ah xok, transformaciones de un dios acuático. del tiburón olmeca a

Contributions in New World
Archaeology
AH XOK, TRANSFORMACIONES DE UN DIOS ACUÁTICO.
DEL TIBURÓN OLMECA A LA SIRENA LACANDONA
0,/$1.29Èý
Universidad Comenio, Eslovaquia
Resumen
(O WLEXUyQ FRQRFLGR HQ HO iUHD PD\D FRPR ah xok H LGHQWL¿FDGR FRPR Carcharhinus leucas MXJy XQ SDSHO
LPSRUWDQWHHQODPLWRORJtD\FRVPRYLVLyQGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHJUDQSDUWHGHODDQWLJXD0HVRDPpULFD(OSUHVHQWH
DUWtFXORSUHWHQGHEXVFDUHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHHVWHDQLPDODFXiWLFRHQHOiUHDPD\DGHVGHORVWLHPSRVSUHFOiVLFRVKDVWD
ORVWLHPSRVFRORQLDOHV\GHVGHODFRVWDGHO*ROIRGH0p[LFRKDVWDOD6HOYD/DFDQGRQDGH&KLDSDVGRQGHWRGDYtD
SRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUVXLQÀXHQFLDPLWROyJLFD9HUL¿FDQGRVXRULJHQROPHFD\DWUDYHVDGRHOPXQGRPD\DFOiVLFR
HQFRQWUDPRVDO¿QDOXQPLWRODFDQGyQHQTXHSRGHPRVLGHQWL¿FDUDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDFRPSOHWDU
QXHVWURVFRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHHOSDSHOH[WUDRUGLQDULRGHVXVDWULEXWRV6REUHODEDVHGHORVHOHPHQWRVLGHQWL¿FDGRV
VH SURSRQH XQD KLSyWHVLV VREUH HO VRO QRFWXUQR \ HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR GRQGH HO GLRVWLEXUyQ RULJLQDOPHQWH
KDELWyVXHYROXFLyQHQXQRGHORVDWULEXWRVGHOGLRVVRODU\VXWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ¿QDOHQODPXMHUSH]GHODVODJXQDV
ODFDQGRQDVFRQWHPSRUiQHDV
Abstract
7KHVKDUNNQRZQLQWKH0D\DQDUHDDVah xokDQGLGHQWL¿HGDVCarcharhinus leucasSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROH
LQDQFLHQW0HVRDPHULFDQP\WKRORJ\DQGFRVPRORJ\LQJHQHUDO7KHDUWLFOHDWWHPSWVWRVHDUFKIRUWKHPHDQLQJ
RIWKLVDTXDWLFDQLPDOLQWKH0D\DDUHDIURP3UHFODVVLFWR&RORQLDOWLPHVDQGIURP0H[LFR¶V*XOI&RDVWWRWKH
/DFDQGRQ-XQJOHRI&KLDSDVZKHUHLWVP\WKRORJLFDOLQÀXHQFHSHUVLVWVXSWRWKLVGD\9HULI\LQJLWV2OPHFRULJLQV
DQG VSDQQLQJ WKH &ODVVLF 0D\D ZRUOG D /DFDQGRQ P\WK LV IRXQG ZKHUHLQ ZH FDQ LGHQWLI\ LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQWV
to FRPSOHPHQW RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH H[WUDRUGLQDU\ UROH RI LWV DWWULEXWHV %DVHG RQ WKHVH XQLWHG IUDJPHQWV D
K\SRWKHVLVLVIRUPXODWHGFRQFHUQLQJWKHQRFWXUQDOVXQDQGWKHDTXDWLFXQGHUZRUOGZKHUHWKH6KDUNJRGRULJLQDOO\
OLYHGLWVDGDSWDWLRQWRRQHRIWKHDWWULEXWHVRIWKH6XQJRGDQG¿QDOO\LWVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWRWKHPHUPDLGRIWKH
lagoons RIWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\/DFDQGRQ
INTRODUCCIÓN
La palabra xok VLJQL¿FD HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV LGLRPDV PD\DV GH ODV WLHUUDV EDMDV µHO WLEXUyQ¶ \
HVWi PX\ ELHQ UHODFLRQDGD FRQ OD LFRQRJUDItD SUHFRORPELQD \ FRQ ODV LQVFULSFLRQHV MHURJOt¿FDV (V
LQWHUHVDQWH LQYHVWLJDU HO VLJQL¿FDGR GH HVWH DQLPDO DFXiWLFR GHVGH ORV WLHPSRV SUHFOiVLFRV KDVWD ORV
WLHPSRVFRORQLDOHV\GHVGHODFRVWDGHO*ROIRGH0p[LFRKDVWDOD6HOYD/DFDQGRQDGH&KLDSDVGRQGH
WRGDYtDSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUVXLQÀXHQFLDPLWROyJLFDDXQTXHDFWXDOPHQWH\DXQSRFRWUDQVIRUPDGD
/RV PD\DV SUREDEOHPHQWH QR UHODFLRQDEDQ HO WpUPLQR xok FRQ XQ WLEXUyQ FXDOTXLHUD 6HJ~Q ODV
LGHQWL¿FDFLRQHVHWQR]RROyJLFDVGHODVWLHUUDVEDMDVVHWUDWDEDGHOWLEXUyQWRURCarcharhinus leucas²
XQRGHORVWUHVWLEXURQHVGHOPXQGRTXHDWDFDQDKXPDQRV(OWLEXUyQWRURPLGHPHWURVGHORQJLWXG
\ SHVD XQRV NLORV$GHPiV WLHQH XQD YHQWDMD LPSRUWDQWH ² JUDFLDV D OD RVPRUHJXODFLyQ SXHGH
152
0LODQ.RYiþ
Fig. 1. 7LEXUyQROPHFDGHO0RQXPHQWR6DQ/RUHQ]RWRPDGRGH'LHKO
Fig. 2. &XDWURGLRVHVSULQFLSDOHVGH/DV/LPDV9HUDFUX](OGLRVWLEXUyQVHHQFXHQWUDDEDMRHQHOODGRGHUHFKR
(tomado de Coe et al. QDGDUVLQSUREOHPDVHQHODJXDGXOFH6LPSIHQGRUIHU\%XUJHVVORFXDOOHSHUPLWtDDFHUFDUVH
SRUHOUtR&RDW]DFRDOFRVKDVWDORVVLWLRVROPHFDVGHOFHQWUR(QHOSHULRGR&OiVLFRHOWLEXUyQOOHJDED
SRUHOUtR8VXPDFLQWDKDVWD3LHGUDV1HJUDV\<D[FKLODQ
LOS OLMECAS
/RV ROPHFDV YHQHUDEDQ SUREDEOHPHQWH HO WLEXUyQ WRUR DXQTXH HQ YDULRV VLWLRV VH HQFRQWUDURQ
WDPELpQ ²HQ IRUPD GH RIUHQGD² GLHQWHV IRVLOL]DGRV GHO JUDQ WLEXUyQ EODQFR 'HVGH HO 3UHFOiVLFR
0HGLR DSDUHFHQ HQ ODV FRVWDV GH ORV RFpDQRV 3DFt¿FR \ $WOiQWLFR LPiJHQHV GH WLEXURQHV DO HVWLOR
ROPHFD 8QR PX\ IDPRVR SURYLHQH GHO 0RQXPHQWR GH 6DQ /RUHQ]R )LJXUD 7LHQH ORV RMRV
Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
153
Fig. 3.'LRVWLEXUyQROPHFDGHODFRVWDSDFt¿FDGH*XDWHPDODWRPDGRGH&RHet al.
FHUUDGRV\HQVXFXHUSRVHREVHUYDODFUX]GH6DQ$QGUpV'LHKO2WURHMHPSORFRQRFLGR
FRUUHVSRQGHDOD¿JXULOODGH/DV/LPDV/RVEUD]RV\ORVSLHVGHOD¿JXULOODVHGHFRUDQFRQLPiJHQHV
GHORVFXDWURGLRVHVSULQFLSDOHV'LHKO&RHet al.(QHOSLHL]TXLHUGRDSDUHFH
XQDLPDJHQGHOGLRVWLEXUyQFRQORVRMRVFHUUDGRVLJXDOTXHHQHOPRQXPHQWRGH6DQ/RUHQ]R)LJXUD
6L OD PDQR L]TXLHUGD VLJQL¿FD HO VXU FRPR HQ WRGD 0HVRDPpULFD HQWRQFHV HO GLRV GH OD PDQR
GHUHFKD UHSUHVHQWD HO QRUWH HO GHO SLH L]TXLHUGR HO RHVWH \ HO GLRV GHO SLH GHUHFKR VH UHODFLRQDUtD
FRQ HO SXQWR FDUGLQDO HVWH (O GLRVWLEXUyQ DSDUHFH HQWRQFHV HQ HO SXQWR FDUGLQDO RHVWH \ VXV RMRV
FHUUDGRVTXHSUREDEOHPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDQODPXHUWHFRQ¿UPDUtDQHOVLPEROLVPRGHHVWHSXQWRFDUGLQDO
UHODFLRQDGRPD\RUPHQWHFRQHOLQIUDPXQGR(OWLEXUyQHOPD\RUGHSUHGDGRUGHOPXQGRDFXiWLFRVHUtD
XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHPiQWLFDPHQWHDGHFXDGDGHHVWHVLJQL¿FDGR)LJXUD
LOS MAYAS
/RV PD\DV SUREDEOHPHQWH DGRSWDURQ HVWH GLRV ]RRPRUIR ³HO VHQRU WLEXUyQ´ GH OD PLWRORJtD \
UHOLJLyQ ROPHFD DXQTXH D GLIHUHQFLD GH ORV VLWLRV ROPHFDV XELFDGRV HQ OD FRVWD OD PD\RUtD GH ORV
VLWLRVPD\DVVHORFDOL]DEDQOHMRVGHOPDU\OHMRVGHODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHYHQHUDUDORVWLEXURQHV&RQ
H[FHSFLyQGHORVSRFRVVLWLRVFRVWHURVFRPR&HUURVRORVVLWLRVGRQGHORVWLEXURQHVOOHJDEDQSRUORV
UtRV8VXPDFLQWDR1HZ5LYHUHOWLEXUyQGHKHFKRVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQVHUPXFKRPiVWUDVFHQGHQWHTXH
HQORVWLHPSRVROPHFDV
6LPLUDPRVKDFLDDWUiV\DHQODpSRFD¿QDOGHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRVHPHQFLRQDDXQUH\GH7LNDO
llamado Yax Ehb’ Xook " G & 0DUWLQ \ *UXEH OR FXDO TXLHUH GHFLU µ3ULPHU GLHQWH
GH WLEXUyQ¶ (O VLJQL¿FDGR GHO GLHQWH GH WLEXUyQ OXHJR FUHFH HQRUPHPHQWH HQ HO SHULRGR &OiVLFR
7HPSUDQRFXDQGRVXVWLWX\HSRUFRPSOHWRDOGLRVWLEXUyQDQLYHOVLPEyOLFR\HQWRGRORUHODFLRQDGRFRQ
1LNRODL*UXEHFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDOSURSRQHTXHODSDODEUDehbUHODFLRQDGDHQHOSHULRGR&OiVLFR
FRQµODJUDGD¶VHXVyHQHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRSRUORPHQRVDQLYHOVLPEyOLFRFRQHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHµHOGLHQWH¶
154
0LODQ.RYiþ
Fig. 4.(OUH\GHOD(VWHOD+DXEHUJFRQXQGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQWRPDGRGH6FKHOH\0LOOHU3OE
Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
155
Fig. 5. 0DVFDUyQGHMDGHFRQXQGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQGHXQDWXPEDGH5LR$]XO3HWHQ*XDWHPDOD
WRPDGRGH:DJQHUD
pO)LJXUD6HUHSUHVHQWDSRUHMHPSORHQODFDEH]DGHMDGHGH5tR$]XO)LJXUDFRPRGLHQWHGHO
GLRV*,:DJQHUDRHQODLPDJHQGHOUH\GHHVWHOD+DXEHUJ$UHOODQRet al.(Q
OD(VWHODGH7LNDOODFDUDGHOPDVFDUyQHQHOFLQWXUyQGHOUH\Siyaj Chan K’awiil representa el poder
GHWUHVGLRVHVHOVROHOIXHJR\HOYLHQWR7DXEH'HVXERFDLJXDOPHQWHVDOHXQGLHQWH
GHWLEXUyQ(QDPERVFDVRVORVGLHQWHVGHWLEXUyQTXHVDOHQGHODERFDUHSUHVHQWDQSUREDEOHPHQWHHO
LQIUDPXQGRDFXiWLFRUHODFLRQDGRFRQHODVSHFWRQRFWXUQRGHOGLRVVRODUXQRGHVXVGLVWLQWRVDVSHFWRV
*,*,,*,,,LGHQWL¿FDGRVSRU/LQGD6FKHOH\0DU\0LOOHU&RQHOSDVRGHOWLHPSRHO
WLEXUyQVHFRQYLUWLyHQHOPXQGRPD\DHQXQRGHORVDWULEXWRVGHOGLRVVRODU\SDVyDUHSUHVHQWDUXQD
SDUWH GHO SRGHU GHO VRO HMHUFLGR QR HQ HO FLHOR VLQR HQ HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR /D HQFDUQDFLyQ GH
HVWHWLSRRWDOYH]HVWHDYDWDUGHOGLRVVRODUIXHWDQLPSRUWDQWHFRPRORIXHSRUHMHPSORHOGLRV5HHQ
(JLSWRTXHGHPDQHUDSDUHFLGDUHSUHVHQWDEDDOGLRVVRODUUHXQLHQGRDWULEXWRVFRPSOHPHQWDULRVGHOVRO
LQYLVLEOH\IXQFLRQDQGREDMRHOQRPEUHGH$PRQ5H$VtVHSRQtDQGHPDQL¿HVWRGRVQLYHOHVGLIHUHQWHV
GHOXQLYHUVRGRQGHGRVVHUHVGLYLQRVRVWHQWDEDQHOVXSHUSRGHUGHXQ~QLFRGLRV$VVPDQQ
156
0LODQ.RYiþ
Fig. 6.'HWDOOHGHXQSODWRGHO&OiVLFR7HPSUDQRFRQXQUH\HQWURQL]DGR)LHOGV\5HHQWV%XGHW
-DQiN(QHOiUHDPD\DFRQRFHPRVYDULDVFRPELQDFLRQHVGHHVWHWLSRHQHOFDVRGHORV
UH\HVGLYLQRVWHPSUDQRV)LJXUDHODWULEXWRGHOGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQFRPELQDEDIUHFXHQWHPHQWHFRQHO
YHVWLPHQWRGHOGLRVGHPDt])LHOGV\5HHQWV%XGHW
(VWHDWULEXWRREVFXURIXHPX\SRSXODUWDPELpQHQHOSHULRGR&OiVLFR3RUHMHPSORODLFRQRJUDItD
GHORVLQFHQVDULRVGHO&OiVLFR7DUGtRGH3DOHQTXH)LJXUDFRQWLHQHFRQIUHFXHQFLDLPiJHQHVGHOGLRV
VRODUFRQXQGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQ7DXEH'HKHFKRHOGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQHVPX\FRP~QHQODV
LPiJHQHVGHHVWHGLRVLQFOX\HQGRWRGDVVXVYHUVLRQHVHQFRQWUDGDVHQHOiUHDPD\D
6HSXHGHVXSRQHUXQDUHYHUHQFLDHVSHFLDOHQORVOXJDUHVGRQGHORVWLEXURQHVUHDOPHQWHDSDUHFtDQ
7DOYH]SRUHVRORVQRPEUHVGHODVUHLQDV\GHORVUH\HVGH3LHGUDV1HJUDV\<D[FKLODQGRQGHFRUUH
HO UtR 8VXPDFLQWD PX\ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH FRQWLHQHQ HO QRPEUH GH HVWH GLRV R DYDWDU GHO GLRV VRODU
Conocemos por ejemplo al rey Ha’ K’in Xook GH 3LHGUDV 1HJUDV G& 0DUWLQ \ *UXEH
FX\RQRPEUHVLJQL¿FD³7LEXUyQGHOVRODFXiWLFR´ORFXDOFRQ¿UPDHOSDSHOGHHVWDGHLGDG
FRPRDYDWDUGHOGLRVVRODUHQHOLQIUDPXQGR)LJXUDD'H<D[FKLODQSURYLHQHODUHLQDIx K’ab’al
Xook"G&0DUWLQ\*UXEHFX\RQRPEUHWDOYH]KDJDUHIHUHQFLDDODDOHWDGH
Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
157
D
E
Fig. 7. ,QFHQVDULRGHO&OiVLFR7DUGtRGH
3DOHQTXHFRQHOGLRVVRODUWRPDGRGH
Arellano et al.
Fig. 8.D1RPEUHGH+D¶.¶LQ;RRNGH3LHGUDV1HJUDV
EQRPEUHGH,[.¶DE¶DO;RRNGH<D[FKLODQWRPDGRGH
0DUWLQ\*UXEH
WLEXUyQ =HQGHU R D XQ PROGH SDUD FHUiPLFD k’ab’al TXH SRGtD WHQHU DOJXQD IXQFLyQ
PLWROyJLFD ¢FUHDFLyQ" UHODFLRQDGD FRQ HO GLRV VRODU HQ HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR )LJXUD E 6LQ
embargo el nombre Xook VH KL]R PX\ SRSXODU HQWUH OD QREOH]D PD\D HQ JHQHUDO OR TXH VXEUD\D OD
HQRUPHLPSRUWDQFLDGHHVWHGLRVHQHO&OiVLFR7DUGtR(OGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQFRPRVtPEROR\DWULEXWR
VH H[WHQGLy D YDULDV GHLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV GH DOJXQD PDQHUD FRQ HO LQIUDPXQGR 6H UHSUHVHQWD SRU
HMHPSORHQODERFDGHO%HEpMDJXDUYDVLMD.RHQODERFDGHORVGLRVHVSULPRUGLDOHVHQHODFWR
GHODFUHDFLyQ9DVLMDGHVLHWHGLRVHV.VREUHWRGRHQODVHVFHQDVGHOLQIUDPXQGR
<DHQHO&OiVLFR7DUGtRVHSUHVWyXQDSDUWHGHODLGHQWLGDGGHODQWLJXRXook±GXHxRGHODVDJXDV
GHOLQIUDPXQGR²DOGLRVChaakTXLHQUHXQtDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPX\SDUHFLGDV(Q3DOHQTXHVHUHSUHVHQWy
SRUHMHPSORDOSURJHQLWRUGHORVGLRVHVFRQVXKLMRGHOPLVPRQRPEUHFRQRFLGRFRPRGLRV*,YpDVH
6WXDUW HQ DPERV FDVRV FRQ HO GLHQWH GH WLEXUyQ HQ OD ERFD GH Chaak
:DJQHU E )LQDOPHQWH HQ HO 3RVFOiVLFR HO GLRV Chaak VH TXHGD FRQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV
antiguos atributos del Xook\HQFRQWUDPRVFDGDYH]PiVVtPERORVFRPELQDGRVGHAh K’in-Chaak en
lugar de Ah K’in-Xook1RREVWDQWHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOXookQRVHSHUGLySRUFRPSOHWRDXQTXHVHOH
UHSUHVHQWDEDFRQPHQRVIUHFXHQFLD
(QORVWLHPSRVFRORQLDOHVODSDODEUDIXHSUREDEOHPHQWHDGDSWDGDHQ<XFDWiQSDUDXQWRUQRSULPLWLYRXVDGRSDUD
IRUPDUYDVLMDVGHEDUUR0DUWtQH]
158
0LODQ.RYiþ
TIEMPOS COLONIALES
6HJ~Q ORV GLFFLRQDULRV FRORQLDOHV OD SDODEUD µWLEXUyQ¶ VH SURQXQFLDED HQ PD\D \XFDWHFR FRPR
k’anxok [RN[RRN o pat 'HELGR D TXH DK SDW VH UHIHUtD D XQD HVSHFLH GLIHUHQWH GH WLEXUyQ SDUD HO
µWLEXUyQ WRUR¶ WXYLHURQ TXH KDEHUVH HPSOHDGR ODV SDODEUDV [RN[RRN o N¶DQ[RNN¶DQ[RRN /D SDODEUD
k’anxokTXLHUHGHFLUµWLEXUyQSUHFLRVR¶7DPELpQHVLQWHUHVDQWHFRPSDUDUODVUDtFHVGHDOJXQDVSDODEUDV
SDUHFLGDV$SDUWHGHOWLEXUyQxookVLJQL¿FDEDHQPD\D\XFDWHFRFRORQLDOµFXHQWDVUH]DUSRUFXHQWDV
FRQWDUOHHUHVWXGLDU¶6ZDGHVKet al.XokWDPELpQWLHQHRWURVLJQL¿FDGRµFLQWXUDRFDGHUDV
GHO KRPEUH¶ VHJ~Q HO GLFFLRQDULR GH 0RWXO (O PLVPR GLFFLRQDULR FRORQLDO RIUHFH OD SDODEUD xokah
TXH TXLHUH GHFLU µREHGHFHU UHVSHWDU WHQHU UHVSHWR¶ $U]iSDOR 7DO YH] VHUtD LQWHUHVDQWH
FRPSDUDUHVWHVLJQL¿FDGRFRQORVJOLIRVFOiVLFRVGRQGHH[LVWHFLHUWDVLPLOLWXGHQWUHODVLPiJHQHVGHO
xook y ajawµVHxRU¶3RUHQGHWHQHPRVHYLGHQFLDGHVGHORVWLHPSRVFRORQLDOHVGHOXVRGHOWpUPLQR
Chak Wayab Xok %DUUHUD 9iVTXH] TXH TXLHUH GHFLU µ7LEXUyQ JUDQ EUXMR¶ R µ*UDQ WLEXUyQ
WUDQVIRUPDGRU¶YpDVHWDPELpQ+HOPNH\1LHOVHQ(VPX\SUREDEOHTXHGHHVWDPDQHUDVH
KD\DFRQVHUYDGRHQODPHPRULDFROHFWLYDODLGHDGHVXFDUiFWHUVREUHQDWXUDO
7DPELpQ IUD\ 'LHJR GH /DQGD SURSRUFLRQD XQ GDWR LQWHUHVDQWH HQ VX REUD Relación de las cosas
de YucatánDOKDEODUVREUHOD³¿HVWDHQHOPHV=LSTXHFHOHEUDURQFD]DGRUHV\SHVFDGRUHV'XUDQWH
OD ¿HVWD GH ORV SHVFDGRUHV YHQHUDURQ XQD GHLGDG Ahkaknexoi´ /DQGD 'HELGR D TXH OD
palabra xooyVLJQL¿FDµURGHDU¶SRGHPRVVXSRQHUTXHVHWUDWDGHODGHVFULSFLyQGHXQULWXDOFRQVLVWHQWH
HQHYDGLURURGHDUHOIXHJRRXQDFRODGHIXHJR3HURFRPR/DQGDKDEODVREUHXQGLRV\VDEHPRV
TXH HQ RWUDV RFDVLRQHV VXV LQIRUPDQWHV UHVXOWDURQ PX\ FRQ¿DEOHV SRGUtDPRV FRQVLGHUDU WDPELpQ OD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGH5R\VTXLHQFRUULJHHOWpUPLQRGHORVFRSLVWDVGH/DQGDSRUAh K’ak’ Ne Xok (Roys
+HOPNH\1LHOVHQTXHVLJQL¿FDµ(OIXHJRGHODFRODGHWLEXUyQ¶Rµ(OWLEXUyQ
FRQODFRODGHIXHJR¶7DOLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSXHGHUHIHULUVHDOVRODFRVWDGRVREUHHOPDUDVRFLDGRFRQHO
WLEXUyQ([LVWHQWDPELpQRWUDVSRVLELOLGDGHVSHURODLGHDGHOGXHxRGHORVSHFHVHQIRUPDGHWLEXUyQ
QRVSDUHFHDFHSWDEOHGHQWURGHODVLPERORJtDPD\D
LACANDONES ETNOGRÁFICOS
/DGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORVODFDQGRQHVKLVWyULFRV\ORVHWQRJUi¿FRVSRVWXODGDSRU-RHO3DOND
GLVWLQJXHHQWUHORVODFDQGRQHVKDEODQWHVGHOFK¶ROLGHQWL¿FDGRVHQ&KLDSDVDOUHGHGRU
GH OD ODJXQD 0LUDPDU HQWUH ORV VLJORV ;9, \ ;9,,, ODFDQGRQHV KLVWyULFRV \ ORV ODFDQGRQHV
KDEODQWHVGHO\XFDWHFRTXHOOHJDURQD&KLDSDVGHVGHHO3HWHQ\IXHURQLGHQWL¿FDGRVHQORVVLJORV;,;
\ ;; ODFDQGRQHVHWQRJUi¿FRV(VWRV ~OWLPRVYLYHQDFWXDOPHQWHHQ&KLDSDVGRQGHODVSREODFLRQHV
PiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQODVGH/DFDQMD%HWHO6DQ-DYLHU1DMD\0HW]DERN
/RVODFDQGRQHVHWQRJUi¿FRVKDELWDQWHVGHORVSXHEORVPHQFLRQDGRVFRQRFHQXQVHUPLWROyJLFRTXH
denominan XokAh XokChak Xok o ;RNOD;RNUD6XOXJDUGHRULJHQIXHHOUtR8VXPDFLQWDOODPDGR
por los lacandones XoklaTXHSURYLHQHSUREDEOHPHQWHGHxok haµDJXDGHWLEXURQHV¶/RVDQFLDQRV
XVDQ PiV IUHFXHQWHPHQWH OD SDODEUD Ah Xok o Chak Xok ORV MyYHQHV D YHFHV SUH¿HUHQ OD SDODEUD
Xokla(VWHWpUPLQRVHXVDSUREDEOHPHQWHSRUFRQIXVLyQFRQHOQRPEUHGHOPLVPRUtR\UHDOPHQWHQR
UHSUHVHQWDHOQRPEUHGHXQVHUPLWROyJLFR6HXVDSDUDLQGLFDUHOJpQHURIHPHQLQRSRULQÀXHQFLDGHO
espaxRO\DTXHHQWUHORVQLxRV\MyYHQHVODFDQGRQHVVHWLHQHODLGHDGHTXHXok se relaciona con una
VLUHQD3DUDDGDSWDUPiVODSDODEUDPD\DDODSDODEUDVLUHQDVHWUDQVIRUPyXok en XoklaTXHHQHIHFWR
VLJQL¿FD HO UtR SHUR D OD YH] VXHQD FRPR HO IHPHQLQR GH Xok 6H WUDWD GH XQR GH PX\ SRFRV FDVRV
&DStWXOR;/HOPHV=LS
Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
159
Fig. 9. Ah XokWUDQVIRUPDGRHQXQDVLUHQDGHDUWHVDQtDODFDQGRQDGH/DFDQMD&KLDSDVIRWRGHODXWRU
HQTXHORVODFDQGRQHVDGDSWDURQVXSURSLDPLWRORJtDDXQDPLWRORJtDSUHVWDGD/DQXHYDJHQHUDFLyQ
LGHQWL¿FDDOVHUDFXiWLFRKXPDQL]DGR\SHOLJURVRGHOTXHOHVKDEODEDQHQVXQLxH]FRQODVLUHQDGHORV
FXHQWRVHVSDxROHV/DDUWHVDQtDODFDQGRQDFRQWHPSRUiQHDSUHVHQWDDFWXDOPHQWHAh Xok como un ser
PLWDGPXMHU\PLWDGSH])LJXUD/RVFXHQWRVPiVPRGHUQRV\DFRQWLHQHQPHQFLRQHVGHODJXLWDUUD
TXHWRFDODEHOODPXMHUSH]QDGDQGRHQHODJXD
/RVPLVPRVODFDQGRQHVVHFRQVLGHUDQDFWXDOPHQWHXQJUXSR³GHVFHQGLHQWH´GHORVKDELWDQWHVGH
ODVWLHUUDVEDMDVGHOVXUDXQTXHVXLGLRPDVHUHODFLRQDFRQODVWLHUUDVEDMDVGHOQRUWH$SHVDUGHHVR
FRQVHUYDQXQDGPLUDEOHFRQMXQWRGHPLWRVFXHQWRV\ULWXDOHVYLQFXODGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQORVWLHPSRV
SUHKLVSiQLFRV$OJXQRV GH HVWRV PLWRV UHODWDQ KLVWRULDV VREUH XQ VHU DFXiWLFR OODPDGR Ah Xok FRQ
OR FXDO SRGUtDQ HQULTXHFHU XQ SRFR QXHVWUR FRQRFLPLHQWR WDQ OLPLWDGR VREUH OD IXQFLyQ PLWROyJLFD
\ UHOLJLRVD TXH WHQtD HVWH VHU HQ ORV WLHPSRV SUHKLVSiQLFRV \ TXH DSDUHFH WDQ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH HQ OD
LFRQRJUDItD\HQODVLQVFULSFLRQHVFOiVLFDV
(O DXWRU GH HVWH DUWtFXOR DO UHDOL]DU XQ SUR\HFWR WLWXODGR ³0LWRORJtD GH ORV ODFDQGRQHV´ UHFRSLOy
HQWUH \ YDULDV YHUVLRQHV GHO FXHQWR VREUH Ah Xok$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ RIUHFHPRV XQD GH ODV
YHUVLRQHVPiVFRPSOHWDVUHJLVWUDGDHQHOSXHEOR%HWHOFHUFDGH/DFDQMi
CUENTO DE AH XOK
(QORVWLHPSRVGHQXHVWURVDQWHSDVDGRVXQSHVFDGRUQRORJUySHVFDUQLQJ~QSH]HQHOODJR8QGtD
VHOHDSDUHFLyHQHODJXDAh Xok\OHGLMRTXHVLOHUHJDODEDVXQLxRHQWRQFHVSHVFDUtDPXFKRVSHFHV
(OSHVFDGRUDFHWyODSURSXHVWD³%LHQGDPHPXFKRVSHFHV\\RWHGR\DPLQLxR´Ah XokOHFRQ¿UPy
³6LPHGDVDWXQLxRSHVFDUiVPXFKRVSHFHV´(OSHVFDGRUWHQtDGRVKLMRVXQKLMR\XQDKLMD'HFLGLy
FRPSUDUHOSHVFDGRDFDPELRGHVXKLMD6HODGLRDXok\pVWDDOLQVWDQWHGHVDSDUHFLyHQODSURIXQGLGDG
GHODVDJXDV<HOSHVFDGRUSHVFyXQDFDQRDOOHQDGHSHFHVSHURD~QDVtOHSDUHFLySRFR4XLVRSHVFDU
160
0LODQ.RYiþ
DOJXQRVSHFHVJUDQGHV(OXokOHGLMRTXH\DQRSRGtDRIUHFHUOHPiVTXH\DKDEtDSHVFDGRVX¿FLHQWHV
SHFHV3HURHOSHVFDGRULQVLVWLyHQTXHOHKDEtDGDGRDVXKLMDXokOHFRQWHVWyTXHQRSRGtDSDJDUOH
GRVYHFHVSRUXQQLxR(QWRQFHVHOSHVFDGRUOHRIUHFLyDVXKLMR
(OPXFKDFKRWHQtDXQRtGRH[FHOHQWH\GHVGHOHMRVORHVFXFKy(VFXFKyORTXHKDEtDQKHFKRFRQ
VXKHUPDQD\HVFXFKyTXHVXSDGUHHVWDEDQHJRFLDQGRVXYHQWDFRQHOXok$SHVDUGHTXHHOSDGUH
OHDPDUUyODVPDQRVFRQODVWULSDVHOPXFKDFKRVHHVFDSy6HLQWHUQyHQORSURIXQGRGHODVHOYDXok
SDJy FRQ HO SHVFDGR OD FRPSUD GHO PXFKDFKR SHUR pVWH \D VH HQFRQWUDED PX\ OHMRV GHO DJXD HQ OD
montaxDXokVHHQRMy\OHJULWyDOSHVFDGRU³4XHVHFXLGHWXKLMR&XDQGRVHDFHUTXHDOPiVSHTXHQR
ULDFKXHORRLQWHQWHFUX]DUORORDJDUUDUp\ORMDODUpDODJXDVLVHDFHUFDDFXDOTXLHUDJXDVHUiPtR´
(OSHVFDGRUVLQWLWXEHROHFRQWHVWy³9LJtODORSDJDVWHSRUpOHQWRQFHVHVWX\R9D\DGRQGHYD\DWH
SHUWHQHFH\ SDUD VLHPSUH &XDQGR VH DFHUTXH DO DJXD SDUD OOHQDU XQD KRMD FRQ DJXD SDUD DSDJDU VX
VHGDOOtORSRGUiVDJDUUDU7HQGUiTXHWRPDUDJXD\HQHVWHPRPHQWRORSRGUiVDWUDSDU´
(OPXFKDFKRORSUHVHQWtD3DUDFRQVHJXLUDJXDXVyXQDEDUUDODUJDFRQXQDKRMDDQFKDDVXH[WUHPR
&RQHOODDOFDQ]yWRPDUDJXDSDUDEHEHU3DUDQDGDVXPHUJLyODVPDQRVHQHODJXDXokTXLVRDWUDSDUOR
HQHVHLQWHQWRSHURQRORORJUy(OPXFKDFKRRWUDYH]VHOHHVFDSy\XokQRSXGRKDFHUQDGD
(VR VXFHGLy HQ ORV WLHPSRV GH QXHVWURV DQWHSDVDGRV /D PXFKDFKD YLYtD FRQ Xok EDMR HO DJXD
SHURVXKHUPDQRORJUyKXLU+X\yPX\OHMRV\DOOtHQFRQWUyDXQRVGLRVHV6HIXHOHMRVSDUDHQFRQWUDU
D DOJXLHQ TXH OH D\XGDUD 8QR GH ORV GLRVHV TXH HQFRQWUy SRU DOOt OH UHJDOy XQD FRVD TXH VL VH
FRORFDEDHQFLPDGHODFDEH]DXQRSRGtDYRODU\WDPELpQSRGtDVXPHUJLUVHHQODSURIXQGLGDGGHODV
DJXDV(QHIHFWRFXDQGRHOPXFKDFKRVHODFRORFyHQODFDEH]DVHWUDQVIRUPyHQXQSiMDUR(VWROH
SHUPLWLy YLVLWDU LQPHGLDWDPHQWH D VX KHUPDQD EDMR HO DJXD HQ XQD UHJLyQ PX\ JUDQGH GRQGH YLYtD
Xok
(QHVWDUHJLyQQRKD\DJXDWRGRHVWiVHFRFRPRHQQXHVWUDFDVD7DPELpQVHSXHGHUHVSLUDUDOOt
(O PXFKDFKR HQFRQWUy DOOt WDPELpQ D RWUD JHQWH D VXV WtDV WtRV SULPRV DEXHORV WRGRV ORV TXH Xok
KDEtDVHFXHVWUDGRDQWHV\ORVKDEtDOOHYDGREDMRHODJXD&XDQGRXokVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXLpQYLQRD
YLVLWDUORQROHSHUPLWLyTXHYLHUDDVXKHUPDQDTXHYLHUDVXFDUD/DVDFyIXHUDGHODJXDVRODPHQWH
SRU XQ UDWR$Vt TXH HO PXFKDFKR VDOLy GHO DJXD \ GH QXHYR EXVFy GRQGH UHWLUDUVH 9LDMy FRPR XQ
SiMDURKDVWDODFRVWDGHOPDU$OOtHQFRQWUyDGRVGHVXVDQWHSDVDGRV²ORVGLRVHVTXLHQHV\DDQWHVOH
KDEtDQD\XGDGR(OORVOHSUHJXQWDURQ³3RUTXpWHYHQGLyWXSDGUH"+L]RPDODOYHQGHUWHXQQLxRQRVH
YHQGH´/RVGRVKDEODEDQhach tanµLGLRPDYHUGDGHUR¶ORTXHVLJQL¿FD³OHQJXDPD\D´(UDQGLRVHV
DTXpOORVTXHOHKDEtDQUHJDODGRODFRVDFRQODFXDOSRGtDVXPHUJLUVHEDMRHODJXD³%~VFDWHXQDPXMHU´
OH DFRQVHMDURQ \ DSXQWDURQ DO ¿UPDPHQWR (O PXFKDFKR HQWRQFHV YROy DO FLHOR \ VH TXHGy DOOt XQD
VHPDQD(OUH\TXHUHLQDHQHOFLHOROHGLMR³(VFRJHDTXtDWXPXMHU\GHVGHHVWHPRPHQWRAh Xok ya
QRWHYDDPROHVWDUPiV´$OOtDUULEDWDPELpQKD\WLHUUDFRPRDTXt\HOPXFKDFKRHQFRQWUyXQDPXMHU
KLMDGHOUH\GHORVFLHORVeVWHOXHJROHGLMR³$KRUDWHYR\DDPSDUDUSDUDVLHPSUHSRUTXHHUHVPL
\HUQR´
<DFDVDGRHOPXFKDFKRVHIXHDEDQDU\QROHSDVyQDGD$VtTXHUHJUHVyGHQXHYREDMRHODJXD
\GHFDSLWyDOJUDQXokFRQXQPDFKHWH6RODPHQWHTXHGDURQXQRVFXDQWRVXok\ORVTXHKDQKHFKR
PDOGDG IXHURQ DPDUUDGRV EDMR HO DJXD 3RU HVR KR\ \D QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ SHFHV JUDQGHV$QWHV ORV
KDEtDSRUTXHJUDQXok era el duexRGHORVSHFHVSHURHOPXFKDFKRORGHFDSLWy3RUHVRKR\VHSHVFDQ
VRODPHQWHSHFHVFKLFRV
/REXHQRHVTXHGHVGHHVRVWLHPSRV\DVHSXHGHXQREDQDUHQHODJXDQDGLHORVHFXHVWUD\QRWLHQH
TXHWHQHUFXLGDGR3HURODKHUPDQDGHOPXFKDFKRVHTXHGySDUDVLHPSUHEDMRHODJXD\DQRUHJUHVy
DODWLHUUDSRUTXHTXLVRTXHGDUVHFRQXok
Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
161
PROPUESTA DE ANALISIS ESTRUCTURAL DEL CUENTO
$XQTXH HO DQiOLVLV HVWUXFWXUDO GHO FXHQWR DO HVWLOR GH /pYL6WUDXVV VHUtD SRVLEOH \ HQ HVWH FDVR
VHJXURTXHPX\SURGXFWLYRSDUDQRDOHMDUVHGHPDVLDGRGHOWHPDUHVXOWDRSRUWXQRFHQWUDUVHWDQVyOR
en algunos puntos claves:
‡(VLQWHUHVDQWHTXHHQHOFXHQWRVHLQGLTXHQFODUDPHQWHWUHVQLYHOHVGHOXQLYHUVRHVWRHVHOFLHOR
la tierra y el lugar bajo el agua donde vive Ah Xok
‡ 7DPELpQ VH LQGLFD PX\ FODUDPHQWH TXH Ah Xok JRELHUQD HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR GRQGH VH
HQFXHQWUDQORVPXHUWRV
• Ah XokSDUHFHVHUHOGXHxRGHORVVHUHVDFXiWLFRVHQHVWHFDVRVHPHQFLRQDQSHFHVSHURWHQHPRV
RWUDV YHUVLRQHV %UXFH %RUHPDQVH GRQGH DSDUHFHQ WDPELpQ FRFRGULORV
\WRUWXJDV
• Ah XokUHSUHVHQWDODFRQWUDSDUWHGHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO(OMRYHQKpURHYXHODHQWUHHVWRVGRVPXQGRV
RSXHVWRVHQWUHHOPXQGRGHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO\HOLQIUDPXQGRGHAh Xok
‡$GHPiVHOMRYHQVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQPHGLDGRUHQWUHHVWRVGRVQLYHOHVRSXHVWRV\DTXHDOPLVPR
tiempo es cunado de Ah Xok\\HUQRGHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO
‡6XIXQFLyQGHPHGLDGRUIDOOyGHVSXpVGHODSULPHUDYLVLWDTXHKL]RDAh XokFXDQGRQRVHUHFLELy
ELHQVXLQWHQFLyQ\pOVHFRQYLUWLyHQWDQVyORXQPHQVDMHURGHOPXQGRFHOHVWLDO
‡ /D YLFWRULD GHVSXpV GH VX VHJXQGD YLVLWD OD DOFDQ]y JUDFLDV D OD D\XGD PiJLFD GH ORV GLRVHV
OODPDGRV RULJLQDOPHQWH FKHPEHO N¶XK µGLRVHV PHQRUHV¶ TXLHQHV RFXSDURQ HO QLYHO WHUUHVWUH GHO
XQLYHUVR(QHVWDRFDVLyQVHMXQWDURQODVIXHU]DVGHOQLYHOFHOHVWLDO\HOWHUUHVWUHFRQWUDHOLQIUDPXQGR
donde gobernaba Ah Xok\HOUHVXOWDGRIXHVXGHFDSLWDFLyQ
‡ 1R IXHURQ HOLPLQDGRV WRGRV ORV Ah Xok VRODPHQWH HO VHU SULQFLSDO HQ pVWD \ WDPELpQ HQ RWUDV
YHUVLRQHV VH PHQFLRQDQ RWURV VHUHV GH HVWH JpQHUR (Q OD WLHUUD ODFDQGRQD WRGDYtD VH KDEOD VREUH OD
H[LVWHQFLDGHXQAh XokHQFDGDXQRGHORVODJRV(QHOWH[WRWDPELpQSRGHPRVOHHUTXHODKHUPDQD
GHOKpURHQRGHVHyUHJUHVDUSRUTXHTXLVRTXHGDUVHFRQAh XokORTXHLQGLUHFWDPHQWHVXJLHUHVXPXHUWH
WHPSRUDORVXUHJUHVRHQHOIXWXUR3RGHPRVVXSRQHUTXHODYLGDGHAh XokSULQFLSDOHVFtFOLFD
CONCLUSIONES
6HJ~Q ODV HYLGHQFLDV HQFRQWUDGDV \ OD LFRQRJUDItD DQDOL]DGD SRGHPRV FRQVWDWDU TXH OD PLWRORJtD
relacionada con Ah XokSURYLHQHFRQWRGDSUREDELOLGDGGHODFXOWXUDROPHFD'HELGRDTXHVHWUDWDED
GHXQDFXOWXUDGHVDUUROODGDHQODFRVWDHOGLRVWLEXUyQROPHFDSUREDEOHPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDEDHOVROGHO
LQIUDPXQGRDFXiWLFRRODLGHQWLGDGGHOVROGHVSXpVGHVXFDtGDHQHOPDU/DGLIXVLyQGHHVWDLGHDHQ
ODVWLHUUDVPD\DVWXYROXJDUSUREDEOHPHQWHGXUDQWHHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRGHVGHD&\ODPLWRORJtD
GHOWLEXUyQVHDGRSWyHQGLIHUHQWHViUHDVJHRJUi¿FDVGHOPXQGRPD\DHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRV\D
VLQ UHIHUHQFLD GLUHFWD DO PDU (O GLRV ]RRPRUIR ROPHFD VH UHGXMR D VX VtPEROR GLDJQyVWLFR ²GLHQWH
GHWLEXUyQTXHHPSH]yDUHSUHVHQWDUWRGDODFRPSOHMLGDGGHOLQIUDPXQGRDFXiWLFR\GHOVROQRFWXUQR
TXHDOOtJREHUQDED3UREDEOHPHQWHH[LVWtDQYDULDFLRQHVORFDOHVGHODYHQHUDFLyQ\PLWRORJtDGHOGLRV
WLEXUyQSRUORPHQRVHQORVVLWLRVFHUFDQRVDORVUtRVGRQGHHOUHSUHVHQWDQWHGHOGLRVHOWLEXUyQWRUR
UHDOPHQWHDSDUHFtD(QORVVLWLRVLQWHULRUHVODVLGHDVVHTXHGDURQPXFKRPiVDEVWUDFWDV
/RVPD\DVSUREDEOHPHQWHFRPELQDURQGRVLPiJHQHVGHOVROQRFWXUQRXQDWHUUHVWUHUHSUHVHQWDGD
SRU HO MDJXDU \ OD RWUD DFXiWLFD UHSUHVHQWDGD SRU HO WLEXUyQ$GHPiV H[LVWtD XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO
VRODFXiWLFRHQIRUPDGHMDJXDUGHOLULRDFXiWLFR6HPiQWLFDPHQWHVXIXQFLyQHUDPX\SDUHFLGDDOD
GHOWLEXUyQSHURPLWROyJLFDPHQWHHUDQIHQyPHQRVGLIHUHQWHVSRUTXHODVQDUUDFLRQHVHLGHDVVREUHHO
VROWLEXUyQIRUPDEDQXQFRQMXQWRPXFKRPiVDQWLJXR(VWDVLGHDVVHWUDQVIRUPDURQ¿QDOPHQWHHQXQ
162
0LODQ.RYiþ
DVSHFWRRDYDWDUGHOGLRVVRODUSULQFLSDO6XLPSRUWDQFLDFUHFLyGXUDQWHHOSHULRGR&OiVLFRHLQFOXVR
VXSURSLRQRPEUHVHKL]RPX\SRSXODUHQWUHODQREOH]D(OQRPEUHGHOUH\Ha’ K’in Xook de Piedras
1HJUDVUHSUHVHQWDWDOYH]HOWtWXORPiVFRPSOHWRGHXook\FRQ¿UPDTXHVHWUDWDEDGHOVRODFXiWLFR
/RV GDWRV VREUH VX IXQFLyQ PLWROyJLFD HQ HO SHULRGR &OiVLFR VRQ PX\ HVFDVRV 8QR GH HOORV WLHQH
TXHYHUFRQRWURWtWXORRQRPEUHFRPSOHWRGHOXookSHUVRQL¿FDGRSRUODUHLQDGH<D[FKLOiQIx K’ab’al
Xook\SRVLEOHPHQWHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXook FRPRGLRVGHODFUHDFLyQ6XUHODFLyQFRQODIRUPDFLyQGHO
PXQGRVHFRQ¿UPDHQODOODPDGD9DVLMDGHVLHWHGLRVHV.TXHUHSUHVHQWDODFUHDFLyQEDMRHODJXD
GRQGHORVGLRVHVWLHQHQHOGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQFRPRXQDLQGLFDFLyQGLDJQyVWLFDHQJHQHUDO6DEHPRVTXHORV
DWULEXWRV\ODVIXQFLRQHVGHORVGLRVHVPD\DVVHLQWHUFDPELDEDQFRQIUHFXHQFLD3HURWDPELpQGHEHPRV
UHFRUGDU TXH GHQWUR GHO VLVWHPD GH FDPELRV \ SUpVWDPRV H[LVWtD XQ RUGHQ \ KDEtD JUXSRV GH¿QLGRV HQ
ORVTXHODVXVWLWXFLyQVHSHUPLWtDRQRVHSHUPLWtD.RYiþ$VtSRGHPRVREVHUYDUTXHHOGLHQWHGH
WLEXUyQVHHQFXHQWUDPD\RUPHQWHHQODVLPiJHQHVGHOGLRV*,\OXHJRHQWRGRHOJUXSR*LQFOXLGRHO
*,,\*,,,/XHJRHOPLVPRGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQORREVHUYDPRVHQODERFDGHORVGLRVHVGHDJXDWRUPHQWDV
UD\RV\RVFXULGDGHOGLRV.VREUHWRGRHQODIRUPDWHPSUDQDGHXQFHWURDQWURSRPRUIR\HOGLRV%
)LQDOPHQWHORHQFRQWUDPRVHQWUHORVGLRVHVGHODFUHDFLyQTXHWDPELpQHVWiQYLQFXODGRVFRQHODJXD\HO
LQIUDPXQGR$¿QDOHVGHO&OiVLFR\GH¿QLWLYDPHQWHHQHOSHULRGR3RVFOiVLFRODPD\RUtDGHORVDWULEXWRV
GHODYDWDUDFXiWLFRGHOGLRVVRODUSDVDURQDORPQLSRWHQWHGLRV&KDDN
3DUHFHFLHUWRTXHORVFXHQWRVODFDQGRQHVVREUHAh XokSRGUtDQFRPSOHWDUKDVWDFLHUWRSXQWRQXHVWURV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHHOGLRVWLEXUyQGHORVWLHPSRVSUHKLVSiQLFRV(OFXHQWRSUHVHQWDGRFRQ¿UPDTXH
GHDOJXQDPDQHUDRFXUULyXQFRQÀLFWRHQWUHHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO\VX FRQWUDSDUWHDFXiWLFD3RU FXOSDGH
XQPHGLDGRURULJLQDOPHQWHTXL]iWDPELpQXQGLRVFHOHVWLDOHO\HUQRGHOGLRVSULQFLSDOHOVRODFXiWLFR
IXHGHFDSLWDGR/DGHFDSLWDFLyQGHOVROHQHOLQIUDPXQGRHVXQPRWLYRPX\FRP~QHQ0HVRDPpULFD\
SXHGHVHULPSRUWDQWHGHPRVWUDUVXUHODFLyQFRQXook
2WURPRWLYRLQWHUHVDQWHVHUtDHOGHOPXQGRDFXiWLFRKDELWDGRSRUJHQWHVHFXHVWUDGD\JREHUQDGR
por Xook (Q HVWD LPDJHQ KD\ EDVWDQWH SDUHFLGR FRQ XQD YHUVLyQ HOHPHQWDO GH WODORFDQ GHO 0p[LFR
FHQWUDO
(Q RWUD YHUVLyQ GHO FXHQWR GLVWLQWD GH OD TXH VH RIUHFH HQ HVWH DUWtFXOR .RYiþ Ah Xok
FXLGDEDMRHODJXDDVXµDEXHOR¶HQRULJLQDOmamUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUXQDWRUWXJDJLJDQWH3RGUtDPRV
HVSHFXODUTXHODWRUWXJDEDMRHODJXDUHSUHVHQWDEDSUREDEOHPHQWHDOGLRVSULPRUGLDOItzamna K’anak’
DOTXHHQFRQWUDPRVIUHFXHQWHPHQWHHQODLFRQRJUDItDFOiVLFD$QLYHOGHUHODFLRQHVIDPLOLDUHVSDUHFH
TXHHOVRODFXiWLFRHUDQLHWRGHODWRUWXJDSULPRUGLDO(QODPLVPDYHUVLyQVHPHQFLRQDQORVKLMRVGH
Ah Xok \ OD KHUPDQD GHO KpURH TXH HUDQ FRFRGULORV WDPELpQ VHUHV GH LPSRUWDQFLD FRVPROyJLFD 6L
reconocemos a Ah XokFRPRHOVRODFXiWLFRQRFWXUQRHQWRQFHVVXHVSRVDWDOYH]UHSUHVHQWDUtDXQD
GLRVDOXQDUHQVXIDVHLQYLVLEOH
/DVQDUUDFLRQHVODFDQGRQDVSRGUtDQVHUYLUSDUDUHDOL]DUFRPSDUDFLRQHVPiVGHWDOODGDVDSHVDUGH
TXHVHWUDWDGHORVWH[WRVTXHGXUDQWHYDULRVVLJORVGHVREUHYLYHQFLDSUREDEOHPHQWHKDQFDPELDGRGH
VHQWLGR\GHFRQWHQLGR&UHHPRVTXHDXQDVtSXHGHQFRQWULEXLUDDUPDUURPSHFDEH]DVGHODVDQWLJXDV
KLVWRULDVPD\DVTXHFRQPXFKRHVIXHU]RWUDWDPRVGHUHFRQVWUXLU
$GHOD)HUQiQGH]HQVXOLEURPre-hispanic Gods of Mexico menciona en su contraportada las palabras
GH3DXO.LUFKRII³,QHYHUXQGHUVWRRGWKHJRGVRI0H[LFRXQWLO,UHDOLVHGWKDW&RDWOLFXHZDVWKHPRWKHURIKHU
RZQJUDQGPRWKHU´
Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD
163
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
$5(//$12 +(51È1'(= $/)2162 0$5,&(/$ $<$/$ )$/&Ï1 %($75,= '( /$ )8(17(
0(5&('(6'(/$*$5=$/(7,&,$67$,1(6&,&(52<%(57,1$2/0('29(5$
The Mayas of The Classic Period0LODQR-DFD%RRN
$5=È3$/20$5Ë15$0Ï1
Calepino de Motul7RPRV,,,,,,0p[LFR')8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
$660$11-$1
bJ\SWHQ7KHRORJLHXQG)U|PPLJNHLWHLQHUIUKHUHQ+RFKNXOWXU6WXWWJDUW%HUOLQ:.RKOKDPHU
%$55(5$9È648(=$/)5('2
Diccionario maya Cordemex0pULGD
%25(0$16(',',(5
Cuentos y mitología de los lacandones &LXGDG GH *XDWHPDOD$FDGHPLD GH *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD GH
*XDWHPDOD
%58&(652%(572'
Textos y dibujos lacandones de Naja0p[LFR,1$+
&2(0,&+$(/'($1612:<(/,=$%(7+%(1621
The Ancient America. The Cultural Atlas of The World1XHYD<RUN$QGURPHGD2[IRUG/WG
',(+/$5,&+$5'
The Olmecs. America´s First Civilization/RQGUHV7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ
)(51È1'(=$'(/$
Pre-hispanic Gods of Mexico0p[LFR')3DQRUDPDHGLWRULDO
),(/'69,5*,1,$0<'25,(5((176%8'(7
Lords of Creation: The Origin of sacred Maya Kingship/RV$QJHOHV6FDOD3XEOLVKHUV
+(/0.(&+5,6723+(<-(63(51,(/6(1
+LGGHQ,GHQWLW\3RZHULQ$QFLHQW0HVRDPHULFD6XSHUQDWXUDO$OWHU(JRVDV&XUVHV'LVHDVHVActa
Americana9RO
-$1È.-,ěË
6WDURHJ\SWVNpQiERåHQVWYt,%RKRYpQD]HPLDYQHEHVtFK3UDKD2LN~PHQp
.29Èý0,/$1
âRNUD ± SUtEHK ODFDQGyQVNHM YRGQHM åHQ\ Na prahu milénia. Folklór a folkloristika na Slovensku
HGLWDGRSRU=X]DQD3URIDQWRYiSS$50%UDWLVODYD
.ODVL¿NDþQp PRGHO\ D W\SROyJLD UHSUH]HQWiFLt ERKRY X V~þDVQêFK 0D\RY ± /DFDQGyQFRY &KLDSDV
0H[LNREthnologia Actualis Slovaca
/$1'$',(*2'(
Správa o veciach na Yucatáne, ktorú napísal brat Diego de Landa z rádu sv. Františka roku Pána 1566
%UDWLVODYD6$+,
0$57,16,021<1,.2/$,*58%(
Chronicle of The Maya Kings and Queens/RQGUHV7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ
0$57Ë1(=+8&+,0$1$3$75,&,$
Diccionario maya0pULGD'DQWH
3$/.$-2(/:
Unconquered Lacandon Maya*DLQHVYLOOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI)ORULGD
52<65$/3+/
The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel3XEOLFDWLRQ1R:DVKLQJWRQ'&&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQ
RI:DVKLQJWRQ
6&+(/(/,1'$<0$5<(//(10,//(5
The Blood of Kings. Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art)RUW:RUWK.LPEHOO$UW0XVHXP
6,0)(1'25)(5&2/,1<*(25*(%85*(66
Carcharhinus leucas ,8&1 ,8&1 5HG /LVW RI 7KUHDWHQHG 6SHFLHV 9HUVLRQ ZZZ
LXFQUHGOLVWRUJ!'RZQORDGHGRQ2FWREHU
164
0LODQ.RYiþ
678$57'$9,'
The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque: A Commentary 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 3UH&ROXPELDQ $UW
5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH
7KH3DOHQTXH0\WKRORJ\Sourcebook for the 30th Maya MeetingsHGLWHGE\'DYLG6WXDUWSS
$XVWLQ0HVRDPHULFDQ&HQWHU'HSDUWPHQWRI$UWDQG$UW+LVWRU\8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DVDW$XVWLQ
6:$'(6+0$85,&,2&5,67,1$È/9$5(=<-8$15%$67$55$&+($
Diccionario de elementos del maya yucateco colonial 0p[LFR 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO $XWyQRPD GH
0p[LFR
7$8%(.$5/
7KH&ODVVLF0D\D*RGVMaya – Divine Kings of The Rain ForestHGLWDGRSRU1LNRODL*UXEHSS
. &RORJQH.|QHPDQQ9HUODJVJHVOOVFKDIW
:$*1(5(/,=$%(7+
D-DGH±7KH*UHHQ*ROGRI7KH0D\DMaya – Divine Kings of The Rain ForestHGLWDGRSRU1LNRODL
*UXEHSS&RORJQH.|QHPDQQ9HUODJVJHVOOVFKDIW&RORJQH
E0D\D&UHDWLRQ0\WKVDQG&RVPRJUDSK\Maya – Divine Kings of The Rain ForestHGLWDGRSRU1LNRODL
*UXEHSS&RORJQH.|QHPDQQ9HUODJVJHVOOVFKDIW
=(1'(50$5&
2QWKH0RUSKRORJ\RI,QWLPDWH3RVVHVVLRQLQ0D\DQ/DQJXDJHVDQG&ODVVLF0D\D*O\SKLF1RXQVThe
Linguistics of Maya WritingHGLWDGRSRU6¡UHQ:LFKPDQQSS6DOW/DNH&LW\8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK
3UHVV