El ojo en la aguja

Anuncio
(ORMRHQODDJXMD
&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDE
ZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
1RYLHPEUH
,6%1;
&RS\ULJKW‹0DxDQD(V$UWH$&
&RS\ULJKW‹&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
&RPRORGLMHHQHVWHVXFHVRQR KDEtD QDGDGHH[WUDRUGLQDULRHQHO
WUDQVFXUVRGHXQDODUJDYLGDVHYHQPXFKDVFRVDVTXHWRPDGDVDLVOD
GDPHQWH\PLUDGDVFRQRMRVLQIDQWLOHVVHUtDQD~QPiVH[WUDRUGLQDULDV
$GHPiVHOFDVRSRGUtDSUHVHQWDUVHGHRWUDIRUPDFRPRWRGRµ
)UDQ].DIND
,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVGHXQSHUUR
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
62/23$5$+20%5(6
&XDQGRSXVLHURQHO´$SRORµHQIUHQWHGHOD,JOHVLDGHOD&DSXFKLQDSH Q
VpTXHQRPHLEDQDGHMDUHQWUDU3HURXQRGHORVPXFKDFKRVTXHWUDEDMDEDDOOt
HUDYHFLQRPtR\PHSHUPLWtDHQWUDUFRPRLQYLWDGDVX\D 0HJXVWDEDHVHVLWLR
SXOFURGLVFUHWDPHQWHLOXPLQDGRSRUOiPSDUDVHQODVHVTXLQDV\YHODVHQHOFH Q
WUR GH ODV PHVDV $O HQWUDU XQD WURSH]DED FRQ OD HVFXOWXUD GHO GLRV $SROR HQ
PiUPROEODQFR/RVKRPEUHV OOHJDEDQFRQVXV FDPLVDVLPSHFDEOHV\VXV SD Q
WDORQHVGHEXHQFRUWH,EDQWDQELHQYHVWLGRVTXHXQDVHLPDJLQDEDYHUORVHO H
JLUVXURSD\HQVD\DUFRPELQDFLRQHV(OVLWLRHUDXQWHPSORGHODHVWpWLFDFRQ
VXVFROXPQDVJULHJDVVRSRUWDQGRHODUFRGHODHQWUDGDDOIRQGRGHOSDVLOOR\OD
KLHGUDDUWLILFLDOHQUHGiQGRVHDUULED
/RVPXFKDFKRVLEDQHQJUXSRVGHDWUHVDYHFHVDFRPSDxDGRVGHXQV H
xRUPD\RUFRQFODYHOHQODVRODSD\EDVWyQGLVIUD]DGRFRPRORV GDQG\V GHOVLJOR
;,;/RVPiVFXOWRVFRQRFtDQD 2VFDU:LOGHFX\RVHSLJUDPDVDUURMDEDQVREUH
ORVPXFKDFKRVFRPRSpWDORVGHURVDV/RVPHQRVFXOWRVVHFDPXIODEDQEDMRODV
FRORQLDV SDUD QR GDU D FRQRFHU VX RUGLQDULH] HQ XQ DPELHQWH WDQ VRILVWLFDGR
VXSXHVWDPHQWHDELHUWRDXQS~EOLFRFRPSXHVWRSRULQWHOHFWXDOHV\KRPEUHVGH
PXQGR0LYHFLQRPHFRQWyTXHHOGXHxRFRQRFtDDOD MHWVHW \TXHHOHVWLORGHO
EDUHUDXQDFRSLDGHXQRGH/RQGUHV TXHVHOODPDED´ $GULDQµ(OGXHxR TXH
GLVLPXODEDVXVUDVJRVQDWLYRVFRQILMDGRUVHOODPDED $ELOLR\PLUDEDSRUHQFL
PDGHO KRPEURDORVTXHQRHUDQUXELRVFRPR :LOVRQPLYHFLQR$Pt SRU
VXSXHVWRPHPLUDEDFRQXQDLUHGHVXILFLHQFLDSRUTXHOHUHVXOWDEDPX\RVFXUD
GHSLHO:LOVRQOHKDFtDFUHHUTXHpUDPRVQRYLRV\SRUHVRPHWROHUDEDSHURGH
YH]HQFXDQGRPHVROWDEDDOJXQDLQGLUHFWDTXHSRUTXpQRH[SORWDEDODSDUWH
H[yWLFDGHPLItVLFRTXHHVDVURSDVQRPHD\XGDEDQSHUR\RQROHKDFtDFDVR
$SHVDUGHORLPSRWDEOHTXHHUD$ELOLR\RLEDFDVLWRGRVODVQRFKHVDHVRGHODV
RFKR$OOOHJDUDPLKDELWDFLyQGHVSXpVGHOWUDEDMRPHDUUHJODEDFRPRSDUDXQD
ILHVWD\PHLEDDHVHOXJDULOXPLQDGRSRUODEHOOH]DGHWDQWRVPXFKDFKRVDTXL H
QHV\RQROHVLPSRUWDED(OORVVyORTXHUtDQFRQVHJXLUVHXQYLHMRULFRSDUDTXH
OHVILQDQFLDUDVXVJXVWRVFDURV\OHVSDJDUDORVHVWXGLRVHQDOJXQDXQLYHUVLGDG
:LOVRQWHQtDXQDPLJRDOTXHVXDPDQWHOHSDJDEDODFDUUHUDGHDUTXLWHFWXUDHQ
ORV $QGHV \ DGHPiV OH FRPSUDED URSD GH PDUFD 9LYtD FRQ pO HQ XQ DSDUW D
PHQWR GH &KDSLQHUR \ D WUDYpV VX\R FRQRFtD XQ PRQWyQ GH JHQWH LQIOX\HQWH
'HFtDTXHQDGLHVHDOFDQ]DEDDLPDJLQDUODFDQWLGDGGHSHUVRQDMHVTXHSHUWHQ H
FtDQDHVHDPELHQWH JD\\QRDFDEDEDGHFRQWDUODVFRVDVH[yWLFDVTXHOHVJXVW D
EDQDHVRVVHxRUHV
/RV OXQHV TXH HVWDED FHUUDGR HO ´$SRORµ \R PH SRQtD PX\ QHUYLRVD
/OHJDEDDODSLH]DTXHWHQtDHQDUULHQGRHQHOFHQWURFHUFDGHDOOt\PHGHVHVS H
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
UDED GHVyORSHQVDUHQORTXHPHURGHDEDHQHVDFDVD(QODKDELWDFLyQ WHQtD
XQDOX]PRUWHFLQDTXHQRPHGHMDEDOHHU3DUDKDFHUORDPLVDQFKDVVLQTXHPH
UHFRUGDUDQHOSUHFLRGHOUHFLERWHQtDTXHKDFHUORORVILQHVGHVHPDQDFRQODOX]
TXHPHHQWUDEDSRUXQDYHQWDQD\TXHGDEDDXQSDWLRLQWHULRU/DIDPLOLDHUDOR
PiVPH]TXLQRTXHKDEtDYLVWRHQPLYLGD(VFRQGtDQHOSDQ\ODOHFKHFRPRVL
\RPHORVIXHUDDFRPHUSHURHQFDPELRPHDVDOWDEDQ PLV SURYLVLRQHV&UHR
TXH HUD HO KLMR PD\RU XQ PXFKDFKR GH XQRV WUHFH DxRV DWDUEiQ \ PXHUWR GH
KDPEUH3HURODPDPiVHKDFtDODTXHQRVDEtD\HPSH]DEDDHFKDULQGLUHFWDV
TXHHOORVHUDQJHQWHPX\KRQUDGDTXHQXQFDVHOHVHQUHGDEDQLXQGXOFHQDGD
TXHIXHUDDMHQR6yORSRUQRYHUORVKXtDGHHOORVWRGDVODVQRFKHVDXQTXHSH Q
VDUDQTXH\RHQUHDOLGDGHUDXQD SXWLFDTXHPHLEDDKDFHUODFDOOHSRUTXH¢F y
PRLEDDVHUTXHXQDVHxRULWDGHFHQWHQRSDUDUDHQVXFDVDQLXQDQRFKH"<R
VDEtD PX\ ELHQ TXHSDUD FRPHUQHFHVLWDEDQ OR TXHOHV SDJDEDSRU OD SLH]D<
FRPR HUD FXPSOLGD\ UHVSHWXRVD PH SUHIHUtDQ SHUR HQ HO IRQGR PH RGLDEDQ
SRUTXHQROHVFRQWDEDDTXpPHGHGLFDEDSRUODVQRFKHVGHVGHODVQXHYHKDVWD
ODVGRFHPiVRPHQRVTXHHUDFXDQGRPLYHFLQRDFDEDEDVXWXUQR\PHDFR P
SDxDEDKDVWDODSXHUWDGHODFDVD
3RFR DSRFR PHFRQYHUWtHQ SDUWH GHO GHFRUDGR GHO ´$SRORµ 'HVGH OD
EDUUDYHtDDHQWUDUDORVKRPEUHV\UHFRQRFtDDORVFOLHQWHVILMRV/RVTXHOOHJ D
EDQSRUSULPHUDYH]HVWLUDEDQHOFXHOORFRPRSDYRVFDPELDEDQHOFDPLQDGR
PLUDEDQGHXQODGRDRWURDQWHVGHYLVOXPEUDUHOSRUWHQWRVRVDOyQFRQVXVF R
OXPQDV\VXVPHVDVFRORFDGDVHQODVHVTXLQDV$OIRQGRKDEtDXQDSLVWDGHEDLOH
GRQGHORVKRPEUHVEDLODEDQDEUD]DGRVVLQPLUDUVHHQWUHVtVLQRPiVELHQDORV
RWURV /RV DPLJRV GH :LOVRQ TXH PH FRQRFtDQ DOJXQDV YHFHV PH VDFDEDQ D
EDLODU&UHRTXHVHGDEDQLPSRUWDQFLDMXJDQGRFRQPLJR1RVpTXpHUDORTXH
PHJXVWDEDGHHVHDPELHQWH 7DO YH] ODVPLUDGDV HQWUHHOORV\ OD VHQVDFLyQ GH
TXHPLPLUDGDGRPLQDEDHOHQWRUQR(VFLHUWRTXHGHYH]HQFXDQGRVHYROYtDQ
KDFLDPtFRQFXULRVLGDGSHURUHFODPDQGRPLPLUDGD\\RWDQHVW~SLGDSHQVDED
TXHHVRPHGDEDXQSRGHUHVSHFLDO
$QWHVGHPLVYLVLWDVDO´$SRORµ\RSHQVDEDTXHPLYLGDHUDXQDSRUTX H
UtD+XtGHODFDVDSRUTXHQRPHGHMDEDQUHVSLUDU\PHYLQHSDUD%RJRWiGRQGH
XQD DPLJD XQD DQWLJXD FRPSDxHUD GHO FROHJLR 3HUR WXYH PXFKRV SUREOHPDV
FRQ HOOD \ GHVDSDUHFt XQ GtD VLQ GHFLUOH DGLyV 3RU UHFRPHQGDFLyQ GH XQ WtR
FRQVHJXtXQWUDEDMRHQXQDOPDFpQGRQGHOOHYDEDODFRQWDELOLGDGEDMR ODSU R
PHVDGHTXHLEDDHVWXGLDUSRUODQRFKH3HUR\RQRTXHUtDLUDODXQLYHUVLGDGD
SHUGHUHOWLHPSRHVFXFKDQGRODVWRQWHUtDVTXHGLFHQORVSURIHVRUHV4XHUtDVHU
OLEUHSDUDOHHU\KDFHU ORTXHPHGDEDODJDQD/RTXHPHGDED ODJDQDQROR
WHQtDPX\FODUR7DOYH]ORTXHPHPRWLYDEDHUDKDFHUORFRQWUDULRGHORTXH
ORVGHPiVHVSHUDEDQGHPt
&XDQGR:LOVRQPHLQYLWyDODLQDXJXUDFLyQGHOEDUVHLOXPLQyXQDOX]HQ
PLLQWHULRU\PHGLMHTXLHURDSURYHFKDUODQRFKHQRSXHGRSHUGHUODGXUPLH Q
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
GR+DEtDWDQWDHQHUJtDWDQWDIXHU]DYLWDOHQODE~VTXHGDGHFDGDFXDO\WDOD Q
VLHGDGTXHPLHVStULWXDEDWLGRSRUODGHVRODFLyQGHVSHUWDED(QHVDpSRFD\R
QRPHKDEtDHQDPRUDGRGHQDGLHDKRUDWDPSRFRDXQTXHPHSUHJXQWRVLHVR
VHUtD SRVLEOH GHVSXpV GH WRGR OR RFXUULGR < HV TXH D~Q HQ DTXHOOD pSRFD \R
HVWDEDPX\DOHMDGDGHHVHVHQWLPLHQWR0iVELHQPHFRPSODFtDYHUDORVPXFK D
FKRVGLFLpQGRVHVHFUHWRV\H[KLELpQGRVH(QHO´$SRORµWRGRHOPXQGRPLUDED
DWRGRHOPXQGRGHVGHTXHVHSDVDEDSRUGHEDMRGHODUFR/RVKRPEUHVPD\ R
UHVHVWXGLDEDQPLQXFLRVDPHQWHODVIDFFLRQHVGHORVPXFKDFKRV\ORVFRPSDU D
EDQFRQSURWDJRQLVWDVGHODVSHOtFXODVRFRQORVKpURHVGHODDQWLJHGDGFOiVLFD
(O FRTXHWHR HQWUH HOORV HUD WDQ VXWLO FRPR XQD WDUMHWD GHVOL]iQGRVH KDFLD XQD
PDQRPHWLGDHQXQEROVLOOR
:LOVRQOOHYDEDXQDHVFODYDFRQVXQRPEUHJUDEDGRUHJDORGHXQFOLHQWH
<RTXHFDVLVLHPSUHHVWDEDHQIUHQWHGHpOQXQFDVXSHFXDQGRVHODUHJDOy
:LOVRQPHWUDWDEDFRQWDQWDGXO]XUD\PHGDEDWDQWDFRQILDQ]DTXHH P
SHFpDLUDO´$SRORµPiVSRUVXFRPSDxtDTXHSRUODLOXPLQDFLyQGHODHVFHQD
HORORUGHODVFRORQLDV\ODYLVWDGHWDQWRVKRPEUHVYHVWLGRVSDUDVHGXFLUVHXQRV
D RWURV &RPR OH GHFtD \R YLYtD HQ XQD SLH]D HQ XQD FDVD KRUULEOH SHUR PH
JDVWDEDHOVXHOGRHQURSDEXHQD(VRVtDQWHVGHLUPHDOEDUPHSHUIXPDEDFRQ
&KDQHO \PHDOERURWDEDHOSHOR0LSHORHUDQHJURUL]DGR\WDQODUJRTXHPH
OOHJDEDDODFLQWXUDSHURVHPHHQURVFDED\SHUHFtDPiVFRUWR$OJXQRVKR P
EUHVVHDFHUFDEDQ\PHGHFtDQTXHWHQtDXQSHORSUHFLRVR$VtHPSHFpDKDFHU
DPLJRV(OORVPHFRQWDEDQVXVVHFUHWRVVXVOtRVVXVWUDLFLRQHVVXVIUXVWUDFL R
QHVSHURMDPiVPHSUHJXQWDEDQFRVDVGHPLYLGD :LOVRQOHVGHFtDTXH\RQR
KDFtDPiVTXHOHHUFRPRXQUDWyQGHELEOLRWHFDSRUHVRPHWHQtDQSRUVDEtD\
VROtDQ SUHJXQWDUPH SRU SRHWDV SDUD GHVSXpV LPSUHVLRQDU HQ VXV FRQYHUVDFL R
QHV
0iVGHXQDYH]DOJ~QFOLHQWHPHGHMyHQVXFDUURDOIUHQWHGHODFDVDL Q
FOXVRXQDQRFKH PH PDQGDURQFRQ FKRIHU HQ XQ GHVSDPSDQDQWH 0HUFHGHV /D
GXHxDGHODFDVDTXHWDOYH]QRGRUPtDDFRVDGDSRUVXVPDORVSHQVDPLHQWRVVH
GLRFXHQWDGHHVR\SRUODPDxDQDFXDQGRPHOHYDQWpPHHVWDEDHVSHUDQGRHQ
ODFRFLQDSDUDDYHULJXDUORVGHWDOOHV4XHKD\DOJXQDVDODVTXHOHVYDELHQHQOD
YLGDSRUTXHWLUDQSDUDORDOWR\\RFRPRVLQRODHVFXFKDUDSUHSDUDQGRPLFDIp
\SRQLHQGRDIUHtUXQKXHYRSDUDGLVIUXWDUPLGHVD\XQRGHOViEDGROH\HQGRHO
SHULyGLFR\HOODTXHODYHFLQDVHFRQVLJXLyXQYLHMROOHQRGHSODWD\DKRUD\DQL
VDOXGDFXDQGRYDDYLVLWDUDODPDPiODSREUH YLHMLWDFDVLGHVFDO]D\ODKLMDIR
UUiQGRVHHQRURSRUTXHGLFHQTXHHV HVPHUDOGHUR\\RVtVHxRUDKD\TXHYHU\
HOODDQRFKHVHQWtTXHSDUDEDXQFDUURDHVRGHODVGRFHGHODQRFKH\\RSXHV
QRPHGLFXHQWDSRUTXHPLYHQWDQDFRPRXVWHGVDEHGDDXQSDWLRLQWHULRU\OD
YtERUDPRUGLpQGRVHODOHQJXD\FRQWURODQGRODVJDQDVGHHVWUDQJXODUPH 2LUOD
PHUHFRUGDEDDOJXQRVSHUVRQDMHVGH5REHUWR $UOW\PHSRQtDDSHQVDUHQXQD
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
YHQJDQ]D KRUULEOH HQ DOJR TXH OD UHYHQWDUD SRU GHQWUR \ OH VDFDUD OD SXV TXH
WHQtDHQHODOPD
1DGDGHORTXHPHGLMHUDQDOWHUDEDPLVKiELWRVGHYLGDHQDTXHOODFDVD
(VWDEDGLVSXHVWDDVHJXLUDVtKDVWDTXHPHDEXUULHUDGHHVHWUDEDMR\PHDQLPDUD
DHPSUHQGHUXQYLDMHPX\OHMRVGHHVHDPELHQWHDXQVLWLRGRQGHODVSHUVRQDV
PHGHMDUDQYLYLUHQSD]&UHRTXHPHJXVWDEDLUDO´$SRORµSRUTXH\RQRHUD
XQREMHWRGHVHDEOH1RPHUHILHURDVHUXQDGLYD\DTXHFRPRXVWHGYHQRVR\
XQDEHOOH]DPHUHILHURDODYRUDFLGDGGHODJHQWHDTXHUHUDFDEDUFRQWRGDSH U
VRQDTXHQRVHVRPHWH DVXV QRUPDVDHVHVDOYDMLVPRGHORVYXOJDUHV TXHQR
VRQFDSDFHVGHDFHSWDUDDOJXLHQGLIHUHQWH
6HJXt\HQGRDO´$SRORµSRUODVQRFKHVDWRPDUPHXQ YRGNDFRQMXJRGH
QDUDQMD\DHVFXFKDUODVFRQILGHQFLDVGHORVFOLHQWHVPLHQWUDV :LOVRQDFDEDEDVX
WXUQR3HURXQGtDORQRWpUDUR0HSDUHFLyTXHQRTXHUtDTXHOHKLFLHUDFRQYH U
VDFLyQ0LUDEDKDFLDHODUFRFRQDQVLHGDG\PHVRQUHtDGHVGHXQDGLVWDQFLDGH V
FRQFHUWDQWHSDUDPt<RPHIXLDODSLVWDGHEDLOH 5HFXHUGRTXHFDQWDED´/D
SHTXHxDFRPSDxtDµFRQVXP~VLFDDOPLEDUDGDTXHSRQtD ORV FRUD]RQHV FRPR
IODQHV \ WRGRV VH UHODMDEDQ 8Q PXFKDFKR VH PH DFHUFy FRQ WDQWD GHOLFDGH]D
TXHPHHQFDQGLOy0HKDEtDWRPDGRGRV YRGNDVTXHPHSXVLHURQHQWUHPDUH D
GD \ ULVXHxD (UD DOWR UXELR GH XQD SLHO DPDUILODGD \ GH RMRV WDQ D]XOHV TXH
SDUHFtDQ GH H[WUDWHUUHVWUH 3RU XQ PRPHQWR VH PH DWUDYHVy XQD QXEH QHJUD
SHURQROHKLFHFDVR/RVKRPEUHVTXHVHPHKDEtDQDFHUFDGRHUDQGHPDVLDGR
KXPDQRV\PX\SDUHFLGRVDPtHQVXIRUPDGHVHQWLUDXQTXHKDEtDHQHOORVXQD
VXSHUILFLDOLGDG TXHPHKDFtD SHQVDU HQHVDDPLJDIUtYROD GHWROHUDPRV SRUTXH
WLHQHXQIRQGREXHQR
1ROHKHFRQWDGRTXHDOFDERGHOWLHPSRHPSH]DURQDOOHJDUPXMHUHVS H
URDFRPSDxDQGRDJUXSRVGHKRPEUHVPD\RUHV :LOVRQPHPRVWUyDXQDTXH
HUDGLUHFWRUDGHXQDJDOHUtD\TXHHVWDEDORFDSRUXQPXFKDFKRTXHODH[SORWDED
\ VH DSURYHFKDED GH HOOD OR TXH SRGtD (UD XQD PXMHU PD\RU GH DVSHFWR PiV
ELHQJURWHVFRDODTXHQXQFDTXLVHDFHUFDUPHSRUWHPRUDVHUGHVFDOLILFDGD(O
´$SRORµVHHPSH]yDOOHQDUGHXQDFOLHQWHODPX\H[FOXVLYDTXHH[LJtDGHWRGR\
KDEtDTXHIDFLOLWiUVHOR1DWXUDOPHQWHVHYHQGtD SHULFRFRPRHQORVVLWLRVGHDP
ELHQWH/DVJHQWHVVHHQORTXHFtDQ\OHVGDEDSRUKDFHUVHORVKpURHV0HJXVWDED
YHUODHEULHGDGHQVXVRMRVODHQHUJtDGHORVFXHUSRVHQWUHJDGRVDODP~VLFDVXV
GHVHRVGHHVWDOODU\GHVHQWLUVHHQORVGHORVRWURVHQXQIUHQHVtHQWUHODIHURF L
GDG \ODWHUQXUD /DYLGDGHODQRFKHHUD PXFKR PiV LQWHQVD \ HVWR PH KDFtD
RGLDUPLVWULVWHV\VyUGLGRVGtDVGHVGHTXHPHOHYDQWDED\WHQtDTXHHQWUDUHQHO
FXDUWRGHEDxRTXHFRPSDUWtDFRQODIDPLOLDKDVWDHORVFXURULQFyQGHODOPDFpQ
GRQGHKDFtDODVFXHQWDVGHOGtDGHVSXpVGHYLJLODUORVSHGLGRVTXHOOHJDEDQ(UD
XQD WLHQGD GH HOHFWURGRPpVWLFRV GRQGH WDPELpQ VH YHQGtDQ LPSOHPHQWRV GH
FRFLQD SHUR KXELHUD VLGR OR PLVPR GH URSD R GH FRPLGD 8Q VLWLR GRQGH VH
YHQGHQPHUFDQFtDVVLHPSUHPHKDSDUHFLGRYXOJDU
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
$TXHOOD QRFKHVHPHROYLGyGyQGHWUDEDMDED\GyQGHYLYtD VROR H[LVWtD
\R\PLQHJUD\UL]DGDFDEHOOHUDHQUHGiQGRVHHQODILQDVPDQRVGHOPXFKDFKR
TXHSDUHFtDKDEHUVDOLGRGHXQDSHOtFXOD1RVpORTXHPHSDVyeOPHGLMRTXH
VHOODPDED 0DXULFH\TXHTXHUtDFRQRFHUPHDIRQGR<RQRHUDQLQJXQDLQJ H
QXD\VDEtDORTXHVXFHGHUtD(VPiVORHVWDEDGHVHDQGR1LDILUPpQLQHJXp
PHGHMpOOHYDUSRUODP~VLFDGH´/DSHTXHxDFRPSDxtDµKDFLDODSXHUWDGHVDO L
GD(QXQPRPHQWRGHWXUEDFLyQEXVTXpFRQODPLUDGDD :LOVRQSHURQRORYL
0LFRUD]yQWUDWyGHGDUPHXQDYLVRSHUR\RPHLPDJLQpTXHHUDQHVDVDODUPDV
TXH QRV SRQH SDUD TXH OXHJR QRV DUUHSLQWDPRV GH OR TXH QR YLYLPRV (Q OD
FDOOHQRVHVWDEDHVSHUDQGRHOFKRIHUHQVX +RQGD'HUHSHQWHIXHFRPRVL0DX
ULFHVHDUUDQFDUDODPiVFDUD\PHPRVWUDUDVXSLHOGHORERIHUR]*ULWpSDWDOHp
OHGLXQFRGD]RDOFKRIHU&DVLQRVHVWUHOODPRV(UDFRPRYLYLUXQPDOVXHxR
(O KRPEUH PH HPSH]y D JULWDU SXWD DKRUD PLVPR YDV D VDEHU OR EXHQR TXH
HVWR\\DVtVLQSDUDUHQVXIRUFHMHRHVWUHOOiQGRPHFRQWUDHOHVSHMR\REOLJi Q
GRPH D YHU WDQWDV FRVDV TXH HO UHVSODQGRU QR PH GHMDED YHU 0H PRUGLy ORV
ODELRVPHHVWUXMyORVSHFKRV\QLQRIXHUDSRUTXHFDVLQRVHVWUHOODPRVPHK X
ELHUDURWR\WLUDGRDXQEDVXUHUR
1R SXHGR GHFLUOH TXH PH VDOYp GH PLODJUR SRUTXH ODV KHULGDV GHO DOPD
VRQPiVSURIXQGDV9LVXHQRUPHYHUJDVDOLUFRPRXQDVHUSLHQWHDQWHVGHTXH
YLROHQWDPHQWHPHKLFLHUDYROYHU GHHVSDOGDV0HDFRUGpGHODV WRUWXUDV GHORV
VDQWRV/HPRUGtODSLHUQDFRQWRGDODIXHU]DGHPLVGLHQWHVGHILHUD\ORKLFH
EULQFDU\JULWDU)XHFXDQGRHOFKRIHUVHGHVYtRFRQWUDHODQGpQ(QWRQFHVSXGH
DEULUODSXHUWD\YROYHUDODYLGDSDUDPRULUPH)XLSRUODFDOOHFRPRXQDSHUUD
DQGUDMRVD&DPLQpVLQSHQVDUHQODH[LVWHQFLDGHOKDPSDVLQWLHQGRTXHODYLGD
VHJUDWLILFDEDPRVWUiQGRPHHOODGRKyUULGRGHODVFRVDVTXHPHDWUDtDQ2GLpOD
PRUDOLQDGHODYLGDFDVWLJiQGRPHSRUKDFHUORTXHPHGDEDODJDQDSRUKXLUGH
PLFDVDSRUQRVRPHWHUPHDODVUHJODV3HQVpWDPELpQHQODHVSDQWRVDGXHxDGH
OD FDVDHQ VX KLMR DWDUEiQ HQ OD OX] PRUWHFLQD HQ WRGRV DTXHOORV GHVSHFWLY D
PHQWHOODPDGRVPDULFDVHQVXREVHVLyQSRUDWUDYHVDU\VHUDWUDYHVDGRV\HQHO
SODFHUGHVXVDFULILFLR$ORPHMRUOHVJXVWDPHGLMHDORPHMRUQHFHVLWDQOOHQD U
VHGHPLHUGDKDVWDHOKtJDGRSDUDUHQDFHU\HQFRQWUDUODEHOOH]D0LHQWUDVORVYL
FRTXHWHDU QXQFDVHPHRFXUULySHQVDU HQ OR TXH SRGtD VXFHGHU D OD VDOLGD GHO
´$SRORµ
(OOXQHV\DVHPHKDEtDEDMDGRODKLQFKD]yQSHURPHPRYtDFRQGLILFX O
WDG /D EUXMD GH OD FDVD HQ YDQR KDEtD LQWHQWDQGR DYHULJXDU OR TXH PH KDEtD
SDVDGR0HDEXUUtDWDQWRVDEHUORVWDQSHQGLHQWHVGHPtTXH\DKDEtDSODQHDGR
FDPELDUPHSHURHVWDEDHVSHUDQGRDTXHVHDFDEDUDHOPHV&UHRTXHHOOD\VX
IDPLOLDVLJXLHURQDOLPHQWDQGRODLGHDGHTXH\RHUDXQD SXWLFDDSHVDUGHTXH
QR YROYt D VDOLU MDPiV 0L GRORU HUD WDQWR TXH QL VLTXLHUD PH GDEDQ JDQDV GH
VDOLUDODFDOOH(OFRQWDFWRFRQORH[WHUQRFRQODPXOWLWXGFRQORVGXHxRVGHOD
FDVDPHVRPHWtDDXQDGHVQXGH]TXHPHKDFtDWHPEODU3DUDFROPRHOKLMRGH
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
ODGXHxDHPSH]DEDDPLUDUPHFRQHVDOXMXULDGHORVDGROHVFHQWHVWRUSHV$Y H
FHVORVRUSUHQGtDHVFXGULxDQGRHQWUHPLVVHQRVRHVSLiQGRPHGHVGHHOSDVLOOR
'H :LOVRQ QR YROYt D VDEHU QDGD 1XHVWURV KRUDULRV QR FRLQFLGtDQ <R
WRGDYtDHVWDEDHQHOWUDEDMRFXDQGRpOWHQtDTXHHPSH]DUHQHO´$SRORµ/DYLHMD
GHODFDVDSDVyDHVWDUPiVLQWULJDGDSRUPLQXHYDDFWLWXGTXHSRUPLYLGDSDV D
GD$KRUDQRVTXHGDPRVMXLFLRVDVHQFDVDGHFtDFRQVXPDOGLVLPXODGDLURQtD
VtVHxRUDDKRUDPLVPRPHYR\DGRUPLUSRUTXHHVWR\PX\FDQVDGD\ODGHMDED
FRQODSDODEUDHQODERFD
3HUR VX UDELD FUHFtD FRQ HO WLHPSR \ HPSH]y DFRQFUHWDUVH HQ DFFLRQHV
H[WUDxDV$SHQDVVLUHVSRQGtDDPLVDOXGRSRUODVPDxDQDV8QGtDHQFRQWUpPL
FXDUWRSDWDVDUULED/HSUHJXQWpORTXHKDEtDSDVDGR\PHGLMRTXHVXKLMRHUD
PX\UHVSHWXRVR\TXHDHOODQRVHOHRFXUUtDQLSRUHTXLYRFDFLyQDVRPDUVHDPL
FXDUWR\DTXH\RHUDWDQRUJXOORVD\WDQWRORVGHVSUHFLDEDTXHVHJXUDPHQWHHUD
\RPLVPDTXLHQGHMDEDHVHGHVRUGHQ6LKXELHUDVLGRXQDOPDQREOHPHKXELHUD
FRQPRYLGRSHURHQWRQFHVHVWDEDHPSHxDGDHQQRFHGHUQLXQSHOR'HVSXpV
GHORTXHPHSDVyHQHO´$SRORµWHQtD SHRURSLQLyQ GHOJpQHURKXPDQR0L
QRFLyQ GH OD EHOOH]D KDEtD VLGR SLVRWHDGD 1HFHVLWDED XQ QXHYR DOLHQWR SDUD
VHJXLUPLYLDMHKDFLDQLQJXQDSDUWH
'HUHSHQWHXVWHGDSDUHFLyDVtFRPRFDtGRGHOFLHOR9LQRSDUDGHFLUPH
TXH H[LVWtD XQ VHU VXSHULRU TXH WRGR OR YH \ PH KL]R UHtU (FKDUPH D Pt XQ
FXHQWRGHKDGDVFRPRVLDFDEDUDGHQDFHU\SXGLHUDQPHWHUPHHQVXUHGLO3HUR
DOJRRFXOWRGHWUiVGHVXKLVWRULDPHOODPyODDWHQFLyQ1RORTXHGLFHTXHPH
SDUHFHFXUVLVLQRXQDLPDJHQIXJD]ODOX]GHVXVRMRVODFDUDGHODLQRFHQFLD
0H SDUHFLy SHUFLELU TXH QR WHQtD VHJXQGDV LQWHQFLRQHV \ VHQWt TXH SRGtD GH V
FDQVDU&RQWDUOHHVWDKLVWRULDHVGHDOJ~QPRGRGHVFDQVDUGHOSHVRGHORGLR
3HURORGHO´$SRORµQRSDUyDKtGLJRORGHO´$SRORµSRUTXHVXFHGLyDO
SRFRWLHPSRFXDQGRWRGDYtDHVWDEDEDMRORVHIHFWRVGHOUHQFRU0HHVWDEDG X
FKDQGRGHVSDFLRPLUDQGRFRQGHWHQLPLHQWRODVKXHOODVGHYLROHQFLDTXHTXHG D
EDQHQPLFXHUSRWUDWDQGRGHUHFRQRFHUHOPDSDGHODLQIDPLDDQWHVGHYRP L
WDU'HUHSHQWHVHQWtFRPRVLVREUHPLFXHUSRFD\HUDXQIRJRQD]RHOLPSDFWR
GH DOJR GDxLQR VREUH Pt ,QVWLQWLYDPHQWH PH YROYt KDFLD OD SXHUWD \ YL FRPR
DOJRYLYRHQXQSXQWRFHQWUDO0HHVIRUFpSRUSUHFLVDUVXWH[WXUD\PHDFHUTXp
WRGDYtDPiVDHVHRMRGHDQLPDOVRUSUHQGLGRTXHVHVLQWLyPLUDGR\GHVDSDUHFLy
1RFDEtDGXGDGHTXLpQVHWUDWDED(QWRQFHVFRFLQpPLYHQJDQ]DFRPRVLIXHUD
DFRPHWHUHOPiVVLQLHVWURDVHVLQDWR3HQVpODKRUDODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV\OHSXVH
XQDFLWDDOHVStDTXHVHDWUHYtDDHVFXGULxDUHQPLVVHFUHWRV
$TXHOGtDPHOHYDQWpPX\WHPSUDQR)XLDGHVD\XQDU\DPDEOHPHQWHV D
OXGpDODYLHMD9LTXHPHIDOWDEDHOSDQSHURQRKLFHQLQJ~QFRPHQWDULR /D
YLHMDPHPLUyGHUHRMR'HVD\XQpFRQFDOPDGLVSXHVWDDHVFXFKDUVXFRQYHUV D
FLyQ\DVHJXLUOHHQVXVEURPDV/DYLHMDQLVHLQPXWy0XHUWDGHUDELDWDOYH]
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
SRUTXHQROHVHJXtDHOMXHJRWLUyHOYDVRDOIUHJDGHUR\ORHVWUHOOy(UDHOYDVR
GRQGHOHVHUYtDHOMXJRGHQDUDQMDDOFHUGRGHVXKLMR
/XHJRIXLDPLKDELWDFLyQ\VDOtFRQXQDEDWDPHGLRDELHUWDGHPRGRTXH
VHPHYHtDQODVSLHUQDV\XQDSDUWHGHORVVHQRV0LPDQRGHQWURGHOEROVLOOR
VLQHPEDUJRWHPEODEDGHIXULD
(PSHFp D FHSLOODUPH ORV GLHQWHV VHPL GHVQXGD 0H H[KLEt FRPR VL PH
SDJDUDQSRUHOOR\HVSHUpDTXHVHDVRPDUDDTXHORMR(ORMRTXHHVWDEDDOWDQWR
GHODFLWDVHSXVRHQHODJXMHUR0LPDQRWHPEORURVDIXHKDVWDHOEROVLOORGHOD
EDWD\DJDUUyHOFRUWDSDSHOHV0HDFRUGpGH 0DXULFHGHODYHUJDODVDQJUHORV
JROSHVORVJULWRVGHSXWDGHPLHVSDOGDGHO´$SRORµGHORVKRPEUHV PLUi Q
GRPHYHUORVWRGRVHPHMXQWyFXDQGRFODYpFRQWUDDTXHODJXMHURHOFRUWDSDS H
OHV)XHFRPRH[RUFL]DUDOGHPRQLRTXHKDELWDEDHQPLFRPRHVFXFKDUHOJ H
PLGRGHODEHVWLDTXHGHVSDYRULGDKXtDFRQVXRMRVDQJUDQWH
3LHQVRHQHVHRMRKHULGRFRQLQGLIHUHQFLD\PHSDUHFHTXHHVHOPtRTXH
ORTXHVXFHGLyDTXHOODQRFKHHQHO´$SRORµIXHFRPRFODYDUPHDJXMDVHQHORMR
FRPROOHQDUGHVDQJUH\GHSXVPLYLVLyQGHOSDUDtVR3RUHVRTXLVHFHUUDUORV
RMRVSDUDVLHPSUHKDVWDTXHPLWtRYLQRDOOHYDUPHGHDTXHOODFDVD)XHXVWHGHO
TXHPHYLRHQHOSDUTXHDXVHQWHGHHVWHPXQGRFRQXQRMRWDSDGR0HGLRSRU
WDSDUPHHVHRMRSDUDVHQWLUORTXHVHVHQWLUtDVLQXQRMR(QHOVHQWLGRHVWULFWR
GHOWpUPLQRSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHHVODSULPHUDYH]TXHVDOJRFRQXQKRPEUH1R
VpFXiQWRWLHPSRKDEUiGHSDVDUKDVWDTXHYXHOYDDUHFXSHUDUHOVHQWLGRLQWHQVR
GHOFRORUORVPDWLFHVODQRFLyQGHOREHOOR6yORVpTXHPDxDQDTXLHURYROYHUD
YHUORHQHVWHSDUTXH
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
81$9$62/$
8QDYDSRUDKtEDMRODWDUGHVROHDGDGHHVDVTXHGHYH]HQFXDQGRVHYHQ
SRUHVWRVODGRV3LHQVDHQODVPLVPDVFRVDVGHVLHPSUHHQODVTXHOHWDODGUDQOD
FDEH]D(OUHFRUULGR VHKDFH PiV ODUJR PLHQWUDV PiV DYDQ]D FRPR VL WXYLHUD
FRPRPHWDHOLQILQLWR8QDYDVRODSRUTXHODJHQWHVLHPSUHDQGDPX\RFXSDGD
\QDGLHWLHQHSRUTXpDFRPSDxDUDQDGLHDVtFRPRDVtPHMRUGLFKRQDGLHWLHQH
WLHPSRQLSDUDVRQUHtUHQHVWDFLXGDGJpOLGD<HVTXHDXQTXHDXQDVHORSLGDQ
GH URGLOODV QR VH YD D UHtU GHVSXpV GH YHU OR TXH VH YH SRU DKt PiV ELHQ VH
HQRMDVLDOJXLHQVHORSLGH3RUODFDOOHYDQPXFKRVGHHVRVTXHGLFHQDWUpYDVHD
VRQUHtU\YHUiORTXHOHSDVD$XQDOHTXLWDQODVJDQDVGHUHtUHVDVFDUDVGHU H
SULPLGRVTXHKDFHQSHQVDUTXHHVWDFLXGDGHVLQVXIULEOH<HVRTXHXQDSURFXUD
QRPLUDUDIRQGRWRGRORTXHODURGHDWDOYH]SRUPLHGRRSRUTXHSLHQVDTXH
GHWUiV GH HVD FRUWLQD KD\ XQ PXQGR GHVFRPSXHVWR TXH OXFKD SRU VREUHYLYLU
SHURORTXHKDFHHVGHVWUXLUVH
8QDVHTXLWDODEXIDQGDSRUTXHHOFDORUHVLQVRSRUWDEOHPLHQWUDVSLHQVD
HQFyPRODUHSUHVLyQWLHQHMRGLGRDWRGRHOPXQGRSXHVHQVXHVWUHFKRFtUFXOR
QR FDEHQ ODV SUHJXQWDV VREUH HO VHQWLGR GH OD YLGD \ pVWDV QL VLTXLHUD H[LVWHQ
SRUTXHQRKD\PDWHULDTXHODVJHQHUH3HURFXDQGRODJHQWHVHHPSLH]DDSU H
JXQWDUSRUHOVHQWLGRGHOPXQGRHOPXQGRVHGHVGLEXMD\ORVREMHWRVDSDUHFHQ
GHIRUPHV R PXWLODGRV D ORV RMRV GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV TXH QR VDEHQ SRU TXp VH
FRUURHQGtDDGtD
8QDFDVLQRVHDWUHYHDFRQWDUORTXHVXFHGLyHVHGtDVHUiSRUTXHDYHFHV
OHSDUHFHTXHHOKHFKRQRWLHQHVXILFLHQWHLPSRUWDQFLDFRPRSDUDVHUFRQWDGRR
WDOYH]SRUTXHVHOHRFXUUHTXHQRYDOHODSHQDTXHVHVHSD(OFDVRHVTXHQRVH
SRGtD VRSRUWDU HVD DWPyVIHUD SHVDGD GH OD FDOOH \ XQD VH UHIXJLD HQ XQ OXJDU
FXDOTXLHUDSDUDDOLHQDUPHFRQXQDLQVLJQLILFDQFLDSDUDYHUXQDHVFHQDVXSHUIOXD
R UHSUHVHQWDU XQD FRPHGLD FRQ XQ SHUVRQDMH DQRGLQR FXDOTXLHU FRVD PHQRV
SHUGHUVHHQWUHODPXOWLWXGUHSOHWDGHYXOJDULGDG&ODURTXHXQDTXLHUHVHUGLI H
UHQWH SHUR« £4Xp YDLQD VLHPSUH HV LJXDO < HV TXH VLQ VDEHU SRU TXp XQD
UHVXOWDGHSURQWRKDFLHQGRFRVDVTXHHQHOIRQGRQROHJXVWDQRTXHFRPEDWH
DUGLHQWHPHQWH 7DPELpQSXHGH VXFHGHUTXHUHVXOWH JXVWiQGROH OR TXH VLHPSUH
KDGHWHVWDGRSRUTXHVHJXUDPHQWHHQHOIRQGRVtOHJXVWDEDSHURQRVHDWUHYtD
DUHFRQRFHUOR8QDVHWDSDORVRMRV\ORVRtGRVSDUDQRYHUQLRtUSDUDQRDGP L
WLUTXHHQHVRGHGHFLUXQDFRVD\KDFHURWUDHVLJXDODWRGRHOPXQGR<HVSRU
HVRTXHFXDQGRORGHVFXEUHQRVHSXHGHDJXDQWDU\TXLHUHVHUGLIHUHQWH( Q
WRQFHVHVFXDQGRDXQDODDJDUUDHOFRQIOLFWRSRUORVWRELOORV\QRSXHGHDYD Q
]DU
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
$XQDQROHJXVWDUtDKDFHUORTXHQROHJXVWDPiVELHQOHJXVWDUtDTXHOH
JXVWDUDDOJRSDUDKDFHUORGHYHUGDG\SHQVDQGRHQHVRVHPHWHHQXQVLWLRE R
QLWROOHQRGHJHQWHGHFHQWHSRUTXHODTXHHVWiDIXHUDQRWLHQHFDUDGHGHFHQWH
HVDQRSXHGHVHUGHFHQWHFRQXQDVSHFWRWDQVLQLHVWURFRPRXQDDPHQD]D6LQ
HPEDUJRHVRVFRQVXVFDUDVFRQWUDKHFKDVOHHVWiQ GLFLHQGRDXQDFXOSDEOH\
QRVpTXHPiVPLHQWUDVLQWHUURJDQSRUODFRQFLHQFLDGHFODVH <HVRSUHFLV D
PHQWHHVORTXHPROHVWDODVRVSHFKDGHTXHQRVHWLHQHFRQFLHQFLDGHFODVHQR
SRGHU VLWXDUVH FRQ VHJXULGDG HQ XQ SHOGDxR GH HVWH HGLILFLR LQHVWDEOH \ GHFLU
HVWHOXJDUPHSHUWHQHFH\HQHVWHOXJDUOORURGHUDELDKDJRHODPRUPHGXH U
PR PH GHSULPR PH RULQR PH OHYDQWR PH YLVWR PH GHVYLVWR PH GHVSHLQR
PHDUDxR\PHGHVEDUDWRKDVWDDEXUULUPH
<D HQ HVH VLWLR TXH VH KD HVFRJLGR XQD SRQH FDUD GH LQWHUHVDQWH SHUR
SLHQVDTXHHVGLIHUHQWHDORVGHPiVDXQTXHVHSRQJD ODPiVFDUDGHPXMHU GH
PXQGR8QDKDFHTXHFDPLQDFRPR3HGURSRUVXFDVD\UHVSLUDHVHDLUHPH ]
FODGR FRQ DPELHQWDGRU WLSR SLQR VDOYDMH TXHVH PHWH HQ ORV SRURV \ SLFD SRU
WRGRV ODGRV SHUR WUDWD GH DFRPRGDUVH FRPR VL OD WRFDUD XQD EULVD DFDULFLDQWH
QRFRPRODGHDIXHUDLQWR[LFDGDSRUORVJDVHVTXHYRPLWDQORVPRWRUHVGHORV
EXVHV(VHOXJDUIXHKHFKRSDUDHVRSDUDTXHODJHQWHVHFUHDTXHVDOHGHHVH
VXHxR\ROYLGHODVHQVDFLyQGHO EDUUR8QDORVDEHPX\ELHQSHURVHWDSDORV
RMRV\ORVRtGRVSDUDQRYHUORQLRtUORSDUDTXHORVTXHHVWiQDOOiSLHQVHQDX Q
TXH VHD SRU XQ PRPHQWR TXH TXp ERQLWR TXH TXp VXHUWH HVWDU DOOt PLHQWUDV
RWURV VH PRULUiQ GH HQYLGLD VLQ WHQHU HO SULYLOHJLR GH FRQRFHU \ GLVIUXWDU HVH
DPELHQWHWDQHQVRxDGRUGHERVTXHGHFRQtIHUDVGHSRUDOOiPX\DOQRUWHHQOD
IURQWHUDFRQ&DQDGiRDOJRDVt<ORVTXHKDFHQHVRVOXJDUHVVDEHQPX\ELHQ
TXH DOJXLHQ FRPR XQD YD D PHWHU ODV QDULFHV \ OR SUHSDUDQ WRGR SDUD TXH VH
VLHQWDELHQPHMRUTXHHQVXDPELHQWHGHJDVHVWy[LFRV3HURFXDQGRXQDVDOHGH
DKtLQFyPRGDFRPRTXHOHGDYHUJHQ]DR UDELD GH QR WHQHU XQ OXJDU GRQGH
VHQWLUVHELHQGHYHUGDGXQVLWLRTXHQRVHDDSDUHQWHVLQRTXHVHDSRUHOFRQWU D
ULRXQWUR]RGHUHDOLGDGGHVQXGD
(VHQHVHOXJDULQFyPRGRGRQGHXQDDWHUUL]DXQOXJDUFRPR\DOHVGLMH
IDOVDPHQWHFiOLGR\DFRJHGRUOOHQRGHFDQGRURVDV SDUHMLWDVFRQFDUDVRPiVFDUD
ERQLWDV\IHOLFHVFRQWLSRVPiVELHQLGLRWDVGHHVRVTXHPLUDQSHURQRYHQWDO
YH]SRUTXHQRWLHQHQQDGDDGHQWURSDUDSUR\HFWDUHQORVRMRVGHORVRWURV6t
HV HQ HVH OXJDU GRQGH QDGLH PLUD SRUTXH VL PLUDUD GH YHUGDG GHVFXEULUtD HO
ULGtFXORGRQGHXQDVHGDFXHQWDTXHPXFKRVGHHVRVWLSRVTXHQRYHQUHYLH U
WHQ VXUHSUHVLyQ VREUH XQSHGD]RGHFDUQH TXH WDQWHDQ FRPR TXLHQ SUHVLRQD
XQSDTXHWHGHSOiVWLFRKDVWDKDFHUOHXQKXHFR\UHYHQWDUOR(VRVVLWLRVH[FOXV L
YRVWDPELpQVHKDQKHFKRSDUDHOORVSDUDTXHHORORUDSLQR\ODP~VLFDGHFR Q
VXOWRULRGHQWDOHQFXEUDQODYLROHQFLDGHVXVPDQRVUXGDV\PDTXLOOHQVXVPH Q
WHVTXHWRGRORYHQVXFLRVLQGDUVHFXHQWDTXHVRQHOORVORVTXHFXEUHQGHE D
VXUDORTXHWRFDQ\KDFHQFRPRTXHYRPLWDQ\VHDVTXHDQGHORRWURSHUROR
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
TXHSDVDHVTXHORHVWiQ GHHOORV PLVPRV \ D~Q DVt HVW~SLGDPHQWH VH TXHGDQ
SHJDGRV D VX SDUHMD FRPR HO FKLFOH TXH VH DGKLHUH DO ]DSDWR TXH OR SLVD FRQ
PLFURELRVHVFXSLWDMRVDQyQLPRV\SLHGUDV8QDSLHQVDTXHGHILQLWLYDPHQWHQR
OHJXVWDUtDXQWLSRDVtSHURDKtVHTXHGDPLUDQGRPiVDOOiGHHVRVRMRVLQH[SU H
VLYRVHQDMHQDGD\FDVLWUDQTXLOD8QDTXLHUHHVWDOODU\JULWDUTXHWRGRHVPHQWLUD
\ QDGD HV YHUGDG FRPR XQ WDQJR FRQ PXMHU IDWDO \ ERUUDFKR TXH OORUD SHUR
SUHILHUH LPDJLQDU TXH HV IHOL] SHUR QR OR TXH SDVD HV TXH DGHQWUR WRGR HVWi
SRGULGR\VH WUDJD OD DQJXVWLD \ HQFLHQGH XQ FLJDUULOOR \ GH UHSHQWH DOJXLHQ VH
DFHUFD\OHGDIXHJR£4Xp FDUDMRVHGLFHHQHVWDVROHGDGVHDJUDGHFHODSU H
VHQFLD KXPDQD\KDVWDSDUHFHTXHVHDVRPDODIHOLFLGDG\HODEXUULPLHQWR\HO
WHGLRVHYDQ
(QWRQFHVHVFXDQGRDXQDOHSDVDORTXHWUDWDGHFRQWDU\TXHDKRUDQR
VDEHDFLHQFLDFLHUWDVLHVLQWHUHVDQWHSRUTXHDXQDFRPRTXH\DQROHLPSRUWD
R QR TXLHUH TXH OH LPSRUWH TXL]iV SRUTXH QR WLHQH PD\RU WUDVFHQGHQFLD \ HV
DGHPiVHVW~SLGRORTXHDXQDOHVXFHGHHQXQDFLXGDGGHHVWHPXQGRSHUGLGD
HQXQDPHVHWD\GRPLQDGDSRUGRVPRQWDxDVTXHVRQFRPRIDQWDVPDVTXHVH
FLHUQHQVREUHVXVFDOOHV
8QDVDOHFRQpODYHUVLVXFHGHDOJRGLIHUHQWH\pOGLFHTXHHVHOXJDUHV
LQVRSRUWDEOH\TXHHVPHMRUXQHVSDFLRYDFtR8QDSLHQVDTXHWDOYH]VHDEXHQD
LGHDKXLUGHWDQWRVURVWURVLPEpFLOHV\YDFRQHOH[WUDxRSRUODFDOOHOHQWDPHQWH
VLQGHVHRVGHOOHJDUDQLQJXQDSDUWH\XQDWLHQHTXHSRQHUFDUDGHPXMHUTXHKD
YLYLGRPXFKRSRUTXHODPiVFDUDHVYLWDO\KD\TXHWUDJDUVHODVGXGDVRVLQR
SLHUGHODRFDVLyQGHWHQHUXQDH[SHULHQFLDGHDOFDQ]DUDOJRTXHSXHGDROHUHQHO
UHFXHUGR &ODUR TXH XQD HV GH HVDV ´QLxDV GH VX FDVDµ TXH QR SXHGHQ OOHJDU
WDUGH\VRQFRQVLGHUDGDVDQRUPDOHVVLKDFHQDOJRIXHUDGHORVPXURVGHOKRJDU
8QDYLYHFRQJHQWHTXHODMRGHDFDGDUDWR\QRSDUDGHVHUPRQHDU8QDWLHQH
TXHHVFDSDUSXHVHVSHRUVLVHTXHGDHQWHUUDGDHQYLGDTXHULHQGRKDFHUP X
FKR VLQ KDFHU QDGD \ UDVJiQGRVH SRU GHQWUR VLHPSUH FRQ HO PDOGLWR VDERU
DPDUJRGHODLQVDWLVIDFFLyQ\ODVHTXHGDGGHODUDELD3RUHVRHVTXHXQDSRQH
FDUDGHTXHQROHSDVDQDGDGHHVR\TXLHUHTXHSLHQVHQTXHKDYLYLGRPXFKR
SHURWRGRHVRHVXQDPHQWLUDTXHOHYDSHVDQGRMXQWRFRQHOPLHGRTXHWLHQHDO
SHQVDUTXHWDOYH]FDPLQDFRQHOSHOLJUR(QHOIRQGRVLHQWHPLHGRGHQRWHQHU
FODUDVODVUD]RQHVSRUODVFXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDFRQXQWLSR\VHDOHMDFRQpOKDFLD
QLQJXQDSDUWHVLHQGRpVDODSULPHUDYH]TXHORKDFH
'HVSXpV GH UHSHWLUVH TXH SUHILHUH LU DFRPSDxDGD XQD FDPELD HO SDVR
DSULHWDODVSLHUQDV\YDPiV ILUPHGHFLGLGDDWUDJDUVHHOPXQGRRPiVELHQD
GHMDUVHHQJXOOLUSRUpOFRPR &DSHUXFLWDHQODVIDXFHVGHOORERIHUR]$VtHVF R
PRXQDVHDOHMDFRQpODTXHOODWDUGHTXHHUDVROHDGDDOSULQFLSLRSHURTXHVHIXH
HQIULDQGRFRQHOSDVDUGHODVKRUDVKDVWDDPHQD]DUYROYHUVHQLHEODGHLQYLHUQR
8QDFDPLQDFRQpOHQWUHODPXFKHGXPEUHKDEODGHWRGR\GHQDGDSHOHDFR Q
WUD HO VLOHQFLR \ VXFHGH TXH GHMD VDOLU D ERUERWRQHV OR TXH WHQtD JXDUGDGR OD
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
UDELDFRQWUDORVYHUGXJRVHO PDOGLWLVPRGHODVROHGDGWRGRORDPDUJRTXHOOHYD
DGHQWUR3HUROXHJRVLHQWHYHUJHQ]DGHVXSDODEUDGHVXLQFDSDFLGDGGHHVF X
FKDU\GHORLGLRWDTXHHVDOSHUGHUVHHOSODFHUGHYLVOXPEUDUDORWUR\OOHJDUDpO
DWUDYpVGHOKLORGHVXSDODEUDRVFXUD\WRUSH8QDFUHHTXHHVDHVODUD]yQGH
TXH OH YXHOYD GH QXHYR OD DQJXVWLD \ OD QHFHVLGDG GH OD PiVFDUD GH PXMHU GH
PXQGRTXHHOFDORUOHKDDUUDQFDGRGHOURVWUR8QDVHVLHQWHLQFRPXQLFDGDFRQ
VXVLOHQFLR\DGHPiVFXOSDEOHSRUQRVDEHUFRPEDWLUDWLHPSRODVSDODEUDVTXH
OH VDOHQ GH ODV WULSDV SHUR VLJXH KDEODQGR D SHVDU GH WHQHU FRQFLHQFLD GH ORV
H[FHVRVYHUEDOHVTXHYDQPiVOHMRVKDVWDYROYHUVHLQFRKHUHQWHVFRQYLUWLpQGROR
DpOHQXQFyGLJRLQGHVFLIUDEOH\DXQDHQXQDFDFDW~D
&XDQGRSRUILQXQDVHTXHGDFDOODGDpOPLUDGHVGHVXVRMRVRVFXURVTXH
RFXOWDQ DOJRTXHXQDQRDWLQDD GHVFXEULU 8QDFDOLEUD VX FXHUSR DQFKR \ U R
EXVWRVXVPDQRVKLQFKDGDVVXDQGDUSDXVDGRVXFDEH]DDODUJDGD\UL]DGD8QD
YHTXHVXVODELRVJUXHVRV\PDQFKDGRVSRUODQLFRWLQDWLHPEODQLQFDSDFHVGH
VRVWHQHU ODV SDODEUDV TXH UHVEDODEDQ FRQ OD VDOLYD\ TXH UHFRJH FRQ OD OHQJXD
XQDORVLHQWHWDQFHUFD\WDQPLVWHULRVREODQGRHQDSDULHQFLDSHURWDQLPSHQ H
WUDEOHFRPRXQDURFD
8QDGHVFLHQGHKDVWDHOVXHORFRQVXVSDODEUDVPLHQWUDVODVGHpOYXHOYHQ
DSDVDUSRUVXJDUJDQWDPRMDGDVFRQVXVDOLYD1DGDOHVXFHGHDXQDPLHQWUDV
FRQYHUVDFRQpOVyOR FDPLQDSRUTXHHVOR~QLFR TXHVHSXHGH KDFHU SDUD G H
PRVWUDUTXHHVWiYLYD\HVRHVYHUGDGSRUTXHORV]DSDWRVQRFDPLQDQSRUXQD
OLEHUiQGRODGHOHVIXHU]RSRUPDQWHQHUODKXPDQLGDGHUHFWD\WDPELpQGHOVDFU L
ILFLRGHVXELUVHDXQ EXVTXHODDPDVD\OXHJRODHVFXSH(VYHUGDGTXHXQDYD
FDPLQDQGRFRQIRUPHSRUHVWDUYLYDSHURDYHFHVVHDVTXHDGHODFDOOHGHORV
PRWRUHV TXH DUURMDQ HVH KXPR TXH HV HO ILQDO GHO SURFHVR GH XQ VLVWHPD TXH
DQLTXLOD3RUTXHXQDVDEHTXHORTXHTXHGDGHVSXpVGHWRGRHVXQDFROXPQDGH
KXPRQHJUD\HVSHVDTXHDKRJDKDVWDGHMDUODVLQUHVSLUDFLyQXQDLUHPDOpILFR
TXHPDWDOHQWDPHQWH
8QDSLHQVDHVRFXDQGRVHOHDWUDYLHVDODUDELDFRQVLJRPLVPDDOFRPSU R
EDUTXHWDPSRFRSXHGHFDPLQDUDJXVWR\HQSOHQLWXGDFRPSDxDGDGHXQKR P
EUHH[WUDxRTXHVHWUDJDODVSDODEUDVRTXHTXLHUHGHFLUDOJRSHURQRHQFXHQWUD
HOFDPLQR\VHSLHUGHWDOYH]SRUWLPLGH]3HURHQFDPELRPLUDPXFKRPLUDGH
UHRMRFXDQGRFUHHTXHXQDQRORHVWDEDYLHQGRFRPRVLODPLGLHUDHOHVSDFLR\D
TXH pO UHGXFtD WRGR D XQD HVIHUD PLFURVFySLFD FX\RV GHWDOOHV H[SORUDED GHVGH
XQDOHQWHTXHDFHUFDEDODVFRVDVKDVWDVXVJUXHVDV\WRUSHVPDQRV
8QDLQWXtDTXHSHVHDODUXGH]DGHDTXHOODVPDQRVpOQRHUDXQKRPEUH
FRUULHQWHRSRUORPHQRVQRGHMDEDHVFDSDUGHVXVODELRVXQDSL]FDGHHVWXS L
GH]6HQRWDEDTXHVXPXQGRHUDHQRUPHRGLPLQXWRGHDFXHUGRDODGLVWDQFLD
GHVXOHQWH<DXQDOHJXVWDEDSHQVDUTXHODVFRVDVSRGtDQVHUGHXQDPDQHUDR
GHRWUDDODYH](QHOIRQGR\GHVGHHOTXHUHU\QRTXHUHUXQDEXVFDEDORPiV
UHODWLYRGHXQKRPEUH\DVtLEDDFODUDQGRHQVXPHQWHHOREMHWR GH VX GHVHR
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
SHURWRGDYtDVHVREUHFRJtDDOSHQVDUHQORVRODTXHLEDFRQVXVGXGDV$~QDVt
XQDGHFLGHOOHJDUKDVWDHOILQDOSRUHVRHPSXMD\HPSXMDVXFXHUSRKDFLDHOV X
\RVRVSHFKDQGRTXHQRKDFHUORHVODYHUGDGHUDFRQILUPDFLyQGHODPXHUWH\OR
TXHXQDTXHUtDGHYHUGDGHUDYLEUDU\VDEHUVHYLYDFRPRFDVFDGDGHDJXDRGH
WLELDRULQD
(O WLHPSR PDWD FXDQGR QR WH SDVD QDGD LQWHUHVDQWH QDGD LQWHQVR VHD
SODFHQWHUR R GRORURVR (O WLHPSR PDWD FXDQGR VH DFHSWD OD QRUPDOLGDG \ VH
REHGHFHDORVYHUGXJRV(OWLHPSRPDWDFXDQGRUHQXQFLDVDVHQWLUSRUPLHGRDO
VXIULPLHQWR(OWLHPSRVLHPSUHPDWDGHWRGDVIRUPDVSRUTXHHOVHUKXPDQRQR
HV LQPRUWDO 8QD SHQVDED WRGR HVR WDSDQGR HO FRQIOLFWR TXH OD DJDUUDED SRU
HVFXFKDUDORVTXHOHGLFHQDWUpYDVH\YHUiVLQDWUHYHUVHDQDGDVLQVDEHUVLHUD
SRUUHEHOGtDRSRUWHPRUTXHQRVHODQ]DED'HDFXHUGRVHGLFHXQDKD\TXH
PRULUVHSDUDVDEHUORTXHHVYLYLU\HVRVLJQLILFDOOHJDUKDVWDHOILQDO0iVRP H
QRVDHVDFRQFOXVLyQYDOOHJDQGRXQDSHURPLHQWUDVHVWiFRQWDQGRORRFXUULGR
HOUHFXHUGRGHORSDVDGRVHOHUHVLVWHSRUTXHOHSDUHFHTXHQRHVWDQLPSRUWD Q
WHTXHVRQDSHQDVSHQGHMDGDVTXHDXQDVHOHRFXUUHQSDUDMXVWLILFDUVHSRUOR
TXHKDFHRGHMDGHKDFHU
8QD OOHJD SRU ILQ D XQ VLWLR VROLWDULR GRQGH HO KRPEUH SDUHFH VHQWLUVH
PHMRU/XHJRVHPHWHSRUXQUHFRYHFRGHPDODPXHUWHGHHVRV TXHRFXOWDQD
ORVDWUDFDGRUHV3RUVXHUWHQRYHDQDGLHHQODFDOOHVyORDODVPRVFDVTXH]X P
EDQUHYROFiQGRVHFRQOXMXULDHQXQDHQRUPHSODVWDGHPLHUGD$SRFRVPHWURV
VH YH XQD WLHQGD GH SXHEOR FRQ PHVDV \ EDQTXHWDV GH PDGHUD GRQGH XQD VH
VLHQWDFRQpODGHVFDQVDU'HOIRQGRVDOHXQKRPEUHTXHDWLHQGHVLQPLUDUDORV
RMRVHOWtSLFRUHVHQWLGRTXHRFXOWDHOUHQFRUGHWUiVGHORVSiUSDGRV(OOXJDUQR
KXHOHDSLQRVLOYHVWUHPiVELHQDSHVWDDRULQHVGHERUUDFKRHPSR]DGRVHQXQ
RULQDOVHPLRFXOWRWUDVXQPXUR\FRQXQDFRUWLQDGHWUDSRTXHKDFHGHSXHUWD
8QDQRVHSXHGHVHQWLUMDPiVDJXVWRHQXQVLWLRDVt6LQHPEDUJRHVWiFyPRGD
\HVRODDERFKRUQDWRGDYtDPiVeOSLGHXQUHIUHVFRTXHVHEHEHDWRGDSULVD
FRPR VL QHFHVLWDUD FRJHU LPSXOVR SDUD KDEODU /XHJR HPSLH]D D GHVFULELU ORV
MDUGLQHVGHRULHQWH8QDTXLHUHHVFXFKDUSHURIUDQFDPHQWHHVPX\LQFRKHUHQWH
ORTXHpOGLFH(VFRPRVLpOYLYLHUDHQXQDIDQWDVtDHQWUHYHORVRGDOLVFDV\K X
PRUHV GH RSLR 8QD WLHQH TXH DUUDQFDUVH OD OyJLFD TXH OD DSULVLRQD H LQWHQWDU
HQWUDU HQHVHSDLVDMHLUUHDOVRVOD\DQGR ODPLHUGD\ODRVFXULGDG GHOOXJDU 8QD
SLHQVDDKRUDTXHDpOQROHSHUWHQHFtDQODVSDODEUDVDTXHOODWDUGHTXHVHODVK D
EtDSHGLGRSUHVWDGDVDRWUDSHUVRQD\QRDFDEDEDGHVHQWLUVHFyPRGRFRQHOODV
$XQDODLQYDGHODVHQVDFLyQGHVFRQRFLGDGHORVPRPHQWRVFUtWLFRVSHUR
GLVIUD]DGDGHXQGHVHRGHHWHUQLGDGTXHYDPXFKRPiVDOOiGHODSHVWLOHQFLDGHO
RULQDO\TXHODHOHYDEDHQXQDDOIRPEUDYRODGRUD8QDTXLHUHTXHWRGRVHDFDGD
YH] PiV H[WUDxR SDUD TXH DO UHSHWLUOR VH ILMH HQ VX PHPRULD \ HQ WRGDV ODV
PHPRULDVTXHHOLMDSDUDFRQWiUVHOR\DTXHHQHOIRQGRXQDQHFHVLWDODKLVWRULD
SDUDFRQWDUOD3RUXQPRPHQWRXQDSXHGHDOHMDUVHGHVtPLVPDHVD´VLPLVPDµ
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
TXHHVODYHUGDGHUDHQHPLJDXQDSRUILQHVFDSD\SXHGHHQWUDUHQHVDyUELWD
PiVDOOiGHVXVSUHMXLFLRV\DSUHKHQVLRQHV(OFDVRHVTXHVHGHMDOOHYDUSRUHO
GHVFRQRFLGRSRUODPDJLDGHVXSDODEUD SRUODQHFHVLGDGGHTXHVXFHGDDOJR
TXHODVDOYHGHODQRUPDOLGDG
6~ELWDPHQWH XQD DEDQGRQD OD WLHQGD FRQ pO \ FDPLQD KDVWD OOHJDU D XQ
HGLILFLRYLHMR\GHVRODGRGRQGHVHGHWLHQHDQWHVGHTXHVHSRQJDHOVRO7RGRV
ORVSLVRVHVWiQYDFtRVDH[FHSFLyQGHO~OWLPR0LHQWUDVDVFLHQGHFRQGLILFXOWDG
HQWUD XQ YLHQWR TXH D]RWD ORV FULVWDOHV URWRV GH ORV YHQWDQDOHV PRVWUDQGR OD
DXVHQFLD \ OD DJRQtD GH XQ PXQGR GHVWUR]DGR 'HWUiV GH ODV SXHUWDV \ GH ORV
SLVRVJDVWDGRVSDUHFtDTXHVHRFXOWDEDQXQDVYLGDVDODFHFKR\DODVTXHXQDOHV
KDFHIUHQWHFRQODPiVFDUDGHODDUURJDQFLDGLFLHQGRVDOJDQDYHUTXpTXLHUHQ
DOLPDxDVGHVGHVXYR]LQWHULRUWHPEORURVDOXFKDQGRFRQWUDODVVHQWHQFLDVP D
OLJQDVTXHDGYLHUWHQVREUHHOSHOLJURTXHOHHVSHUDDXQDHQODYLGD\PiVDOOiGH
ODPXHUWHHQHOLQILHUQR(QHVHQLYHOGHODFRQFLHQFLDHOYLHQWRUHVSRQGHVL O
EDQGR\DSRUUHDQGRODVSXHUWDV8QDVXEHSRUXQDHVFDOHUDTXHFUXMHFRPRVL
HVWXYLHUDVXIULHQGR\ODVHQVDFLyQGHYDFtRVHDSRGHUDGHXQDPLHQWUDVVHDFH U
FDDOD~OWLPDSXHUWDSHQVDQGRTXHMDPiVYDDGHMDUDTXHOORVSLVRVDEDQGRQDGRV
TXHQDGDPXHVWUDQ\WRGRORRFXOWDQ$XQTXHORVHVSDFLRVKDEtDQVLGRDEDQG R
QDGRVXQDDKRUDSLHQVDTXHFDGDSXHUWDWHQtDXQDKLVWRULDTXHFRQWDUSHUROD
KDEtDQODSLGDGRSDUDTXHQRSXGLHUDGHFLUQDGD\DVtSRQHUODDXQDHQHOWUDEDMR
GHLPDJLQDU\GXGDUGHORTXHODPHQWHWUD]DVREUHHOSDSHO
8QDSLHQVDDKRUDTXHDTXHOHGLILFLRQRWHQtDQDGDGHSDUWLFXODUVyORTXH
ORHVWDEDPLGLHQGRFRQHOPLHGRTXHVHDSRGHUDEDGHXQDHQHODVFHQVRPXGR
TXH GLVWRUVLRQDED VX SHUFHSFLyQ GH ORV KHFKRV \ GH ODV SURSLDV VHQVDFLRQHV
SXHVDOPLUDUODVGHWHQLGDPHQWHODVFRVDVKR\SDUHFHQGLVWLQWDVWDOYH]PiVG H
VRODGDV(QWRQFHVHVWDEDQPiVYLYDVSRUTXHXQDODVYHtDHQVXFUXGDGHVQXGH]
$QWHVKDEODEDQDXQTXHIXHUDGHOVLOHQFLR\DKRUDQRGLFHQQDGD$TXHOODVF R
VDVHUDQDSDUHQWHPHQWHLQ~WLOHVSHURXQDODVQHFHVLWDEDSDUDWHQHUODFRPSRV L
FLyQGHOOXJDUSDUDQRYROYHUDVXIULUODVHQVDFLyQGHODQDGD7RGRHVDDQVLHGDG
ODFLHJDDXQDFXDQGROOHJDDO~OWLPRSHOGDxRHQFRPSDxtDGHXQGHVFRQRFLGR
TXHKDEODRWURGLRPD
+DVWD HVH SHOGDxR XQD VH PDQWLHQH ILUPH TXL]iV SRUTXH SLHQVD TXH OD
KLVWRULDGHEHWHQHUXQGHVHQODFH\XQDWUDWDGHVRVWHQHUVHHQHVHGHVHRVyORTXH
DOILQDOVLHQWHTXHODVIXHU]DVODDEDQGRQDEDQ3XHVSRUPiVGHTXHXQDTXLHUD
YLYLUDXQTXHVHPXHUDVLHPSUHHVFREDUGHFXDQGRODPXHUWHVHDVRPD3RUHVR
HVTXHXQDGXGDORYHWRGRQHJURVLQLHVWUR\VHYXHOYHYLROHQWDPHQWHFRQWUDOD
RVFXULGDG8QDEDMDODVHVFDOHUDVDWLHQWDVSHURFRUULHQGR\VHSLHUGHHQHOD E
VXUGR UHPROLQR GH ORV GHVHRV PXHUWD GHO PLHGR D PLO ODWLGRV SRU VHJXQGR
WDSDQGRODYHUJHQ]DFRQODUDELDDOGHVFXEULUTXHQRSDVDQDGDTXHQRVXFHG H
UiQDGDTXHMDPiVVXFHGHUiQDGDTXHWHQJDVXILFLHQWHLPSRUWDQFLDFRPRSDUD
VHUFRQWDGR
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
/$08f(&$
6RxpTXHPXFKRVKRPEUHVSDVDEDQWtPLGDPHQWHSRUHO VH[VKRSVHGHVOL
]DEDQHQWUHORVDQDTXHOHVGLVLPXODQGRVXLQWHUpVRFXOWDQGRVXVVHQWLPLHQWRV\
ILQDOPHQWHVHPDUFKDEDQVLQSHGLUXQGHVHR(OGXHxRHVWDEDQHUYLRVRSRUOD
LQGHFLVLyQGHORVFOLHQWHV0HWtD\VDFDEDODPHUFDQFtDGHODVFDMDV0HDUUHJODED
ORVFDEHOORV\PHOLPSLDEDODFDUDFRQHOWUDSRGHOSROYR/DVYHQWDVLEDQPDO\
WUDWDEDGHDWUDSDUDORVWtPLGRVFRQLQVLQXDFLRQHVREVFHQDVVREUHORVPDUDYLOO R
VRVDSDUDWRVGHOSODFHUDFDULFLiQGRORVFRQYROXSWXRVLGDG
<RFRQILDEDHQTXH DOJXQR GH HVRV WUDQVH~QWHV PH VDFDUD GH OD SULVLyQ
TXH PH DQXODED SRU HMHPSOR XQ KRPEUH EDMLWR FRQ DVSHFWR H[WUDQMHUR GH
SHORHVFDVR\WHUVDVPDQRVFRPRHVHTXHVHGHWXYRIUHQWHDODYLWULQDPLUDQGR
FDGDXQRGHORV DUWHIDFWRV KDFLpQGRPHFUHHU TXH VyOR TXHUtD HVFDSDU GHO PDO
WLHPSR\DTXHKDEtD QXEDUURQHVHQHOFLHOR$OYHUOHODVPDQRVVHQWtTXHPH
WRPDUtD FRQ YLROHQWD GHFLVLyQ SHUPLWLpQGRPH VHU DOJR PiV TXH XQ REMHWR HQ
RIHUWD&XDQGRVHDFHUFyDODYLWULQDVLPXOyPLUDUPHFRQIULDOGDG DFWLWXG TXH
PDQWXYR PLHQWUDV PH VDFDEDQ GHO HVWXFKH HQYXHOWD HQ ILQDV VHGDV GH SDSHO
FRPRHVWDEDGHVGHTXHVDOtGHODIiEULFDeOILQJLyFRQRFHUHOWHPD LPSLGLp Q
GROHDOYHQGHGRUOHHUODOLVWDGHODVYLUWXGHVTXHPHFRQYHUWtDQHQXQHQWHH [
FHSFLRQDOHQWUHODLQILQLGDGGHIRUPDVSOiVWLFDVTXHWDQWRVSODFHUHVSURPHWtDQ
eOWDPSRFRVRVSHFKDEDFRQTXpIXHU]DSRGtDDUUDVWUDUORDOSDUDtVRGHODVVHQV D
FLRQHV KDVWD HQORTXHFHUOR FRQYLUWLpQGRPHHQ XQ HOHPHQWR LPSUHVFLQGLEOH HQ
VXYLGD
(OKRPEUH EDMLWRRFXOWDEDXQDHVWUXFWXUD IUiJLO EDMR OD JDEDUGLQD EHLJH
SHVHDVXVUHJRUGHWDVPDQRVGHOHxDGRUPDQRVUXGDVSHURGLHVWUDVHQHODUWH
GHODVFDULFLDV(OILQRHPSDTXHGHVXFDUDDUPRQL]DEDFRQODERFDSHTXHxD\
ORV ODELRV GHOJDGRV 6X SHOR UXELR FHQL]R QR SDUHFtD FRQRFHU HO FKDPS~ (Q
FDPELR HVH D]XO SiOLGR GH VX PLUDGD WUDQVPLWtD XQD QHFHVLGDG GH GLOXLUVH GH
GHVDSDUHFHUHQXQDQXEH0HGtDSRFRPiVGHXQRVHVHQWD\DFDULFLDEDFRQXQD
VHQVXDOLGDGTXHPHHUL]DED6XVRMRVPLUDEDQPiVDOOiGHPtEXVFDQGRTXL]iVD
DTXHOODPXMHUTXHPDUFyVXYLGD\ORHPSXMyDQRGHILQLUVHSRUQLQJXQD(VRV
RMRVDWUDYHVDEDQPLPDWHULDOSDUDOXHJRFHUUDUVHJXDUGDQGRXQDLPDJHQTXHOR
H[FLWDED\DQLPDEDDSHJDUVHDPtSDUDHVWLPXODUVHKXPHGHFLpQGRVHORVODELRV
FRQODOHQJXDUHSLWLHQGRHOQRPEUHGHHVDPXMHUFRPRVLDOHQYROYHUODSDODEUD
FRQVXVHQVXDOLGDGSXGLHUDWUDHUODDVXFDPD
(VHPLVPRGtDPHKL]RVX\DFRPSDUWLHQGRHOPRUERDQWHVUHVHUYDGRD
ODRVFXULGDGIUHQWHDODSDQWDOODGHVXWHOHYLVRUDHVRGHODVRQFHGHODQRFKH
GHVSXpVGHDFDEDUVHODODVDxDTXHFDOHQWDEDHQHOKRUQR\FRPtDSRUREOLJDFLyQ
WLUDGRHQHOVRIi(QWUyHQVXSHTXHxRDSDUWDPHQWRHQHOFHQWUR\VLQGHVYH V
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
WLUVHPHVDFyGHODFDMDPHDUUDQFyHOSDSHOGHVHGD\PHOOHQyFRQVXDLUHG H
VHVSHUDGR$PHGLGDTXHPHOOHQDEDFRQVXDOLHQWRPHKDFtDVHQWLUPXMHUP R
YLpQGRPHDOULWPRGHOEROHURTXHFHUWHUDPHQWHSXVRDOWLHPSRTXHLQLFLDEDVX
KD]DxDSXOPRQDU/XHJRIXHDOFDMyQGHVXDUPDULR\VDFyGHOIRQGRXQDRVFXUD
\ GLPLQXWD SUHQGD GH HQFDMH (PSH]y D YHVWLUPH FRQ XQRV SDQWDORQFLWRV GH
FRUD]yQTXHOXHJRPHDUUDQFyFRQORVGLHQWHVFRPRVLRWUDSHUVRQDVDOLHUDGH
pORWUDTXHTXHUtDOLEHUDUVHHLPSRQHUVHRWUDTXHJUXxtDFRPRXQDQLPDOSH U
GLGR
$VXPtTXHPLPLVLyQHUDVHUYLUOHGHFRQVXHORHQVXVQRFKHVGHVROHGDG
TXHHUDQWRGDV7XYHSHQDSRUVXVLWXDFLyQ\SRUHVRRFXOWpPLYHUGDGHUDQDW X
UDOH]DSDUDQRGHFHSFLRQDUORHQFDVRGHTXHOOHJDUDDGHVFXEULUTXH\RQRHUD
XQ REMHWR VRODPHQWH 0H KLFH PXMHU FRQ VX DOLHQWR IXL DFRPRGiQGRPH D OD
IRUPDGHVXFXHUSRIRUPpFRQpOQXHVWUR QLGLWRGHDPRUSDUDSHUGXUDUHQXQD
FODQGHVWLQLGDGFULPLQDOOHMRVGHODVPLUDGDVLQGLVFUHWDV
&RPRXQQLxRVHGHMDEDOOHYDUSRUODFXULRVLGDGWUDWDQGRGHHQFRQWUDUHO
VH[RGHVXPXxHFD&HUUDEDODVFHUUDGXUDVGHWRGDVODVSXHUWDVGHODFDVD\QR
DWHQGtDDOWLPEUHFXDQGRHVWDEDFRQPLJR'HVSXpVGHH[DPLQDU\GHPHGLUPL
DFFLGHQWDGDJHRJUDItDFHUUDEDORVRMRV\ UHLQLFLDEDHOUHFRUULGRDQLPiQGRVHFRQ
VXVJUXxLGRV<ROHKDFtDVHQWLUTXHQRKDFtDIDOWDPLUDUPHDORVRMRV\DTXHQR
WHQtDRMRV$pOQROHLPSRUWDEDSRUTXHVXPLUDGDLEDPiVDOOiGHPtKDFLDHO
OXJDU GRQGH HVWDED OD RWUD 0LV RMRV HUDQ HQ UHDOLGDG GRV ERWRQHV FXLGDGRV D
PHQWHGLEXMDGRVSRUODVPDQRVGHOLFDGDVGHXQDREUHUDFKLQDDODTXHOHSDJ D
EDQDFXDUWRGHFHQWDYRSRUERWyQeOFHUUDEDORVRMRV\DEUtDODERFDHVSHUD Q
GRHOFDUDPHORGHVXPDPi\GHHVDPLVPDERFD VDOtDQODV SDODEUDV REVFHQDV
TXHORDQLPDEDQDHQWUDUGHQWURGHPL
$OJXQDVYHFHVPHGHMDEDHQPLWDGGHODWDUHD\\RFUHtDTXHKXtDDERUU H
FLpQGRPH7RGRORFRQWUDULRHUDHQWRQFHVFXDQGRHVWDEDPiVDQLPDGRFXDQGR
UHPRYtDORVFDMRQHVGHVXDUPDULR\VDFDEDXQYHVWLGRODUJRGHVHGDURMDTXHVH
SRQtDSDUDDFDULFLDUVHODVQDOJDV\TXHOXHJRFRORFDEDHQFLPDGHPtPLUiQG R
PHFRPRVLVHYLHUDHQPtDSXQWRGHYROYHUVHORFRGHSODFHU6HOHRFXUUtDQ
XQDVLGHDVTXHQRHVWDEDQHQHOJXLyQTXHRWUDVYHFHVSDUHFtDVHJXLU<RTXHUtD
SRQHUPHPXFKRVYHVWLGRVGHVHGDVRORSRUVHQWLUVXPLUDGDDQVLRVDOOHQDUVHGH
FXHUSRVGHPXMHUHVLQDOFDQ]DEOHV&RQPLJRDSUHQGtDDGHVSRMDUVHGHORVSUHMX L
FLRVTXHOHLPSHGtDQVHU3HUGtDODYHUJHQ]DODPHVXUDHOVHQWLGRGHORUGHQ\
ODPiVFDUD<RQRWHQtDXQQRPEUHSHURpOPHOODPDEDFRQODVSDODEUDVPiV
WLHUQDVRVXFLDVTXHVHOHRFXUUtDQWDPSRFRXQDLGHQWLGDGDSDUWHGHODPDWHULD
SOiVWLFDTXHPHGDEDIRUPD
$KRUD GXHUPR FRQWLJR WRGDV ODV QRFKHV \ W~ WH IXPDV XQ FLJDUULOOR
PLHQWUDVDEUHVPLVSLHUQDVDFHUFiQGRWHDOFHQWUR7RFDVHVRTXHOODPDQ´VH[Rµ
\TXHUHFLEHQRPEUHVGHDQLPDOHVH[WUDxRVRIXJDFHV3DUDOOHJDUDOOtSRQHVXQD
YR]JDQJRVDFRPRGHURQTXLGRVGHEHVWLDFDYHUQDULD7HVDOHQSDODEUDVLQFR P
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
SUHQVLEOHV GH ODV WULSDV 7XV PXUPXOORV PH DWXUGHQ 0H KDFHQ SHQVDU TXH OR
KXPDQRVHVHSDUDSDUDGDUSDVRDXQELFKRWRUSH0HFRQIXQGHVWDQWRTXHVH
PHROYLGDODPLVLyQSDUDODTXHIXLGLVHxDGDDOFDQ]DUODIRUPDGHOSODFHUDMHQR
LQIODUPH GHVLQIODUPH \ GHVDSDUHFHU EDMR HVWD PDWHULD SOiVWLFD TXH PH DKRJD
7UDWRGHQRROYLGDUTXHQDFtFXDQGRPHVDFDVWHGHODFDMDSDUDGDUPHXQDHQW L
GDGVHUXQDFRVDWX\DIRUPDUSDUWHGHXQPXQGRVHFUHWRDOODGRGHORV SDQWD
ORQFLWRVGHHQFDMHORVOLJXHURV\ORVWUDMHVGHVHGDURMRV4XLVLHUDKDEODUWHSHUR
QRWHQJRYR]TXLVLHUDPLUDUWHSHURVyORSXHGRSUHVHQWLUWHGHWUiVGHHVWRVGRV
ERWRQHV GLEXMDGRV SRU ODV PDQRV GH XQD DUWLVWD H[SORWDGD /OHJXp GH FRQWU D
EDQGRDODWLHQGD0DQWHQJRPLFRQGLFLyQGHFODQGHVWLQD,PLWDVODTXHFUHHVPL
YR]SHURQRHVPLYR]HVODWX\DTXHVHDGHOJD]D\DOFDQ]DXQWRQRIHPHQLQR
0LWHPSHUDWXUDVXEHDOFRQWDFWRFRQWXFXHUSR7HQJRODERFDDELHUWDSDUDU H
FLELUWH\QRSXHGRJHPLU7~LQVLVWHVHQYLDMDUKDFLD´HVRµTXHHVWiHQPHGLRGH
ODVSLHUQDV4XLHUHVTXHWHGHYRUHFRPRXQDSODQWDFDUQtYRUD([DJHUDVHOIU H
QHVtFRQODP~VLFDGHOIRQGR\ODOOXYLDUHYHQWDQGRORVFULVWDOHVGHODVYHQWDQDV
(ODJXDWDSRQDORVGHVDJHV\ODFDOOHVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQUtR WXUELR TXHQRWH
GHMDVDOLU
4XLHURDFDEDUFRQWXVROHGDGSHURQRPHHVSRVLEOHDFRPSDxDUWH1R
SXHGRERUUDUWXSDVDGRSDUDFRORFDUWHHQXQHWHUQRSUHVHQWHVyORPtR7DOYH]
SUHILHUDV OD LQRFHQFLD GH OD RWUD VX GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR GH WX GHVHR DUGLHQWH GH
HOODVXHWpUHDLQGLIHUHQFLD5HSHWLPRVODHVFHQDTXHWHJXVWDSHURFDGDYH] HV
PHQRVSODFHQWHUD(PSLH]RDVHQWLUFHORVGHODRWUD\PHDIHUURDWLFRQGHVH V
SHUDGD XUJHQFLD 4XLHUR VHU WX HQFDQWDGRUD FRVWXPEUH WX YLFLR VHFUHWR 1R
SXHGRDOFDQ]DUHVHVXHxRVLPHFRQYLHUWHVHQREMHWR GHVHFKDEOH
6R\XQDPXxHFDSOiVWLFD0HFRPSUDVWHHQXQDWLHQGDGHREMHWRVHUyW L
FRV1RHUDQDGLHDQWHVGHFRQRFHUWH RNH\7RGRORTXHVR\WHORGHERDWL$
YHFHVWHJXVWDMXJDUDODPXxHFDVSHURFRPRXQQLxRURPSHVORVMXJXHWHV0H
SRVHHVSRUTXHHUHVPLGXHxR0HWRPDVFRQYLROHQFLDFRPRORVQLxRVTXHVH
DEXUUHQGHORVMXJXHWHV(QVD\DVPXFKRVUROHV\QLQJXQRWHIXQFLRQD3RUHVR
HVWiVHQFHQGLGRGHIXULDFRQWUDPt7HJROSHDVODFDEH]DFRQPLFXHUSRPLH Q
WUDVPHOODPDVSXWD7HDVXVWDVGHWXVIDQWDVtDVDVHVLQDV7DOYH]SUHIHULUtDVTXH
WHFDVWLJDUDSRUVHUXQQLxRPDOR$OJXQRVKRPEUHVVHSRUWDQPDOSDUDSURY R
FDUHOFDVWLJRGHPDPi7HDWUDLJRKDFLDPtWLUiQGRWHODVRUHMDV4XLHUHVGHMDU
GH VHU VXMHWR 7H DQJXVWLD HVH SDSHO GH VHU VLHPSUH TXLHQ GHFLGH HO RUGHQ GHO
JXLyQ&RPSUDVWHXQJRFHHItPHURTXHTXLHURHWHUQL]DUSDUDVXSOLUODQHFHVLGDG
GHODRWUD\PHFDVWLJDVSRULQWHQWDUOR1RODTXLHUHVDHOODHVODYLVLyQIXJD]GH
XQDPXMHULQPDWHULDOORTXHWHKLHUH
<R VR\ GLIHUHQWH 0H DFRSOR D WXV GHVHRV DXQTXH QR ORV FRPSUHQGD
7DUGHRWHPSUDQRDFDEDUiVHQDPRUiQGRWHGHPt1RWHSLGRSLHOHVQLEULOODQWHV
(UHVOLEUHFRPRHOQLxRTXHUHFLEHHOSHUGyQGHVXPDPiGHVSXpVGHKDFHUXQD
PDOGDG ¢4XLpQ SXHGH TXHUHUWH PiV TXH HVWD PXxHTXLWD HQFDQWDGRUD \ WUDQV
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
SRUWDEOH"0HYXHOYRWDQSHTXHxDTXHSXHGHV OOHYDUPHHQWXHTXLSDMH &RQWX
DOLHQWRDOFDQ]DUpODIRUPDGHXQDOR]DQDPXMHUGLVSXHVWDDFRPSODFHUWH(VWR\
FHORVDSHURORGLVLPXORGHPRGRTXHVR\ODSHUIHFFLyQSOiVWLFD/DVPXxHFDV
IXLPRV SURJUDPDGDV SDUD ´QHFHVLWDU XQ KRPEUHµ 6RPRV ~WLOHV H KLJLpQLFDV
&RQWULEXLPRVDPDQWHQHUHOHTXLOLEULRPHQWDOGHORVVROLWDULRV&XPSOLPRVFRQ
ODREOLJDFLyQGHFRPSODFHUORV1RFRPSHWLPRVFRQODVRWUDV1RFRQRFHPRVHO
VLJQLILFDGRGHODSDODEUDIULJLGH]6RPRVLQPXQHVDORVYLUXV\DOGRORU
4XpIiFLOHVFXDQGRWHGDQSODFHUVLQSHGLUQDGDDFDPELR0HFRPSUD V
WH1ROHGHEHVQDGDDQDGLH0HKLFLHURQSHQVDQGRHQWXVGHVHRVHQWXVRO H
GDGDLVODPLHQWRHLQFRPXQLFDFLyQ0LKRPEUHWtPLGRKDEORFRQWLJRVyORVLWX
PHGHMDV3HURQRGHEHVROYLGDUTXHHQHOIRQGRGHPtKD\XQDIUDJLOLGDGTXH
DPHQD]DQXHVWUDXQLyQ'LVIUXWDHQWRQFHVWRGRORTXHSXHGDVDQWHVGHUHYH Q
WDUPH1RROYLGHVPLGHOLFDGDFRQGLFLyQ'HVSXpVGHWXH[SORVLYRDUUDQTXHGH
M~ELORTXHGDUiQGHVSHUGLJDGDVODVWUL]DVGHSOiVWLFRSRUORVULQFRQHV£&XLGDGR
4XLHURSHUGXUDUSDUDWL
0HWUDQVPLWHVWRGDVWXVDQVLDVTXLHUHVTXHWHGLJDTXHHVWR\HQFHOR0H
UXHJDV TXH WH GHYRUH GHVHVSHUDGDPHQWH TXH QRDEDQGRQH MDPiV OD FDVD SDUD
TXH W~ QR WHQJDV TXH YROYHU D OD FDOOH FXDQGR GHMH GH OORYHU 7H JXVWDUtD TXH
OORYLHUDVLQSDUDU6R\WX\DKDVWDPLPXHUWHKDVWDPLGHVDSDULFLyQIXOPLQDQWH
'HVSXpVGHWRGRQRYDVDROYLGDUWHGHPt(QWXUHFXHUGRTXHGDUiHVWDPSDGDOD
KXHOOD GH XQDPXxHFD GH SOiVWLFR TXHEXVFDUiV HQ ODV RWUDV \ PH UHSHWLUiV HQ
HOODV
7~GHVFXEUHVPLVYLUWXGHV0HJXDUGDVFRQFXLGDGRHQHO DUPDULRDXQ
TXH WDPELpQ PH RFXOWDV FRPR VL IXHUD XQD YHUJHQ]D $FHSWR OD WULVWH FRQG L
FLyQGH FODQGHVWLQD 8QD PXxHFD QR GHEH SHGLU QDGD\ Vt GDUOR WRGR 3HUR HO
HQFLHUUR HQ WX DUPDULR PH DVIL[LD \ HVWR\ D SXQWR GH YROYHUPH KXPDQD SDUD
SURWHVWDU7HHVSHURFRQDQVLHGDGSDUDYHUODOX]&XDQGRDEUHVHODUPDULREX V
FRWXVRMRV\QRORVHQFXHQWUR/HKDEORDWXPDQRSDUDTXHPHOOHYHDODFDOOHD
GDUXQSDVHR1RVpTXpSDSHOUHSUHVHQWDVQLORTXHYDV DKDFHUFRQPLJR7X
PDQRDXVFXOWDPLVHQWUDxDV$EUHPLVSLHUQDV\OXHJRODVDWDDORVH[WUHPRVGH
ODPHVDGHWRUWXUD7XPDQR HQJXDQWDGDVHDGKLHUHFRPRXQDJHODWLQDDPLH Q
WUHSLHUQD7UDWDGHVDOLUSHURVHTXHGDDWUDSDGDHQODVSDUHGHVGHHVDFDYLGDG
(OWRFyORJREHVWLDQRDFLHUWD1RDFLHUWR1RVSHUGHPRV0HGLFHVTXHWLHQHV
JDQDV<DPtPHJXVWDUtDYROYHUDODWLHQGDSDUDH[KLELUPHDORVRWURV9R\D
GHYROYHUWHHOGLQHURSDUDTXHPHGHMHV HQHOSXQWRGRQGHHVWDEDDQWHVGHH Q
FRQWUDUQRV4XLHURFRQRFHUDRWURVKRPEUHVDQWHVGHGHFLGLUTXHYDVDVHUPtR
SDUDVLHPSUH$ORPHMRUKD\TXHFREUDUWHSDUDTXHDSUHQGDVDYDORUDUODHQWU H
JDGHHVWDPXxHFDTXHTXLHUHGDUWHWRGRSHURTXHQRDJXDQWDHOHQFLHUUR
(QVD\RDSHQVDUTXHQRH[LVWRTXHDOJXLHQPHSLHQVD(VWDQHOHPHQWDO
OR TXH EXVFDPRV TXH QRV GD YHUJHQ]D GHFLUOR $ SHVDU GH WRGR DPRU YHQ
GHQWURGHHVWHDJXMHURLPSRVLEOHSHQHWUDHVWHPDWHULDODQWHVGHTXHVHDGHYRU D
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
GRSRUHOIXHJR6R\XQDPXxHFDGLVSXHVWDDPRULUSRUXQKRPEUH1RSDGH ]
FR WUDXPDV QL PH TXHGDQ IUXVWUDFLRQHV SRU WX GHVSUHFLR (O SOiVWLFR TXHGDUi
LQXQGDGR GH WL SRUTXH PLV PDWHULDOHV FHGHQ D OD LQWHQVLGDG GH WX GHVHR VyOR
TXHWLHQHQXQOtPLWH3HURVLWXPHWDHVPLGHVWUXFFLyQSUHIHULUtDVDEHUORDQWHV
GHHPSH]DUDMXJDU9DVDDSODVWDUPHFRQWXSHVDGRFXHUSR6R\IUiJLOVR\IU i
JLOGHOLFDGDKDFLDDUULEDFXLGDGRDWHQFLyQ
'HFLUDPRUFRQXQDYR]VHQVXDOPHFRPSURPHWH\PHYXHOYHSUREOHP i
WLFD1RTXLHURUHVSXHVWDVDPRUQRHVSHURFDULFLDV6R\XQDPXxHFDWpUPLFD\
DXWRVXILFLHQWH'HVSUHQGHVPLFDEH]DGHOFXHUSRHQHVDHXIRULDUHSHQWLQDTXH
WHDWDFD6R\IUiJLOGHOLFDGDDUULEDRMRLQ~WLOQDGLHOHHODVLQVWUXFFLRQHVDQWHV
XVDUPH0HTXHGDHOUHVWRGHOFXHUSRTXHHVWX\RSXHVPHFRPSUDVWH(QWR Q
FHV DUUiQFDPH XQD SLHUQD 6R\ XQD PXxHFD PDVRTXLVWD R LQVHQVLEOH DO GRORU
0LVVHQRVDPRULQVLVWHQWHPHQWHEXVFDQWXVPDQRVGHILHUD1RWHQJRGLHQWHV
6LORVWXYLHUDWHGDUtDHOPRUGLVFRTXHPHSLGHV3LGHVWDQWDVFRVDVWDQH[WUDxDV
TXHPHSDUHFHTXHHVWiVORFR1RDOFDQ]DVODSOHQLWXGVyORXQDYDJDLPDJHQGH
ODIHOLFLGDGODVHQVDFLyQGHODIXJDGHORWURTXHHVFDSDGHWL(OVH[RHVXQH [
WUDxRTXHYLHQHDYLVLWDUQRV3DUHFHTXHVHTXHGDSRUODIRUPDFRPRVHLQVWDOD
SHURHQFXDQWRFHUUDPRVORVRMRVVHQRVHVFDSD6HH[DOWDGHUHSHQWH\SDUHFH
TXHIXHUDDGHVWUXLUODFDVD'HFDHRVHHQWULVWHFHVLQTXHSXHGDH[SOLFDUQRVVXV
UD]RQHV,JXDOTXHHOSOiVWLFRVHLQIODRVHGHVLQIOD\VXVGHVLJQLRVVRQWDQL Q
VRQGDEOHVFRPRORVGHOVHxRU1RVHGHUULWHFRQODVOODPDVSHURTXHPD\QRV
TXHPD
7XVH[RVHGREOHJDDQWHORTXHUHSUHVHQWR0HDVLJQDSRGHUHV(VWR\U R
WDSHURQRTXLHURPRULU5HJUHVDDQWHVGHTXHWUDVSDVHVODVSXHUWDVGHODORFXUD
9HQGHMDTXHWXFDEH]DUHSRVHHQWUHPLVSLHUQDV1RYROYHUiVDOVLWLRGHGRQGH
YLQLVWH (VSHUD VR\ IUiJLO WX FDEH]D HV GHPDVLDGR JUDQGH \ PH GHVJDUUDV 7H
GLMHTXHVLLEDVGHVSDFLRWHTXHGDUtDQPiVQRFKHVSDUDYLYLUHVWHVXHxR&XDQGR
\RGHVDSDUH]FDTXHGDUiHOYDFtRGHPtHOSHVRGHXQDDXVHQFLDTXHHVODRWUD
FDUDGHOVHU1RWHYD\DVDPRUQRKX\DVHVWR\YLYDGHQWURGHWL(OSOiVWLFRHV
VyORXQPDWHULDOXQPHGLRSDUDXQDIRUPD1RVHORGLUpDQDGLH6R\PXGD
7RGDV ODV PDxDQDV WH GLJR DPRU QR PH SUHJXQWHV VL WH TXLHUR 1R Vp
TXp UHVSRQGHU 1R YXHOYDV D GHFLUPH TXH VR\ OD PXxHFD PiV GXOFH TXH KDV
FRQRFLGR1RWHTXHGHVPLUiQGRPHFRPRVLIXHUDGHSOiVWLFR6R\\RUHFXHUGD
VR\IUiJLOGHOLFDGD\W~XQDEHVWLD8QGtDYHQGUiV\\DQRHVWDUpDTXt(QWR Q
FHVWHQGUiVTXHFRPSUDUWHXQDPXxHFDGHSOiVWLFRSDUDVDWLVIDFHUWXVQHFHVLG D
GHV
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
/$6215,6$'(/,/,7+
6X UXWLQD FDPELy FRQ ODDSDULFLyQ GH OD YHFLQD GHO WHUFHUR $ 1R KDFtD
PiV GH GRV VHPDQDV TXH VH KDEtD WUDVODGDGR \ \D HVWDED WDQ DFRVWXPEUDGR D
HOODTXHLQFOXVRH[WUDxDEDVXFRQWXQGHQWHWDFRQHRSXHVVXEtD\EDMDEDODVH V
FDOHUDVGHOHGLILFLRKDVWDGLH]YHFHVDOGtDFRPRVLVHOHROYLGDUDQODVFRVDV/D
WUDQTXLOLGDGGHOLQPXHEOHKDELWDGRKDVWDHQWRQFHVSRUDQFLDQRVVHYHtDDOWHU D
GDSRUXQDPXFKDFKDDOERURWDGDTXHHPSUHQGtDFDUUHUDVGHFDEDOORKDFLDDUU L
ED\KDFLDDEDMRVXVWDFRQHVLEDQURGDQGRFRPRHVIHUDVPHWiOLFDVSURGXFLH Q
GR JROSHV VHFRV VREUH OD YLHMD PDGHUD 'HEH VHU GHVSLVWDGD FRQFOXtD )HOLSH
FHUFDGHYHLQWHDxRVDSDVLRQDGD\UHWUDtGDKHDTXtHOGLDJQyVWLFRGHXQH[SHUWR
HQPXMHUHV
<HVTXHQRGHMDEDGHSHQVDUHQVXYHFLQDQLVLTXLHUDFXDQGRVHPHWtDHQ
HOFXDUWRRVFXURDUHYHODUIRWRJUDItDVeOTXHKDEtDMXUDGRGHGLFDUVHGHOOHQRD
OD SLQWXUD DFDEy KDFLHQGR IRWRV SRUQRJUiILFDV SDUD XQD UHYLVWD FRQ OD TXH OR
FRQHFWyXQFRPSDxHURGHODIDFXOWDG3HURGHWDQWRPLUDUODVODVPXMHUHVRFX O
WDVGHWUiVGHHVRVFXHUSRVGHVQXGRV\DQROHGHFtDQQDGD(QHOIRQGRGHVSU H
FLDED VXV SRVHV GH FOLFKp SDUD GHVSHUWDU HO PRUER GH LQGLYLGXRV LPSRWHQWHV
9HUODVHPHUJHUGHODFXEHWDGHDJXDLJXDOTXHVLUHQDVPHFLpQGRVHHQODVRODVVH
FRQYLUWLyHQXQDHVWpULOUXWLQD
(QFDPELRHOPLVWHULRGHVXYHFLQDORDVHGLDEDSRUORVULQFRQHVGHODF D
VD VLQ SHUPLWLUOH XQ PLQXWR GH OXFLGH] SDUD LQYHQWDUVH XQD HVWUDWHJLD TXH OR
DFHUFDUDDHOOD6HFRQVRODEDHQWRQFHVHVSLiQGRODSRUODFHUUDGXUDGHOLPLWDQGR
VXVLOXHWDFRQODLGHDGHKDFHUOHXQUHWUDWRTXHOOHJDUtDDVHUVXREUDPDHVWUD\D
TXH)HOLSHKDEtDHPSH]DGR%HOODV$UWHVSHURDEDQGRQyORVHVWXGLRVSRUIDOWD
GHHQWXVLDVPRVREUHWRGRSRUTXHQRVRSRUWDEDDVXVFRPSDxHURVSHQGLHQWHV
GH OR TXH RWURV KDFtDQ eO HUD XQ VROLWDULR \ SUHIHUtD OD VHUHQLGDG OD VRPEUD
DQWHVTXHHVDWHQVDULYDOLGDGHQWUHORVJHQLRVFX\RDIiQGHGHVWDFDUVHFRQFUHW D
EDHQXQDGHVFDOLILFDFLyQGHORVGHPiV
6XWHQGHQFLDDOHQFLHUURVHDFHQWXyDODEDQGRQDUODIDFXOWDGSDUDGHGLFD U
VHDODIRWRJUDItDWUDEDMRTXHOHSHUPLWtDFLHUWDLQGHSHQGHQFLD(VWRIXHSRVLEOH
JUDFLDVDHVHFRPSDxHURTXHORFRQHFWyFRQ (ORMRGHODFHUUDGXUDXQDSXEOLFD
FLyQSDUDLGLRWDV3ULPHURIXHURQODVPRGHORVOXHJRORVLQWHULRUHVGHODVFDVDV
FXDUWRVGHEDxR\GRUPLWRULRV'HVSXpVSDVyDXQDUHYLVWDPiVSURYRFDGRUD\
YLROHQWDPHQWHFRPHUFLDO6LODJHQWHTXLHUHVH[RVHORGDPRVGHFtDHOGLUHFWRU
XQHQDQRTXHHVWDIDEDDODVPRGHORVSHURTXHDpOOHSDJDEDELHQ&RQORTXH
JDQDED WHQtD VXILFLHQWH SDUD HO DOTXLOHU ORV UHFLERV GHO DJXD GH OD OX] HWF $
YHFHVVHTXHGDEDFRUWR FRQ ODV SURYLVLRQHV GH OD ~OWLPD VHPDQD GHO PHV ( Q
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
WRQFHV LED D OD SL]]HUtD GH XQRV DUJHQWLQRV UHFLpQ LQVWDODGRV HQ HO EDUULR TXH
DQRWDEDQVXVFXHQWDVHQXQFXDGHUQRGHWDSDVURMDV
/DSULPHUDYH]TXHVHFUX]DURQVXVPLUDGDVHOODEDMDEDDWRGDSULVD\HO
VXEtD FRQ OD EROVD GHO VXSHUPHUFDGR /H SDUHFLy TXH VRQUHtD FRPR OD 0RQD
/LVDSHURQRDOFDQ]yDILMDUHQODPHPRULDORVUDVJRVGHVXFDUDDGHPiVVHS X
VRQHUYLRVR\QRIXHFDSD]GHVDOXGDUOD/RTXHPiVORFRQWUDULDEDHUDQRKDEHU
GHILQLGR HO FRORU GH VXV RMRV QL OD OtQHD SHUIHFWD GH VXV ODELRV FRQ OR FXDO VX
REVHVLyQSRUHOODFUHFtD$OGtD VLJXLHQWHVHOHYDQWy FRQ XQDLGHD ILMD LQWHJUDU
HVDLPDJHQIUDJPHQWDGD\ERUURVDTXHOHSURGXFtDXQGHVRUGHQLQWHVWLQDO' H
VD\XQyVLQ DSHWLWRFRPRSRUFXPSOLUGHMy DPHGLDV ODWRVWDGDFRQODPDQW H
TXLOODSDUDGHGLFDUVHDDUPDUHVH SX]]OHTXHORVWUDVWRUQDED
(QFXDQWRVHQWtDVXVSDVRVLEDGLVSDUDGRKDFLDODFHUUDGXUDDYHUVLS R
GtDFDSWDUXQGHWDOOHTXHORD\XGDUDDUHDOL]DUVXREUD(QXQDUUDQTXHGHRV D
GtD LQFOXVR VH DQLPy D HQWUHDEULU OD SXHUWD SDUD DWUDSDU OD LPDJHQ GXUDGHUD
/DPHQWDEDHQHVRVLQVWDQWHVHQTXHVHVHQWtDLPSRWHQWHQRKDEHUHVWDEOHFLGR
QLQJ~QFRQWDFWRFRQVXVYHFLQRV\VREUHWRGRRGLDUWDQWRDODSRUWHUDTXHHUD
ODPD\RUIXHQWHGHLQIRUPDFLyQGHOEDUULR
3HURODLJQRUDQFLDDFHUFDGHODYHFLQDLQFUHPHQWDEDGHPDQHUDH[WUDRUG L
QDULDVXFDSDFLGDGGHLPDJLQDUODGHPLOIRUPDV\HQGLYHUVDVVLWXDFLRQHV/DYHtD
FRQXQDIDOGDQHJUDFHxLGDKDVWDODVFDGHUDVFRQXQDPSOLRYXHORTXHHPSH] D
EDHQODPLWDGGHODSLHUQD\DFDEDEDDUULEDGHORVWRELOORV'LVWLQJXtDVXVERW L
QHVGHDEXHODODVPHGLDVURMDV\HOLQPHQVRVXpWHUURMRTXHHQYROYtDVXFXHOOR
GHFLVQH\OHGDEDXQDVSHFWRGHGDPDGHODVFDPHOLDVODQJXLGHFLHQGRHQWUHVXV
ViEDQDVHQVDQJUHQWDGDVSRUVXVWtVLFRVHVFXSLWDMRV+XELHUDTXHULGRFRQRFHUOD
RSLQLyQGH 7HRGRUROD~QLFDDPLVWDGTXHFRQVHUYDEDGHORVWLHPSRVGHOFRO H
JLR6HKDEtDLGRDHVWXGLDUD,WDOLD\GHVGHDOOtOHHVFULEtDFDUWDVHQODVTXHQR
KDFtD PiV TXH KDEODU GH VXV FRQTXLVWDV FRVD TXH OH PROHVWDED VREUHPDQHUD
SRUTXHHUDFRPRVLpOIXHUDHOFHQWURGHOPXQGR$OWLSRQRVHOHRFXUUtDSHQVDU
TXH)HOLSHWXYLHUDXQDYLGDTXHOHVXFHGLHUDQ PXFKDV FRVDVHQVXPHQWH WDQ
UHDOHV FRPR VXV FRQTXLVWDV \ WDO YH] PiV LQWHQVDV \D TXH 7HRGRUR GH SXUR
VXSHUILFLDOHUDLQIDQWLOXQRGHHVRVPHTXHWUHIHVDORVTXHOHJXVWDEDKDFHUGH
VLPSiWLFRVHVRVTXHVHVHQWtDQHQODREOLJDFLyQGHVROWDUFKLVWHVSDUDVDOYDUORV
VLOHQFLRV FRPR HQ ODV UHXQLRQHV VRFLDOHV D ODV TXH OR KDEtD DFRPSDxDGR TXH
HUDQSRFDVSRUTXHpOSUHIHUtDTXHGDUVHHQVXFDVDHVFXFKDQGRVXP~VLFDSUHI H
ULGDXQSRFRGHMD]]\URFNFOiVLFR
3RU FRVWXPEUH )HOLSH OOHJy D FRQYHUWLUVH HQ FyPSOLFHGH ODV FRQTXLVWDV
GHHVHDPLJRTXHVHFRPSODFtDVHPEUDQGRHTXtYRFRVHQWUHODVPXMHUHVFRUW H
MDQGRDODTXHPHQRVOHJXVWDEDSDUDOODPDUODDWHQFLyQGHODTXHVtOHLQWHUHV D
ED)HOLSHWHQtDTXHGLVWUDHUDODHOHJLGDTXHHUDFDVXDOPHQWHODTXHWDPELpQOH
JXVWDEDDpOSHURFRPRVHVXSRQtDTXHHUDXQMXHJRDFWXDEDFRQFLHUWRGHVL Q
WHUpV\ODGHMDEDHVFDSDUVLQGDUOHXQDVRODSLVWD&XDQGRODVFRVDVYROYtDQDVX
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
FDXFHLQLFLDOHQWRQFHVpOGHEtDFRQVRODUDODLQFDXWDTXHVHHVWDEDGHUULWLHQGR
LQFRQVFLHQWHGHOHUURU
0LHQWUDV WUD]DED HO URVWUR GH /LOLWK VH KDFtD HO ILUPH SURSyVLWR GH QR
FRQWDUOHD 7HRGRURORTXHOHVXFHGtD3UHIHUtDGLVIUXWDUHQVROHGDGLPDJLQDQGR
HOPRPHQWR HQTXHODLQYLWDUtDDFHQDU(VHGtD SHQVDEDHQWUHJDUOH ODREUDGH
DUWHSDUDUHPDWDUODGHVSXpVGHOSRVWUH3HUROXHJROHSDUHFtDTXHQROHLEDDVDOLU
ELHQ/OHYDEDWUHVPHVHV\WUHFHGtDVEXVFDQGRHOPRPHQWR\HOPRPHQWRMXJ D
EDFRQpODODVHVFRQGLGDV$YHFHVVHDVRPDEDDOUHOODQRGHODHVFDOHUDDYHFHV
VHRFXOWDEDFXDQGRORVGRVVHFUX]DEDQ(UDXQPRPHQWRHVFXUULGL]RHLQIDPH
TXHQROHD\XGDEDDHQWUDUHQHOPXQGRGHHOOD&XDQGRODYHtDVXELUFRQXQD
DPLJDVHWRUWXUDEDSHQVDQGRTXHHUDOHVELDQDFRPRVLHOPRPHQWROHVDFDUDOD
OHQJXD1RKDEHUODYLVWRVXELUQLEDMDUDFRPSDxDGDGHXQKRPEUHHUDOR~QLFR
TXHDOLPHQWDEDVXLOXVLyQ
6LQHPEDUJRSLQWDUODDHOODOHUHVXOWDEDPiVDJRWDGRUTXHGLVSDUDU\U H
YHODU IRWRV7HQtD TXHKDFHU XQHVIXHU]RHQRUPHGH PHPRULD \ RWUR WDQWR GH
LPDJLQDFLyQ1HFHVLWDEDPXFKDFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\ /LOLWKVHOHDWUDYHVDEDGHIRUPD
FDPELDQWH \ OtTXLGD SDUD QR GHMDUOR FXOPLQDU VX SUR\HFWR $~Q DVt WUDEDMDED
FRQODPLQXFLRVLGDGGHXQDUWHVDQRGHWHQLpQGRVHHQFDGDGHWDOOHMXQWDQGRORV
VHQWLGRVSDUDWUDQVPLWLUOHPRYLPLHQWRDODOtQHD/DTXHUtDDVXODGRQHFHVLWDED
FRSLDUVXEHOOH]DSHURHQHVRVPRPHQWRVQRVHOHRFXUUtDTXHSXGLHUDEHVDUOD
6XV LPSXOVRV HUDQ WDQ FRQIXVRV \ FRQWUDGLFWRULRV TXH SUHIHUtD GHMDUORV HQ HO
DLUHSDUDQRWHQHUTXHFRQIURQWDUHVDYLVLyQFRQXQGHVHRYHUGDGHUR
$YHFHVODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHDYDQ]DUKDFLDHOODORVXPtDHQXQDSURIXQGD
PHODQFROtD6HOHYDQWDEDWDQDJRWDGRFRPRVLDFDEDUDGHVDOLUGHODODUJDFRQY D
OHFHQFLD GH XQ DPRU WRUPHQWRVR (UD HQWRQFHV FXDQGR HQ VXHxRV OD OODPDED
FRQXQDVHQVXDOLGDGGRORURVD$OUHJUHVDUDODUHDOLGDGGHVXDXVHQFLDQRSRGtD
RFXOWDUODVFKLVSDVGHORGLRTXHEURWDEDQGHVXFRUD]yQ6XRWUR\RUHDFFLRQDED
FRQYLROHQFLDDGYLUWLpQGROH GHO ULHVJR GHFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQPHGLRFUHVRxDGRU
GHLPSRVLEOHV)XHHQWRQFHVFXDQGRYROYLyFRQPiVDKtQFRDODIRWRJUDItDH P
SXMDGRSRUORVSOD]RVILMDGRVHQODUHYLVWD3RGtDTXHGDUVHVDWLVIHFKRFRQXQRV
FXDQWRV WUDEDMRV HORJLDGRV SRU ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV TXH YDORUDEDQ VXV GHVQXGRV
SRUODOX]TXHLUUDGLDEDQORVFXHUSRV6XVIRWRVILMDEDQVyORXQDSDUWHOOHQDGH
VXJHUHQWHVPHQVDMHVXQEUD]RHQPRYLPLHQWRXQDSLHUQDFHUUDGDXQRVGHGRV
WHQVRV1DGLHGXGDEDTXHGHWUiVGHODFiPDUDHUDXQSURIHVLRQDOGLItFLOGHVXS H
UDU/RTXHLJQRUDEDQHVTXHpOVHTXHGDEDFRQODVPHMRUHVIRWRJUDItDV\HQWU H
JDEDDODUHYLVWDVyORODVTXHOHSDUHFtDQDFHSWDEOHV\WpFQLFDPHQWHLPSHFDEOHV
$ VRODV GLVIUXWDED PLUDQGR WUR]RV GH HVRV FXHUSRV TXH GH DOJXQD PDQHUD OH
SHUWHQHFtDQ\TXHVHFRPSODFtDHQDEDQGRQDUVREUHODPHVDHQFRPSOHWRGHVR U
GHQ
(QPRPHQWRVGHPHODQFROtDFRPSUHQGtDTXHODFHUFDQtDGHVXYHFLQDHUD
QRFLYD SRUTXH DFHQWXDED VX VHQVDFLyQ GH VROHGDG 6H VRUSUHQGtD IUHQWH DO H V
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
SHMRKDEOiQGROHDHOODHQVD\DQGRODIRUPDGHHQWUDUHQVXPXQGR&XDQGRW R
PDEDFRQFLHQFLDGHODLUUHJXODULGDGGHHVDVLWXDFLyQVHHVSDQWDEDDQWHODFHUF D
QtD GHODORFXUD,QFOXVRHVWDEDGHFLGLGRDFRPSUDVHXQSHUUR SDUD QR SHQVDU
WDQWRHQODYHFLQD3HURHOGHVWLQRVHODSXVRHQIUHQWHFXDQGRPHQRVORSHQV D
EDEXHQRVGtDVOHGLMRFRPRVLORFRQRFLHUDGHWRGDODYLGD\pOVyORSXGRUH V
SRQGHUOHFRQXQVLPSOHKROD$OGtDVLJXLHQWHXQViEDGRORUHFRUGDEDSHUIH F
WDPHQWH WRFy D VX SXHUWD SLGLHQGR XQ GHVWRUQLOODGRU 3RU GHVJUDFLD pO QR
DFRVWXPEUDEDDKDFHUREUDVHQVXFDVD6LQHPEDUJRWXYRODRVDGtDGHKDFHUOD
SDVDU PLHQWUDV EXVFDED HQWUH VXV KHUUDPLHQWDV 6DWLVIHFKR SRU HO WLHPSR TXH
KDEtDJDQDGRYROYLyILQJLHQGRFRQWUDULHGDGSHUR /LOLWKQRORHVFXFKDED(VWD
EDHQRWURFXHQWRPLUDQGRVXVIRWRJUDItDVGHVSHUGLJDGDVVREUHODPHVDGHWU D
EDMR'HPRGRTXHHUHVIRWyJUDIRGLMRDPDQHUDGHFRQFOXVLyQ0L~QLFDS D
VLyQHVODSLQWXUDUHVSRQGLyFRQYR]DSDJDGDVLQWLpQGRVHFXUVLSRUODIUDVHGH
PHORGUDPD WLSR SLQWRU HQ SUHFDULD VLWXDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD GHEH YHQGHUVH D XQD
UHYLVWDGHPHGLRSHOR3HURD/LOLWKOHLPSUHVLRQDURQWDQWRVXVWUDEDMRVTXHVHOH
ROYLGyHOGHVWRUQLOODGRU\pOWXYRODLOXVLyQGHTXHVHLEDDTXHGDUPiVWLHPSRD
VXODGR&XDQGRHOODVHOHYDQWyVHRIUHFLyDUHVROYHUOHVXVSUREOHPDVGRPpVW L
FRVLQVWDODFLyQGHOiPSDUDVELEOLRWHFDVHQFKXIHVH[WHQVLRQHVWRGRORUHODFL R
QDGR FRQ HO KRJDU SDODEUDV TXH OH LED VDOLHQGR GH OD ERFD FRQ XQD IDFLOLGDG
LQXVLWDGD'HUHSHQWHVHHQFRQWUyHQHODSDUWDPHQWRGHHOODHQPHGLRGHJDVDV
GHFRORUOLOD\FRMLQHVDPDULOORV7UDWyGHDUUHJODUHOFDEOHFRQXQFXFKLOORKD] D
xDTXHFDVLOHFXHVWDGRVGHGRVSRUORTXH /LOLWKWXYRTXHLUDVXFDVDSRUDJXD
R[LJHQDGD\FXUDV/DSODQFKDGHHOODKL]RFRUWRFLUFXLWR6HJ~QOHH[SOLFyQRVH
OOHYDEDELHQFRQORVDSDUDWRVHOpFWULFRVSRUTXHVXHQHUJtDORVDOWHUDED)HOLSHQR
DFDEDEDGHUHSRQHUVHGHORTXHHVWDEDVXFHGLHQGR(OPRPHQWREXVFDGRKDEtD
OOHJDGR FXDQGR pO QRHVWDED SUHSDUDGR \ QR WHQtD XQ JXLyQ HQVD\DGR SHUR OH
JXVWyVREUHWRGRFXDQGRHOODORLQYLWyDXQDFHUYH]DHQHOEDUGHODSOD]D&RQ
HVHDLUHGHVXSHULRULGDG /LOLWKOHSDUHFtDD~QPiVKHUPRVDRWDOYH]DOOtpOWXYR
PiVWLHPSRGHFRQWHPSODUODHQXQHVSDFLRQHXWUDODVtIXHUDGHUHRMR\DTXHQR
HUDFDSD]GHVRVWHQHUOHODPLUDGD
$OOOHJDUDODFDVDYROYLyVREUHVXUHWUDWRIXHXQSODFHUSUHFLVDUODOtQHD
GHVXERFDVXQDUL]ODDUPRQtDSHUIHFWDGHODIUHQWH(QFDPELRQDGLHKXELHUD
SRGLGRGHILQLUFRQWDQWDH[DFWLWXGORVUDVJRVGH)HOLSHGHWUiVGHHVDVJDIDVGH
FXOR GH ERWHOOD TXH QR VH GHFLGtD D UHHPSOD]DU SRU SHUH]D \ SRU WHPRU D TXH
DOJXLHQSXGLHUDOHHUHQVXVRMRVVXVVHFUHWRV+XERXQLQVWDQWHHQTXHVRVSHFKy
TXHHOODVHEXUODEDGHVXDVSHFWR\KX\yGHVSDYRULGRDQWHVGHSHGLUODVHJXQGD
FHUYH]D3HVHDOPLHGRVLQWLyTXHVHHVWDEDDFHUFDQGRDOPRPHQWRGHVHDGR\VH
UHSLWLyTXHHUDPHMRUSRVSRQHUORSDUDQRHVWURSHDUOR
3HQVDUHQHOODHUDXQDFWRFRWLGLDQRFRPRFHSLOODUVHORVGLHQWHVDQWHVGH
LUVH D OD FDPDFRPHU GXFKDUVH R YHVWLUVH /LOLWK VH KDEtD PHWLGR HQ VX FDUQH
SHURVHJXtDVLHQGRHVDPXMHUGHORVVXHxRV\DTXHODRWUDODGHOWHUFHUR$QR
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
OODPDEDDVXSXHUWDGHVGHHVHViEDGR1RQHFHVLWDEDVHQWLUVXVSDVRVSDUDYHUOD
GHVFHQGLHQGR R DVFHQGLHQGR SRU ODV HVFDOHUDV FRPR XQD DSDULFLyQ IDQWiVWLFD
&RQPiVIUHFXHQFLDGHORKDELWXDODEDQGRQDEDVXWUDEDMRVHHVWLUDEDHQHOV L
OOyQ\VHGHOHLWDEDFRQVXUHFXHUGRSHUIHFFLRQDGRXQD\RWUDYH]VXVDSDULFL R
QHV $ YHFHV HOOD HUD XQD YDPSLUHVD HQYXHOWD HQ XQD FDSD GH VHGD QHJUD FRQ
XQRVJXDQWHVKDVWDORVFRGRV\XQDQWLID]GHJDWDTXHVHDFHUFDEDKDVWDpODU D
xiQGRORDYHFHVHUDXQDGRQFHOODGH +DPLOWRQLQPDFXODGDHWpUHD\WUDVO~FLGD
TXHEDMDEDGHOFLHORLJXDOTXHXQDHQRUPHPDULSRVDGHDODVEODQFDVLQYLWiQGROR
DYRODUVREUHORVSLFRVQHYDGRV\DYHFHVWDPELpQHUDXQDIXODQDHQYXHOWDHQXQ
YHVWLGRURMRTXHDFHQWXDEDVXVUHGRQGDVQDOJDVFRPRXQDPDQ]DQDJLJDQWHVFD
TXHWRGRVTXHUtDQPRUGHU(QUHDOLGDGODHVWDEDYLVWLHQGRFRQORVWUDMHVGHVXV
PRGHORVSDUDYHUHQTXpVHGLIHUHQFLDEDGHHOODV(QVXVYLVLRQHVVHDWUDYHVDED
ODPDOGLWDDPLJDGH /LOLWKTXHODOODPDEDHQORVPRPHQWRVPHQRVRSRUWXQRV
/D DPLJD VXSOLFDED PRYLpQGROD D OD FRPSDVLyQ \ H[LJtD FRPR ORV WLUDQRV OD
DPLJDORVHGXFtDFRQJHVWRVIHOLQRVLQYLWiQGRORDFHUUDUHOWULiQJXOR
'HQRVHUSRUODVOODPDGDVGHVXMHIHTXHORDSXUDEDFRQODVIRWRV)HOLSH
VHKXELHUDTXHGDGRHQHVD HQVRxDFLyQVLQOtPLWHGHWLHPSRHLQWHQVLGDG0LH Q
WUDVWXYRFLHUWRFRQWUROLQWHQWyGHVWUXLUHVRVVXHxRVSDUDQRGHJHQHUDUHQXQ
VHUDOLHQDGRSHURODVYLVLRQHVVHIXHURQLPSRQLHQGRVREUHVXUHDOLGDGGHPRGR
TXHODUHDOLGDGHUDHQUHDOLGDGORLPDJLQDGRSRUpO/RVWDFRQHRVGH /LOLWKFRPR
FDVFRVGHFDEDOORVVXELHQGRHVDVHVIHUDVPHWiOLFDVJROSHDQGRODPDGHUDHQVX
GHVFHQVRGHMDURQGHVHULPSRUWDQWHVSDUDpO6LOOHJDGRXQLQVWDQWHGHGHVSLVWH
VHFRODEDQ ODUD]yQ \HOVHQWLGRFRP~Q)HOLSHYROYtDD VHQWLU HVHUHQFRU SU R
IXQGRFRQWUD/LOLWKTXHORFRQGHQDEDDXQDYtYLGDDXVHQFLD
3HURGHVSXpVGHXQODJRSHULRGRGHPXHUWHWUDVHOFXDO)HOLSH\DKDEtD
UHQXQFLDGR D OD /LOLWK GHO WHUFHUR $ pVWD YROYLy D SHUWXUEDUOR FRQ VX FXHUSR
SUHVHQWH4XHUtDTXHODLQYLWDUDDWRPDUXQFDIpVHOHKDEtDGDxDGRODFDIHWHUD
FRPRVLQRH[LVWLHUDQORVEDUHVVHGLMR)HOLSHFRQIXULD3HUROHEDVWyFRQTXH
VHOHDFHUFDUDOHEDVWySHUFLELUVXDOLHQWR\GLYLVDUODVYHQDVGHEDMRGHVXSLHO
WDQEODQFDSDUDGLVLSDUHORGLR\HOUHQFRU6HVLQWLyFRPRXQQLxRSHUGLGRTXH
QRHQFXHQWUDDTXLHQSUHJXQWDU\VyORSXHGHOORUDU2FXOWyVXVHPRFLRQHVG H
WUiVGHODVJDIDVGHFXORGHERWHOOD\UHVSRQGLyDVXVSUHJXQWDVSDXVDGDPHQWH
6XVQHUYLRVVHQRWDEDQ VyOR HQHOPRYLPLHQWR GHVXV PDQRV \HQTXHQRH Q
FRQWUDEDODVFRVDV6HRGLDEDWDQWRSRUHOORTXHYROYtDGHQXHYRODUDELDFRQWUD
/LOLWK D VXV GHVHRV GH HQDPRUDUOD D OD PDQHUD GH 7HRGRUR \ GH DEDQGRQDUOD
GHVSXpVVyORSRUHOSODFHUGHYHUODDUUDVWUDUVHDVXVSLHV
(QHVDRSRUWXQLGDGHOODHVWDEDSUHRFXSDGDSRUVXSUXHEDHQODHVFXHODGH
$UWH'UDPiWLFR)HOLSHVHGLMRPDOLJQDPHQWHTXHQRYDOtDODSHQDVLLEDDDF D
EDUKDFLHQGRDQXQFLRVSDUDODWHOHYLVLyQHVRHQFDVRGHWHQHUVXHUWH /LOLWKHV
WDEDWDQ DQJXVWLDGDTXHORJUyWUDQVPLWLUOH VXV VHQWLPLHQWRV GHVSHUWDQGR HQ pO
XQ GHVFRQRFLGR LPSXOVR GH SURWHJHUOD MXQWR FRQ OD IDQWDVtD GH TXH SRGUtD
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
JXDUGDUODVyORSDUDpOHQXQRGHORVFDMRQHVGHODVIRWRV\PLUDUODFDGDYH]TXH
VXVRMRVTXLVLHUDQUHFRUUHUHOPLVWHULRGHVXSLHO
$OYHUODOORUDUVHDFHUFySDUDEHVDUODSHURHOODORUHFKD]yVLQGDUPXH V
WUDVGHGLVJXVWRFRPRUHJDxDQGRDXQQLxRQRSDVDQDGDWUDQTXLORVtUYHPHHO
FDIpOHGLMR1RSXGRHYLWDUDFRUGDUVHGH 7HRGRUR\UHtUVHGHVtPLVPR 7HRGR
URGHFtDTXHQRKDEtDTXHSHQVDUORGRVYHFHVTXHKDEtDTXHODQ]DUVHYHQFLH Q
GRWRGDVODVUHVLVWHQFLDVDFWXDUFRPRXQKRPEUHGXUR3HURHQ)HOLSHHUDPiV
IXHUWHHOPLHGRDOUHFKD]RTXHHOSODFHUGHOULHVJR(VHWHPRUQRORGHMDEDDFH U
FDUVHDQLQJXQDPXMHU/LOLWKOREHVyHQODIUHQWH\VHIXHGiQGROHODVJUDFLDVSRU
HOFDIp<pOKDEtDTXHGDGRGHVKHFKR\WLUDGRFRPRXQWUDSRGHSROYRIXHUDGH
WRGDUHDOLGDGGHVEDUDWDGRSRUGHQWUR\VLQJDQDVGHKDFHUIRWRVQLVLTXLHUDGH
VHJXLUFRQHOUHWUDWRTXHODLEDDLQPRUWDOL]DU
/RVFHORVYLQLHURQGHVSXpVFXDQGRODYLRVDOLUFRQXQWLSRDOWR\IODFR
FRQSLQWDGH YLYLGRU (O KRPEUH HVWDED DORMDGR HQ VX FDVD /R PiV SUREDEOH
SHQVyHVTXHGXUPLHVHQMXQWRVFRVDTXHOHSURGXFtDXQRVUHWRUFLMRQHVHQODV
WULSDV/LOLWKOODPyDVXSXHUWDFRQHOIDPRVRDFRPSDxDQWHXQIDQWRFKHOHS D
UHFLyDpOFRQVXFDGHQLWDGHRUR(OODTXHUtDTXHORVLQYLWDUDDXQFDIp(OWLSR
HUDXQIUDQFpVEDVWDQWHGHVDEULGRGH RMLOORVD]XOSiOLGR$OODGRGHODEHOOD /L
OLWKVHYHtDDQWLHVWpWLFR(OODFRUULyDPRVWUDUOHODVIRWRJUDItDV)HOLSHILQJLyQR
FRPSUHQGHU IUDQFpV SDUD QR WHQHU TXH KDEODU FRQ DTXHO WLSR ULVXHxR TXH VH
OODPDED+HQUL\WRGRHOWLHPSRGHFtDVXSHUEH
/RV GRV QR VyOR LQYDGLHURQ VX FDVD \ UHYROYLHURQ VXV IRWRJUDItDV VLQR
TXHORVDFDURQ\ORPHWLHURQHQXQUHVWDXUDQWHGRQGHVHHQFRQWUyFHQDQGRHQ
VXFRPSDxtD/DFHQDIXHLQROYLGDEOHSRUTXH)HOLSHVHVLWXyHQXQOXJDUGRQGH
SXGRREVHUYDUVLQVHUYLVWR\DTXHODOX]OHVGDEDHQODFDUD\pOHQODVRPEUD
WHQtDXQKRUL]RQWHGHVSHMDGR)XHGHVWUXFWLYR\iFLGRGLVFXWLyVREUHODIRWRJU D
ItDFRQ+HQULTXHWDPELpQHUDIRWyJUDIR\ORVDJUHGLyWDQWRTXH /LOLWK\+HQUL
VHIXHURQIXULRVRVVLQGHVSHGLUVH\VLQSDJDUODFXHQWD
)HOLSHQRDOFDQ]yDLPDJLQDUGHTXpPDQHUDHOUHQFRUDOFDQ]DEDDXQLUORV
1RKDEtDRFXUULGRSUiFWLFDPHQWHQDGDHQWUH /LOLWK\pOSHURVHYHtDVDOLUGHXQ
URPDQFH WRUWXRVR HQWUH XQ ViGLFR \ XQD PDVRTXLVWD (Q DSDULHQFLD ODV FRVDV
VHJXtDQ LJXDO TXH VLHPSUH VDOYR ODV YLVLWDV UHSHQWLQDV 7DO YH] HOOD VH KDEUi
FRPSUDGR XQD FDIHWHUD SHQVDED SRU ODV PDxDQDV PLHQWUDV HVSHUDED HO FDIp
$GHPiV\DKDEtDFRQFOXLGRHOUHWUDWR\OR~QLFRTXHIDOWDEDHUDUHWRFDUORSDUD
TXHHOODQRTXHGDUDPiVKHUPRVDGHORTXHHUDHQUHDOLGDG3HUIHFFLRQDUHOU H
WUDWR IXH VyOR XQD DFWLYLGDG PiV DxDGLGD D OD UXWLQD GH HQWUDGDV \ VDOLGDV DO
FXDUWRRVFXUR GHUHFRUWDUIRWRVHQODJXLOORWLQD\H[WHQGHUODV SDUD VHOHFFLRQDU
ODVTXHHQYLDUtDDODUHYLVWD3RUHVRFXDQGRYLRDDTXHOODFKLFDGHIDOGDQHJUD\
VXpWHUURMRVHQWDGDHQHOUHOODQRGHODHVFDOHUDFRQXQVRPEUHURQHJURFXEULp Q
GROHODPLWDGGHOURVWURVXVHUVHPDQWXYRLPSHQHWUDEOH
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
3DUDpOQRHUDPiVTXHXQDH[WUDxDPX\SDUHFLGDDOD /LOLWKGHVXUHWUDWR
GHQLQJ~QPRGRWDQYLYD\VXJHUHQWH1RHUDODPXMHUDODTXHDOJXQDYH]SHQVy
HQWUHJDUOHHVHUHWUDWR7DPSRFRODLQVSLUDGRUDGHOFXDGUR(OODQRKDELWDEDHQHO
FXHUSRGHHVDH[WUDxDVLQRGHQWURGHOVX\R'HVXVHUKDEtDVXUJLGRHVHUHWUDWR
FRPRGHODJXDODVYXOJDUHVLPiJHQHVGHDTXHOORVFXHUSRVGHVFRQRFLGRV(QWUH
pO\DTXHOODPXFKDFKDTXHMDPiVVHOODPy /LOLWKVyORTXHGDEDQIORUHVPXHUWDV
/ODPyHOWD[L FRPR VH OR SLGLy VLQ SHQVDU TXHDQWHV KDEtD HVWDGR XQLGRD OD
LPDJHQGHXQD/LOLWKFUXHOSRUORLQGLIHUHQWH(VDFKLFDTXHQRVHOODPDED /LOLWK
EDMDEDFRQVXVPDOHWDV6HLEDGHILQLWLYDPHQWHGHOHGLILFLR\GHVXYLGD/HGLMR
TXHYLDMDEDD3DUtVFRPRVLVHIXHUDDPRULUD5RPDD&KLQDRGRQGHTXLVLHUD
SRUTXHpOQROHSUHJXQWySRUTXpVHLED
/D]RQDGHVXVVXHxRVVHTXHGyOLEUHGHQXHYROLVWDSDUDUHFLELURWUDL Q
TXLOLQDPHQRVUXLGRVDDXQTXHODGHOWHUFHUR$QRVHDFDEyGHLUQXQFD9ROYLy
GHUHSHQWH SRU HO UHVWR GH VXV FRVDV /H GHMy OD FDIHWHUD QXHYD\ pO TXHWXYR
PiVGHXQDYH]ODRSRUWXQLGDGGHGDUOHVXUHWUDWRQRVHORTXLVRHQWUHJDU/D
YLRDOHMDUVHVLQODLPDJHQGHHOODVLQUHSURFKHVQLV~SOLFDV$OFHUUDUODSXHUWD
YROYLyDPLUDUDODGHOUHWUDWR\GHFLGLyJXDUGDUODDOODGRGHVXVPHMRUHVIRWRJU D
ItDV1RTXLVRHQPDUFDUHOFXDGUR\FROJDUORHQHOVDOyQ3UHIHUtDRFXOWDUORDORV
RMRVGHORVGHPiVWHQHUHOSODFHUGHFRQWHPSODUORHQFXDOTXLHUPRPHQWRSXHV
GHYH]HQFXDQGRDEUtDDTXHOFDMyQVyORSDUDHQFRQWUDUVHFRQODGRUDGDPLHO
GHVXVRMRVTXHD~QORSHUWXUEDEDQ
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
&$53(',(0
6DQWLDJR3UDGDVHOODPDED\VLHOGHVWLQRORKXELHUDSHUPLWLGROHKDEUt D
PRVYLVWRDWUDYHVDUD~QODVFDOOHVGHO&HQWURHQWUHVyUGLGDVSHQVLRQHV\ELOODUHV
GHPDODPXHUWHFRQORVKRPEURVHQFRJLGRVODPLUDGDHQHOVXHOR\ODLQFHUW L
GXPEUHHQWUHODVPDQRV(UDXQRPiVHQHVWDFLXGDGHVWUXHQGRVDKDELWDGDSRU
GHOLQFXHQWHVDVDOWDGDSRUYHQGHGRUHV DPEXODQWHVSRUHVWDIDGRUHVWUDLGRUHV \
ERUUDFKRV HQWUH TXLHQHV pO GHEtD EXVFDU HO FDPLQR GH VX IUDFDVR D IXHU]D GH
HVTXLYDUVXVDVDOWRVHOXGLUVXVWULVWHVHLQ~WLOHVPHUFDQFtDV\HYLWDUVXVPLUDGDV
1DGLHORYHtD\GHKDEHUORYLVWRDTXHOODWDUGHQRVHKXELHUDQLPDJLQDGRFXiQWR
OR DPp eO SDVDED SRU HQFLPD GH WRGRV VLQ UR]DUORV IOXtD FRPR XQ UtR WULVWH
TXHGHEHDWUDYHVDU DOFDQWDULOODV \PH]FODUVHFRQODVDJXDVQHJUDV SDUDOOHJDU DO
PDU /OHYDED ODUHVLJQDFLyQVREUHVXV HVSDOGDVFRQ VREULHGDG \ GLVLPXOR /DV
SHUVRQDV FRPR pO SDVDQ VLQ GHFLU QDGD SHUR GHMDQ XQD KXHOOD PH]FOD GH L Q
TXLHWXG\GHSHQDFRPRXQVHQWLPLHQWRTXHVHVLHPEUDHQHOSHFKR\FX\DUDt]
FUHFH\FUHFHUHPRYLHQGRODVWULSDV
3RGUtD GHFLU WDQWDV FRVDV GH pO SHUR SUHILHUR FDOODU SDUD QR LQFXUULU HQ
LPSUHFLVLRQHV0LURHVDYLHMDIRWRJUDItDGHORVGRV\VLHQWRTXHODFXOSDPHU H
YXHOYHODVDQJUH(VXQDIRWRGRQGHYDPRVSRUODFDOOHpOHQVXGLDULRWUDVLHJR
FRPRXQDPDQFKDTXHHVWURSHDHOSDLVDMH(VXQDIRWRGHHVDVSHTXHxDVFDSW D
GDVDOGHVFXLGRGHODVTXHWHDVDOWDQHQHOSDVDGRFRPRSUXHEDLQHTXtYRFDGHOR
IDWDOXQDGHHVDVLPiJHQHVTXHWHMDODQSRGHURVDPHQWH\WHREOLJDQDUHFRUGDU
HVHLQVWDQWH/RVPLVPRVRMRVWULVWHVVXLQFRQIXQGLEOHSRVWXUDDQWHODYLGD8QD
PLUDGDLQWHQVDTXHWHDWUDYLHVDHQHOWLHPSR\WHUHPXHYHODKHULGD'HHVDI R
WRJUDItDWUDWRGHDUUDQFDUOR\DWUDHUORKDFLDPtSDUDUHYLYLUODQRFLyQGHVXFH U
FDQtD
(QHOPRPHQWRGHODIRWRJUDItD\RQRVDEtDQRSRGtDVRVSHFKDUORTXH
VXFHGHUtD&yPRLEDDVDEHUTXHODYLGDQRHVPiVTXHXQF~PXORGHUHFXHUGRV
GHLQVWDQWHVIXJDFHV)XHWDQFRUWRTXHGHQRVHUSRUODIRWRFUHHUtDTXHPLV
UHFXHUGRVPHWUDLFLRQDQTXHMDPiVFRQRFtDXQKRPEUHDOTXHDPpFRQODWHQ D
FLGDGGHXQDJXLMyQTXHVHFODYDHQODFDUQH\WHDOWHUDHOFXUVRGHODVDQJUH
/DSULPHUDQRFKHTXHORYLOOHYDEDXQDERLQDDFXDGURV\PDVFDEDXQD
SLSD FRQ GHVJDQD VLQ PLUDU D QDGLH 0H VHQWp IUHQWH D pO HQ OD PHVD GH DTXHO
FDIpTXHHPSHFpDYLVLWDUSDUDGHVDILDUDTXLHQHVPHKDEtDQGLFKRTXHQRHUD
XQOXJDUDGHFXDGRSDUDPXMHUHVFRPR\R¢4XLpQSRGtDVDEHUORTXHHUDDSU R
SLDGRSDUDPtVL\RPLVPDQRORWHQtDFODUR"3HGtXQWLQWR\HQFHQGtXQFLJDUU L
OOReOFRQWLQXyFRQODPLUDGDILMDHQODPHVDSHURPHVHQWtSHQHWUDGDSRUHVRV
RMRVTXHD~QQRPHKDEtDQYLVWR'HVSXpVORVYLHQWUHDEULUVH\KDEODUPHGHVGH
ODWD]DGHFDIp&RQVXPtHOFLJDUULOORFRQDQVLHGDG\ORHVWUXMpDODPLWDGSRUTXH
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
VXFHUFDQtDKDEtDUHPRYLGRPLVHU7XYHTXHVDFDURWURSDUDSRGHUVRVWHQHUHVD
KXPDQLGDGDSXQWRGHGHVSORPDUVH6XFDIpVHHQIUtDPHGLMRHQHOLQVWDQWHHQ
TXHPHDFHUFDEDHOIXHJR0HSDUHFLyTXHORFRQRFtDGHVGHVLHPSUH/DWDUGH
HVWiXQSRFRK~PHGDFRQWLQXy6tPHWHPRTXHVLUHVSRQGt
$OHQWUDUHQFRQWDFWRQXHVWUDVHQHUJtDVRFXOWDVpUDPRVFRPRXQDSDUHMD
TXHKDYLYLGRWDQWRWLHPSRTXHVHUHFRQRFHHQHOVRQLGRGHORWURSRUTXH\D
QRHVWDQIiFLOHVWDEOHFHUODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORTXHGLFHpO\ORTXHGLFHHOOD8Q
FDIpWUDVRWURXQRVFXDQWRVFLJDUURV«/DQRFKHHVWDEDTXLHWD\ODOXQDQRVP L
UDEDGHVGHODYHQWDQD&DPLQDPRVDODEULJRGHOIUtRHYDGLHQGRDORVDSUHVXU D
GRVWUDQVH~QWHVVLQWLpQGRQRV\DIXHUDGHOSDLVDMHPLUDQGRORV DVDGHURVGHSR
OOR\ORVFDIpVFRPRVLIXpUDPRVH[WUDQMHURVeOSURQXQFLyPLQRPEUH0DUWD
1LVLTXLHUDPHVRUSUHQGtDOHVFXFKDUPLQRPEUHFRPRGHVOL]iQGRVHGHVXVO D
ELRV1LVLTXLHUDPHVRUSUHQGtDOSURQXQFLDUVXQRPEUH6DQWLDJR
&DPLQDPRVSRUODVLQLHVWUDDYHQLGDREVHUYDQGRDODVJHQWHVTXHVROtFLWDV
LPSURYLVDEDQODSDUULOODGRQGHDVDEDQ DUHSDVSDUDORVKDPEULHQWRVHPSOHDGRV
FX\DV YLGDV VH UHGXFtDQD XQD DSUHVXUDGD WHQWDWLYD SRU PRQWDUVH HQ HO SULPHU
EXV6HJXLPRVKDFLDHOVXUHVTXLYDQGRDORVDVDOWDQWHV\DORVPDWRQHVDWHQWRV
DO PHQRU GHVFXLGR SDUD DUUDQFDUQRV OD HVSHUDQ]D FRQILDQGR HQ TXH QXHVWUD
RSRUWXQLGDGHVWDEDHQRWURPXQGReOJXDUGDEDXQDPDQRHQHOEROVLOORGHVX
DEULJR\FRQODRWUDVRVWHQtDODSLSDDIHUUiQGRVHDDOJRILUPH\VLQDOPDVDFD Q
GRFRQHVIXHU]RHOFDORUGHVXFXHUSR<RDSUHWDEDORVOLEURVFRQPLVEUD]RV
SURWHJLpQGRPHGHODEDQGRQRSHQVDQGRHQORTXHVHQWLUtDDODEUD]DUVXFXHUSR
(VWDQ IXHUWHODVHQVDFLyQ GHORVGRVDIHUUDGRVDQRVRWURV PLVPRV \ HV
WDQFUXHOODQRVWDOJLDGHORTXHSXGRKDEHU VLGR TXHDYHFHVPHWRUWXUREX V
FDQGRHOSODFHUHQHVDIRWRJUDItDGHORVGRV+DJRTXHVDOJDPRVGHDOOtTXHQRV
DEUDFHPRV KDVWD IXQGLUQRV \ GHVDSDUHFHU FRPR XQ GLVSDUR GH 1HyQ &XDQGR
UHFRUUR HVD PLVPD FDOOH VX IDQWDVPD FDPLQD D PL ODGR HQ OD PLVPD SRVWXUD
KX\HQGRGHPtHOXGLHQGRPLFDORU/DIRWRPHWUDHODPHPRULDGHXQDKLVWRULD
WDQDQWLJXDFRPRODFUHDFLyQ&DOOR«PHFDOOD7RGRHVWiHVFULWRHQVXVKR P
EURV FDtGRV 1R YLQLHURQ PiV QRFKHV \ HVD IXH OD ~QLFD OXQD TXH QRV PLUy
1XQFD VXSH OR TXH KDFtD QL OR TXH TXHUtD 'H Pt VDEtD WRGDYtD PHQRV 6yOR
VHQWtDTXHKXtDGHXQIDQWDVPDTXHPHSHUVHJXtD\PHLPSHGtDYHUORTXHG H
VHDED4XHUtDDPDUDXQKRPEUHKDVWDHQWUHJDUOHPLVHU\DWUDYHVDUVXQDWXUDO H
]DFRQWDPLQiQGRORGHWRGROREXHQR\ORPDORGHPtLQ\HFWiQGROHHOYLUXVGH
ODPHODQFROtDSDUDIRUWDOHFHUORFRQVXVDQJUH0LVODELRVDKRUDORUHGXFHQDXQ
SRHPD VRxDGR TXH QR SXGR VHU TXH VH TXHGy HQHO GHVHR GH DOJXLHQ EDMR OD
IRUPDGHXQDFDUHQFLD
'HVSXpVGHDTXHOVDFXGLPLHQWRLQWHULRUYROYtDPLRVFXUDPRUDGD'HMp
ORVOLEURVHQHOSLVR\PHVHQWpDOODGRGHODFDPDWUDWDQGRGHSRQHUHQRUGHQ
PLVLGHDV6yORSXGHUHWHQHUIUDJPHQWRVODFDOOHHOFLQH«)XHHQHOFLQHGRQGH
QRVWRPDPRVGHODPDQR\HQVLOHQFLRQRVEXVFDPRVHQPHGLRGHODSHQXPEUD
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
/XHJRIXLPRVDODKDELWDFLyQGRQGHYLYtD(VFXFKDPRVD 6HUUDWPLHQWUDVFRQ
VXPtDPRVFRQVHUHQLGDGVXSLFDGXUDGHSLSD\PLVFLJDUURV$ODOX]GHODYHODV
SXHGHYHUHOEULOORLQWHQVRGHVXVRMRVFRORUFDIpTXHPHPLUDEDQGHVGHHORWUR
ODGR GH Pt 0H DWUDMR KDFLD pO HQ VLOHQFLR FRPR VL WHPLHUD HVWURSHDU HO ULWXDO
FRQODVQHFLDVSDODEUDV<RHQFDPELRWHQtDWDQWRSDUDH[SUHVDU\WDQWDGLILFX O
WDG SDUD SRQHU QRPEUH D XQ VHQWLPLHQWR \ FRQVHJXLU TXH QDFLHUD GH Pt 0LV
VHQWLPLHQWRVHUDQVHUHVVLQIRUPDHPSXMiQGRVHXQRVDRWURVGHQWURGHOSHFKR
FRQXQDULYDOLGDGHQWUHHOORVTXHPHDYHUJRQ]DED\HUDQWDQYLROHQWRVTXHPH
DWRUPHQWDEDQ FRQ VXV SXQ]DGDV FRPR DKRUD TXH SRU ILQ KH HQFRQWUDGR XQ
QRPEUHSDUDGHVLJQDUHVHLQVWDQWH
eOSUHSDUyRWURFDIp\PHFXEULyFRQXQDPDQWD1RWHQtD QLQJ~QWLSR
GHFDOHIDFFLyQ\ODWHPSHUDWXUDVHJXtDEDMDQGR&XDQGRORYLDOHMDUVHPHHVWU H
PHFt GHIUtR \GHPLHGRDOSHQVDU TXHQRUHJUHVDUtD ¢*LQHEUD R:KLVN\" 1R
EHER OH GLMH (QWRQFHV \R WDPSRFR EHEHUp HVWD QRFKH PH GLMR SHUR VH YHtD
TXHHVWDEDKDFLHQGRXQHVIXHU]RLQKXPDQRSRUFRQWURODUODDQVLHGDG
5HFRUUt OD KDELWDFLyQ D SHGD]RV WUDWDQGR GH GHVFXEULU VXV VHFUHWRV L Q
WHQWDQGRKDFHUPHDXQDLGHDGHTXLpQHUDHQODUHDOLGDG1LXQGRFXPHQWRQL
XQDIRWRIDPLOLDUQDGDTXHPHSHUPLWLHUDYLQFXODUORDDOJRRDDOJXLHQ0HPLUy
FRQ UHSURFKH \ DUUDQFy OD FpGXOD GH OD ELOOHWHUD 6DQWLDJR 3UDGD VH OODPDED
$WXUGLGDFODYpODPLUDGDHQHOSLVRRGLiQGRPHSRUURPSHU ODDUPRQtD GH XQ
HQFXHQWURFRQODVPDOGLWDVGXGDVFRPRVLODQDWXUDOH]DKXELHUDLQRFXODGRGH Q
WURGHPtODVXFLDVRVSHFKDSDUDLPSHGLUPHDPDUFRQODHQWUHJD\HODEDQGRQR
TXHWDQWRDQKHODED4XLVHGHFLUDOJRSHURPLERFDQRUHVSRQGLy$OFDERGHXQ
UDWRODKDELWDFLyQVHIXHFDOHQWDGR\YROYLPRVDVLQWRQL]DU
)XH pO TXLHQ PH LQ\HFWy DTXHOOD QRFKH HO YLUXV GH OD PHODQFROtD OD Y R
OXSWXRVLGDGGHOIUDFDVR\ODFRQYLFFLyQGHTXHHOKRUL]RQWHGHOGHVHRHVXQH V
SHMLVPR (V DOOt GRQGH PL PHPRULD OR LQVWDOD DXQTXH WUDWH GH HQFRQWUDUOR HQ
HVWHFDIpDOTXHKHYXHOWRLQILQLGDGGHYHFHVWUDVVXGHVDSDULFLyQ6RSRUWRFRQ
HVWRLFLVPR ODV PLUDGDV FXULRVDV \ EXUORQDV GH ODV FULDWXUDV TXH OR IUHFXHQWDQ
9HQJRFRQXQOLEURTXHHQWUHDEURFRQGHVJDQR(QFLHQGRXQRGRVFLJDUULOORV
\ SLGR WDQWRV FDIpV TXH PH HQIHUPDQ 5HDOPHQWH WUDWR GH GLEXMDU ORV RMRV GH
6DQWLDJR3UDGDGHQWURGHODPLVPDWD]DGHFDIp
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
<212/$0$7e
(VD FKLFD PDWy D VXV DPLJRV \ VH IXH 1DGLH YROYLy D VDEHU GH HOOD 6X
KLVWRULDHPSLH]DFRQHVHHVWDPSLGRPRUWDO8QRWLHQHTXHPDWDUDDOJXLHQSDUD
SRGHUVHU'HVSXpVGHPDWDUORVVHIXHDEXVFDUXQDIXHQWHGHDJXDSRUTXHW H
QtDPXFKDVHG0DWDUDDOJXLHQGDVHGWDQWDVHGTXHVHVHFDODVDQJUH\ODSH U
VRQDFRUUHHOSHOLJURGHFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDPRPLD1RHVSDUDPHQRV/DOH\GH
GLRV GLFH QR PDWDU \ HOOD IDOWy D OD OH\ (OFDORU VH OH VXEH D OD FDEH]D \ SRU
GHQWURHVFRPRVLHOODIXHUDXQDOODPDYLYD(OODHVXQKRUPLJXHURDOERURWDGR
TXHTXLHUHVDOLUDEHEHUDJXDSDUDVDOYDUVH6XVKRUPLJDVVHDVHPHMDQDORVVH Q
WLPLHQWRVTXHODDWRUPHQWDQTXHHVWiQDKtVRIRFDGRV\QRTXLHUHQYLYLUGHQWUR
GHHOODSHURVHTXHGDQKXUJDQGRHQODHQWUDxD
6XFXHUSRSHVDWDQWRTXH\DQRSRGUiYRODUFRPRHQORVVXHxRV6LQH P
EDUJRHOODUHVSLUDWUDQTXLODSHQVDQGRTXHDOPHQRVHQVX LQFRQIRUPLGDGVXVHU
HV YHUGDGHUR $O FDPLQDU YD GLEXMDQGR WRUWXRVDPHQWH OD SDODEUD OLEHUWDG /D
PiV DPDGDGHWRGDV ODVSDODEUDV TXH KD OOHJDGR DFRPSUHQGHU )XH HO SULPHU
VLJQLILFDGRTXHDWUDSy\ORJXDUGyFRPRXQWHVRURGHVGHTXHWXYRXVRGHU D
]yQ/DSDODEUDKX\yKDFLDODVQXEHV\DUULEDHQHOFLHORSORPL]RYLRXQDL Q
PHQVDERFDTXHVHDEUtDSDUDWUDJiUVHOD/XFKyFRQWUDHVDIXHU]DTXHODFKXS D
EDKDFLDDTXHOODVSURIXQGLGDGHV
(OODWUDWyGHDOFDQ]DUOD\VHIXHHVWLUDQGRFRPRXQSOiVWLFRH[WHQGLpQG R
VHKDVWDHOLQILQLWRFRQXQDSLHUQDHQOD7LHUUD\ODRWUDHQ0DUWH(UDPX\H [
WUDxR ORTXH VHQWtD SRU FXOSD GH HVH GHVHR GH KXLU (O UHPRUGLPLHQWR SRU ODV
FRVDVTXHQRVHKDFHQHVLJXDOTXHSRUODVTXHVHKDFHQ'HVSXpVGHPDWDUOR
~QLFRTXHOHTXHGDDXQDSHUVRQDHVSHUGHUVH\HOODHVWDEDOXFKDQGRFRQWUDHVH
GHVWLQR6XFXHUSRVHHVWLUDED\VHHQFRJtD\HOHVSDFLRQRREHGHFtDDODVOH\HV
ItVLFDV /RV SXQWRV GLVSHUVRV SRU DOHMDGRV TXH HVWXYLHUDQ VH MXQWDEDQ HQ VX
FXHUSRFRPRVLHOODPLVPDIXHUDHOXQLYHUVR/DVSDUDOHODVGHUHSHQWHVHFU X
]DEDQ\VXFDSDFLGDGGHHVWLUDUVHHUDLQYHUVDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDODVXGHVHRGH
GHVSHJDU
(QHOHVSDFLRQRVyORKDEtDSXQWRV7DPELpQKDEtDYDFtRV(VRVSXQWRV
DEDUFDEDQHOYDFtRKDFLHQGRXQDPDVDFREUDQGRXQDIRUPD(OODYLRFRPRHQ
HOQDFLPLHQWRGHXQPXQGRHO VXUJLPLHQWRGHODVIRUPDVFRPROHWUDVHQILOD
XQDVWUDVRWUDVGLEXMDQGRSDODEUDV(QHOHVSDFLRVHGHVSOD]DEDQVLOXHWDVHPS X
MDGDV SRU XQD IXHU]D LQYLVLEOH TXH DOJXQRV OODPDEDQ YROXQWDG R VRSOR GLYLQR
(OODURGHDEDHOFRVPRVFRQVXVEUD]RVFRPRVLIXHUDGLRV3HURWXYRODVRVS H
FKD GH QR VHU QL VLTXLHUD KXPDQD FXDQGR GHVFXEULy TXH HVWDED KHFKD GH XQ
PDWHULDO SOiVWLFR PDOHDEOH H LUURPSLEOH TXH D YHFHV HUD WUDQVSDUHQWH \ GHMDED
WUDVOXFLU ODV LPiJHQHV VXSHUSXHVWDV (OOD HUD XQ FXDGUR FRQ LPiJHQHV VXSH U
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
SXHVWDVFRQYHUWLGDVHQXQWRGRSHUR GLIHUHQFLDEOHV1RKDEtDGLVWDQFLDVSRUTXH
OR OHMRV HVWDED FHUFD OR FHUFDQR LQDFFHVLEOH \ OD FRQFLHQFLD SRGHURVD KDFtD OR
TXHTXHUtDFRQODVOH\HVGHVFXELHUWDVSRUORVVDELRV
(VDFKLFDPDWyDVXVDPLJRV\VHIXHSDUDVLHPSUH'HVGHHQWRQFHVQDGLH
YROYLyDVDEHUGHHOOD3HURHOODVLHPSUHVXSRGHQRVRWURV(OODURPSLyORVO D
]RV OLEUH FRPR KDEtD VRxDGR VHU \ HPSH]y D GHDPEXODU SRU OXJDUHV LUUHDOHV
SDUDORVGHPiVSHURYtYLGRVSDUDHOOD(QVXPXQGRKDELWDEDQORVIDQWDVPDVGH
VXVDPLJRVPXHUWRV+RPEUHVTXHDOJXQDYH]VHKDEtDQFUHtGRVXVGXHxRVVyOR
SRUKDEHUODDPDGR&RQYHUWLGRVHQIDQWDVPDVODPLUDEDQFRQGRORUFXELHUWRV
FRQVXViEDQDEODQFDTXHHVHODXWpQWLFRWUDMHGHIDQWDVPD'HVGHORVURWRVGH
ODVViEDQDVVHDGLYLQDEDQODVFXHQFDVGHORVRMRVPXHUWRV
(OODHUDOLEUHSHURQDGDSRGtDKDFHUFRQWUDODRVFXULGDGTXHVDOtDGHHVDV
FXHQFDVGHRMRVTXHDOJXQDYH]PLUDURQVXFXHUSR1RVDEtDORTXHHUDHOPLHGR
KDVWDTXHFRPSUHQGLyTXHWHQGUtDTXHYLYLUSDUDVLHPSUHFRQHVDVFXHQFDVV R
EUHVXFXHUSR(OPLHGRQR WHQtD URVWURDOSULQFLSLRSHUROXHJRDGRSWDEDORV
UDVJRVGHORVDPLJRVTXHHOODKDEtDPDWDGRSDUDVHUDOJXLHQ&XDOTXLHUDOJXLHQ
HUD HOOD \ HOOD WRGRV ORV DOJXLHQ (V GHFLU QR HUD QDGLH SRUTXH DOJXLHQ HUD HO
YDFtRTXHWDQWRWHPtD'HVFXEULUHVROHSURGXFtDHVFDORIUtRVGHWHUURUGHVHRV
GHVHJXLUPDWDQGRSDUDVHUVXVWDQFLD
/RVIDQWDVPDVHUDQKXHFRVLQPHQVRVTXHVHDEUtDQSDUDWUDJiUVHOD\QROD
GHMDEDQ GHVSUHQGHUVH GH OD 7LHUUD 1R KDEtD DGHODQWH SDUD HOOD VLQR DWUiV XQ
DWUiVTXHODFKXSDEDREOLJiQGRODDVHUGHSOiVWLFRSDUDQRURPSHUVH(OODDYD Q
]DEDSRUFDOOHVTXHVHFHUUDEDQIRUPDQGRXQDFiUFHO(OODOXFKDEDFRQVXFXH U
SR FRQWUD OD WHPSHVWDG GH XQ PXQGR LPSRVLEOH GH DWUDSDU FRQ VX LQFHVDQWH
PRYLPLHQWR (OOD QL VLTXLHUD WHQtD XQ OXJDU GRQGH ILMDU VX PRUDGD \ SRU HVR
WHQtDTXHYDJDUWUD]DQGRVLJQRVHQHODLUHVLJQRVTXHODPiVOHYHEULVDGHVE D
UDWDED
3DUDHOUHVWRGHODJHQWHDTXHOOD FKLFDPDWy DVXV DPLJRV\VHIXHSDUD
VLHPSUH1DGLH VDEtD QDGDGHHOOD SHURHOODVtORVDEtD WRGRGHWRGRV\HVR OH
KDFtD VXIULU (UD GLItFLO ROYLGDU D DTXHOOD FKLFD DUURJDQWH TXH VH FRPSODFtD HQ
KDFHUOH GHVSODQWHV D ORV KRPEUHV \ VH QHJDED DFRQILDU HQ XQD DPLJD 3DUD HO
FRP~QGHODJHQWHSDUDORVTXHQRODYLHURQHOODGHVDSDUHFLy1DGLHVDEHTXH
YDSRUDKtGHMDQGRXQDPLUDGDLQFLHUWDHQORVFRUD]RQHV\XQYDFtRHQHOSHFKR
GHORVKRPEUHVTXHODGHVHDQ6XPLUDGDVHTXHGDHQODWHODGHO FXDGURFRPR
XQD PDQFKD UHEHOGH 3HUR VX H[LVWHQFLD HV QHFHVDULD \D TXH HQ WRGD KLVWRULD
KDFHIDOWDXQDSHUVRQDUHEHOGH(QHVWHFXHQWRKD\XQDFKLFDUDUDTXHPDWDD
VXVDPLJRV\HPSUHQGHODKXLGD(OODQRSXHGHHVFDSDU\SRUHVRHOPXQGRVH
FRQYXOVLRQD\\DQRTXLHUHREHGHFHUDODOH\HVGHODItVLFD(OPXQGRVHUHEHOD
SRUTXHHOODVHUHEHOD
(VQHFHVDULRTXHH[LVWDDOJXLHQSDUDTXHHMHFXWHORTXHWRGRHOPXQGRG L
FHTXHQRHVSHUDEDTXHVXFHGLHUDSHURTXHHQHOIRQGRGHVHDEDFRPRODWUDJ H
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
GLDRHOGRORU(OODPDWyDVXVDPLJRVSRUTXHPHQWtDQDOGHFLUTXHDPDEDQ\QR
HUDQFDSDFHVGHUHFRQRFHUOR/RVPDWyVyORSRUTXHODHQJDxDEDQ\QRVHUH Q
GtDQDQWHODHYLGHQFLDGHVXVSUXHEDV<RFUHRTXHHVWDFKLFDORVTXHUtDSHUROH
GROtDHOHQJDxR(UDWDQLQVRSRUWDEOHHOGRORUTXHWHQtDTXHHOLPLQDUOR
(OODTXLVRDVXVDPLJRVSRUTXHORVQHFHVLWDEDSHURVHGLRFXHQWDTXHQR
ODGHMDEDQVHU7XYRTXHHOHJLU(OFXHQWRQRHVHVSHFLDOVyORSRUTXH KD\DXQ
GLVSDUR8QGLVSDURHVXQKHFKRQRUPDO HQHVWRV\HQRWURVWLHPSRV /RTXH
HVWRUEDGHEHGHVDSDUHFHU/DPXHUWHHVXQWHPDTXHSUHRFXSDDORVKXPDQRV
GHD\HUGHKR\\GHVLHPSUHSHURGDORPLVPRTXHOHVSUHRFXSHRQR\DTXH
VLHPSUHKD\DOJXLHQGLVSXHVWRDPDWDUDOHQHPLJRDOVHPHMDQWHDOGpELODOYH U
GXJR DO ODGUyQ 1R KD\ GLIHUHQFLD FXDQGR VH VLHQWH HO LPSXOVR GH PDWDU (Q
HVWHFXHQWRQRVDEHPRVGRQGHHVWi ODFKLFDSHUR HOODVtVDEH GyQGHHVWDPRV
(OODYDFDPLQDQGRSRUXQDFDOOHODUJD\HVWUHFKDHQXQOXJDULPSUHFLVRODY H
PRVSHUGHUVH\GHVDSDUHFHU
(OODGREODSRUXQDHVTXLQDGHMiQGRQRVHQXQDLQVRSRUWDEOHLJQRUDQFLD
VXIULHQGRHOWRUPHQWRGHQRVDEHUGyQGHHVWiHVDHVTXLQDVREUHWRGRSRUTXH
QRVSDUHFHKDEHUHVWDGRHQDTXHOOXJDUDOJXQDYH]/RTXHPRUWLILFDHVQRS R
GHUGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHODUHDOLGDG\ORVVXHxRV/DHVTXLQD\ODFDOOHVHYHQSHUROD
FLXGDGVHSLHUGHFRPRVLXQDFDOOHSXGLHUDH[LVWLUVLQXQDFLXGDG\XQDHVTXLQD
VLQXQDFDVD
$KRUD\ROHVLJRORVSDVRVDODFKLFD'HSDODEUDHQSDODEUDPHDFHUFRD
HOODSRUTXHTXLHURWRFDUOHORVKRPEURV\KDFHUTXHVHYXHOYDSDUDPLUDUPH(VD
HVODFDOOHGRQGHODYLGDVHHVWLUDFRPRXQSOiVWLFR\VyORQRVTXHGDLPDJLQDU
VLQ FHVDU SDUD QR GHVDSDUHFHU FRQHOOD /RV TXH HVWiQ PXHUWRV QR SXHGHQ O H
YDQWDUVH(OODVHKDFHIXHUWHHQVXVROHGDG4XLHURVHUXQD 8 TXHVHDEUHTXLH
UR VHU XQD 2 TXH VH FLHUUD 7RFR HO KRPEUR GH DTXHOOD FKLFD \ ORJUR TXH VH
YXHOYD SDUD PLUDUPH SHUR DOJR PX\ H[WUDxR VXFHGH QR SXHGR YHU VX URVWUR
'RV LQPHQVRV RMRV DWUDYLHVDQ ORV PtRV \ ORV TXHPDQ FRPR KLHUUR FDQGHQWH
VXPLpQGRPHHQODRVFXULGDGSHURGHQWURGHODRVFXULGDG XQDOX] TXHVH H Q
FLHQGHDXWRPiWLFDPHQWHPHJXtD
(QODRVFXULGDGHOOD\\RWUDWDPRVGHVDEHUTXLHQHVVRPRVVXVRMRVIX O
PLQDQWHV \ ORV PtRV TXHPDGRV WURSLH]DQ 3DUHFH TXH HOOD LQWHQWD VDOLUVH GH OD
SiJLQD/DKRMDVHOHYDQWDVLQTXHPLVPDQRVSXHGDQLPSHGLUOR'HERDFHSWDU
TXHHOODHVPiVIXHUWHTXH\RTXHORVHQVDWRHVQRRSRQHUUHVLVWHQFLD<RPL V
PDHPSLH]RDHVWLUDUPHFRPRXQSOiVWLFR4XLHURTXHGDUPHTXLHWDSDUDFR Q
VHUYDUPLIRUPDSHURQRSXHGRKHSHUGLGRODYROXQWDG\HOODPHGRPLQD0LV
PDQRV VH DJLJDQWDQ WUDWDQGR GH WRFDUOD /DV KRMDV VH HVFDSDQ SRU OD YHQWDQD
/DVOHWUDVGHVSUHQGLGDVGHODVSiJLQDVEDLODQHQODKDELWDFLyQ
(VVyORXQFXHQWRPHGLJRSHURHVWiVXFHGLHQGRORGHODVOHWUDVEDLOD Q
GR DOUHGHGRU GH PL FDEH]D OR GH ORV SXQWRV TXH VH MXQWDQ \ ODV SDODEUDV TXH
GHVDSDUHFHQ0DxDQDWHQJRTXHOHYDQWDUPHWHPSUDQRSDUDLUDOGHQWLVWDDQWHV
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
GHLUDOSHULyGLFRWHQJRTXHKDFHUORDQWHVGHTXHODFDULHVDOFDQFHHOQHUYLR \
PHKDJDJULWDUGHGRORU(VWR\LUUHPHGLDEOHPHQWHVRODHQODKDELWDFLyQVLQS R
GHUUHFXSHUDUODYLVLyQGHORH[WHUQR/R~QLFR UHDO SDUDPtHVHOPDUFR GHOD
YHQWDQD\HOSDOSLWDQWHDYDQFHGHODFDULHV KRUDGDQGRODPXHOD /OHJR KDVWD OD
YHQWDQDDXQTXHHQUHDOLGDGHVODYHQWDQDODTXHVHDFHUFDSHURQRTXLHURGU D
PDWL]DU ORVKHFKRV7UDWR GHOXFKDU FRQWUDODLUUHDOLGDGLPSXHVWD SRU HOOD 1R
PHDWUHYRDDEULUODYHQWDQDSRUWHPRUDYHUPLPDQRWRFDQGRODOXQD3HUROD
OXQD\ODVHVWUHOODVFKRFDQFRQWUDPLYHQWDQD6HPHRFXUUHFHUUDUPHFRPRXQD
2 SDUDQRHVWLUDUPH9XHOYRDPLSRVLFLyQIHWDOODVPDQRVDIHUUDGDVDODVSX Q
WDV GH ORV GHGRV ORV SLHV 0H QLHJR D HVFULELU SRUTXH KDFHUOR PH SURGXFH XQ
GRORUWDQLQVRSRUWDEOHFRPRHOGHODFDULHVDFHUFiQGRVHDOQHUYLRSDUDFKXSD U
PHORVVHVRV
1RSXHGRUHFRUGDUORVGHWDOOHV6pTXHHQFLPDGHPLVRMRVKD\XQDYH Q
WDQD\TXHPHHQFXHQWURVREUHODEODQGDVXSHUILFLHGHODWLHUUD0HKXQGR\PH
HOHYRFRPROOHYDGDSRUXQDFRUULHQWHWLELD3HURQRHVWR\HQXQUtRSRUTXHQR
KD\DJXD(VGHQRFKH\PHDWHUUDQRYROYHUDYHUHOGtD7UDWRGHUHFRUGDUHO
FXHQWR6pTXHPHIDOWDODVHJXQGDSDUWHGHOFXHQWRSHURQRSXHGRUHFRUGDUOR
VLHOODQRPHD\XGD6HTXHYHQJRGHDWUiV\TXHPHKHTXHGDGRDWUDSDGDHQXQ
HGLILFLRFRPRXQODGULOORHQXQPXUR+D\PXURVFDVDVFRQYHQWDQDV\SXHUWDV
FDOOHV\FLXGDGHV7RGRVHYDDUPDQGRGHVGHODPiVLPSHFDEOH\VyOLGDJHRP H
WUtD7HQJRODH[WUDxDVHQVDFLyQGHTXHHOWLHPSRWUDQVFXUUHDXQTXHDKRUDHVWp
GHWHQLGR/DVJRWDVGHOOXYLDVHGHVOL]DQSRUODYHQWDQD*UDQGHVJRWHURQHVVD O
SLFDQPLVRMRV\PHGDQODLOXVLyQGHHVWDUYLYD
(QODYHQWDQDVHILMDQXQRVRMRVPX\SDUHFLGRVDORVPtRVTXHTXLHUHQ
GHFLUPH DOJR WDO YH] PH HVWpQ GDQGR ODV FODYHV GHO FXHQWR R WDO YH] TXLHUDQ
DWUDYHVDUORVPtRVFRQVXVUD\RVIXOPLQDQWHVTXL]iVSUHILHUDQPDWDUPH(VS R
VLEOHTXHHOODYHQJDDPDWDUPHLJXDOTXHDVXVDPLJRV6HJXURTXHHOODYLHQHD
PDWDUPHSRUTXHVDEHTXHVR\OD~QLFDTXHFRQRFHVXVHFUHWR\XQDVHVLQRGHEH
PDWDUDORVWHVWLJRV&UHRTXHHOFXHQWRWLHQHTXHYHUFRQHVR7UDWRGHURPSHU
ODVSiJLQDVDQWHVGHOOHJDUDOILQDO3HURHQHOIRQGRTXLHURVDEHUORTXHHOODYDD
KDFHUFRQPLJR
(QWRQFHV YXHOYR D UHFRJHU ODV SiJLQDV GLVSHUVDV 3LHQVR HQ PL PXHUWH
FRQ SiQLFR \ XQ VXGRU IUtR UHFRUUH PL FXHUSR (PSLH]R D UDVJDU FXLGDGRV D
PHQWHODVKRMDVLQGLIHUHQWHDVXVODPHQWRV9R\DODFRFLQD\WUDLJRORVIyVI R
URV1RHVVXILFLHQWHFRQUDVJDUHOSDSHO\DTXHORVWUR]RVVHODVDUUHJODQSDUD
XQLUVH\ODVOHWUDVSXHGHQMXQWDUVH
'HVSXpVGHODDJRWDGRUDEDWDOODFRQHOODVyORTXHGDDPLVSLHVXQPR Q
WyQ GH FHQL]DV /DV SLVRWHR \ GLVSHUVR FRQ IXULD \ GRORU HQ ODV PDQRV HQ ORV
SLHV\HQHODOPDFRPRVLPHORKLFLHUDDPt6XFXOSDDVFLHQGHHQIRUPDGH
KXPR\DWUDYLHVDPLVYHQDVSDUDLQVWDODUVHHQODPpGXODSDUDUHFRUGDUPHTXH
DXQTXHODKHPDWDGRQRSRGUpOLEUDUPHGHHOOD
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
(00$
/DQRFKHHVHWHUQDSDUDORVTXHQRGXHUPHQSDUDORVTXHHQVROHGDGW H
MHQ\GHVWHMHQ XQDKLVWRULD DQFODGDHQ HO SDVDGR 8Q FLJDUULOOR WUDV RWUR HQ XQ
HVStULWXTXHQRVDEH ORTXHTXLHUH SHURORGHVHDWRGR/DYLGDSHVD HQHOVHU
TXHIXPDFRQGHVHVSHUDFLyQFUH\HQGRDVFHQGHUFRQHOKXPRKDVWDHOHVSDFLR
GHORVVXHxRV(OKXPRWUD]DORVVLJQRVGHODDQJXVWLD\GHMDKXHOODVLQGHOHEOHV
HQODPHQWH/DP~VLFDVXHQDSDUDDFDOODUODVYRFHVORVUHSURFKHVGHWDQWDVJD U
JDQWDVTXHPDGDVSRUHORGLR/DP~VLFDVLUYHWDPELpQSDUDDWXUGLUODSURSLDYR]
\KDFHUTXHQRVHSLHQVD6REUHODFDEH]DODVFRVDVDOUHGHGRUGDQ]DQFRPRDVW H
URLGHV HQ OD LQPHQVLGDG GHO ILUPDPHQWR VLQ GHMDUVH DWUDSDU 0XFKDV WD]DV GH
FDIpVRQFRQVXPLGDVFRQODGHVHVSHUDFLyQGHOTXHKDYLVWRODFDUDGHODPXHUWH
DVRPDUVHDODSXHUWDGHVXFDVDGHFLGLGDEXUORQD
(PPDDKtHVWiVORFRQWUDULRGHORTXHTXHUtDVVHUVHQWDGDVLQKDFHUQ D
GDTXHULHQGRDOFDQ]DUHOFLHORFRQODVPDQRVVLQHVDHVFDOHUDTXHWHOOHYHDODV
DOWXUDVVLQODSDODQFDTXHWHLPSXOVH\WHFRORTXHDODGLHVWUDGHORVGLRVHVW R
GRSRGHURVRVVLQODVFDUWDVGHSUHVHQWDFLyQTXHWHDEUDQODVSXHUWDVGHOSDODFLR
GHOUH\EXUJXpVVLQXQSDVDGRTXHWHDYDOHVLQXQVtPERORTXHWHUHSUHVHQWH
&RPR HO KXPLOGH DUUR\R QDFLGR GH XQ RVFXUR RMR GH DJXD DSDUHFLVWH GH U H
SHQWH \ HO PXQGR VRUSUHQGLGR SRU WX DUURJDQFLD WUDWy HQ YDQR GH HQFRQWUDU
XQDFRUULHQWHVXEWHUUiQHDTXHWHYLQFXODUDDXQUtRGHVDQJUHVGHYLHMD\QREOH
FHSDSHURQRHQFRQWUyQDGD
%DMRVXPLUDGDFUXHODKRUDHVWiVKXQGLGDHQHOIDQJRUHYROYLpQGRWHHQ
WXPLVHULDSHOHDQGRFRQWUDHVHPXQGRTXHHVFXSHVREUHWXRUJXOOR\H[LJHGHWL
KXPLOGDG\VXPLVLyQ7~TXHHVWiVDKRUDGHYXHOWDGHODVFRVDVTXHYXHOYHVDWX
KXPLOGHPRUDGD\DKDEtDVUHFRUULGRVHOYDV\SDtVHVPLVWHULRVRV\DKDEtDVGH V
FXELHUWRWHVRURVLQLPDJLQDEOHV7~TXHWHTXHMDEDVGHWXIDOWDGHH[SHULHQFLD\D
KDEtDV VHQWLGR HO YpUWLJR GHO SHOLJUR HO SODFHU \ HO PLHGR GH SHUGHUWH HQ XQD
PRQWDxD GRQGH ORV iUEROHV \ ORV DQLPDOHV DFHFKDEDQ 6DEtDV GH OD LQWHQVLGDG
GHOLPSXOVRGHODFDUUHUD\ODIDWLJDFRUUtDVFRQGHVHVSHUDFLyQKDFLDHODELVPR\
FHUUDEDVORVRMRVDQWHVGHFDHUHQHOYDFtR'HVGH ORDOWRFRQWHPSODEDVXQRD
XQRORVWHFKRVGHODVFDVDVHQWUHORVFXDOHVGLVWLQJXtDVHOFDPSDQDULR\SHQV D
EDV HQ OD LJOHVLD \ HVFXFKDEDV ODV FDGHQDV GH ODV DOPDV HQ SHQD SHQVDGR FRQ
PRUERVDFXULRVLGDGHQVXVXIULPLHQWR\GHVDILDQGRDODVIXHU]DVRFXOWDVDDWU D
YHVDUFRQWLJROD]RQDRVFXUDGHODOPD(VFXFKDEDVODVTXHMDVGHODVDOPDVHQOD
IURQWHUDHQWUHODYLGD\ODPXHUWHSDGHFLHQGRSRUQRWHQHUXQDVHJXQGDRSR U
WXQLGDGSRUQRSRGHUYLYLUXQDH[LVWHQFLDQXHYDSDUDUHSDUDUVXIDOWD
'HVGHORDOWRFRQWHPSODEDVOD GLJQtVLPDVREULHGDGGHORVFLSUHVHVVLOH Q
FLRVRV DEDMR WH GHWHQtDV IUHQWH DO FHPHQWHULR \ OODPDEDV D ORV PXHUWRV FRQ
LUUHVSHWXRVD LQVLVWHQFLD D~Q VDELHQGR TXH HQ OD QRFKH VH LEDQ D YHQJDU GH WL
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
4XHUtDV LPDJLQDU HO QDXVHDEXQGR FXDGUR GH OD GHVFRPSRVLFLyQ WUDWDQGR GH
DIHUUDUWHDXQFXHUSRSHURHVWDEDVVROD3DUDFRQVRODUWHGHWXVROHGDGUHFRJtDV
IORUHVVLOYHVWUHV\IRUPDEDVXQUDPRTXHOXHJRSLVRWHDEDVFRQGHVGpQ¢$TXLpQ
LEDDLPSRUWDUOHFRQRFHUHOIRQGRGHWXVHU"¢TXLpQLEDDILMDUVHHQXQDKXPLOGH
PXFKDFKDTXHVHDWUHYtDDFDPLQDUHQWLHUUDVDMHQDVTXHDUUDQFDEDODVIORUHVGH
ORVRWURVFRQUDELDGHVDILDQGRODVQRUPDVHLQYLWiQGRORVDDERIHWHDUOD"3HURWH
DILDQ]DEDVIUHQWHDOHVSHMRHQVD\DQGRXQD\PLOSRVWXUDVDQWHODDGYHUVLGDG
7~VLHPSUHTXHUtDVSHUGHUWHSDUDWHQHUXQDKLVWRULD HQWHUUDGDHQWXV H
FUHWRMDUGtQ&RJtDVIUXWRVH[WUDxRVHQHOPRQWH\ORVSUREDEDVWRGRVSRUYHUVL
DOILQWHDWUDJDQWDEDVFRQHOYHQHQR\WHSRQtDVHQSHOLJUR¢GHTXpRWUDPDQHUD
LEDDVDFXGLUVHWXFXHUSRHQFHUUDGRHQODFiUFHOGHXQDHGXFDFLyQSHUYHUVDTXH
WHLPSHGtDKDEODUFRQODRWUD"¢FyPRLEDDDSODFDUVHODPXGD TXHKDELWDEDOD
HQWUDxD\WHKDFtDGDxRWUDWDQGRGHOLEHUDUVH"
(PPDTXHUtDVQDGDUSHURQHFHVLWDEDVSLHXQDEDVHSDUDFREUDULPSX O
VR 3RU HVRGXGDEDV HQ OD RULOOD DQWHV GH DWUDYHVDU HO UtR 'HEtDV FRQIRUPDUWH
FRQODVHQVDFLyQGHODJXDIUtDFRPRXQODWLJD]RD]RWDQGRODFDUQHHPSXMDQGR
WXVDQJUH\OOHQDQGRGHPDULSRVDVEODQFDVWXFHUHEUR/DFDUQHVLHPSUHODFD U
QHWRGRRFXUULHQGRHQWXFXHUSRWXFXHUSRHVFXSLHQGRODUDELDHORGLR\WU D
JDQGRWUDJDQGRODVDOLYDODIUXWDSRGULGDODOHFKHDJULDGHORVSHFKRV7XFXH U
SRWXWHVRURHQHODJXDGHVQXGRVRxiQGRVHDOJDPDULQD3HURWHQtDVPLHGRGH
TXHXQDPLUDGDVHDWUHYLHUDDH[SORUDUORVVHFUHWRVGHWXFXHUSR\WHVRQURMDVWH
DO VHQWLU XQRV RMRV VREUH WX SLHO TXHPiQGROD DWUDYHViQGROD FRQ FXULRVLGDG
+XLVWHGHHVRVRMRVTXHQRWHDPDEDQFDtVWHSHUGLHQGRHOHTXLOLEULRHQODFDUU H
UD OXHJR WH OHYDQWDVWH VRSRUWDQGR OD KXPLOODFLyQ OD ULVD GH ORV PXFKDFKRV
WLUDQGRSLHGUDVDOUtRFRPRVLWXGHVWLQR PDOGLWRIXHUDVLHPSUHFRUUHUFDHU\
OHYDQWDUWH7~VyORTXHUtDVYLYLUHQHODJXDFRPRODVDOJDVYHUFyPRWXSHORLED
\YHQtDWXVPDQRVVHDJLJDQWDEDQ\WXVSLHUQDVVHVHSDUDEDQVLQUHVHUYD9LYLU
HQ OD PDWHULD OtTXLGD SHUWHQHFHUOH DO DJXD TXHUtDV PLHQWUDV FHUUDEDV ORV RMRV
GHVDILDQGRDODHQHPLJD (PPDHVWiVDKtHQODPDGUXJDGDFRQXQOLEURDOU H
YpVDUUXJDQGROD~OWLPDKRMDGHWXKLVWRULD\DUURMiQGRODDODSDSHOHUD
/DQRFKHHVHOLQILHUQRGHORVYLYRVHOGtDHOSXUJDWRULRGHORVPXHUWRV
7XVGtDV\WXVQRFKHVVHSLHUGHHQWUHODPXOWLWXG\WHODQ]DVDODERFDGHODVF D
OOHV VLQ SHQVDU HQ HO SHOLJUR WXV GtDV VRQ FRPR OD SLHGUD GH 6tVLIR SHVDGRV
PRQyWRQRV \ SXQWXDOHV 7~ GHVDSDUHFHV HQ ODV IDXFHV GH ORV DQGHQHV TXH WH
DUUDVWUDQKDVWDXQHGLILFLRGHPLUDGDIUtD7~GXGDVQRHQWLHQGHVORTXHWHSDVD
SHURYLROHQWDVWXQDWXUDOH]D\DYDQ]DV7~SLHQVDVTXHQRWLHQHVSRUTXpVXELUWH
DODVFHQVRUFRPRXQEXOWRTXHWHYDDWLUDUHQXQSLVRFXDOTXLHUDW~SLHQVDVTXH
YDOHVPiVTXHORVDPRVTXHWHYHQGLHURQWDQEDUDWDTXHXQGtDOHVYDVDGHFLUOR
TXHVLHQWHVSHURWHDJXDQWDVVLHPSUHWH DJXDQWDV SRUTXH XQD ERPED GH SU H
VLyQWHVRVWLHQHGHDWUiV\WHFRORFDIUHQWHDORVRWURVLJXDOTXHDXQPDPDUU D
FKRGHIHULD$KtHVWiV (PPDFRQORVHPSOHDGRVTXHVHDOLPHQWDQGHODEXUU L
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
PLHQWRTXHJHQHUDVXPDTXLQDULDDKtHVWiVFRQORVTXHHVSHUDQHOGRPLQJRSDUD
FRPSHQVDUFRQHOVXHxRODIDOWDGHYLGDFRQORVTXHVHSRQHQDOUHGHGRUGHXQD
PHVD\QXQFDOOHJDQDPLUDUVHDKtHVWiVFRQORVTXHQRKDEODQSRUTXHSHUGL H
URQVXYR]
(PPDWUDHVODPHPRULDGHWXVROHGDG\DKRUDHQWLHQGHVTXHHQHOIRQGR
ODTXLHUHVTXHQDGLHWLHQHODFXOSDGHWXDLVODPLHQWRTXHWDOYH]WRGRVHGHEDD
WXSUHGLOHFFLyQSRUODVPXxHFDVDODVTXHOHVHQVHxDEDVHOOHQJXDMHGHORVDQ L
PDOHV\OHVFRQWDEDVFXHQWRVWULVWHVSDUDOORUDUFRQHOODV(QWLHQGHVTXHWHJ D
QDVWHODVROHGDGDSXOVRSUHVFLQGLHQGRGHODUHVSXHVWDGHORVRWURVFRQIRUPi Q
GRWH FRQ OD GHO HVSHMR 6DEHV TXH ORV GHVHRV VH KDQ YXHOWR HQ WX FRQWUD TXH
WDQWDVFRVDVMXQWDVQRSRGtDQVHU4XHUtDVYLYLUHQODVHOYDHQWUHORVLQGtJHQDV
FRQRFHUVXVFRVWXPEUHVHQWHQGHUVXPXQGRSDUDH[SOLFDUWHHOSURSLR3HURHO
PXQGRWHDUUHEDWyHVHVXHxRSDUDUHJDOiUVHORDDOJXLHQTXHQRORGHVHDEDFRQ
WDQWRDKtQFRFRPRW~\HVRQRORSRGUiVROYLGDUMDPiV¢&yPRSRGtDVTXHUHU
HVRW~XQDPXFKDFKDYXOJDU"1RW~QRSRGtDVHUHVRWHGLMHURQORVTXHWUD] D
URQSDUD WtXQIXWXURDSOD]RV\FRQLQWHUHVHV<QRSXGLVWHVHUORQRSRUTXH
DWXUGLGDSHUGLVWHODGLUHFFLyQGHWXGHVHR3HURODIUXVWUDFLyQVHWHFODYyHQHO
DOPD\WHERUUyODVRQULVDSDUDVLHPSUH$~QDVtSHUVLVWLyHQWLODLGHDGHODIXJD
DXQTXHGHVGHODFLXGDGLQWHQWDUDVRWUDVIRUPDVGHIHOLFLGDGPRGHVWDPHQWHK X
PDQDVFRPRHOFLQHFRQORVDPLJRV\ODVODUJDVFDPLQDWDVHQWUHYLWULQDV\SR U
WRQHVLQDFFHVLEOHVDORVTXHOHVDUUDQFDEDVFXHQWRVGHWHUURU
3RUODQRFKHWUDtDVORVUXLGRVGHODVHOYDKDVWDWXKDELWDFLyQHVFXFKDEDV
HOUXPRUGHORVUtRV\HOFDQWRGHVHVSHUDGRGHORVSiMDURVDVtODQRFLyQGHOG H
VRUGHQGHORVVHQWLGRVVHLQVWDODEDHQWXFXHUSR (PPDDVSLUDEDVDODSpUGLGD
GH OD FRQFLHQFLD D OD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH WX PDWHULD D OD SRVLELOLGDG GH VHU HQ
RWUDGLPHQVLyQ3HURHVHGHVHRVHKDGHVYDQHFLGR\VyORVHDVRPDHQHOUHLQR
GHORVVXHxRV$KRUDQRVDEHVORTXHTXLHUHVHQVXDKRUDQLHQVXDTXt7HS D
UHFHTXHTXLHUHVHVFULELUORTXHTXLVLVWHVHU\QRSXGLVWHSHURWLHQHVPLHGRGHOD
VROHGDG\GHOVXIULPLHQWRGHWXSDODEUDLQGHFLVDWHPHV
TXHVyORWHJXVWHTXHWHJXVWHHVFULELU\DQRFRQItDVHQODFRQVLVWHQFLDGHO
GHVHR
(PPDQRGHMDVGHIXPDUFRPRXQHQWHHPSXMDVHOKXPRSRUWXVIRVDV
QDVDOHV\GHMDV HVFDSDUXQDV FXDQWDV OiJULPDVTXHDFODUDQODWXUELD PDWHULDGHO
RGLRTXHWHDKRJDFRQWUDODTXHOXFKDVFRQODIXHU]DGHWXVVDQJUHVFRQHOSHVR
GHODVYRFHVTXHILMDURQORVUDVJRVGHWXFDUD\WHODSLGDURQFRQWDQWR\WDQLQ~WLO
RUJXOOR7HOHYDQWDVFRQHOJRUURHQFDUQDGRFRPRVLUHSUHVHQWDUDVHOSDSHOGH
ODOLEHUWDG\JXLDUDVDXQDJURVHUDPXOWLWXGVHGLHQWDGHVDQJUH(QWXPHQWH\D
QRFDEHQODVKLVWRULDVSHURODVWUDJHGLDVVDOHQFRPRFtUFXORVGHKXPR3UHIHU L
UtDVYROYHUDQDFHUEDMRRWURFLHOR\QRVDOLUGHODJXDVDEHUWHDQpPRQDRFDU D
FRODTXHJXDUGDORVVRQLGRVGHOPDU
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
/RTXHWHGXHOHHVQRDPDU\HVSHUDUTXHWHDPHQVHQWLUTXHHVWULYLDOOR
PiVKXPDQRHLPSRUWDQWHORTXHQRVHSXHGHWHQHU7LHQHVIUtRSHURTXLHUHV
FDVWLJDUWHSRUQRVDEHUFyPRDPDU\REOLJDUWHDHVSHUDUORLQHVSHUDGRDVRxDU
FRQXQDPDQWH
(PPDSRGtDVVHUWDQWDVFRVDV\QRIXLVWHSRUTXHWHHPSHxDVWHDVHUD X
VHQFLD7HTXHGDVWHPLUDQGRDHVDPXFKDFKDURWDGHEDMRGHODVUXHGDVGHOFDUUR
\RGLDVWHDWRGDODJHQWHTXHVHSXVRDVXDOUHGHGRUFRPRVLTXLVLHUDQWUDJiUVHOD
FRQODPLUDGD7HYLVWHHQHOOD\VHQWLVWHXQGRORUPX\LQWHQVRSRUVXYLGD1R
SXGLVWHDOFDQ]DUODFXDQGRVHODQ]yDOFDPLyQKX\HQGRGHORV JDPLQHVTXHLEDQ
GHWUiVGHVXEROVR/DSROLFtDYLQR DRUJDQL]DU HOHVSHFWiFXORHPSXMDQGRDOD
JHQWHVHSDUDQGRXQD]RQDFRQXQFRUGyQ\GLEXMDQGRVXVLOXHWDHQHODVIDOWR
&XDQGRVHODOOHYDURQHOODD~QVHUHYROFDEDHQHO VXHOR TXHULHQGR SURQXQFLDU
XQDSDODEUDTXHVHGHVKDFtDFRQVXPDWHULD (PPDHPSH]DVWHDIDOWDUDOWUDE D
MRVDELHQGRTXHSDUDUVLJQLILFDEDODPXHUWHHODEDQGRQRHOGHWHULRUR
8QD QRFKH GHVSXpV GH FRQVXPLU WUHV FDMHWLOODV GH FLJDUULOORV WH DUPDVWH
GHYDORUHLJXDOTXHHVDPXFKDFKDHPSUHQGLVWHODFDUUHUDKDFLDOD]RQDRVFXUD
GHODOPDTXHFRQMXUDEDVVLQVDEHUTXHHQWXDTXt\HQWXDKRUDHQRWURFXDUWR
DOJXLHQWHHVSHUDEDDOJXLHQTXHHVSHUyPXFKRWLHPSRWXOOHJDGDUHSLWLHQGRWX
QRPEUHFRQGRORU\TXHWHVLJXHOODPDQGRFRPRHODOPDGHXQFRQGHQDGRTXH
SHUVLJXHODKXHOODGHVXFXHUSR
(ORMRHQODDJXMD&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR
%LEOLRWHFD%DEDEZZZEDEDEFRPELEOLRWHFD
&RQVXHOR7ULYLxR%RJRWi&RORPELD
1DUUDGRUD \HQVD\LVWDFRORPELDQD (V GRFWRUD HQ )LOROR
JtD5RPiQLFDSRUOD8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULG
5HVLGHHQ (VSDxDGRQGHKDHMHUFLGRODFUtWLFDOLWHUDULDHQ
UHYLVWDV SUHVWLJLRVDV FRPR &XDGHUQRV +LVSDQRDPHULFDQRV \
4XLPHUD $VLPLVPR KD VLGR SURIHVRUD GH /LWHUDWXUD +LV
SDQRDPHULFDQDHQ8QLYHUVLGDGHV GH(VSDxD \ &RORPELD
$FWXDOPHQWHWUDEDMDHQHO&HQWUR9LUWXDO&HUYDQWHV
Descargar