORVPLVPRVDUUR\RVXQSRFRPiVDJXDV
DEDMR/DLQIOXHQFLDGHODHVFRPEUHUDVREUHODVDJXDV
VXEWHUUiQHDVHVSRUWDQWRGHFDUiFWHUORFDO\GHELGRD
ODEDMDPRYLOLGDGGHOPHUFXULRVXLPSDFWRVHOLPLWDDO
HQWRUQRPiVSUy[LPRGHODHVFRPEUHUD/RVQLYHOHVGH
PHUFXULRHQORVVRQGHRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSHUIRUDGRVD
WDOHIHFWRHVVLHPSUHPX\EDMD
&RQODVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVDQWHULRUHVVHGHFLGLyOD
UHVWLWXFLyQGHODHVFRPEUHUDFRQXQHQFDSVXODPLHQWR
LQVLWXTXHJDUDQWL]DVHODLPSHUPHDELOL]DFLyQVXSHULRU
GHODHVFRPEUHUDHYLWDQGRODUHFDUJDGHODPLVPD\
PLQLPL]DVHSRUWDQWRORVHIHFWRVVREUHODVDJXDVVXE
WHUUiQHDV\VXSHUILFLDOHVGHOD]RQDWDPELpQUHGXFLUtDOD
GLVSHUVLyQGHOPDWHULDOGHSRVLWDGRHQODHVFRPEUHUDTXH
SXGLHUDDIHFWDUDORVVXHORVGHOHQWRUQR(QQRYLHPEUH
GHVHUHGDFWyHOSUR\HFWRGHUHKDELOLWDFLyQGHILQL
WLYRSRUODHPSUHVD6$',0LQLFLiQGRVHORVWUDEDMRVHQ
RFWXEUHGH
(OSUR\HFWRGHUHVWDXUDFLyQDFWXDOPHQWHHQHMHFX
FLyQWLHQHXQSUHVXSXHVWRGHGHHXURV\
XQSOD]RWRWDOGHPHVHV/DVHPSUHVDVFRQWUDWDGDV
SDUDVXHMHFXFLyQVRQ75$*6$MXQWRFRQ(186$\
6$',0
/DVIDVHVGHODVTXHFRQVWDHOSUR\HFWRVRQ
029,0,(172'(7,(55$6
/RVWUDEDMRVKDQLGRHQFDPLQDGRVDODUHPRGHOD
FLyQGHODHVFRPEUHUDFRQODILQDOLGDGGHPHMRUDU
ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHHVWDELOLGDGH[LVWHQWHV\DVX
YH]LQWHJUDUVXVIRUPDVHQHOHQWRUQRDG\DFHQWH
6HKDQVXDYL]DGRORVWDOXGHVH[LVWHQWHVFX\D
SHQGLHQWHPHGLDVHVLWXDEDDO
UHGHGRUGHORVžKDVWDXQD
SHQGLHQWHGHXQRVžGRQGH
KDVLGRSRVLEOHPiVDFRUGH
FRQODVSHQGLHQWHVQDWXUDOHV
H[LVWHQWHVHQHOHQWRUQR$VL
PLVPRVHKDFUHDGRXQDSOD
WDIRUPDVXSHULRUKRUL]RQWDO
'XUDQWHODIDVHGHUHPRGHOD
FLyQWRSRJUiILFDVHKDQFUHDGR
EHUPDVGHWUDEDMRSDUDVHUYLU
GH DFFHVR D ORV IUHQWHV GH
WUDEDMR\DVXYH]LQWHUFHSWDU
ODVDJXDVGHHVFRUUHQWtDIDFL
OLWDQGRVXHYDFXDFLyQ'LFKDV
EHUPDVWLHQHQXQDDQFKXUDVX
ILFLHQWHSDUDDVHJXUDUHOWUiIL
FRGHPDTXLQDULD\VXWUD]DGR
HVWiDFRUGHFRQODILVLRJUDItD
GHOWHUUHQR8QDYH]ILQDOL]D
GDVODVODERUHVGHUHPRGHOD
FLyQ\VHOODGRHVWDVEHUPDV
VHUiQDFRQGLFLRQDGDVFRPR
DFFHVRVRUXWDVSHDWRQDOHV
(OPRYLPLHQWRWRWDOGHWLHUUDV
KDDVFHQGLGRDP
6(//$'2(6&20%5(5$
&RQHOREMHWLYRGHLPSHGLUOD
HQWUDGDGHDJXDHQODHVFRP
EUHUDFRQODFRQVLJXLHQWHJH
QHUDFLyQGHOL[LYLDGRVODGLV
SHUVLyQGHPDWHULDOHV\IRUPDU
XQDFDSDGHDLVODPLHQWRWpUPL
FRHQWRGDODVXSHUILFLHGHOD
HVFRPEUHUDVHHVWiPRQWDQGR
XQSDTXHWHGHJHRVLQWpWLFRV
FRPSXHVWRHQORVWDOXGHVSRU
FDSDV
‡*HRWH[WLODJXMHWHDGRGH
JUPFRQXQDVXSHUILFLHWRWDO
GHP
‡0DQWDEHQWRQtWLFDGHNJ
PFRQXQDVXSHUILFLHWRWDO
GHP
‡/iPLQDGHSROLHWLOHQRGHDOWD
GHQVLGDGGHPPFRQXQD
VXSHUILFLHWRWDOGH
P
‡*HRFRPSXHVWRGUHQDQWH
GHJUPGHGHQVLGDG\
PPGHHVSHVRUFRQXQD
/DHVFRPEUHUDGHO&HUFRGH6DQ7HRGRURHQPD\RGH
VXSHUILFLHWRWDOGH
P
‡*HRPDOODGHUHIXHU]RGH
N1PFRQXQDVXSHUILFLHWRWDO
GHP
(QORVWDOXGHVGHSHQGLHQWH
VXSHULRUDORVžVHHVWiQ
FRORFDQGRJHRFHOGDVGUH
QDQWHV KDVWD XQ WRWDO GH
PVXVWLWX\HQGRDODV
FDSDVGHPDQWDEHQWRQtWLFD
\JHRPDOODGHUHIXHU]R
(QODV]RQDVKRUL]RQWDOHV
R GH SRFD SHQGLHQWH VH
HOLPLQDGHOSDTXHWHWLSROD
JHRPDOODGHUHIXHU]RDOVHU
LQQHFHVDULDVXFRORFDFLyQ
,167$/$&,Ð1'(816,67(0$
'(5(&2*,'$&,5&8/$&,Ð1
<(9$&8$&,Ð1'($*8$6
&RQHOREMHWLYRGHORJUDUXQ
FRUUHFWRGUHQDMHGHODHVFRP
EUHUD\HYLWDUGHHVWDIRUPDIX
WXURVSURFHVRVHURVLYRVTXH
SXHGDQDIHFWDUDODHVWDELOLGDG
GHODPLVPDVHKDSUHYLVWROD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDGH
UHFRJLGDFLUFXODFLyQ\HYDOXD
FLyQGHDJXDVFRQVWLWXLGRSRU
ORVVLJXLHQWHVHOHPHQWRV
‡&XQHWDVSHULPHWUDOHVGHFR
URQDFLyQ\GHSLHGHHVFRP
EUHUD
‡&XQHWDVHQEHUPDV
‡%DMDQWHV
$VXYH]VHGRWDUiWDQWRDOD
SODWDIRUPDVXSHULRUFRPRD
ODVEHUPDVGHODVSHQGLHQWHV
DGHFXDGDVSDUDODFRUUHFWDUH
FRJLGDGHDJXDHQODVFXQHWDV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
/DVDJXDVTXHSXHGDQTXH
GDUEDMRODLPSHUPHDELOL]DFLyQ
VHFRQGXFLUiQSRUXQFLUFXLWR
DPELHQWD
6HSWLHPEUH
DSDUWHKDVWDGRVEDOVDVGH
OL[LYLDGRVGRQGHVHWUDWDUiQ
FRQYHQLHQWHPHQWH
5(67$85$&,Ð1'(/$&8
%,(57$9(*(7$/
6HDSRUWDUiPDWHULDOGHSUpV
WDPRSURFHGHQWHGHREUDVGH
GHVPRQWHHQOD]RQDKDVWD
XQWRWDOGHP GH
WLHUUD
3RU~OWLPRVHSURFHGHUiDOD
UHJHQHUDFLyQGHODFXELHUWD
YHJHWDOGHODV]RQDVUHPRGH
ODGDVPHGLDQWHODVVLJXLHQWHV
DFWXDFLRQHV
‡6LHPEUDPHFiQLFDHQODSOD
WDIRUPDVXSHULRUHKLGURVLHP
EUDHQODV]RQDVGHWDOXG
‡3ODQWDFLyQGHHVSHFLHVDU
EXVWLYDV
/DUHYHJHWDFLyQVHUHDOL]DUi
FRQHVSHFLHVDXWyFWRQDVLQ
FOX\HQGRQRREVWDQWHRWUDV
HVSHFLHVGHUiSLGRFUHFL
PLHQWRTXHGLVPLQX\DQOD
HURVLyQGXUDQWHODVHWDSDV
LQLFLDOHV\DFRQGLFLRQHQHO
WHUUHQRSDUDODSRVWHULRUFR
ORQL]DFLyQSRUSDUWHGHODV
HVSHFLHVDXWyFWRQDVGHOD
]RQD
/DFXELHUWDYHJHWDODGHPiV
GHFXPSOLUODVIXQFLRQHVGH
LQWHJUDFLyQSDLVDMtVWLFDGHODV
HVWUXFWXUDVHQHOHQWRUQR\GH
GLVPLQXFLyQGHORVSURFHVRV
HURVLYRVDFWXDUiFRPRUH
JXODGRUDGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
\DTXHODFXELHUWDYHJHWDO
SHUPLWHXQDPD\RUHYDSR
WUDQVSLUDFLyQFRQVXPLHQGR
FDORUODWHQWHGHOVXHOR\SRU
WDQWRHQIULiQGROR
&RPRJDUDQWtDDODUJRSOD]R
VHUHDOL]DUiHOFRQWUROGHOD
FDOLGDGHQODHMHFXFLyQGH
ORVWUDEDMRVDVtFRPRGHORV
DVSHFWRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
VLJQLILFDWLYRVLGHQWLILFDGRV
SDUDHOSUR\HFWRSDUDODV
IDVHV GH REUD \ PDQWHQL
PLHQWR(O3ODQGH9LJLODQ
FLD$PELHQWDOGLVHxDGRSDUD
HVWHSUR\HFWRYHODUiSRUOD
FRQVHFXFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRV
SUHYLVWRVHQDJXDVVXEWHUUi
QHDVVXSHUILFLDOHVVXHORV\
HQDLUHGXUDQWHDxRVD
DPELHQWD6HSWLHPEUH
-XQLRGH
'LFLHPEUHGH
0DU]RGH