Causes of accidents
In 1951, Dr. Heinrich claimed that more than 88% of injuries
were caused by UNSAFE ACTS
DuPont proved by research that:
It is proven that most of the industrial accidents are due to unsafe acts
Hazard pyramid
ABC Analysis
• ABC Analysis table for wearing/not wearing ear protection.
CHANGING BEHAVIOUR
• The likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is dependent on the
consequences.
• If the consequences are reinforcing for the individual then they will
repeat the behavior.
• If they do not find the consequences reinforcing then they will not
repeat the behavior.
• There are four main types of consequences that influence behavior.
• These are
•
•
•
•
positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement and
punishment.
Extinction.
• Positive and negative reinforcement, increase the likelihood that a
behavior will be repeated, while punishment reduces the likelihood.
4 Types of Consequences:
•Positive Reinforcement (R+)
("Do this & you'll be rewarded")
•Negative Reinforcement (R-)
("Do this or else you'll be penalized")
Behavior
Punishment (P)
("If you do this, you'll be penalized")
•Extinction (E)
("Ignore it and it'll go away")
• Extinction (essentially there’s no consequence). Seldom used in
business to decrease undesired safety behaviors, but commonly
(unknowingly) used to decrease desired safety behaviors.
•
Punishment: Very effective & essential -- there always will be
behaviors which cannot be tolerated. We need to understand how
the punishment affects the person being punished.
•
Positive and Negative Reinforcement can both increase behavior,
•
Positive Reinforcement is not necessarily always beneficial: it can
increase undesired behavior as well (ex: peer support for violating
safety rules)
• Consequences are negative or positive based upon receiver’s
perception, not sender’s intent
Both Positive (R+) & Negative (R-)
Reinforcement Can Increase
Behavior
R+ : any consequence that follows a behavior and
increases the probability that the behavior will
occur more often in the future - You get something
you want
R- : a consequence that strengthens any behavior
that reduces or terminates the behavior - You
escape or avoid something you don’t want
What is Safety Observation?
Safety observation is a structured and planned
pro-active two way safety conversation process with
people at their work place to achieve positive change in
people’s behaviour towards safety in order to:
• Recognize and reinforce positive safety behavior
•Identify and correct behavior at risk
•Engages in conversation regarding safety concerns
or issues
Observation Categories
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Reactions of people
Positions of people
Personal protective equipment
Tools and equipment
Procedures
Orderliness / House Keeping
Position of People
Position of People
Eyes on Task
EYES ON THE
FEEDING
CONVEYOR
EYES NOT ON
THE TASK
PPE- Hand Gloves
NOT USING PPE
USING PPE
Equipment Condition
REVERSE
BLINKER
NO BLINKER
PPE & Tools
Grinding
machine
without
guard
Work Procedures
HOT WORK
PERMIT
Percent-frame for Observation, Feedback and Actions
OBSERVATION
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK
FOLLOW-UP
FOLLOW-UP
(ACTIONS)
(ACTIONS
Six Steps of Safety Contact Process
Step 1:
OBSERVE
Step 2:
POSITIVE COMMENT
Step 3:
DISCUSS
Six Steps of Safety Contact Process
Step 4:
AGREEMENT/COMMITTMENT
Step 5:
OTHER ISSUES
Step 6:
THANKS
Advanced Observation Skills
• Keep an open mind.
• Don’t be satisfied with general impressions.
• Ask “why” and “how.”
• Ask open-ended questions.
• Make comments that invite conversation.
• Check understanding by reflecting or
summarizing.
• Gauge willingness to change
Tips for Conducting Effective Safety Observations
• Review previous observation reports from the area
before going for observation
• No evidence of apparent note taking
• Emphasis on people activity, not “things/ conditions”
• No generation of merely a list of things to do.
• Observe for a while, before initiating discussion.
• Put employees at ease by starting with positives
• Ask questions to learn, don’t deliver lecture
• Focus only on safety (not on Production, Quality, Cost)
Tips for Conducting Effective Safety Observations
• During observation rounds, also make contact with
employees who are working safely
• Have open, honest, and direct discussion; avoid
arguments and confrontations
• Encourage employee to comment on any safety concerns
they may have.
• Thank the employees for their constructive participation
in the observation process.
• Don’t use the observation process as the basis for
disciplinary action.
Common Mistakes in Safety Observations
• Only supervisors or foremen conduct observations and
less involvement of higher management
• Stopping at ‘set quotas’ or ‘required number of
observations’
• Use of ‘police and thief’ approach
• No communication of results to employees
• Lack of discussion between different levels in line
organization conducting observation
• No follow-up to correct actions or change behavior
• Use of results for disciplinary purposes
Behavior Observation and Measurement
{Summary of Forklift Driving Observations}
Safe
Requirements
Yes No
Y+N
Driving within speed limit
3
2
5
Driven in reverse with bulky loads
1
2
3
Stopping at Stop Signs
1
4
5
Not parking in aisles
1
4
5
Other Safe Behavior (Explain)
2
4
6
TOTAL
8
16
24
Safe Behavior
= 8/24
= 33%
Behavior Observation and Measurement
Safe Act Index
• 85 or less
• 86
• 90 or more
Rating
• Unacceptable
• Regular
• Acceptable
95 – 100 World Class Safe Behaviour
Developing BBS Program
BBS
Behavioral safety is about
creating a system!
It is not about changing people
Choice is yours!!!
Always follow the safe activities
Support the safe
behavior Because…
Anybody can replace your position in company;
But nobody can replace your position in family.
Recap
SAFE
Change in
Behaviour
Change in
Attitude
Change
in Safety
Culture
ACTS
UNSAFE
ACTS
Behavior Based Safety
Reduce
No. of
Accidents
0
