water in maya imagery and writing

Anuncio
Contributions in New World
Archaeology
WATER IN MAYA IMAGERY AND WRITING
HARRI KETTUNEN¹ AND CHRISTOPHE HELMKE²
¹ University of Helsinki, Finland
² University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract
7KHIRFXVRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWKHFRQFHSWRIZDWHULQ0D\DLPDJHU\DQGZULWLQJ:HZLOOGLVFXVVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
RIGLIIHUHQWERGLHVRIZDWHULQ0D\DDUWWKHHYROXWLRQRIDTXDWLFLFRQRJUDSK\DVZHOODVH[SUHVVLRQVUHODWHGWR
ZDWHULQ0D\DQODQJXDJHV$OWKRXJKVDOLQHZDWHUFRYHUVPRUHWKDQ RIWKHVXUIDFHRIRXUEOXHSODQHWPRVWRI
WKHZRUOG¶VODQJXDJHVUHIHUWRWKHVHDE\DQDORJ\WRVPDOOHUERGLHVRIZDWHUVXFKDVODNHV$VVXFKPRVWFXOWXUHV
HVVHQWLDOO\KDYHDODQGORFNHGSHUVSHFWLYHRQWKHVHD7KH0D\DDUHQRGLIIHUHQWHYHQWKRXJKWKH0D\DDUHDLV
SDUWO\GHPDUFDWHGE\WZRRFHDQVDQGDOWKRXJKWKH\KDYHYDULRXVZRUGVIRUGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIERGLHVRIZDWHUWKH
YRFDEXODU\LVZKROO\ODQGEDVHG6RPHRIWKHZRUGVIRUµVHD¶LQ0D\DQODQJXDJHVDUHRULJLQDOO\EDVHGDQGEXLOW
XSRQWKHZRUGVIRUVPDOOHUERGLHVRIZDWHUVXFKDVµSRRO¶RUµODNH¶
Resumen
(VWHDUWtFXORVHFHQWUDHQHOFRQFHSWRGHODJXDHQODVLPiJHQHV\ODHVFULWXUDGHORVPD\DV'LVFXWLUHPRVODV
GLYHUVDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHORVFXHUSRVGHDJXDHQHODUWHPD\DODHYROXFLyQGHODLFRQRJUDItDDFXiWLFDDVtFRPR
ODVH[SUHVLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHODJXDHQORVLGLRPDVPD\HQVHV$XQTXHHODJXDVDOLQDFXEUHPiVGHOGH
ODVXSHU¿FLHGHQXHVWURSODQHWDODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVLGLRPDVGHOPXQGRKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDDOPDUSRUDQDORJtDD
FXHUSRVGHDJXDGXOFHWDOHVFRPRODJRV'HWDOPDQHUDTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVFXOWXUDVWLHQHQHVHQFLDOPHQWHXQD
SHUVSHFWLYDWHUUHVWUHGHOPDU/RPLVPRVXFHGHHQHOFDVRGHORVPD\DVDXQTXHHOiUHDPD\DHVWiGHPDUFDGRHQ
SDUWHSRUGRVRFpDQRV\ORVLGLRPDVWLHQHQYDULDVSDODEUDVSDUDUHIHULUGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHFXHUSRVGHDJXD$OJXQDV
GHODVSDODEUDVSDUDHOµPDU¶HQORVLGLRPDVPD\HQVHVVHEDVDQHQH[SUHVLRQHVTXHGHVLJQDQFXHUSRVGHDJXDGXOFH
SHTXHxRVWDOHVFRPRµDJXDGD¶RµODJR¶
WATER, LAKES, SEAS, AND RIVERS IN MAYAN LANGUAGES
7KHZRUGIRU¶ZDWHU¶LWVHOILQ0D\DODQJXDJHVLVRIJUHDWDQWLTXLW\UDWKHUFRQVHUYDWLYHDQGUHVLVWDQW
WRFKDQJH7KH3URWR0D\DQKD¶.DXIPDQLVVWLOOSUHVHUYHGLQPDQ\PRGHUQ0D\DQ
ODQJXDJHV/H[HPHVIRUµZDWHU¶LQ0D\DQODQJXDJHVDUHWDEXODWHGEHORZDIWHU.DXIPDQ
VHHDOVRWKHDSSHQGL[
18
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
Table 1: &RJQDWHV IRU µZDWHU¶ LQ PRGHUQ DQG FRORQLDO 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV LQ FRQWUDVW WR VHOHFW SURWR
ODQJXDJHV/DQJXDJHFRGHVDUHDVIROORZV$NDWHN$.$$ZDNDWHN$:$&KXM&+-&K¶RO&+/&+5
&K¶RUWL¶ &KRQWDO &+7 ,W]D¶ ,7= ,[LO ,;/ .DTFKLNHO RI 3DW]XQ .$4S .¶LFKH¶ RI 4XLFKH .&+T
RI &KLFKLFDVWHQDQJR .&+F DQG RI &KLFDM .&+N /DNDQWXQ /$. 0DP 0$0 SURWR&K¶RODQ S&+
3RTRPFKL¶3&+3RSWL¶3233RTRPDPRI3DOLQ340SDQG6DQ/XtV-LORWHSHTXH340M4¶DQMREDO4$1
4¶HTFKL¶ 4(4 6DNSXOWHN 6$. 6LSDNDSHQVH 6,3 7HNR 7(. 7RMROREDO 72- 7]HOWDO 7=( 7]RW]LO
7=27]¶XWXMLO7=88VSDQWHN863ZHVWHUQ:DVWHNRI7DQFDQKXLW]:$6ZDQG<XNDWHN<8.
:KHQLWFRPHVWRWKHHDUO\&K¶RODQUHFRUGHGLQWKHWH[WVRIWKH&ODVVLFSHULRGWKHKLHURJO\SKLF
FRUSXVSUHVHQWVDKDQGIXORIWHUPVIRUZDWHUDQGGLIIHUHQWERGLHVRIZDWHU)RULQVWDQFH&ODVVLF0D\D
has a generic term ha’IRUµZDWHU¶7KLVWHUPFDQUHIHUWRZDWHULQJHQHUDOEXWLWFDQDOVRUHIHUPRUH
VSHFL¿FDOO\WRÀXLGVOLTXLGVULYHUVDQGODNHVDVZHOODVERGLHVRIZDWHULQWKHEURDGHVWVHQVHHa’al
OLWHUDOO\ µZDWHU\¶ RU µZDWHUOLNH¶ RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG UHIHUV VSHFL¿FDOO\ WR µUDLQ¶ ZKHUHDV ha’ha’al
OLWHUDOO\ µZDWHUUDLQ¶ RU ³YHU\ UDLQ\´ UHIHUV VSHFL¿FDOO\ WR WKH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ 7KHVH DUH UHÀHFWHG LQ
PRGHUQ&K¶RUWL¶:LVGRPZKHUHha’LVµZDWHUVWUHDPRFHDQ¶haha’ ~ ha’ ha’LVµZDWHU\UDLQ\
DTXDWLF¶DQGhaha’ar k’inLVµUDLQ\VHDVRQ¶,QDGGLWLRQH[DPSOHVDUHIRXQGLQWKHWKHRQ\PIRU*RG/
WKHVXSUHPHORUGRIWKHXQGHUZRUOGHJ+HOPNHD0DUWLQLQSUHVV,QERWKWKH'UHVGHQ
&RGH[DQGLQIUDJPHQWDU\FHUDPLFWH[WVIURP$OWXQ+D%HOL]HWKHKHDGRI*RG/LVSUHFHGHGE\WKH
logograms HA’-HA’ALVHH+HOPNH/DFDGHQDVXJJHVWLQJDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVWKDWWKH
&K¶RUWL¶haha’arLVDUHÀH[RIWKH&ODVVLF0D\D
,Q0D\DQODQJXDJHVZHKDYHGLIIHUHQWZRUGVIRUµRFHDQ¶µODNH¶DQGµULYHU¶DVZHOODVRWKHUERGLHV
RI ZDWHU +RZHYHU VR IDU RQO\ D KDQGIXO RI WKHVH WHUPV KDYH EHHQ IRXQG LQ WKH JO\SKLF FRUSXV
The term nahbLVXVXDOO\WUDQVODWHGDVµSRRO¶RUµDJXDGD¶LQUHIHUHQFHWRDVPDOOERG\RIIUHVKZDWHU
EXWIXQGDPHQWDOO\LWFDQGHVLJQDWHDQ\ERG\RIZDWHU)LJXUHD7KHFRPSRXQGWHUPk’ahk’-nahb
OLWHUDOO\ µ¿UHSRRO¶ RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG UHIHUV WR µVHD¶ RU µRFHDQ¶ RU ODUJH ERGLHV RI VDOLQH ZDWHU LQ
JHQHUDO )LJXUH E 7KH LQLWLDO k’ahk’ SDUW LQ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ IRU µVHD¶ LV HVSHFLDOO\ LQWHUHVWLQJ ,W LV
WHPSWLQJWRWKLQNWKDWWKHRULJLQRIWKHH[SUHVVLRQKDVVRPHWKLQJWRGRZLWKWKHH[SRVXUHRIWKHVHDWR
WKHVXQRUWRWKHVXQULVLQJRUVHWWLQJIURPWKHVHD&RQYHUVHO\$OIRQVR/DFDGHQDSHUVFRPP
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
19
Figure 1.*O\SKVIRUnahbk’ahk’nahbDQGpalaw pulaw?GUDZLQJVE\&KULVWRSKH+HOPNH>DE@
DQG+DUUL.HWWXQHQ>F@
KDVRIIHUHGDQRWKHUSRVVLELOLW\ZKHUHLQk’ahk’PLJKWHVVHQWLDOO\IXQFWLRQDVDQDXJPHQWDWLYHOHDYLQJ
k’ahk’nahb WR PHDQ ³ODUJH ZDWHUV´ 7KH RQO\ VXSSRUWLQJ HYLGHQFH KRZHYHU FRPHV IURP &RORQLDO
7]HOGDOZKHUHk’ahk’RSHUDWHVDVDQDXJPHQWDWLYHIRUYHUEV$OIRQVR/DFDGHQDSHUVFRPP
%HVLGHV WKHVH H[SUHVVLRQV RQH ZRUG LQ &K¶ROWL¶ PLJKW \LHOG WKH UHDGLQJ IRU WKH µRFHDQ¶ JO\SK
/RSHV )LJXUH F ,Q &K¶ROWL¶ WKLV LV polaw (possibly recorded as <polau> in MoriQ DQG LQ 4¶HTFKL¶ $/0* LW LV palaw ,Q ERWK FDVHV WKH WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH ZRUG LV µPDU¶
RU µVHD¶ LQ 6SDQLVK +RZHYHU WKH ZRUG GRHV QRW VHHP WR DSSHDU LQ RWKHU ORZODQG 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV
H[FHSWLQJ&K¶ROWL¶DQGHYHQWKHUHLWPD\UHSUHVHQWLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKKLJKODQGODQJXDJHVVRLWUHPDLQV
VSHFXODWLYHZKHWKHUWKHZRUGLVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRI&K¶RODQODQJXDJHVRUZKHWKHULWZDVDORDQZRUG
IURP4¶HTFKL¶DQODQJXDJHWR&K¶ROWL¶,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDW.DXIPDQSURSRVHVWKH
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ SDODZ IRU *UHDWHU .¶LFKH¶DQ DQG UHFRUGV palaw LQ 4¶HTFKL¶ DQG 3RTRPFKL¶ DV ZHOO
as palowLQERWK.DTFKLNHODQG.¶LFKH¶5HJDUGOHVVWKHZRUGUHFRUGHGLQWKHJO\SKVDSSHDUVWRHQG
in –wFRQVLGHULQJWKH¿QDOSKRQHWLFFRPSOHPHQWwaEXWRWKHUWKDQWKDWZHFDQQRWEHVHFXUHRIWKH
UHDGLQJRIWKLVJO\SK%HVLGHVWKHpolaw or palawUHDGLQJ'DYLG6WXDUWKDVVXJJHVWHGtikaw³ZDUP
KRWZDWHU´LQ&K¶RUWL¶IRUWKHVLJQSHUVFRPPFLWHGLQ+RXVWRQ&RQVLGHULQJWKHHYROXWLRQ
RIu > oDWWHVWHGEHWZHHQ&ODVVLF0D\DDQGLWVGHVFHQGDQWODQJXDJHVRQHFDQSURSRVHWKDWWKHWHUP
ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SURQRXQFHG pulaw LQ WKH &ODVVLF SHULRG HVSHFLDOO\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKDW polau> may
EHDWWHVWHGIRU&K¶ROWL¶6WURVV1HYHUWKHOHVVRQWKHEDVLVRISUHVHQWOLQJXLVWLFHYLGHQFHWKH
PRVWSODXVLEOHUHDGLQJRIWKHORJRJUDPLVPALAWQRWWKHOHDVWVLQFHWKH&K¶RWL¶HQWU\PD\LQIDFW
record <palau!/RRNLQJ
DWWKHLPDJHU\RIWKHSXWDWLYHPALAW?VLJQDQGLWVLFRQRJUDSKLFFRQWH[WZHFDQQRWRYHUUXOHWKH
SRVVLELOLW\WKDWWKHVLJQFRXOGUHIHUWRODUJHERGLHVRIZDWHULQJHQHUDORUPRUHVSHFL¿FDOO\WRP\WKLFDO
RUHYHQVXSHUQDWXUDOERGLHVRIZDWHUVXFKDVWKDWZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHXQGHUZRUOG
$OVRLWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDWQRVHSDUDWHZRUGIRUµULYHU¶KDVEHHQIRXQGLQWKHFRUSXVRI0D\D
JO\SKLFWH[WV7KLVHLWKHUVWHPVIURPWKHIDFWWKDW0D\DQODQJXDJHVDUHTXLWHDPELYDOHQWZKHQLWFRPHV
WRGLIIHUHQWERGLHVRIZDWHURUIURPDIDFWWKDWZHKDYHRYHUORRNHGZRUGVLQWKH0D\DKLHURJO\SKLF
FRUSXVWKDWPLJKWDFWXDOO\UHIHUWRULYHUV)RULQVWDQFHDZHOONQRZQ0HVRDPHULFDQFDOTXHIRU³ULYHU´
LVµELJZDWHU¶DQGZHGR¿QGWKLVFRPSRXQGlakam-ha’µELJZLGHZDWHUV¶RQHRIWKHPDLQWRSRQ\PV
RI 3DOHQTXH DSSDUHQWO\ WKH RULJLQDO QDPH RI WKH 2WXOXP ULYHU WKDW FURVVHV WKH DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWH
+HOPNH VHH 6PLWK6WDUN 1HYHUWKHOHVV GLVWLQFW OH[HPHV GR H[LVW IRU µULYHU¶ LQ VHYHUDO
0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV &K¶RUWL¶ IRU H[DPSOH KDV xukur IRU µULYHU¶ :LVGRP &KRQWDO GLFWLRQDULHV
SURYLGHWKH6SDQLVKORDQZRUGVríoriuDQGriyu.QRZOHV.HOOHUDQG/XFLDQR*DQG
ERWK 7]RW]LO +XUOH\ DQG 5Xt] DQG <XNDWHN %DUUHUD 9i]TXH] KDYH uk’um IRU µULYHU¶
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
20
<XNDWHN DOVR KDV µODJXQD¶ RU µODNH¶ IRU WKH VDPH HQWU\ ,Q ,W]D¶ WKHUH DUH D IHZ ZRUGV IRU µULYHU¶
including bekanok ja’DQGD6SDQLVKORDQriiyoj,W]D¶DOVRKDVja’IRUµZDWHUODNHUDLQDQGULYHU¶LQ
JHQHUDOnoj-ja’IRUµODNH¶DQGk’abnaab ~ k’a’naabIRUµVHD¶,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWLFHWKDWWKHZRUG
ja’FDQFRYHUDOOWKHVHGRPDLQVH[FHSWIRUµVHD¶PDNLQJLWFOHDUWKDWLWLVLQWLPDWHO\WLHGWRIUHVKZDWHU
,WLVHTXDOO\QRWHZRUWK\WKDW,W]D¶KDVk’abRUk’a’UDWKHUWKDQk’ahk’WRIRUPWKHZRUGIRUVHDDSLHFH
RIHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHZRUGk’ahk’KDVSUREDEO\EHHQUHDQDO\]HGLQ,W]D¶DQGLVSUREDEO\DORDQIURPD
&K¶RODQODQJXDJHSRVVLEO\HDVWHUQ&K¶RODQ+RZHYHUZHGRKDYHWKHVDPHSDWWHUQLQ<XNDWHNZKHUH
ZHKDYHERWKk’ak’nab and k’anaabIRUµVHD¶VXJJHVWLQJWKDWPRUSKRSKRQHPLFVDUHDWSOD\7KHVDPH
ZRUGLVDOVRIRXQGLQ&K¶ROWL¶UHFRUGHGVRPHZKDWDZNZDUGO\E\$UDDVcahnab,QWHUHVWLQJO\
KRZHYHUk’ak’naabLQ4¶HTFKL¶$/0*LVJORVVHGDVµODJXQDODJXQHWD¶
:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHVHHPLQJDEVHQFHRIDVSHFL¿FWHUPIRUµULYHU¶LQ&ODVVLF0D\DLQVFULSWLRQV
RQHVKRXOGWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKDWha’ (recorded as <ha!LVJORVVHGDVµUtR¶µULYHU¶LQWKH0RUin
GLFWLRQDU\ DQG RQH RI WKH JORVVHV IRU ha’ LQ &K¶RUWL¶ :LVGRP LV µVWUHDP¶$OVR WKH
DIRUHPHQWLRQHG ja’ IRU µULYHU¶ LQ ,W]D¶ QRW WR PHQWLRQ WKH &ODVVLF 0D\D lakamha’ ERWK UHLQIRUFH
the idea that ha’ DQG LWV FRJQDWHV FDQ DOVR VLJQLI\ µULYHU¶ LQ PDQ\ 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV$V UHJDUGV
WKH+LJKODQG0D\DQODQJXDJHV4¶HTFKL¶KDVnim-ha’ ~ nim-a’OLWHUDOO\µODUJHZDWHU¶IRU³ULYHU´
SUHFLVHO\GXSOLFDWLQJWKH&ODVVLF0D\DDQGEURDGHU0HVRDPHULFDQFDOTXHZKHUHDV.¶LFKH¶KDVWKH
more descriptive binel ha’ OLWHUDOO\ µWUDYHOLQJ ZDWHU¶ ZKHUHDV 3RNRPFKL¶ KDV chi’ ja’ (‘mouth
RI ZDWHU¶ IRU ³ULYHU´ %HVLGHV WHUUHVWULDO ZDWHU WKHUH DUH DOVR ZRUGV LQ 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV IRU
VXEWHUUDQHDQZDWHUVXFKDVWKH<XNDWHNtz’onotIRUµFHQRWH¶RUµODJRVGHDJXDGXOFHPX\KRQGRVR
SR]RVREROVDVDVt¶%DUUHUD9iVTXH]
:DWHUUHODWHGZRUGVDQGH[SUHVVLRQVLQWKHFRUSXVRI0D\DKLHURJO\SKLFWH[WVDUHDVIROORZV
KD¶D¶
HA’-a
HA’
A
ha’
ha’
a[’]
n
µZDWHU¶ LQ JHQHUDO DQG FDQ
UHIHU PRUH VSHFL¿FDOO\ WR
ÀXLGV OLTXLGV ULYHUV DQG
ODNHV DV ZHOO DV ERGLHV RI
ZDWHULQWKHEURDGHVWVHQVH
ha’al
HA’-a-la
HA’-la
HA’AL
ha’al
ha’al
ha’al
n
OLWµZDWHU\¶RUµZDWHUOLNH¶
EXW VSHFL¿FDOO\ UHIHUV WR
³UDLQ´
ha’ha’al
HA’-HA’AL
ha’-ha’al
n
OLW µZDWHUUDLQ¶ RU ³YHU\
UDLQ\´ UHIHUV VSHFL¿FDOO\
WRWKH³UDLQ\VHDVRQ´
naab ~ nahb
na-bi
NAB-bi
naab ~ nahb
naab ~ nahb
n
µSRRO ODNH¶ LQ SDUWLFXODU
DQG ERGLHV RI IUHVKZDWHU
in general
k’ahk’naab ~
k’ahk’nahb
K’AK’-NAB
k’a[h]k’-na[a]b
k’a[h]k’-na[h]b
cn
OLWµ¿UHSRRO¶RU³JUHDWZD
WHUV´PHDQWDV³RFHDQVHD´
RUODUJHERGLHVRIVDOWZD
ter in general
palaw ~ pulaw
n
µVHD RFHDQ ODUJH ERG\ RI
ZDWHU¶
palaw ~ pulaw? PALAW/PULAW?-wa
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
21
,IZHORRNDW,QGR(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVZH¿QGDYHU\VLPLODUSDWWHUQWRWKDWRI0D\DQODQJXDJHV
WKHZRUGVIRUµODNH¶DQGµVHD¶VHHPWRWUDYHOIURPODQJXDJHWRODQJXDJHFKDQJLQJWKHLUVHPDQWLFVDV
WKH\JR,WLVDOVRQRWHZRUWK\WKDWLQGLIIHUHQWDUHDVRIWKH*HUPDQLFZRUOGWKHZRUGVIRUODNHDQGVHD
FKDQJHWKHLUPHDQLQJGHSHQGLQJRQWKHJHRJUDSKLFDUHD7DEOH
Table 2:7HUPVIRUIUHVKZDWHUDQGVDOLQHERGLHVRIZDWHULQVDOLHQW(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV
SERENE AND OTHERWORLDLY BODIES OF WATER
IN CLASSIC MAYA IMAGERY
$VUHJDUGVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIERGLHVRIZDWHULQ0D\DLPDJHU\WKHGHSLFWLRQVDUHTXLWHRIWHQ
YHU\ VW\OL]HG DQG DEVWUDFW )URP WKH FRQWH[W ZH NQRZ WKDW D GRWWHG OLQH )LJXUH D UHSUHVHQWV WKH
VXUIDFHRIZDWHU±RUVRPHWLPHVZDWHULWVHOIVHH+RXVWRQDQG7DXEH
$QRWKHUPDUNHURIZDWHUDUHWKHVRFDOOHG³ZDWHUVWDFNV´6FKHOHDQG0LOOHUDQG³ZDWHU
VFUROOV´%RWKFDQDSSHDUVLGHZD\VRUXSVLGHGRZQLQ0D\DLPDJHU\VHH)LJXUHVDF$OWKRXJKQR
VDWLVIDFWRU\H[SODQDWLRQH[LVWVIRUZKDWWKHVH³ZDWHUVWDFNV´GHSLFWWKHVHPD\LQLWLDOO\KDYHUHSUHVHQWHG
WKH VSLUHV RI FRQFKHV SDUWO\ EXULHG LQ WKH VDQG RI WKH VHD ÀRRU ,Q FRQWUDVW WKH ³ZDWHU VFUROOV´ PD\
22
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
Figure 2. D 7LNDO %XULDO 0LVFHOODQHRXV 7H[W $ GUDZLQJ E\ $QQHPDULH 6HXIIHUW 1RWH WKH ³ZDWHU
VWDFN´IUDPHGE\WZR³ZDWHUVFUROOV´DWWKHULJKWHQGRIWKHGUDZLQJEGHWDLOIURPD/DWH&ODVVLFFHUDPLFYDVH
GUDZLQJ E\$QGUHD 6WRQH DIWHU +HOOPXWK F GHWDLO IURP WKH PXUDO RI 6XEVWUXFWXUH$ &KLLN 1DKE
$FURSROLV&DODNPXOGUDZLQJE\6LPRQ0DUWLQG(DUO\&ODVVLFWULSRGYHVVHOIURP8D[DFWXQSKRWRJUDSKE\
+DUUL.HWWXQHQ
Figure 3.:DWHU/LO\6HUSHQWGUDZLQJE\/LQGD6FKHOH
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
23
GHSLFWZDYHVDOWKRXJKWKHVDPHHOHPHQWZKHQLWRFFXUVLQWKHJO\SKLFWH[WVDSSHDUVWRSURYLGHDQ
DOWHUQDWH WHUP IRU D ERG\ RI IUHVKZDWHU VXFK DV D ODNH HJ LQ WKH WRSRQ\PV RI7DPDULQGLWR LW PD\
QDPHWKH/DJR3HWH[EDWXQLQWKH$OWXQ+DFDVHWKHSRQGWKDWJLYHVWKHVLWHDQGQHDUE\VHWWOHPHQW
>5RFNVWRQH SRQG@ LWV QDPH ,W LV DOVR ZRUWK QRWLFLQJ WKDW RQ WKH PXUDO RI 6XEVWUXFWXUH$ DW &KLLN
1DKE$FURSROLV &DODNPXO WKH ZDWHU VWDFNV VFUROOV GRWV DQG GURSOHWV DUH SDLQWHG XVLQJ EOXH FRORU
)LJXUHF
2WKHUVRPHZKDWGLUHFWUHIHUHQFHVWRZDWHULQ0D\DLPDJHU\LQFOXGHZDWHUOLO\ÀRZHUVDQGZDWHU
OLO\SDGVERWKRIZKLFKDUHDEXQGDQWLQ0D\DDUWVHH)LJXUHVFG%HVLGHVZDWHUOLOLHVGRWWHG
OLQHVZDWHUVWDFNVDQGVFUROOVWKH0D\DDOVRXVHGDVLJQWKDWUHVHPEOHHDUO\na syllabogram (Figures
E DQG G$OIRQVR /DFDGHQD KDV VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH VLJQ RULJLQDWHV LQ WKH ,VWKPLDQ ZULWLQJ V\VWHP
ZKHUHLWIXQFWLRQHGDVWKHORJRJUDPIRUµZDWHU¶7KHDUJXPHQWLVUHLQIRUFHGE\WKHUHFRQVWUXFWHG3URWR
0LMH6RNHDQZRUGIRUµZDWHU¶Ql¶H[SODLQLQJERWKWKHJUDSKLFRULJLQRIWKHVLJQDVZHOODVSKRQHWLF
YDOXH:LFKPDQQ/DFDGHQD
%HVLGHV WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI ZDWHU WKH 0D\D SRUWUD\HG ZDWHU LQ D SHUVRQL¿HG
IRUP LQ WKHLU LPDJHU\ DV LQ WKH IRUP RI VRFDOOHG :DWHU /LO\ 6HUSHQWV VHH )LJXUH ,Q WKH PRVW
complete instances this creature is named as Yax Chit Jun Witz’ Nah Kan VHH +HOPNH LQ SUHVV
&RQYHQWLRQVRIGHSLFWLQJZDWHULQ0D\DLPDJHU\FKDQJHGGXULQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKHKLVWRU\RI0D\D
DUW,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWLFHWKDWERWKLQHDUO\DQGODWH0D\DDUWVHH)LJXUHVZDWHUZDVGHSLFWHG
LQ D OHVV DEVWUDFW PDQQHU DV ZDV RIWHQ WKH FDVH GXULQJ WKH /DWH &ODVVLF 'XULQJ WKH (DUO\ &ODVVLF
GHSLFWLRQV RI GLIIHUHQW ERGLHV RI ZDWHU DQG ZDWHU LWVHOI EHFDPH YHU\ VW\OL]HG 7RPE DW 5tR$]XO
GHSLFWVDZDWHUEDQGFRPPRQWRWKH(DUO\&ODVVLFLPDJHU\)LJXUH7KLVZDWHUEDQGKDVDVLWVEDVLV
Figure 4.WRS,]DSD6WHODERWWRP,]DSD6WHODGUDZLQJVE\$\D[0RUHQR
24
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
Figure 5.5tR$]XO7RPESKRWRJUDSKE\*HRUJH0REOH\
Figure 6. ,PDJHU\ RQ DQ (DUO\ &ODVVLF FHUDPLF ERZO IURP 4XLQWDQD 5RR GUDZLQJ E\ /LQGD 6FKHOH LQ 6FKHOH
DQG0LOOHU
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
25
Figure 7.D'HWDLORID/DWH&ODVVLFFHUDPLFYDVH.GUDZLQJE\'DYLG6WXDUWE'HWDLOIURPD/DWH&ODVVLF
WULSRGGLVK.SKRWRJUDSKE\-XVWLQ.HUU
D ZDY\ EDQG PDUNHG ZLWK GRWV WKDW UHSUHVHQW ZDWHU FRPSDUH WR WKH JO\SK IRU µVHD¶ LQ )LJXUH F
$WWDFKHGWRWKLVEDQGDUHWKHVRFDOOHGSURWRna ~ HA’VLJQVDVZHOODVGRWWHGVFUROOV(DUO\YHUVLRQV
RIZDWHUVWDFNVDUHIRXQGRQWKHPXUDOVDW6DQ%DUWRORZKHUHWKH\DSSHDUWRUHSUHVHQWUDLQVHH7DXEH
et al.$Q(DUO\&ODVVLFFHUDPLFERZOIURP4XLQWDQD5RRVHH)LJXUHGHSLFWVDQ(DUO\&ODVVLF
YHUVLRQRIZDWHUVWDFNVWKDWODWHUEHFRPHHYHQPRUHVW\OL]HGDQGDEVWUDFWVHH)LJXUH2Q.
ZDWHU VWDFNV DUH UHSUHVHQWHG VLGHZD\V ÀDQNLQJ D VLPSOH ZDWHU EDQG 2QH RI WKHVH ¿JXUHV DSSHDUV
XQGHUQHDWKWKHJO\SKIRUµFORXG¶LQWKHGHGLFDWRU\WH[WRIWKHYHVVHODVSRLQWHGRXWE\$QGUHD6WRQH
DQG0DUF=HQGHU)LJXUHD:KHWKHUWKLVLVLQWHQWLRQDORUQRWUHPDLQVDSRLQWRIGLVFXVVLRQ
26
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
Figure 8. WRS 5ROORXW SKRWRJUDSK RI D SRO\FKURPH YDVH SURGXFHG XQGHU WKH SDWURQDJH RI 1DUDQMR¶V UXOHU
.¶DKN¶7LOLZ&KDQ&KDKN.SKRWRJUDSKE\-XVWLQ.HUUPLGGOH0XUDO7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUV&KLFKHQ
,W]DFD$'±ZDWHUFRORUE\$QQ$[WHOO0RUULVERWWRP*ROGHQGLVNIURP&KLFKHQ,W]DGUDZLQJ
E\7DWLDQD3URVNRXULDNRII
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
27
Figure 9. WRS'HWDLOIURPWKH'UHVGHQ&RGH[SDJHERWWRP'HWDLOIURPWKH0DGULG&RGH[SDJH
'XULQJ WKH 3RVWFODVVLF GHSLFWLRQV RI ZDWHU GLVWDQWO\ UHVHPEOH WKRVH RI WKH 3UHFODVVLF ZLWK D PRUH
UHDOLVWLFDSSURDFKDVRQWKHPXUDOV)LJXUHEDQGRQDJROGHQGLVNIURP&KLFKHQ,W]D)LJXUHF
,Q WKH 3RVWFODVVLF FRGLFHV ZDWHU LV UHSUHVHQWHG ZLWK ZDY\ EOXH OLQHV 7KH OLQHV RQ VRPH RI WKH
SDJHV RI WKH 'UHVGHQ &RGH[ DUH FXUYLHU WKDQ IRU H[DPSOH WKRVH RQ WKH 0DGULG &RGH[ )LJXUH 7KH 'UHVGHQ &RGH[ DOVR SRUWUD\V ZDWHU DV EOXH GRWWHG OLQH SRVVLEOH YHVWLJH RI DQ HDUOLHU VW\OLVWLF
WUDGLWLRQRIGHSLFWLQJZDWHU7KH0DGULGDQG3DULV&RGLFHVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGPRVWO\SRUWUD\ZDWHUDV
YHUWLFDOZDY\OLQHV$OWKRXJKSDUWRIWKHH[SODQDWLRQIRUWKHVHGLVSDUDWHVW\OHVUHVWVLQWKHLQGLYLGXDO
SHQPDQVKLSRIVFULEHVLWLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWKDWUHSUHVHQWLQJZDWHUZLWKZDY\OLQHVFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDO3RVWFODVVLFWUDGLWLRQZLWKSDUDOOHOVLQWKH&HQWUDO0H[LFDQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIZDWHU
28
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
WATER BANDS AND CENTRAL MEXICAN CONNECTIONS
$V UHJDUGV 0D\D ZULWLQJ ZH KDYH WKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG UHIHUHQFHV ha’ nahb k’ahk’nahb DQG
palaw?WRWKHGLIIHUHQWERGLHVRIZDWHU7KHVLJQIRUZDWHUHA’LVDXJPHQWHGZLWKWKHVLJQLAKAM
DW 3DOHQTXH &OHDUO\ D SODFH QDPH WKLV FRPELQDWLRQ KDV EHHQ LQWHUSUHWHG E\ 'DYLG 6WXDUW DV µODUJH
ZDWHUV¶DUHIHUHQFHWRWKHPDQ\ULYHUVFXWWLQJWKURXJK3DOHQTXH$VZHKDYHDOUHDG\QRWHGWKHQRWLRQ
RIµELJZDWHUV¶LVD0HVRDPHULFDQFDOTXHIRU³ULYHU´DQGWKLVVHHPVWREHSUHFLVHO\ZKDWWKHWRSRQ\P
RI3DOHQTXHUHIHUUHGWR+HOPNH
The sign that reads NABIRUSRRORUDQ\ERG\RIZDWHUDSSHDUVWRUHSUHVHQWDVW\OL]HGZDWHUEDQG
ZLWKZDWHU\GRWVDQGDOHDI\leVLJQSRVVLEO\WRSSHGZLWKDVW\OL]HGZDWHUSODQWVHH)LJXUHD,QWKH
JO\SKIRUµVHD¶RUk’ahk’nahbWKHVLJQNABLVVXSSOHPHQWZLWKDK’AK’VLJQIRUµ¿UH¶FigureE
2QWKHWDEOHWRI7HPSOH;,9DW3DOHQTXH)LJXUHWKLVVLJQLVSUHFHGHGE\DVLJQTI’IRUµPRXWK¶
EXWIXQFWLRQLQJDVDORFDWLYHIRUSODFHVXFKDVµDW¶7KHZDWHUEDQGDOVRGHSLFWVZDWHUEXEEOHVRUGRWV
Figure 10. 7HPSOH;,97DEOHW3DOHQTXHGUDZLQJE\0HUOH*UHHQH5REHUWVRQ
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
29
Figure 11.'HWDLORIWKHZDWHUEDQGRQWKH1RUWKZDOORI6WUXFWXUH$&DFD[WODSKRWRJUDSKE\(QULFR)HURUHOOL
ZDWHUVWDFNVSRLQWLQJERWKXSZDUGVDQGGRZQZDUGVnaOLNHVLJQVDQGHA’ logograms representing
VW\OL]HGZDWHULQDGGLWLRQWRZDWHUVFUROOVDQGleVLJQV
7KHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHZDWHUEDQGDW3DOHQTXHDQGHOVHZKHUHFDQEHFRQWUDVWHGWRWKHZDWHUEDQGV
WKDWIUDPHWKHIDPHGPXUDOVDW&DFD[WOD)LJXUHZKHUHWKHLFRQRJUDSK\LVUHQGHUHGLQDGLVWLQFW
FHQWUDO0H[LFDQ0D\DK\EULGVW\OHHPEHOOLVKHGZLWKDQDEXQGDQFHRIZDWHULPDJHU\PXFKDOLNHDW
RWKHU DULG DUHDV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG VXFK DV WKH ZDWHUVDWXUDWHG DUFKLWHFWXUH DW$OKDPEUD LQ *UDQDGD
6SDLQ
7KH (DVW ZDOO RI WKH 5HG 7HPSOH DW &DFD[WOD GHSLFWV D 0D\D XQGHUZRUOG GHLW\ *RG / ZKRP
ZHKDYHDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUDORQJZLWKKLVEDFNSDFNZLWKLQDVXSHUQDWXUDOVFHQHZLWKFDFDR
WUHHVDQGPDL]HSODQWVVXUURXQGHGE\DZDWHUEDQG$VLPLODUZDWHUEDQGFDQEHIRXQGRQWKHSLHUV
RI6WUXFWXUH$7KHZDWHUEDQGSRUWUD\VDTXDWLFDQLPDOVVXFKDVDFRQFKDQHJUHWDQGDYDULHW\RI
PROOXVNV LQFOXGLQJ FRQFKHV DQG WHQW FRQH VKHOOV 6RPH RI WKHVH UHVHPEOH WKH FUHDWXUHV UHSUHVHQWHG
RQ WKH PXUDO DW WKH7HPSOH RI WKH:DUULRUV DW &KLFKHQ ,W]D +RZHYHU ZKDW LV LQWHUHVWLQJ DERXW WKH
ZDWHUEDQGVDW&DFD[WODLVWKDWWKH\SRUWUD\DYHUVLRQRIWKHOHDI\leVLJQWKDWZHVHHRIWHQLQ0D\D
iconography and in the glyph NABVHH)LJXUHVDE7KLVZDWHUEDQGDOVRUHVHPEOHVWKHVLPSOL¿HG
ZDWHUEDQGRQD7]DNROWULSRGYDVHIURP%XULDODW7LNDORQZKLFKWKHZDWHUEDQGLVUHGXFHGWR
ZDY\OLQHVDQGleVLJQV)LJXUH
The leVLJQDVSDUWRIWKHZDWHUEDQGKDVJUHDWDQWLTXLW\LQ0D\DLPDJHU\,WFDQEHWUDFHGEDFN
WRWKHFHQWUDOVFHQHRIWKH:HVW:DOORIWKH/DV3LQWXUDV&RPSOH[DW6DQ%DUWROR7DXEHet al.
2Q WKH OHIW VLGH RI WKH VFHQH WKH 0DL]H *RG LV ERUQ RQ WKH ULJKW VLGH RQH FDQ REVHUYH KLV
GHDWKDQGLQWKHPLGGOHKLVUHVXUUHFWLRQ,QWKHVFHQHRQWKHULJKWWKH0DL]H*RGLVLQDGHVFHQGLQJ
SRVLWLRQDPLGVWVFUROOVDQGVZLUOV+HLVTXLWHOLWHUDOO\EHLQJGUDJJHGLQWRWKHZDWHU\XQGHUZRUOGE\
DVQDNHWKDWLVFRLOHGDURXQGKLVFKHVW,Q0D\DJUDSKLFFRQYHQWLRQVWKHVQDNHLVUHOHYDQWWRWKHVFHQH
EXWVLJQL¿FDQWO\DVDPHDQVRIFRQWH[WXDOL]LQJWKHGHVFHQWRIWKH0DL]H*RGKHLVPDUNHGE\DVW\OL]HG
ZDWHUEDQG5HPHPEHULQJWKDWWKHVHPXUDOVGDWHWRDURXQG%&LWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOL]HG
ZDWHUEDQGLQWKH0D\DDUHDLVRIJUHDWDQWLTXLW\$VDUHVXOWWKHH[DPSOHVRIZDWHUEDQGVZLWKWKHle
VLJQDW&DFD[WODDUHFOHDUO\RI0D\DRULJLQRULPSRUW+HOPNH7KHGHVFHQWRIWKH0DL]H*RG
LQWRWKHZDWHU\XQGHUZRUOGLVSDUDOOHOHGLQWKH&ODVVLF0D\DH[SUHVVLRQoch ha’µWRHQWHUZDWHU¶RQH
RI WKH HXSKHPLVPV IRU ³WR GLH´ /RXQVEXU\ 6FKHOH +HOPNH E 7KH GHDWK E\ ³HQWHULQJ WKH ZDWHU´ LV DOVR GHSLFWHG LQ 0D\D LPDJHU\ DV LQ WKH IDPRXV LQFLVHG
ERQHVIURP7LNDO%XULDO)LJXUH
Figure 12. 6LPSOL¿HGZDWHUEDQGRQD7]DNROWULSRGYDVHIURP%XULDODW7LNDO&XOEHUW)LJD
30
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
Figure 13. 6LQNLQJFDQRHGHSLFWHGRQLQFLVHGERQHVIURP%XULDODW7LNDOGUDZLQJVE\/LQGD6FKHOH
A LOOK BACK AND AHEAD
7KH GHDWK RI WKH 0DL]H *RG FDQ DOVR EH VHHQ LQ DJULFXOWXUDO WHUPV DV KDV EHHQ SRLQWHG RXW E\
6LPRQ0DUWLQ0LOOHUDQG0DUWLQDIWHUWKHKDUYHVW0DL]H*RGGLHVWREHUHERUQ
ZLWKWKHUDLQV7KLVF\FOHRIGHDWKDQGUHVXUUHFWLRQFDQEHVHHQDVP\WKRORJLFDORQO\±RUZLWKFOHDU
DJULFXOWXUDOFRQQHFWLRQV,Q0D\DLPDJHU\DQGP\WKRORJ\WKLVVHTXHQFHRIHSLVRGHVLVUHSUHVHQWHGDV
DQHWHUQDOEDWWOHEHWZHHQOLIHDQGGHDWKLQWKHIRUPRIWKH0DL]H*RGDQG*RG/ZLWKODWHUYHUVLRQV
MX[WDSRVLQJ-HVXVDQG5LODDM0DP
*RLQJ EDFN WR WKH JO\SK UHSUHVHQWLQJ ERGLHV RI ZDWHU RU nahb VHH )LJXUH DE:KDW ZH
DUHORRNLQJDWLVLQIDFWDFRPSDFWHGVHJPHQWRIVW\OL]HGDQGFRQYHQWLRQDOL]HG0D\DZDWHUEDQG7KH
GLDJQRVWLF VHJPHQW RI WKH VLJQ LV WKH le VLJQ DQG WKH ZKROH ZDWHU EDQG FDQ DFWXDOO\ EH UHGXFHG WR
the sign representing the syllabogram leZKLFKKHUHGRHVQRWUHDGleEXWLVDIRVVLOL]HGVLJQZLWKDQ
XQNQRZQRULJLQVHUYLQJDVDQDWWULEXWLYHRUVHPDQWLFGHWHUPLQDWLYHWKDWLPEXHVWKHRYHUDOOORJRJUDP
ZLWK PHDQLQJ +RZHYHU VLPLODU WR WKH RULJLQ RI WKH na VLJQ WKDW LQ DOO OLNHOLKRRG KDV DQ ,VWKPLDQ
RULJLQ/DFDGHQDWKHleVLJQPLJKWDOVRUHSUHVHQWVRPHWKLQJZDWHU\DZDWHUSODQWRUDOHDILQ
QHLJKERULQJODQJXDJHVVXFKDV0LMH6RNHDQ
As regards the sign NAB ZH DOVR KDYH LW SDLQWHG RQ WKH QRUWKHDVWHUQ FRUQHU RI 7RPE DW5tR$]XOZLWKDNALVLJQRQWRSRIWKHNABVLJQDVZHOODVDVXI¿[la$OOWKLVLVSUHFHGHGE\
QXPEHUVL[2QWKHRSSRVLWHVLGHRIWKHWRPEZHFDQ¿QGVRPHWKLQJVLPLODUWKHSRWHQWLDOPALAW
VLJQDFFRPSDQLHGE\DwaV\OODERJUDP7KHVHDUHÀDQNHGZLWKWKHVDPHVLJQVDVRQWKHQRUWKHDVWHUQ
FRUQHU SURGXFLQJ 6-PALAW?-wa-NAL-la 7KH VDPH VLJQ LV DOVR UHSUHVHQWHG RQ EHQFK RI 7HPSOH
;,;DW3DOHQTXHLQUHODWLRQWRWKHSUHFXUUHQWHUDGHFDSLWDWLRQRI:DD\3DW6WDUU\HDUHG$OOLJDWRUDW
WKH*RG'DFFHVVLRQFHUHPRQ\7KHEORRGRIWKLVFUHDWXUHLVVDLGWREH³RFHDQHG´LIWKHUHDGLQJRI
WKHVLJQDFWXDOO\PHDQV³VHD´RU³RFHDQ´PXFKDOLNHWKHEORRGWKDWLVEHLQJ³SRROHG´DWSODFHVOLNH
1DUDQMRDQG'RV3LODV7KHJUDPPDURIWKHVHQWHQFHVWLOOHOXGHVIXOOGHFLSKHUPHQWZLWKWKHHQLJPDWLF
na-ka-PALAW?-wa-aUHIHUHQFHDIWHUWKHu-K’IK’?-leSKUDVH
0XFKUHPDLQVWREHGRQHUHJDUGLQJWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRI0D\DDTXDWLFLPDJHU\DQGH[SUHVVLRQV
2QHRIWKHVHLVWKHXVHRIWKHDOOHPEUDFLQJZRUGha’WRLQGLFDWHYDULRXVERGLHVRIZDWHUWKHZDWHU
LWVHOIDVZHOODVIRUH[DPSOHORFDWLYHVXI¿[HVLQSODFHQDPHV,WLVHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWWRJREDFNWR
all HA’VLJQVLQWKHJO\SKLFFRUSXVDQGWRVHHZKDWWKHDFWXDOUHIHUHQWLQHDFKFDVHLV0RUHRYHULWLV
ZRUWKORRNLQJDWWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDTXDWLFV\PEROLVPRIRWKHU0HVRDPHULFDQWUDGLWLRQVDVZHOODV
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
31
WKHODQJXDJHDQGP\WKRORJ\UHODWHGWRZDWHU\WKHPHVDQGWRFRPSDUHWKHVHWRWKH0D\DFRXQWHUSDUWV
LQRUGHUWRJHWDPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVHPDQWLFVRIZDWHULQ0HVRDPHULFD
Bineen tu chi’ a’ k’a’naabej i yutzil wabin uja’il
Fui a la orilla del mar y que bonito es su agua
I went to the seashore and how beautiful is its water
+RÀLQJDQG7HVXF~Q>@
APPENDIX: WATER IN VARIOUS MAYAN LANGUAGES
Ch’olan languages
Proto-Ch’olan.DXIPDQ
N¶lN¶QDKE
VHD
Ch’ol $XOLH$XOLH
aban
laguna
petem
laguna
xDME
mar
colem aban
mar
Ch’olti0RUiQ
KD!
\D[KD!
<polau>
<cahnab>
DJXDUtR"
DJXDFODUDEHUGHD]XO
mar
mar
Chontal.QRZOHV
ha’
ZDWHU
ha’-a
rain
ha’yuw-a(n)
to rain
ha’-tzih
VQHH]H
k’ak’-nap’
sea
náp’
ERG\RIZDWHU
Chontal7DEDVFR.HOOHU/XFLDQR*
nab
ODJXQDJUDQGHPDURFpDQR
to’o
ODJRODJXQDDUUR\R
pa’
ODJRODJXQDDUUR\RSRSDOUtR
Ch’orti’:LVGRP$/0*
xukur
river
noh xukur
JUHDWULYHU5tR-RFRWDQ
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
32
nohta’ ha’
DQ\ODUJHERG\RIZDWHUODNH
nohoh ha’
ODUJHODNH
noh ha’
ODNH
noxi’ ha’
sea (noxi’µWDOOKLJKDGXOWROGORQJ¶
noxi’ witz’
KLJKZDWHUIDOO
ha’
RFHDQVWUHDPto’or e ha’µRYHUWKHRFHDQRYHUDVWUHDP¶
ha’
ZDWHUVWUHDP
tzah ha’
DQ\IUXLWEHYHUDJHtzahµWDVW\VDYRU\DQ\WKLQJWDVW\WDVW\IUXLW¶
yax ha’
FOHDUZDWHUFOHDQRUIUHVKZDWHUGULQNLQJZDWHU
ha’
ZDWHUVWUHDPERG\RIZDWHUUDLQVSLULWRIZDWHUDQGERGLHVRIZDWHU
MXLFHRUVDSRIIUXLWVYHJHWDEOHVDQGSODQWVVRXSSODQWH[FUHWLRQOLTXLG
k’ihna’ < k’ihn.ha ZDUPZDWHUKRWZDWHUKRWVSULQJ
k’as ha’
rain
mut ha’
DQ\DTXDWLFELUG
cha’ haha’ar k’in VHFRQGUDLQ\VHDVRQRIWKH\HDUODVHJXQGD
haha’
ZDWHU\UDLQ\DTXDWLFOLYLQJRUIRXQGLQZDWHURUPDUVKHV
haha’ar
UDLQUDLQSHULRGDIDOORIUDLQUDLQLQJ
haha’ar k’in
UDLQ\VHDVRQ0D\WR1RYHPEHUSHUWDLQLQJWRWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQ
Tzeltalan languages
Tzeltal6ORFXP
ja’
agua
ja’al
lluvia
Tzeldal$UD
<nabil!
ODJXQDPDU
Tzotzil+DYLODQG
ha’
agua
ho’
agua
ja’
agua
vo’
agua
nab
laguna
uk’um
UtR
Tzotzil+XUOH\5Xt]
jo’
agua
nab
lago
nab
laguna
ts’anleb jo’
laguna
muk’ ta nab
mar
uk’um
UtR
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
Yukatekan languages
Yukatek%DUUHUD9iVTXH]%DVWDUUDFKHDet al.
a’
agua
ha’
DJXDOOXYLD
k’ak’nab ~ k’anaab mar
ak’al
ODJXQDFLpQDJD
k’oba’
ODJRRODJXQDGHDJXDSLHGUDGHODJRRGHUtR
ts’onot
DELVPRSURIXQGLGDGODJRVGHDJXDGXOFHPX\KRQGRVRSR]RV
REROVDVDVt
uk’um
ODJXQDUtR
x-okola’
UtR
yok’a
UtR
cháak
lluvia
Itza’+RÀLQJ7HVXF~Q$/0*E
ja’
ZDWHUODJROOXYLDUtR
bekan
river
ok ja’
river
k’abnaab, k’a’naab sea
ajnoj-ja’
ODNH
ixnoj-ja’
ODNH
noj-ja’
ODNH
k’a’-
PDUVHDRQO\LQFRPSRXQGV
k’ab-
PDUVHDRQO\LQFRPSRXQGV
k’abnaab
PDUVHD
Itza’$/0*
ja’
k’a’naab
nab
ZDWHUODJROOXYLDUtR
mar
ZDWHUOLO\
Mopan6FKXPDQQ
ja’
DJXDOOXYLDUtR
nojja’
UtR
Lakantun%UXFH
ha’
ha’ha’
petha’
agua
OOXYLRVtVLPR
lago
Q’anjobalan languages
Q’anjobal$/0*E
a’ej ~ ej ~ ja’ ~ a’ agua
najab
ODJXQHWDODJXQD
nab
lluvia
33
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
34
Chuj$/0*G
ha’ niwan
ha niwan ha’
nhab
UtRJUDQGH
playa
lluvia
Tojolabal)XUEHH/RVHH
ha’
ZDWHUUDLQ
k’ab
to rain
Mamean languages
Mam$/0*F
a’
a’
agua
UtR
Tektitek$/0*I
a’
agua
kyichbil
laguneta
smayun
lluvia
Awakatek$/0*D
chook
canal
abaal
lluvia
a’
DJXDUtR
K’iche’an languages
K’iche’$/0*D
ja’
agua
cho
ODJRODJXQD
nïm ja’ ~ nimaja’ ~ nima’ UtR
Sakapultek$/0*G
ya’
agua
jab
lluvia
nem ya’
UtR
Sipakapense$/0*H
ya’
agua
jab
lluvia
tik’lik ya’
lago
nima ya’
UtR
Poqomam$/0*H
ha’
DJXDUtR
nim ha’
UtR
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
35
Poqomchi’$/0*F
ha’
agua
chooh ODJRODJXQD
nimha’ ~ nim ha’ UtR
palaw
mar
Q’eqchi’$/0*E
ha’
agua
k’ak’naab
ODJXQDODJXQHWD
hab
lluvia
nima’, nimha’
UtR
palaw
mar
REFERENCES
ACADEMIA DE LAS LENGUAS MAYAS DE GUATEMALA
Oj ronerob’ Ch’orti’, Vocabulario Ch’orti’: Ch’orti’-Español, Español-Ch’orti’ *XDWHPDOD &LW\
$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
DTqan Qayool, Vocabulario Awakateko: Awakateko-Español, Español-Awakateko *XDWHPDOD &LW\
$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
EJiilt’an Maya Itza, Vocabulario Itza’: Itza – Español, Español – Itza *XDWHPDOD &LW\$FDGHPLD GH
/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
FQ’orik Poqomchi’, Vocabulario Poqomchi’: Poqomchi’ – Kaxlan Q’orik, Kaxlan Q’orik – Poqomchi’
*XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
GTujaal Choltziij, Vocabulario Sakapulteko: Tujaal Tziij – Kaxtilan Tziij, Kaxtilan Tziij – Tujaal Tziij
*XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
HQyolb’aal Pqtinmit, Vocabulario Sipakapense: Sipakapense – Español, Español – Sipakapense
*XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
DPujb’il Yol Mam, Vocabulario Mam: Mam-Tyol Mos, Tyol Mos-Mam *XDWHPDOD &LW\$FDGHPLD GH
/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
EJit’il Q’anej Yet Q’anjob’al, Vocabulario Q’anjob’al: Q’anjob’al-Español, Español-Q’anjob’al
*XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
FPujb’il Yol Mam, Vocabulario Mam: Mam-Tyol Mos, Tyol Mos-Mam *XDWHPDOD &LW\$FDGHPLD GH
/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
GSpaxti’al Slolonelal, Vocabulario Chuj: Chuj – Kaxlanh ti’, Kaxlanh ti’ – Chuj *XDWHPDOD &LW\
$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
HLok’ooj Q’orik Poqomam, Vocabulario Poqomam: Poqomam – Kaxlan, Kaxlan – Poqomam*XDWHPDOD
&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
ITyolb’ajil Yol B’a’aj, Vocabulario Tektiteko: Tektiteko – Español, Español – Tektiteko*XDWHPDOD&LW\
$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
DK’iche’ Choltzij, Vocabulario K’iche’: K’iche’-Kaxla’n Tzij, Kaxla’n Tzij-K’iche’ *XDWHPDOD &LW\
$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD
EXtusulal Aatin Sa’ Q’eqchi’, Vocabulario Q’eqchi’*XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH
*XDWHPDOD
$5$'20,1*2'(
>@ Vocabulario de Lengua Tzeldal según el orden de Copanabastla )XHQWHV SDUD HO (VWXGLR GH
OD&XOWXUD0D\D1R0H[LFR'),QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV)LOROyJLFDV&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
36
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
$8/,(+:,/%85$1'(9(/<1:$8/,(
Diccionario ch’ol–español, español–ch’ol6HULHGH9RFDEXODULRV\'LFFLRQDULRV,QGtJHQDV1R
0H[LFR ') ,QVWLWXWR /LQJtVWLFR GH 9HUDQR 6HFUHWDUtD GH (GXFDFLyQ 3~EOLFD 'LUHFFLyQ *HQHUDO GH
6HUYLFLRV(GXFDWLYRVHQHO0HGLR,QGtJHQD
%$55(5$9È648(=$/)5('2
Diccionario Maya Cordemex: Maya – Español, Español – Maya0pULGD(GLFLRQHV&RUGHPH[
%$67$55$&+($-8$15(50,/,2<$+3(&+$1'),'(1&,2%5,&(f2&+(/
'LFFLRQDULR%iVLFR(VSDxRO0D\D(VSDxRO0pULGD0DOGRQDGR(GLWRUHV
%58&(52%(57'
Gramática del Lacandón 0H[LFR ') 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV $QWURSROyJLFDV ,QVWLWXWR
1DFLRQDOGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD
&8/%(5773$75,&.
The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches and Problematical Deposits7LNDO5HSRUW1R
$8QLYHUVLW\0XVHXP0RQRJUDSK3KLODGHOSKLD8QLYHUVLW\0XVHXP8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD
)85%((/26((/28$11$
The Correct Language: Tojolabal. A Grammar with Ethnographic Notes1HZ<RUN*DUODQG3XEOLVKLQJ
,QF
+$9,/$1'-2+1%($5'
Sk’op Sotz’leb: El tzotzil de San Lorenzo Zinacantan 0H[LFR ') ,QVWLWXWR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV
)LOROyJLFDV&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
+(/0.(&+5,6723+(
3UHOLPLQDU\ &RPPHQWV RQ WKH $OWXQ +D '\QDVWLF 6HTXHQFH $Q (SLJUDSKLF DQG &HUDPLF $QDO\VLV
Toronto: The Maya Universe Symposium and Exhibit*DUGLQHU0XVHXPRI&HUDPLF$UW2FWnd
0HVRDPHULFDQ /H[LFDO &DOTXHV LQ $QFLHQW 0D\D :ULWLQJ DQG ,PDJHU\ Maya Culture, Identity,
Language and History: A Celebration of the Life and Work of Pierre Robert Colas1DVKYLOOH'HSDUWPHQWRI
$QWKURSRORJ\9DQGHUELOW8QLYHUVLW\6HSth
&HUWDLQ0D\D&RUUHVSRQGHQFHVLQWKH,PDJHU\RI&DFD[WODSeminario del Instituto de Investigaciones
Estéticas+RWHO3RVDGD6DQ)UDQFLVFR7OD[FDOD0DUth
D0D\RMHQ SDQWKHRQ 0D\DV SDQWHRQ 7KH 0D\D 3DQWKHRQ Maya III: Life • Death • Time HGLWHG E\
0DULD'LGULFKVHQ+DUUL.HWWXQHQSS+HOVLQNL'LGULFKVHQ0XVHXPRI$UWDQG&XOWXUH
E0\WKRORJLFDO(PEOHP*O\SKVRI$QFLHQW0D\D.LQJVContributions in New World Archaeology9RO
LQSUHVV$Q$QDO\VLVRIWKH,PDJHU\DQG7H[WRIWKH&X\FKHQ9DVHRecent Speleoarchaeological Investigations
in the Macal River Valley, BelizeHGLWHGE\&KULVWRSKH+HOPNH6DQ)UDQFLVFR3UHFROXPELD0HVRZHE3UHVV
+2)/,1*&+$5/(6$1'5(:$1')e/,;)(51$1'27(68&Ò1
,W]DM 0D\D6SDQLVK(QJOLVK 'LFWLRQDU\ 'LFFLRQDULR 0D\D LW]DMHVSDxROLQJOpV 6DOW /DNH &LW\
8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK3UHVV
+2)/,1*&+$5/(6$1'5(:$1')e/,;)(51$1'27(68&Ò1
Tojt’an Maya Itzaj: Diccionario Maya Itzaj-Castellano*XDWHPDOD&LW\&KROVDPDM
+28672167(3+(1
/LYLQJ :DWHUV DQG :RQGURXV %HDVWV Fiery Pool: The Maya and the Mythic Sea HGLWHG E\ 'DQLHO
)LQDPRUH6WHSKHQ'+RXVWRQSS1HZ+DYHQ<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
+28672167(3+(1$1'.$5/7$8%(
7KH )LHU\ 3RRO :DWHU DQG 6HD DPRQJ WKH &ODVVLF 0D\D Ecology, Power, and Religion in Maya
LandscapesHGLWHGE\&KULVWLDQ,VHQGDKODQG%RGLO/LOMHIRUV3HUVVRQSS$FWD0HVRDPHULFDQD9RO
0DUNW6FKZDEHQ$QWRQ6DXUZHLQ
+85/(<'(/*$7<$/)$$1'$*867Ë158Ë=6È1&+(=
Diccionario Tzotzil de San Andrés con Variaciones Dialectales: Tzotzil – Espanol, Espanol – Tzotzil
6HULH GH 9RFDEXODULRV \ 'LFFLRQDULRV ,QGtJHQDV ³0DULR VLOYD \$FHYHV´ 1R 0H[LFR ') ,QVWLWXWR
/LQJtVWLFRGH9HUDQR$&
:DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ
37
.(//(5.$7+5<1&$1'3/È&,'2/8&,$12*
Diccionario Chontal de Tabasco 6HULH GH YRFDEXODULRV \ GLFFLRQDULRV LQGtJHQDV ³0DULDQR 6LOYD \
$FHYHV´1R7XFVRQ6XPPHU,QVWLWXWHRI/LQJXLVWLFV
.12:/(6686$10
A Descriptive Grammar of Chontal Maya (San Carlos Dialect) 3K' 'LVVHUWDWLRQ 1HZ 2UOHDQV
7XODQH8QLYHUVLW\
/$&$'(1$$/)2162
2Q WKH UHDGLQJ RI WZR JO\SKLF DSSHODWLYHV RI WKH UDLQ JRG Continuity and Change: Maya Religious
Practices in Temporal Perspective HGLWHG E\ 'DQLHO *UmQD%HKUHQV 1LNRODL *UXEH &KULVWLDQ 0 3UDJHU
)UDXNH 6DFKVH 6WHIDQLH 7HXIHO (OLVDEHWK :DJQHU SS $FWD 0HVRDPHULFDQD 9RO 0DUNW
6FKZDEHQ$QWRQ6DXUZHLQ
2Q WKH 2ULJLQV RI 0D\D 6FULSW /D$QWLJXD Maya Meetings – Early Maya Iconography and Script
&DVD+HUUHUD0DUth
/23(6/8Ë6
7KH:DWHU%DQG*O\SKMesowebZZZPHVRZHEFRPIHDWXUHVORSHV:DWHUEDQGSGI!
/2816%85<)/2<'*
7KH,QVFULSWLRQRQWKH6DUFRSKDJXV/LGDW3DOHQTXHPrimera mesa redonda de Palenque, Part 2HGLWHG
E\0HUOH*UHHQH5REHUWVRQSS3HEEOH%HDFK5REHUW/RXLV6WHYHQVRQ6FKRRO
0$/'21$'2$1'5e6-8$1-8$125'Ïf(='20,1*2$1'-8$1257,='20,1*2
Diccionario Mam de San Ildefonso Ixtahuacán, Huehuetenango *XDWHPDOD &LW\ &HQWUR GH
5HSURGXFFLRQHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG5DIDHO/DQGtYDU
0$57,16,021
LQ SUHVV 7KH 2OG 0DQ RI WKH 0D\D 8QLYHUVH$ 8QLWDU\ 'LPHQVLRQ ZLWKLQ$QFLHQW 0D\D 5HOLJLRQ Maya
Archaeology
0,//(50$5<$1'6,0210$57,1
Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya6DQ)UDQFLVFR)LQH$UWV0XVHXPDQG7KDPHV+XGVRQ
025È1)5$<)5$1&,6&2'(
Arte en lengua İholtt que quiere decir lengua de milperos 0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQ 0
3KLODGHOSKLD$PHULFDQ3KLORVRSKLFDO6RFLHW\
.$8)0$17(55(1&(
El Proto-Tzeltal-Tzotzil: Fonología comparada y diccionario reconstruido&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV
&XDGHUQR1R0H[LFR')8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV
.$8)0$17(55(1&(
A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary &U\VWDO 5LYHU )RXQGDWLRQ IRU WKH $GYDQFHPHQW RI
0HVRDPHULFDQ6WXGLHV,QF
6&+(/(/,1'$
Maya Glyphs: The Verbs$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV
6&+80$11*È/9(=2772
Introducción al maya mopán “Los itzáes desde la época prehispánica hasta la actualidad. Estudio
interdisciplinario de un grupo maya”0H[LFR'),QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV$QWURSROyJLFDV8QLYHUVLGDG
1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
6/2&800$5,$11$&)/25(1&,$/*(5'(/$1'0$18(/&58=$*8,/$5
Diccionario Tzeltal de Bachajón, Chiapas6HULHGHYRFDEXODULRV\GLFFLRQDULRVLQGtJHQDV³0DULDQR
6LOYD\$FHYHV´1R&R\RDFDQ'),QVWLWXWR/LQJtVWLFRGH9HUDQR$&
60,7+67$5.7+20$6&
0HVRDPHULFDQFDOTXHV,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVOLQJLVWLFDVHQ0HVRDPpULFDHGLWHGE\&DURO\Q-0DF.D\DQG
9HUyQLFD9i]TXH]SS0H[LFR')8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
6721($1'5($$1'0$5&=(1'(5
Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture/RQGRQ7KDPHV
+XGVRQ
38
Harri
Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
+DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð
675266%5,$1
$QQRWDWHG&KROWL'LFWLRQDU\8QSXEOLVKHGPDQXVFULSWLQSRVVHVVLRQRIWKHDXWKRUV
7$8%(.$5/:,//,$0$6$78512'$9,'678$57$1'+($7+(5+8567
7KH0XUDOVRI6DQ%DUWROR(O3HWpQ*XDWHPDOD3DUW7KH:HVW:DOOAncient America
:,6'20&+$5/(6
Materials on the Chortí Language 0LFUR¿OP &ROOHFWLRQ RI 0DQXVFULSWV RI &XOWXUDO$QWKURSRORJ\
1R&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR
Descargar