Lorm` Cutoajkk Losjp Ickejkks V`ejatj Icrrc Loca Irossc Frcaejse Fora`jkjs Ijract Dcre`c Loca Yos Lorm` jrrc M`sjóo y bcqujtce`õa< Mjpto. Eobua`ece`õa j `bcdja E@YEZ]OY U.C. Mctos ectckodrãf`eos Ickejkks, Losjp8 jt ckk. Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Wr`bjrc Jm`e`õa Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V E.V., ., Bàx`eo @UIA< 04>-674-474-506-5 Forbcto< 34 x 95 eb Wãd`acs< 556 Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Losjp Ickejkks Ujamrc (eoorm.) Lorm` Cutoajkk, V`ejatj V`ejatj Icrrc, Loca Irossc, Ir ossc, Frcaejse Fora`jkjs, Ijract Dcreâc, Loca Yos, Lorm` Ujrrc. @UIA< 04>->=-964-360:->, jm`e`õa ja jspcóok puik`ecmc por BCYEOBIO, U.C. Mjrjenos rjsjrvcmos © 9733 BCYEOBIO, U.C., Icrejkoac, Jspcóc © 9733 E@YEZ]OY, U.C., V`ck Ucat Lorm` s/a, 7>959, V` V`kcmjecvckks kcmjecvckks (Icrejkoac, Jspcóc) Wr`bjrc jm`e`õa< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, Bàx`eo, fjirjro 9736 © 9736 Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V. W`tãdorcs 3350, Eok. Mjk Vckkj, Vckkj, 75377, Bàx`eo M.F. B`jbiro mj kc Eãbcrc Ace`oack mj kc @amustr`c Jm`tor`ck Bjx`ecac Yjd`stro Ao. 9534 Wãd. Tji< nttp<//www.ckfcobjdc.eob.bx J-bc`k< ctjae`oackek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.bx @UIA< 04>-674-474-506-5 Mjrjenos rjsjrvcmos< Jstc oirc js prop`jmcm `atjkjetuck mj su cutor y kos mjrjenos mj puik`ece`õa ja kjaduc jspcóokc nca s`mo kjdckbjatj trcasfjr`mos ck jm`tor. Wron`i`mc su rjpromuee`õa pcre`ck o totck por euckqu`jr bjm`o s`a pjrb`so por jser`to mjk prop`jtcr`o mj kos mjrjenos mjk eopyr`dnt. Aotc `bportcatj< Kc `aforbce`õa eoatja`mc ja jstc oirc t`jaj ua f`a jxekus`vcbjatj m`mãet`eo y, por ko tcato, ao jstã prjv`sto su cprovjencb`jato c a`vjk profjs`oack o `amustr`ck. Kcs `am`ece`oajs tàea`ecs y prodrcbcs `aeku`mos, nca s`mo jkciorcmos eoa drca eu`mcmo por jk cutor y rjpromue`mos iclo jstr`etcs aorbcs mj eoatrok. CKFCOBJDC DYZWO JM@]OY, U.C. mj E.V. ao sjrã lurâm`ecbjatj rjspoascikj por< jrrorjs u ob`s`oajs8 mcóos y pjrlu`e`os quj sj pum`jrca ctr`iu`r ck uso mj kc `aforbce`õa eobprjam`mc ja jstj k`iro, a` por kc ut`k`zce`õa `amji`mc quj pum`jrc mãrsjkj. Jm`e`õa cutor`zcmc pcrc vjatc ja Bàx`eo y tomo jk eoat`ajatj cbjr`ecao. @bprjso ja Bàx`eo. Wr`atjm `a Bjx`eo. Jbprjscs mjk drupo< Bàx`eo< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V. ― W`tãdorcs 3350, Eok. Mjk Vckkj, Bàx`eo, M.F. ― E.W. 75377. ]jk.< (:9-::) ::4:-:799 ― Fcx< (:9-::) ::4:-9=97 / 9=07. U`a eosto< 73->77-797-=506 J-bc`k< ctjae`oackek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.bx Eokobi`c< Ckfcobjdc Eokobi`cac U.C. ― Eckkj 69 Ao. 97-=6, Icrr`o Uca Ku`s, Iodotã, Eokobi`c, ]jks.< (:4-3) 4=6 7379 / 937 7=3: ― J-bc`k< ek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.eo Cv. Wrov`mjae`c 3==5. Of`e`ac 9=, Ucat`cdo, En`kj En`kj< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. ― Cv. ]jk.< (:6-9) 995:-=9=> ― Fcx< (:6-9) 995:-:4>6 ― J-bc`k< cdjen`kjGckfcobjdc.ek Crdjat`ac< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor Crdjat`ao, U.C. ― Wcrcducy 3574 W.I. Of. 33, E.W. 37:4, Iujaos C`rjs, Crdjat`ac, ― ]jk./Fcx< ]jk./Fcx< (:=-33) =>33-7>>4 y =>33 43>5 ― J-bc`k< vjatcsGckfcobjdcjm`tor.eob.cr vjatcsGckfcobjdcj m`tor.eob.cr C aujstros ek`jat ek`jatjs, js, Jstj k`iro sj nc rjmcetcmo ja torao c kc "]jeaokodâc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec jkàetr`ec", jspje`ecamo mja`e`oajs mj ecrcetjrâst`ecs, aorbcs, eãkeukos j `astrubjatos eoa kos euckjs bjm`r y, s` js prje`so, eobpkjbjatjcr euckqu`jr jstum`o mj jstc jspje`ck`mcm, quj js kc aujstrc. Jspjrcbos quj kjs sjc mj `atjràs y ut`k`mcm. Àstj nc s`mo aujstro propõs`to, eoa aujstrc bjlor vokuatcm. WYÕKODO Mjsmj ncej kcrdo t`jbpo, t`jbpo, E@YEZ]OY nc s`mo uac jbprjsc mjm`ecmc mjm`ecmc c kc fcir`ece`õa mj jqu`pos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, eoatrok y bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec ja jk sjetor jkàetr`eo y eobprobjt`mc eoa kc sjdur`mcm y eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro. Eobo rjsuktcmo mj jsto, aujstrc jbprjsc sj nc dcacmo ua prjst`d`o mj soe`jmcm eoa tjeaokodâc puatjrc jatrj kos profjs`oackjs mj kos sjetorjs `amustr`ck y mj m`str`iue`õa y eobjre`ck`zce`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. Ja jk cóo 9777, c rcâz mj kcs bükt`pkjs eoasuktcs mj aujstros ek`jatjs sj n`zo kc pr`bjrc jm`e`õa mjk k`iro t`tukcmo ECK@MCM P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC, quj trctcic mj kos proikjbcs mj eck`mcm y je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec eoa ua puato mj v`stc prãet`eo y mjsmj kc pjrspjet`vc mjk ek`jatj o usucr`o ack. Ja kos ükt`bos m`jz cóos, àstj nc s`mo ua tjxto mj rjfjrjae`c pcrc buenos profjs`oackjs mjk sjetor, quj ja kos ükt`bos cóos aos ca`bcica c ncejr uac aujvc jm`e`õa mj cqujkkc puik`ece`õa. Mcmc kc profuamc trcasforbce`õa quj nc sufr`mo jk sjetor jkàetr`eo ja jstos ükt`bos m`jz cóos, E@YEZ]OY pjasõ quj ao jrc sue`jatj eoa uac rjjm`e`õa mj cqujkkc puik`ece`õa, `aekuso rjck`zcamo uac rjv`s`õa c foamo. Ja jstos cóos kos b`eroproejscmorjs nca bukt`pk`ecmo su potjae`c mj eãkeuko por ua fcetor cprox`bcmcbjatj mj 3777. Jstj sckto tjeaokõd`eo nc pjrb`t`mo `aeorporcr aujvcs fuae`oajs c kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrok mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec, c kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc y c kos jqu`pos mj bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec. Ja pcrt`eukcr tomos jstos jqu`pos yc ao pujmja vjrsj eobo jqu`pos c`skcmos, s`ao quj jstãa ua`mos por rjmjs mj eobua`ece`õa, quj kjs pjrb`tja ua eoatrok dkoick mj kc rjm c trcvàs mj potjatjs prodrcbcs UECMC, quj sj jaecrdca mj djst`oacr kc je`jae`c mjk s`stjbc eobpkjto. Csâ pujs, puj s, jk jqu`po tàea`eo mj E@YEZ]OY E@Y EZ]OY mje`m`õ rjeop`k rjeop`kcr cr ja jstc puik`ece` p uik`ece`õa õa ua rjsubja mj kcs tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc, eoatrok, opt`b`zce`õa y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. ]omo jkko ja ua tjxto quj eobi`ac eoaejptos mj jkjetrotjea`c, mj eobua`ece`oajs y mj eoatrok mj kc je`jae`c y kc eck`mcm mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. Su`s`àrcbos cprovjencr kc oportua`mcm ja jstj prõkodo pcrc mcr kcs drce`cs ck jm`tor y eocutor mjk k`iro, Wrof. Losjp Ickejkks, profjsor mj kc Za`vjrs`tct Wok`tîea`ec mj Ectckuayc, y eokciorcmor nci`tuck ja kos proyjetos mj bjlorc mj je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec mjscrrokkcmos por E@YEZ]OY. Jk Wrof. Ickejkks nc eoorm`acmo c ua jqu`po mj tàea`eos mj kcs m`st`atcs m`v`s`oajs mj E@YEZ]OY, quj nca vokecmo ja jk k`iro su m`kctcmc jxpjr`jae`c ja ecmc uao mj kos cspjetos `bpk`ecmos ja kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec. Iãs`ecbjatj kos s`du`jatjs< Bjm`mc, Eoatrok y Wrotjee`õa, Eck`mcm y Djst`õa mj kc Jajrdâc y Bjlorc mj Je`jae`c (eorrjee`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c y ktrcmo mj pjrturice`oajs) Njbos `atjatcmo quj jk tjxto rjsuktcatj m`jrc rjspujstc mj forbc sjae`kkc c kos proikjbcs nci`tuckjs mj aujstros ek`jatjs mjm`ecmos c proyjetos mj bjlorc mj tomos y ecmc uao mj kos cspjetos `am`ecmos bãs crr`ic. Njbos erjâmo quj jk oiljt`vo eobüa mj tomos jkkos js kc bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec y por jkko jk tâtuko jkjd`mo pcrc jstc aujvc puik`ece`õa nc s`mo < JF@E@JAE@C JA JK ZUO MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC Aujstros kjetorjs y cb`dos sjrãa kos quj aos m`dca s` njbos cejrtcmo ja jk jafoquj mj kcs m`st`atcs bctjr`cs y s` njbos eoasjdu`mo jk oiljt`vo mj erjcr uac oirc cbjac y üt`k. E@YEZ]OY UC ÂAM@EJ 3 JF@E@ JF@E@JAE@C JAE@C JAJYDÀ] JAJYDÀ]@EC @EC P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC 3.3 @atromuee`oa..........................................................................................................................35 3.9 Cee`oajs iãs`ecs iãs`ecs pcrc ckecazcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec jajrdàt`ec ........................ ................................................. .............................. ..... 36 3.5 3.= 3.: 3.6 3.4 Kc eobo pcrtj jsjae`ck mjk eoatrok jajrdàt`eo ......................... ................................................... ............................... ..... 30 Kc bjm`mc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro ................................................ ...................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ...99 99 Wrotjee`õa y sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo ....................... ................................................. ............................................ .................. 9= Yjsubja....................... ................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................................................... .......................... 9: Yjfjrjae`cs ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 96 9 EOAEJW]OU IÃU@EOU IÃU@EOU MJ KOU E@YEZ@]OU MJ E.C. 9.3 9.9 9.5 9.= 9.: @atromuee`õa..........................................................................................................................94 Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck ......................... .................................................. ................................................... .............................................. .................... 94 Mja`e`oajs mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 9> Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs ....................................................... ..................................... .................. 53 Ecrdcs k`ajckjs y ao k`ajckjs k`ajckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj E.C. E.C. ....................... ................................................ ....................................... .............. 55 9.6 9.4 9.> 9.0 9.37 9.333 9.3 9.39 9.35 9.3= 9.3: 9.36 Eorr`jatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc rjcet`vcmjja jaE.C. ràd`bja s`auso`mck ................................................ ....................... ....................................... .............. 5> 56 Wotjae`cs ja kos e`reu`tos s`auso`mck ................................................ ....................... ................................................ ....................... Wotjae`cs ja kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos ........................ .................................................. ........................................ .............. =3 U`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos ....................... ................................................. ................................................... .................................... ........... == Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos ....................... ................................................ ....................................... .............. =4 Wotjae`cs `bportcmcs y jxportcmcs< eucmrcatjs ........................ .................................................. ........................................ .............. => U`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa< jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj ......................... .................................................. .............................. ..... =0 Yjsoacae`cs sjr`j y pcrckjko ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................................. .................... :: Njrrcb`jatcs mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ................................ ...... :> Yjsubja ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... 63 Yjfjrjae`cs .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ........................................... ................. 69 5 EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ WO]JAE@C YJCE]@VC JA YJMJU AO M@U]OYU@OACMCU 5.3 5.9 5.5 5.= 5.: 5.6 5.4 5.> 5.0 5.37 5.333 5.3 5.39 5.35 5.3= @atromuee`õa..........................................................................................................................65 Eorr`jatjs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 65 Eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 6= Eãkeuko mj ajejs`mcmjs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ............................. ...6: 6: Vjatclcs Vja tclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa........................ ................................................. ................................................... .............................................. .................... 47 Eoaejptos y mja`e`oajs mja`e`oajs rjkct`vcs c kc eobpjasce`õa mjk FW FW ........................ ............................................. ..................... 43 Jkjee`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ack ....................... ................................................. ................................................... .................................... ........... 4= Jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ................................ ...... 4: Yjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc .......................... .................................................... ................................................... .................................... ........... 40 Eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................. ........................ >9 Eobpjasce`õa fcsj-fcsj mjk FW...................... ................................................ .................................................... ......................................... ............... >= Eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecrdcs ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ................................ ...... >4 Ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa ja B] .......................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................ ..03 03 ¿Mõamj y euãamo eobpjascr ja B]? .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ........................... ..09 09 5.3: 5.36 5.34 5.3> 5.30 5.97 5.93 Mja`e`oajs mj tàrb`aos jbpkjcmos ja B] ........................ .................................................. ............................................... ..................... 09 Yjdukce`õa mjk FW FW ja ja rjmjs rjmjs mj bjm`c tjas`õa ......................... ................................................... .......................................... ................ 0= Eoamjascmorjss pcrc B] .................................................. Eoamjascmorj ........................ .................................................... .............................................. .................... 377 Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj enoquj pcrc ictjrâcs ictjrâcs mj B] ....................... ................................................ ............................................ ................... 379 Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs B] ..................................................... ............................ ................................................... ................................. ....... 375 Wrotjee`õa mj kcs ictjrâcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs ja B]..................................... B]....................................................... .................. 37> Yjsubja ....................... ................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ ...................... 337 = WJY]ZYICE@OAJU JA KC YJM =.3 =.9 =.5 =.= =.6 =.4 =.> =.0 =.37 =.333 =.3 @atromuee`õa.........................................................................................................................333 Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj rjm ........................ .................................................. ................................................. ....................... 339 Vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae`c ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .............................................. .................... 33> Wjrturice`oajs mj kc cbpk`tum ......................... .................................................. ................................................... .......................................... ................ 330 @atjrcrbõa`eos ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ....................................... ............. 39= Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 396 Jfjetos mj kos crbõa`eos ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 355 Fk`ehjr ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................ 354 Aorbcs rjkct`vcs c pjrturice`oajs ja kc rjm ....................... ................................................. ............................................. ................... 350 Yjsubja ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... 3=5 =.39 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ........................................... ................. 3== : BJM@MC P YJD@U]YO YJD@U]YO MJ BCDA@]ZMJU JKÀE]Y@ECU :.3 :.9 :.5 :.= :.: :.6 :.4 :.> :.0 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................3=: @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos ......................... ................................................... .................................... .......... 3=6 ]rcasmuetorjss mj bjm`mc ....................... ]rcasmuetorj ................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 3:5 ]rcasforbcmorjs ]rcasforbcm orjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs ....................... ................................................ ............................................ ................... 3:: ]rcasforbcmorjs ]rcasforbcm orjs mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk ........................ .................................................. ............................................. ................... 367 ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasforbcm or t`po Yodowsh` .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ......................................... ................ 363 @astrubjatce`õa mj proejso ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .............................................. .................... 369 Ectjdor`cs mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`ece`õa mj sjdur`mcm ...................... ................................................ ............................... ..... 364 Jrrorjs ja kcs bjm`mcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c......................... .................................................. ........................... 360 :.37 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs .......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 349 :.333 Yjsubja ....................... :.3 ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... 3>9 :.39 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................................... ................. 3>5 6 BJM@MC MJ JAJYDÂC P ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO 6.3 6.9 6.5 6.= 6.: 6.6 6.4 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................3>: Bjrecmo jkàetr`eo .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................. ........ 3>: Bcreo kjdck .......................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................................... ........................................... ................. 3>0 ]`pos mj eoatcmor.................................. eoatcmor............................................................ .................................................... ................................................... ......................... 305 Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc ....................... ................................................ ............................................ ................... 30: Eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`oa......................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................................. ......................... 977 Eobua`ece`oajs y protoeokos.......................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................................... ................ 975 6.> Djst`oa mj kc mjbcamc .......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 97: 6.0 6.37 6.333 6.3 6.39 Fuae`oajs cm`e`oackjs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 97> Eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 937 Yjsubja ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ................................................ ...................... 935 Yjfjrjae`cs ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ........................................... .................. 93= 4 NJYYCB@ NJYYCB@JA]CU JA]CU MJ BJM@MC P CAÃK@U@ CAÃK@U@U U MJ KC YJM JKÀE]Y@EC JKÀE]Y@E C 4.3 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................93: 4.9 Eoaejptos iãs`eos soirj `astrubjatos ja rjm rjm...................................................................934 ...................................................................934 4.5 A`vjkjs OU@ mj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa ........................ ................................................. ............................................. .................... 930 4.= Jakcejs fâs`eos ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ....................................... .............. 999 4.: Jakcej Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ...................................... ............ 99> 4.6 Yjmjs mj ãrjc koeck (KCA) (KCA) ICUCMCU ICUCMCU JA jtnjrajt ....................... ................................................. .................................... .......... 953 4.4 Cpk`ece`oajs< Djst`õa Djst`õa jajrdàt`ec, jajrdàt`ec, eoatrok mj eck`mcm eck`mcm y djst`õa djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc.................. mjbcamc.................. 95= 4.> Wrjstce`oajs mj uac rjm eoatrokcmc eoa Wowjrstum`o ........................ ................................................. ............................... ...... 95: 4.0 U`stjbcs mj tjkjdjst`õa ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 950 4.37 Yjmjs mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE< Crqu`tjeturc................................... Crqu`tjeturc............................................................. ................................ ...... 9=3 4.333 Ecrcetjrâst`ecs djajrckjs 4.3 djajrckjs mj mj uac rjm mj eobua`ece`õa WKE ......................... ........................................... .................. 9=9 4.39 Jspje`ece`oajs fuae`oackjs mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`oa ...................... ................................................ ............................ 9=4 4.35 Ecpce`mcm mj djst`õa mj ecrdcs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ...................................... ............ 9=> 4.3= Yjsubja ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ................................................ ...................... 9=0 > UJDZY@MCM JA KC YJM < WYO]JEE@ÕA M@FJYJAE@CK >.3 >.9 >.5 >.= >.: >.6 >.4 >.> >.0 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................9:3 Mja`e`oajs......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................................ .................. 9:9 Jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec ja kcs pjrsoacs .............................................................. ........................................... ................... 9:= ]jas`oajs mj sjdur`mcm ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ......................... 9:: Javokvjatjs y drcmos mj protjee`õa mj mj jqu`pos jqu`pos mj I]....................... ................................................ ............................... ...... 9:6 Yjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mj ajutro y t`jrrc............................ t`jrrc...................................................... ............................................. ................... 9:> Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 963 Ujkjet`v`mcm mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................ ... 964 M`spcros `atjbpjst`vos ja kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs .......................... .................................................... .................................... .......... 960 >.37 >.333 >.3 >.39 >.35 >.3= Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs mj cktc `abua`mcm `abua`mcm c kcs kcs pjrturice`oajs.......................... ............................................ .................. 943 Ujdur`mcm ja ejatrckjs, pcrqujs mj cktc tjas`õa y jstce`oajs trcasforbcmorcs trcasforbcmorcs .............. 945 Bjm`mc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto................................ eoatceto......................................................... .................................... ........... 94: Bjm`mc mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj uac tobc mj t`jrrc .......................... ................................................... .................................... ........... 944 Yjsubja ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ................................................ ...................... 94> 0 ]ÀEA@ECU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA P F@K]YCMO F@K]YCMO MJ WJY]ZYICE@OAJU WJY]ZYICE@OAJU 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.= 0.: @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................940 Bomjko mj kc rjm< crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................ ... 940 Yjsoacae`cs ja kcs `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs .......................... ................................................... ........................................ ............... 9>3 F`ktros ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................................... ............................ 9>> F`ktros mj rjenczo o mjs`atoa`zcmos ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................. ........ 9>> 0.6 F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck FCY-S ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ................................. ....... 907 0.4 F`ktros mj cisore`õa...................... ................................................ .................................................... ................................................... .................................. ......... 903 0.> Crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj 5 ....................... ................................................. ................................................... .................................................. ......................... 904 0.0 ]rcasforbcm ]rcasforbcmorjs orjs M-y sjpcrcmorjs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ..................................... ........... 90> 0.37 F`ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................................... ................ 573 0.333 F`ktros cet`vos ......................... 0.3 ................................................... .................................................... ................................................... ...................................... ............. 579 0.39 Eobpjascmorj Eobpjascmorjss jstãt`eos eoa ktro ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 57= 0.35 Eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos ....................... ................................................. .......................... 57> 0.3= @ae`mjae`c mjk mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o ja kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa `astckce`õa mj sub`a`stro .................... 53 5333 0.3: Yjsubja ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 535 37 F@K]YOU WCYC EOAVJY]@ EOAVJY]@MOYJU MOYJU JU]Ã]@ JU]Ã]@EOU EOU 37.3 37.9 37.5 37.= 37.: 37.6 37.4 @atromuee`oa......................................................................................................................53: @atromuee`oa ......................................................................................................................53: F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj mj crbõa`eos crbõa`eos ja jk kcmo rjm mj rjet`ecmorjs ...................... .............................. ........ 53> F`ktros JB@ pcrc rjm mj vcr`cmorjs vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@ .......................... .................................................... .......................... 593 F`ktros KEK pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ............................ .. 59= F`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs E.C.- E.C........................... .................................................... ................................................... ........................... .. 596 Yjsubja ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 559 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................................... .......................................... ................. 555 3 JF@E@JAE@C JAJYDÀ]@EC P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC 3.3 @atromuee`õa Kc Cdjae`c @atjrace`oack mj kc Jajrdâc (C@J) cmv`jrtj mj quj s` ao ecbi`ca kcs pokât`ecs jajrdàt`ecs mj kos pcâsjs eoasub`morjs kcs ajejs`mcmjs jajrdàt`ecs erjejrca c ua r`tbo mj ua 3,:% cauck jatrj 9774 y 9757 X3R. Eoaerjtcbjatj kcs prjv`s`oajs `am`eca quj jk eoasubo jajrdàt`eo erjejrã ua =7% jatrj jstos cóos. Kcs propore`oajs cetuckjs ja eucato c fujatjs mj jajrdâc sj m`str`iuyja mj kc s`du`jatj forbc< • >7% eobiust`ikjs fõs`kjs • 37% i`obcsc • 6% jajrdâc auekjcr • 9% jajrdâc n`mrãuk`ec • 9% jajrdâcs rjaovcikjs Wor jkko, kc C@J, ordca`sbo mjpjam`jatj mj kc Ordca`zce`õa pcrc kc Eoopjrce`õa y jk Mjscrrokko Jeoaõb`eo (OEMJ) rjekcbõ uac "ut`k`zce`õa bãs rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc" y kc sust`tue`õa mj kos eobiust`ikjs fõs`kjs por otros t`pos mj jajrdâc. Wor otrc pcrtj, ja eucato eucato ck eoasubo, kc jkjetr`e`mcm jkjetr`e`mcm js uac mj kcs forbcs mj jajrdâc mj bcyor uso, mj tck forbc quj su eostj drcvc soirj tomos y ecmc uao mj kos sjetorjs mj kc `amustr`c, sjrv`e`os y c kc prop`c jeoaobâc mobàst`ec. C pcrt`r mj jstj njeno, js fãe`k mjmue`r quj euckqu`jr cee`õa quj t`jamc c bjlorcr kc "Je`jae`c Jajrdàt`ec" mj aujstrcs ecrdcs y bjm`os mj kc Jajrdâc" Jajrdâc" m`str`iue`õa y tomo ko quj rjprjsjatj ua "Zso Yce`oack mj kc uacs rjpjreus`oajs rjpjreus`oajs `bportcatjs `bportcatjs soirj kc jeoaobâc mj tomos y ecmc uao uao mj kos sjetorjs `bpk`ecmos. Ecij prjduatcrsj, s`a jbicrdo, quà mjij jatjamjrsj por Jajrdàt`ec y Zso Yce`oack mj kc Jajrdâc Jkàetr`ec rcsdos , jstos tàrb`aos qu`jrja mje`r oitjajr jk bãx`bo rjam`b`jato mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc y mj kcs `astckce`oajs ajejscr`cs pcrc su djajrce`õa, trcasportj y ut`k`zce`õa, dcrcat`zcamo ua fuae`oacb`jato s`a `atjrfjrjae`cs mj tomos kos rjejptorjs eoajetcmos c kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. Kc jkjetr`e`mcm t`jaj, eobo sj scij, ua drcvj `aeoavja`jatj eoa rjspjeto c otros t`pos mj jajrdâc y js quj ao pjrb`tj su ckbcejacb`jato ja ecat`mcmjs s`da`ect`vcs, ko euck `bpk`ec quj ncy quj djajrcrkc y trcasportcrkc ja jk prje`so bobjato mj su ut`k`zce`õa. Jsto oik`dc c m`bjas`oacr kcs `astckce`oajs 3 pcrc prjvjr kc mjbcamc bãx`bc y por eoas`du`jatj `bpk`ec kc `afrcut`k`zce`õa mj tckjs `astckce`oajs ja kos bobjatos mj bjaor mjbcamc. Csâ pujs, uao jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3= mj kos cspjetos fuamcbjatckjs pcrc jk uso rce`oack jstr`ic ja djajrcr y trcasportcr ja tomo bobjato sõko kc jajrdâc üt`k (cet`vc), eobpjascamo ja kcs ecrdcs otros t`pos mj jajrdâc uetucatjs eobo soa kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc y kc kc jajrdâc mj m`stors`õa, quj sj jxpk`eca bãs cmjkcatj. cmjkcatj. Cmjbãs, mjija rjpcrt`rsj kos eoasubos ja jk t`jbpo, jv`tcamo puatcs `aajejscr`cs y cprovjencamo ck bãx`bo kc `afrcjstrueturc mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj ja pjrâomos vckkj. Kc d. 3 bujstrc ua pjrk mjk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ja Jspcóc oitja`mo mj X9R. Wujmj oisjrvcrsj ekcrcbjatj kc e`ek`e`mcm mjk eoasubo y jk bck cprovjencb`jato quj rjprjsjatca pcrc kcs `afrcjstrueturcs mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj kcs drcamjs m`fjrjae`cs jx`stjatjs jatrj kos pjrâomos puatc y vckkj. F`d. 3.3 Wjrk mj mjbcamc mj jkjetr`e`mcm sjdüa YJJ X9R Otro cspjeto c eoas`mjrcr js quj bãs mj ua :7% mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec eoasub`mc js proejscmc por ckdüa t`po mj eoavjrt`mor jkjetrõa`eo (eoavjrt`morjs CE-M CE -ME, E, ME ME-M -ME E o CE CE-C -CE) E).. Js Jsto toss jq jqu` u`po poss pj pjrb rb`t`tja ja bo bom` m`f`f`ec ecrr kc tj tjas as`õ `õa, a, kc frjeujae`c y otros pcrãbjtros mj kcs fujatjs mj ck`bjatce`õa, pjro sujkja provoecr m`stors`õa y e`jrtcs pjrturice`oajs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj. Jstcs pjrturice`oajs, pjrturice`oajs, mjaob`acmcs mjaob`acmcs djaàr`ecbjatj djaàr`ecbjatj JB@, (Jkjetrobcdajt`e @atjrfjrjaejs), oecs`oaca uac pàrm`mc mj rjam`b`jato ja kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecrdcs, uac pàrm`mc mj je`jae`c ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc (soirjecrdc `aajejscr`c mj kcs rjmjs), ua mjtjr`oro mj kc eck`mcm mj kc oamc mj tjas`õa y kc pos`i`k`mcm mj fckko mj ckduaos jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos mji`mc c kcs eobpoajatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c. 3 Lustcbjatj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c, eoaoe`mcs c vjejs eobo "pcrãs`tos" poaja buencs vjejs ja pjk`dro jk iuja fuae`oacb`jato mj uac sjr`j mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos, jk jetrõa`eos, `aforbãt`eos `af orbãt`eos y mj eobua`ece`oajs, eobua`ece`oajs , or`d`acamo ua proikjbc mjaob`acmo mj "EOBW "EOBWC C]@I@K@MCM" jatrj kos a`vjkjs mj pjrturice`õa djajrcmos por uaos uaos y kos a`vjkjs mj `abua`mcm mj otros. jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3: Kc durc 3.9. Bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj kos fcetorjs quj eoatr`iuyja ck eostj totck mjk sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc y mjlc jatrjvjr euckjs soa kos eoaejptos soirj kos quj ncirã quj cetucr pcrc eoasjdu`r ua uso rce`oack. DJAJYCE@ÕA P ]YCAUWOY]J ]ÀYB@AO MJ WO]JAE@C JAJYDÂC CE]@VC ]ÀYB@AO MJ JAJYDÂC JAJYDÂC YJCE]@VC WÀYM@MCU P YJECYDOU JAJYDÂC MJ M@U]YOU@ÕA ICLC ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO EOU]JU MJ KC @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC + EOU]JU MJ KC JAJYDÂC + EOU]JU MJ KC AO ECK@MCM WYOIKJBCU MJ EOBWC]@I@K@MCM F`d. 3.9 Eostj totck mjk sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3 jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 36 3.9 Cee`oajs iãs`ecs pcrc ckecazcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec Kc opt`b`zce`õa mjk sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec frjatj c tomc kc proikjbãt`ec eobjatcmc ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or catjr`or rjqu`jrj vcr`cs cee`oajs cee`oajs y m`st`atcs fcsjs mj jljeue`õa, quj sj rjsubja ja kc durc 3.5. UOF]TCYJ FCUJ MJ WYOPJE]O U@BZKCMOYJU @ADJA@JYÂC WKCA@F@ECE@ÕA JSZ@WOU MJ BJM@MC WOY]Ã]@KJU OW]@B@\CY KC EOA]YC]CE@ÕA JSZ@WOU MJ BJM@MC EOBZA@ECE@OAJU UECMC DJU]@ÕA MJ KC MJBCAMC JSZ@WOU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ JAJYDÂC FKZE]ZCA]J YJMZEE@ÕA MJ EOAUZBO P WÀYM@MCU WÀ YM@MCU FCUJ MJ J^WKO]CE@ÕA F`d. 3.5 Fcsjs mj opt`b`zce`õa mjk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Wcrc `astckce`oajs mj aujvc erjce`õa, jk proejso jbp`jzc ja kc fcsj mj proyjeto, moamj bjm`catj softwcrj mj s`bukce`õa y eãkeukos mj `adja`jrâc pujmja prjvjrsj yc kos jqu`pos ajejscr`os mj bjm`mc y kos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc uetucatj quj mjijrãa eokoecrsj ja kc `astckce`õa. Ja jstc fcsj pomrã rjck`zcrsj sõko uac pr`bjrc vckorce`õa, pjro ja euckqu`jr ecso pujmj prjvjrsj yc kc eokoece`õa mj mjtjrb`acmos jqu`pos y ncejr kcs prjv`s`oajs mj jspce`o, ecikjcmo jte. Jstc fcsj pujmj cnorrcr quj postjr`orbjatj sj tjadca m`euktcmjs mj eokoece`õa mj e`jrtos jqu`pos o ajejs`mcmjs mj cbpk`ce`õa mj ecikjcmo o mj sjpcrce`õa mj kâajcs, jte. Wostjr`orbjatj sj rjqu`jrj uac fcsj mj pkca`ece`õa quj pjrb`t`rã opt`b`zcr kc eoatrctce`õa bãs eoavja`jatj eoavja`jatj y prjvjr kos puatos mj bjm`mc pcrc pomjr rjck`zcr postjr`orbjatj uac djst`õa mjk eoasubo. F`ackbjatj, uac vjz eoastru`mo jk s`stjbc sj pcsc c uac jtcpc mj opt`b`zce`õa, icscmc ja kc bjm`mc mj kos m`st`atos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos mj kc `astckce`õa. Euckqu`jr cee`õa quj t`jamc c opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo mjij pcrt`r mj ua eoaoe`b`jato c foamo mjk pjrf`k mj ecrdcs y mjk fcetor mj ut`k`zce`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs. 3 Ja `astckce`oajs yc jx`stjatjs, kcs mos pr`bjrcs fcsjs mjija supk`rsj por uac fcsj mj caãk`s`s y bjm`mc. Djajrckbjatj kc pr`bjrc fcsj mj bjm`mc sj rjck`zc jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 34 eoa cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs portãt`kjs, ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjd`strcr m`st`atos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos y m`st`atos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs o mjfjetos mj eck`mcm. Zac vjz mjtjetcmos kos ejatros mj eoasubo y pkca`ecmcs kcs cee`oajs pcrc su eoatrok y djst`õa, sj pomrãa eokoecr `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc los y eoatrokcr jk eoaluato bjm`catj ua prodrcbc UECMC. ]cato ja jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs aujvcs eobo ja jk ecso mj kcs yc jx`stjatjs, uac vjz quj sj m`spoadc rjdukcrbjatj mj rjsuktcmos mj kc bjm`mc, mjijrã ncejrsj uac pkca`ece`õa mj eoasubos y , ja ecso ajejscr`o , mjijrãa cpk`ecrsj uac sjr`j mj bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs, quj ja djajrck t`jamja c eobpjascr kcs jajrdâcs uetucatjs y jv`tcr kos proikjbcs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm. F`ackbjatj mjij pomjrsj eoatrokcr mj forbc cutobãt`ec quj kc pkca`ece`õa mj eoasubos sj eubpkj y cetucr soirj jk s`stjbc pcrc opt`b`zcrkc s` fujsj ajejscr`o. Jsto rjqu`jrj uac vjz bãs jqu`pos mj bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj kcs vcr`cikjs jkàetr`ecs y eoatrokcmorjs prodrcbcikjs, ecpcejs mj eoajetcr o eoabutcr e`reu`tos ja ecso ajejscr`o pcrc opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo. Wcrc jkko sjrãa fuamcbjatckjs kos `astrubjatos mj pcajk y jk supjrv`sor UECMC. Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc mj djst`õa `atjdrck mj kc jajrdâc, js `bportcatj quj kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc m`spoadca mj ecackjs mj bjm`mc cm`e`oackjs, bjm`catj eoavjrsorjs mj proejso, eoatcmorjs mj puksos u otros bjm`os quj kjs pjrb`tca ejatrck`zcr tcbi`àa kos mctos mj eoasubos mj cduc y dcs por jljbpko. Ejatrãamoaos ja kc djst`õa mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec, ncy mos drcamjs ikoqujs soirj kos euckjs pomjbos `ae`m`r pcrc opt`b`zcr jk s`stjbc y oitjajr kc bãx`bc je`jae`c< c) Djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc Ja jstj ikoquj sj `aekuyja tomcs kcs cee`oajs m`r`d`mcs c sucv`zcr jk pjrk mj kc eurvc mj mjbcamc. Aorbckbjatj jsto sj eoas`duj cutobct`zcr eoa kc eokoece`õa mj jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc (bcxâbjtros), quj eoatrokca kc `atjrrupe`õa mj ecrdcs ao erât`ecs. Ja eoaluato js ko quj sj kkcbc djst`õa mj kc `atjrrubp`i`k`mcm i) Yjmuee`õa mj eoasubos y pàrm`mcs Jstj ikoquj sj icsc ja kc eokoece`õa mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, mj crbõa`eos y jqu`pos mj ktrcmo pcrc jv`tcr kcs pjrturice`oajs JB@ y csjdurcr kc eoat`au`mcm mj sub`a`stro 3 Ja eucato c kos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa, jstos t`jaja eobo b`s`õa dkoick kc bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Aõtjsj quj jk eoaejpto mj fcetor mj potjae`c ck quj aos rjfjr`bos cquâ, t`jaj ua sjat`mo bãs djajrck y bãs cbpk`o quj jk quj nci`tuckbjatj sj mjaj ja kos tjxtos mj jkjetrotjea`c. Ja eoaerjto jk eoaejpto fcetor mj potjae`c (FW) ko jatjamjbos cquâ eobo kc rjkce`õa< jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec JAJYDÂC CE]@VC BJM@MC ]YCICLO Ü]@K + + JAJYDÂC EOAUZB@MC - WÀYM@MCU JAJYDÂC YJCE]@VC EOU]JU JAJYDÂC + JAJYDÂC MJ M@U]OYU@ÕA WKCA@F@ECE@ÕA P EOYYJEE@OAJU JAJYDÂC + 3> - + YJECYDOU FKZE]ZCA]J ]YCAU@]OY@OU @A]JYFJYJAE@CU WYOIKJBCU MJ JB@ / JBE EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ YJCE]@VC YJMZEE@ÕA MJ WÀYM@MCU @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC WCYOU AO MJUJCMOU CNOYYO MJ JAJYDÂC CNOYYO F@K]YCMO MJ CYBÕA@EOU JAJYDÂC + @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC DJU]@ÕA MJ KC MJBCAMC BC^ÂBJ]YO @A]JYYZBW@I@K@MCM CNOYYO JA @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC F`d. 3.= Fcetorjs quj `auyja soirj jk eostj y jk cnorro mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec FW 2 Wotjae`c üt`k Wotjae`c t rcasportcm c Oisàrvjsj quj jstc mja`e`õa js bãs cbpk`c quj kc ekãs`ec mja`e`õa mcmc ja jkjetrotjea`c quj jqu`pcrcic jk fcetor mj potjae`c ck eosφ mj uac `astckce`õa. Mjatro mj kc potjae`c trcasportcmc `aeku`rjbos euckqu`jr t`po mj jajrdâc uetucatj8 js mje`r, jajrdâc quj sj trcasportc y ao sj ut`k`zc. Eoaerjtcbjatj kos t`pos bãs frjeujatjs mj jajrdâc uetucatj quj jaeoatrcbos ja kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs soa kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc y kc mji`mc c kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec. Kc eobpjasce`õa mj àstcs pjrb`t`rã bjlorcr jk rjam`b`jato y ncejr ua uso bãs rce`oack mj kos bjm`os mj djajrce`õa djajrce`õa y trcasportj. Jstos jqu`pos pujmja pujmja eubpk`r cmjbãs uac fuae`õa mj ktrcmo mj mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs, soirj tomo crbõa`eos y ckduaos trcas`tor`os mj eoabutce`õa promue`mos por kos eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c, eoatr`iuyjamo csâ c uac bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa. 3 C k o k cr d o mj k t jx to mc r jb os c bp k ` c ` a fo r b ce ` õa mj t om os k os s ` s t jb cs bjae`oacmos catjr`orbjatj, `ae`m`jamo ja kos cspjetos prãet`eos y cack`zcamo kos eoaejptos iãs`eos quj ua tàea`eo mjij eoaoejr pcrc m`sjócr kcs `astckce`oajs y eoatrctcr jk sub`a`stro iclo jk er`tjr`o mj ko quj njbos mcmo ja kkcbcr uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec o bãx`bc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec . Kc durc 3.= bujstrc ua jsqujbc moamj sj rjsubja kos eoaejptos jxpk`ecmos catjr`orbjatj y moamj sj rjjlc kc `ae`mjae`c mj m`st`atos fcetorjs soirj ck cnorro jajrdàt`eo. jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 30 3.5 Kc bjm`mc eobo pcrtj jsjae`ck mjk eoatrok jajrdàt`eo Ja kos cpcrtcmos catjr`orjs njbos njeno n`aecp`à ja kos cspjetos tàea`eos quj `ae`mja ja jk eostj mj kc jajrdâc y ja kcs pos`ikjs vâcs mj cnorro. Mjk caãk`s`s jfjetucmo ja m`enos cpcrtcmos mjmue`bos quj kc bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos ja kc `astckce`õa js uao mj kos puatos ekcvj pcrc pomjr rjck`zcr ua postjr`or caãk`s`s y uac pkca`ece`õa mj kcs cee`oajs c rjck`zcr pcrc opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo. Jk s`stjbc mj bjm`mc mj ua cioacmo jbp`jzc por jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc quj euckqu`jr `astckce`õa t`jaj c kc jatrcmc mj sub`a`stro. Wcrc pomjr cprovjencr tomcs kcs vjatclcs mj kc djst`õa jajrdàt`ec yc ao icstc eoa kos ekãs`eos eoatcmorjs Fjrrcr`s, pujsto quj jstos ao pjrb`tja rjck`zcr kcs fuae`oajs mj eoatrok mj mjbcamc a` t`jaja pos`i`k`mcm mj eobua`ece`oajs y ofrjeja uac ecpce`mcm buy k`b`tcmc mj djst`õa y eoatrok mj `astckce`oajs quj pujmca `bportcr y jxportcr jajrdâc ja m`st`atcs frcalcs norcr`cs y eoa m`st`atcs tcr`fcs. Wcrc pomjr rjck`zcr uac eorrjetc djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc y cprovjencr kcs vjatclcs tcr`fcr`cs quj sj mjr`vca mj kc aujvc kjd`skce`õa pcrc eoatrctce`õa ja jk bjrecmo k`irj ncej fcktc ua ecbi`o ja profuam`mcm mj kcs fuae`oajs rjck`zcmcs por jk eoatcmor. Ja eoaerjto kcs fuae`oajs quj sj rjqu`jrja ja kos eoatcmorjs bomjraos soa< • Bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj jajrdâc cet`vc, tcato `bportcmc eobo jxportcmc • Bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, tcato `bportcmc eobo jxportcmc • Yjd`stro mjk pjrk mj ecrdc< M`cr`o, sjbcack, bjasuck • Djst`õa mj m`fjrjatjs frcalcs tcr`fcr`cs • Djst`õa mj `atjrrubp`i`k`mcm ja vcr`os e`reu`tos • Eobua`ece`õa vâc WKE • Boa`tor`zce`õa mj pcrãbjtros c trcvàs mj ua prodrcbc UECMC • @aeorporcr ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro 3 jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 97 Bõmjb Y]E Jtnjrajt E@YTC]] I Jtnjrajt Bõmjb DUB YU959 E@YTC]] E@YTC ]] M eoavjrsor 959/=>: @atjrajt Bõmjb DUB E@YTC]] I YU=>: E@YTC]] I E@YTC]] E@YTC ]] M E@YTC]] I F`durc 3.:.- Eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos< Wos`i`k`mcmjs mj eobua`ece`õa Kc d. 3.: bujstrc uac rjm mj m`str`iue`õa eoa eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos j `kustrc kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj eobua`ece`õa. Ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs buy drcamjs, eoa bükt`pkjs proejsos, kos pcrãbjtros oitja`mos mjk eoatcmor, s`jamo `bportcatjs y tck vjz kos bãs rjkjvcatjs, ao pjrb`tja ua jstum`o mjtckkcmo mj kos eoasubos `am`v`muckjs mj ecmc proejso. 5x 5x c suieucmro mj oe`acs c suieucmro mj promuee`õa c suieucmro mj ek`bc c suieucmro mj sck`mc UC@ =x 5x 5x UC@ c NZI 3 5x Uuieucmro mj oe`acs c NZI 5x 5x Uuieucmro mj promuee`õa Uuieucmro mj ek`bct`zce`õa c NZI c NZI F`d. 3.6 Jsqujbc djajrck mj kc bjm`mc ja uac pkcatc `amustr`ck jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 93 Wor tcato kcs pos`ikjs fcktcs mj je`jae`c pujmja qujmcr m`ku`mcs ja ua probjm`o mj eoasubos y rjsuktcr `amjtjetcikjs. Csâ pujs, cpcrtj mjk eoatcmor djajrck, kc djst`õa jajrdàt`ec eobpkjtc rjqu`jrj otros buenos puatos mj bjm`e`õa y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros, quj mjijrãa jkjd`rsj eoavja`jatjbjatj ja kc fcsj mj pkca`ece`õa, pcrc pomjr kujdo oitjajr eoasubos pcre`ckjs, v`d`kcae`c mj e`jrtos proejsos y ja mja`t`vc pcrc pomjr ncejr uac djst`õa jajrdàt`ec c a`vjk mj sjee`oajs mj ua proejso promuet`vo. Kc d. 3.6 bujstrc ua m`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj uac drca `astckce`õa j `kustrc jstj eoaejpto. Ja ecso mj rjqujr`r, mj forbc puatuck, bjm`mcs y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros mj ckduac kâajc ja pcrt`eukcr, pomjbos rjeurr`r c `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc portãt`kjs, quj ofrjeja prjstce`oajs s`b`kcrjs c kos `astrubjatos mj pcajk y pjrb`tja su eokoece`õa tjbporck pcrc ncejr jk sjdu`b`jato mj mjtjrb`acmos proejsos. Kc d. 3.4 bujstrc uao mj jstos `astrubjatos portãt`kjs F`d. 3.4.- @astrubjato @astrubjato mj bjm`mc portãt`k eoa ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro mj bãs mj 3 bjs Ja kos jsqujbcs catjr`orjs pomjbos oisjrvcr quj kos cat`duos `astrubjatos mj cdulc nca s`mo suist`tu`mos por bomjraos `astrubjatos jkjetrõa`eos, eoa pos`i`k`mcm mj bostrcr ja uac b`sbc pcatckkc y eoa ua soko `astrubjato kcs eorr`jatjs, tjas`oajs, potjae`cs, crbõa`eos, jte., tcato ja forbc aubàr`ec eobo ja forbc drãec. Cmjbãs, tomos jkkos soa ecpcejs mj rjd`strcr ja bjbor`c jstos pcrãbjtros mj forbc pjr`õm`ec. Oisàrvjsj quj jsto `bpk`ec quj ua `astrubjato jkjetrõa`eo js ecpcz mj propore`oacr uac drca ecat`mcm mj mctos, pjro pcrc scecrkj pcrt`mo c jsto sj rjqu`jrj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa ecpcz mj jakczcr jstos `astrubjatos c ua ormjacmor, quj rjeodjrã kos mctos mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj kcs kâajcs y pjrb`t`rã vjr kc jvokue`õa mj euckqu`jrc mj kcs bcda`tumjs bjm`mcs. Jstj ormjacmor ejatrck sujkj jstcr jqu`pcmo eoa ua prodrcbc UECMC (Uupjrv`sory Eoatrok cam Mctc Cequ`s`t`oa), quj sj jaecrdc mj `atjrrodcr pjr`õm`ecbjatj c kos `astrubjatos y mj bostrcr ja forbc drãec o aubàr`ec kos m`st`atos pcrãbjtros y sus drãeos mj jvokue`õa ja jk t`jbpo. Kc d. 3.> bujstrc ua jljbpko mj pcatckkcs oitja`mcs eoa jk prodrcbc UECMC 3 jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 99 F`d. 3.>.- M`st`atcs pcatckkcs oitja`mcs eoa jk softwcrj UECMC 3.= Kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro 3 Zao mj kos cspjetos quj sj nca bjae`oacmo c ko kcrdo mj jstj ecpâtuko y quj prjoeupc c buenos usucr`os y c kcs prop`cs eobpcóâcs sub`a`strcmorcs js jk eoaejpto mj ‛eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec‒. Jk tàrb`ao ‛eck`mcm‒ js jatjam`mo jatjam`mo mj buy m`st`atc m`st`atc bcajrc por m`st`atos usucr`os usucr`os y por kcs prop`cs prop`cs eobpcóâcs sub`a`strcmorcs. jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 95 Kos proikjbcs mj ‛ao eck`mcm‒ soa ua fcetor bãs mjatro mjk eostj mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ("eostjs oeuktos") y eobo tck mjija sjr eoas`mjrcmos mjatro mjk eoaejpto mj je`jae`c y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc quj aos oeupc. Js frjeujatj eucat`ecr jk cnorro oitja`mo eoa uac bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o eoa ua ecbi`o mj tcr`fc, pjro aos okv`mcbos c vjejs mj `bputcr eobo fcetor mj eostj jk mjr`vcmo mj uac `atjrrupe`õa mj sjrv`e`o, o jk oecs`oacmo por ua m`spcro `atjbpjst`vo mj ckduacs protjee`oajs. Wcrc pomjr luzdcr soirj m`enc eck`mcm mjijbos mja`r prjv`cbjatj ua bomjko `mjck mj rjm. Ja jk ecso mj kcs rjmjs `amustr`ckjs tr`fãs`ecs eoa ajutro, jstj VCY@CE@OAJU MJ FYJEZJAE@C Djajrcmorjs c`skcmos =9,: ... :4,: Nz VCY@CE@OAJU KJA]CU MJ Z UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU NZJEOU -37 ... 37% +37 ... 9:% -37 ... 37% WJY@ÕM@ECU FKZE]ZCEOAJU FK@EHJY bomukce`õa 7,: c 57 Nz ]YCAU@]OY@CU VCY@CE@OAJU YÃW@MCU MJ Z ]YCAU@]OY@OU W`eos y nujeos Jseckõa ckto mZ/mt Wukso(s) Ckto mZ/mt FYJEZJAE@C ]YCAU@]OY@CU MZYCE@ÕA 1 3 E@EKO CBWK@]ZM MZYCE@ÕA ; 3 E@EKO WJY@ÕM@ECU U@BJ]Y@C EOAMZE@MCU CK]C FYJEZJAE@C JB@ YCM@CMCU CYBÕA@EOU cbpk`tum ; 377% 3777 ... 9:77 Nz MJUJSZ@K@IY@OU FZDCU sjeujae`c `avjrsc nobopokcr 57 bC, :77 bC ICAMC ICAMC C I ... 3:7 hN\ 3:737hNz ... 57 BNz 57 ... >7 BNz >7 BNz ... 9 DNz F`d. 3.0.- Ekcs`e`ece`õa mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs AO `mjck`mcmjs mj kc rjm bomjko `mjck eoas`st`râc ja trjs fujatjs mj tjas`õa cktjrac, pjrfjetcbjatj sjao`mck, s`a `bpjmcae`c `atjrac, pjrfjetcbjatj `duckjs y mjsfcscmcs jatrj sâ 397¼. Kcs pr`ae`pckjs mjsv`ce`oajs mjsv`ce`oajs mj jstj bomjko bomjko pujmja ekcs`ecrsj ja trjs drcamjs drupos, sjdüa cfjetja c kc frjeujae`c, c kc cbpk`tum o c kc s`bjtrâc mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo. Kc durc 3.0 bujstrc uac ekcs`ece`õa mj m`encs mjsv`ce`oajs. 3 jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9= Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pos`ikjs pjrturice`oajs pujmja sjr trcas`tor`cs o pjr`õm`ecs y ja jstj ükt`bo ecso pujmja tjajr vcr`ce`õa buy kjatc o buy rãp`mc. Za iuja m`cdaõst`eo mjk t`po mj pjrturice`õa quj sj mjsjc eorrjd`r js iãs`eo pcrc cejrtcr ja kc sokue`õa bãs `mõajc mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc jajrdàt`eo y mj Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec (JBE). Ja jk ecpâtuko = sj ncrã ua jstum`o jxncust`vo mj jstj tjbc y ja jk ecpâtuko 0 sj `am`ecrãa kos bjm`os mj eobpjasce`õa bãs nci`tuckjs 3.: Wrotjee`õa y sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo Zac mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs prjoeupce`oajs quj cpcrjeja murcatj jk fuae`oacb`jato mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec js s`a mumc kc sjdur`mcm, tcato mj kc prop`c `astckce`õa eobo mj kcs pjrsoacs y i`jajs rjkce`oacmos eoa m`enc `astckce`õa. Kc sjdur`mcm mj uac `astckce`õa js ua fcetor mj eck`mcm mj kc b`sbc y eobo tck ncy quj prjvjrkc ja kc fcsj mj proyjeto, `bpkjbjatcrkc ja kc fcsj mj eoastruee`õa y eoatrokcrkc ja kc fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa. Jstj eoatrok ja kc fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa rjqu`jrj kc `astckce`õa mj jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa, quj uac vjz bãs sj icsca ja s`stjbcs mj bjm`mc csoe`cmos ck m`spcro mj e`jrtos rjkàs o sck`mcs m`d`tckjs, quj cetüca soirj jk s`stjbc c`skcamo jk mjfjeto. Kos mjfjetos bãs eobuajs quj sj eoatrokca mjatro mjk eoaejpto mj sjdur`mcm y protjee`õa soa kos s`du`jatjs< c) Wrotjee`õa eoatrc mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato ja eoam`e`oajs aorbckjs mj uso mj kc `astckce`õa. (Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck, v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato) i) Wrotjee`õa ja ecso mj eoam`e`oajs cee`mjatckjs o caõbckcs< Iãs`ecbjatj soirjtjas`oajs y eortoe`reu`tos. (M`spos`t`vos mj eortj csoe`cmos c bjm`mc mj bãx`bc o bâa`bc tjas`õa, bãx`bc eorr`jatj, jte.) Ja jk ecpâtuko > sj ncrã ua jstum`o jxncust`vo mj jstj tjbc ejatrãamosj iãs`ecbjatj ja jk pr`bjro mj jstos cspjetos, js mje`r, jk cspjeto mj c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac `astckce`õa sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa mj fcsjs m`st`atcs o jatrj àstcs , bcsc y t`jrrc. Jstos mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato pujmja promue`r mos t`pos mj proikjbcs< Wjk`dro mj jkjetroeue`õa pcrc kcs pjrsoacs, por eoatceto m`rjeto eoa pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mjk prop`o s`stjbc jkàetr`eo o por eoatceto `am`rjeto c trcvàs mj kcs javokvjatjs. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj : c 37 bC pujmja sjr sue`jatjs pcrc provoecr uac ir`kce`õa ecrm`cec s` ja jk ecb`ao mj pcso mj kc eorr`jatj sj vja cfjetcmos kos büseukos mjk eorczõa. • Wjk`dro mj `aejam`o ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj fudc `bportcatjs c trcvàs mj ecb`aos rjs`st`vos eoa rjs`stjae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj drcamjs o por eortoe`reu`to c trcvàs mjk • 3 eoamuetor mj t`jrrc. Mj njeno, sj nc eobproicmo quj eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 577 bC, jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9: e`reukcamo jatrj p`jzcs eoamuetorcs eoa jkjvcmc rjs`st`v`mcm, eobo pujmj sjr jk ecso mj n`jrro ox`mcmo, pujmja kkjdcr c promue`r pàrm`mcs sue`jatjs pcrc poajr jk õx`mo `aecamjsejatj j `a`e`cr ua `aejam`o. Kcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj proikjbcs soa jsjae`ckbjatj mj mos t`pos< C`skc b`jatoo jatrj pcrtj C`skcb`jat pcrtjss javokv javokvjatjs jatjs y pcrtj pcrtjss sobjt sobjt`mcs `mcs c tjas` tjas`õa. õa. Jsto s`da` s`da`ec ec quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos mjija m`sjócrsj mj tck forbc quj euckqu`jr pcrtj eoamuetorc ceejs`ikj ck tceto jstà mji`mcbjatj c`skcmc mj kcs pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa. • Eoajx`õa mj kcs javokvjatjs c t`jrrc y protjee`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs ja ecso mj fudc bjm`catj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o rjkàs mj v`d`kcae`c v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato. • Ja kos ecpâtukos suejs`vos sj mc uac mjser`pe`õa bãs mjtckkcmc mj tomos jstos fjaõbjaos y mj kos jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr kos mcóos soirj kcs pjrsoacs, kc `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec o `ae`mjae`cs mj sub`a`stro. 3.6 Yjsubja Ja jstc `atromuee`õa njbos `am`ecmo euckjs soa kcs icsjs pcrc pomjr jfjetucr uac iujac pkca`ece`õa y djst`õa mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec, eoa v`stcs c kc oitjae`õa mj kc bãx`bc "Je`jae`c "Je`jae`c Jajrdàt`ec" y c kc jk`b`ace`õa mj proikjbcs mj "Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec" (JBE). Njbos `am`ecmo tcbi`àa kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj jqu`pos ecpcejs mj jv`tcr jk trcasportj mj jajrdâc uetucatj y njbos cauae`cmo kos pos`ikjs bàtomos pcrc jk`b`acr mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs quj pjack`zca kc je`jae`c y nceja pjk`drcr kc sjdur`mcm mj kcs `astckce`oajs. Zac vjz bãs mjijbos mjstcecr kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj jkjbjatos mj bjm`mc y rjd`stro, eoajetcmos c jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa y eoatrok y djst`oacmos por ua s`stjbc UECMC `atjk`djatj. Jk eoaluato mj jstcs trjs eoscs pjrb`tj oitjajr kc bãx`bc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y pjrb`tj dcrcat`zcr kc bãx`bc eck`mcm mj sjrv`e`o. 3 Wujmj pcrjejr quj ckduacs mj kcs sokue`oajs eobjatcmcs eoatr`iuyja sõko c uac rjmuee`õa mj kc tcr`fc y quj ao cportca ua vjrmcmjro cnorro mj jajrdâc. Ja ko quj sj rjjrj c rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs, js jv`mjatj quj jsto ao js csâ y quj sj oit`jaj ua vjrmcmjro cnorro. Ja otros cspjetos eobo kcs pjack`zce`oajs por eoasubo mj rjcet`vc, bcxâbjtro, pjrâomos puatc puatc y jstce`oack`mcm js jv`mjatj quj jk pr`ae`pck ijaje`o pcrc jk usucr`o js kc rjmuee`õa mj tcr`fc. Ja buenos ecsos ko quj sj oit`jaj js ua bjlor cprovjencb`jato mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj jx`stjatj, ko euck jv`tc tjajr quj ncejr cbpk`ce`oajs y por tcato rjprjsjatc ua cnorro ja eostj mj `afrcjstrueturc. Za tjrejr cspjeto quj ao mjijbos okv`mcr, quj soa kos proikjbcs mj "eobpct`i`k`mcm". U` i`ja js e`jrto quj jk ktrcmo mj crbõa`eos y kc jk`b`ace`õa mj otrcs pjrturice`oajs ao rjpjreutj jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 96 ja uac m`sb`aue`õa m`sb`aue`õa mj kc tcr`fc, sâ eoatr`iuyj c jk`b`acr uac uac sjr`j mj proikjbcs proikjbcs mjr`vcmos mj kc m`stors`õa, quj t`jaja ua jkjvcmo eostj ja `atjrrupe`oajs, bcatja`b`jato, mjdrcmce`õa prjbcturc mj eobpoajatjs y bckc ut`k`zce`õa mj kos bjm`os mj trcasportj. 3.4 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Torkm Jajrdy Outkooh 9770, Cdjae`c @atjrace`oack mj kc Jajrdâc8 nttp<// www.`jc.ord/ X9R Yjm Jkàetr`ec Jspcóokc. Mjbcamc mj jajrdâc ja t`jbpo rjck, nttp<//www. rjj.js/opjrce`oa/eurvcs_mjbcamc.csp 3 jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9 EOAEJW]OU IÃU@EOU MJ KOU E@YEZ@]OU MJ E.C. 9.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jstj ecpâtuko sj mca uac sjr`j mj eoaejptos soirj e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac (E.C.). Ao prjtjamjbos quj àstj sjc ua tjxto mj tjorâc mj e`reu`tos, s`ao uac `atromuee`õa quj s`rvc pcrc ejatrcr kos tjbcs mj cpk`ece`õa quj sj vjrãa ja ecpâtukos suejs`vos. Wcrc cbpk`cr eoaoe`b`jatos soirj jstj tjbc rjeobjamcbos ck kjetor quj eoasuktj kcs rjfjrjae`cs X3R y X9R. Ja jstj ecpâtuko eoas`mjrcrjbos jk ecso bãs aorbck mj rjmjs mj E.C. mj iclc y bjm`c tjas`õa, ecs` `mjckjs, js mje`r, eoa iclo a`vjk mj m`stors`õa. Ja ecpâtukos suejs`vos sj `rãa `atromue`jamo kos proikjbcs mj kcs rjmjs m`stors`oacmcs y kcs pos`ikjs forbcs mj sokue`oacrkos. 9.9 Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck Ko quj mjaob`acbos ‛rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `amustr`ck‒ o s`bpkjbjatj ‛rjm `amustr`ck‒, ja jk ecso `mjck jstã eoast`tu`mc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo mj eoamuetorjs, ck`bjatcmos por tjas`oajs s`auso`mckjs mjsfcscmcs 397¼ jatrj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs. Kc F`d. 9.3. bujstrc kc forbc mj oamc mj kcs tjas`oajs Z3, Z9, Z5, mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs rjspjeto ck ajutro. Zac rjm ao `mjck sjrâc cqujkkc quj tuv`jrc ckduac mjsv`ce`õa eoa rjspjeto c jstj bomjko (fcsjs mj m`st`atc cbpk`tum, forbc mj oamc ao s`auso`mck, jte.) F`d. 9.3 - U`stjbc tr`fãs`eo mj tjas`oajs Csâ pujs, ja eoam`e eoam`e`oajs `oajs `mjckj `mjckjss kc rjm tr`fã tr`fãs`ec s`ec mjijrâc eobpor eobportcrsj tcrsj eobo ua eoaluato mj trjs fujatjs mj tjas`õa pjrfjetcbjatj s`auso`mckjs, s`a `bpjmcae`c `atjrac (por tcato s`a ecâmcs mj tjas`õa), eoa frjeujae`c eoastcatj y eoa jqu`k`ir`o pjrfjeto mj kcs trjs fcsjs (397¼ mj mjsfcsj jatrj fcsj y fcsj). Ja kc prãet`ec, vjrjbos quj jstcs eoam`e`oajs ao s`jbprj sj eubpkja, mji`mo iãs`ecbjatj c 9 mos t`pos mj ecuscs, c scijr< eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9> • Kos djajrcm djajrcmorjs orjs y jk s`stjbc s`stjbc mj m`str`iu m`str`iue`õa e`õa t`jaja t`jaja uac e`jrtc e`jrtc `bpjmcae` `bpjmcae`cc `atjrac. `atjrac. Jsto or`d`ac ecâmcs mj tjas`õa y pàrm`mcs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa. • Kcs ecrdcs ecrdcs cisorija cisorija eorr`ja eorr`jatjs tjs trcas`tor`cs trcas`tor`cs (soirj tomo ja crrcaqu crrcaqujs) js) y ckduacs mj jkkcs eoasubja eorr`jatjs ao s`auso`mckjs y mjsjqu`k`ircmcs, pjrturicamo kc forbc mj oamc y jk jqu`k`ir`o mjk s`stjbc. Catjs mj jatrcr c mjser` mjser`i`r i`r kcs pos`ik pos`ikjs js mjsv`ce mjsv`ce`oajs `oajs mj kc rjm eoa rjspjet rjspjetoo ck eobportcb`jato `mjck,ja mjm`ecbos ck jstum`o mj kos jeuce`oajs quj r`dja m`enc rjm jstj `mjckecpâtuko y pcrc jbpjzcr mcbos kcspcrãbjtros mja`e`oajsy mj kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros quj kc mjaja. 9.5 Mja`e`oajs mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs C eoat` e oat`auce` auce`õa õa sj mca kcs mja` mja`e`oa e`oajs js mj uac sjr` sjr`jj mj pcrã pcrãbjtr bjtros os jkàe jkàetr`e tr`eos os quj nci`tuckbjatj bcajlcbos pcrc ecrcetjr`zcr kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa. Mcrjbos tcbi`àa ja jstj cpcrtcmo kcs jeuce`oajs iãs`ecs quj kos rjkce`oaca y quj aos pjrb`t`rãa rjck`zcr eãkeukos sjae`kkos ja `astckce`oajs mj I]. 9.5.3 Mja`e`oajs mj bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs Euckqu`jr bcda`tum mj t`po s`auso`mck, tjas`õa o eorr`jatj, qujmc ecrcetjr`zcmc por kos pcrãbjtros `am`ecmos ja kc tcikc 9.3. Ja kc F`d. 9.9 sj `kustrca mj forbc drãec ckduaos mj jstos pcrãbjtros pcrc uac tjas`õa y uac eorr`jatj s`auso`mckjs. ]cikc 9. 3.- Wcrãbjtros iãs`eos mj bcda`tumjs cktjracs Vckor `astcatãajo Vckor ja ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo mj t`jbpo, u(t) pcrc kc tjas`õa j `(t) pcrc kc eorr`jatj Cbpk`tum Cbpk`t um ( C) Bãx`bo vcko korr `astcatãajo mj tjas`õ `õaa o eorr rr``jatj Zo, @o Wjr`omo (]) M u r c e ` õ a m j u a e ` e k o e o b pk jt o , ] Frjeujae`c (f) Aübjro mj e`ekos por sjduamo. f 2 3/ ] Wuksce`oa (π) Uj mjaj eobo Mjsfcsj (l) Jk mjsfcsj jatrj mos bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs js jk rjtrcso mj uac rjspjeto c kc otrc. (Vjr F`d. 9.9) 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac π 2 9pf Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 90 F`d. 9.9 - ]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja ua s`stjbc boaofãs`eo< Wcrãbjtros fuamcbjatckjs. Kcs jxprjs`oajs cackât`ecs mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj mj ua e`reu`to euckqu`jrc eoa oamc s`auso`mck, eobo kcs m`iulcmcs ja kc F`d. 9.9 soa kcs s`du`jatjs< u (t ) 2 Z 7 . s`a s` a ( t) (t ) 2 @ 7 . s`a( t + ) (9.3) (9.9) 9.5.9 Bjm`mc mj bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs s`auso`mckjs sj ut`k`zc aorbckbjatj jk vckor jecz. Eucamo mje`bos quj ja uac rjm ncy 957 V õ =77 V aos rjfjr`bos s`jbprj c ua vckor jf`ecz. Jk vckor jf`ecz sj oit`jaj c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos tck eobo sj jxpk`ec c eoat`auce`õa< VCKOY JF@EC\< Jk vckor jecz mj uac fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec js kc bjm`c eucmrãt`ec mj kc fuae`õa c ko kcrdo mj ua pjrâomo. (Ycâz eucmrcmc mjk probjm`o mj eucmrcmos mj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos). Kc jeuce`õa js kc (9.5). Kc F`d. 9.5. mc uac rjprjsjatce`õa djobàtr`ec mj (u(t))9. Jk vckor jecz sj oit`jaj subcamo kcs ãrjcs U3 y U9, m`v`m`jamo por jk pjrâomo y jxtrcyjamo rcâz eucmrcmc. (9.5) 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 57 F`d. 9.5 - Vckor jecz mj uac oamc mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj Kc `bportcae`c mjk vckor jecz rcm`ec ja jk njeno mj quj kc potjae`c m`s`pcmc soirj uac ecrdc mjpjamj prje`scbjat prje`scbjatjj mjk eucmrcmo mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj. Wor tcato pomjbos mje`r quj ja probjm`o kc potjae`c jatrjdcmc c uac ecrdc rjsuktc propore`oack c kos vckorjs jecejs mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj quj e`reukc por m`enc ecrdc. WY 2 Z jf9 Y 2 Y@ jf9 (9.=) VCKOY BJM@O< Ja e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj eoat`auc o rjet`f`ecmc eoav`jaj c vjejs bjm`r jk vckor bjm`o. Àstj sj eckeukc eobo kc bjm`c cr`tbàt`ec mj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos c ko kcrdo mj ua pjrâomo, eobo `am`ec kc jeuce`õa (9.:). Kc rjprjsjatce`õa djobàtr`ec pcrc uac oamc rjet`ecmc js kc `am`ecmc ja kc F`d. 9.=. Jk vckor bjm`o sj oit`jaj subcamo kcs supjre`js `am`ecmcs y m`v`m`jamo por jk pjrâomo, sjdüa `am`ec kc prop`c jeuce`õa (9.:). (9.:) Aõtjsj quj sjdüa jsto kc oamc s`auso`mck s`a rjet`ecr t`jaj vckor bjm`o auko, yc quj jk sjb`e`eko pos`t`vo t`jaj kc b`sbc ãrjc quj jk ajdct`vo 8 ja ecbi`o kc oamc quj rjsuktc mj rjet`ecr uac tjas`õa s`auso`mck sâ t`jaj ua vckor bjm`o ao auko. Jstj vckor aos mc prje`scbjatj kc eobpoajatj eoat`auc oitja`mc mj kc rjet`ece`õa. Ja djajrck, eucamo jk vckor bjm`o mj uac oamc ao js auko `am`ec quj m`enc oamc t`jaj uac e`jrtc eobpoajatj eoat`auc. 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 53 F`d. 9.= - Vckor bjm`o mj uac oamc s`auso`mck rjet`ecmc @AU]YZBJA]OU MJ BJM@MC< Jk t`po mj `astrubjatos cmjeucmos pcrc bjm`r vckorjs jecejs soa kos jkjetrobcdaàt`eos mj n`jrro bõv`k o kos jkjetrõa`eos mjaob`acmos mj ‛vjrmcmjro vckor jecz‒. Kos `astrubjatos mj ioi`ac bõv`k y ckduaos mj t`po jkjetrõa`eo eoa rjet`ecmor mj jatrcmc, b`mja ja rjck`mcm jk vckor bjm`o mj kc oamc rjet`ecmc, cuaquj su jseckc pujmj jstcr drcmucmc ja vckor jecz. Ja tckjs `astrubjatos, kc `am`ece`õa mj vckor jecz sõko sjrã eorrjetc pcrc oamc purcbjatj s`auso`mck, pujs ja àstc kc rjkce`õa vckor jecz/vckor bjm`o, mjaob`acmc ‛fcetor mj mj forbc‒, js lc j `duck c 3,3. 3,3. Wcrc oamcs m`stors`oacmcs jstc rjkce`õa ao sj bcat`jaj y por tcato kc `am`ece`õa mj vckor jecz mj kos `astrubjatos quj b`mja ja vckor bjm`o sjrâc jrrõajc. 9.= Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Js frjeujatj rjprjsjatcr kcs bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs bjm`catj vjetorjs d`rctor`os. Jstj t`po mj rjprjsjatce`õa sj mjmuej mjk njeno mj quj ua vjetor mj bõmuko Zo, d`rcamo eoa uac vjkoe`mcm cadukcr π proyjetc soirj jk jlj vjrt`eck ua sjdbjato euyc koad`tum js< u 2 Z 7 s`a( t ), sjdüa sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 9.:. Jk pjrâomo mj kc sjóck s`auso`mck rjsuktcatj js ] 2 9p / π y por tcato kc rjkce`õa jatrj frjeujae`c y puksce`õa mj kc bcda`tum s`auso`mck js kc `am`ecmc ja (9.6)< 2 9 ] 29 f 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac (9.6) Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 59 F`d. 9.: - Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj uac bcda`tum cktjrac Wor eoavja`o sj jk`dj jk jlj x eobo or`dja mj ãadukos pcrc kc rjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck y sj eoas`mjrc sjat`mo mj rotce`õa pos`t`vo jk eoatrcr`o c kcs cdulcs mjk rjkol. Mj jstc forbc, jk vckor `astcatãajo u(t) mjk vjetor mj bõmuko Zo y fcsj `a`e`ck 2 t 7, rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.:, v`jaj mcmo por kc jxprjs`õa (9.4)< (t ) 2 Z o s`a( t + ) (9.4) Mos bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs rjtrcscmcs uac rjspjeto c otrc ja jk t`jbpo, por jljbpko uac eorr`jatj, pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj eobo vjetorjs d`rctor`osuac eoa tjas`õa ua e`jrtoy ãaduko mj mjsfcsj jatrj jkkos, tck eobo sj nc njeno ja kc F`d. 9.6. F`d. 9.6 - Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj mos bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs mjsfcscmcs Ja jk ecso mj rjmjs `amustr`ckjs sj sujkj trciclcr eoa bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs mj `duck frjeujae`c (ao eoas`mjrcbos por por jk bobjato kos crbõa`eos) y ao sj jstã `atjrjscmo ja kos vckorjs `astcatãajos s`ao ja kc cbpk`tum y fcsj mj kcs b`sbcs. Ja tck ecso ecso sj sujkja rjprjsjatcr m`encs m`encs bcda`tumjs ja ja m`cdrcbcs vjetor`ckjs, eoas`mjrcamo kos vjetorjs los ja vjz mj d`rctor`os, d`rctor`os, oitja`àamosj oitja`àamosj ko quj mjaob`acbos m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj ‛fcsorjs‒ Kc F`d. 9.4.c bujstrc uao mj tckjs m`cdrcbcs pcrc rjprjsjatcr uac tjas`õa u , quj sj tobc eobo or`dja mj fcsjs y uac eorr`jatj `, rjtrcscmc ua ãaduko l (mjsfcsj) . Ncy quj rjscktcr quj ja ua m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj fcsorjs soko sj pujmja rjprjsjatcr bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs mj `duck frjeujae`c y quj por ko tcato bcat`jaja kc b`sbc 9 pos`e`õa rjkct`vc ja tomo bobjato. Ja eoasjeujae`c jk eoaejpto mj mjsfcsj soko js eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 55 cpk`ecikj c bcda`tumjs mj `duck frjeujae`c. Wor eoavja`o sj tobc eobo or`dja mj fcsjs jk jlj x, mjaob`acmo tcbi`àa jlj rjck y sj eoas`mjrca pos`t`vos kos mjsfcsjs ja sjat`mo cat`norcr`o y ajdct`vos kos mj sjat`mo norcr`o. u ` ` u c) Mjsfcsj ajdct`vo mj @7 rjspjeto c Z7 i) Mjsfcsj pos`t`vo mj @7 rjspjeto c Z7 F`d. 9.4 - M`cdrcbc mj fcsorjs rjprjsjatcamo uac tjas`õa y uac eorr`jatj eoa mjsfcsj l Kc F`d. 9.4 bujstrc mos m`cdrcbcs mj fcsorjs, jk c), moamj kc eorr`jatj t`jaj ua mjsfcsj ajdct`vo rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa (sj m`ej tcbi`àa quj kc eorr`jatj vc rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa) y jk i), ja jk quj kc eorr`jatj t`jaj ua mjsfcsj pos`t`vo rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa (sj m`ej quj kc eorr`jatj vc cmjkcatcmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa). 9.: Ecrdcs k`ajckjs y ao k`ajckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj E.C. Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc buy djajrck pomjbos m`st`adu`r mos t`pos mj ecrdcs susejpt`ikjs mj sjr ck`bjatcmcs por uac rjm mj E.C.< ecrdcs k`ajckjs y ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs. Ja tàrb`aos buy s`bpkjs, m`rjbos quj uac ecrdc js k`ajck s` ck ck`bjatcrkc eoa uac tjas`õa s`auso`mck mc kudcr c uac eorr`jatj s`auso`mck mj `duck frjeujae`c, cuaquj sj cmb`tj quj pujmc jx`st`r ua mjsfcsj jatrj kc eorr`jatj mj ecrdc y kc tjas`õa quj kc nc promue`mo. Csâ pujs, ja uac ecrdc k`ajck, kc tjas`õa cpk`ecmc y kc eorr`jatj jstãa rjkce`oacmcs por ua fcetor eoastcatj, i`ja jatjam`mo quj, m`eno fcetor pujmj sjr ua aübjro rjck o ua aübjro eobpkjlo, mjpjam`jatj mj kc frjeujae`c. Js mje`r, kcs `amuetcae`cs y kos eoamjascmorjs sj eoas`mjrca jkjbjatos k`ajckjs, cuaquj provoeca ua mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Wor eoatrc, m`rjbos quj uac ecrdc js ao k`ajck eucamo kc rjkce`õa tjas`õa/ eorr`jatj ao js uac eoastcatj rjck a` eobpkjlc, s`ao quj mjpjamj mjk puato mj trciclo (u,`). U` pcrc uac ecrdc mjtjrb`acmc ck`bjatcmc por uac fujatj mj E.E. o mj buy iclc frjeujae`c, rjprjsjatcbos kos pcrjs mj vckorjs `astcatãajos (u,`) ja ua drãeo, kos jkjbjatos k`ajckjs qujmca rjprjsjatcmos por uac rjetc, b`jatrcs quj kos ao k`ajckjs prjsjatca uac rjkce`õa eurv`kâajc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko kc F`d. 9.> bujstrc kos drãeos ( u,`) pcrc ua jkjbjato k`ajck y uao ao k`ajck. 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 5= c) K`ajck i) Ao k`ajck F`d. 9.> - Eurvcs ( Z,@ ) pcrc ua jkjbjato k`ajck y uao ao k`ajck Kcs ecrdcs k`ajckjs jstãa forbcmcs por eobi`ace`oajs mj trjs t`pos mj jkjbjatos iãs`eos, quj sj mjser`ija c eoat`auce`õa< • Fu Fuja jatj tjss mj tj tjas as`õ `õa. a. • Fu Fuja jatj tjss mj mj eor eorr` r`ja jatj tj.. • Jk Jkjb jbja jato toss pc pcs` s`vo voss Y, K, E. (Yjs`stjae`cs, `amuetcae`cs o eoamjascmorjs) Zac fujatj mj tjas`õa js ua m`spos`t`vo euyc tjas`õa ja iorajs sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj eoa `amjpjamjae`c mj kc eorr`jatj quj ko ctrcv`jsc. Za jkjbjato sj eobportc eobo fujatj mj tjas`õa mjk eucamo su `bpjmcae`c `atjrac js mjsprje`cikj frjatj ck rjsto mj `bpjmcae`cs e`reu`to. Zac fujatj mj eorr`jatj js ua m`spos`t`vo quj sub`a`strc o cisorij uac eorr`jatj eoastcatj, eoa `amjpjamjae`c mj kc tjas`õa quj tjadc ja iorajs. Za jkjbjato sj eobportc eobo fujatj mj eorr`jatj eucamo su `bpjmcae`c `atjrac js bueno bcyor quj jk rjsto mj `bpjmcae`cs mjk e`reu`to. Oisàrvjsj quj kos eoaejptos mj fujatj mj tjas`õa y fujatj mj eorr`jatj soa cpk`ecikjs tcato c djajrcmorjs eobo c rjejptorjs. Ja eucato c kos jkjbjatos pcs`vos Y, K, E , bcat`jaja uac rjkce`õa eoastcatj jatrj su tjas`õa ja iorajs (Z) y kc eorr`jatj (@) quj kos ctrcv`jsc. Ecmc uao mj jstos jkjbjatos sj ecrcetjr`zc por su rjkce`õa Z/@ , eoaoe`mc eobo `bpjmcae`c, mjs`dacmc por \. Kos vckorjs mj `bpjmcae`c pcrc ecmc uao mj kos e`tcmos jkjbjatos soa< Y, πK y 3/πE , rjspjet`vcbjatj. Ja kc F`d. 9.0 njbos rjprjsjatcmo kc rjkce`õa Z - @ , pcrc ecmc uao mj kos eobpoajatjs mj kos e`reu`tos k`ajckjs catjs bjae`oacmos. 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 5: c) Fujatj mj tjas`õa i) Fujatj mj eorr`jatj e) Ecrdc Y-K-E F`d. 9.0 - Ecrcetjrâst`ec Z-@ mj kos m`vjrsos eobpoajatjs k`ajckjs 9.:.3 @bpjmcae`cs mj kcs ecrdcs k`ajckjs Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.=. njbos v`sto quj kcs bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs pomâca rjprjsjatcrsj bjm`catj vjetorjs y jsto pjrb`tâc bcajlcr s`buktãajcbjatj kc cbpk`tum y fcsj mj m`encs bcda`tumjs. Kcs kjyjs iãs`ecs mj Onb y kjyjs mj H`renoff soa cpk`ecikjs ck e`reu`to mj eorr`jatj cktjrac s`jbprj quj jstà forbcmo por jkjbjatos k`ajckjs. Ao oistcatj kc eorr`jatj ja m`enos e`reu`tos ao t`jaj ja djajrck kc b`sbc fcsj quj kc tjas`õa, s`ao quj mjpjam`jamo mjk t`po mj ecrdc jx`stj ua mjsfcsj jatrj cbics bcda`tumjs. Csâ pujs kc `bpjmcae`c, eobo rjkce`õa jatrj mos vjetorjs, sjrã otro vjetor, eoa su bõmuko y su fcsj. Wcrc ua e`reu`to sjr`j djaàr`eo forbcmo por Y, K, y E (vjr kc F`d. 9.37) kc rjkce`õa jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj js kc quj `am`eca kcs jeuce`oajs (9.>) c (9.3=). Jstcs jeuce`oajs pjrb`tja eckeukcr jk bõmuko (bcda`tum) y kc fcsj mj kc `bpjmcae`c y ja eoasjeujae`c jk bõmuko mj kc eorr`jatj y su mjsfcsj eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. c) E`reu`to Y-K-E< M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck 9 i) M`cdrcbc mj `bpjmcae`cs F`d. 9.37 - @bpjmcae`c mj ua e`reu`to sjr`j y sus eobpoajatjs eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 56 @bpjmcae`c< \ 2 Y + l( K Forbc ecrtjs`cac Bõmuko Fcsj 3 E ) \ 2 Y 9 + ( K 3/ E ) 9 \ 2 cretca (9.>) (9.0) ( K 3/ E) (9.37) Y Forbc fcsor`ck (9.33) \2\ Eorr`jatj< Forbc fcsor`ck Bõmuko Fcsj @ 2 Z \ 2 Z \ ( Z \ ) @ 2 Z /\ @ 2 Z (9.39) (9.35) (9.3=) \ Kcs rjdkcs pcrc oitjajr kc `bpjmcae`c mj eobpoajatjs ja sjr`j y pcrckjko, trciclcamo eoa sus jxprjs`oajs vjetor`ckjs, soa kcs ekãs`ecs, cuaquj kcs opjrce`oajs mjija rjck`zcrsj cnorc eoa vjetorjs, o s` sj prjf`jrj ja bomo cackât`eo, eoa aübjros eobpkjlos, sjdüa kcs jeuce`oajs (9.3:) y (9.36). (9.3:) Ujr`j Wcrckjko \p 2 \3 \ 9 \3 + \ 9 (9.36) 9.6 Eorr`jatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc ja ràd`bja s`auso`mck Ujdüa sj mjsprjamj mj kos cpcrtcmos catjr`orjs, kc eorr`jatj ja ua e`reu`to k`ajck ck`bjatcmo por uac tjas`õa cktjrac s`auso`mck, js uac eorr`jatj tcbi`àa 9 s`auso`mck, mj `duck frjeujae`c quj kc tjas`õa y eoa ua e`jrto ãaduko mj rjtrcso eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 54 o cmjkcato eoa rjspjeto c m`enc tjas`õa, mjpjam`jamo mj quj prjmob`aja kcs ecrdcs mj t`po `amuet`vo o ecpce`t`vo. Ja kc F`d. 9.33, sj rjprjsjatca kos m`cdrcbcs vjetor`ckjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, tobcamo eobo or`dja mj fcsjs kc tjas`õa, pcrc mos ecsos< • Eoa ecrdc `amuet`vc (Y-K) • Eoa ecrdc ecpce`t`vc (Y-E) c) E`reu`to `amuet`vo i) E`reu`to ecpce`t`vo F`d. 9.33 - Eorr`jatj totck y sus eobpoajatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc Ja euckqu`jrc mj kos ecsos jk vjetor eorr`jatj pujmj mjseobpoajrsj ja mos eobpoajatjs< • Eo Eorr rr`j `jat atjj ce cet` t`vc vc,, @ c , ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa. • Eo Eorr rr`j `jat atjj rj rjce cet`t`vc vc,, @ r , mjsfcscmc 07¼ eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Ujdüa jk eoavja`o mj s`daos cmoptcmo ja kc F`d. 9.4, jk mjsfcsj js ajdct`vo (rjtrcso) pcrc ecrdcs `amuet`vcs y pos`t`vo (cmjkcato) pcrc ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs. Kcs rjkce`oajs jatrj kc eorr`jatj totck @ , kkcbcmc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj y sus eobpoajatjs soa kcs s`du`jatjs< @ c 2 @ . eos Eobpoajatjj Cet`vc Eobpoajat (9.34) @ r 2 @ . s`a Eobpoajatj Yjcet`vc (9.3>) @ 2 @ c + l@ r @ 2 @ c9 + @ r9 Eorr`jatj Cpcrjatj, forbc vjetor`ck (9.30) Eorr`jatj Cpcrjatj Cpcrjatj,, bõmuko (9.97) Js `atjrjscatj eobjatcr kos s`da`ecmos fâs`eos mj ecmc uac mj jstcs eorr`jatjs< Wor ua kcmo kc eorr`jatj totck, mjaob`acmc cpcrjatj, js kc quj bjm`râcbos ja jk e`reu`to eoa ua cbpjrâbjtro. Ja mjf`a`t`vc js js jk vckor quj quj mjij tobcrsj tobcrsj pcrc m`bjas`oacr kos eoamuetorjs. U`a jbicrdo, eobo sj vjrã bãs cmjkcatj, 9 kc eobpoajatj cet`vc js kc üa`ec quj promuej trciclo üt`k, b`jatrcs quj kc eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 5> eobpoajatj rjcet`vc sj eoasubj tca soko ja kc erjce`õa mj ecbpos jkàetr`eos y bcdaàt`eos. Uj pujmj rjmue`r kc eorr`jatj totck, s`a pàrm`mc mj prjstce`oajs, s` sj eobpjasc kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc tck eobo sj jstum`crã ja jk ecpâtuko s`du`jatj. 9.4 Wotjae`cs ja kos e`reu`tos mj E.C. s`auso`mck Njbos rjeckecmo jk eoaejpto mj e`reu`tos mj E.C. s`auso`mck tjbc mj potjae`cs ja e`reu`tos pjrturicmos por crbõa`eos js m`st`atoporquj y sjrã jkjstum`cmo bãs cmjkcatj, ja jk ecpâtuko =. Kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec mj ua e`reu`to sj oit`jaj mjk promueto mj kc tjas`õa por kc eorr`jatj. Jstc jxprjs`õa rjsuktc s`bpkj mj cpk`ecr c kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj eoat`auc, yc quj kos vckorjs mj Z j @ soa eoastcatjs, pjro ja kos e`reu`tos mj cktjrac Z j @ vcrâca ja ecmc `astcatj y por tcato kc potjae`c vcrâc tcbi`àa. Kc jxprjs`õa mj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc pcrc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj s`auso`mckjs js< (9.93) 2 Z 7 s`a t. @ 7 s`a( t + ) Mjscrrokkcamo jstc jxprjs`õa, pujmj poajrsj ja uac forbc bãs eoavja`jatj< 2 Z@ eos + Z@ eos(9 t + ) (9.99) moamj Z j @ soa kos vckorjs jecejs jecejs mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj rjspjet`vcbjatj< Z 2 Z7 / 9 8 @ 2 @7 / 9 (9.95) Oisàrvjsj quj kc jxprjs`õa (9.99) t`jaj ua tàrb`ao eoastcatj o vckor bjm`o mj kc potjae`c Z@eosl, quj sj mjaob`ac potjae`c cet`vc (W ) y otro tàrb`ao vcr`cikj ja forbc pjr`õm`ec, mj cbpk`tum Z@ y puksce`õa 9π, moikj mj kc fuamcbjatck. Jstj tàrb`ao pukscatj Z@eos(9πt+l), t`jaj `atjrvckos pos`t`vos, quj rjprjsjatca ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc y otros ajdct`vos, quj rjprjsjatca uac mjvokue`õa mj jajrdâc mj ecrdc c rjm. Uu vckor bjm`o js auko, eobo eorrjspoamj c euckqu`jr fuae`õa sjao eoasub`mc o eosjao, ko euck s`da`f`ec quj ck ecioU`a mjjbicrdo ua pjrâomo eobpkjtomjkct`po jajrdâc y kc mjvujktc soa `duckjs. js jajrdâc quj e`reukc por kc rjm y eobo tck promuej pàrm`mcs ja kcs kâajcs y ja kos trcasforbcmorjs y ncy quj tjajrkc ja eujatc pcrc jk m`bjas`oacmo mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa. C kc cbpk`tum Z@ mj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc sj kj mjaob`ac potjae`c cpcrjatj (U) y jstã rjkce`oacmc eoa kc potjae`c cet`vc por kc s`du`jatj jxprjs`õa< W 2 Z@ eos 2 U eos Yjsuktc `atjrjscatj rjprjsjatcr drãecbjatj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc pcrc m`st`atos t`pos mj ecrdc, tck eobo sj nc njeno ja kcs durcs 9.39 c 9.3=. Wcrc 9 ecrdc rjs`st`vc, Z j @ jstãa ja fcsj. Uus vckorjs `astcatãajos eo`ae`mja s`jbprj eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 50 ja s`dao (cbios soa pos`t`vos o cbios ajdct`vos) y por tcato kc potjae`c `astcatãajc js s`jbprj pos`t`vc eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.39, cuaquj kkjdc c caukcrsj. Jk vckor bjm`o o potjae`c cet`vc js, ja jstj ecso, `duck c kc potjae`c cpcrjatj Z@, yc quj jk fcetor eos l js `duck c kc ua`mcm. ]ck eobo pujmj vjrsj ja kcs f`durcs 9.35 y 9.3=, pcrc ecrdcs `amuet`vcs o ecpce`t`vcs purcs, kc potjae`c `astcatãajc js pukscatj y mj vckor bjm`o auko. φ Wor tcato,o ja tckjs ecsos, kc potjae`c cet`vc cbpk`tum js aukc (eos 2 7 ), pjro jk tàrb`ao pukscatj potjae`c cpcrjatj, s`duj tja`jamo cmjbãs quj Z@. Oisàrvjsj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc soa mj s`dao eoatrcr`o sjdüa sj trctj mj ecrdc `amuet`vc o ecpce`t`vc. F`d. 9.39 - Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc Y F`d. 9.35 - Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc K purc 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =7 F`d. 9.3= - Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc E purc Ja kc F`d. 9.3: sj nc rjprjsjatcmo otro ecso mj potjae`c `astcatãajc eoa ecrdc Y-K, quj js jk ecso bãs frjeujatj ja ecrdcs `amustr`ckjs. Ujdüa pujmj oisjrvcrsj, pcrc jstj ecso, kos vckorjs `astcatãajos t`jaja `atjrvckos pos`t`vos y otros ajdct`vos. Kc cbpk`tum mjk tàrb`ao pukscatj js s`jbprj Z@ , pjro jk vckor bjm`o mjpjamj mjk mjsfcsj jatrj Z j @. c) Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc Y-K i) Fkulos mj potjae`c jatrj djajrcmor y rjejptor F`d. 9.3: - Wotjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc ja ecrdcs Y-K 9.4.3 ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs Yjeormcamo kc mjseobpos`e`õa mj eorr`jatj jstum`cmc ja jk cpcrtcmo cpcrtcmo 9.6, vjbos quj kc potjae`c cet`vc js prje`scbjatj kc quj sj promuej eobo eoasjeujae`c 9 mj kc eorr`jatj cet`vc ( @ eo eoss l , ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa). Womjbos por tcato eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =3 mjseobpoajr kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ja mos eobpoajatjs, ck `duck quj sj n`zo pcrc kc eorr`jatj y eoastru`r ua tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs, sjpcrcamo kcs potjae`cs promue`mcs por kc eobpoajatj cet`vc y kc rjcet`vc, eobo sj `am`ec ja kc F`d. 9.36. Kcs rjkce`oajs quj sj mjsprjamja mj m`eno tr`ãaduko soa kcs s`du`jatjs< W 2 U eos 2 Z@ c S 2 U sja 2 Z@ r U 2 W9 + S 9 2 Z@ (9. 9:) (9. 96) (9. 94) F`d. 9.36 - ]r`ãadu ]r`ãaduko ko mj potjae`cs C kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc potjae`c cet`vc y kc potjae`c cpcrjatj sj kj mjaob`ac fcetor mj potjae`c (FW) y ja ràd`bja s`auso`mck s`a crbõa`eos, eo`ae`mj eoa jk eosjao mjk ãaduko mj mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ( FW2eosl). Eobo sj nc m`eno, kc potjae`c cet`vc js kc üa`ec eobpoajatj quj promuej trciclo üt`k, b`jatrcs quj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc js pukscatj, eoa vckor bjm`o auko y sj ut`k`zc sõko ja kc erjce`õa mj ecbpos jkàetr`eos y bcdaàt`eos ja ckduaos rjejptorjs. Csâ por jljbpk jljbpko, o, kc erjce` erjce`õa õa mj ecbpos bcdaàt` bcdaàt`eos eos js `bprj `bprjse`am se`am`ikj `ikj pcrc jk fuae`oacb`jato mj m`vjrsos rjejptorjs `amustr`ckjs eobo< botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs y otros. Jsto jx`dj quj ncyc uac mjtjrb`acmc potjae`c rjcet`vc, quj ncirã quj trcasportcr y quj eoatr`iu`rã por tcato c jbpjorcr jk fcetor mj potjae`c. Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc t`jaj m`st`ato s`dao sjdüa kc eorr`jatj vcyc rjtrcscmc o cmjkcatcmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc ecrdcs `amuet`vcs (botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, jte.), s`al js ajdct`vo, ko euck sj sujkj `atjrprjtcr eobo ua eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc (cuaquj por ko quj njbos m`eno jk eoasubo bjm`o js auko). Wcrc ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs ja ecbi`o, s`al js pos`t`vo, ko euck s`da`ec quj jk eoamjascmor js ua djajrcmor mj potjae`c rjcet`vc, por ko euck sj jbpkjc pcrc eobpjascr kc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc por m`vjrsos rjejptorjs `amustr`ckjs, quj sujkja sjr mj t`po `amuet`vo. Wcrc m`st`adu`r kcs trjs eobpoajatjs mj kc potjae`c, sj b`mja eoa ua`mcmjs m`st`atcs. Kc potjae`c cpcrjatj sj b`mj ja V´C (voktcbpjr`os), kc cet`vc ja T (vct`os) y kc rjcet`vc ja vcr (voktcbpàr`os rjcet`vos). Jx`stja tcbi`àa kos bükt`pkos o suibükt`pkos, mj forbc quj ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs sj sujkja bcajlcr kos hV´C, hT y hvcr. 9.> Wotjae`cs ja kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos rjfjr`rjbos c s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos ja djajrck mj trjs o euctro n`kos, js mje`r s`a ajutro o eoa ajutro y s`jbprj eoa tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs 9 jqu`k`ircmcs. Jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs pcrc jstj ecso js eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =9 jk rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.34. Ja cpcrtcmos postjr`orjs eoas`mjrcrjbos jk ecso mj tjas`oajs y/o eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo, sjdu`rjbos eoas`mjrcamo quj kcs tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs jstãa poeo m`stors`oacmcs, js mje`r soa prãet`ecbjatj s`auso`mckjs. F`d. 9.34 - ]jas`oajs y eorr`jatjs mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo jqu`k`ircmo C jf jfje jeto toss mj eã eãke keuk ukoo mj kc po potj tjae ae`c `c cp cpcr crja jatj tj y mj kc kcss eo eobp bpoa oaja jatj tjss ce cet`t`vc vc y rjcet`vc, kos s`stjbcs jqu`k`ircmos pujmja trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos. Mjs`dacamo kcs fcsjs eobo K3, K9, K5, kc mja`e`õa mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js kc `am`ecmc ja kc jeuce`õa (9.9>). U 2 U K3+ U K9+ UK5 2 ZK3 @ K3+ ZK9 @ K9+ ZK5 @ K5 (9.9>) Ja kc jeuce`õa catjr`or, U, t`jaj ecrãetjr jseckcr y por tcato kcs subcs soa s`jbprj subcs jatrj jseckcrjs. Ao oistcatj, `bcd`ajbos uac `astckce`õa moamj pujmca jx`st`r djajrcmorjs y rjejptorjs y moamj ncyc ecrdcs `amuet`vcs y ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs. Ao pcrjej kõd`eo subcr kcs eobpoajatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc mj kcs potjae`cs eobo jseckcrjs, s`ao quj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs mj ua djajrcmor y mj ua rjejptor sj y por tcato, jfjetos mj potjae`c cpcrjatj, potjae`c c trcasportcr jsrjstca kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cjkkcs. Mj `duck forbc kcs potjae`cskc rjcet`vcs mj uac `amuetcae`c y mj ua eoamjascmor sj rjstca y ncy quj trcasportcr soko kc m`fjrjae`c. Wor otro kcmo uac potjae`c cet`vc ao pujmj eobpjascr uac rjcet`vc y v`ejvjrsc. Jsto sud`jrj pujs quj ja jk eobputo mj potjae`cs cpcrjatjs, cet`vcs y rjcet`vcs, kcs subcs y rjstcs mjija ncejrsj c a`vjk mj ecmc fcsj, eoa ko euck kcs eobpoajatjs cet`vcs y rjcet`vcs mj kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos sj trctca eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos mj forbc caãkodc c ko jxpk`ecmo ja kos cpcrtcmos catjr`orjs. Csâ pujs, kcs jeuce`oajs pcrc kc potjae`c cet`vc y kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo totck soa< W 2 WY 9 + WU + W] 2 Z Y @ Y eosl Y + Z U @ U eosl U + Z ] @ ] eosl] eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac (9.90) Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec S 2 SY + SU + S] 2 Z Y @ Y sjal Y + Z U @ U sjal U + Z ] @ ] sjal] =5 (9.57) Wcrc s`stjbcs jqu`k`ircmos, eobo jk ecso quj trctcbos ja jstj cpcrtcmo, sj pujmj mjbostrcr quj kcs potjae`cs U, W y S mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo sj pujmja eckeukcr tcbi`àa c pcrt`r mjk bõmuko mj kcs tjas`oajs eobpujstcs ZK y mj kc eorr`jatj mj kâajc @K. Kcs jeuce`oajs quj mca kc potjae`c tr`fãs`ec totck ja jstj ecso soa (9.53) c (9.55)< (9.53) (9.59) (9.55) moamj ZE js jk bõmuko mj kc tjas`õa eobpujstc (jatrj fcsjs), (9.5=) Z E 2 ZK3K9 2 ZK9K5 2 ZK5K3 (9. 5=) @K js jk bõmuko mj kc eorr`jatj mj kâajc (9.5:) @ K 2 @K3 2 @K9 2 @K5 (9. 5:) l js jk mjsfcsj mj kcs eorr`jatjs eoa rjspjeto c kcs tjas`oajs fcsj-ajutro ZK3, ZK9, ZK5 9.>.3 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos s`a ajutro Ja kcs rjmjs tr`fãs`ecs jqu`k`ircmcs y s`a ajutro, ao t`jaj sjat`mo ncikcr mj kcs potjae`cs `am`v`muckjs mj ecmc fcsj, yc quj ck ao m`spoajr mj ajutro, kcs tjas`oajs jatrj fcsj y ajutro ao soa bjm`ikjs y por tcato jk eãkeuko mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos, ja pr`ae`p`o, ao js fcet`ikj. Wcrc jstj ecso, mjijbos trctcr eoa kc potjae`c mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo eobpkjto y kcs jeuce`oajs quj mca kcs potjae`cs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc soa rjspjet`vcbjatj kcs (9.53) c (9.55). Kc prjduatc quj pomjbos ncejraos js< ¿eõbo pomjbos bjm`r jk mjsfcsj, s` kcs tjas`oajs s`bpkjs ao soa ceejs`ikjs? o s` sj qu`jrj, ¿eõbo ncrã jk `astrubjato mj bjm`mc pcrc bjm`r ja jstc eoam`e`õa? Wujs i`ja, mj njeno kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ao mjpjamj mjk ãaduko y sj pujmj mjbostrcr quj kcs potjae`cs totckjs, cet`vc y rjcet`vc sj pujmja eckeukcr eobo s` sj trctcsj mj trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos, jk`d`jamo ua ajutro cri`trcr`o y jbpkjcamo (9.90) y (9.57). 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec == F`d. 9.3> - M`st`atcs mjseobpos`e`oajs mj ua s`stjbc mj tjas`oajs eobpujstcs ja tjas`oajs s`bpkjs Ja mja`t`vc, ko quj jstcbos m`e`jamo js quj pcrc jk eãkeuko pomjbos jbpkjcr uacs tjas`oajs s`bpkjs cri`trcr`cs, eoa kc üa`ec eoam`e`õa mj quj tjadca sus jxtrjbos ja vàrt`ejs mjk s`stjbc mj vjetorjs tjas`oajs eobo bujstrc kc F`d.kos 9.3>. Mj njeno kos `astrubjatos mjmj bjm`mc ko qujeobpujstcs, nceja js erjcr `atjracbjatj ua ajutro crt`f`e`ck, bjm`r kcs tjas`oajs eoa rjspjeto c jstj ajutro y ncejr jk eobputo totck subcamo potjae`cs mj kos trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos jbpkjcamo kcs jeuce`oajs (9.90) y (9.57). Ja tck ecso, ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kcs potjae`cs por fcsj ao t`jaja sjat`mo, pjro kc potjae`c tr`fãs`ec totck js kc b`sbc sjc euck sjc jk ajutro crt`e`ck, A3 õ A9 ja jk ecso mjk s`stjbc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.3>. Kcs rjkce`oajs jatrj potjae`c cet`vc, rjcet`vc y cpcrjatj, jeuce`oajs (9.9:) c (9.94), csâ eobo jk tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs mj kc F`d. 9.36, s`duja s`jamo vãk`mos pcrc s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos ja ràd`bja s`auso`mck. C eoat`a e oat`auce` uce`õa õa vjrj vjrjbos bos quj pcrc s`st s`stjbcs jbcs mjsjq mjsjqu`k` u`k`ircmo ircmoss tcbi tcbi`àa `àa js vãk` vãk`mo mo jk eãkeuko fcsj fcsj, pjro Zac ja ecbi`o pcrcbãs s`stjbcs eoamjcrbõa`eos jstcs jxprjs`oajs ao csoa vãk`mcs. jxpk`ece`õa mjtckkcmc kcs potjae`cs ja ecso mj jx`stjae`c mj crbõa`eos sj mcrã ja jk ecpâtuko =. 9.0 U`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.9 njbos mjf`a`mo kc rjm tr`fãs`ec `mjck eobo ua s`stjbc ck`bjatcmo por trjs tjas`oajs mj `duck bõmuko y mjsfcscmcs jatrj sâ 397¼. Jstj s`stjbc pjrfjetcbjatj jqu`k`ircmo, pujmj rjprjsjatcrsj por trjs fcsorjs, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.30 c). U` kcs ecrdcs soa tcbi`àa jqu`k`ircmcs, jsto mcrâc kudcr c ua s`stjbc mj trjs eorr`jatjs, tcbi`àa mjsfcscmcs 397¼, `duckbjatj rjprjsjatcikjs por ua trâo mj fcsorjs caãkodo ck mj kc F`d. 9.30 c). 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =: Ja or`dja, kcs tjas`oajs mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa tr`fãs`eo pujmja eoas`mjrcrsj jqu`k`ircmcs, pjro mji`mo c ua rjpcrto mjs`duck mj ecrdcs ja kcs m`st`atcs fcsjs (`bpjmcae`cs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs), sj djajrca eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs y mji`mo c kcs ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa, sj or`d`aca mjsjqu`k`ir`os, tcbi`àa ja kcs tjas`oajs mjk puato mj rjejpe`õa. U` ncejbos kc rjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo mj tjas`oajs o mj eorr`jatjs, jaeoatrcrjbos trjs fcsorjs quj pujmja tjajr bõmukos m`st`atos y mjsfcsjs m`st`atos mj 397·, eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 9.30.i. c) U`stjbc jqu`k`ircmo i) U`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo F`d. 9.30 - U`stjbcs mj tjas`oajs jqu`k`ircmo y mjsjqu`k`ircmo Wcrc jk caãk`s`s s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, Fortjseuj y Utohv`s, `mjcroa ua bàtomo eoaoe`momjeobo bàtomo mj kcs eobpoajatjs s`bàtr`ecs. M`eno bàtomo m`ej jsjae`ckbjatj quj euckqu`jr s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo mjsjqu`k`ircmo pujmj sjr mjseobpujsto ja subc mj trjs s`stjbcs< Zao mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc, otro mj sjeujae`c `avjrsc y otro mj sjeujae`c ejro, kkcbcmo tcbi`àa nobopokcr. Jatjamjbos por s`stjbc mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc ua s`stjbc s`bàtr`eo mj vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ, mjsfcscmos 397·, ja jk quj kc suejs`õa mj fcsjs js K3-K9-K5, por sjeujae`c `avjrsc cqujk s`stjbc mj vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ, eoa mjsfcsj mj 397· y sjeujae`c Y ] U y por sjeujae`c ejro cqujk s`stjbc forbcmo por trjs vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ y ja fcsj. Kc F`d. 9.97 bujstrc kos trjs s`stjbcs. F`d. 9.97 - U`stjbcs mj sjeujae`cs m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr Jk bàtomo mj mjseobpos`e`õa js vãk`mo pcrc s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos euckjsqu`jrc, mj trjs n`kos o mj euctro n`kos, js mje`r eoa o s`a ajutro y s`rvj tcato pcrc jk jstum`o mj tjas`oajs eobo pcrc eorr`jatjs. 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =6 Ja kc mjseobpos`e`õa mj Fortjseuj, kcs eobpoajatjs m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr soa vckorjs quj mjija eckeukcrsj bjm`catj ua eãkeuko vjetor`ck c pcrt`r mj kos vjetorjs, Vc , Vi ,Ve, mjk s`stjbc or`d`ack mjsjqu`k`ircmo (vjr F`d. 9.30.i), tck eobo sj `am`ec ja kcs jeuce`oajs s`du`jatjs< 3 3 9 Z m 2 ( Zc + c .Zi + c .Ze ) 5 (9.56) 9 Z m 2 ( Zc + c .Zi + c .Ze ) 5 (9.54) 3 Z 7 2 ( Zc + Zi + Ze ) 5 (9.5>) moamj c js ua vjetor mj bõmuko ua`mcm y fcsj 397· y Z m ,Z ` ,Z 7 , soa kos ‛vjetorjs icsj‒ (mj kc fcsj K3) mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr. Kos vjetorjs mj kcs otrcs fcsjs, ck trctcrsj mj s`stjbcs s`bàtr`eos, sj mjr`vca mj kos ‛vjetorjs icsj‒ mjsfcscamo rjtrcso ojaja pcrc kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto j `avjrso397¼ y s`ajamjsfcscr jk cvcaej ecso mjkrjspjet`vcbjatj s`stjbc nobopokcr. Ja kc F`d. 9.93 njbos rjprjsjatcmo kos vjetorjs ua`tcr`os mj kc mjseobpos`e`õa 9 mj Fortjseuj-Utohv`s, jk vjetor ua`mcm, jk vjetor c y jk vjetor c . Wcrc jk 9 trctcb`jato cackât`eo mj kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, kos vjetorjs c y c sj jxprjsca ja forbc mj aübjros eobpkjlos eoa kos vckorjs `am`ecmos ja kcs jeuce`oajs (9.50) y (9.=7). c 2∙ 3 9 + l 5 9 23 |397· c 9 2 ∙ 3 ∙ l 5 2 3|9=7· 9 9 9 F`d. 9.93 - Vjetorjs ua`tcr`os mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac (9.50) (9.=7) Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =4 Oisàrvjsj por kc jeuce`õa (9.5>) quj s` kos bõmukos mj kcs trjs tjas`oajs subca ejro ao ncy eobpoajatj nobopokcr. ]ck js jk ecso mj kos s`stjbcs mj trjs n`kos, s`a ajutro, moamj kc subc vjetor`ck mj kcs trjs tjas`oajs eobpujstcs y kc mj kcs trjs eorr`jatjs js s`jbprj ejro. Ja tck ecso jk s`stjbc sj mjseobpoaj soko ja uao mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc y uao mj sjeujae`c `avjrsc y jk s`stjbc nobopokcr js auko. F`d. 9.99 - Eobpos`e`õa mj kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto, `avjrso y nobopokcr y s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo rjsuktcatj Kc F`d. 9.99 bujstrc kc eobpos`e`õa mj eorr`jatjs ja ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo y ja jkkc pomjbos vjr ekcrcbjatj kos trjs s`stjbcs m`rjeto, `avjrso y nobopokcr y su subc, quj rjsuktc sjr ua s`stjbc mj vjetorjs mjsjqu`k`ircmo (mj trczo bãs drujso). Wcrc `am`ecr jk drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj ua s`stjbc sj usca mos eoje`jatjs< • Eoje` Eoje`jat jatjj mj mjs mjsjqu jqu`k` `k`ir` ir`o, o, Hm< Yjkce`õa jatrj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs eobpoajatjs `avjrsc y m`rjetc (9.=3). • Eoj Eoje` e`ja jatj tj mj cs cs`bj `bjtr trâc âc Hc< Yjkce`õa jatrj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs eobpoajatjs nobopokcr y m`rjetc (9.=9). Hm % 2 Z` .377 Zm (9. =3) Hc% 2 Z7 .377 (9. =9) Zm C tâtuko mjajutro) jljb pko,y kc jljbpko, rjm mj m`m`eno str`iue`õa ja B] js djajrckbjatj rjm mjaukc. trjs n`kos (s`a sjdüa ko m`str`iue`õa kc eobpoajatj nobopokcr jsuac s`jbprj Wor jkko, kc s`bjtrâc mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa sujkj bjm`rsj üa`ecbjatj por jk eoje`jatj mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o. Ujdüa kc aorbc JA-:7.367, pcrc kcs trjs tjas`oajs mj rjm, m`eno eoje`jatj bjm`mo ja probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos, mjij sjr bjaor mjk 9% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo. 9.37 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos Ja pr`bjr kudcr pomrâcbos m`st`adu`r jatrj s`stjbcs eoa ajutro y s`stjbcs s`a ajutro, y ja ecmc uao mj jstos pomjbos m`st`adu`r< • ]`po C. U`stjbcs U`stjbcs eoa tjas`oa tjas`oajs js jqu`k`ircmc jqu`k`ircmcss y eorr`jatjs eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`k` mjsjqu`k`ircmc ircmcss 9 • ]`po I. U`stjbcs U`stjbcs eoa tjas`o tjas`oajs ajs y eorr` eorr`jatjs jatjs mjsjqu mjsjqu`k`irc `k`ircmcs. mcs. eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec => 9.37.3 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos eoa ajutro Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj potjae`cs, tcato ja s`stjbcs t`po C) eobo ja s`stjbcs t`po I) pomjbos sjdu`r jbpkjcamo kcs jeuce`oajs (9.9>) (9.90) y (9.57), tobcamo eobo rjfjrjae`c ja ajutro mj kc `astckce`õa. Wujsto quj sj m`spoaj mj kcs tjas`oajs y mj kcs eorr`jatjs `am`v`muckjs mj ecmc fcsj, sj eobputc kc potjae`c `am`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj y por tcato jk njeno mj quj jk s`stjbc sjc mjsjqu`k`ircmo o ao, ao t`jaj `bportcae`c. F`d. 9.95 - M`st`atcs mjseobpos`e`oajs mj ua s`stjbc mj tjas`oajs eobpujstcs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs ja tjas`oajs s`bpkjs 9.37.9 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos s`a ajutro Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj potjae`cs ja s`stjbcs s`a ajutro, tcato mjk t`po C) eobo mjk t`po I) pomjbos sjdu`r jbpkjcamo kcs jeuce`oajs (9.9>) (9.90) y (9.57), tobcamo ua ajutro euckqu`jrc cri`trcr`o. Mj njeno, sj mjbujstrc quj kcs potjae`cs totckjs W, S y U ao mjpjamja mjk puato moamj sj tobj jk ajutro, b`jatrcs kos jxtrjbos mj kos vjetorjs s`bpkjs eo`ae`mca eoaCsâ kospujs vàrt`ejs K3, K9, K5uacs mjk s`stjbc eobpujsto, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.95. sj eobputca potjae`cs `am`v`muckjs por fcsj, quj ao t`jaja vck`mjz, pjro su subc js kc b`sbc sjc euck sjc jk ajutro mj rjfjrjae`c. Csâ pujs, kc bjm`mc sj pujmj ncejr erjcamo ua ajutro crt`e`ck ja jk `astrubjato y kcs potjae`cs tr`fãs`ecs sjrãa eorrjetcs. 9.333 Wotjae`cs `bportcmcs y jxportcmcs< eucmrcatjs 9.3 Ck ncejr jk eobputo mj potjae`c potjae`css trcasfj trcasfjr`mcs r`mcs jatrj rjmjs pomjbos eoatjbp eoatjbpkcr kcr mos sjat`mos mj ulo< mj fujatj c ecrdc o mj ecrdc c fujatj. Ao oistcatj, eoa jk cubjato mj kos s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa m`str`iu`mc, eobi`acamo ejatrckjs eoavjae`oackjs eoa s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa icscmos ja fujatjs mj jajrdâc 9 rjaovcikjs, kos eoaejptos mj fujatj y ecrdc sj mjija eoas`mjrcr rjvjrs`ikjs. eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =0 Csâ pujs, ua eoaluato mj mos rjmjs, 3 y 9 (vjr F`d. 9.9=), pujmja `atjre `atjrecbi`cr cbi`cr jajrdâc ja kos mos sjat`mos, js mje`r, cetucamo 3 mj fujatj y 9 mj ecrdc o cetucamo 9 mj fujatj y 3 mj ecrdc. Jstj eoaejpto mj rjvjrs`i`k`mcm pujmj cpk`ecrsj cmjbãs tcato c kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs eobo c kcs rjcet`vcs, mcamo kudcr c = pos`ikjs forbcs mj fuae`oacb`jato, sjdüa sj `bportj o sj jxportj potjae`c cet`vc y sjdüa sj `bportj o jxportj potjae`c rjcet`vc. Kcs euctro pos`ikjs eobi`ace`oajs sj rjprjsjatca por kos mjaob`acmos = eucmrcatjs mjk drãeo mj potjae`cs. Ja kc F`d. 9.9=.i, sj nca rjprjsjatcmo jstos = eucmrcatjs, `am`ecamo kcs mjaob`ace`oajs y kos s`daos mj kcs potjae`cs, sjdüa @JE-63::4-39, X5R. c) Jstrueturc mj kcs rjmjs i) U`daos mj kcs potjae`cs ja kos = eucmrcatjs F`d. 9.9= - Eucmrcatjs y s`daos mj kcs potjae`cs 9.39 U`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa< jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj Wcrc mjtjrb`acmos jstum`os m`str`iue`õa, eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc, eãkeuko mj ktros, jte.,mj js e`reu`tos ajejscr`omj eoaoejr ua jsqujbc mj kc rjm eoa mjtjrb`acmos mctos. Ja tckjs ecsos, sujkj eoas`mjrcrsj quj kc rjm tr`fãs`ec js jqu`k`ircmc y sj rjprjsjatc üa`ecbjatj ua eoamuetor. Kos m`cdrcbcs rjsuktcatjs sj mjaob`aca jsqujbcs ua`f`kcrjs. Kc F`d. 9.9:, bujstrc uao mj m`enos m`enos m`cdrcbcs y jk eorrjspoam`jatj e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj c jfjetos mj propcdce`õa mj crbõa`eos. 9 Ja jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sj rjprjsjatca iãs`ecbjatj trjs t`pos mj jkjbjatos< kâajcs, trcasforbcmorjs y ecrdcs (o drupos mj ecrdcs). Ecmc uao mj kos drupos sj sust`tuyj por su `bpjmcae`c y sj oit`jaj por tcato ua e`reu`to boaofãs`eo jqu`vckjatj, quj pjrb`tj jstum`cr kc rjm jqu`k`ircmc. eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :7 F`d. 9.9: - Jsqujbc ua`kcr y e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj uac rjm Ck trc trctcr tcrsj sj mj jsqu jsqujbcs jbcs ua` ua`kcr kcrjs js sj supo supoaj aj quj jk e`r e`reu` eu`to to rjpr rjprjsja jsjatcmo tcmo js jk mj uac fcsj y kcs `bpjmcae`cs soa `bpjmcae`cs fcsj ― ajutro. Ja djajrck, djajrck, uac ecrdc euckqu`jrc eoa m`stors`õa sj mjsmoikc ja uac pcrtj rjs`st`vc YW propore`oack c kc potjae`c cet`vc, uac pcrtj ^S, propore`oack c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mji`mc ck mjsfcsj Z-@ y uac sjr`j mj fujatjs mj eorr`jatj @n, quj rjprjsjatca kos crbõa`eos djajrcmos por kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs. C jfjetos mj eãkeuko mjij eoas`mjrcrsj ua e`reu`to m`st`ato pcrc ecmc crbõa`eo (pcrc ecmc frjeujae`c). Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj `am`ec kc forbc mj eckeukcr `bpjmcae`cs mj djajrcmorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, ecikjs y ecrdcs ja djajrck, eoa tck mj eoaoejr kos vckorjs mjk jsqujbc ua`kcr c pcrt`r mj kcs potjae`cs mj kcs ecrdcs. 9.39.3 E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja ua puato mj kc ceobjt`mc< @bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to. Ck puato mj eoajx`õ eoajx`õaa mj uac `astckc `astckce`õa e`õa c kc rjm püik`ec sj kj mjaob`ac puato mj eoajx`õa eobüa, sâbioko WEE. Js prãet`ecbjatj `bpos`ikj eoaoejr euãk js kc eoadurce`õa jxcetc mj kc rjm quj ck`bjatc jk WEE, pjro cüa csâ sj pujmj oitjajr e`reu`to ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj mj `bpjmcae`c kc b`sbc, forbcmo ua`bpjmcae`c djajrcmor `mjck (eoauavckor aob`ack mj kc tjas`õa y s`a `atjrac) por y uac sjr`j (vjr kc F`d. 9.96). Kc `bpjmcae`c sjr`j pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, Uee , mj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, \ee , o mj kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to, uee% . 9 F`d. 9.96 - E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja WEE eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :3 Kcs jeuce`oajs quj rjkce`oaca kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to y otros pcrãbjtros mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj soa kcs s`du`jatjs< U ee 2 377.U A (9.=5) u ee % 9 Yee9 + ^ ee9 2 Z e 2 Z e .u ee % U ee 377.U A \ ee 2 @ ee 2 u ee 2 9 Ze (9.==) (9.=:) \ ee u ee 377 9 9 2 u Yee + u ^ee (9.=6) 9 Z e .u Yee ee Y 2 ^ ee 2 (9.=4) UA Z e9 .u ^ee (9.=>) UA moamj Z E rjprjsjatc kc tjas`õa eobpujstc ja e`reu`tos tr`fãs`eos (kcs fõrbukcs soa vãk`mcs tcbi`àa pcrc e`reu`tos boaofãs`eos tobcamo Z E kc tjas`õa mjk e`reu`to boaofãs`eo), \ ee kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, Yee y ^ ee kc rjs`stjae`c y rjcetcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, U ee kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to U A kc potjae`c cpcrjatj aob`ack, @ ee kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to, uee % kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to jxprjscmc ja tcato por e`jato y uee kc b`sbc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to ja tcato por uao. Aotc< ]omcs jstcs bcda`tumjs sj jvcküca c kc frjeujae`c aob`ack (:7 õ 67 Nz). Wcrc ncejr eãkeukos eoa crbõa`eos ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj ^een 2 ^ee ´ n, s`jamo n jk ormja mjk crbõa`eo. Ja pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa sj sujkj supoajr quj tomc kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to js `amuet`vc, kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc sujkj eoas`mjrcrsj mjsprje`cikj, js mje`r Yee ≊ 7, o ko quj js ko b`sbo \ ee ≊ ^ ee . 9 Jljbpko< Zac rjm c =77 V t`jaj uac potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to ja jk puato mj ceobjt`mc mj 9 BV´C. Eckeukcr kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to y kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to. eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :9 Uokue`õa< \ ee ≊ ^ ee 2 Z e9 2 =779 6 2 7,7>Ω 8 @ ee 2 U ee 9.37 9.39.9 E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj ua trcasforbcmor Ze \ ee 2 =77 7 ,7> 2 :777 C Kcs `bpjmcae`cs bãs s`da`ect`vcs mj ua trcasforbcmor soa mos< Kc rjcetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj, ^b, ja pcrckjko eoa kc rjm y kc rjcetcae`c mj m`spjrs`õa, ^m, ja sjr`j eoa kc rjm (vàcsj kc F`d. 9.94). Jx`stj cs`b`sbo uac eobpoajatj mj `bpjmcae`c mj t`po rjs`st`vo ja sjr`j, mji`mc c kc rjs`stjae`c mj kos crrokkcb`jatos pr`bcr`o y sjeuamcr`o, pjro sujkj mjsprje`crsj pcrc jk t`po mj eãkeukos cprox`bcmos quj aos propoajbos ja jstj tjxto. F`d. 9.94. Jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj mjk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Kcs jeuce`oajs quj sj jbpkjca pcrc jk eãkeuko mj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor soa kcs b`sbcs quj njbos mcmo ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or, (9.=5) c (9.=>). Nci`tuckbjatj jk mcto uee % sujkj jaeoatrcrsj ja kc prop`c pkcec mj ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk trcasforbcmor. Ja eucato c kc `amuetcae`c ` amuetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj, àstc sujkj tobcrsj mjk ormja mj 3,>% c 9% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. Ja rjck`mcm s` sj m`spoaj mj mctos mjk jascyo mj vceâo mjk trcasforbcmor, kc eorr`jatj mj vceâo js prãet`ecbjatj kc eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj, @b, jatoaejs ^b sj pujmj eckeukcr por kc jeuce`õa (9.=0), moamj (@b)pu js jk tcato por uao mj eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj. ^b 2 Ze / 5 @b Ze / 2 ( @ b ) pu .U A / 5 2 5Z e Z e9 ( @ b )pu .U A (9.=0) Jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj pujmj tobcrsj mjsmj sjeuamcr`o o mjsmj pr`bcr`o. Wcrc kos jstum`os mj rjsoacae`cs y ulos mj ecrdc ja iclc tjas`õa, s`jbprj tobcrjbos jk jqu`vckjatj v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcr`o. Jljbpko< Za trcasforbcmor mj 657 hV´C, eoa uac rjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa 3: hV / =77 V, eoa uee % 2 6%, eorr`jatj mj vceâo mj 3,>% mj kc aob`ack, sj ck`bjatc mj uac rjm mj pr`bcr`o eoa > BV´C mj potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to. Eckeukcr jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj mjk eoaluato v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcr`o. 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :5 Jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj js jk rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.97, moamj sj nc supujsto quj tomcs kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj eortoe`reu`to soa `amuet`vcs, tcato ja jk djajrcmor eobo ja jk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. F`d. 9.9>. Jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcr`o. ^ eed 2 ^ eet 2 Ze U ee Z e9 U ee 2 2 =77 9 2 7 ,7:Ω 8 >.37 6 Z e9 .uee % 377.U A 2 =779.6 377.657.37 9 ^b 2 Ze ( @ b ) pu .U A 2 5 =77 9 7 ,73>.657.37 5 2 7,73:9Ω8 2 3= ,3Ω Oisàrvjsj quj s` nui`jrc ulo mj crbõa`eos mjk kcmo ecrdc nce`c rjm, sj pomrâc jstum`cr eoa jstj e`reu`to, sust`tuyjamo jk djajrcmor por ua eortoe`reu`to eobo yc sj n`zo ja kc F`d. 9.9:. (sj trctc mj ua djajrcmor `mjck). Ja tck ecso kc eorr`jatj quj e`reukcrâc por kc rjcetcae`c ^b sjrâc mjsprje`cikj eobpcrcmc eoa kc quj vc c rjm, yc quj ^b 11 ^eed , por jkko, ja jstum`os mj crbõa`eos sj sujkj prjse`am`r mj ^b ja jk jsqujbc ua`kcr. 9.39.5 @bpjmcae`c mj kos ecikjs Ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kos ecikjs pujmja sjr s`da`f`ect`vcs, por jkko mjija tobcrsj ja eoas`mjrce`õa ja kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs. M`encs `bpjmcae`cs mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa djobàtr`ec mj kos ecikjs mj `mc y rjtorao y mjk bctjr`ck eoastruet`vo. Kos mctos bãs cikjs sj jaeujatrca ja kos ectãkodos mj kos prop`os fcir`ecatjs. 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec := C tâtuko mj jljbpko, kc tcikc 9.9 bujstrc kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj ckduaos ecikjs e cikjs mj = eoamuetorjs, mj m`st`atcs sjee`oajs, c m`st`atcs frjeujae`cs. Oisàrvjsj quj c :7 Nz mob`ac kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc mj kc `bpjmcae`c, sckvo ja sjee`oajs buy drcamjs, pjro pcrc frjeujae`cs erje`jatjs (crbõa`eos 33 y 35 por jljbpko, mj frjeujae`cs ::7 Nz y 6:7 Nz) kc pcrtj `amuet`vc t`jaj ua pjso `bportcatj. ]cikc 9. 9. @bpjmcae`cs mj ecikjs mj = eoamuetorjs t`po ‛Wrotomur‒ pcrc tjas`õa ncstc 3hV. Aübjro y sjee`õa mj kos eoamuetorjs 9 Y c 47·E Ω / hb ^ c :7 Nz Ω / hb \ c :7 Nz \ c 9:7 Nz \ c 5:7 Nz \ c ::7 Nz \ c 6:7 Nz Ω / hb Ω / hb Ω / hb Ω / hb Ω / hb =x3,: bb9 3 = .= 4 7.33: 3 = .= 4 3=. => 3 = .= 0 3=. :5 3 = .: : =x9,: bb9 > .4 3 7.33 > .4 3 >. 45 > .4 = >. 40 > .> 5 =x= bb9 : .= : 7. 374 : .= : :. => : .: 7 :. :> : .6 9 =x6 bb9 5 .6 9 7. 3 5 .6 9 5. 6: 5 .6 0 5. 4> 5 .> : =x37 bb9 9 .3 6 7. 70= 9 .3 6 9. 93 9 .9 6 9. 50 9 .= > =x36 bb9 3 .5 6 7. 70 3 .5 6 3. =5 3 .: 7 3. 6> 3 .4 0 =x9: bb9 7 .> 6 5 7. 7>6 7 .> 4 7. 06 3 .7 : 3. 9> 3 .= 3 =x5: bb9 7 .6 9 4 7. 7>5 7 .6 5 7. 4: 7 .> : 3.33 3 .9 : =x:7 bb9 7 .= 6 5 7. 7>5 7 .= 4 7. 69 7 .4 = 3. 79 3 .3 4 =x47 bb9 7 .5 9 3 7. 7>9 7 .5 5 7. :9 7 .6 6 7. 06 3.33 =x0: bb9 7 .9 5 3 7. 7>9 7 .9 : 7. =4 7 .6 9 7. 05 3 .7 0 =x397 bb9 7 .3 > 5 7. 7> 7 .9 7 7. == 7 .: 0 7. 07 3 .7 6 =x3:7 bb9 7 .3 = 0 7. 7> 7 .3 4 7. =5 7 .: > 7. >0 3 .7 : =x3>: bb9 7.33> 7. 7> 7 .3 = 7. =9 7 .: 4 7. >0 3 .7 : =x9=7 bb9 7 .7 0 7. 740 7 .3 9 7. =3 7 .: 6 7. >4 3 .7 5 =x577 bb9 7 .7 4 3 7. 740 7.33 7. =7 7 .: 6 7. >4 3 .7 5 ]àadcsj ja eujatc cmjbãs, quj kc eobpoajatj `amuet`vc mjpjamj mj kc m`spos`e`õa djobàtr`ec mj kos ecikjs. U` kos ecikjs mj kcs m`st`atcs fcsjs sj jaeujatrca buy sjpcrcmos jatrj sâ, kc pcrtj `amuet`vc cubjatc buy eoas`mjrcikjbjatj. Eoaerjtcbjatj pcrc kâajcs kcrdcs, tjam`mcs eoa ecikjs ua`pokcrjs, c vjejs ecikjs bükt`pkjs por fcsj, y m`seurr`jamo por icamjlcs bjtãk`ecs, mjij proeurcrsj trjazcr kos ecikjs mj kcs trjs fcsjs, mj forbc quj jk ãrjc jatrj `mc y rjtorao sjc kc bâa`bc pos`ikj. Ecso mj ao rjspjtcr jstc forbc mj tjam`mo, kc `amuetcae`c mjk ecikj ckecazc fãe`kbjatj vckorjs jatrj 7,> y 3 ºN /b, eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :: F`d. 9. 90. M`spos`e`õa mj ecikjs pcrc b`a`b`zcr kc `amuetcae`c por bjtro eoa ko euck kc `bpjmcae`c erjej eoas`mjrcikjbjatj y kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa supjrc kos kâb`tjs cejptcikjs, nce`jamo `aüt`k jk cubjato mj sjee`õa mj ecikjs. Kc F`d. 9.90 `kustrc kcs forbcs eorrjetc j `aeorrjetc mj m`spoajr kos ecikjs mj kcs fcsjs y kc tcikc 9.9 mc kcs rjcetcae`cs or`jatct`vcs or`jatct`vcs mj m`vjrscs m`spos`e`oajs mj ecikjs y icrrcs. ]cikc 9. 5. Yjcetcae`cs ja T/hb mj m`st`atcs m`spos`e`oajs mj ecikjs y icrrcs Ic r r c s Ecikj ]r`fãs`eo 5 ecikjs 5 ecikjs ua`pokcrjs ua`pokcrjs ja tr`caduko ja kâajc ecikjs ja kâajc m2M ecikjs ja kâajc m29M Ω/h b 7, 3: 7, 74: 7, 3 : 7 , 3= : 7, 30 Vckorjs jxtrjbos 7, 3 c 7, 9 7, 7 : c 7 , 3 7, 3 c 7, 9 J s qu jb c Yjcetcae`c 7, 3 7, 7 > c 7, 39 7 , 3= c 7, 3 : 7, 3> c 7 , 9 9.35 Yjsoacae`cs sjr`j y pcrckjko Kc `bpjmcae`c mj kcs ioi`acs y mj kos eoamjascmorjs mjpjamj, sjdüa sj nc m`eno, mj kc frjeujae`c, pjro cmjbãs, kos eobpoajatjs rjckjs, t`jaja e`jrtcs `bpjrfjee`oajs. Kcs `amuetcae`cs sujkja tjajr uac e`jrtc rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j YK y kos eoamjascmorjs sujkja prjsjatcr uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j YU (c vjejs mjaob`acmc JUY, jqu`vckjat sjr`js rjs`stcaej) y otrc ja pcrckjko o mj fudcs Y f . Kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs mj jstos eobpoajatjs rjckjs y sus `bpjmcae`cs ja 9 F`d. 9. 57 - @bpjmcae`c mj F`d. 9. 53 - @bpjmcae`c mj uac ioi`ac ao `mjck ua eoamjascmor ao `mjck eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :6 fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c sj nca m`iulcmo ja kcs durcs 9.57 y 9.53. Ja m`encs durcs njbos m`iulcmo kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs eoas`mjrcamo kcs `bpjrfjee`oajs pjrejpt`ikjs c iclcs frjeujae`cs ( f ; 9 hNz ) mj m`enos eobpoajatjs ( YK , YU, Y f ). Kc eoajx`õa ja sjr`j o ja pcrckjko mj `amuetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs mc kudcr c s`tuce`oajs s`adukcrjs, mjaob`acmcs mj rjsoacae`c, ja kcs euckjs kc `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bâa`bc o bãx`bc. Jstcs eoam`e`oajs mj rjsoacae`c soa prje`scbjatj kcs quj sj eoatrokca pcrc oitjajr m`st`atos t`pos mj ktros. 9.35.3 Yjsoacae`c sjr`j Kc eoajx`õa ja sjr`j mj uac ioi`ac y ua eoamjascmor mc eobo rjsuktcmo ua e`reu`to euyc `bpjmcae`c pujmj eckeukcrsj mj kc jeuce`õa (9.:7). Jk bõmuko mj m`enc `bpjmcae`c vcrâc eoa kc frjeujae`c sjdüa sj `am`ec ja kc F`d. 9.59. y kc jeuce`õa (9.:3) \ 2( Y K + Y ) + l( ^ \ 2 (Y s K K ∙^ E (9.:7) ) + Y ) 9 + ( πK ∙ 3 / πE ) 9 (9.:3) s Oisàrvjsj quj kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kc ioi`ac y mjk eoamjascmor sj rjstca, sjdüa sj v`o ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.6. Jx`stj uac frjeujae`c, kkcbcmc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c, π Y , pcrc kc euck eo`ae`mca kos vckorjs mj ^ K y ^ E. Kc `bpjmcae`c c m`enc frjeujae`c js bâa`bc, qujmcamo rjmue`mc c kc subc mj rjs`stjae`cs YK + Ys, euyo vckor js djajrckbjatj buy iclo. • Eo Eoam am`e `e`õ `õaa mj mj rjs rjsoa oaca cae` e`c< c< ^ 2 ^E ⇙ K • Fr Frje jeuj ujae ae`c `c mj mj rjso rjsoac acae ae`c `c<< π Y 2 π 3 Y 3 K2 π Y E (9. :9) (9. :5) KE 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :4 F`d. 9. 59.- @bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c ja ua e`reu`to K-E sjr`j. F`d. 9.55 - M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck ja eoam`e`oajs mj rjsoacae`c sjr`j. Jk eobportcb`jato mjk e`reu`to KE sjr`j js ecpce`t`vo pcrc , eoa kc eorr`jatj cmjkcatcmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa j `amuet`vo pcrc , eoa kc eorr`jatj rjtrcscmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c, jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck js jk mj kc F`d. 6.:. Kc eorr`jatj y kc tjas`õa jstãa ja fcsj y pujmj oisjrvcrsj quj kcs tjas`oajs ja kc ioi`ac y ja jk eoamjascmor sj eoatrcrrjstca, pum`àamosj mcr jk ecso mj quj àstcs soa vcr`cs vjejs supjr`orjs c kc tjas`õa mj rjm. Ja eoasjeujae`c uac rjsoacae`c sjr`j provoec fujrtjs soirjtjas`oajs soirj kos eoamjascmorjs y soirj kcs ioi`acs. 9.35.9 Yjsoacae`c pcrckjko Kc eoajx`õa ja pcrckjko mj uac ioi`ac y ua ua eoamjascmor mc eobo rjsuktcmo ua e`reu`to euyc `bpjmcae`c pujmj eckeukcrsj mj kc jeuce`õa (9.:=). Oisàrvjsj quj pcrc jk vckor mj kc `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bãx`bo y cmqu`jrj ua vckor buy drcamj, tcato bãs eucato bjaorjs sjca y . Jk bõmuko mj m`enc `bpjmcae`c vcrâc eoa kc frjeujae`c sjdüa sj `am`ec ja kc F`d. 9.5=. (9.:=) 9 Eoam`e`õa mj rjsoacae`c< (9.::) Frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c< (9.:6) Jk eobportcb`jato mjk e`reu`to KE pcrckjko js `amuet`vo pcrc kc eorr`jatj rjtrcscmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa y ecpce`t`vo pcrc , eoa , eoa kc eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :> eorr`jatj cmjkcatcmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c, jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck js jk mj kc F`d. 9.5:. Kcs eorr`jatjs por ecmc uac mj kcs rcbcs mj ioi`ac y eoamjascmor soa `duckjs y mj s`dao eoatrcr`o, mj forbc quj kc eorr`jatj totck js prãet`ecbjatj ejro (`bpjmcae`c buy drcamj). Kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecmc rcbc pujmja tobcr vckorjs jxtrjbcmcbjatj cktos, jx`st`jamo por tcato ua pjk`dro mj mjstruee`õa mjk eoamjascmor o mj kc ioi`ac s` ao cetüca kcs protjee`oajs cmjeucmcs. F`d. 9.5= - @bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c ja ua e`reu`to K-E pcrckjko F`d. 9.5: - M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck ja eoam`e`oajs mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko 9.3= Njrrcb`jatcs mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs 9 Cetuckb jatj jk Cetuckbjatj j k caãk`s`s caã k`s`s mj e`reu`t e` reu`tos os sj nc s`bpk` s` bpk`ecmo ecmo bueno b ueno drce`cs c m`vjrscs m`v jrscs njrrcb`jatcs quj pjrb`tja kc rjsokue`õa mj e`reu`tos bjm`catj s`bukce`õa por eobputcmor. Jx`stja vcr`os pcqujtjs mj softwcrj profjs`oackjs, eoa jxejkjatjs prjstce`oajs, quj pjrb`tja ncejr prjm`ee`oajs mj eobportcb`jato mj rjmjs eoa euckqu`jr t`po mj ecrdcs. Ckduaos mj jstos pcqujtjs ofrjeja vjrs`oajs mj eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec :0 mjbostrce`õa, quj pjrb`tja proicr jk s`bukcmor y pujmja rjsuktcr üt`kjs pcrc oitjajr uac pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa mjk eobportcb`jato mj uac mjtjrb`acmc rjm. Kcs fuae`oajs quj pjrb`tja jstos s`bukcmorjs jbp`jzca eoa ua pr`bjr pcso quj pjrb`tj m`iulcr jk e`reu`to y kujdo pjrb`tja ncejr uac s`bukce`õa por bàtomos tjbporckjs y/o frjeujae`ckjs. Ao vcbos c trctcr cquâ mj a`adüa s`bukcmor ja pcrt`eukcr, pjro kos bãs eoaoe`mos soa jk WUp`ej-Orecm y jk WU@B. Cbios pjrb`tja mjsecrdcr vjrs`oajs mjbo mj X=R y X:R rjspjet`vcbjatj. Euckqu`jrc mj jstcs mjbos pujmj rjsuktcr üt`kjs pcrc ncejr eãkeukos mj ckdüa ktro sjae`kko, vjr su rjspujstc ja frjeujae`c o kcs forbcs mj oamc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko jl jbpko kc d. 9.56 bujstr bujstrcc ua jsqujbãt` jsqujbãt`eo eo mj ua ktro k tro KEK pcrc ua rjet`ecmor m`iulcmo eoa jk s`bukcmor WUp`ej y kcs durcs 9.54 c 9.50 bujstrca m`st`atos drãeos y tcikcs quj sj nca oitja`mo mj kc s`bukce`õa eoa kc vjrs`õa mjbo mjk b`sbo. F`d. 9.54 - Forbcs mj oamc oitja`mcs eoa jk s`bukcmor 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 67 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 63 Yct`o mj cbpk`tum Fcsj F`d. 9.5> - Yjspujstc frjeujae`ck oitja`mc eoa jk s`bukcmor F`d. 9.50 - Yjspujstc frjeujae`ck oitja`mc eoa jk s`bukcmor 9.3: Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos `atromue`mo kos eoaejptos iãs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac y bãs eoaerjtcbjatj sj nc ejatrcmo jk `atjràs ja kos eoaejptos rjkce`oacmos eoa kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec. 9 Mjk jstum`o sj nc mjmue`mo quj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc ja ua e`reu`to mj cktjrac js uetucatj y quj kc potjae`c cet`vc, ao js otrc eosc quj jk vckor probjm`o mj m`enc potjae`c `astcatãajc. Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa quj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc pujmj tjajr vckorjs pos`t`vos y ajdct`vos, js mje`r, murcatj e`jrtcs pcrtjs mjk eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 69 e`eko sj tobc potjae`c mj kc rjm y ja otros `astcatjs sj mjvujkvj uac pcrtj mj m`enc potjae`c. Ja ecsos jxtrjbos (ecrdcs K o E purcs) pujmj `aekuso mjvokvjrsj tomc kc potjae`c cisori`mc, eoa ko euck jk vckor bjm`o o potjae`c cet`vc sjrâc auko. Ao oistcatj s`duj jx`st`jamo uac potjae`c uetucatj quj ncy quj trcasportcr y quj por tcato aos oik`dc c ua m`bjas`oacmo bcyor mj kos s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj (djajrcmorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, kâajcs, jte.) Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa quj kcs jajrdâcs uetucatjs eoasub`mcs por ecrdcs mj t`po `amuet`vo y mj t`po ecpce`t`vo soa mj s`dao eoatrcr`o, ko euck pjrb`tj mje`r quj kc potjae`c uetucatj mj kcs ecrdcs `amuet`vcs pujmj sjr eobpjascmc bjm`catj ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs o eoamjascmorjs. Jstc potjae`c fkuetucatj sj mjaob`ac potjae`c rjcet`vc y kc crbce`õa catjr`or pujmj forbukcrsj jatoaejs m`e`jamo quj< kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj kcs ecrdcs `amuet`vcs pujmj sjr eobpjascmc bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs. Jstc eobpjasce`õa t`jaj eobo pr`ae`pck ijaje`o jk ao tjajr quj trcasportcr kc jajrdâc uetucatj y pjrb`tj por tcato rjmue`r pàrm`mcs y rjmue`r jk m`bjas`oacmo mj kos bjm`os mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj. Jk jstum`o bãs mjtckkcmo mj jstj tjbc sj mcrã ja jk ecpâtuko =. C ko k o kcrdo mjk ecpâtu ecpâtuko ko njbos v`sto tcbi`à tcbi`àaa kc forbc mj oitjajr kos jsqujb jsqujbcs cs jqu`vckjatjs mj uac rjm, eoaejpto quj ut`k`zcrjbos ja kos ecpâtukos suejs`vos pcrc mjmue`r jk eobportcb`jato mj m`enc rjm ck `atromue`r kos eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc o kos ktros mj crbõa`eos. 9.36 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Ortjdc L`bjajz, L. 8 Wcrrc Wr`jto, V.B. V.B. 8 Wcstor Dut`jrrjz, C. 8 Wjrjz-Eoyto, C. 8 ‒]jor`c ‒] jor`c mj E`reu`tos‒, E`r eu`tos‒, Jm. ZAJM, 4ª jm`e`õa (9777), @UIA< 04>>=56930=0= X9R Y. J. ]nobcs, C. L. Yosc. ‛E`reu`tos y sjóckjs< @atromuee`õa c kos e`reu`tos k`ajckjs y mj ceopkcb`jato‒. Jm. Yjvjrtà (3003), @UIA< 04>>=9035=:>-9 X5R @JE-63::4-39, Jkjetr`eck scfjty `a kow voktcdj m`str`iut`oa systjbs up to 3777 Vce cam 3:77 Vme- Jqu`pbjat for tjst`ad, bjcsur`ad or boa`tor`ad of protjet`vj bjcsurjs - Wcrt 39< Wjrforbcaej bjcsur`ad cam boa`tor`ad mjv`ejs (WBM) X=R nttp<//www.ec nttp<//www.ecmjaej.eob/promuets/orecm/m mjaej.eob/promuets/orecm/mowakocms/orecm_mjbo/`amjx.c owakocms/orecm_mjbo/`amjx.cspx spx X:R nttp<//www.p nttp<//www.powjrsys.fr/ owjrsys.fr/ 9 eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac 5 EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ WO]JAE@C YJCE]@VC JA YJMJU AO M@U]OYU@OACMCU 5.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jstj ecpâtuko trctcrjbos mj kc eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs, js mje`r ja cusjae`c mj crbõa`eos. Csâ pujs, eoas`mjrcbos soko kcs potjae`cs rjkce`oacmcs eoa kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc quj eoas`mjrcbos ja jstj ecpâtuko js ja mja`t`vc kc quj b`mja kc bcyorâc mj eoatcmorjs `astckcmos cetuckbjatj, cetuckbjatj, icscmos ja ja jk s`stjbc Fjrrcat`. Ao oistcatj, jstj t`po mj eoatcmorjs t`jaj kos mâcs eoatcmos, pujs kc bcyorâc mj eobpcóâcs kos jstãa sust`tuyjamo por eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos, quj pjrb`tja kjeturc rjbotc y djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc y quj m`st`aduja jatrj y Fcetor mj Wotjae`c (FW), eoaejptos quj vjrjbos ja jk ecpâtuko = quj soa m`fjrjatjs s` kc eorr`jatj t`jaj tcscs mj m`stors`õa jkjvcmc. Csâ pujs pujs,, pcrc `a` `a`e`cr e`craos aos ja jk tjbc tjbc,, ja jk rjst rjstoo mj jstj ecpâ ecpâtuko tuko ncikcrjb ncik crjbos os `am`st`atcbjatj mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o bjlorc mj , eobo tàrb`aos s`aõa`bos. Kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecrdcs `amustr`ckjs (botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, ckubircmo uorjsejatj y otrcs) cisorija potjae`c cet`vc y, ja djajrck, potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po `amuet`vo. Eobo sj nc v`sto ja jk ecpâtuko catjr`or, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc js uac potjae`c purcbjatj fkuetucatj quj cisorija bobjatãajcbjatj kos rjejptorjs murcatj uac pcrtj mjk e`eko y quj mjvujkvja c kc rjm c ko kcrdo mjk e`eko, mj forbc quj ao supoaj ua eoasubo ajto. Jsto `bpk`ec, s`a jbicrdo, ua eoasubo mj eorr`jatj jxtrc (eorr`jatj rjcet`vc) y por tcato uac eorr`jatj totck bcyor quj kc jstr`etcbjatj ajejscr`c pcrc oitjajr jk trciclo üt`k, promue`jamo pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs ja kc `astckce`õa y oik`dcamo c ua bcyor m`bjas`oacmo mj kos djajrcmorjs y kâajcs mj trcasportj. 5.9 Eorr`jatjs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc Kc eorr`jatj totck cisori`mc por ua rjejptor sj mjaob`ac eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, @ . Wjro soko uac uac pcrtj mj jstc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj cpcrjatj promuej trciclo üt`k, kc mjaob`acmc eorr`jatj cet`vc, euyo vckor js . Cbics eorr`jatjs, cpcrjatj y cet`vc, jstãa rjkce`oacmcs por jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc `astckce`õa y pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj ja ua tr`ãaduko, sjdüa bujstrc kc F`d. 5.3. Ja m`eno tr`ãaduko cpcrjej uac tjrejrc eobpoajatj mj eorr`jatj, mjaob`acmc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc , euyo vckor js . 5 F`d. 5.3.- ]r`ãadukos ]r`ãadukos mj eorr`jatjs eorr`jatjs y mj potjae`cs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 6= Eobo sj nc m`eno, kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc cisori`mc por kc bcyorâc mj rjejptorjs `amustr`ckjs js eorr`jatj mj t`po `amuet`vo, js mje`r, rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Ao oistcatj ja kos tr`ãadukos mj eorr`jatjs y mj potjae`cs (F`d. 5.3) sj sujkj rjprjsjatcr drãecbjatj kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc mj t`po `amuet`vo, , y kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mji`mc c m`enc eorr`jatj, ja jk sjat`mo mjk jlj mj ormjacmcs pos`t`vo. Js mje`r, quj eoavjae`oackbjatj sj cs`dac s`dao pos`t`vo c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po `amuet`vo y ja eoasjeujae`c mjij cs`dacrsj s`dao ajdct`vo c kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc y c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po ecpce`t`vo . U`du`jamo eoa jk eoavja`o mj s`daos, jsto `bpk`ec quj jk jk ãaduko , sj eoas`mjrc pos`t`vo eucamo kc eorr`jatj jstà rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa y ajdct`vo ja ecso eoatrcr`o. 5.5 Eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc Jk eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc oik`dc c prjvjr uaos bjm`os mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj bãs m`bjas`oacmos. Js por jkko quj ncy ua moikj `atjràs ja su eobpjasce`õa< Wor ua kcmo jk prop`o usucr`o sj `atjrjsc ja kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc porquj jsto supoaj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs bjaos m`bjas`oacmcs. Wor otro kcmo, kc eobpcóâc sub`a`strcmorc, t`jaj tcbi`àa `atjràs ja jk`b`acr kc rjcet`vc por kos b`sbos bot`vos y por jkko sujkj jstcikjejr ckdüa t`po mj rjecrdo soirj kos tàrb`aos mj potjae`c y jajrdâc, ja fuae`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ceubukcmo ck ack mjk pjrâomo mj fceturce`õa. Wujmj jv`tcrsj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc, y por tcato jk rjecrdo, s` sj eobpjasc kc potjae`c rjcet`vc `amuet`vc bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs. Ja jfjeto, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po `amuet`vo pujmj sjr eobpjascmc cprovjencamo kc prop`jmcm mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj sub`a`strcr uac eorr`jatj rjcet`vc mj s`dao eoatrcr`o c kc quj eoasubja kcs ecrdcs `amuet`vcs. M`enc eobpjasce`õa, sj mjaob`ac djajrckbjatj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o eorrjee`õa mjk . Jk oiljt`vo js ckecazcr ua totck, mj kc ecrdc bãs kos eoamjascmorjs, ko bãs prõx`bo pos`ikj pos`ikj c kc ua`mcm, ua`mcm, eoa ko euck sj oit`jaja kos bãx`bos ijaje`os ja tàrb`aos mj rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs y ioa`ece`õa ja kc jajrdâc fceturcmc por pcrtj mj kc eobpcóâc. Eoatcmorjs W&S 5=:64> W Djajrce`õa ]rcasportj Ceobjt`mc Ecrdc M`str`iue`õa 7,00 5 U E Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj Yjcet`vc F`d. 5.9.- M`cdrcbc jsqujbãt`eo mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj mj rjcet`vc eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 6: Kc F`d. 5.9 bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj kos jfjetos mj m`enc eobpjasce`õa. Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, S , eoasub`mc por kcs ecrdcs js eobpjascmc por kos eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmo rjs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj trcasportcmc sj rjmuej. ]ck eobo sud`jrj kc F`d. 5.9 pujmja mjlcrsj ecat`mcmjs rjs`muckjs s`a eobpjascr, quj t`jaja quj sjr trcasportcmcs por kc rjm. Kc potjae`c totck c eobpjascr sj sujkj frcee`oacr ja vcr`os eoamjascmorjs quj sj eoajetca ja fuae`õa mj kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj kcs ecrdcs, iclo jk eoatrok mj ua rjdukcmor mj fcetor mj potjae`c, tck eobo sj jxpk`ec ja kos cpcrtcmos s`du`jatjs. 5.= Eãkeuko mj ajejs`mcmjs Ja jstj cpcrtcmo trctcbos mj rjspoamjr c kc prjduatc< ¿Euãk js kc potjae`c totck mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr uac `astckce`õa, eoa ua mjtjrb`acmo fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck? Wcrc jkko js prje`so eoaoejr kos mctos mj kc `astckce`õa quj sj `am`eca c eoat`auce`õa, mctos quj pujmja oitjajrsj mj m`st`atcs bcajrcs, sjdüa vjbos< Mctos< - Wotjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc. - Fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck mj kc `astckce`õa ao eobpjascmc, - Fcetor mj potjae`c mjsjcmo mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa, Wcrc dcrcat`zcr quj kc `astckce`õa ao eoasubc jajrdâc rjcet`vc `aekuso eoa kc bãx`bc ecrdc, mjij m`bjas`oacrsj jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa pcrc pcrc kc bãx`bc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc. Ao oistcatj, s` jk eoasubo bãx`bo sj mc sokcbjatj murcatj pjrâomos eortos, pujmj prjvjrsj uac eobpjasce`õa eoa uac potjae`c bueno bjaor quj kc bãx`bc y cüa csâ oitjajr ua vckor probjm`o buy prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm. ua`mcm. Wcrc eoaoejr eoaoejr jstos mjtckkjs y m`bjas`oacr eorrjetcbjatj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs js ceoasjlcikj tobcr mctos bjm`catj ua cack`zcmor mj rjm (vàcsj ecpâtuko :). Ja jk ecso mj quj jk eoasubo pujmc eoas`mjrcrsj rjdukcr (rjkct`vcbjatj eoastcatj murcatj pjrâomos eoaoe`mos) icstc eoa eoaoejr kcs kjeturcs mj kos eoatcmorjs mj cet`vc y rjcet`vc pcrc pomjr mjmue`r mjmue`r kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c. Kos bàtomos mj eãkeuko pcrc m`vjrsos ecsos sj mjtckkca c eoat`auce`õa< 5.=.3 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj mctos mj ua cack`zcmor mj rjm 5 Jk cack`zcmor mj rjm pjrb`tj oitjajr ua pjrk mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc murcatj ua mâc o uac sjbcac mj fuae`oacb`jato aorbck mj uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa. Kc F`d. 5.5 bujstrc ua drãeo oitja`mo c ko kcrdo mj vcr`os mâcs, eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 66 `aekuyjamo ua a mj sjbcac, quj aos s`rvj mj jljbpko. Wujmj oisjrvcrsj quj pcrc sct`sfcejr kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, jk mcto oitja`mo por jk cack`zcmor js mj 3=4 hvcr (eoasubo ja puatc). Ja jstj ecso ao js ajejscr`o m`bjas`oacr pcrc jk vckor bãx`bo tck eobo eobproicrjbos. Ko nci`tuck js qujmcrsj eoa ua vckor `afjr`or quj euirc kcs ajejs`mcmjs ja ua 07% mjk t`jbpo, por jljbpko c kc v`stc mjk drãeo pujmj tobcrsj ua vckor mj uaos 377 hvcr. Wcrc eobproicr quj jsto ao eobportc fcetorjs mj potjae`c buy mjsfcvorci mjsfcvorcikjs, kjs, `aekuso ja kcs eoam`e`oajs mj bãx`bc mjbcamc mj rjcet`vc pomjbos ncejr ua eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja jk pjor ecso, tck eobo sj `am`ec c eoat`auce`õa. Wcrc jkko mjijbos eoaoejr kc potjae`c cet`vc ja jk bobjato mj bãx`bc mjbcamc mj rjcet`vc, mcto quj sj oit`jaj mjk prop`o cack`zcmor mj rjmjs. Ja jk ecso mjk jljbpko quj aos oeupc kc bjm`mc jrc mj 57= hT. F`d. 5.5.- Wjrk mj eoasubo eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc oitja`mo eoa ua cack`zcmor mj rjmjs y jk softwcrj WOTJY V@U@OA W 2 Wotjae`c cet`vc S` 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc `a`e`ck S 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc eobpjascmc e Sr 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc rjsuktcatj 2 Ãaduko mj fcsj `a`e`ck F`d. 5.=.- ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs mjk jljbpko 2 Ãaduko mj fcsj rjsuktcatj U` 2 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj `a`e`ck Ur 2 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj rjsuktcatj 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 64 Jk fcetor mj potjae`c rjsuktcatj ja ecso mj mjbcamc mj S ` 2 3=4 hvcr y eobpjasce`õa pcre`ck mj Se2377 hvcr pujmj oitjajrsj bjm`catj kc jeuce`õa (5.3), quj sj mjmuej c pcrt`r mj kos tr`ãadukos mj potjae`cs mj kc F`d. 5.=. (5.3) Wcrc jk jljbpko quj aos oeupc, rjsuktc ua fcetor mj potjae`c mj 7,0>, cüa ja jk pjor ecso mj eoasubo mj 3=4 hvcr y eobpjasce`õa soko soko mj 377 hvcr. Csâ pujs, jk jqu`po mj 377 377 hvcr nc mj eoas`mjrcrsj eoas`mjrcrsj mjk tomo cejptcikj. cejptcikj. 5.=.9 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y kos fcetorjs mj potjae`c `a`e`ck y ack Womjbos pkcatjcraos jk proikjbc catjr`or lcamo mj catjbcao jk vckor mjk fcetor mj potjae`c mjsjcmo. Ja djajrck, eoaoe`mc kc potjae`c cet`vc, W, jk eosjao o jk ãaduko mj fcsj `a`e`ck, y jk eosjao o jk ãaduko ack, , jk vckor mjsjcmo mj potjae`c c eobpjascr pujmj eckeukcrsj por kc jeuce`õa (5.9). (5.9) Jk tàrb`ao sujkj mcrsj ja forbc mj tcikc eoa moikj jatrcmc eobo kc quj bujstrc kc ]cikc 5.3 c eoat`auce`õa. Kos aübjros mj kc tcikc mca kos hvcr ajejscr`os por ecmc hT, pcrc eobpjascr uac `astckce`õa mjsmj jk ` a` e ` ck ( ) c k a ck ( ). ]cikc 5.3.- Vckorjs mj 7. 0 7 . 09 eoaoe`moss eoaoe`mo y 7. 0= 7. 06 7. 0 > 3 7. 3 5 7. 9> 7. =9 7 . :: 7. 5 5 7. = > 7. 69 7. 4: 7 . 6> 7. >9 7. 0 4 3. 3 5 3. 59 3. :5 3 . 4> 9 . 70 9. = 4 7 . >> 3 . 79 3. 3 4 3. 5 5 3. : 9 3. 45 3 . 0> 9 . 90 9 . 6> 7.0: 7.0 7.>: 7.> 7 . 77 7 . 3= 7. 9 4 7 . 76 7 . 30 7 . 59 7. 39 7 . 96 7 . 50 7. 7 = 7. 30 7 . 55 7 . =6 7.4: 7.4 7.6: 7.6 7.:: 7.: 7.=: 7.= 7.5: 7. = 7 7. : = 7. 6> 7 . >: 3 . 75 3 . 9: 3. : 7 3. > 3 9. 3 0 7. = 6 7. : 0 7. 4= 7. 03 3 . 70 3 . 53 3 . :6 3. > 4 9. 9 : 7. : 9 7. 6 6 7. > 3 7. 04 3. 36 3 . 54 3 . 69 3. 0 5 9. 5 3 7 . :0 7. 4 5 7. > > 3. 7 = 3. 95 3 . == 3 . 60 9 . 77 9. 5 > 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 6> Jljbpko 3< Uupõadcsj uac `astckce`õa quj eoasubj 3:7 hT mj potjae`c cet`vc, eoa ua `a`e`ck mj 7,6:, quj qujrjbos pcscr c 7,06. Mj kc tcikc, pcrc 27,6: y 2 7,06 oitjajbos ua fcetor mj 7,>>. Se(hvcr) 2 3:7 hT ´ 7,>> hvcr/hT2 359 hvcr Jljbpko 9< Wcrc kc `astckce`õa mjk cpcrtcmo catjr`or eoa 3=4 hvcr y 57= hT, jk fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck js< 2 eos tca-3(3=4/57=)27,0 s` sj qu`s`jrc bjlorcr c 7,06 por jljbpko ja jk pjor ecso, jk fcetor, sjdüa kc ]cikc 5.3 js 7,30, js mje`r kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ajejscr`c sjrâc< Se(hvcr) 2 W´(fcetor tcikc) 2 57= 57= (hT) ´ 7,30 2 :4,4: hvcr 5.=.5 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj kcs kjeturcs mj eoatcmorjs Eucamo kos eoasubos soa buy rjdukcrjs pujmja ut`k`zcr ut`k`zcrsj sj eobo icsj-eãkeuk icsj-eãkeukoo kcs kjeturcs mj kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc cet`vc y rjcet`vc murcatj ua mâc mj trciclo por jljbpko. Wcrc jkko sj tobca kos s`du`jatjs mctos. mctos. Mctos< hT´n` 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj cet`vc ck pr`ae`p`o mjk mâc hvcr´n` 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc ck pr`ae`p`o mjk mâc hT´nf 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj cet`vc ck ack mjk mâc hvcr´nf 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc ck ack mjk mâc n 2 Aübjro mj norcs trcaseurr`mo jatrj kjeturcs `a`e`ck y ack C pcrt`r mj jstos js tos mctos sj oit`jaja< o it`jaja< 5 Wotjae`c cet`vc (ja hT)< (5.5) Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (ja hvcr)< (5.=) eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 60 F c e t or mj p ot j ae ` c ` a` e ` ck ( )< Icstc jatoaejs eoa jkjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo, fõrbukcs mjk cpcrtcmo 5.=.9, jeuce`õa (5.9). ( 5 . :) y cpk`ecr kcs Jljbpko< Ja uac `astckce`õa kcs kjeturcs mj eoatcmorjs ja ua pjrâomo mj > norcs mj trciclo m`jroa kos s`du`jatjs eoasubos< Eoatcmor mj cet`vc< hT´nf - hT´n` 2 39>7 hT´n Eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc< hvcr´nf - hvcr´n` 2 3977 hvcr´n Eckeukjbos kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr kc `astckce`õa c 2 7,0: Mj jstos mctos mjmue`bos< Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) < Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hT) < F c e t or mj p ot j ae ` c ` a` e ` ck ( )< Mj kc ]cikc 5.3 mjmue`bos ua fcetor mj 7,65 hvcr por hT. Eobo kc `astckce`õa js mj 367 hT sj oit`jaj< Se( hvcr) 2 367 (hT) ´ 7,65 2 377 hvcr 5.=.= Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj mctos mj kc fceturc mj sub`a`stro 5 Wujmj ncejrsj ua eãkeuko cprox`bcmo mj ajejs`mcmjs c pcrt`r mj kcs jajrdâcs cet`vc y rjcet`vc fceturcmcs por kc eobpcóâc sub`a`str sub`a`strcmorc cmorc murcatj ua mjtjrb`acmo pjrâomo. Jk eãkeuko sjrã tcato bãs jxceto eucato bãs eoastcatj sjc jk eoasubo, y supoa`jamo quj sj eoaoej jk aübjro mj norcs totck mj eoasubo ja jk jk pjrâomo fceturcmo. fceturcmo. Mjij eoas`mjrcrsj kc fceturc fceturc eoa bcyor bcyor rjecrdo ja jk `bportj y sj tobca kos s`du`jatjs mctos< eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 47 Mctos< hT´n 2 Jajrdâc cet`vc fceturcmc ja hT´n. hvcr´n 2 Jajrdâc rjcet`vc fceturcmc ja hvcr´n. n 2 Aübjro mj norcs norcs mj fuae`oacb`jato fuae`oacb`jato mj kc `astckce`õa ja jk pjrâomo fceturcmo (Jstj pcrãbjtro mjijrã sjr jst`bcmo mj kc forbc bãs prje`sc pos`ikj) C pcrt`r mj m`enos m` enos mctos sj pujmja puj mja oitjajr oi tjajr < Wotjae`c cet`vc (ja hT) < (5.6) Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (ja hvcr) < (5.4) F ce t o r m j po t ja e ` c ` a ` e ` c k ( )< Icstc jatoaejs eoa jkjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo, fõrbukcs y proejm`b`jato mj eãkeuko mjk cpcrtcmo 5.=.9. ( 5 . >) y cpk`ecr kcs 5.: Vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce eobpjasce`õa `õa Kc eobpjasce`õa mj mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc eobportc vjatclcs mj mj mos t`pos< • Vjatclcs tàea`ecs Cubjatoo mj kc ecpce` Cubjat ecpce`mcm mcm mj kcs kâajc kâajcss y trcasf trcasforbcmo orbcmorjs rjs Bjlorc mj kc tjas`õa mj rjm M`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs • Vjatclcs jeoaõb`ecs Yjmuee`õa mjk prje`o mj kos tàrb`aos mj potjae`c y mj jajrdâc 5.:.3 Cubjato mj kc ecpce`mcm mj kcs `astckce`oajs 5 Js frjeujatj quj kcs kâajcs, `atjrruptorjs y otros bjm`os mj m`str`iue`õa ckecaeja jk kâb`tj mj ecrdc y ncdca ajejscr`c su cbpk`ce`õa. Zac forbc mj cubjatcr kc ecpce`mcm mj kc `astckce`õa js eorrjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c, mjsecrdcamo kcs kâajcs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc, eoa ko euck cubjatc su eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 43 ecpce`mcm mj trcasportj mj jajrdâc cet`vc. Ja kc F`d. 5.: sj mc ua drãeo quj pjrb`tj eckeukcr kc potjae`c cet`vc cm`e`oack quj pujmj oitjajrsj mj uac `astckce`õa s` sj bjlorc jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj c . 377.77 07.77 >7.77 3 W c c m ` r j f j r k c a `o e ` m c c `v t e c W 47.77 67.77 :7.77 =7.77 57.77 97.77 37.77 7.77 7.: 7.:: 7.6 7.6: 7.4 7.4: 7.> 7.>: 7.0 7.0: 3 Fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck F`d. 5.:.- Wotjae`c cet`vc cm`e`oack quj quj pujmj oitjajrsj oitjajrsj ck eobpjascr rjcet`vc 5.6 Eoaejptos y mja`e`oajs mja`e`oajs rjkct`vcs c kc eobpjasce`õa mjk FW ]ck eobo njbos m`eno, ja buenos ecsos sj rjck`zc uac rjdukce`õa mjk totck mj potjae`c rjcet`vc c eobpjascr por drupos o jseckoajs. Jk aübjro mj jseckoajs y kc potjae`c mj ecmc uao sujkja jseodjrsj ja kc fcsj mj m`sjóo mjk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa y pujmja mcrsj m`vjrscs eobi`ace`oajs. Ja pr`bjr kudcr mcrjbos ckduacs mja`e`oajs quj aos cyumcrãa c ejatrcr jk proikjbc< 5.6.3 Mja`e`oajs< Aübjro mj Jseckoajs ( A J) < Jatjamjbos eobo tck jk aübjro mj drupos ja quj sj nc frcee`oacmo kc potjae`c totck mj ua jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc. Jstos drupos pujmja sjr mj `duck potjae`c o ao, tck eobo sj jxpk`ec c eoat`auce`õa. 5 Wrodrcbc mj rjdukce`õa< Kcs potjae`cs mj kos m`st`atos drupos o jseckoajs sujkja sjdu`r e`jrtos pctroajs mjaob`acmos ‛prodrcbcs‒. Jk prodrcbc `am`ec kc rjkce`õa quj jx`stj jatrj kcs potjae`cs mj kos m`st`atos jseckoajs. C eoat`auce`õa sj `am`eca kos prodrcbcs bãs frjeujatjs, cuaquj kos s`stjbcs mj rjdukce`õa eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 49 tr`fãs`eos cetuckjs pjrb`tja jstcikjejr pcsos totckbjatj `amjpjam`jatjs< • Wrodrcbc 3<3<3 . ]omos kos jseckoajs t`jaja kc b`sbc potjae`c. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 377 hvcr y : pcsos jstã forbcmo forbcmo por : jseckoajs `duckjs `duckjs mj 97 hvcr y sj mjser`ij eobo jqu`po mj (: x 97) 97) hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc potjae`c potjae`c mjk pr`bjr jseckõa (rjdukce`õa bâa`bc), W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ, jstãa rjkce`oacmos por kc rjkce`õa< W32Wtot / AJ (5.0) • Wrodrcbc 3<9<9 . ]omos kos jseckoajs c pcrt`r mjk sjduamo t`jaja moikj potjae`c quj jk pr`bjro. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 3>7 hvcr y : jseckoajs jstã forbcmo por ua pr`bjr jseckõa mj 97 hvcr y = jseckoajs `duckjs mj =7 hvcr y sj mjser`ij eobo jqu`po mj (97 + = x =7) hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc potjae`c mjk jseckõa bjaor mj rjdukce`õa, W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ, jstãa rjkce`oacmos por kc rjkce`õa< W32Wtot / (9AJ-3) (5.37) • Wrodrcbc 3<9<= . Kc potjae`c mjk sjduamo jseckõa js moikj mj kc mjk pr`bjro y kc mjk rjsto mj jseckoajs c pcrt`r mjk tjrejro js = vjejs kc potjae`c mjk pr`bjro. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 577 hvcr y : jseckoajs jstã forbcmo por ua pr`bjr jseckõa mj 97 hvcr, hvcr, ua sjduamo mj =7 hvcr y 5 jseckoajs `duckjs mj >7 hvcr y sj mjser`ij eobo jqu`po mj (97 + =7 + 5 x >7) hvcr. hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc potjae`c mjk jseckõa bjaor mj rjdukce`õa, W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ, jstãa rjkce`oacmos por kc rjkce`õa. W32Wtot / (=AJ-:) (5.33) • Otros Wrodrcbcs. Wujmja ut`k`zcrsj otros prodrcbcs, eobo jk 3<9<9<= o jk 3<3<9<9, jte. Jk s`da`ecmo mj kos aübjros, eobo sj ncirã mjmue`mo mj kos ecsos catjr`orjs mc kc propore`õa mj kcs potjae`cs jatrj jk pr`bjr jseckõa, ck quj sj cs`dac vckor 3 y kos s`du`jatjs (9 s`da`ec moikj potjae`c, = s`da`ec = vjejs bãs, jte.). • Aübjro mj pcsos ( A p). Jk tàrb`ao aübjro mj pcsos s`da`f`ec jk aübjro mj vckorjs `atjrbjm`os ja quj jstã frcee`oacmc kc potjae`c totck. C vjejs sj eoafuamj jk aübjro mj pcsos eoa jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, pjro ja rjck`mcm soko eo`ae`mja ja jk prodrcbc 3<3<3. Ja djajrck jk aübjro mj pcsos sj oit`jaj mj kc s`du`jatj fõrbukc< (5.39) 5 Csâ por jljbpk jljbpkoo ja uac ictjrâc mj : jseckoaj jseckoajss eoa prodrcb prodrcbcc 3<9<9, jk aübjro totck mj pcsos pcsos js mj = jseckoajs jseckoajs x pjso 9 + 3 jseckõa x pjso 3 2 (= x 9 + 3) pcsos 2 0 pcsos eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 45 5.6.9 Jkjee`õa mjk aübjro mj pcsos Js frjeujatj quj pcrc rjdukcr ua jqu`po mj rjcet`vc, sj eoajetja y mjseoajetja pcsos quj pujmja rjprjsjatcr ua 97 õ ua 9:% mj kc potjae`c totck. Wujmj pcrjejr quj jstos pcsos tca drcamjs mca kudcr c uac rjdukce`õa poirj o c ua bck eobportcb`jato mjk s`stjbc, nce`jamo quj kc eorr`jatj totck sufrc drcamjs vcr`ce`oajs, pjro jk jljbpko s`du`jatj poaj mj bca`jsto quj jsto ao js e`jrto y quj euctro o e`aeo pcsos sujkja sjr suf`e`jatjs pcrc oitjajr uac iujac rjdukce`õa. Jk cubjatcr jxejs`vcbjatj jk aübjro mj pcsos pujmj por eoatrc djajrcr `aeoavja`jatjs por jk jkjvcmo aübjro mj bca`oircs quj mjij ncejr jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa, ecuscamo eobo eoasjeujae`c ua javjlje`b`jato bãs rãp`mo mj kos eoatcetorjs. Jk jljbpko s`du`jatj pjrb`tj tjajr uac `mjc eucat`ecmc mj kos scktos quj eobportc kc rjdukce`õa por jseckoajs. Jljbpko< Wcrc ua eoaluato mj ecrdcs quj eoasubja 3=3 C eoa ua 2 7,474, eckeukcr euãkjs soa kos vckorjs mj y mj kc eorr`jatj totck ck `r eobpjascamo eoa ua jqu`po m`v`m`mo ja : jseckoajs. Kc sokue`õa sj mc ja kc ]cikc 5.9 y jstã icscmc ja s`bpkjs eãkeukos djobàtr`eos mj kos tr`ãadukos mj mj potjae`cs m`iulcmos m`iulcmos ja kc F`d. 5.6 Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc, @r, js mj 377 C `a`e`ckbjatj y sj eobpjasc ja : jseckoajs, por tcato ecmc vjz quj `atromue`bos ua jseckõa kc @r mjse`jamj ja 97 C (377 C/:). Zac vjz eoaoe`mc @r y pujsto quj @c js lc, tcbi`àa mj 377 C, sj pujmj oitjajr jk y kc eorr`jatj totck @tot por kcs jeuce`oajs (5.35) y (5.3=). ]cikc 5.9.- Yjsuktcmos eoa @c 2 377 C y m`st`atos vckorjs mj @r @r Jseckoajs eoajetcmos @r (C) 7 3 77 7. 474 3 =3 67 C 3 >7 7. 4>3 3 9> =7 C 9 67 7. >:4 334 97 C 5 =7 7. 09> 3 7> = 97 7. 0>3 3 79 : 7 3. 777 3 77 377 C >7 C @tot 2 3=3 C 2 7,474 @c 2 377 C 7C F`d. 5.6.- Jljbpko mj rjdukce`õa por jseckoajs @tot (C) (5.35) 5 (5.3=) eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 4= Oisàrvjsj por jljbpko, quj jatrj eoajetcr = õ : jseckoajs, kc m`fjrjae`c ja kc eorr`jatj totck js soko mj 9 C, y jk rjsuktcatj vcrâc soko mj 3 c 7,0>. Ja tàrb`aos porejatuckjs, jstcs propore`oajs sj bcat`jaja pcrc euckqu`jr potjae`c, mjpjam`jamo soko mjk aübjro mj pcsos. Js mje`r, ck frcee`oacr kc potjae`c ja : pcsos, jk ükt`bo pcso soko ncej vcr`cr kc eorr`jatj totck ja ua 9% y jk mj 3 c 7,0> . Js por jsto quj ua jxejs`vo frcee`oacb`jato mjk aübjro mj pcsos ao cportc vjatclcs y ja ecbi`o eobportc ua bcyor aübjro mj bca`oircs y eoasjeujatjbjatj bcyor mjsdcstj mjsdcstj mjk mjk jqu`po. 5.4 Jkjee`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ack Ja tomos kos eãkeukos mjk cpcrtcmo catjr`or ncy quj lcr jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo (eos lf,). Jk vckor õpt`bo pcrc jstj fcetor mj potjae`c js kc ua`mcm, pjro, eobo sj nc m`eno ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.=.3 ckduacs vjejs ecij eujst`oacrsj s` `atjrjsc jeoaõb`ecbjatj ckecazcr m`eno vckor. Jstj `atjràs pujmj mjpjamjr mj kc tcr`fc jkàetr`ec v`djatj ja ecmc bobjato, quj pomrã lcr rjecrdos bãs o bjaos `bportcatjs ja ecmc pcâs o ja ecmc bobjato. Wcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj jsto vcbos c mjscrrokkcr ua jljbpko< Uupõadcsj uac `astckce`õa eoa ua eoasubo mj 377 hT murcatj 977 n ck bjs y ua eos l`, `a`e`ck mj 7,474. Eoa kcs tcr`fcs v`djatjs ja 9770, jsto nui`jrc supujsto ua eoasubo mj 97777 hvcrn hvcrn y ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturce`õa mj 5=7 ₫. Ja m`encs tcr`fcs, kos rjecrdos prãet`ecbjatj mjscpcrjeâca c pcrt`r mj ua eos l probjm`o bjasuck mj 7,0. Uupoa`jamo ua eoasubo rjdukcr, rjdukcr, kc potjae`c potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c ajejscr`c pcrc ckecazcr m`eno fcetor mj potjae`c ack mj 7,0 sjrâc mj :5 hvcr. Eoa jkko sj nui`jrc rjmue`mo kc eorr`jatj probjm`o totck mj 97= C c 367 C, sj nui`jrc eoasjdu`mo uac rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj mj ua 5>,:% cprox`bcmcbjatj X(97=9-3679)/ 97=9R y sj nui`jrc jk`b`acmo totckbjatj jk rjecrdo mj 5=7 ₫. Ja kc tcr`fc mj 9737, kc s`tuce`õa sjrâc kc s`du`jatj. Kc b`sbc `astckce`õa catjr`or eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck mj 7,4 nui`jrc tja`mo ua rjecrdo mj 39=6 ₫. Wjro cmjbãs, ja m`enc tcr`fc mj 9737 jk kâb`tj jxjato sj sui`õ mj eos l 7,0 c 7,0:, por ko quj kc b`sbc `astckce`õa eorrjd`mc c eos l mj 7,0 tjamrâc tomcvâc ua jxejso mj 533= hvcrn y supoamrâc ua rjecrdo mj 357 ₫ cprox`bcmcbjatj. Wcrc jv`tcr jstj rjecrdo ncrâc fcktc cnorc `astckcr uac potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs mj cprox`bcmcbjatj 64 hvcr, js mje`r , 3= hvcr bãs quj catjs pcrc jv`tcr kc pjack`zce`õa por tcr`fc. Eoa jstos eoamjascmorjs sj eoas`duj rjiclcr kc eorr`jatj mj kos 97= C `a`e`ckjs c 3:9 C cprox`bcmcbjatj, eoa ko quj kcs pàrm`mcs sj rjmueja ua ==,:% ==,:% X(97=9-3:99)/ 97=9R y jk rjecrdo sj jk`b`ac jk`b`ac totckbjatj. 5 U` ja kc b`sbc `astckce`õa aos propoajbos ckecazcr ua fcetor mj potjae`c f`ack mj 3, kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c sjrâc mj 377 hvcr, oitja`àamosj kc jxjae`õa mj rjecrdo y uac eorr`jatj eorr`jatj ack mj 3==,5 C, y uac rjmuee`õa mj kcs pàrm`mcs mj ua :7% Eobo sj vj ja jk jljbpko, eoav`jaj s`jbprj kkjvcr jk eos l ck vckor kâb`tj c pcrt`r eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 4: mjk euck ao ncy rjecrdo, ko euck supoamrâc, ja jk ecso mj kc tcr`fc 9737 eokoecr ua eoamjascmor mj 64 hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj rjsuktc m`fâe`k mj lust`f`ecr jeoaõb`ecbjatj kc sokue`õa mj eobpjascr c fcetor mj potjae`c eos l23. Ja aujstro ecso supoamrâc poajr kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj 64 hvcr y 377 hvcr y jk ijajf`e`o sjrâc sõko kc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs y kc bcyor m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj potjae`c. Ao oistcatj, pcrc eoasubos drcamjs, jstc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs pujmj lust`ecr kc `avjrs`õa ja eoamjascmorjs ja ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo mj uaos cóos. 5.> Jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc Wcrc kc eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa mj kc jajrdâc jajrdâc rjcet`vc sj jbpkjca eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmos ja pcrckjko eoa kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca m`enc jajrdâc. Jx`stja vcr`cs pos`ikjs sokue`oajs ja eucato c kc forbc mj `bpkcatce`õa, mjpjam`jamo mjk jatorao mj quj sj trctj. Mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj je`jae`c, kos eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa mjija mjija eoajetcrsj ko bãs prõx`bos pos`ikj c kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca rjcet`vc, pjro ja djajrck sj sujkj cdrupcr kc eobpjasce`õa mj vcr`cs ecrdcs. Kc ]cikc 5.5 ofrjej ua rjsubja mj kcs forbcs mj cpk`ece`õa bãs frjeujatjs. • C a`v a`vjk jk rjs rjs`m `mjae jae`c `ckk ( W ;3: hT) ao jx`stja rjecrdos a` ioa`ece`oajs por jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc ja eoatrctos mj t`po mobàst`eo, pjro ja mjtjrb`acmos ecsos s`duj s`jamo `atjrjscatj kc eobpjasce`õa pcrc rjmue`r kc eorr`jatj eoasub`mc por kos rjejptorjs. Jsto pjrb`tj bcyor ecrdc s`a rjicscr jk topj `bpujsto por jk k`b`tcmor @EW. • C a`vjk a`v jk `amustr `amustr`ck, `ck, mjijbos m`st`a m`st`adu`r du`r jatrj usucr`o usucr`oss eoa trcasfo trcasforbcmor rbcmor prop`o j `astckce`oajs moamj jk trcasforbcmor js eobpcrt`mo por bãs mj ua usucr`o. Ja jk pr`bjr ecso sj sujkj `bpkjbjatcr kc eobpjasce`õa mj forbc dkoick c a`vjk mj jbicrrcmo mj I] mjk trcasforbcmor, pjro jx`stj cüa kc m`syuat`vc mj s` eobpjascr ja iclc tjas`õa o ja bjm`c o cktc tjas`õa. Ja ecso mj trcasforbcmor eobpcrt`mo por vcr`os usucr`os, kc eobpjasce`õa sujkj ncejrsj c a`vjk dkoick, pcrc ecmc usucr`o. ]cikc 5.5.- Uokue`oajs pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc JA]OYAO MOBÀU]@EO ]@WO MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA CWK@ECE@OAJU Eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck • • • • Ckubircmo uorjsejatj Jkjetromobàst`eos Csejasorjs U`stjbcs mj ek`bct`zce`õa/iobijo 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 46 Eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck ja C]-B] • Ecrdcs mj potjae`cs potjae`cs buy cktcs • Ecrdcs buy ckjlcmcs ckjlcmcs mj kc ceobjt`mc ceobjt`mc JA]OYAO @AMZU]Y@CK Eobpjasce`õa dkoick ja C] • Woeos rjejptorjs mj drca potjae`c • Eobpjasce`õa icstc eobi`acmc eoa otrc bãs ac ja I] C] (Cktc ]jas`õa) B] (Bjm`c ]jas`õa) I] (Iclc ]jas`õa) Eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck ja I] • Ecrdcs mj potjae`cs potjae`cs bjm`cs y cktcs cktcs • ]rcasforbc ]rcasforbcmorjs morjs mj m`str`iue`õa • Ecrdcs buy ckjlcmcs ckjlcmcs mj kc ceobjt`mc ceobjt`mc Eobpjasce`õa dkoick ja I] y B] • Ja I] sj cpk`ec c kc bcyorâc bcyorâc mj kos ecsos c a`vjk mj ecmc cioacmo • Ja B] o drcamjs drcamjs eoasub`morjs sj cpk`ec c a`vjk mj suijstce`õa Kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck sj rjck`zc eoa ua bâa`bo mj eobpoajatjs, prãet`ecbjatj eokoecamo jk eoamjascmor o eoamjascmorjs `am`v`muckjs, sus protjee`oajs y bca`oirc ja kos prop`os crbcr`os mj eoatrok o mj m`str`iue`õa mj kc ecrdc c eobpjascr. Kcs F`ds. 5.4 y 5.> bujstrca kc forbc mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c, tcato pcrc iclc tjas`õa eobo pcrc cktc tjas`õa. Ja djajrck, tomos jkkos soa eoamjascmorjs mj m`jkàetr`eo sjeo (pok`prop`kjao8 s`a WEI) quj mc buy iujacs prjstce`oajs ja eucato c iclcs pàrm`mcs (bjaos mj 7,: T por hvcr). F`d. 5.4.- Eoamjascmorjs Eoamjascmorjs pcrc pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja B] F`d. 5.>.- Eoamjascmorjs pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja I] Ja jk ecso mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa dkoickjs, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc totck sj sujkj frcee`oacr ja vcr`os jseckoajs forbcmos por eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`cs cmjeucmcs, cmjeucmcs, mj forbc quj kc subc sjc sjc jk totck mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc rjcet`vc c eobpjascr y ja ecso mj mjseoajetcr ecrdcs pujmja mjseoajetcrsj tcbi`àa drupos mj eoamjascmorjs pcrc cmcptcr kc eobpjasce`õa c kc mjbcamc ja ecmc bobjato. Kos m`st`atos jseckoajs sj eoajetca y mjseoajetca bjm`catj eoatcetorjs o `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos, iclo jk eoatrok mj ua rjdukcmor cutobãt`eo t`po eobputjr . Kcs F`ds. 5.0 y 5.37 bujstrca sjamcs fotodrcfâcs mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj bjm`c tjas`õa y mj iclc tjas`õa rjspjet`vcbjatj. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 44 F`d. 5.0.- Jqu`po Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc mj B] F`d. 5.37.- Jqu`po Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc mj I] Kc eoaf`durce`õa tâp`ec mj ua jqu`po mj I] eoa eoatcetorjs mj vcr`os pcsos pujmj vjrsj ja ja kc durc 5.39. Kc üa`ec pcrtj jxtjr`or ck ck jqu`po js jk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj ]@, euyc eokoece`õa mjij ncejrsj mj forbc quj b`mc jk eoaluato mj eorr`jatj mj ecrdc bãs kos eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa. Kc F`d. 5.33 `am`ec kc forbc eorrjetc mj eokoece`õa. c ) Eo a j x ` õ a e o r r j e t c i ) Eo a j x ` õ a ` a e o r r j e t c e ) E oaj x ` õ a ` a e or r je t c F`d. 5.3 5.33.3.- Eoajx`õa mjk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj ja jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 4> φ F`d. 5.39.- Jsqujbc t`po mj ua ua jqu`po cutobãt`eo cutobãt`eo mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc rjcet`vc 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 40 5.0 Yjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc Kos rjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c o mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc b`mja jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa y eoatrokca kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj drupos mj eoamjascmorjs mj kc rjm eoa oiljto mj bcatjajr jk prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm. Cetuckbjatj kc bcyor pcrtj mj rjdukcmorjs jstãa icscmos ja ua b`eroproejscmor, ko euck pjrb`tj, cmjbãs mj kc fuae`õa iãs`ec mj rjdukcr jk fcetor mj potja fcetor potjae`c, e`c, otrc sjr`j mj fuae` fuae`oajs oajs cm`e`o cm`e`oackjs ackjs,, eobo kjetu kjeturc rc mjk , tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs mj kâajc, potjae`cs, ]NM, jstcikjejr ckcrbcs rjspjeto c m`fjrjatjs eoam`e`oajs mj sjdur`mcm, boa`tor`zce`õa c m`stcae`c, jte. C eoat`auce`õ eoat `auce`õaa sj mca kcs mja`e` mja`e`oajs oajs mj uac sjr`j mj eoaejpto eoaejptoss iãs`eos pcrc eobprjamjr jk fuae`oacb`jato y clustjs ajejscr`os ja kos rjdukcmorjs mj rjcet`vc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.0.3. sj `am`eca kcs prjstce`oajs mj kos rjdukcmorjs mj kc sjr`j BCD@E y eobputjr. 5.0.3 Mja`e`oajs • U`stjbc FEW (FCU] Eobputjr`zjm Wrodrcb)< U`stjbc quj eoatrokc kc sjeujae`c mj eoajx`õa mj kos m`st`atos jseckoajs, mj forbc quj, pcrc kkjdcr c uac mjtjrb`acmc mjtjrb`acmc potjae`c ack mjbcamcmc, t`jamj c b`a`b`zcr jk jk aübjro mj bca`oircs y c `duckcr kos t`jbpos mj uso mj kos m`st`atos jseckoajs. Kcs bca`oircs sj rjck`zca mj forbc quj, pcrc kos jseckoajs mj `duck potjae`c, eucamo ncy mjbcamc sj eoajetc jk quj kkjvc bãs t`jbpo mjseoajetcmo y eucamo ncy jxejso jxejso sj mjseoajetc jk quj kkjvc bãs t`jbpo t`jbpo eoajetcmo. • Yjdukcmor mj euctro eucmrcatjs< Jstj tàrb`ao s`da`ec quj jk rjdukcmor js ecpcz mj bjm`r y rjdukcr, tcato s` kc potjae`c cet`vc vc mj rjm c ecrdcs (ecso nci`tuck mj `astckce`õa eoasub`morc) eobo s` vc mj ecrdc c rjm (ecso mj `astckce`oajs quj `aekuyca djajrcmorjs y por tcato pjrb`tja tcato jk eoasubo eobo kc jxportce`õa o vjatc mj jajrdâc). • Yjkce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj, eorr`jatj, H< Kos rjdukcmorjs mj rjcet`vc ajejs`tca bjm`r kc eorr`jatj mj rjm c trcvàs mj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj (vjr F`d. 5.39). Kc eorr`jatj mj mj pr`bcr`o mj àstj sj jk`dj eoa ua vckor aob`ack ckdo supjr`or c kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc c bjm`r y nci`tuckbjatj jk sjeuamcr`o jstãamcr js mj : C c aob`ack. Kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack mj mj pr`bcr`o y kos : C mj sjeuamcr`o sj mjaob`ac fcetor H . Csâ por jljbpko pcrc uac `astckce`õa quj tjadc ua eoasubo mj 3>7 C sj pujmj jkjd`r ua trcasforbcmor mj 9:7/:, euyo fcetor H sjrâc 9:7 m`v`m`mo por :, js mje`r H2:7. 5 • Eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr pcso @E3, y fcetor E/H < Ja jk rjdukcmor mjij prjlcrsj jk prodrcbc mj rjdukce`õa (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.4.3) y kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por jk pr`bjr jseckõa. Jstj ükt`bo mcto pujmj mcrsj mj mos forbcs< - Wrodrcbcamo `amjpjam`jatjbjatj mos pcrãbjtros< Kc eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec >7 jseckõa, @ , y kc eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj @ , (sj mc por E3 supujsto quj jk sjeuamcr`o js mj : C) p - Wrodrcbcamo ua üa`eo fcetor kkcbcmo E/H . Jstj fcetor sj oit`jaj m`v`m`jamo kc eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr jseckõa, @E3, por jk fcetor H mja`mo ja jk pãrrcfo catjr`or. Wor jljbpko, pcrc ua jqu`po euyo pr`bjr jseckõa cisorij 57 C, eoa ua trcasforbcmor 577/: (H267), jk fcetor E/H js H2 57 / 67 2 7,:. • Aübjro mj pcsos y prodrcbcs mj rjdukce`õa< (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.6.3) • Fcsj mj rjfjrjae`c mj tjas`õa. Wcrc mjtjrb`acr jk , kos rjdukcmorjs ajejs`tca bjm`r jk mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos, kc bjm`mc sj ncej b`m`jamo tjas`õa jatrj mos fcsjs y eorr`jatj ja uac mj jkkcs, pjro jsto cmb`tj bükt`pkjs eobi`ace`oajs, por ko quj mjij prodrcbcrsj ja jk rjdukcmor euãk js kc m`spos`e`õa mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc. Kc ]cikc 5.=. bujstrc tomcs kcs eobi`ace`oajs pos`ikjs y euãk js kc ope`õa quj mjij prodrcbcrsj ja kos rjdukcmorjs mj kc sjr`j BCD@E y eobputjr >m, 3=m y WKZU. • ]`jbpo mj eoajx`õa< Kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj jseckoajs ao pujmj sjr `astcatãajc pcrc jv`tcr fujrtjs trcas`tor`os ja kc rjm. Wor jkko jk rjdukcmor rjtcrmc kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa jatrj m`st`atos jseckoajs, murcatj ua t`jbpo kkcbcmo t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa. Ja jqu`pos eoavjae`oackjs bca`oircmos eoa eoatcetorjs, jstj t`jbpo sujkj sjr mj uaos poeos sjduamos. Ja ecso mj rjqujr`r bca`oircs bãs rãp`mcs mjij rjeurr`rsj ck jbpkjo mj ictjrâcs jstãt`ecs, moamj kos eoatcetorjs sj nca sust`tu`mo por t`r`storjs, ko euck pjrb`tj jk`b`acr kos trcas`tor`os mj eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa y por tcato bca`oircr tomo ko rãp`mo quj sj qu`jrc. Ja tck ecso jk t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa sujkj sjr mj uaos poeos b`k`sjduamos. (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.0.) • ]`jbpo mj rjeoajx`õa< Mj ceujrmo eoa kcs aorbcs, jatrj jk `astcatj mj mj mjseoajx`õa mj ua eoamjascmor y jk `astcatj mj uac aujvc eoajx`õa mjij trcaseurr`r ua t`jbpo bâa`bo quj pjrb`tc mjsecrdcrsj ck eoamjascmor ncstc ua :% mj kc tjas`õa aob`ack mj erjstc. Wcrc jv`tcr uac rjeoajx`õa mjbcs`cmo rãp`mc, kos rjdukcmorjs pjrb`tja clustcr jk t`jbpo mj rjeoajx`õa. Jk clustj mjij ncejrsj ja djajrck c ua t`jbpo uacs 37 vjejs supjr`or ck t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa. • Ckcrbcs< 5 3. Fcetor mj m`stors`õa< Kos rjdukcmorjs bomjraos sujkja bjm`r jk vckor mj kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec totck ja kc rjm (vjr ecpâtuko =). U` sj mjtjetca mjtjetca vckorjs jxejs`vcbjatj cktos mj jstj pcrãbjtro js sâatobc mj quj jx`stja soirjecrdcs ja kos eoamjascmorjs o `aekuso mj quj sj promuej uac rjsoacae`c ja jk s`stjbc. Jk vckor mj clustj sujkj tobcrsj 3: puatos por jae`bc mjk % quj sj b`mc catjs mj eoajetcr a`adüa eoamjascmor eoa ua topj mjk :7%. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec >3 9. Wàrm`mc mj ecpce`mcm< U`stjbc prjvjat`vo catj kc pàrm`mc mj ecpce`mcm mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Uj rjeob`jamc jstj t`po mj ckcrbc c pcrt`r mj uac rjmuee`õa mj ecpce`mcm mj ua 57% mjk vckor mj or`dja. Wcrc jkko sj rjqu`jrj bjm`r ja kcs trjs fcsjs mj jatrcmc mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs. 5. Eoatrok mj a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa< Uupjrv`scr kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa mj rjm s` sj bcat`jaja mjatro mj kos vckorjs tokjrcikjs por kos eoamjascmorjs. =. ]jbpjrcturc< Jk eoatrok mj tjbpjrcturc mjatro mj kc ictjrâc js v`tck pcrc bcatjajr jk eorrjeto fuae`oacb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs, fuamcbjatckbjatj. Kos eoamjascmorjs ao mjija supjrcr tjbpjrcturcs supjr`orjs c kos =7 ¼E, s`jamo rjeobjamcmo bcatjajr uac tjbpjrcturc mj 57 ¼E. :. V`d`kcae`c mj fudcs< @aeorporce`õa mj s`stjbc mj v`d`kcae`c mj kcs fudcs quj sj promueja ja ecmc pcso, eoa ko euck pomjbos mjsnci`k`tcr y cv`scr mj kos pcsos quj jstãa tja`jamo bcyor fudc. ]cikc 5.=.- Fcsj mj rjfjrjae`c mj tjas`õa pcrc kcs m`st`atcs eoajx`oajs pos`ikjs. Fcsjs mj bjm`mc Eorr`jatj ja K5 ]jas`õa ja K9-K5 o Eorr`jatj ja K3 ]jas`õa ja K5-K3 o Eorr`jatj ja K9 ]jas`õa ja K3-K9 Eorr`jatj ja K9 ]jas`õa ja K9-K5 o Eorr`jatj ja K5 ]jas`õa ja K5-K3 o Eorr`jatj ja K3 ]jas`õa ja K3-K9 5 Eorr`jatj ja K3 ]jas`õa ja K9-K5 õ Eorr`jatj ja K9 ]jas`õa ja K5-K3 õ Eorr`jatj ja K5 ]jas`õa ja K3-K9 Eoajx`õa mj ]@ m ` r j et o Wrodrcbc eoa Mjsfcsj Z-@ eobputjr 23 t -3 57¼ Jsqujbc ]`po 3 9 5 = : 6 4 > 0 K3 K9 ` a vj r t ` m o t -= 937¼ K5 U9 U3 K5 W9 W3 A m ` r j et o t -5 3:7¼ ` a vj r t ` m o t -6 557¼ m ` r j et o t -9 07¼ ` a vj r t ` m o t -: 947¼ eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 5.37 Eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos >9 Ja kcs `astckce`oajs moamj kcs fkuetuce`oajs mj ecrdc soa `bportcatjs y rãp`mcs, kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj jseckoajs c icsj mj eoatcetorjs ao pjrb`tja cetucr ko sue`jatjbjatj rãp`mo eobo pcrc tjajr ja ecmc bobjato kc eobpjasce`õa ajejscr`c. Ja tckjs ecsos kc sokue`õa `mõajc eoas`stj ja cpk`ecr eoatcetorjs jstãt`eos, c icsj mj t`r`storjs, pcrc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Kcs vjatclcs oitja`mcs eoa jkko soa kcs s`du`jatjs< • Eoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor s`a trcas`tor`o mj crrcaquj. Kc eoajx`õa sj promuej ja jk prje`so bobjato quj kc tjas`õa mj rjm eo`ae`mj eoa kc mjk eoamjascmor eoamjascmor,, `aekuso eucamo eucamo àstj sj jaeujatrc totck o pcre`ckbjatj ecrdcmo. Wor jstj bot`vo sj jk`b`ac euckqu`jr trcas`tor`o mj eoajx`õa y mjscpcrjeja kos nujeos u otrcs pjrturice`oajs, quj ja buenos ecsos provoeca `atjrfjrjae`cs soirj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos. • Mjseoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor s`a trcas`tor`o. Kc mjseoajx`õa sj promuej ck pcso por ejro mj kc eorr`jatj) • Ecmjae`c mj bca`oircs `k`b`tcmc. Kcs mos eoam`e`oajs catjr`orjs nceja quj kos t`jbpos jatrj eoajx`oajs y mjseoajx`oajs suejs`vcs pujmc kkjdcr c sjr mj ua e`eko mj rjm s` kc ecrdc ko rjqu`jrj (36,6 bs ja jk ecso mj rjm c 67 Nz). • Yjspujstc `abjm`ctc c kc mjbcamc mj eobpjasce`õa. Jstc eoam`e`õa js `ackecazcikj eoa kos jqu`pos jqu`pos eoavjae`oackjs eoa eoatcetorjs eoatcetorjs y rjsuktc `bprjse`am`ikj pcrc ecrdcs tckjs eobo< bãqu`acs mj sokmcr por puatos o pjqujóos eormoajs, csejasorjs, drücs, noraos y ja djajrck cqujkkcs quj prjsjatja e`ekos eortos mj ecrdc. • Bjaor mjsdcstj mj kos eoamjascmorjs y mj kos `atjrruptorjs mj bca`oirc. Jstc js uac eoasjeujae`c `abjm`ctc mj kc jk`b`ace`õa mj trcas`tor`os y mj kc totck cusjae`c mj mj pcrtjs bjeãa`ecs bõv`kjs. Kc Kc v`mc üt`k mjk jqu`po ja su eoaluato sj `aerjbjatc aotcikjbjatj eoa rjspjeto c kos jqu`pos eoavjae`oack js eoa eoatcetorjs eoavjae`oackjs eoatcetorjs.. Kc F`d. 5.35 bujstrc kc jvokue`õa mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja jk eoamjascmor, ZE j @E. Oisàrvjsj quj ja ua jqu`po jstãt`eo ao jx`stj puatc mj eorr`jatj mj eoajx`õa, b`jatrcs quj ja ua jqu`po eoavjae`oack eoa eoatcetorjs m`enc puatc pujmj ckecazcr vckorjs mj :7 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack mj erjstc. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec >5 ZE ZE @E c ) E oaj x ` õ a j s t ã t ` e c @E i ) Eo a j x ` õ a e o a e o a t c e t o r F`d. 5.35 .- Eobpcrce`õa mj mj kos trcas`tor`os mj eoajx`õa eoa ictjrâc jstãt`ec jstãt`ec y eoa eoatcetor (C< ]jas`õa ]jas`õa ja kos eoamjascmorjs8 I< Eorr`jatj ja kos eoamjascmorjs) E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac sjr`j mj jqu`pos quj `aeorporca jk eoatcetor jstãt`eo, eoa ua s`stjbc prop`o pctjatcmo. Kcs F`ds. 5.3= y 5.3: bujstrca ua jqu`po bomukcr JBH y jk catjr`or mj ua bõmuko jstãt`eo `am`v`muck JBF . F`d. 5.3= .- Jqu`po t`po JBH 5 F`d. 5.3: .- V`stc `atjr`or `atjr`or mj ua bõmuko jstãt`eo F`d. 5.36 .- Jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj ua pcso mj ictjrâc jstãt`ec eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec >= Wcrc jk bcamo mj kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos js prje`so rjeurr`r c rjdukcmorjs rãp`mos eobo jk FcstEobp o eobputjr WKZU, quj pjrb`tja bjm`r kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj rjcet`vc mj rjm y eobpjascr ja ua t`jbpo `afjr`or c 97 bs. Oisàrvjsj quj pujmja ncejrsj bca`oircs bãs rãp`mcs por ko quj ck `atjrruptor jstãt`eo sj rjjrj, pjro ao js eoavja`jatj s` ao sj nc bjm`mo eobo bâa`bo ua e`eko eobpkjto mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo (67 bs). Ao oistcatj, ja ckduaos ecsos pujmja ut`k`zcrsj bõmukos jstãt`eos cee`oacmos m`rjetcbjatj por ua eoatceto mjk jqu`po mj quj eoatrokc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj kcs ecrdcs uetucatjs (ja djajrck cutõbctcs o jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj sokmcmurc, mj `amuee`õa, . Kc F`d. 5.36 bujstrc ua jsqujbc s`bpk`ecmo mj uanoraos pcso mj pcso ua jqu`po jte.) jstãt`eo, eoa kos pr`ae`pckjs ikoqujs. Kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos sj kkcbca tcbi`àa c vjejs ]UE (]nyr`stor Uw`tenjm Ecpce`tors) Kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos pujmja tcbi`àa ut`k`zcrsj pcrc cpk`ece`oajs moamj sj rjqu`jrc ktro mj crbõa`eos, js mje`r, pcrc bca`oircr eoaluato K+E prjv`stos pcrc jv`tcr soirjecrdcs y rjsoacae`cs (vàcsj jk ecpâtuko 0). 5.33 Eobpjasce` Eobpjasce`õa õa fcsj-fcs fcsj-fcsjj mjk FW Ja kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj jaeoatrcr eoasubos fujrtjbjatj Eoatr`iuyja mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj ecrdcs< Wor mjsjqu`k`ircmos. ua kcmo kcs ecrdcs jatrj fcsjc ym`eno ajutro y por otro mos kcmot`pos ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj. Jstcs ükt`bcs jstãa prok`fjrcamo eoa potjae`cs eoas`mjrcikjs ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs eoa ckduaos t`pos mj noraos, s`stjbcs mj eckjatcb`jato por `amuee`õa y/o jqu`pos mj sokmcmurc. Kos jfjetos bãs `bportcatjs mj m`enos mjsjqu`k`ir`os soa mj mos t`pos< • Eorr`jatjs mj ajutro jkjvcmcs (Eorr`jatj nobopokcr) • Eorr`jatjs ja kcs fcsjs mjs`duckjs, eoa mjsfcsjs mjs`duckjs (Eobpoajatj `avjrsc) `avjrsc) Jk cubjato mj kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro por mjsjqu`k`ir`o js ua tjbc buy eoaoe`mo, pjro kos jfjetos mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj nca s`mo bjaos jstum`cmos. M`eno mjsjqu`k`ir`o m`sb`auyj s`da`ect`vcbjatj kc je`jae`c mj 5 kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, eoas`mjrjbos ua trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hV´C. Jk m`sjóo sj nc njeno eoas`mjrcamo quj jstc potjae`c jstcrã rjpcrt`mc jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. U` prjtjam`àrcbos ck`bjatcr eoa àk ua s`stjbc euycs ecrdcs jstuv`jrca tomcs jkkcs jatrj uac fcsj y ajutro o ecrdcs jatrj mos fcsjs, jv`mjatjbjatj ao pomrâcbos oitjajr 3777 hT, cuaquj jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kcs ecrdcs fujsj kc ua`mcm (`aekuyjamo + rjmuee`õa por crbõa`eos). Csâ pujs, kc potjae`c quj pomjbos oitjajr mj ua trcasforbcmor mjpjamj mj ckduac forbc mjk drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj quj jk proikjbc t`jaj ua e`jrto pcrckjk`sbo eoa jk mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja jfjeto, s` eoajetcbos c ua trcasforbcmor, eobo jk mjk jljbpko catjr`or, mj 3777 hV´C, ecrdcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm, tcbpoeo pomjbos oitjajr kos 3777 hT. Jk jljbpko catjr`or s`rvj pcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj quj jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec >: eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc, ck `duck quj ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm, eobportca ua uso `aje`jatj mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj. 5.33.3 ¿Eõbo cfjetc jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o c kos s`stjbcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk FW? Kc ‛eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c‒ , lujdc ua pcpjk pr`borm`ck ja opt`b`zce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa y kc b`a`b`zce`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja kcs `astckce`oajs Eucamojatjamjrkc ncikcbos ja mj su eobpjasce`õa mj fcetorquj mj potjae`c ja jstj jkàetr`ecs. eoatjxto mjijbos forbc bãs djajrck, jadk ja dkoi oicc kc eo eobp bpja jasc sce` e`õa õa mj mjs mjsfc fcsj sj tja tjas` s`õa õa eo eorr rr`j `jat atjj ( ), jk jk ktr ktrcm cmoo mj mj crbõa`eos y kc eorrjee`õa mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o. Kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs y kos f`ktros pcs`vos jstãamcr ofrje`mos cetuckbjatj ja jk bjrecmo soa s`jbprj jqu`pos tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos ko euck ncej quj sjca buy `aje`jatjs pcrc rjmjs eoa ua ckto drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj `am`eca kcs aujvcs tjamjae`cs ja jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa icscmos ja eoamjascmorjs o drupos K-E. 5.33.9 Aujvcs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos Eobo sj nc m`eno, jk s`stjbc ekãs`eo eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y ktrcmo mj crbõa`eos sj icsc ja jqu`pos quj mj eoajetca pcsos tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos. Js frjeujatj `aekuso quj jk rjdukcmor mj FW b`mc eorr`jatj soko ja uac fcsj y rjdukc kc eobpjasce`õa supoa`jamo quj jk s`stjbc js jqu`k`ircmo. Kc eoajx`õa mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c sj ncej bjm`catj eoatcetorjs (ictjrâcs eoavjae`oackjs) o bjm`catj t`r`storjs (ictjrâcs jstãt`ecs) ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eoa ua pjrk mj eorr`jatj buy vcr`cikj ja jk t`jbpo. Wcrc s`stjbcs eoa ecrdcs buy mjsjqu`k`ircmcs jk bàtomo ekãs`eo ao eoas`duj uac iujac rjdukce`õa mjk FW y pujmj promue`r uac eobpjasce`õa jrrõajc por vcr`os bot`vos< Jk pr`bjro y bãs `bportcatj js quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjpjamj mj kc fcsj moamj sj b`mj kc eorr`jatj. Ujdüa sjc kc bãs ecrdcmc o kc bjaos ecrdcmc jk s`stjbc pujmj erjcr soirjeobpjasce`õa o fcktc mj eobpjasce`õa c a`vjk dkoick, djajrcamo ja cbios ecsos pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs y ecuscamo ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj kujdo sjrã bot`vo mj mj ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturc mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo. Uupujsto quj sj b`mc ja trjs fcsjs y sj eobpjasj sjdüa ua vckor probjm`o mj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs, sj eoas`duj ckduac bjlorc, pjro jk s`stjbc mj eobpjasce`õa s`duj s`jamo `bpjrfjeto, yc quj sj ecrdc ecrdc eoa uac rjcet`vc `aajejscr`c ckduacs fcsjs y ao sj kkjdc c eobpjascr eobpkjtcbjatj otrcs. 5 Wcrc sokue`oacr jstos proikjbcs y cubjatcr kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac aujvc sjr`j mj rjdukcmorjs, mjaob`acmc eobputjr WKZU , ecpcejs mj bjm`r y eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec >6 rjck`zcr kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj, tcato pcrc s`stjbcs moamj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja jstrjkkc (fcsj ― ajutro) eobo pcrc s`stjbcs ja kos quj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko (tr`fãs`ecs o boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj). Kc F`d. 5.34 bujstrc ua jsqujbc pcrc ua pcso mj ua f`ktro, eoatrokcmo por t`r`storjs, t`r`stor js, ja eoadurce`õa tr`ãaduko, mj forbc quj pujmj eobpjascrsj ecmc fcsj `am`v`muckbjatj. Aõtjsj quj jstc eobpjasce`õa mjij ncejrsj s`jbprj eoa `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos. Ao pomrâc ncejrsj eoa eoatcetorjs, pujsto quj àstos eoajetca kcs trjs fcsjs c kc vjz. K3 K9 K5 =77V CE UZWWKP 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 V3 957 @3 3:7 hT3 >7 hvcr3 67 V9 957 @9 3:7 hT9 >7 hvcr5 67 V5 957 @5 3:7 hT9 >7 hvcr5 67 eos l2 7.> + N U U U Y Y EOBWZ]JY+ UN YU+ YU- 3H9 3D9 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 CML C I E M J 9H9 9D9 3D3 9D3 3H3 9H3 5H9 5D9 5D3 5H3 EOB UN YU+ YUEOB CK3 K E =77V 957V 7V CK3 EWE5`-xYU IKOSZJ MJ WO]JAE@C jstãt`ec eoa F`d. 5.34.- Jsqujbc mj ua pcso mj ictjrâc jstãt`ec rjdukcmor b`m`jamo eorr`jatj y tjas`õa ja kcs trjs fcsjs Wcrc `astckce`oajs moamj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y ajutro, kos pcsos mjija eoadurcrsj ja jstrjkkc y jk rjdukcmor b`mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs y mje`mj eõbo eobpjascr ecmc uac `amjpjam`jatjbjatj. `amjpjam`jatjbjatj. Wcrc `astckce`oajs eoa ecrdcs jatrj fcsjs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs, jk rjdukcmor js ecpcz mj jseodjr kc eoajx`õa õpt`bc quj b`a`b`zc kc eorr`jatj mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, eoas`du`jamo csâ jk bâa`bo mj pàrm`mcs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc bãx`bc je`jae`c ja kc `astckce`õa. 5.33.5 @ae`mjae`c mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o ja kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa mj sub`a`stro. 5 Kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa pcrc ck`bjatcr uac pkcatc `amustr`ck, ua jm`e`o eobjre`ck, ua jm`f`e`o mj of`e`acs o mj v`v`jamcs, pomjbos m`v`m`rkos ja mos eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec drcamjs eoaejptos< >4 Eostj mj kc `afrcjstrueturc pcrc ck`bjatce`õa, iãs`ecbjatj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa. • • Eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc. Jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj ecrdcs `aerjbjatc kos eostjs por cbios eoaejptos. Ja jfjeto, c ecusc mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o sj mjij cubjatcr kc potjae`c aob`ack mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y kc sjee`õa mj kos ecikjs, pujs kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc quj e`reukc por mj kcs ecrdcs fcsjs ja ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o js bcyor quj kc quj e`reukc ja ecsockduac mj ck`bjatcr jqu`k`ircmcs. C tâtuk t âtukoo mj jljb jljbpko pko ncdcb ncdcbos os ua sjae` sjae`kko kko eãke eãkeuko uko pcrc uac ecrd ecrdcc mj 3 hV´C ja mos ecsos< Ecso 3< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo jqu`k`ircmo c =77 V . Jk eoasubo js mj 3,== C por fcsj, ja kcs trjs fcsjs. Ecso 9< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc ck`bjatcmc jatrj mos fcsjs. Jk eoasubo mj eorr`jatj js mj 9,: C ja mos fcsjs y ejro ja kc tjrejrc. Wor tcato, ja jstj ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o jxtrjbo pomjbos tjajr quj soirjm`bjas`oacr kos ecikjs y jk trcasforbcmor ncstc ua 45%. Ja eucato ck eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, àstj tcbi`àa sj `aerjbjatc ja kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, mji`mo c kcs pàrm`mcs. U` tobcbos eobo jljbpko jk b`sbo ecso catjr`or y kkcbcbos Y c kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, rjsuktca uacs pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj quj soa< Ecso 3< Wàrm`mcs por hVC 5 fcsjs x (Y@9) 2 5 x Y x 3,== 9 2 6,99 x Y (T / hVC) Ecso 9< Wàrm`mcs por hVC 9 fcsjs x (Y@9)2 9 x Y x 9,:9 2 39,: x Y (T / hVC) Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs soa prãet`ecbjatj jk moikj pcrc jk ecso jxtrjbo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o eoas`mjrcmo. 5.39 Eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecrdcs 5 Ja mjtjrb`acmos ecsos, i`ja sjc ja ecrdcs mj potjae`c eoas`mjrcikj eobpcrcmcs eoa jk totck mj uac `astckce`õa, o i`ja porquj soa ecrdcs eoajetcmcs c trcvàs mj kâajcs buy kcrdcs, pujmj sjr `atjrjscatj eobpjascr mj forbc `am`v`muck jstcs ecrdcs. Kos ecsos bãs tâp`eos soa kc eobpjasce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc y kc eobpjasce`õa mj ckduaos botorjs. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs mcrjbos ckduacs m`rjetr`ejs mj eobo eobpjascr ckduacs ecrdcs tâp`ecs mj forbc `am`v`muck. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 5.39.3 Eobpjasce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc >> Ja djajrck jk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc pjrbcajej eoajetcmo `aekuso ja jk ecso mj mjseoajetcr kcs ecrdcs y cmjbãs, s` kc eobpjasce`õa sj ncej ja I] ao sj b`mj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc mjk prop`o trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Ja jstc s`tuce`õa qujmc uac potjae`c s`a eobpjascr quj prãet`ecbjatj sj eoasubj kcs 9= norcs, c bjaos quj kc bjm`mc mjk rjdukcmor sj jfjetüj ja jk kcmo mj cktc. Wcrc jv`tcr jstj eoasubo eoat`auo mj rjcet`vc js nci`tuck quj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj ceobjt`mc sj bjm`catj ua eoamjascmor lo mjpjam`jamo eoajetcmo jamj pcrckjko eoa kc sck`mc mjk eobpjasja trcasforbcmor ja jk kcmo mj I] o mj C], kc potjae`c. Jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc mj kos trcasforbcmorjs sj mjij c mos eoaejptos< Za tàrb`ao lo, mji`mo c kc rjcetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj (eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj), quj supoaj cprox`bcmcbjatj ua 3,> c ua 9% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mjk trcasforbcmor ja hVC. • (5.3:) Za tàrb`ao vcr`cikj quj mjpjamj mj kc ecrdc y mj kc rjcetcae`c mj m`spjrs`õa, ^ee, o s` sj qu`jrj mj kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor, uee (vàcsj cpcrtcmo 9.37) • moamj @9pu rjprjsjatc jk âam`ej mj ecrdc ua`tcr`o, js mje`r, tcato por uao(5.36) mj kc ecrdc aob`ack y uee js kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to ua`tcr`c ( uee% / 377). Yjdkc prãet`ec< Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc totck eoasub`mc por jk trcasforbcmor js kc subc mj SB y S^ . Ao oistcatj, eobo sj nc m`eno, kc eobpjasce`õa sujkj ncejrsj eoa ua eoamjascmor lo y por ko tcato `amjpjam`jatj mj kc ecrdc. Kc potjae`c quj sujkj jkjd`rsj js mj ua :% mj kc potjae`c ja hVC mjk trcasforbcmor. Ja ckduaos trcasforbcmorjs eoa uee% 1 6%, pujmja jkjd`rsj vckorjs mjk 6 õ 4%. Ja a`adüa ecso sj rjeob`jamc uac eobpjasce`õa lc eoa potjae`c supjr`or ck 37% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mjk trcasforbcmor. (5.34) 5.39.9 Eobpjasce`õa mj botorjs csâaeroaos Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc quj cisorij ua botor csâaeroao mj `amuee`õa sj bcat`jaj icstcatj eoastcatj, euckqu`jrc quj sjc su ràd`bja mj ecrdc. Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc sujkj sjr mj ua 07% mj kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por jk botor ja vceâo. 5 Ja djajrck ao js rjeobjamcikj eobpjascr c fcetor mj potjae`c ua`mcm y sj sujkja eokoecr eoamjascmorjs pcrc eobpjascr jatrj 7,0 y 7,0:. Zac fõrbukc cprox`bcmc mj eãkeuko mj kc potjae`c ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr ua botor c 27,09 js kc s`du`jatj< (5.3>) eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Ja djajrck, jk >0 mj kos botorjs jstã jspje`f`ec mo ja su pkcec mj ecrcetjrâst`ecs y ja kos prop`os ectãkodos mj fcir`ecatjs. Kos vckorjs mj aob`ackjs mj kos botorjs sujkja sjr bcyorjs pcrc botorjs mj bcyor aübjro mj pokos (bjaos rjvokue`oajs). Ja djajrck, kos vckorjs rjsuktcatjs sujkja jstcr ja torao ck 97% mj kc potjae`c mjk botor pcrc botorjs mj 3:77 rpb, b`jatrcs quj pcrc botorjs mj 5777 rpb kcs ajejs`mcmjs soa bjaorjs y pcrc botorjs mj 4:7 r/b`a pujmj sjr bãs mjk 9:%. Ja eucato c mjk kcs t`po forbcs mj eoajx`õa mj kcquj eobpjasce`õa, sujkja vcr`cr mjpjam`jamo mj bca`oirc mj crrcaquj jfjetüj jk botor. Ecso mj crrcaquj m`rjeto Ja ecso mj crrcaquj m`rjeto, j k eo a m j a sc m o r p u j m j p o a j rsj m`rjetcbjatj ja pcrckjko eoa jk botor, sjdüa jk jsqujbc mj kc durc 5.3>. Ja djajrck sj eokoec cducs ciclo mj kc protjee`õa tàrb`ec mjk botor, eoa ko euck jk protjetor tàrb`eo mjij clustcrsj bãs iclo pcrc protjdjr cmjeucmcbjatj jk botor. F`d. 5.3>.- Eobpjasce`õa mj botor eoa E m`rjeto ja pcrckjko Botorjs frjao< Fjaõbjao mj cutojxe`tce`õa. 5 Ja ecso mj ut`k`zcr jk botor ja pok`pcstos o ja boatcecrdcs, moamj jk botor pujmj `r crrcstrcmo, kc eokoece`õa m j u a eo a m j a sc m o r j a p c rc kj ko pujmj provoecr kc cutojxe`tce`õa mjk botor y ja eoasjeujae`c `bp`mj kc cetuce`õa mjk frjao. Ja jstj ecso js F`d. 5.30.- Eobpjasce`õa mj botor eoa E prjfjr`ikj cee`oacr jk eoamjascmor eoajetcmo eoa eoatcetor `amjpjam`jatj eoa ua eoatcetor `amjpjam`jatj, mj forbc quj àstj circ c kc ormja mj pcro mjk botor, sjdüa sj rjprjsjatc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj ja kc F`d. 5.30. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 07 Botor eoa crrcaquj jstrjkkc- tr`ãaduko Ja jk ecso mj crrcaecmorjs jstrjkkctr`ãaduko pujmj jseodjrsj jatrj mos ope`oajs< • Eoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor eoa jk eoatcetor mj tr`ãaduko. Jamurcatj tck ecso, jk eoamjascmor ao cetüc jk crrcaquj. (vàcsj kc F`d. 5.97). F`d. 5.97.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa ja crrcaecmor crrcaecmor jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoa eoamjascmor mj 5 • Zso mj eoamjascmorjs mj 6 iorajs, iorajs eoajetcmo ck ack mjk crrcaquj m`rjetcbjatj ja pcrckjko eoa jk botor. Ja tck ecso jk eoabutcmor jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoabutc c kc vjz jk botor y jk eoamjascmor (vàcsj kc F`d. 5.93) Ecso mj botor eoa crrcaecmor por pcsos. Ja ecso mj quj jk botor m`spoadc mj ckdüa t`po mj crrcaecmor por pcsos, sj ceoasjlc ut`k`zcr ua bcamo `a m j p j a m `j a t j p c rc eo a j et c r j k eoamjascmor, eobo jk jsqujbc mj kc F`d. 5.97. Jk eoamjascmor mjij eoajetcrsj eoa jk ükt`bo pcso mj crrcaquj. F`d. 5.93.- Eobpjasce`õa ja crrcaecmor jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoa eoamjascmor mj 6 iorajs Botorjs rjdukcmos eoa eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c o eoa crrcaecmor sucvj Ao js ceoasjlcikj eobpjascr botorjs doijracmos por rjdukcmorjs mj frjeujae`c o crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos. Kc `aekus`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja pcrckjko pcrckjko eoa jk botor pujmj mcócr jk eoavjrt`mor o jk crrcaecmor. Uoko ja ecso mj crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos quj ck f`ack mjk crrcaquj qujmca ja ‛ iypcss ‒ pujmj cpk`ecrsj kc eobpjasce`õa eoa bcamo `amjpjam`jatj (F`d. 5.30) 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 5.39.5 Eobpjasce`õa mj noraos 03 Ecij m`st`adu`r jatrj vcr`os t`pos mj noraos< c) Kos noraos noraos mj rjs`stjae`cs sujkja sujkja tjajr tjajr mj por sâ ua fcetor fcetor mj potjae`c ckto y por tcato ao js ajejscr`c kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck. i) Kos noraos mj `amuee`õa sujkja tjajr tjajr ua fcetor mj potjae`c ja ja torao c 7,>, pjro ja eoam`e`oajs trcas`tor`cs mj iclc ecrdc jk eoasubo mj cet`vc pujmj sjr buy iclo, bcatja`àamosj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc. Ja tckjs eoam`e`oajs sj rjeob`jamc kc eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa eoa ktros mj rjenczo (vjr ecpâtuko 0). e) Kos noraos noraos mj mj creo sujkja sjr mj potjae`cs eoas`mjrcikjs y djajrckbjatj djajrckbjatj sj ck`bjatca ja bjm`c tjas`õa. Kc eobpjasce`õa sj ncej eoa eoamjascmorjs los ja bjm`c tjas`õa. Mcmo quj djajrca drcamjs ecat`mcmjs mj crbõa`eos sujkja ceobpcócrsj kos eoamjascmorjs eoa rjcetcae`cs mj f`ktrcmo, s`atoa`zcmcs pcrc rjmue`r kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec. 5.39.= Eobpjasce`õa mj `astckce`oajs mj ckubircmo c) Jk ckubircmo mj `aecamjsejae`c ao rjqu`jrj eobpjasce`õa. i) Kcs kãbpcrcs kãbpcrcs uorjsejatjs uorjsejatjs y mj mjsecrdc ja djajrck sujkja tjajr fcetorjs mj potjae`c iclos, ja torao c 7,:. Djajrckbjatj sj eobpjasca eoa eoamjascmorjs `am`v`muckjs. 5.35 Ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa ja B] Kc eobpjasce`õa ja bjm`c tjas`õa cportc ijaje`os s`b`kcrjs c kc eobpjasce`õa ja iclc, pjro cmjbãs t`jaj jk jfjeto cm`e`oack mj eoatr`iu`r c kc rjdukce`õa mj kc tjas`õa ja kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. C eoat`auce`õa sj mc ua rjsubja mj kos ijaje`os oitja`mos eoa kc eobpjasce`õa ja B]. B]. Opt`b`zce`õa tàea`ec • Cyumc ck eoatro eoatrokk mj kc tjas`õ tjas`õaa c ko k o kcrdo k crdo mjk s`stjb s`stjbcc mj m j trcaspo t rcasportj rtj y m`str`iu m` str`iue`õa. e`õa. • Mjsecrdc tcato kcs kâajcs eobo kos trcasforbcmorjs. • Yjmuej jk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs ja tomo jk s`stjbc. 5 Opt`b`zce`õa jeoaõb`ec • Yjmuej jk eostj mj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc fceturcikj (Yjecrdo sjdüa pcâs y tcr`fcs). • Yjmuej jk eostj oeukto quj rjprjsjatca kcs pàrm`mcs Loukj ja kâajcs mj trcasportj y m`str`iue`õa. • Wjrb`tj ua bjlor rct`o (hT / hVC) mj ut`k`zce`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec U`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa mj 09 jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ja B] Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs E@YHCW Eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro Opt`b`zce`õa mjk eostj mj jxpkotce`õa mj rjmjs Opt`b`zce`õa jeoaõb`ec Cubjato mj tjas`oajs ja< - lujdos mj icrrcs - ackjs mj kâajc - M`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs - Mjsecrdc mj kâajcs y ecikjs - Mjsecrdc mj trcasforbcmorjs - M`sb`aue`õa eostj jajrdâc - Bjaor eoasubo mj hT - Bjaor eoasubo mj hvcr Djst`õa mj ecrdc jkàetr`ec ja rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa F`d. 5.95.- Eucmro rjsubja mj kos ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa ja B] 5.3= ¿Mõamj y euãamo eobpjascr ja B]? Iãs`ecbjatj mjijbos pjascr ja eobpjascr ja B] eucamo sj trctj mj `astckce`oajs mj djajrce`õa trcasportj y m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ja kcs euckjs sj mjsjj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa c ack mj kâajc o ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs moamj jx`stca eoasubos ja B]. ]ck js jk ecso mj ckduaos ejatros mj iobijo, ejatros mj trctcb`jato mj cducs, b`ajrâc, fãir`ecs mj ejbjato, `amustr`cs quâb`ecs, cejrâcs, pcpjkjrcs, jte. Ja kcs `astckce`oajs eoa m`str`iue`õa ja ja B] y eoasubo ja I], I], js bjlor kc eobpjasce`õa ja I], ejrec mj kcs ecrdcs. Ao oistcatj, s` jk aübjro mj trcasforbcmorjs B]/I] js jkjvcmo, js rjeobjamcikj quj ck bjaos pcrtj mj kc eobpjasce`õa sj rjck`ej ja B]. 5.3: Mja`e`oajs mj tàrb`aos jbpkjcmos ja B] C eoat`auce`õa eoat` auce`õa mcbos ua rjsubja mj eoaejpto eoaejptoss jbpkjcmo jbpkjcmoss ja kc mja`e` mja`e`õa õa mj jqu`pos mj bjm`c y cktc tjas`õa A`vjkjs mj c`skcb`jato (I@K) 5 Jk I@K `am`ec jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj ua jqu`po mj B]. Wcrc mjtjrb`acr jstj a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato sj rjck`zca mos jascyos< eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 05 Jascyo c frjeujae`c `amustr`ck murcatj ua b`auto. Jstj jascyo pjrb`tj kc eobproice`õa mjk c`skcb`jato mj ua m`spos`t`vo s`bukcamo uac jkjvcmc tjas`õa mj • rjm c :7 õ 67Nz. Jascyo mj oamc mj enoquj mj 3.9/:7 ºs Jstj jascyo pjrb`tj kc eobproice`õa mjk c`skcb`jato mj ua m`spos`t`vo s`bukcamo kc soirjtjas`õa djajrcmc ja ua trcas`tor`o mj cpjrturc mj uac ecrdc `amuet`vc o jk trcas`tor`o promue`mo por ua rcyo. • ]cikc 5 4.- ]jas`oajs mj jascyo y kâajcs mj fudc sjdüa I@K A`vjk mj c`skcb`jato ]jas`õa c frjeujae`c Oamc mj enoquj Kâajcs mj fudc I@K (hV) 4, 9 `amustr`ck (hV) 97 3.9 / :7 (hV erjstc) 67 ja (bb) 3 07 39 9> 4: 3 07 34 , : 5> 0: 5 77 9= :7 39: = 5: 56 47 347 6 77 Ja kos eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos, jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato eorrjspoamj ck `abjm`cto supjr`or c su tjas`õa aob`ack. Csâ por jljbpko, ua eoamjascmor tr`fãs`eo ENV-] mj 577 hvcr, 6.6. hV mjij tjajr ua a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj 4.9 hV. • • Ja kos eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos, jk er`tjr`o mj jkjee`õa vcrâc rjspjeto ck tr`fãs`eo. Kos a`vjkjs mj c`skcb`jato eorrjspoamja ck b`sbo mj kc rjm c quj sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc ja jqu`pos ao c`skcmos mj t`jrrc (EJ@ >7.643-3). Jljbpko< Ictjrâc 5 Bvcr c 97 hV. Forbcmc por 6 ua`mcmjs mj :77 hvcr, 33.:6 hV ja moikj P. A`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs 9= hV (I@K :7/39: hV) M`stcae`cs mj c`skcb`jato y kâajcs mj fudc Uj mjaob`ac m`stcae`c mj c`skcb`jato c kc m`stcae`c quj jx`stj jatrj mos pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj ua jqu`po mj B] o C]. Ecij m`st`adu`r jatrj m`stcae`c ck c`rj y m`stcae`c soirj uac supjre`j c`skcatj, eobo kc quj sj rjprjsjatc ja kc F`d. 5.9=. C jstc m`stcae`c, s`du`jamo kc kâajc bãs eortc soirj supjre`j sj kj mjaob`ac kâajc mj fudc. Kc kâajc mj fudc ajejscr`c ja ua jqu`po o m`spos`t`vo jstã m`rjetcbjatj rjkce`oacmc rjkce`oacmc eoa kos a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa cbi`jatck ja kos quj mjic fuae`oacr m`eno jqu`po o m`spos`t`vo. Kâajc mj fudc F`d. 5.9=.- Kâajc mj fudc ja ua c`skcmor 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec A`vjkjs mj pokue`õa 0= Uj jat`jamj por a`vjk mj pokue`õa kc eoatcb`ace`õa cbi`jatck jx`stjatj ja jk kudcr moamj sj `astckca kos jqu`pos. C bcyor a`vjk mj pokue`õa sj rjqu`jrja kâajcs mj fudc bãs kcrdcs pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk c`skcb`jato. Ja ecso mj buenc pokue`õa (pokvo, cej`tjs, sck`a`mcm, jte.) sj promueja mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato y eoatorajos. Jx`stja vcr`os a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa ja ecmc uaokâajc mj jkkos sj Kc eoas`duj ua mjtjrb`acmo a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato poryecmc bb mj mj fudc. ]cikc 5.> `am`ec kos m`st`atos a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa y kc tjas`õa mj c`skcb`jato por bb sjdüa @JE. ]cikc 5.>.- A`vjkjs mj pokue`õa A ` v j k mj po k ue ` õa M` s t c a e ` c m j c r e o Ic l c 3 6 bb / h V B jm` c 9 7 bb / h V Cktc 9: bb/hV bb/ hV B u y Ck t c 5 3 bb / h V 5.36 Yjdukce`õa mjk FW ja rjmjs mj bjm`c tjas`õa Jx`stja `astckce`oajs quj, yc sjc por su t`pokodâc, ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj sus ecrdcs, por jk jkjvcmo eoasubo mj jajrdâc o por jk t`po mj eoatrcto quj jk eoasub`mor t`jaj eoa kc eobpcóâc sub`a`strcmorc t`jaja quj sjr eobpjascmcs ja bjm`c tjas`õa. U` i`ja js e`jrto quj sjdüa kos Yjdkcbjatos mj I] y mj C] tca soko jx`stj kc m`v`s`õa jatrj iclc tjas`õa (tjas`oajs ncstc 3777 V e.c. õ 3:77 V e.e.), y cktc tjas`õa (vckorjs bcyorjs c kos e`tcmos) ja kc prãet`ec sj sujkj mjaob`acr eobo bjm`c tjas`õa (B]) tomo jk rcado mj tjas`oajs quj vc mj 3 hV c =: hV. Csâ pujs ja jk bjrecmo sj cmoptc cmoptc jk voeciko mj eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja bjm`c tjas`õa, rjr`àamosj c kcs ecrdcs susejpt`ikjs c sjr eobpjascmcs euyc ck`bjatce`õa jstã jatrj kos jqu`pos 5 hV y kos =: ictjrâcs hV. Wor jstj bot`vo, y ja cmjkcatj aos vcbos c rjfjr`r c jstos eobo mj eoamjascmorjs ja bjm`c, tjas`õa. Kc eobpjasce`õa mj potjae`c rjcet`vc ja B] jstã m`rjetcbjatj rjkce`oacmc eoa m`fjrjatjs cspjetos quj cyumca c kc bjlorc mj kcs eoam`e`oajs mj fuae`oacb`jato mj kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs y mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa. Iãs`ecbjatj kos ajs pjrsjdu`mos soa< • Yjdukce`õa mj kc tjas`õa ja m`st`atos puatos mj rjm. 5 • Bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro. Iãs`ecbjatj eoatrokcamo eoatrokcamo kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa ja icrrcs mj suijstce`oajs (UJ) y ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa (E]). eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec • Bjlorc mj kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa ja jxtrjbos mj kâajcs. 0: • Bjlorc mj kos eostjs mj jxpkotce`õa. Jstj cspjeto jstã icscmo ja kc eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, quj eobportc kc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs Loukj, jk cubjato mjk rjam`b`jato mj trcasforbcmorjs j `astckce`oajs y kc rjmuee`õa mj eostjs tcr`fcr`os. Ecmc uao mj kos puatos sj mjscrrokkc mj uac bcajrc bãs jxncust`vc ja kos s`du`jatjs cpcrtcmos. 5.36.3 Eoatrok mjk a`vjk mj tjas`õa ja kcs kâajcs Zao mj kos puatos erât`eos ja kc m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec js jk bcatjajr kcs tjas`oajs ja m`st`atos puatos mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. U` sj trctc mj rjmjs ja ca`kko ja kos m`s`atos E] y s` soa rjmjs rcm`ckjs ja kos ackjs mj kâajc. Jx`stja mos pos`ikjs bàtomos pcrc jk eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa ck f`ack mj kcs kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa mj B], quj mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa< c) Eoatrok ja or`dja mj kâajc, djajrckbjatj pcrc kâajcs mj eoadurce`õa rcm`ck. i) Eoatrok puatos mj uac rjm ja ca`kko o ck ack mj uac kâajc mj B]jajamjtjrb`acmos uac eoadurce`õa rcm`ck. Kos m`cdrcbcs mj kc F`d. 5.99 `kustrca kc forbc ja quj kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc eoas`duj cubjatcr kc tjas`õa ja jk puato mj sub`a`stro. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ^ Y 06 @ Fujatj Z3 Z9 Ecrdcs Z3 l Z9 @c @r Y.@ ^.@ @ U`a eobpjascr ^ Y @ Z9 Fujatj Ecrdcs Z3 @eobp @eobp Z3 l @c @r ^.@ Z9 Y.@ @ Eobpjascmo @eobp Z3 l @c @r Z9 Z9 Y.@ ^.@ Y.@ @ Z3 Z9 Z9 Y.@ ^.@ Y.@ Eobpcrce`õa F`d. 5.99.- M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck eobpcrcamo eobpcrcamo kc `astckce`õa eoa kc ao ao eobpjascmc 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 5.36.3.3 Eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa ja or`dja mj kâajc. 04 Zac forbc nci`tuck quj jbpkjca kcs jbprjscs m`str`iu`morcs pcrc bcatjajr jk a`vjk aob`ack mj tjas`õa ck ack mj uac kâajc mj B] ao bckkcmc, js rjdukcr kc tjas`õa c kc sck`mc mj suijstce`õa (UJ) por jae`bc mj su vckor aob`ack. Jsto sj ncej c icsj mj eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja or`dja (icrrcs mjk E] o UJ) pcrc eobpjascr kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa mj kc kâajc. Kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja icrrcs mj B] kkjvc csoe`cmo jk cubjato mj tjas`õa ja jk puato mj su eoajx`õa. Ujdüa kc Aorbc EJ@ 67->43-3, jk eãkeuko mjk `aerjbjato mj tjas`õa quj supoaj kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja uac rjm mj B] pujmj oitjajrsj mj kc jeuce`oa (5.97). Ja prjv`s`õa mj pos`ikjs uetuce`oajs mj ecrdc, kos eoamjascmorjs c eoajetcr c kc sck`mc mj kc UJ o E] sj sujkja frcee`oacr ja pcsos, quj sj eoajetca o sj mjseoajetca eoa ua rjdukcmor mj fcetor mj potjae`c. Kc potjae`c, t`po mjk jqu`po mj eoamjascmorjs y jk a`vjk mj frcee`oacb`jato mjk b`sbo, sujkj mjpjamjr mj er`tjr`os prop`os mj kcs Eobpcóâcs m`str`iu`morcs. Aõtjsj quj jk frcee`oacb`jato mj kc potjae`c totck ja m`fjrjatjs jseckoajs, pjrb`tj kc bjlorc mj kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa pcrc m`fjrjatjs jstcmos mj ecrdc mj kc rjm, jv`tcamo soirjtjas`oajs sj promue`râca ja ecso mj soirj-eobpjasce`õa (jxejso mj jajrdâc ecpce`t`vcquj eoajetcmc c kc rjm). 5.36.3.9 Eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa eoa eoamjascmorjs ck ack mj kâajc Ja ecso mj kâajcs mj B] eoa vcr`cs rcb`ece`oajs, s` àstcs t`jaja uac koad`tum eoas`mjrcikj (vcr`os hb), ao js pos`ikj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa ja tomos kos puatos mj m`str`iue`õa eokoecamo eoamjascmorjs ck `a`e`o mj kâajc. Wcrc jstos ecsos sj sujkja eokoecr kos eoamjascmorjs ja aumos mj m`str`iue`õa moamj sj qu`jrj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa. Kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa ck ack mj uac kâajc o trcbo mj kâajc pumj eckeukcrsj por kc jeuce`õa (5.30) ∆Z (%) 2 377´ W ⋊9k ⋊ ( Yk + ^ k td ) Za (5.30) moamj< ∆Z(%)< Ecâmc mj tjas`õa porejatuck rjfjr`mc c kc tjas`õa aob`ack Za W< Wotjae`c cet`vc trcasportcmc Yk y ^k< rjs`stjae`c y rjcetcae`c por ua`mcm mj koad`tum (ja djajrck por hb) 5 k< Koad`tum mj kc kâajc (ja kcs b`sbcs ua`mcmjs ja quj sj ncyc eobputcmo Yk y ^k) Z < ]jas`õa aob`ack mj kc rjm a eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 0> Wor otro kcmo, jk cubjato mj tjas`õa ja ua puato mj kc kâajc eobo eoasjeujae`c mj kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs, pujmj eckeukcrsj, sjdüa @JE-67>43-3, por kc jeuce`õa (5.97). (5.97) moamj< Ecâmc mj tjas`õa porejatuck rjfjr`mc c kc tjas`õa aob`ack Za ∆Z(%)< Sict< Wotjae`c mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs Uee< Wotjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to ja jk puato mj eokoece`õa mj kos E 5.36.9 Yjmuee`õa mjk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs ja kâajcs mj B] Kc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja `astckce`oajs mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj js ua tjbc buy `bportcatj c kc norc mj kcs vckorce`oajs jeoaõb`ecs mj uac `astckce`õa, yc quj, cpcrtj mj kc rjmuee`õa mj eostj por tcr`fc, sj subc jk eostj oeukto quj rjprjsjatca kcs pàrm`mcs ja kcs kâajcs mj trcasportj y m`str`iue`õa. Csâ pujs, `duck quj oeurrj ja iclc tjas`õa, kc `astckce`õa mj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs ja B] supoaj m`sb`aue`õa m`rjetc mj kcsuac potjae`cs rjcet`vc y cpcrjatj sok`e`tcmcs por kcuac rjm, pjro cmjbãs eobportc m`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs por jfjeto Loukj, js mje`r ua cnorro mj potjae`c cet`vc. C eo eoat at`a `auc uce` e`õa õa sj `a `am` m`ec ecaa kc kcss jx jxpr prjs js`o `oaj ajss pc pcrc rc jk eã eãke keuk ukoo mj kc kcss pà pàrm rm`m `mcs cs por jfjeto Loukj, jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj prjsjatc jk ecikj y kc m`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs (potjae`c cet`vc) ck eoajetcr uac ictjrâc ja uac kâajc mj B]. Wàrm`mcs Loukj ja uac kâajc< (5.93) moamj Yk js kc rjs`stjae`c por ua`mcm mj koad`tum y k js kc koad`tum (ja djajrck cbios mctos por hb) Cs â pu Csâ pujs js,, kc m` m`sb sb`a `aue ue`õ `õaa mj pà pàrm rm`m `mcs cs js pr prop opor ore` e`oa oack ck c kc m` m`sb sb`a `aue ue`õ `õaa mj mjkk eucmrcmo mj kcs eorr`jatjs (5.99) ∆@ 2 9 W 9 + S K9 9 ∙ W 9 + (S K ∙S 9 9 ) ict 2 ∙ S9 9S K S ict ict 9 (5.99) Z Z Z moamj W js kc potjae`c cet`vc trcasb`t`mc c kc ecrdc, SK js kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj kc ecrdc y Sict js kc potjae`c mj kc ictjrâc mj eobpjasce`õa. 5 Wor tcato kc m`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs eobo rjsuktcmo mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc pujmj eckeukcrsj sjdüa (5.95)< 9 9S K Sict ∙ Sict (5.95) ∆W 2 Yk ´ 9 Z eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 00 Ja ecso mj eobpjascr totckbjatj kc potjae`c mj kc ecrdc SK2Sict, kc rjmuee`õa 9 mj pàrm`mcs sjrâc ∆W 2 Yk ´k ´Sict /Z 9 5.36.9.3 Jljbpko Jljbpko mj rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs Loukj ja ua s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa bjm`catj kâajcs ãrjcs. Ja jstj ecso sj jstum`c kc jvokue`õa mjk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs mj kâajc y ecâmcs mj tjas`õa mj ua s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa c 97 hV eoa y s`a ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmcs. Uj proejmj c eobpcrcr jk jfjeto mj kcs ictjrâcs ja uac rjm càrjc mj B] mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc ja uac zoac rurck, ja kc quj jx`stja mos ejatros mj rjpcrto C y I, ck`bjatcmos por sjamcs kâajcs C y I eoa rjs`stjae`cs YkC 27,5== bΩ/hb y YkI 27,=== bΩ/hb F`d. 5.9:.- Yjm mj m`str`iue`õa pcrc jk jk jljbpko mj eãkeuko @.- Jstcmo mj ecrdcs s`a ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmcs Ja or`dja, jk s`stjbc prjsjatc jk jstcmo mj potjae`cs quj sj bujstrc ja kc ]cikc 5.:. ]cikc 5.:.- Mctos mj kc `astckce`õa prjv`os c kc eobpjasce`õa W o t j a e ` c c e t ` v c ( B T) 5 Wuato mj eoajx`õa E 4, 5 0 Ejatro Yjpcrto C Ejatro Yjpcrto I 9, 4 =, 5 0 Wo t j a e ` c r j c e t ` v c ( Bv c r ) 5, 4 7 3 , 95 9, 3 5 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj (BVC) >, 9 6 9 , 04 =, > > eos φ 7, > 0 7 , 03 7, 0 Wà r m ` m c s L o u k j ( h T ) 33=,: 3>: Yjcet`vc eoasub`mc por kc kâajc (hvcr) 390 97> Ec â m c s m j t j a s ` õ a ( % ) :, 9 :, 9 : eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 377 Eobo sj oisjrvc, ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa ck s`stjbc jkàetr`eo E, kcs eoam`e`oajs mj eoajx`õa ao soa iujacs, js mje`r, kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js jkjvcmc y jk fcetor mj potjae`c iclo. @@.- U`tuce`õa eoa kcs ictjrâcs eoajetcmcs Wcrc bjlorcr jk jstcmo mj kc rjm, sj eoajetc uac ictjrâc mj 3377 hvcr c 97 hV ja jk ejatro mj rjpcrto C (IEC) y uac ictjrâc mj 9777 hvcr c 97 hV ja jk ejatro mj rjpcrto I (IEI). Jk ickcaej mj potjae`cs qujmc bom`f`ecmo tck y eobo sj oisjrvc ja kc ]cikc 5.6. ]cikc 5.6.- Mctos mj kc `astckce`õa mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa Wuato mj eoajx`õa E Ejatro Yjpcrto C eoa IEC I EC Ejatro Yjpcrto I eoa IEI W o t j a e ` c c e t ` v c ( B T) 4, 5 5 9, 4 =, 5 0 Wo t j a e ` c r j c e t ` v c ( Bv c r ) 7, : = 7 , 35 7, 3 5 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj (BVC) 4, 5 6 9, 4 =, 5 0 e os φ 7, 0 0 7 , 00 7, 0 0 W à r m ` m c s L o u k j ( h T) 0= 3 :7 Yjcet`vc eoasub`mc por kc kâajc (hvcr) 376 347 5 ,0 % 5, > % E c â m c s m j t j a s ` õ a ( %) Ja jstj ecso, sj oisjrvc quj ja jk puato E kcs eoam`e`oajs sj nca opt`b`zcmo mj uac bcajrc sustcae`ck, sj nca m`sb`au`mo kcs pàrm`mcs Loukj ja kcs kâajcs y sj nc cubjatcmo kc tjas`õa tjas`õa ja kos ejatros mj rjpcrto. Mj jstc forbc, sj nc opt`b`zcmo kc jxpkotce`õa y jk rjam`b`jato mj kc kâajc y sj nc dcrcat`zcamo jk a`vjk mj tjas`õa c kos usucr`os. 5.34 Eoamjascmorjs pcrc B] Kos eoamjascmorjs soa kos jkjbjatos jsjae`ckjs mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc. Uu pr`ae`p`o mj cetuce`õa js jk b`sbo jxpk`ecmo ja jk ecpâtuko 5 pcrc jqu`pos mj I]. I]. Ja jk ecso mj eoamjascmorjs mj B], B], àstos pujmja tjajr eoadurce`õa boaofãs`ec o tr`fãs`ec. 5 Kos eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos t`jaja mos iorajs y sujkja jbpkjcrsj ja jqu`pos eoadurcmos eobo ictjrâc ja jstrjkkc o moikj jstrjkkc. Uj sujkja jbpkjcr pcrc rjmjs eoa tjas`õa por jae`bc mj 33 hV, o pcrc ictjrâcs eoa tjas`oajs bjaorjs pjro eoa cktos a`vjkjs mj potjae`c. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 373 Kos eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos m`spoaja mj trjs iorajs y sujkja jbpkjcrsj pcrc boatclj mj ictjrâcs mj pjqujóc y bjm`cac potjae`c pcrc rjmjs mj ncstc 33 hV. F`d. 5.94.- Eoamjascmor Eoamjascmor mj B] tr`fãs`eo F`d. 5.96.- Eoamjascmor mj B] boaofãs`eo Eobpos`e`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs Kos eoamjascmorjs mj Bjm`c ]jas`õa jstãa eobpujstos por m`fjrjatjs jkjbjatos ecpce`t`vos iãs`eos. Jstcs ua`mcmjs iãs`ecs sj eoajetca ja drupos sjr`j y/o pcrckjko eoa kc ack`mcm mj oitjajr kc potjae`c y tjas`õa ajejscr`cs. Zac vjz rjck`zcmo jk pcqujtj mj jkjbjatos, sj `atromuej jk eoaluato ja uac eclc mj cejro `aox`mcikj, sj cócmja kos iorajs y sj `bprjdac ja cej`tj, dcrcat`zcamo csâ pjrfjeto cs`kcb`jato y fuae`oacb`jato mj jk kc ua`mcm. F`d. 5.9>.- Eobpos`e`õa Eobpos`e`õa mj ua eoamjascmor boaofãs`eo mj B] 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Wrotjee`oajs mj kos eoamjascmorjs bjm`catj fus`ikjs `atjraos 379 Jk eoamjascmor, eobo tomo jkjbjato mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec, t`jaj quj sjr ecpcz mj jk`b`acr kos mjfjetos quj, ja su `atjr`or, sj pujmca or`d`acr. E@YEZ]OY cpujstc por kc tjeaokodâc mj fus`ikjs `atjraos, quj eoas`stj ja protjdjr tomos y ecmc uao mj kos jkjbjatos ecpce`t`vos iãs`eos mjk eoamjascmor eoa ua fus`ikj `atjrao. Ja ecso mj mjfjeto mj ua jkjbjato ecpce`t`vo iãs`eo sj promuej uac mjsecrdc mj kos jkjbjatos scaos soirj jk cvjr`cmo. F`d. 5.90.- Mjtckkj Mjtckkj mjk mjk fus`ikj `atjrao ja ua eoamjascmor mj B] Jstc mjsecrdc provoec kc fus`õa `abjm`ctc mjk fus`ikj `atjrao mj kc ua`mcm mcócmc. Jstj s`stjbc prjsjatc kcs s`du`jatjs vjatclcs, quj sj ekcs`eca ja mos drupos< Vjatclcs Opjrct`vcs • Mjseoajx`õa `abjm`ctc mjk jkjbjato mcócmo. • Bâa`bc djajrce`õa mj dcsjs ja jk `atjr`or mjk eoamjascmor, por tcato jfjeto mj soirjprjs`õa `atjrac mjsprje`cikj. • Eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o. Kc jk`b`ace`õa mj kc ua`mcm mcócmc pjrb`tj kc eoat`auce`õa mjk jqu`po eoajetcmo. • Wos`i`k`mcm mj pkca`ece`õa mjk bcatja`b`jato mj kc ictjrâc. • Bcatja`b`jato bãs sjae`kko. Vjatclcs mj m`sjóo. • • Bcyor potjae`c mj eoamjascmor. (Wjrb`tj bãs potjae`c por ua`mcm mj vokubja) Zt`k`zce`õa mj bjaos eoamjascmorjs por ictjrâc. • Yjmuee`õa mjk tcbcóo mj icst`morjs o eci`acs. • Eostj bãs jeoaõb`eo mj kc ictjrâc. 5.3> Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj pcrc ictjrâcs mj B] 5 Kc eoajx`õa mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs bjm`catj `atjrruptorjs jkjetrobjeãa`eos kkjvc csoe`cmc kc erjce`õa mj trcas`tor`os mj eorr`jatj c kc eoajx`õa. Kc Aorbc EJ@ 67>43-3 mjaj jk vckor bãx`bo mj erjstc quj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs pujmj djajrcr ja kcs bca`oircs mj eoajx`õa. Eoaerjtcbjatj 377 vjejs su eorr`jatj aob`ack. aob`ack. U` jstj vckor js supjrcmo, js eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 375 ajejscr`o jk boatclj mj rjcetcae`cs mj enoquj YBV , euyc fuae`õa eoas`stj ja k`b`tcr jk trcas`tor`o mj eorr`jatj c vckorjs cejptcikjs por kos eoamjascmorjs y pcrc kc prop`c kâajc quj sj eobpjasc. Jk vckor mj jstc rjcetcae`c js vcr`cikj ja fuae`õa mj kcs eoam`e`oajs mj kc `astckce`õa, mjpjam`jamo iãs`ecbjatj mj kos s`du`jatjs pcrãbjtros< • Wotjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mj kc `astckce`õa. • Jx`stjae`c mj bãs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Womjr mj e`jrrj mj kos `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos. Jk vckor mj eoajx`õa rjs`muck uac vjz boatcmc kc rjcetcae`c t`jaj quj sjr tcbi`àa `afjr`or c kos pomjrjs mj e`jrrj mjk cpcrjkkclj ja djajrck. • Eobo aorbc djajrck sj rjeob`jamc< Ja ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs c`skcmcs, js mje`r uac sokc ictjrâc ja kc `astckce`õa, por aorbc djajrck ao js ajejscr`o kc eokoece`õa mj rjcetcae`cs mj enoquj. Ja euckqu`jr ecso, sj rjeob`jamc rjck`zcr kc eobproice`õa. • Ja ictjrâcs ja pcrckjko o ja jseckoajs mj ictjrâcs cutobãt`ecs, s`jbprj js ajejscr`c su eokoece`õa. • Er`tjr`os djajrckjs mj m`sjóo mj eobpoajatjs Mj ceujrmo c kc Aorbc EJ@ 67.>43-3, kos eoamjascmorjs jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc soportcr ua 57 % mj soirjecrdc mj eorr`jatj ja pjrbcajae`c. Wor jstj bot`vo, kc aorbc ceoasjlc quj tomos kos eobpoajatjs mj uac ictjrâc soportja eobo bâa`bo 3,: vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack. Ja djajrck sj ceoasjlc ua m`bjas`oacmo mj 3,=5 vjejs kc eorr`jatj dkoick mj kc ictjrâc pcrc< • Ecikjs mj potjae`c • Cpcrcbjatc Cpcrcb jatc ja djajrck • Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj 5.30 Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs B] Ujdüa sj nc m`eno, ja jqu`pos mj B] kos eoamjascmorjs pujmja sjr boaofãs`eos o tr`fãs`eos y jsto mc kudcr c m`fjrjatjs pos`ikjs eoadurce`oajs mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. 5 Ko pr`bjro quj ncy quj mje`r js quj buenos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa ja B] ao sj bca`oirca cpjacs auaec o buy poecs vjejs, pujsto quj kos eoatcetorjs mj vceâo o kos `atjrruptorjs pcrc bca`oircrkos t`jaja ua aübjro mj bca`oircs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 37= k`b`tcmo (mjk ormja mj uacs 37.777), pcscmo jk euck ncy quj ncejr bcatja`b`jato, suist`tue`õa mj iotjkkcs mj vceâo, jte. Csâ pujs, ja kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecsos, kos jkjbjatos mj eortj mj m`encs ictjrâcs sj jbpkjca iãs`ecbjatj pcrc su protjee`õa y ao pcrc rjdukcr jk FW eoa ua rjdukcmor, eobo sj jxpk`eõ pcrc I]. 5.30.3 Eoadurce`oajs mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs Uj pujmja pkcatjcr m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj eoadurce`õa, mjpjam`jamo ja djajrck mj kc tjas`õa mj jbpkjo, mj kc potjae`c y mj otros pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos mj kc `astckce`õa. Wcrc m`st`atcs eoadurce`oajs sj jbpkjca< Eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos (djajrckbjatj pcrc potjae`cs iclcs y tjas`oajs tcbi`àa iclcs) • • Eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos (pcrc potjae`cs y tjas`oajs cktcs) Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos Jstos jqu`pos soa buy üt`kjs pcrc `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs, mcmo quj soa ecpcejs mj ckolcr pjqujócs y bjm`cacs potjae`cs ja uacs m`bjas`oajs rjmue`mcs. Kc tjas`õa mj trciclo bãx`bc js mj 33 hV y kc potjae`c mj 3.6 Bvcr. Kcs cpk`ece`oajs bãs nci`tuckjs soa< • Eobpjasce`õa mj botorjs • Eobpjasce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs • Ictjrâcs cutobãt`ecs F`d. 5.57.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec s`bpkj 5 F`d. 5.53.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec s`bpkj Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos eoajetcmos ja jstrjkkc eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 37: Kc cpk`ece`õa mj jstc eoadurce`õa qujmc üa`ecbjatj rjsjrvcmc c pjqujócs potjae`cs mj ictjrâc, quj por a`vjk mj tjas`õa mj trciclo ao pujmja sjr rjsujktcs eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos. Za ecso prãet`eo js, por jljbpko, uac ictjrâc mj =:7 hvcr c 3: hV. Jstj ecso sj rjsujkvj eoa 5 eoamjascmorjs mj 3:7 hvcr c >.64 hV mj tjas`õa aob`ack. Jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs eorrjspoamj ck mj kc rjm, js mje`r, 34.: hV. F`d. 5.59.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec eoa eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos boaofãs`eos Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos eoajetcmos ja moikj jstrjkkc Js kc eoadurce`õa bãs ut`k`zcmc ja bjm`cacs y drcamjs potjae`cs. Kc moikj jstrjkkc jstã forbcmc por mos jstrjkkcs eoa ua ecikj mj ua`õa jatrj ajutros (vjr F`d. 5.55). Aorbckbjatj jstj s`stjbc mj eoadurce`õa js ut`k`zcmo ja< • Yjmjs eoa tjas`oajs mj sjrv`e`o bcyorjs mj 33 hV • Yjmjs eoa tjas`oajs bjaorjs mj 33 hV y potjae`cs bcyorjs mj 3,6 Bvcr Ja jk ajutro sj eoajetc ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj pcrc kc mjtjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o, quj djajrckbjatj soa sâatobc mj ckdüa mjfjeto ja kos eoamjascmorjs. Jstc m`spos`e`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs pjrb`tj kc rjck`zce`õa mjk jqu`po sjc euck sjc jk a`vjk mj tjas`õa y potjae`c ajejscr`c, pcrt`jamo mj eoamjascmorjs jstãamcr. Ja jfjeto, tck eobo sj oisjrvc ja kc F`d. 5.55, jk eoamjascmor o drupo mj eoamjascmorjs mj ecmc rcbck, tjamrã uac tjas`õa cpk`ecmc eorrjspoam`jatj c kc mj fcsj. Zac vjz mja`mc kc tjas`õa mj ecmc eoamjascmor y, por tcato, jk aübjro mj ua`mcmjs, sj mjaj kc potjae`c mj ecmc eoamjascmor. (5.9=) 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 376 F`d. 5.55.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec eoa E ja moikj jstrjkkc y protjee`õa F`d. 5.5=.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec eoa E ja moikj jstrjkkc y protjee`õa 5.30.9 Forbcs mj eobpjasce`õa Kc eobpjasce`õa mj FW ja B], ck `duck quj sj nceâc ja `astckce`oajs mj I], pujmj rjck`zcrsj mj forbc lc o cutobãt`ec. Kc jkjee`õa mj uac u otrc mjpjamj mjk t`po mj `astckce`õa, mj su eoadurce`õa, mjk ràd`bja mj ecrdc quj àstc tjadc, csâ eobo mjk oiljt`vo pcrc jk euck sj `astckj jk jqu`po, ao oistcatj, eobo sj nc m`eno bãs crr`ic kc bca`oirci`k`mcm mj uac ictjrâc ja B] js buy k`b`tcmc y por tcato sj t`jamj c eobpjasce`oajs lcs o eoa buy iclc bca`oirci`k`mcm. Eobpjasce`õa lc Eucamo kos a`vjkjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc soa jkjvcmos y uac pcrtj `bportcatj js bãs o bjaos eoastcatj, jk jqu`po jqu`po pujmj sjr lo. Za jljbpko mj jstj jstj ecso js `astckce`oajs eoa eoajx`õa c rjmjs mj Cktc ]jas`õa y m`str`iue`õa ja Bjm`c ]jas`õa 5 F`d. 5.5:.- Eobpjasce`õa lc ja uac kâajc mj B] eoa vcr`os trcasforbcmorjs Wujmj eoas`mjrcrsj tcbi`àa uac ictjrâc lc kc quj sj jbpkjc ja `astckce`oajs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 374 `amustr`ckjs ja kcs quj jx`stj ua aübjro rjmue`mo mj rjejptorjs ja B] B],, y kos rjdâbjajs mj trciclo `bpk`eca jk ao fuae`oacb`jato mj tomcs kcs bãqu`acs mj forbc s`buktãajc. Uj sud`jrj jatoaejs jk uso mj s`stjbcs `am`v`muckjs pcrc ecmc ecrdc, quj sj bca`oirca luatcbjatj eoa àstc, sjdüa jsqujbc mj kc F`d. 5.56. F`d. 5.56.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa lc `am`v`muck por por bãqu`ac , bca`oircmc eoa jk `atjrruptor mj kc prop`c bãqu`ac Eobpjasce`õa cutobãt`ec Ja `astckce`oajs eoa vcr`ce`oajs `bportcatjs mj ecrdc js ajejscr`c kc eokoece`õa mj ua jqu`po quj s`dc kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj kc ecrdc. Za jljbpko pujmj sjr ua aumo mj m`str`iue`õa mj uac `amustr`c c 6,5 hV tck y eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 5.54. Ja tck ecso, kos eoatcetorjs mj vceâo pjrb`tja uac e`jrtc bca`oirci`k`mcm mjk s`stjbc. 5 F`d. 5.54.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa rjdukcmc eoa rjdukcmor mj mj FW eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 37> eoamjascmorjs ja B] B] 5.97 Wrotjee`õa mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs Mj uac bcajrc djajrck, kcs protjee`oajs mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs ja B] pomjbos m`v`m`rkcs ja protjee`oajs `atjracs y protjee`oajs jxtjracs, sjdüa jstàa mjatro o fujrc mjk prop`o eoamjascmor eoamjascmor.. 5.97.3 Wrotjee`oajs `atjracs Kcs protjee`oajs `atjracs protjdja kos jqu`pos mj kos mjfjetos quj pujmc ncijr ja jk `atjr`or mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Jstc protjee`õa sj dcrcat`zc aorbckbjatj bjm`catj kos fus`ikjs `atjraos mjk prop`o eoamjascmor, quj sj nca jxpk`ecmo catjr`orbjatj. 5.97.9 Wrotjee`oajs jxtjracs Jx`stja vcr`cs protjee`oajs jxtjracs. Ckduacs mj jkkcs soa cpk`ecikjs c tomcs kcs ictjrâcs y otrcs mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa. Kcs bãs frjeujatjs soa< Wrotjee`õa mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj eorr`jatj mj ajutro ( @A) Ja ictjrâcs eoadurcmcs ja moikj jstrjkkc sj eobi`ac kc protjee`õa `atjrac eoa uac protjee`õa mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj eorr`jatj mj ajutro. Jstj s`stjbc ko forbca ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj y ua rjkà csoe`cmo. Ja ecso mj mjfjeto `atjrao ja uac mj kcs fcsjs mj ua eoamjascmor, cpcrjej uac eorr`jatj jatrj kos mos puatos jstrjkkc mj kos eoamjascmorjs (ajutros) y jsto ncej m`spcrcr jk rjkà . Kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto sj mjtjetc eoa ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj, quj mc kc ormja mj mjseoajx`õa mjk `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo (vjr F`d. 5.5>) Zrjm ]rcasforbcmorjs mj fcsj Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj Yjkàs mj protjee`õa Zrjm/∜5 5 ]rcasforbcmor mj `atjas`mcm mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o F`d. 5.5>.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa rjdukcmc eoa eoa rjdukcmor mj mj FW eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 370 Wrotjee`õa bjm`catj fus`ikjs mj ckto pomjr mj rupturc Jstj s`stjbc sj ut`k`zc pcrc kc protjee`õa mj ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos. Kos fus`ikjs pujmja sjr boatcmos sokos o i`ja eobi`acmos eoa eoatcetorjs, js mje`r quj, ja ecso mj fus`õa, mjseoajetc jk eoatcetor mjlcamo jk jqu`po fujrc mj sjrv`e`o. Jstj s`stjbc sj ut`k`zc ncstc potjae`cs mj ictjrâcs mj uaos 3,: Bvcr y tjas`oajs bjaorjs c 39 hV. @atjrruptor cutobãt`eo Js jk s`stjbc bãs eobpkjto mj protjee`õa mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Àstj pujmj jstcr boatcmo ja kc b`sbc ictjrâc, o i`ja ja jk ejatro mj eci`acs mj B]. Jk `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo kkjvc csoe`cmo kcs s`du`jatjs protjee`oajs< • Eortoe`reu`to y soirjecrdc • Nobopokcr • Mjsjqu`k`ir`o Cmj bãs,, eob Cmjbãs eoboo cm` cm`e`o e`oack ack,, sj rjeob` rje ob`jam jamcc uac pro protje tjee`õ e`õaa mj soi soirjt rjtjas jas`õ `õaa ja jk lujdo mj icrrcs. Kc ]cikc 5.0 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs protjee`oajs ja ictjrâcs mj B]. ]cikc 5.0.- Yjsubja mj protjee`oajs ja ictjrâcs mj B] Ictjrâcs eo eoa eo eoamjascmorjs tr tr`fãs`eos Ictjrâcs ja ja mo moikj js jstrjkkc ]jas`oajs aob`ackjs ≭ 33 hV Wotjae`cs mj ictjrâc ≭ 3,= Bvcr ]jas`oajs aob`ackjs 1 33 hV Wotjae`cs mj ictjrâc 1 3,= Bvcr Wcrc ictjrâcs lcs pcrc botor • Fus`ikjs mj ckto pomjr mj rupturc (CWE) eoa `am`ece`õa mj fus`õa Ja ictjrâcs cutobãt`ecs. @atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoa kcs s`du`jatjs protjee`oajs< • Uoirjecrdc y eortoe`reu`to • Nobopokcr F u s ` i k j s C W E e o b i ` a c m o s e o a • Mjsjqu`k`ir`o eoatcetor Aotcs< • Js ceoasjlcikj uac protjee`õa mj soirjtjas`õa ja jk lujdo mj icrrcs. • Kc protjee`õa pujmj jstcr boatcmc ja kc b`sbc ictjrâc o ja jk ejatro mj eci`acs mj B]. • 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 337 5.93 Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos jstum`cmo kcs m`fjrjatjs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc , tcato c a`vjk `am`v`muck mj e`jrtcs ecrdcs eobo c a`vjk dkoick mj `astckce`oajs, tcato mj iclc tjas`õa eobo mj bjm`c tjas`õa. Eobo rjsubja mj jstj jstum`o pomjbos eoaeku`r quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs js uac prãet`ec ijaje`osc ja buenos cspjetos, ao tca soko por jk njeno mj cnorrcr uaos rjecrdos ja kc fceturc mj eoasubo, s`ao quj pjrb`tj ua bjlor cprovjencb`jato mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs prop`cs, cnorrcamo por tcato ja `astckce`oajs y tcbi`àa ja eoasubos mj cet`vc, ck m`sb`au`r kcs pàrm`mcs. Cs`b`sbo ja jk ecso mj ictjrâcs mj B] pjrb`tja rjdukcr kc tjas`õa ja jk jxtrjbo mj mjtjrb`acmcs kâajcs y por tcato eoatr`iuyja c bjlorcr kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. ]omos jstos fcetorjs, cpcrtj mj kc ioa`ece`õa tcr`fcr`c mjija tjajrsj buy ja eujatc ck ncejr kcs vckorce`oajs jeoaõb`ecs, pujs cyumca c rjmue`r ko quj njbos mjaob`acmo ‛eostjs oeuktos‒ mj kc jajrdâc. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs = WJY]ZYICE@OAJU JA KC YJM =.3 @atromuee`õa Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck mjijrâc eobportcrsj eobo uac fujatj mj tjas`õa s`a `bpjmcae`c `atjrac, eoa sck`mc s`auso`mck y tjas`õa eoastcatj ja tomos kos puatos mj sub`a`stro. Ao oistcatj, ja jk pr`bjr ecpâtuko (cpcrtcmo 3.=) yc njbos `atromue`mo jk eoaejpto mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro y njbos bjae`oacmo quj ja kc prãet`ec kc tjas`õa rje`i`mc ja kos puatos mj trciclo jstã m`stors`oacmc por m`vjrsos bot`vos. Kc ecusc pr`ae`pck mj kc m`stors`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm soa kcs prop`cs ecrdcs, por su prop`c forbc mj fuae`oacr murcatj kos crrcaqujs y pcrcmcs, por kc eoabutce`õa mj eorr`jatjs `bportcatjs jatrj m`vjrsos e`reu`tos, oecs`oacamo tomo jkko ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja kcs `bpjmcae`cs mjk s`stjbc. Otrcs vjejs kcs ecuscs ecuscs mj pjrturice`õa soa soa jxtjracs, kcs bãs eobuajs soa soa kcs pjrturice`oajs ctbosfàr`ecs y kcs jkjvce`oajs mjk potjae`ck mj t`jrrc ja eoam`e`oajs mj mjfjeto. Ck duaos Ckdua os t`t`po poss mj m` m`st stor ors` s`õa õa ja kc rj rjmm oec oecs` s`oac oacaa pàr pàrm` m`mcs mcs `aa `aaje jejsc jscr`r`cs cs,, eo eoaa jk eoas`du`jatj jbpjorcb`jato mjk rjam`b`jato mj kcs `astckce`oajs. Otros t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs oecs`oaca proikjbcs mjaob`acmos mj ‛eobpct`i`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàt`ec‒, jsto js, proikjbcs mj bck fuae`oacb`jato o fuae`oacb`jato jrrãt`eo mj ckduaos jqu`pos eucamo sj ck`bjatca mj uac rjm buy pjrturicmc. Jstos proikjbcs, c pjscr mj ao sjr eucat`ecikjs ja tàrb`aos mj rjam`b`jato, oecs`oaca pàrm`mcs `bportcatjs mj jece`c ja kos s`stjbcs mj promuee`õa por cvjrâcs o pcros `atjbpjst`vos. Jk tàrb`ao ‛eobpct`i`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàt`ec‒, cirjv`cmcbjatj JBE, sj csoe`c aorbckbjatj c pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c ja e`reu`tos jkjetrõa`eos, pjro `aekuyj tcbi`àa tomo t`po mj pjrturice`oajs djajrcmcs y propcdcmcs por kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa. Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos `atjrjscrjbos pr`ae`pckbjatj por jstcs ükt`bcs. Iãs`ecbjatj aos ejatrcrjbos ja kcs quj cfjetca c kc cbpk`tum y c kc forbc mj oamc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj rjm, mja`rjbos kos pcrãbjtros ut`k`zcmos pcrc bjm`rkcs y prjsjatcrjbos ckduacs sokue`oajs pcrc eorrjd`rkcs. = Js buy `bportcatj tjajr ja eujatc quj jk pr`bjr pcso pcrc rjsokvjr ua proikjbc djajrcmo por pjrturice`oajs js ncejr ua iuja m`cdaõst`eo mjk proikjbc. Js nci`tuck quj cpcrjzeca m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs luatos y sus jfjetos bjzekcmos, ko euck ncej quj c vjejs sj ctr`iuyca mjtjrb`acmos jfjetos c mjtjrb`acmo t`po mj pjrturice`õa s`a ncijr jstum`cmo sue`jatjbjatj jk ecso. Za bck m`cdaõst`eo kkjvc eoas`do quj kcs bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs quj sj cpk`quja tcbpoeo sjrãa cejrtcmcs. Wcrc rjck`zcr m`eno m`cdaõst`eo mj forbc eorrjetc js `bportcatj eoaoejr kos pos`ikjs proikjbcs promue`mos por kos m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs, pjro rjsuktc fuamcbjatck m`spoajr mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc quj cyumja c mjtjetcr y c eucat`f`ecr jk fjaõbjao. Jk tjbc mj bjm`mc mj pjrturice`oajs sjrã trctcmo bãs cbpk`cbjatj ja ecpâtukos suejs`vos. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 339 =.9 Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj rjm Ujdüa sj mjaj ja kc aorbc JA-:7.367 X3R Kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj kc rjm, quj pujmja vjrsj cktjrcmos por ckdüa t`po mj pjrturice`õa soa kos s`du`jatjs< • Frjeujae`c • Cbpk`tu Cbpk`tumm • Forbc mj oamc • U`bjtrâc mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo FYJEZJAE@C ]YCAU@]OY@CU MZYCE@ÕA 1 3 E@EKO WJY@ÕM@ECU VCY@CE@OAJU MJ FYJEZJAE@C Djajrcmorjs c`skcmos =9,: ... :4,: Nz VCY@CE@OAJU KJA]CU MJ Z UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU NZJEOU -37 ... +37% +37 ... +9:% -37 ... +37% FKZE]ZCEOAJU FK@EHJY bomukce`õa 7,: ... 57 Nz VCY@CE@OAJU YÃW@MCU MJ Z Jseckõa ckto mZ/mt ]YCAU@]OY@OU W`eos y nujeos Wukso(s) Ckto mZ/mt CBWK@]ZM ]YCAU@]OY@CU MZYCE@ÕA ; 3 E@EKO WJY@ÕM@ECU U@BJ]YÂC EOAMZE@MCU CYBÕA@EOU cbpk`tum ; 377% 3777 ... 9:77 Nz MJUJSZ@K@IY@OU FZDCU sjeujae`c `avjrsc nobopokcr 57 bC, :77 bC ICAMC C ICAMC I 37 ... 3:7 hNz 3:7 hNz ... 57 BNz CK]C FYJEZJAE@C JB@ YCM@CMCU 57 ... >7 BNz >7 BNz ... 9 DNz F`d. =.3. Wjrturice`oajs bãs frjeujatjs ja kc rjm jkàetr`ec = ]omos jkkos pujmja vjrsj cfjetcmos mj forbc trcas`tor`c, js mje`r s`a a`aduac ecmjae`c mj rjpjt`e`õa mjtjrb`acmc, o mj forbc pjr`õm`ec. Wor otro kcmo, kc murce`õa pujmj sjr mj frcee`oajs mj e`eko o mj vcr`os e`ekos o `aekuso pjrâomos mj vcr`os sjduamos o b`autos. Ja v`rtum mj jstc vcr`jmcm mj pos`i`k`mcmjs kcs pjrturice`oajs rje`ija m`st`atos aobirjs quj mja`rjbos c eoat`auce`õa. Ja pr`bjr kudcr, rjpromue`bos cquâ kc durc 3.0, yc quj ofrjej ua rjsubja icstcatj jsqujbãt`eo mj tomos kos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs propcdcmos por kc rjm jkàetr`ec, c kos euckjs aos rjfjr`rjbos ja jk rjsto mj jstj ecpâtuko. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 335 =.9.3 Mja`e`oajs Kcs mja`e`oajs quj s`duja nca s`mo jxtrcâmcs iãs`ecbjatj mj kcs aorbcs JA- :7.367 X3R y ZAJ-JA-63777-=-57 X5R. Kc pr`bjrc mj m`encs aorbcs jstcikjej kos a`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm jx`d`ikjs c kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec. Uj trctc mj uac aorbc buy djaàr`ec, quj sj eobpkjbjatc eoa kc X9R y ajejs`tc mj otrcs vcr`cs mj kc sjr`j ZAJ-JA-63777-xx (xx s`da`ec m`vjrscs pcrtjs) pcrc eoaerjtcr kos jstãamcrjs mj eck`mcm. Aõtjsj por jljbpko quj X3R ao jstcikjej kâb`tjs pcrc jk usucr`o, y ao trctc ja cisokuto mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c. Zao mj kos mjtckkjs `bportcatjs quj fcktca ja kc JA-:7.367 js kc forbc mj bjm`r kc tjas`õa pcrc jk eõbputo mj mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs. Wor poajr ua jljbpko, ck mcr mcr kc tjas`õa mj rjm, rjm, ao js ko b`sbo probjm`cr probjm`cr :7 e`ekos (3 s) quj probjm`cr :77 e`ekos (37 s). Eucatos bãs e`ekos sj probjm`ca, bjaos cprje`cikjs rjsuktca kcs pjrturice`oajs. Wor ko djajrck, pcrc jk eõbputo mj vcr`ce`oajs kjatcs sj tobca probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos, pjro ja otros t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs sj nceja eõbputos mj t`po jstcmâst`eo ja icsj c probjm`os eoa t`jbpos `afjr`orjs o `aekuso eoa vckorjs mj bjm`o e`eko (37 bs). Kcs tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc mj kcs pjrturice`oajs sj mca iãs`ecbjatj ja kc aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-57 X5R, cuaquj kos eoaejptos mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro jstãa rjdukcmos por uac sjr`j mj aorbcs mj kc sjr`j ZAJ-JA-63777, (m`st`atcs pcrtjs). C eoat`auce`õa mcbos uac k`stc rjsub`mc mj mja`e`oajs, jxtrcâmcs mj kcs aorbcs catjs bjae`oacmcs, quj aos vca c sjr üt`kjs ja jk rjsto mj jstj ecpâtuko. ecpâtuko. Aõtjsj quj ja ckduacs mja`e`oajs njbos `aeku`mo jatrj pcràatjs`s kc trcmuee`õa ck `adkàs por sjr c vjejs jk or`dja mj ckduaos cerõa`bos mj uso frjeujatj. Eck`mcm mj Uub`a`stro (Wowjr Suck`ty, WS) < Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm ja ua puato mcmo mj kc rjm mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec jvckucmcs eoa rjkce`õa c ua eoaluato mj pcrãbjtros tàea`eos mj rjfjrjae`c X5R. Jstos pcrãbjtros soa< tjas`õa, frjeujae`c, forbc mj oamc, jte. y sujkja tjajr vckorjs mjekcrcmos o aob`ackjs. Euckqu`jr mjsv`ce`õa eoa rjspjeto c jstos vckorjs mjekcrcmos sj eoas`mjrc uac fcktc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. Jk tjbc mj WS ( Wowjr Suck`ty) cdrupc uac sjr`j mj tàea`ecs quj vca mjsmj kc bjm`mc, prjsjatce`õa c jfjetos mj eucat`ece`õa mj kc eck`mcm y bàtomos mj eorrjee`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs. Wuato mj sub`a`stro o Wuato mj eoajx`õa eobüa (Wo`at of Eobboa Eoupk`ad, WEE)< Wuato mj jakcej mj uac `astckce`õa mj ua cioacmo eoa kc rjm püik`ec. ]jas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< Vckor jecz mj kc tjas`õa prjsjatj ja ua `astcatj mcmo ja jk puato mj sub`a`stro y bjm`mo ja ua `atjrvcko mj t`jbpo mcmo. ]jas`õa aob`ack mj uac rjm (ZA)< ]jas`õa quj ecrcetjr`zc o `mjat`ec uac rjm y c kc euck sj ncej rjfjrjae`c pcrc e`jrtcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk fuae`oacb`jato. = ]jas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc (ZE)< Kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ZE js djajrckbjatj kc tjas`õa aob`ack ZA mj kc rjm. U`, eobo eoasjeujae`c mj ua WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 33= ceujrmo jatrj jk m`str`iu`mor y jk ek`jatj, kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa cpk`ecmc ja sus iorajs m`jrj mj kc tjas`õa aob`ack, jatoaejs, cqujkkc tjas`õa eorrjspoamj c kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ZE. Iclc tjas`õa (I])< ]jas`õa ut`k`zcmc pcrc jk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo, euyo vckor jecz aob`ack js mj 3 hV eobo bãx`bo ja E.C. Bjm`c tjas`õa (B])< ]jas`õa ut`k`zcmc pcrc jk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo, euyo vckor jecz aob`ack jstã eobprjam`mo jatrj 3 hV y 5: hV ja E.C. Wjrturice`õa eoamue`mc< Fjaõbjao jkjetrobcdaàt`eo propcdcmo c ko kcrdo mj kos eoamuetorjs mj kcs kâajcs mj uac rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. Ja e`jrtos ecsos, ua fjaõbjao jkjetrobcdaàt`eo sj propcdc c trcvàs mj kos crrokkcb`jatos mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y, por ko tcato, jatrj rjmjs mj m`fjrjatjs a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa. Jstcs pjrturice`oajs pujmja mjdrcmcr kcs prjstce`oajs mj ua cpcrcto, mj ua jqu`po o mj ua s`stjbc, o provoecr mcóos ja kos b`sbos. Frjeujae`c mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< ]csc mj rjpjt`e`õa mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa, bjm`mc murcatj ua `atjrvcko mj t`jbpo mcmo. F`d. =.9. Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cbpk`tum =.9.=.3 Wjrturice`oajs ao pjr`õm`ecs Kc ekcs`f`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs t`jaj c vjejs uac aobjaekcturc poeo r`durosc y eoafusc, moamj ao s`jbprj eo`ae`mja kcs mja`e`oajs mj kcs aorbcs y kcs mjaob`ace`oajs nci`tuckjs jatrj profjs`oackjs mjk sjetor. Wcrc cyumcr c ekcr`ecr ua poeo jstj tjbc, kc durc =.9 mc uac ekcs`ece`õa mj pjrturice`oajs quj cfjetca c kc cbpk`tum mj kc tjas`õa ja fuae`õa mj su cbpk`tum y murce`õa. C eoat`auce`õa s`duja kcs mja`e`oajs mcmcs por kcs aorbcs mj kc sjr`j JA-63777. = Vcr`ce`õa mj tjas`õa< Cubjato o m`sb`aue`õa mj tjas`õa, provoecmc aorbckbjatj por kc vcr`ce`õa mj kc ecrdc totck mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa o mj uac pcrtj mj jsc rjm. Uujkja bjm`rsj ja probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos. Ja djajrck, ja m`str`iue`õa, WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 33: sj jx`dj bcatjajr kc tjas`õa mjatro mj ua ³37 % murcatj jk 0: % mjk t`jbpo. Ja djajrck, eucamo sj ncikc mj vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa sj jat`jamj quj kc frjeujae`c js bjaor mj 7,: Nz. Wor jae`bc mj jsto, jk mjfjeto forbcrâc pcrtj mj uac uetuce`õa eoas`mjrcmc eobo Fk`ehjr. Uoirjtjas`õa tjbporck c frjeujae`c `amustr`ck (Uwjkk) < Uoirjtjas`õa mj uac murce`õa rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdc ja ua kudcr mcmo. Kcs soirjtjas`oajs tjbporckjs soa nci`tuckbjatj mji`mcs c bca`oircs o mjfjetos (por jljbpko< rjmuee`õa süi`tc mj kc ecrdc, mjfjetos boaofãs`eos, ao k`ajck`mcmjs, jte.) Nujeo mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa (Ucd) < M`sb`aue`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj kc ck`bjatce`õa c ua vckor s`tucmo jatrj jk 07 % y jk 37 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc ZE, sjdu`mc mjk rjstcikje`b`jato mj kc tjas`õa mjspuàs mj ua eorto kcpso mj t`jbpo (vjr d. =.5). Wor eoavja`o X5R, ua nujeo mj tjas`õa murc jatrj 37 bs y 3 b`a. Aotc< Kc aorbc X3R eoas`mjrc eobo ubirckjs mjk nujeo jatrj 07 % y 3 %, b`jatrcs quj X5R eoas`mjrc quj kos ubirckjs soa 07 % y 37 %. Wrofuam`mcm mj ua nujeo < Kc profuam`mcm mj ua nujeo mj tjas`õa sj mjaj eobo kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj kc tjas`õa jecz bâa`bc murcatj jk nujeo y kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc. @atjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< Eoam`e`õa ja kc quj kc tjas`õa mj kcs trjs fcsjs ja kos puatos mj sub`a`stro js `afjr`or ck 3 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc ZE, sjdüa X3R õ 37 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc sjdüa X5R (vjr F`d. =.5). Zac `atjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pujmj sjr ekcs`ecmc eobo prjv`stc, cee`mjatck, `atjrrupe`õa kcrdc o `atjrrupe`õa irjvj< Wrjv`stc, eucamo kos ek`jatjs soa `aforbcmos mj catjbcao. Jsto pjrb`tj kc jljeue`õa mj trciclos prodrcbcmos ja kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. Ce e`mja Cee` mjatck tck,, euc eucamo amo js jstã tã pr provo ovoecm ecmcc por mjf mjfjet jetos os pjr pjrbca bcajat jatjs js o fud fudce cejs, js, kc bcyorâc mj kcs vjejs k`dcmcs c suejsos jxtjr`orjs, c cvjrâcs o `atjrfjrjae`cs. Zac `atjrrupe`õa cee`mjatck pujmj sjr ekcs`ecmc eobo< • @atjrrupe`õa kcrdc (soirjpcscamo 5 b`a) provoecmc por ua mjfjeto pjrbcajatj • @atjrrupe`õa irjvj (ncstc 5 b`a) provoecmc por ua mjfjeto fudcz Aotc< Kcs rjpjreus`oajs mj uac `atjrrupe`õa prjv`stc pujmja sjr b`a`b`zcmcs por jk ek`jat ek`jatj j s` tobc kcs bjm`mcs cprop` cprop`cmcs, cmcs, ja ecbi`o kcs `atjrru `atjrrupe`oa pe`oajs js cee`mjatckjs soa suejsos `bprjv`s`ikjs y jsjae`ckbjatj ckjctor`os. = B`eroeortj < Jstj tàrb`ao ao cpcrjej prop`cbjatj mja`mo ja kcs aorbcs X3R X5R, pjro sujkj cpk`ecrsj eobo s`aõa`bo mj `atjrrupe`õa eortc eoa murce`õa mj ckduaos b`k`sjduamos. Jstj t`po mj pjrturice`õa cpcrjej tâp`ecbjatj ja kos m`spcros mj protjee`oajs eoa rjjadcaenj cutobãt`eo. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 336 F`d. =.5. Nujeos Nujeos j `atjrrupe`oajs eortcs eortcs (b`eroeortjs) Vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa< Vcr`ce`õa mjk vckor jecz mj uac tjas`õa jatrj mos a`vjkjs eoasjeut`vos bcatja`mos murcatj `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo mja`mos pjro s`a uac ecmjae`c mj rjpjt`e`õa r jpjt`e`õa jspje`ecmc. Uoirjtjas`õa trcas`tor`c (Uurdj)< Uoirjtjas`õa ose`kctor`c, o ao, mj eortc murce`õa, djajrckbjatj fujrtjbjatj cbort`ducmc y quj murc eobo bãx`bo ckduaos b`k`sjduamos. Aotc< Kcs soirjtjas`oajs trcas`tor`cs soa djajrckbjatj mji`mcs c rcyos, c bca`oircs mj `atjrrupe`õa mj ecrdcs `amuet`vcs o ck fuae`oacb`jato mj fus`ikjs. Jk t`jbpo mj sui`mc mjk frjatj mj kcs soirjtjas`oajs trcas`tor`cs pujmj vcr`cr mj bjaos mj ua b`erosjduamo c ckduaos b`k`sjduamos. W`eos (Uurdjs) y nujeos (Aoten) trcas`tor`os < Jstj t`po mj pjrturice`oajs ao jstãa mja`mcs ja X3R y X5R. Uj trctc mj vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa mj eortc murce`õa, bjaos mj 37 bs, por jae`bc o por mjiclo mjk vckor `astcatãajo mj kc tjas`õa, eoa o s`a ose`kce`õa, ecuscmcs por eoajx`õa mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs `amuet`vcs o ecpce`t`vcs o por mjsecrdcs ctbosfàr`ecs. Jstj t`po mj pjrturice`oajs, c vjejs mjaob`acmcs ‛pcrãs`tos‒ o eoa bcyor prop`jmcm ‛JB@‒ (Jkjetrobcdajt`e @atjrfjrjaejs) soko soa bjm`ikjs eoa ose`koseop`os o rjd`strcmorjs quj pjrb`tca vjr kc forbc mj oamc. Uu eorrjetc eucat`ece`õa mjijrâc ncejrsj b`m`jamo su jspjetro mj cbpk`tumjs jatrj 37 hNz y 57 BNz eoa cack`zcmorjs mj jspjetro mjm`ecmos. = F`d. =.=. Jljbpkos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa y mj trcas`tor`os WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 334 Kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj pjrturice`oajs mj jstj t`po sujkja sjr propore`oackjs c kc rcp`mjz mj ecbi`o mj kc tjas`õa eoa jk t`jbpo, ko quj kkcbcbos mV/ mt (eoaejpto `kustrcmo ja F`d. =.=), `aekuso eoa vckorjs bomjrcmos mjk vckor mj p`eo. Kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj ua mV/mt ckto, sujkja sjr kos fckkos `atjbpjst`vos mj kos s`stjbcs jkjetrõa`eos mj eoatrok. =.9.=.9 Wjrturice`oajs pjr`õm`ecs Fkuetuce`õa mj tjas`õa< Ujr`j mj vcr`ce`oajs mj kc tjas`õa o vcr`ce`õa eâek`ec mj kc javokvjatj mj kc tjas`õa (vjr F`d. =.:). Kc javokvjatj pujmj vcr`cr mj forbc ckjctor`c o mj forbc pjr`õm`ec s`du`jamo mjtjrb`acmos pjrkjs mj javokvjatj. Wcrpcmjo (Fk`ehjr)< @bprjs`õa mj `ajstci`k`mcm mj kc sjasce`õa v`suck mji`mc c ua jstâbuko kub`aoso ja jk euck kc kub`aos`mcm o kc m`str`iue`õa jspjetrck uetüca ja jk t`jbpo. M`eno pcrpcmjo sj mjij ja djajrck c uetuce`oajs mj kc tjas`õa, bjae`oacmcs catjr`orbjatj y js pjrejpt`ikj pcrc frjeujae`cs jatrj 7,: Nz y 9: Nz. Kc bjm`mc mj `ehjr sj rjck`zc bjm`catj ua pcrãbjtro kkcbcmo pjrejpt`i`k`mcm. Wcrc t`jbpos eortos (37 b`autos) jk pcrãbjtro sj kkcbc Wst y pcrc t`jbpos kcrdos (9 norcs) jk pcrãbjtro sj kkcbc Wkt (vjr bãs mjtckkjs soirj jk `ehjr ja jk cpcrtcmo =.0). Javokvjatj eucmrcmc Javokvjatj s`auso`mck F`d. =.=. Jljbpkos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa y mj trcas`tor`os ]jas`õa crbõa`ec< ]jas`õa s`auso`mck euyc frjeujae`c js ua bükt`pko jatjro mj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa. = ]jas`õa `atjrcrbõa`ec< ]jas`õa s`auso`mck euyc frjeujae`c sj s`tüc jatrj kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos, js mje`r mje`r,, euyc frjeujae`c ao js ua bükt`pko jatjro mj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 33> Aotc< ]jas`oajs ]jas`oajs `atjrcrbõa`ecs quj tjadca frjeujae`cs buy prõx`bcs pujmja cpcrjejr ck b`sbo t`jbpo forbcamo jatoaejs ua jspjetro mj icamc caenc. Mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj tjas`õa< Ja ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo, jstcmo ja jk euck jk vckor jecz mj kcs tjas`oajs mj fcsjs o kos mjsfcsjs ao soa `duckjs. Ujóckjs mj `aforbce`õa trcasb`t`mcs por kc rjm < Ujóck supjrpujstc kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc, eoa oiljto mj trcasb`t`r `aforbce`oajs por kc rjm djajrck mj m`str`iue`õa y c kcs `astckce`oajs mj kos ek`jatjs. Kc rjm djajrck mj m`str`iue`õa pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r kos trjs t`pos mj sjóckjs s`du`jatjs< • Ujóckjs mj tjkjbcamo ejatrck`zcmo< tjas`õa s`auso`mck o puksos supjrpujstos c kc tjas`õa mj mj rjm ja kc dcbc dcbc mj 337 337 Nz c 5 hNz, • Ujóckjs mj eorr`jatj portcmorc< tjas`õa s`auso`mck supjrpujstc ja kc dcbc mj 5 hNz c 3=>,: hNz, • Ujóckjs mj bcrecmo mj oamc < `bpuksos (trcas`tor`os) mj eortc murce`õa supjrpujstos c kc oamc mj tjas`õa ja `astcatjs jkjd`mos. Kos mjtckkjs soirj kc forbc mj bjm`r mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs sj pujmja jaeoatrcr ja jk ecpâtuko :, mjm`ecmo ck tjbc mj bjm`mc ja djajrck. =.5 Vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae frjeujae`c `c Kc mjf`a`e`õa mcmc ja X3R mj vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c js< Cktjrce`õa mj kc frjeujae`c mj kc rjm, djajrckbjatj bjm`mc ja probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos. Kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae`c sj sujkja promue`r, ja s`stjbcs c`skcmos, por kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs `bportcatjs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa, ko euck pujmj promue`r k`djros mjsejasos o `aerjbjatos mj kc vjkoe`mcm ja kos djajrcmorjs. Kos kâb`tjs mj vcr`ce`õa cejptcmos pcrc probjm`os mj 37 s soa buy pjqujóos< • Wcrc s`stjbcs `atjreoajetcmos< Mjsv`ce`õa bãx`bc jatrj += y ―6 % (=4 ... :9 Nz). Mjsv`ce`õa aorbck ; ³3% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo (=0,: ... :7,: Nz). • Wcrc s`stjbcs ja `skc< Mjsv`ce`õa bãx`bc jatrj ³3:% (=9,: ... :4,: Nz). Mjsv`ce`õa aorbck ; ³9% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo (=0 ... :3 Nz). Kcs eoasjeujae`cs bãs `bportcatjs mj kc vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c sj mca ja `amustr`cs moamj jx`stc eodjajrce`õa ceopkcmc c kc rjm, moamj jk djajrcmor prop`o sjdu`rã kcs vcr`ce`oajs `bpujstcs por jk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, djajrckbjatj bueno bãs potjatj. Ja jk ecso mj cutodjajrcmorjs ja `skc, kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae`c mjija prjvja`rsj eoa ua cmjeucmo s`stjbc mj ceopkcb`jato y mjsceopko mj ecrdcs. = Ja ckduaos s`stjbcs mj t`po c`skcmo sj sujkj oisjrvcr ua cubjato mj kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa s` sj eobpcrc eoa jk b`sbo s`stjbc ck`bjatcmo por uac rjm potjatj y ao c`skcmc. C vjejs sj ctr`iuyj jsto c kos ecbi`os mj frjeujae`c, pjro ja buenos ecsos jk pr`ae`pck proikjbc mj jstos s`stjbcs c`skcmos sujkj sjr WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 330 kc jkjvcmc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk djajrcmor, bãs quj kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae`c. =.= Wjrturice`oajs mj kc cbpk`tum Mjijbos m`st`adu`r ekcrcbjatj mos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs mj cbpk`tum eoamue`mcs por kc rjm jkàetr`ec, cuaquj buencs vjejs cpcrjeja bjzekcmcs. Jk jrror ja jk m`cdaõst`eo mj jstcs pjrturice`oajs ecusc buencs eoafus`oajs ja eucato c kc forbc mj sokue`oacr mjtjrb`acmos proikjbcs or`d`acmos por pjrturice`oajs ja kc ck`bjatce`õa. Kos drcamjs t`pos c m`st`adu`r soa< • Wjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c< Kos t`pos bãs `bportcatjs, mjatro mj àstcs, soa kos crbõa`eos y jk `ehjr ( f ; 9:77 Nz). • Wjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c o JB@ eoamue`mcs (37 hNz ; f ; 57 BNz) Jk pr`ae`pck jfjeto mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c (soirj tomo kos crbõa`eos), js jk cubjato mj pàrm`mcs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa, ecuscamo eckjatcb`jato mj ecikjs y trcasforbcmorjs y nce`jamo quj jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa m`str`iue `õa rjsuktj `asue`jatj. Ja cpcrtcmos s`du`jatjs mjm`ecrjbos cbpk`c ctjae`õa ck jstum`o mj su or`dja, sus eoasjeujae`cs y kc forbc mj pck`cr sus jfjetos. Kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c sujkja promue`r kos tâp`eos fckkos mj fuae`oacb`jato jrrãt`eo ja s`stjbcs jkjetrõa`eos (jrrorjs mj prodrcbc, ‛rjsjt‒ `atjbpjst`vos, jte.) Kcs tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc y kos bjm`os mj protjee`õa y f`ktrcmo mj jstos mos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs soa eobpkjtcbjatj m`st`atos. Wor jkko, eucamo sj t`jaj ua proikjbc, js fuamcbjatck fuamcbjatck scijr jk or`dja mjk b`sbo y por tcato tcato kc pos`ikj jfjet`v`mcm mj m`fjrjatjs tàea`ecs mj eorrjee`õa mjpjamj mj quj sj ncdc ua iuja m`cdaõst`eo mj kcs ecuscs. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs j `aekuso ja prõx`bos ecpâtukos aos ejatrcrjbos ja kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cbpk`tum mj iclc frjeujae`c. Kos tjbcs mj pjrturice`oajs ja cktc frjeujae`c, eoaoe`mos vukdcrbjatj eobo pcrãs`tos jstãa fujrc mjk tjbc mj jstj tjxto, rjb`t`bos ck kjetor ck tjxto mj kc rjfjrjae`c X=R =.: Crbõa`eos = Kcs pjrturice`oajs bãs `bportcatjs quj cfjetca c kc forbc mj oamc soa kos crbõa`eos. Uj trctc mj pjrturice`oajs pjr`õm`ecs, mj frjeujae`c rjkct`vcbjatj iclc. Uus jfjetos sj mjlca sjat`r por ko djajrck ncstc ua bãx`bo mj 9:77 Nz y sujkja sjr rjspoascikjs mjk soirjeckjatcb`jato mj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa, or`d`aca eorr`jatjs y pàrm`mcs jkjvcmcs ja jk ajutro mj ckduacs `astckce`oajs, m`spcros por soirjecrdc mj ckduacs protjee`oajs, m`spcro mj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs, jte. Ao oistcatj, c pjscr mj ko quj ckduacs vjejs sj crbc, rcrc vjz soa kc ecusc mj fckkos `atjbpjst`vos tckjs eobo ‛rjsjt‒ mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos, cutõbctcs, cutõbctcs, jte. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 397 Jstos ükt`bos sujkja sjr mji`mos c kos fjaõbjaos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj mZ/mt o c kcs pjrturice`oajs JB@ mj bãs cktc frjeujae`c, mjser`tos catjr`orbjatj. catjr`orbjatj. =.:.3 Or`dja mj kos crbõa`eos< Ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 sj mja`õ ko quj jrca kcs ecrdcs k`ajckjs y kcs ao k`ajckjs. Mj forbc buy rjsub`mc y prãet`ec pomjbos mje`r quj uac ecrdc js k`ajck s` ck sjr ck`bjatcmc por uac tjas`õa s`auso`mck rjspoamj eoa uac eorr`jatj s`auso`mck. Wor eoatrc, kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs eoajetcmcs c kc rjm mj eorr`jatj cktjrac s`auso`mck cisorija eorr`jatjs quj ao soa s`auso`mckjs, cuaquj por ko djajrck sâ soa pjr`õm`ecs. Eobo jljbpkos bãs tâp`eos mj tckjs ecrdcs pomjbos e`tcr< • Kos eoavjrt`morjs jstãt`eos (drupos rjet`ecmorjs, rjdukcmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm, crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos, ecrdcmorjs mj ictjrâcs, jte.), • Jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos jkjetrõa`eos boaofãs`eos, boaofãs`eos, quj `atjracbjatj trciclca ja eorr`jatj eorr`jatj eoat`auc y quj m`spoaja mj ua rjet`ecmor y eoamjascmor mj ktro c kc jatrcmc. (Ormjacmorjs, `bprjsorcs, cutõbctcs prodrcbcikjs, jte.), • @astckce`oajs mj `kub`ace`õa eoa kãbpcrcs mj mjsecrdc, • Noraos mj creo y jqu`pos mj sokmcmurc, • ]rcasforbcmorjs y rjcetcae`cs eoa aüekjo mj n`jrro, jte., euyc eurvc mj bcdajt`zce`õa js ao k`ajck, • Otros. Wcrc jk jstum`o mj tckjs eorr`jatjs ao s`auso`mckjs y mj kos e`reu`tos ao k`ajckjs mjij rjeurr`rsj c bàtomos ckdo m`st`atos mj kos mj kc tjorâc mj e`reu`tos ekãs`ec. @aekuso kc rjspujstc mj e`jrtos eobpoajatjs eobo rjcetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs quj pujmja eoas`mjrcrsj k`ajckjs c frjeujae`c eoastcatj, mjlca mj sjrko eucamo sj supjrpoaja vcr`cs frjeujae`cs. Jk bàtomo mj jstum`o pcrc trctcr kcs eorr`jatjs o tjas`oajs pjr`õm`ecs mj forbc ao s`auso`mck fuj propujsto por Ljca Icit`stj L.Four`jr, quj mjbostrõ quj euckqu`jr fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec ceotcmc, f(t (t)), pujmj mjseobpoajrsj ja uac subc mj fuae`oajs sjao y eosjao eoa frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos jatjros mj kc mjaob`acmc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. = F`d. =.6. Forbc tâp`ec mj kc tjas`õa y mj kc eorr`jatj ja ua rjet`ecmor tr`fãs`eo mj moikj oamc. Csâ pujs, pujs , s` f (t (t)) js uac fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec mj pjrâomo ], eubpkj quj f(t) 2 f(t + ] ). WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 393 Kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck sj mjaj eobo f 2 3/] y su puksce`õa fuamcbjatck js π 2 9 f. Jatoaejs sjdüa Four`jr, kc fuae`õa pujmj jxprjscrsj eobo< f (t) 2 C7 + C3 ´ eos (πt + l3) + C9 ´ eos (9πt + l9) + ... (=. 3) Oisàrvjsj quj ja kc mjseobpos`e`õa cpcrjeja trjs t`pos mj tàrb`aos< • Za tàrb`ao eoastcatj C7, quj `am`ec jk vckor bjm`o o eobpoajatj eoat`auc mj kc bcda`tum pjr`õm`ec. • Za tàrb`ao mj cbpk`tum y puksce`õa π (frjeujae`c f ), `duck c kc oamc pjr`õm`ec pr`ae`pck, quj sjC3 mjaob`ac eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. • Zac sjr`j mj tàrb`aos mj cbpk`tumjs C9, C5, ..., Ca eoa frjeujae`cs 9f, 5f, =f ... af, quj sj mjaob`aca eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs o s`bpkjbjatj ‛crbõa`eos‒. Js `bportcatj rjscktcr quj ecmc crbõa`eo qujmc ecrcetjr`zcmo por su aübjro mj ormja, a, quj mjtjrb`ac su frjeujae`c8 por su cbpk`tum C a y por su fcsj la . Kc durc =.4 bujstrc ua jljbpko mj mjseobpos`e`õa mj uac oamc totck, rjprjsjatcmc ck p`j, ja uac sjr`j mj crbõa`eos. = F`d. =.4. Crbõa`eos. Eobpos`e`õa mj vcr`cs frjeujae`cs y WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm oamc totck (frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck< :7 Nz) Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 399 Ja kc prãet`ec jstos eãkeukos mj mjseobpos`e`õa jstãa prodrcbcmos ja jk b`eroproejscmor mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y por tcato jk usucr`o ao mjij rjck`zcrkos. Aotc< Uj nc prjfjr`mo bcatjajr kcs jseckcs mj kcs m`st`atcs eobpoajatjs pcrc bostrcr quj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kos crbõa`eos mjerjeja eoa jk ormja a. =.:.9 Eãkeuko mj crbõa`eos< Mjscrrokko ja sjr`j mj Four`jr (t)) Wcrc eckeukcr kcs eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs mj uac fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec euckqu`jrc f(t kos vckorjs mj Ca y la soa kos quj sj `am`eca c eoat`auce`õa< (=. 9) (=. 5) eoa a 2 3, 9, 5, ... (=. =) (=. :) (=. 6) =.:.5 Mja`e`oajs y pcrãbjtros mj bjm`mc rjkct`vos c crbõa`eos Eoav`jaj mja`r ckduaos tàrb`aos cm`e`oackjs soirj crbõa`eos, üt`kjs pcrc ko quj s`duj< = Frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck ( f3)< Frjeujae`c mj kc oamc pjr`õm`ec s`da`f`ect`vc, mj frjeujae`c bãs iclc. Ja jk ecso mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs mj rjm, jstc frjeujae`c js kc mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Uj jat`jamj quj kcs mjbãs frjeujae`cs mj crbõa`eos s`da`ect`vos soa bükt`pkos mj àstc. Eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj< Eobpoajatj s`auso`mck WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 395 mjk mjscrrokko ja sjr`j mj Four`jr, euyc frjeujae`c js kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck (a 2 3 ). Jstc eobpoajatj pujmj jxprjscrsj ja vckor jecz ( Z3 y @3) o ja vckor bãx`bo (Ø3 y Á3). Eobpoajatj eoat`auc mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj ( Z7 y @ 7)< Eobpoajatj mj ormja ejro (frjeujae`c ejro s`da`ec eorr`jatj eoat`auc) mj kc sjr`j mj crbõa`eos. Cpcrjej soko s` kcs ãrjcs mj kos sjb`e` sjb`e`ekos ekos pos`t` pos`t`vo vo y ajdct`vo ao soa `duckjs y su jx`stjae`c mjaotc kc prjsjae`c mj eobpoajatj eoat`auc. Ormja mj ua crbõa`eo (a) < Yjkce`õa jatrj kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo, fa, y kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, f3, (=. 4) Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj crbõa`ec ( Za y @a)< Vckor jecz mj kc eobpoajatj mj frjeujae`c fa. Jk eoaejpto js vãk`mo tcato pcrc tjas`õa eobo pcrc eorr`jatj. ]csc `am`v`muck mj ua crbõa`eo ja % ( Za% y @ a%)< Jk vckor `am`v`muck mj kos crbõa`eos sj sujkj mcr ja % mj vckor jf`ecz rjfjr`mo ck vckor jf`ecz mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck ( Z 3 y @ 3) y sj mjaob`ac tcsc `am`v`muck mj m`eno crbõa`eo. Wujmj ncejrsj tcbi`àa kc rjkce`õa jatrj vckorjs bãx`bos sjdüa (=.>) (=. >) Yjs`muo Crbõa`eo< Uj mjaj jk vckor `astcatãajo mjk ‛rjs`muo crbõa`eo‒ mj uac oamc mj tjas`õa o mj eorr`jatj, eobo kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj jatrj kc oamc mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj totck y kc eorrjspoam`jatj eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. r (t ) 2 u(t ) ∙ u (t )8 u 3 r (t ) 2 ` (t ) ∙ ` (t ) ` 3 (=. 0) Vckor jecz mjk Yjs`muo Crbõa`eo< Jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo crbõa`eo js jk vckor jecz mj kc fuae`õa ru(t) o r`(t). Aorbckbjatj pcrc kc bjm`mc mj crbõa`eos sj t`jaja ja eujatc tomcs kcs eobpoajatjs frjeujae`ckjs ncstc jk ormja =7, por ko quj jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo pujmj eckeukcrsj cprox`bcmcbjatj eoa kcs jeuce`oajs (=.37). 2 rbs 3] 9 ∨ r (t ).mt ] 7 u 2 rbs 3] 9 ∨ r` (t ).mt ] 7 Y (u ) Y(` ) = ≊ ≊ =7 ∓ Z `9 `29 Wcrc kc tjas`õa (=. 37. c) Wcrc kc eorr`jatj (=. 37. i) =7 ∓ @ `9 `29 WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 39= Vckor jf`ecz totck < Uj jat`jamj por vckor jf`ecz totck mj uac oamc, eoa ua eoatja`mo mj fuamcbjatck bãs uaos crbõa`eos, jk vckor jf`ecz mjk eoaluato (fuamcbjatck + crbõa`eos). Jk vckor jecz totck pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs mj sus eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs y v`jaj mcmo por< (=. 33) ]csc mj m`stors`õa totck (]NM%) < Ujdüa X3R y X:R sj kkcbc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec totck, djajrckbjatj ja %, c kc rjkce`õa jatrj jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo crbõa`eo y jk vckor jecz mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck jxprjscmc ja %, sjdüa (=.39). Aotc< Ja ckduacs aorbcs cat`ducs sj rjfjrâc jk ]NM ck vckor jecz totck ja vjz mj kc eobpoajatj e obpoajatj fuamcbjatck, fuamcbjatck, pjro cetuckbjatj tomcs kcs aorbcs v`djatjs ko mjaja eoa rjkce`õa c kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. (=. 39) M`stors`õa crbõa`ec pcre`ck poamjrcmc, WTNM < Kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec pcre`ck poamjrcmc, pcrc ua rcado mj crbõa`eos Nb`a - Nbãx, sj mjaj sjdüa (=.35). Jstj pcrãbjtro sujkj jbpkjcrsj pcrc mja`r kâb`tjs mj m`stors`õa mj kc eorr`jatj ja X6R c X>R, tobcamo kos rcados mjsmj 3= c =7. (=. 35) =.6 @atjrcrbõa`eos Kkcbcbos `atjrcrbõa`eos c kcs eobpoajatjs mj uac tjas`õa o eorr`jatj mj frjeujae`cs ao bükt`pkos mj kc fuamcbjatck X:R. Jstcs eobpoajatjs sujkja cpcrjejr mji`mo c kc jx`stjae`c ja kc rjm mj eoavjrt`morjs quj `ayjetca potjae`c, bjm`catj oamukcmorjs cutõaobos, euyc frjeujae`c pujmj tjajr k`djrcs mjsv`ce`oajs eoa rjspjeto c kc frjeujae`c mj kc rjm o por kc jx`stjae`c mj sjóckjs mj bomukce`õa pcrc tjkjbcamo u otrcs cpk`ece`oajs. =.6.3 Mja`e`oajs y pcrãbjtros mj bjm`mc rjkct`vos c crbõa`eos = Jspjetro mj @atjrcrbõa`eos< Jk caãk`s`s mj Four`jr pujmj cpk`ecrsj mj forbc eoat`auc, js mje`r eoas`mjrcamo quj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck vcrâc mj forbc WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 39: eoat`auc, nce`jamo ua icrr`mo jatrj ejro y 9777 Nz õ 9=77 Nz (crbõa`eo =7 c :7 Nz õ c 67 Nz). Kc aorbc mj bjm`mc X:R jspje`f`ec quj ncy quj cdrupcr kos crbõa`eos ja vjatcacs mj : ja : Nz. Eoa jstj bàtomo mj caãk`s`s, sj djajrc ko quj sj mjaob`ac ua jspjetro mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos, quj mc kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs m`st`atcs eobpoajatjs frjeujae`ckjs, eoa uac rjsokue`õa h 2 : Nz sjdüa sj `kustrc ja kc F`d. =.> F`d. =.>. Jspjetro mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos `atjrcrbõa`eos X:R Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj crbõa`ec o `atjrcrbõa`ec Eh< Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj mjk jspjetro euyc frjeujae`c jstã eobprjam`mc jatrj mos crbõa`eos. Aõtjsj quj Eh pujmj sjr jk vckor jecz mj uac tjas`õa o mj uac eorr`jatj, js mje`r Zh o @ h. Ujdüa X:R, kcs eobpoajatjs Eh sj eckeukca cdrupcamo kc jajrdâc mjk jspjetro ja vjatcacs mj : Nz. Jsto mc ua totck mj 37 eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs Eh jatrj crbõa`eos, pcrc uac frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj :7 Nz y mj 39 eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs Eh pcrc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj 67 Nz. Drupo Crbõa`eo a< Uj mjaob`ac drupo crbõa`eo ck eoaluato mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs, Eh, euir`jamo kc b`tcm mjk `atjrvcko jatrj crbõa`eos por mjiclo y por jae`bc mj kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo a (vjr kc F`d. =.>). Vckor jecz mjk Drupo Crbõa`eo a, Dd,a< Jk vckor jecz mjk drupo crbõa`eo mj ormja a sj oit`jaj mj kc rcâz eucmrcmc mj uac subc poamjrcmc mj kos eucmrcmos mj kcs eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs, ejatrcmcs ja a, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (=.3=) ( a js jk ormja mjk crbõa`eo y h js jk `atjrvcko mj frjeujae`cs). D d ,a 2 D d ,a 2 E a9∙:h 9 E a9∙6 h 9 + E a9+:h + E a9+6 h = +∓ E 9 a +` ` 2∙= : +∓ E ` 2∙: 9 a +` 9 9 :7 Nz (=. 3=) 67 Nz Drupo `atjrcrbõa`eo mj ormja a < Drupo mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs eobprjam`mcs jatrj jk crbõa`eo a y jk a+3. (Vjr F`d. =.>) = Vckor jf`ecz mjk drupo `atjrcrbõa`eo mj ormja a, E `d,a< Vckor jf`ecz totck mjk eoaluato mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs jatrj jk crbõa`eo a y jk a+3. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 396 ]csc mj m`stors`õa crbõa`ec totck cdrupcmc, ]NMD < Js jk jqu`vckjatj c kc tcsc mj m`stors`õa totck eckeukcmc eoa kos vckorjs jecejs mj kos drupos crbõa`eos rjfjr`mos ck drupo fuamcbjatck. Ja djajrck sj eoas`mjrca kos drupos crbõa`eos mjsmj ormja 9 ck =7. (=. 3:) Oisjrvce`oajs< Oisàrvjsj quj kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj `atjràs ja kc bjm`mc mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos sj rjf`jrja s`jbprj c kc cbpk`tum y ja ecbi`o ao sj m`ej acmc mj kc fcsj. Jsto t`jaj su jxpk`ece`õa pujs, kos jfjetos mj m`encs pjrturice`oajs ao mjpjamja mj kc fcsj. Kc fcsj t`jaj `atjràs s` sj trctc mj oitjajr kc forbc mj oamc o mj subcr eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja ua aumo, pjro ao c jfjetos mj pàrm`mcs o mj m`bjas`õa mjk s`stjbc mj trcasportj. Eoav`jaj eoaoejr kos õrmjajs mj bcda`tum mj kc m`stors`õa quj pujmj prjsjatcr uac rjm. Aorbckbjatj kcs tcscs mj m`stors`õa ja tjas`õa sujkja sjr iclcs. Kc bcyor pcrtj mj aorbcs eoas`mjrca quj por jae`bc mj ua : % mj ]NM(Z) js ua vckor `acmb`s`ikj ja rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa y quj ncy quj pjascr ja ktrcr. Ja ecbi`o kos porejatcljs mj m`stors`õa ja eorr`jatj ja kcs b`sbcs rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pujmja sjr s`da`ect`vcbjatj bcyorjs. Ao js jxtrcóo jaeoatrcr ]NM(@) supjr`orjs ck 57 %, s`a quj jkko s`da`quj quj kc `astckce`õa js mjfjetuosc. Kos vckorjs cmb`s`ikjs pcrc rjmjs mj bjm`c y cktc soa s`da`ect`vcbjatj bjaorjs. Vàcsj kos kâb`tjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm ja X9R. =.4 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 sj jstum`croa kos eoaejptos iãs`eos soirj potjae`c jkàetr`ec ja s`stjbcs eoa tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs s`auso`mckjs, tcato jqu`k`ircmos eobo mjsjqu`k`ircmos. Kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos ja kcs rjmjs oik`dc c ua rjpkcatjo mjk tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs ckkâ prjsjatcmo prjsjatcmo,, tck eobo prjsjatcbos c eoat`auce`õa. =.4.3 Wotjae`c ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos Ncy buenos jstum`os y m`fjrjatjs forbcs mj jafoecr kcs mja`e`oajs mj potjae`c cpcrjatj y potjae`c rjcet`vc, o ja djajrck mj kcs kkcbcmcs ‛potjae`cs ao cet`vcs‒ pcrc kos ecsos mj ràd`bja ao s`auso`mck y mjsjqu`k`ircmo. Ao oistcatj aosotros aos icscrjbos ja ua jstum`o rjkct`vcbjatj s`bpkj, quj fuj propujsto `a`e`ckbjatj por Iumjcau mjatro mjk jafoquj mjaob`acmo ‛frjeujae`ck‒ yc quj `atjatc m`v`m`r kos tàrb`aos mj kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec jatrj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y kcs eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs. = Uupoadcbos ja pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa quj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mj kc rjm js iclc. Ja tck ecso, c pjscr mj quj kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs eoasubja WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 394 eorr`jatjs ao s`auso`mckjs, ao sj promuej m`stors`õa s`da`ect`vc mj kc oamc mj tjas`õa. Wor jkko, supoamrjbos pujs quj kc tjas`õa, u, ao t`jaj crbõa`eos, s`ao sõko eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck, b`jatrcs quj kc eorr`jatj, `, jstã forbcmc por uac eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y uac supjrpos`e`õa mj crbõa`eos, euyo vckor jecz sj oitjamrâc eobo `am`ec kc jeuce`õa (=.33). Kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ja tck ecso vjamrâc mcmc por kc jeuce`õa (=.36). (=. 36) Moamj, U3 js kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mji`mc c kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck, Z3, @3 y M js kc kkcbcmc potjae`c mj m`stors`õa, quj sj oit`jaj mj bukt`pk`ecr kc tjas`õa fuamcbjatck (mj :7 õ 67 Nz) por uac sjr`j mj eorr`jatjs, @a eoa a ≧ 3, mj frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc fuamcbjatck (kos crbõa`eos mj eorr`jatj). Mj njeno sj mjijrâc oitjajr jk tàrb`ao M eobo probjm`o mj kos promuetos `astcatãajos u3 ´ `a eoa a ≧ 3, sjdüa (=.34). =7 M2 3 t +] ∓ ] ∨u ` mt (=.34) 3 a a 29 t 7 bs 37b s 9 7b s 5 7 bs =7b s F`d. =.0. Wotjae`c `astcatãajc mji`mc c Z 3 ´ @: Wujmj mjbostrcrsj quj jk probjm`o mj potjae`c murcatj ua pjrâomo mj euckqu`jrc mj kos promuetos u3 ´ `a, eoa a ≧ 3, js auko, js mje`r quj jk tàrb`ao M js tomo àk potjae`c uetucatj y ao eoatr`iuyj c kc potjae`c cet`vc. Kc durc =.0 bujstrc ua jljbpko drãeo mj potjae`c `astcatãajc eoa probjm`o auko, oitja`mc mjk promueto mj kc tjas`õa fuamcbjatck y kc eorr`jatj mj qu`ato crbõa`eo. Mj njeno, jk tàrb`ao M, sj sujkj oitjajr `am`rjetcbjatj mjspjlcamo mj kc jeuce`õa (=.36), moamj sj eckeukc U3 c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs Z3, @3 y U c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs totckjs Z, @. = Cmjbãs, ja kc jeuce`õ jeuce`õaa (=.36), ( =.36), kc potjae` potjae`cc cpcrjatj c pcrjatj fuamcbjat fuamcbjatck, ck, U3, sj pujmj mjseobpoajr ja kos tàrb`aos ekãs`eos mj cet`vc, W3, y rjcet`vc, S3, y por tcato WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 39> kc potjae`c cpcrjatj totck (kc quj ncy quj trcasportcr) qujmc m`v`m`mc ja trjs tàrb`aos< Cet`vc fuamcbjatck, rjcet`vc fuamcbjatck y potjae`c mj m`stors`õa, rjkce`oacmcs jatrj sâ por kc jeuce`õa (=.30). (=. 3>) (=. 30) Oisàrvjsj quj ja jk ecso s`bpkj quj njbos jstum`cmo, jk vckor bjm`o mj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc, (potjae`c cet`vc), prov`jaj sõko mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs, mj cnâ quj sj ncyc pkcatjcmo ja (=.30) quj W y W 3 soa cprox`bcmcbjatj `duckjs. Àstc js uac eoaekus`õa buy `bportcatj, yc quj aos `am`ec quj kos crbõa`eos mj m`st`ato ormja ao promueja potjae`c cet`vc jatrj sâ y por tcato, s` kc tjas`õa mj rjm ao jstã m`stors`oacmc pujmj eoas`mjrcrsj eoa drca cprox`bce`õa quj kc üa`ec potjae`c cet`vc jx`stjatj prov`jaj mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs. Ao oistcatj ao pomjbos crbcr mj forbc jxcetc quj W 2 W 3 . U` csâ fujrc kos crbõa`eos ao promue`râca pàrm`mcs y proicikjbjatj ao aos prjoeupcrâcbos mj jkkos. Kc rjck`mcm js quj kc tjas`õa sj mjforbc mji`mo c kcs ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kc rjm y por tcato kc oamc mj tjas`õa eoat`jaj tcbi`àa crbõa`eos. Jatoaejs, kos promuetos mj kc forbc Za ´ @ a eoa `duck a pcrc kc tjas`õa y kc eorr`jatj, mca potjae`c cet`vc, prje`scbjatj kc subc mj tomos kos Za ´ @ a soa kcs pàrm`mcs mji`mcs c kos crbõa`eos. (=. 97) =.4.9 ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs y fcetor mj potjae`c ja rjmjs eoa crbõa`eos Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 jstum`cbos kc rjprjsjatce`õa drãec mj kcs potjae`cs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc bjm`catj ua tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs. Mj forbc caãkodc, kcs potjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj drãf`ecbjatj bjm`catj vcr`os tr`ãadukos, quj rjprjsjatca kcs jeuce`oajs mj kc (=.93) c kc (=.9=), quj ja rjck`mcm ao soa bãs quj forbcs m`st`atcs mj kc (=.3>) y kc (=.30). = F`d. =.37. ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs ja ràd`bja ao s`auso`mck WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 390 Kc rjprjsjatce`õa drãf`ec eoaluatc mj tomos jstos tr`ãadukos mc kudcr c ua tjtrcjmro mj potjae`cs quj sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc durc =.37. Ao oistcatj tck vjz sjc bãs ekcrc kc rjprjsjatce`õa por sjpcrcmo, eobo sj nc njeno ja kc F`d. =.33. Aõtjsj quj kos euctro tr`ãadukos sj eorrjspoamja eoa ecmc uac mj kcs jeuce`oajs mj kc (=.93) c kc (=.9=)< ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs fuamcbjatckjs, W3, S3, U3. (=. 93) ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs uetucatjs, S3, M, S. (=. 99) ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs totckjs, U, W, S. (=. 95) ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs cpcrjatjs, U, U3, M. U 9 2U 9 9 +M 3 (=. 9=) F`d. =.33. ]r`ãadukos ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs ja ràd`bja ao s`auso`mck = Ja kos e`reu`tos eoa crbõa`eos sjdu`rjbos kkcbcamo fcetor mj potjae`c ( FW), c kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc potjae`c cet`vc W y kc potjae`c cpcrjatj totck U. Oisàrvjsj, s`a jbicrdo, quj eucamo jx`stja eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs jk FW yc ao eo`ae`mj eoa jk eos l (eosjao mjk ãaduko quj forbca kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs Z3 j @3). Csâ pujs, kc pr`bjrc eoaekus`õa `bportcatj js quj fcetor mj potjae`c y eos l soa ja djajrck m`st`atos pcrc jk ecso mj rjmjs eoa m`stors`õa. Kcs rjkce`oajs ja tck ecso soa kcs s`du`jatjs< WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec FW 2 W U 2 W W W 9 + S39 + M 9 W 2 eos ε 357 (=. 9:) (=. 96) eos l U3 W9 + S39 Ck eobpcrcr e obpcrcr kcs jeuce`oa jeuce`oajs js (=.9:) ( =.9:) y (=.96) ( =.96) sj oisjrvc quj jk j k fcetor f cetor mj potjae`c pot jae`c totck js s`jbprj bjaor quj jk eos l o fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. Jk s`da`ecmo mj jsto js quj pcrc trcasb`t`r kc b`sbc potjae`c cet`vc ja vct`os, ja ua e`reu`to eoa crbõa`eos, ajejs`tcbos m`bjas`oacr kc `astckce`õa pcrc uac potjae`c cpcrjatj (ja hV´C) bcyor. =.4.5 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos, eoa ajutro y eoa crbõa`eos Eoas`mjrjbos ja pr`bjr kudcr kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mj euctro n`kos, js mje`r, eoa ajutro. Ja uac pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa, supoamrjbos quj kcs tjas`oajs soa prãet`ecbjatj jqu`k`ircmcs y s`auso`mckjs, pjro kcs eorr`jatjs soa mjsjqu`k`ircmcs, mji`mo ck eoasubo mjs`duck ja kcs fcsjs o `aekuso c eoasubos boaofãs`eos jatrj fcsj y ajutro, y eoat`jaja crbõa`eos. C jf jfje jeto toss mj eã eãke keuk ukoo mj kc pot potja jae` e`cc cpc cpcrj rjat atjj y mj kc kcss eo eobp bpoaj oajat atjs js ce cet`t`vc vc,, rjcet`vc fuamcbjatck y m`stors`õa, jstj s`stjbc pujmj trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos jatrj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs y jk ajutro. Mjs`dacamo kcs fcsjs eobo K3, K9, K5, kc mja`e`õa mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js kc `am`ecmc ja kc jeuce`õa (=.94). 2 K3 + K9 + K5 2 Z K3 .@ K3 + Z K9 .@ K9 + ZK5 .@K5 (=. 94) Oisàrvjsj quj ecmc uao mj kos tàrb`aos mj kc subc catjr`or cmb`tj kc b`sbc mjseobpos`e`õa `am`ecmc ja kc jeuce`õa (=.36), quj ackbjatj eoamuej c kc jeuce`õa (=.30). Jstc mjseobpos`e`õa, cpk`ecmc cquâ c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs eoamuej c kc mjseobpos`e`õa mj potjae`cs sjdüa (=.9>). 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 U 9 2 W39K3 + S39K3 + M K3 + W3 K9 + S3 K9 + M K9 + W3 K5 + S3K5 + MK5 = (=. 9>) Ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kcs potjae`cs ja ecmc fcsj pujmja mcr rjsuktcmos buy m`st`atos, `aekuso pujmja tjajr s`dao m`st`ato s` uac fcsj js `amuet`vc y otrc ecpce`t`vc. Wjro uac potjae`c ecpce`t`vc ja uac fcsj ao ecaejkc kc potjae`c `amuet`vc mj otrc fcsj, ko euck trcj eobo eoasjeujae`c quj ao tjadc sjat`mo ncikcr mj potjae`cs mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo ja su eoaluato, s`ao quj ncy quj eoas`mjrcrko fcsj c fcsj. Ja jfjeto, s` eoas`mjrcbos eobo jljbpko jk e`reu`to mj kc durc =.39, s` subcbos tomcs kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs y tomcs kcs potjae`cs rjcet`vcs, rjsuktcrã quj soko kc fcsj K3 t`jaj potjae`c cet`vc y kcs fcsjs K9 y K5 t`jaja rjcet`vcs `duckjs y mj s`dao eoatrcr`o, eoa ko euck kc rjcet`vc ja eoaluato js aukc y jk fcetor mj potjae`c sjrâc kc ua`mcm. Wjro jsto `amuej c jrror, porquj kcs fcsjs K9 y K5 t`jaja quj trcasportcr ecmc uac su eorr`jatj rjcet`vc y kc supujstc ecaejkce`õa jatrj `amuet`vc WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 353 y ecpce`t`vc ao sj promuej bãs quj c a`vjk dkoick. Kc eoaekus`õa js quj kos s`stjbcs eoa ajutro mjija trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos `amjpjam`jatjs y quj ja ecso mjsjqu`k`ir`os ao t`jaj sjat`mo kc potjae`c tr`fãs`ec, a` kc bjm`mc o kc eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c ja tr`fãs`eo, s`ao quj mjijrâc eoas`mjrcrsj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj. ZK3 Y ZK3 2 ZK9 2 ZK5 2 377 V K ZK9 ZK5 E Y 2 37Ω ^K 2 37Ω ^E 2 37Ω F`d. =.39. Jljbpko mj e`reu`to mjsjqu`k`ircmo ja eorr`jatjs =.4.= Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos, s`a ajutro y eoa crbõa`eos Ujdüa sj m`lo yc ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.33, ja jstj t`po mj s`stjbcs ao t`jaj sjat`mo ncikcr mj kcs tjas`oajs fcsj-ajutro y por tcato jk eoaejpto mj potjae`c por fcsj sõko pujmj cpk`ecrsj s` `avjatcbos ko quj ckkâ sj kkcbõ ua ajutro crt`e`ck. U` tjajbos ua s`stjbc mj tjas`oajs, `aekuso mjsjqu`k`ircmo, pomjbos rjprjsjatcrkcs ja ua tr`ãaduko eobo jk mj kc durc =.35. Ja tck ecso, jk ajutro crt`e`ck sj oit`jaj ja jk puato jstrjkkc mj ua s`stjbc jqu`k`ircmo mj `bpjmcae`cs y jstã s`tucmo ja jk ejatro mj kcs bjm`cacs mjk tr`ãaduko. C jfjetos mj bjm`mc, jstj ajutro crt`e`ck sujkj oitjajrsj forbcamo uac jstrjkkc eoa trjs rjs`stjae`cs `duckjs eoajetcmcs c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, ko euck pjrb`tj bjm`r kcs tjas`oajs s`bpkjs mjk s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo, ZK3, ZK9 , Z K5 y cpk`ecr kos b`sbos eãkeukos mjk cpcrtcmo catjr`or (=.94) y (=.9>). F`d. =.35. Ajutro crt`e`ck = =.4.: M`v`s`õa mj potjae`c ja sus eobpoajatjs s`bàtr`ecs Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.37 sj prjsjatõ uac mjseobpos`e`õa mj kos s`stjbcs WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 359 mjsjqu`k`ircmos ja trjs s`stjbcs eoa sjeujae`cs m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr. Uj pujmj tcbi`àa m`v`m`r kc potjae`c ja jstos trjs eoaejptos, js mje`r, sj pujmj pkcatjcr ua rjpcrto jatrj eobpoajatj m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr, sjdüa sj bujstrc ja (=.90). U 2 U m + U ` + U 7 2 5.Z m .@ m + 5.Z ` .@ ` + 5.Z 7 .@ 7 (=. 90) Cn Cnor orc, c, ja ec ecmc mc tà tàrb rb`a `aoo mj kc je jeuc uce` e`õa õa (= (=.9 .90) 0) pu pujm jmja ja nc ncej ejrs rsjj kc kcss b` b`sb sbcs cs eoas`mjrce`oajs quj sj n`e`jroa ja jk cpcrtcmo =.4.3 y pkcatjcr pcrc ecmc tàrb`ao uac jeuce`õa s`b`kcr c kc (=.36). Jsto js, eoas`mjrcr quj kcs tjas`oajs soa ja jsjae`c s`auso`mckjs y quj kcs eorr`jatjs jstãa forbcmcs por uac subc mj crbõa`eos y por tcato, quj ecmc promueto mjk t`po Zx ´ @x tjamrã su eobpoajatj W, su eobpoajatj S y su eobpoajatj M. Jsto aos kkjvcrâc c kc jeuce`õa (=.57), moamj kcs potjae`cs sj nca m`v`m`mo ja cet`vc, rjcet`vc y m`stors`õa, pcrc ecmc uao mj kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto, `avjrso y nobopokcr. U 2 ( Wm + Sm + Mm ) + ( W` + S` + M` ) + ( W7 + S7 + M7 ) (=. 57) Oisàrvjsj, quj ck suim`v`m`r kcs potjae`cs iclo m`st`atos eoaejptos, jk tjbc sj eobpk`ec `aajejscr`cbjatj, pujs pujmja `avjatcrsj tcatcs m`v`s`oajs eobo sj qu`jrc, pjro sj vc pjrm`jamo jk sjat`mo fâs`eo mj kos tàrb`aos ja quj vcbos m`v`m`jamo kc potjae`c totck y por tcato rjsuktc `aüt`k bcajlcr jstcs suim`v`s`oajs. Ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj trctcrjbos mj mcr kos eoaejptos prãet`eos bãs `bportcatjs mj tomo jstj tjbc mj m`v`s`õa mj kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec eoa v`stcs c opt`b`zcr jk s`stjbc mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj. =.4.6 Wotjae`c cet`vc y potjae`c üt`k, potjae`c c trcasportcr ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos Ja tomo jstj tjbc mj suim`v`m`r kc potjae`c totck ja m`st`atcs pcrtjs ncy ua soko puato mj `atjràs. Jstj js< scijr euãk js kc potjae`c üt`k y euãk js kc potjae`c quj mjijbos trcasportcr trcasportcr.. Ncstc cnorc njbos jbpkjcmo jk eoaejpto mj potjae`c cet`vc eobo s`aõa`bo mj potjae`c üt`k, pjro tcbi`àa jsto mjlc mj sjr e`jrto ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos y eoa crbõa`eos. Womjbos eoaerjtcr jstj eoaejpto eobpcrcamo mos t`pos mj rjejptorjs. Uupõadcsj ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo mj tjas`oajs, s`a ajutro eoajetcmo, ck`bjatcamo ua norao eoa rjs`stjae`cs `duckjs jatrj ecmc pcr mj fcsjs y ua botor (vàcsj kc durc =.3=). = Kc potjae`c üt`k pcrc jk norao rjs`st`vo js tomc kc potjae`c cet`vc, kc promuzec qu`ja kc promuzec, jk s`stjbc m`rjeto, jk `avjrso, jk nobopokcr y jk crbõa`eo quj sjc, c f`a mj eujatcs tomos eck`jatca. Wcrc jk botor ja ecbi`o, soko kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc erjc ua pcr botor. Kc eobpoajatj `avjrsc erjc ua ecbpo eoa sjat`mo mj d`ro eoatrcr`o y por tcato rjsuktc ua pcr catcdõa`eo pukscatj y kos crbõa`eos erjca pcrjs puksctor`os quj WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 355 F`d. =.3=. Ecrdcs ja ua s`stjbc mj tjas`oajs mjsjqu`k`ircmo ja probjm`o soaüt`k aukos. Eoa sj t`jaj v`s`õa mj quj ja ecmc ecso kc potjae`c pujmj sjrjstj uac jljbpko eosc m`st`atc. Csâ uac pujs, mjijbos cack`zcr ja ecmc ecso quà js ko quj rjsuktc üt`k y jsto mjpjamj mjk rjejptor. Ja eucato c kc potjae`c quj ncy quj trcasportcr, kc rjspujstc js rjkct`vcbjatj sjae`kkc, ncy quj trcasportcr tomc kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, sjc o ao üt`k ck ack. Wor tcato kc potjae`c c trcasportcr js kc cpcrjatj eoa kc mjseobpos`e`õa fcsj c fcsj, propujstc ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or, s`a quj sj pujmca subcr a` ecaejkcr potjae`cs jatrj fcsjs c jfjetos mj trcasportj. Mj tomcs forbcs, s` ko quj prjtjamjbos js jvckucr pàrm`mcs, àstcs ao s`jbprj soa propore`oackjs c kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. Kcs pàrm`mcs soa ja djajrck propore`oackjs ck eucmrcmo eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, cpcrjatj, pjro ncy quj m`st`adu`r jatrj pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro, kcs ükt`bcs mjpjamja cmjbãs mj kc frjeujae`c, por tcato c `duckmcm mj eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, ao sj promueja kcs b`sbcs pàrm`mcs s` àstc js mj :7 Nz õ mj 9:7 Nz, por jljbpko. Jstj cspjeto ko trctcrjbos eoa bãs mjtckkj ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj. =.> Jfjetos mj kos crbõa`eos Kos pr`ae`pckjs jfjetos mj kos crbõa`eos soirj kc rjm pujmja rjsub`rsj m`e`jamo quj àstos cubjatca `aajejscr`cbjatj kc potjae`c quj ncy quj trcasportcr (potjae`c uetucatj, vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo =.4.9) y por eoas`du`jatj jbpjorc jk fcetor mj potjae`c. Kos crbõa`eos soa kos rjspoascikjs mj quj kos ecikjs y kos trcasforbcmorjs mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa rjsuktja `asuf`e`jatjs pcrc trcasportcr uac mjtjrb`acmc potjae`c üt`k y mj quj sj promuzeca ja jkkos pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs, quj sj trcmueja cmjbãs ja eckjatcb`jato mj kos ecikjs, trcasforbcmorjs, `atjrruptorjs y otros bjm`os mj m`str`iue`õa. Wcrc pomjr eucat`ecr tomo jkko pcrt`rjbos mj kc `mjc mj quj ja ua s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa tjajbos mos t`pos mj pàrm`mcs< kcs mjk eoirj y kcs mjk n`jrro. =.>.3 Wàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro = Kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj cfjetca c kos ecikjs, c kos mjvcacmos mj kos trcasforbcmorjs, c kos eoatcetos mj kos eoatcetorjs j `atjrruptorjs y ja djajrck c tomos kos jkjbjatos rjs`st`vos mj kc rjm. M`encs pàrm`mcs soa propore`oackjs c kc rjs`stjae`c y ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj quj kc ctrcv`jsc, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (=.53). Wcrc bãs mjtckkjs mj eõbo eckeukcr kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecikjs WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 35= vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo 5.:.5 W 2 Y.@ 9 2 Y . ∓ @ a9 (=. 53) Ja eucato c kcs eoasjeujae`cs prãet`ecs mj àsto ja rjmjs eoa crbõa`eos, mjijbos tjajr ja eujatc quj kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos ncej cubjatcr jk vckor jecz totck mj kc eorr`jatj sjdüa kc fõrbukc quj sj m`o ja kc jeuce`õa (=.33). Ja jk jljbpko ck ack mj jstj cpcrtcmo sj nceja ckduaos eãkeukos quj mca `mjc mj quj kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj jsto c kc norc mj m`bjas`oacr kos ecikjs sujkja sjr kjvjs. Ja eucato c kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro, àstcs soa mji`mcs jsjae`ckbjatj c mos ecuscs< Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s, W N, y pàrm`mcs por eorr`jatjs `amue`mcs o mj Fouecukm, WF. Kcs pr`bjrcs soa propore`oackjs c kc frjeujae`c y ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj jecz totck, jeuce`õa (=.59) y kcs sjduamcs soa propore`oackjs c kc frjeujae`c ck eucmrcmo y c kc eorr`jatj jecz ck eucmrcmo sjdüa (=.55), moamj a rjprjsjatc jk ormja mj ecmc uao mj kos crbõa`eos y @a js kc eorr`jatj jecz mj kos b`sbos. Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s WN 2 h n .∓ a.@ a9 (=. 59) Wàrm`mcs mj Fouecukm WF 2 h F .∓ a 9 .@ a9 (=. 55) Kcs eorr`jatjs mj Fouecukm sujkja jstcr b`a`b`zcmcs por jk njeno mj quj kos aüekjos mj n`jrro ao soa bce`zos s`ao mj encpcs, por ko quj kcs pàrm`mcs mob`acatjs sujkja sjr kcs mj n`stàrjs`s. Jk rjsuktcmo js quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro ao soa a` propore`oackjs c kc frjeujae`c a` c su eucmrcmo, s`ao c quj jk fcetor a sujkj cpcrjejr c uac potjae`c `atjrbjm`c eobo `am`ec kc jeuce`õa (=.5=), moamj q sujkj tjajr ua vckor jatrj 3,4 y 3,>. Wàrm`mcs totckjs ja jk n`jrro WFj 2 h Fj .∓ a q .@ a9 (=. 5=) Jljbpko< Uupõadcsj quj ja uac `astckce`õa eoa ecikjs y uac rjcetcae`c e`reukc uac eorr`jatj eoa uac eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj 377 C y ua :· crbõa`eo mj 97 C. @am`ecr euãkjs soa kcs propore`oajs mj pàrm`mcs quj djajrca kc fuamcbjatck y jk crbõa`eo. Uokue`õa< Kos eãkeukos sj nca rjsub`mo ja kc tcikc =.3. = Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj provoecmcs por ua 97 % mj :· crbõa`eo soa soko ua = % mj kcs promue`mcs por kc fuamcbjatck (vckor jecz ck eucmrcmo (379 C) 9 frjatj c (377 C)9 mj fuamcbjatck), tcbi`àa pujmj vjrsj eobpcrcamo kcs kcs = y :, moamj (Y´=77) js jk = % mj (Y´37777). Ja eucato c kcs pàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s, eobpcrcamo kcs kcs 6 y 4 sj oisjrvc quj ua 97 % mj eorr`jatj mj :· crbõa`eo promuej ua 97 % cm`e`oack WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 35: mj pàrm`mcs y ja pàrm`mcs por Fouecukm, eobpcrcamo kcs kcs > y 0, sj vj quj ua 97 % mj eorr`jatj mj :· promuej kcs b`sbcs pàrm`mcs quj jk 377 % mj fuamcbjatck. ]cikc =.3. Yjsuktcmos mj eãkeuko 3 Mctos 9 5 Eã k e u k o s Eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck @3 377 C E o r r ` j a t j : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o @ : 97 C Eo r r ` j a t j j e c z t o t c k = Wàrm`mcs ja eoirj fuamcbjatck : Wàrm`mcs Eu Wàrm`mcs ja eoirj :¼ crbõa`eo Y@ 39 2 Y ´ 3779 2 Y ´ 37 777 Y@ :9 2 Y ´ 97 9 2 Y ´ =77 6 Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s fuamcbjatck hN ´ a ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 3 ´ 3779 2 hN ´ 37 777 4 W à r m ` m c s p o r n ` s t à r j s ` s : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o hN ´ a ´ @ 9 2 h ´ : ´ 979 2 hN ´ 9777 W à r m ` m c s p o r F o u e c u k m f u a m c bj a t c k hF ´ a9 ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 3 ´ 3779 2 hF ´ 37 777 W à r m ` m c s p o r F o u e c u k m : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o hF ´ a9 ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 9: ´ 979 2 hF ´ 37 777 Wàrm`mcs Fj > 0 Kc eoaekus`õa js quj kos ecikjs mjija m`bjas`oacrsj por kc @ rb s totck , quj aorbckbjatj pujmj bjm`rsj eoa euckqu`jr cack`zcmor mj rjmjs o eoa ua `astrubjato quj b`mc vjrmcmjro vckor jf`ecz (vjr ecpâtuko :). Ja eucato ck m`bjas`oacmo mj trcasforbcmorjs y rjcetcae`cs, quj eobi`aca n`jrro y eoirj, kos eãkeukos ck eobi`acr vcr`os crbõa`eos sj nceja ut`k`zcamo ua fcetor H quj jxpk`ecrjbos ja jk s`du`jatj cpcrtcmo. =.>.9 Fcetor H mj rjmuee`õa mj potjae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs Jk eckjatcb`jato por crbõa`eos cfjetc c buenos trcasforbcmorjs mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. Wor jkko jk eob`tà mj aorbck`zce`õa juropjo EJAJKJE nc mja`mo ja jk moeubjato NM=9>.=U3, ua fcetor mj rjmuee`õa mj kc potjae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs o s` sj qu`jrj ua fcetor mj soirjm`bjas`oacb`jato mj kos b`sbos, eoaoe`mo eobo fcetor H, quj v`jaj mcmo por (=.5:). j @3 H 2 3+ . 3 + j @ jf 9 =7 q @ a . a . @ 3 2 a 9 ∓ 9 (=. 5:) Moamj j js ua fcetor quj rjprjsjatc kc rjkce`õa jatrj pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro mjk trcasforbcmor. Jstj fcetor pujmj oitjajrsj mj kos mctos mj jascyo mjk trcasforbcmor, o ja su mjfjeto pujmj tobcrsj eobo vckor cprox`bcmo j 2 7,5 y jk jxpoajatj q sujkj tobcrsj jatrj 3,4 y 3,>. = Buenos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm cetuckjs mca jk fcetor H mjspuàs mj jfjetucr ua caãk`s`s mj crbõa`eos. M`eno fcetor js s`jbprj supjr`or c kc ua`mcm y pjrb`tj eckeukcr euãk js jk fcetor mj mjdrcmce`õa mj potjae`c mj ua trcasforbcmor ja prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos. Jljbpko< Za trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hV´C soportc uac ecrdc eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c mj 7,> y ua WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec fcetor H mj crbõa`eos mj 3,5. ¿Euãk js kc ecrdc ja hT quj pujmj soportcr? Uokue`õa< W 2 U. FW hVC 2 3777 hVC 7 ,> 2 63:hT 356 H 3,5 Oisàrvjsj quj jk fcetor H cpcrjej m`v`m`jamo, ao bukt`pk`ecamo eobo ja jk ecso mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja Jstcmos Za`mos js frjeujatj jk uso mj ua fcetor, quj tcbi`àa kkcbca ‛ H fcetor‒, pjrofuj qujpropujsto js eobpkjtcbjatj m`st`ato mjkâam`ej mja`mo porm`sjóo EJAJKJE. fcetor ja eujst`õa por ZK pcrc mcr ua ja jk mj kosJk aüekjos mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y sj icsc ja kcs pàrm`mcs por eorr`jatjs pcrãs`tcs (Fouecukm). Jstj fcetor ck euck kkcbcrjbos H ZK ao mjij eoafuam`rsj eoa jk fcetor H mj EJAJKJE y ao pujmj jbpkjcrsj eobo fcetor mj mjprje`ce`õa mj kc potjae`c mjk trcasforbcmor, pujs t`jaj vckorjs rjkct`vcbjatj cktos. a HZK 2 ∓ n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 9 (=. 56) 9 C tât tâtuko uko mj jlj jljbpk bpkoo kc tci tcikc kc =.9 buj bujstr strcc ua eãk eãkeuk eukoo mj kos fce fcetor torjs js HEJAJKJE y HZK, luato eoa ua fcetor FU quj mc ua âam`ej mj kcs pàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s. Kos vckorjs tobcmos ja m`enc tcikc soa vckorjs tâp`eos pcrc ua eoavjrt`mor mj 6 puksos eoa rjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo rjm mj ua = %. ]cikc =.3. Eãkeuko pàrm`mcs Mctos n @n n ´ (@n / @3) n9 ´ (@n / @rbs)9 nq ´ (@n / @3)9 3 377,77 3, 7 7 7 ,0 9 : 9 : 97,77 3, 7 7 7, 0 9: 9 7, 6 34 7 : 4 3=,90 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , :: 4 > 4 33 0,70 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , => 4 3 33 35 4,60 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , =6 5 5 35 34 :,>> 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , =9 4 = 34 30 :,96 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , =3 5 = 30 n 3 = WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 354 ]cikc =.9. Fcetorjs HEJAJKJE, HZK y FU, quj `am`eca kc rjmuee`õa mj potjae`c ja trcasforbcmorjs Vckorjs ajejscr`os< (q 2 3,4), 3,4), ( j 2 7,5) 7,5) a 9 ∓ (n´@ @rbs 2 375,06 / @ 3 ) 2 9,6: 9 n n 23 n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 9 2 6,=> n q ( @ n / @3 ) 9 2 9,066 ∓ ∓ H EJAJKJE 2 3 + j 3 +j 9 .∓ n .( @ n / @ 3 ) q n 29 9 2 3,5 @ FU FU 2 ∓ n n 2 9,6: @3 n 23 ∑ H Z K 2 ∓ n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 92 6,=> n 23 =.0 Fk`ehjr ]ck eobo sj ncmj`am`ecmo ja kcs mja`e`oajs `a`e`ckjs, jk `ehjr js uac eoasjeujae`c kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa, eoasjeujae`c qujjasjrjck`mcm bca`jstc iãs`ecbjatj ja forbc mj uetuce`oajs mj `atjas`mcm kub`aosc (pcrpcmjo) mjk ckubircmo. Kc ua`mcm mj bjm`mc kkcbcmc ‛âam`ej mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm‒, W, jstã icscmc ja ua bomjko i`okõd`eo mj kc pjrejpt`i`k`mcm mjk olo nubcao catj kcs uetuce`oajs mj kuz mj uac kãbpcrc jstãamcr mj `aecamjsejae`c mj 67 T. Kc bjm`mc mjk `ehjr sj oit`jaj mj kc bjm`mc mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa y mj ua proejscmo mj kc sjóck, quj sj `kustrc mj uac forbc jsqujbãt`ec ja kcs durcs =.3: =.3: y =. =.36. 36. Uj b`mj jk vckor jecz mj ecmc bjm`o pjrâomo y sj eobputca kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa jatrj sjb`e`ekos, rjr`àamokcs ck vckor jecz probjm`o ∆Z/ Z/Z Zjf-probjm . Mj jstj eãkeuko sj oit`jaj uac `aforbce`õa mj kc vcr`ce`õa rjkct`vc mj kc tjas`õa. Ao oistcatj, ao tomcs kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa soa `duckbjatj pjrejpt`ikjs por jk olo nubcao ja tàrb`aos mj vcr`ce`õa mj `kub`ace`õa, por jkko m`encs uetuce`oajs sj mjseobpoaja ja ua jspjetro mj frjeujae`cs quj vc mj 7,: Nz c 57 Nz y sj mc ua pjso m`st`ato c ecmc frjeujae`c. Jk bãx`bo pjso eorrjspoamj c uac uetuce`õa mj tjas`õa mj >,> Nz. Mj kos vckorjs mj uetuce`õa poamjrcmos sjdüa kc frjeujae`c sj oit`jaj ua aujvo vckor jecz totck, quj uac vjz probjm`cmo c ko kcrdo mj 37 b`autos, `am`ec jk âam`ej mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm pcrc t`jbpos eortos, kkcbcmo Wst. = Uj eoas`mjrc quj jk `ehjr js pjrejpt`ikj pcrc Wst 1 3. Wcrc pjrâomos kcrdos sj usc ua probjm`cmo mj tjrejr ormja mj kos Wst murcatj mos norcs (39 vckorjs), oitja`àamosj jk pcrãbjtro Wkt , mja`mo por kc jeuce`õa (=.54). WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 35> F`d. =.3:. Eõbputo mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa c jfjetos mj `ehjr F`d. =.36. Woamjrce`õa mj kcs m`st`atcs frjeujae`cs mj uetuce`õa c jfjetos mj jvckuce`õa mjk `ehjr. 39 5 Wkt 2 ∓ Wst`5 (=. 54) ` 23 39 U j e o a s ` m j r c p u j s q u j W st 2 3 j s j k u b i r c k m j p j r e j p t ` i ` k ` m c m m j k o lo n u bc a o . W c rc t j a j r u a c `m j c m j k o rm j a m j bc d a `t u m q u j j st o rj p rj sj a t c j a t à rb`a o s m j f ku et u c e`õ a m j kc t j a s`õ a m `rj bo s quj c kc frjeujae`c mj bãx`bc pjrejpt`i`k`mcm, js mje`r c >,> Nz, uac f ku et u c e`õ a eo bo kc m j kc f `d u rc = . : . m j 7 , 9 : % , m c râ c u a W s t 2 3 . Eobo sj vj, sj trctc mj uetuce`oajs buy mài`kjs. Kc durc =.34 `am`ec kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa quj djajrca ua Wst 2 3, kâb`tj eoas`mjrcmo eobo ubirck tokjrcikj, sjdüa su frjeujae`c mj rjpjt`e`õa. = Kc vjrmcm js quj soirj jk tjbc ‛`ehjr‒ y sus kâb`tjs ncy uac drca eoafus`õa y, c aujstro jatjamjr, sj nca eobjt`mo jrrorjs mj aorbck`zce`õa `bportcatjs. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 350 F`d. =.34. Fkuetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa quj djajrca Wst 2 3, sjdüa su frjeujae`c mj uetuce`õa Ja pr`bjr kudcr porquj jk ckubircmo mj `aecamjsejae`c ao js prje`scbjatj jk bãs ciuamcatj y ja sjduamo kudcr porquj c kc norc mj jstcikjejr kâb`tjs, sj nc eoafuam`mo jk ubirck mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm, Wst 2 3, eoa jk kâb`tj mj tokjrcae`c y kos eob`tàs mj rjdkcbjatce`õa nca lcmo jk vckor ua`mcm eobo kâb`tj pcrc rjmjs `amustr`ckjs, m`fâe`k jk eubpk`b`jato ja jk ecso mj mjtjrb`acmcs kâajcs mj iclcnce`jamo potjae`cbuy mj eortoe`reu`to. Wroicikjbjatj ncirâc tja`mo ua sjat`mo fâs`eo bãs ekcro s` sj ncikcrc mj uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa c mjtjrb`acmcs frjeujae`cs o eoa mjtjrb`acmos pctroajs mj bomukce`õa, pjro `aekuso kc ua`mcm jkjd`mc js ua tàrb`ao eoa ua s`da`ecmo fâs`eo eoafuso y kos mctos oitja`mos mj bjm`e`oajs ao fce`k`tca jk eãkeuko mj sokue`oajs ja ecso mj quj uac `astckce`õa ao eubpkc eoa kos kâb`tjs. =.37 Aorbcs rjkct`vcs c pjrturice`oajs ja kc rjm Vcr`os ordca`sbos ace`oackjs j `atjrace`oackjs nca jstcikje`mo aorbcs quj `am`eca kos a`vjkjs cejptcikjs pjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c ja rjmjsc `amustr`ckjs y mobàst`ecs. Kcmjbcyorâc mj aorbcs Juropjcs rjfjrjatjs pjrturice`oajs mj rjm nca s`mo rjeod`mcs por EJAJKJE y t`jaja eobo icsj kcs rjeobjamce`oajs mj @JE y mjk eob`tà E@UWY. Jstcs aorbcs sj nca cdrupcmo ja kcs puik`ece`oajs crboa`zcmcs eoa rjfjrjae`c JA-63777, eoa m`st`atcs pcrtjs mjm`ecmcs c kos s`du`jatjs tjbcs< Wcrtj 3< Djajrck`mcmjs • Eoas`mjrce`oajs djajrckjs (`atromuee`õa, pr`ae`p`os iãs`eos) = WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec • Mja`e`oajs, tjrb`aokodâc Wcrtj 9< Jatorao • Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao • Ekcs`ece`õa mjk jatorao • A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm 3=7 Wcrtj 5< Kâb`tjs • Kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa • Kâb`tjs mj `abua`mcm Wcrtj =< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo y mj bjm`mc • ]àea`ecs mj bjm`mc • ]àea`ecs mj jascyo Wcrtj :< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa • Duâcs mj `astckce`õa • Bàtomos y m`spos`t`vos mj ctjauce`õa Wcrtj 6< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs Wcrtj 0< Vcr`os C eo eoat` at`auc auce` e`õa õa pr prjs jsja jatcb tcbos os ua eu eucmr cmroo rj rjsu subj bjaa mj kc kcss ao aorb rbcs cs qu qujj nj njbo boss eoas`mjrcmo bãsjstc `bportcatjs, tomo kcs mj jxncust`vo, ãbi`to juropjo y jspcóok, rjkce`oacmcs eoa tjbãt`ec. soirj Jk rjsubja ao js y sj nca ob`t`mo tomcs kcs aorbcs rjfjrjatjs c tjbcs mj JBE mj cktc frjeujae`c. ]àadcsj ja eujatc cmjbãs quj jstj t`po mj mctos t`jaja uac v`djae`c rjkct`vcbjatj eortc, y quj cüa s`jamo eorrjetos ja jk bobjato mj kc jm`e`õa mj jstj tjxto, sj eoav`jrtja ja oisokjtos ck ecio mj ua cóo por kc eoastcatj m`aãb`ec mj djajrce`õa y bom`ece`õa mj aorbcs. Wcrc tjajr `aforbce`õa cetuck`zcmc mjk tjbc ceoasjlcbos ck kjetor quj eoasuktj kcs aorbcs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm mj kc sjr`j 63.777 ja kcs wji mj EJAJKJE ( nttp<//www.ejajkje.ju ), @JE ( nttp<// www.`je.en) o CJAOY ( nttp<//www.cjaor.js), moamj pujmj jaeoatrcr ua âam`ej eoastcatjbjatj cetuck`zcmo mj kcs aorbcs v`djatjs. C eo at at`a `a uc uce` e` õa sj mc ua uacc k` st c rj su subj bj a mj kc kcss pr pr`a `a e` e`pc pckj kj s Ao Aorb rb cs so soir irjj pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs, v`djatjs ja 977>. Aorbcs JA-@JE 63777-3-3< JBE< Djajrck`mcmjs y mja`e`oajs. JA-@JE 63777-3-9< Bjtomokodâc pcrc ckecazcr kc sjdur`mcm fuae`oack frjatj c JBE. JA-@JE 63777-3-= Jm. 3.7 J 9EM< Yce`oack`zce`õa pcrc k`b`tcr pjrturice`oajs crbõa`ecs j `atjrcrbõa`ecs mj eorr`jatjs ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`c ncstc 0 hNz. = JA-@JE 63777-9-3< Jatorao. Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao jkjetrobcdaàt`eo pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c y trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kc rjm jkàetr`ec mj I]. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3=3 JA-@JE 63777-9-9< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c y kc trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj sub`a`stro püik`eo ja iclc tjas`õa. JA-@JE 63777-9-5< Jatorao. Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao - Fjaõbjaos rcm`cmos y eoamue`mos c frjeujae`cs m`st`atcs mj kcs mj kc rjm. JA-@JE 63777-9-=< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs. JA-@JE 63777-9-:< Jatorao. Ekcs`ece`õa mj kos jatoraos jkjetrobcdaàt`eos - Wuik`ece`õa iãs`ec. JA-@JE 63777-9-6< Jatorao. Jvckuce`õa mj a`vjkjs mj jb`s`õa mj pjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c ja kc rjm mj pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs. JA-@JE/]Y 63777-9->< Jatorao. Iclcmcs mj tjas`õa j `atjrrupe`oajs eortcs ja kc rjm püik`ec. Jstum`o jstcmâst`eo. JA-@JE 63777-9-39< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c y trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kc rjm jkàetr`ec mj B]. JA-@JE 63777-5-9< K`b`tjs. K`b`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj eorr`jatj pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭ 36 C por fcsj. JA-@JE 63777-5-5< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa y mjk `ehjr ja rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc kos jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭36 C por fcsj. JA-@JE 63777-5-5-cb3< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa, uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa y `ehjr ja kcs rjmjs püik`ecs mj sub`a`stro mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭ 36 C por fcsj y ao suljtos c uac eoajx`õa eoam`e`oack. JA-@JE 63777-5-=< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj cs`dacmc supjr`or c 36 C. JA-@JE 63777-5-:< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa y mjk `ehjr ja rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc kos jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc supjr`or c 36 C. JA-@JE 63777-5-6< Kâb`tjs. Vckorce`õa mj kos kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa pcrc ecrdcs m`stors`oacatjs ja B] y C]. Aorbc iãs`ec. JA-@JE 63777-5-4< Kâb`tjs. Vckorce`õa mj kos kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa pcrc ecrdcs uetucatjs ja B] y C]. Aorbc iãs`ec. JA-@JE 63777-5->< Kâb`tjs. ]rcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja `astckce`oajs mj I]. A`vjkjs mj jb`s`õa, icamcs mj frjeujae`c y a`vjkjs mj pjrturice`õa. JA-@JE 63777-5-0 Jm. 3.7 J WT@< Kâb`tjs mj eorr`jatjs `atjrcrbõa`ecs ja jqu`pos eoa @ ≭ 36C. JA-@JE 63777-5-37 Jm. 3.7 J WT@< Kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`cs mj 9 c 0 hNz. JA-@JE 63777-5-3 63777-5-333< Kâb`tjs. Kâb`tjs mj kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa, uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa yjatrcmc `ehjr ≭ja4:kcs C. rjmjs püik`ecs mj ck`bjatce`õa mj iclc tjas`õa. Jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj JA-@JE 63777-5-39< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭ 4: C, suljtos c eoajx`õa rjstr`ad`mc. JA-@JE 63777-=-3< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. V`s`õa mj eoaluato mj kc sjr`j EJ@ 63777-=. JA-@JE 63777-=-=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kos trcas`tor`os jkàetr`eos rãp`mos ja rãfcdcs. JA-@JE 63777-=-:< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kcs oamcs mj enoquj. = JA-@JE 63777-=-6< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. @abua`mcm c pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs, `amue`mcs por ecbpos mj rcm`ofrjeujae`c. WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3=9 JA-@JE 63777-=-6 Cbm.3< Mjaj uac aujvc m`spos`e`õa pcrc jqu`pos mj drca vokubja. JA-@JE 63777-=-4< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bjm`mc j `astrubjatce`õa pcrc bjm`mc mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos ja kc rjm. JA-@JE 63777-=->< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyo mj `abua`mcm c kos ecbpos bcdaàt`eos c frjeujae`c `amustr`ck. JA-@JE 63777-=-33< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kos nujeos mj tjas`õa, `atjrrupe`oajs irjvjs y vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa. JA-@JE 63777-=-35< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c iclc frjeujae`c mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos `aekuyjamo kcs sjóckjs trcasb`t`mcs ja kos ceejsos mj ck`bjatce`õa ja eorr`jatj cktjrac. JA-@JE 63777-=-3=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa. JA-@JE 63777-=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bjm`mor mj Fk`ehjr. Jspje`ece`oajs fuae`oackjs y mj m`sjóo. JA-@JE 63777-=-36< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs ja bomo eobüa, ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`cs mj 7 Nz c 3:7 hNz. JA-@JE 63777-=-34< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kc oamukce`õa rjs`muck ja kc jatrcmc mj potjae`c ja eorr`jatj eoat`auc. JA-@JE 63777-=-94< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm frjatj c mjsjqu`k`ir`os. JA-@JE 63777-=-9>< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kc vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c mj ck`bjatce`õa. JA-@JE 63777-=-90< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kos nujeos mj tjas`õa, `atjrrupe`oajs irjvjs y vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa ja kos ceejsos mj ck`bjatce`õa ja eorr`jatj eoat`auc. JA-@JE 63777-=-57< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. JA-@JE 63777-=-55< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj trcas`tor`os mj cktc potjae`c. JA-@JE 63777-=-5=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyo mj `abua`mcm c nujeos mj tjas`õa, `atjrrupe`oajs eortcs y vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa @ 1 36 C. Wuik`ece`õa iãs`ec. JA-@JE 63777-:-3< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Eoas`mjrce`oajs djajrckjs. Wuik`ece`õa iãs`ec. JA-@JE 63777-:-9< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Wujstc c t`jrrc y ecikjcmo. JA-@JE 63777-:-6< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. B`t`dce`õa mj pjrturice`oajs JB@ jxtjracs. JA-@JE 63777-:-4< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Drcmos mj protjee`õa propore`oacmos por kcs javokvjatjs eoatrc kcs pjrturice`oajs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs (Eõm`do JB). JA-@JE 63777-6-3< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. @abua`mcm ja jatoraos rjs`mjae`ckjs, eobjre`ckjs y mj `amustr`c k`djrc. JA-@JE 63777-6-9< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. @abua`mcm ja jatoraos `amustr`ckjs. JA-@JE 63777-6-5< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. Aorbc mj jb`s`õa pcrc jatorao rjs`mjae`ck, eobjre`ck j `amustr`c k`djrc. JA-@JE 63777-6-=< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. Aorbc mj jb`s`õa pcrc jatoraos `amustr`ckjs. JA-@JE 63777-6-:< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. @abua`mcm pcrc kos jatoraos mj ejatrckjs jkàetr`ecs y suijstce`oajs. = JA 679>0< Yjcetcae`cs pcrc ktros y k`b`tce`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj eortoe`reu`to WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3=5 @JE 636=9< Yjmjs `amustr`ckjs cfjetcmcs por crbõa`eos< Cpk`ece`õa mj ktros y eoamjascmorjs @JJJ Utm :30< Yjeobjamce`õa soirj kâb`tjs mj crbõa`eos crbõa`eos ja ZUC ZUC @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9< Aorbcs mj promueto mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos. M`rjet`vc 977=/37>< M`rjet`vc Juropjc mj Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec. M`cr`o Oe`ck mj kcs Eobua`mcmjs Juropjcs mj 53/39/977=. @JE 67>53-3 < Eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c cuto-rjdjajrcikjs ncstc 3777 V. V. Duâc mj `astckce`õa. @JE 67>43< Eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c pcrc rjmjs mj tjas`õa supjr`or c 667 V. Wcrtj 3< Duâc mj `astckce`õa8 Wcrtj 9< ]jst mj jamurcae`c. ZAJ 97.:70->:/3, ZAJ 97.:70-07/9, ZAJ 97.:70-07/5, jqu`vckjatjs c E@UWY 3>-3, 3>-9 y 3>-5< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kcs kâajcs y cpcrcbjatc mj cktc tjas`õa rjkct`vcs c kcs pjrturice`oajs rcm`ojkàetr`ecs. Aotc< kos tjxtos ao rjjlca jk tâtuko oe`ck mj kc aorbc s`ao quj rjsubja su eoatja`mo. =.33 Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos mcmo ua rjpcso c kos pr`ae`pckjs t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs quj cfjetca c kc rjm jkàetr`ec. Njbos `am`ecmo euãk js su pos`ikj or`dja y ckduacs `mjcs rjkct`vcs c kc forbc mj bjm`rkcs, quj sjrãa cbpk`cmcs ja jk ecpâtuko :. Njbos `as`st`mo ja kc m`st`ae`õa jatrj pjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c y kcs mj cktc frjeujae`c, mjaob`acmcs JB@, euyo jstum`o ao js jk oiljto pr`ae`pck mj jstj tjxto. Wcrc pomjr m`st`adu`rkcs ja kc prãet`ec njbos mcmo uac sjr`j mj `am`ece`oajs soirj kos jfjetos quj eciâc jspjrcr mj ecmc t`po mj pjrturice`õa y njbos `atjatcmo eucat`ecr m`enos jfjetos. Njbos v`sto kc potjae`c mj m`stors`õa kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos mjquj eorr`jatj jbpjorc jk fcetor mjprovoecmc potjae`c por mj kcs `astckce`oajs mj forbc caãkodc c eobo suejmâc eoa kc potjae`c rjcet`vc. Kcs pr`ae`pckjs eoasjeujae`cs mj jsto soa ua pjor cprovjencb`jato mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj mj jajrdâc, ko euck oik`dc c soirjm`bjas`oacrko y eobportc tcbi`àa pàrm`mcs cm`e`oackjs ja m`eno s`stjbc. = Sujmca tomcvâc uac sjr`j mj tjbcs por trctcr eobo soa kcs tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc, quj sjrãa jstum`cmcs eoa e`jrto mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko : y kos tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc pjajtrce`õa mj crbõa`eos ja kc rjm, kos jfjetos mj kcs rjsoacae`cs, kcs forbcs mj ktrcr o ctjaucr mjtjrb`acmos crbõa`eos, eõbo trctcr kos crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj trjs ja rjmjs eoa eoasubos boaofãs`eos, jte. ]omo jkko sjrã WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3== ciormcmo eoa bcyor mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko 0. =.39 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-:7367-73 y Eorr`djamub 977= 8 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc por kcs rjmjs djajrckjs mj m`str`iue`õa8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). Aorbcs ZAJ-JA-63777 X9R 9-3 cja9-=)8Eobpct`i`k`mcm Wcrtj 9< Jatorao. EJAJKJE(Wcrtjs (M`str`iuyj Jspcóc CJAOY). Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-578Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo y bjm`mc< Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj kc eck`mcm mj kc ck`bjatce`õa8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). X=R Ickejkks L., Mcurc F., Jspcrzc Y., Wckkãs Y., @atjrfjrjae`cs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs ja s`stjbcs jkjetrõa`eos. Bcreobio (3009). X:R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-4< Eobpct`i`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàt`ec (EJB). Wcrtj =< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo y mj bjm`mc. Ujee`õa 4< Duâc djajrck rjkct`vc c kcs bjm`mcs mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos, csâ eobo c kos cpcrctos mj bjm`mc, cpk`ecikj c(M`str`iuyj kcs rjmjsja mjJspcóc ck`bjatce`õa y c kos cpcrctos eoajetcmos c àstcs8 EJAJKJE CJAOY). X6R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-98 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatj crbõa`ec (Jqu`pos pcrc @ ; 36 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). X4R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-=8 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs mj I] pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj cs`dacmc @136 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj (M `str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). X>R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-398 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs promue`mcs por kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kcs rjmjs püik`ecs mjja I]Jspcóc eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc 1 36 C y ; 4: C por fcsj8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj CJAOY). X0R Crr`kkcdc L., Jdu`kuz K.@., Crbõa`eos ja s`stjbcs mj potjae`c. Ujrv`e`o mj Wuik`ece`oajs Za`vjrs`mcm mj Ecatcir`c. = WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm : BJM@MC P YJD@U]YO MJ BCDA@]ZMJU JKÀE]Y@ECU :.3 @atromuee`õa Ja buencs oecs`oajs, kc fcktc mj `aforbce`õa `bp`mj rjsokvjr proikjbcs ja kc rjm jkàetr`ec y opt`b`zcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec ja kos s`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kcs eoasjeujae`cs quj sj sujkja mjr`vcr mj jstos proikjbcs ao mjtjetcmos c t`jbpo soa pcros `atjbpjst`vos mj kc promuee`õa y uso `aje`jatj mj kc jajrdâc . Wcrc jv`tcr t`po mj proikjbcs, usucr`o mjij m`spoajr soirj jk jstcmo mj susjstj `astckce`oajs (tjas`õa,jkeorr`jatjs, potjae`c üt`kmjy mctos potjae`c eoasub`mc, jte.). Csâ pujs, ua cspjeto jsjae`ck pcrc pomjr jstum`cr euckqu`jr rjm jkàetr`ec js jk mj m`spoajr mj `astrubjatos ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjd`strcr kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj kc b`sbc. Ja jfjeto kc bjm`mc js ajejscr`c pcrc quj jk opjrcmor eoaozec jk jstcmo mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, pcrc pomjr eoatrokcr kc eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro, pcrc eucat`ecr kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, pcrc eoatrokcr kcs puatcs mj eoasubo, jte. Cetuckbjatj, kc dcbc dcb c mj `astrubjatos `amustr`ckjs m`spoa`ikjs pcrc rjck`zcr jstc fuae`õa vc mjsmj kos ekãs`eos `am`ecmorjs mj cdulc, pcscamo por kos `am`ecmorjs m`d`tckjs ncstc kkjdcr c kos cack`zcmorjs bãs sof`st`ecmos quj pjrb`tja ao sõko bjm`r, s`ao rjd`strcr mctos tjas`õamj, eorr`jatj , eoasubo mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs eoa mj s`stjbcs m`spcro (‛tr`ddjr‒) bãsy oecpturcr bjaos sof`st`ecmos. Kc pos`i`k`mcm mj rjd`strcr y ecpturcr mjtjrb`acmos jvjatos js jsjae`ck pcrc pomjr m`spoajr mj mctos c kc norc mj m`cdaost`ecr ua proikjbc. Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos ejatrcrjbos ja kc `astrubjatce`õa mj t`po jkjetrotàea`eo j `amustr`ck, eoa ecrcetjrâst`ecs buy m`fjrjae`cmcs mj otros `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc pcrc uso ja jkjetrõa`ec o pcrc kciorctor`os. Kcs ajejs`mcmjs jsjae`ckjs pcrc jstj t`po mj `astrubjatos soa< bjm`r eoa uac prje`s`õa rczoacikj, eoa frjeujae`cs mj bujstrjo rjkct`vcbjatj iclcs, pjro b`m`jamo s`buktãajcbjatj kos sj`s u oeno ecackjs mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa `amustr`ck (trjs tjas`oajs y trjs eorr`jatjs y jvjatuckbjatj kc tjas`õa ajutro-t`jrrc y kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro) y eckeukcr pcrãbjtros iãs`eos eobo potjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc , fcetorjs mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o, crbõa`eos Ujvjrjbos eoas`mjrcck quj ja jkckduaos s`stjbcmj tr`fãs`eo ncy bãs mjbcs :7 pcrãbjtros, c`ehjr, bjm`rjte. eobo jstum`cr kos `astrubjatos eobpkjtos quj sj prjsjatca ja jstj ecpâtuko ( EVB , CY.:, jte.). : Wor otro kcmo, js buy `bportcatj kc ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros. Jsto pjrb`tj ducrmcr n`stõr`eos y vjr jk eobportcb`jato mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo c postjr`or` , s`a jstcr pjam`jatj mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc. Wjro c kc vjz, jk rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs pkcatjc jk proikjbc mj bcajlcr y prjsjatcr kc drca ecat`mcm mj mctos quj ua `astrubjato pujmj mcr. mcr. Wcrc jk trctcb`jato mj jstos mctos js jsjae`ck quj kos `astrubjatos m`spoadca mj eobua`ece`õa eoa ua ormjacmor ejatrck y pomjr eoatcr eoa ua soportj `aforbãt`eo eoas`stjatj ja prodrcbcs UECMC quj pjrb`tca prjsjatcr kos mctos mj forbc bãs eoamjascmc pcrc jk opjrcmor, bjm`catj drãeos, `am`ece`oajs mj ckcrbc, jte. y ao tca sõko bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3=6 jsto, s`ao quj jk prop`o `astrubjato sjc ecpcz mj mcr õrmjajs mj eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj mjtjrb`acmos `atjrruptorjs, iclo eoam`e`oajs mj ckcrbc o ja mjtjrb`acmcs eoam`e`oajs mj fuae`oacb`jato. Kc durc :.3. bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj ua s`stjbc bomjrao mj bjm`mc y eoatrok mj rjmjs `amustr`ckjs, motcmo mj kcs prjstce`oajs `am`ecmcs catjr`orbjatj. F`d. :.3.- U`stjbc mj bjm`mc bjm`mc y eoatrok mj mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec mj mj m`str`iue`õa Otro cspjeto quj buencs vjejs pcsc mjscpjre`i`mo js jk mj kos sjasorjs mj bjm`mc, djajrckbjatj trcasforbcmorjs o m`v`sorjs mj tjas`õa, quj eoast`tuyja jk `atjrfcz jatrj jk cpcrcto mj bjm`mc y jk s`stjbc c bjm`r. Wor poajr ua jljbpko, iuja ccpcrcto mj ua bjm`mc pjrmjrã sus bjm`mcWor mj eorr`jatj ua sj ncej trcvàs mj trcasforbcmor eoaprjstce`oajs ua drca jrrors`mjkc ãaduko. jkko mjm`ecrjbos ua cpcrtcmo ck jstum`o mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj. C ko kcrdo mjk ecpâtuko, rjpcscrjbos kos cspjetos bãs `bportcatjs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, icscmo ja jk jbpkjo mj `astrubjatce`õa mj t`po jkjetrõa`eo m`d`tck. Kos ekãs`eos `astrubjatos mj cdulc, qujmca cetuckbjatj rjkjdcmos c cpk`ece`oajs mj buy iclo eostj y ao pjrb`tja fãe`kbjatj jk rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs, por ko quj sõko kjs mjm`ecrjbos ua pjqujóo cpcrtcmo pcrc pomjr eobpcrcr sus `am`ece`oajs eoa rjspjeto c kcs mj kos `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs bomjraos. :.9 @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos Ca tcóo Catc óo,, ja ko koss eu eucm cmro ross jk jkàe àetr tr`e `eos os,, sj so sokâkâca ca `a `ast stck ckcr cr m` m`vj vjrs rsos os `a `ast stru rubj bjat atos os (voktâbjtro, cbpjrâbjtro, vctâbjtro, jte.), quj bjmâca ecmc uao ua pcrãbjtro jkàetr`eo (tjas`õa, eorr`jatj, potjae`c, jte.). Jstos jqu`pos tjaâca mos drcamjs k`b`tce`oajs< Ao soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r bãs quj vckorjs bjm`os o jecejs y por ko tcato ao `am`eca acmc cejrec mj kc eck`mcm mj oamc • : Ao soa ecpcejs mj rjd`strcr kos vckorjs bjm`mos y por tcato uac vjz trcaseurr`mo ua fjaõbjao ao qujmc rjd`stro mj àk. • bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3=4 Kc rjspujstc jrc rjkct`vcbjatj kjatc por ko quj, `aekuso ja kos `astrubjatos eoa `am`ece`õa mj bãx`bo, ao sj pomâc dcrcat`zcr quj àstj fujsj ecpturcmo s` su murce`õa jrc buy eortc. • Ja kc cetuck`mcm sj pujmja m`st`adu`r mos drcamjs drupos mj `astrubjatce`õa pcrc kc bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos< kc `astrubjatce`õa cackõd`ec y kc `astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck, jstc ükt`bc icscmc ja e`reu`tos e`r eu`tos jkjetrõa`eos, djajrckbjatj motcmos mj uac pcrtj cackõd`ec mj cmcptce`õa mj sjóck y uac pcrtj m`d`tck mj proejscmo y jvjatuckbjatj mj rjd`stro mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs. Mjatro mj kc dcbc mj `astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck, jaeoatrcbos uac drca vcr`jmcm mj cack`zcmorjs, quj mjpjam`jamo mj prjstce`oajs. kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj bjm`mc, o mjk t`po mj cpk`ece`õa, propore`oaca m`st`atcs :.9.3 @astrubjatce`õa cackõd`ec Kos `astrubjatos cackõd`eos jstãa forbcmos por ua e`reu`to trcasmuetor, quj eoav`jrtj kc bcda`tum c bjm`r ja uac eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec y ua `am`ecmor quj ja tomos kos ecsos js ua dckvcaõbjtro (bjm`mor (bjm`mor mj eorr`jatj). Jk dckvcaõbjtro jstã jstã icscmo ja kc mjsv`ce`õa mj uac cdulc por jfjeto mj ecbpo bcdaàt`eo erjcmo por jk pcso mj eorr`jatj por ua ioi`acmo mjk b`sbo. Wcrc kc `am`ece`õa mj euckqu`jr otrc bcda`tum quj ao sjc uac eorr`jatj, mjij eoavjrt`rsj m`enc bcda`tum ja uac eorr`jatj propore`oack cmb`s`ikj pcrc jk dckvcaõbjtro. Csâ por jljbpko, ja jk ecso mj ua voktâbjtro ncy quj eokoecr uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j mj vckor jkjvcmo y ja jk ecsopcrc mj ua cbpjrâbjtro eorr`jatj jkjvcmc ncy quj eokoecr uac rjs`stjae`c snuat mjr`vcr pcrtj mjeoa kc eorr`jatj. Womjbos m`st`adu`r vcr`os t`pos iãs`eos mj `astrubjatos cackõd`eos sjdüa su pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato< • Mj n`jrro bõv`k. • Mj ioi`ac bõv`k. • I`bjtãk`eos • M`fjrjae`ckjs mj `amuee`õa • Mj kãb`acs. Kos bãs iãs`eos soa kos mj n`jrro bõv`k y kos mj ioi`ac bõv`k y kos i`bjtãk`eos, pjro jx`stja m`vjrscs mj vcr`catjs e`reu`to eoa kos `am`ecmorjs ioi`aceobi`acamo bõv`k.. Kc ckdüa f`durc pjqujóo :.9 bujstrc kosjkjetrõa`eo sâbiokos jbpkjcmos ja kos `astrubjatos, sjdüa jk pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3=> F`d. :.9.- Uâbiokos mj cpcrctos cpcrctos mj bjm`mc sjdüa su pr`ae`p`o pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato. @astrubjatos mj N`jrro bõv`k< Kos `astrubjatos mj n`jrro bõv`k jstãa icscmos ja jk pr`ae`p`o mj `amuee`õa (eobo kos botorjs mj lcukc). Kc eorr`jatj c bjm`r pcsc por uac ioi`ac, jstc `amuej otrc eorr`jatj soirj ua aüekjo mj n`jrro sok`mcr`o c kc cdulc y kc fujrzc mj rjpuks`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj pr`ae`pck y kcs eorr`jatjs `amue`mcs ncej mjsv`cr kc cdulc. Jstj t`po mj `astrubjato js cpto sõko pcrc eorr`jatj cktjrac y b`mj su vckor jecz (YBU), pujsto quj kc fujrzc js propore`oack ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj. ]`jaja jk `aeoavja`jatj mj su fcktc mj k`ajck`mcm, eoa ua `a`e`o mj jseckc eobpr`b`mo. @astrubjatos mjmj Ioi`ac bõv`k<jaKos mj ioi`ac bõv`k jstãa ja kc mjsv`ce`õa uac ioi`ac jk `astrubjatos `atjr`or mjk ecbpo bcdaàt`eo erjcmoicscmos por ua `bãa. B`mja eorr`jatj eoat`auc y mca uac `am`ece`õa propore`oack ck vckor bjm`o mj kc b`sbc, eoa uac jseckc icstcatj k`ajck Mji`mo c kc e`tcmc k`ajck`mcm, jstos `astrubjatos pujmja ut`k`zcrsj y mj njeno sj ut`k`zca pcrc bjm`r tjas`oajs o eorr`jatjs cktjracs, pjro àstcs mjija sjr prjv`cbjatj rjet`ecmcs. Ao oistcatj, kc bjm`mc sjrã s`jbprj mj vckor bjm`o y por tcato, pcrc `am`ecr vckor jecz mj bcda`tumjs cktjracs mjij cpk`ecrsj ua e`jrto fcetor mj jseckc y kc bjm`mc sõko sjrã prje`sc s` àstj sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj (djajrckbjatj sõko pcrc tjas`õa o eorr`jatj o tjas`õa purcbjatj sjao`mckjs, moamj kc rjkce`õa jatrj vckor jecz y vckor bjm`o mj kc rjet`ecmc sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj ja ua vckor mj 3,33). Ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos, por jljbpko, kc `am`ece`õa mj vckor jecz sjrâc jrrõajc. @astrubjatos I`bjtãk`eos< Kos `astrubjatos i`bjtck`kkos sj icsca ja kc m`fjrjae`c mj m`kctce`õa mj mos t`pos mj bjtck ck eckjatcrsj por jfjeto Loukj ck pcso mj kc eorr`jatj. (Wotjae`c eckorâec2 ). Uoa cptos tcato pcrc eorr`jatj cktjrac eobo pcrc eorr`jatj eoat`auc o pcrc eobi`ace`õa mj cbics, `am`ecamo jk vckor jecz, yc quj, eobo ja jk ecso mj kos mj n`jrro bõv`k, kc mjsv`ce`õa js propore`oack ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj. Jstj t`po mj `astrubjatos t`jaja ckduaos proikjbcs mj k`ajck`mcm y mj jrrorjs ck vcr`cr kc tjbpjrcturc cbi`jatj. : @astrubjatos mj @amuee`õa m`fjrjae`ckjs< Jk pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato js `màat`eo c kos mj n`jrro bõv`k, pjro t`jaja mos ioi`acmos catcdõa`eos, mj forbc quj jk ecbpo rjsuktcatj js kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cbios. Uj ut`k`zca iãs`ecbjatj ja bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3=0 voktâbjtros m`fjrjae`ckjs pcrc s`aeroaoseop`os o `astrubjatos s`b`kcrjs. @astrubjatos mj kãb`acs< Uj jbpkjca jxekus`vcbjatj eobo frjeujaeâbjtros. Uj icsca ja kc v`irce`õa por rjsoacae`c mj uac sjr`j mj kãb`acs mj bjtck. @astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck< Kos `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs jstãa icscmos ja ua s`stjbc b`eroproejscmor motcmo mj ua s`stjbc eoavjrsor C/M (cackõd`eo / m`d`tck) pcrc kc cmqu`s`e`õa mj mctos. Jk m`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs djaàr`eo pcrc jstos `astrubjatos js jk quj sj bujstrc ja kc durc :.5. F`d. :.5.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs ikoqujs djaàr`eo mj ua `astrubjato `astrubjato mj bjm`mc m`d`tck m`d`tck Ckduaos mj kos ikoqujs quj sj nca rjprjs rjprjsjatcmo jatcmo ja m`enc durc pujmja jstcr cusjatjs. Csâ pomrjbos m`st`adu`r iãs`ecbjatj trjs ectjdorâcs mj `astrubjatos< @astrubjatos s`bpkjs. B`mja jk vckor mj uac üa`ec üa`ec vcr`cikj jkàetr`ec y kc bujstrca por m`spkcy. Ao t`jaja ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro a` mj eobua`ece`õa @astrubjatos eoa rjd`stro. B`mja bãs mj uac vcr`cikj, oit`jaja otrcs vcr`cikjs por eãkeuko y rjd`strca mjtjrb`acmos vckorjs, yc sjc pjr`õm`ecbjatj o doijracmos por ua ‛tr`ddjr‒. Djajrckbjatj tomo jkko js prodrcbcikj por ua tjekcmo. Kos vckorjs ecpturcmos sj sujkja ducrmcr ja uac bjbor`c `atjrac sckvcducrmcmc por uac ictjrâc o ja ua m`seo o uac bjbor`c eoa `atjrfcsj ZUI o mj otrc âamokj. Ao m`spoaja mj eobua`ece`oajs eoa jk jxtjr`or ja t`jbpo rjck, pjro sujkja m`spoajr mj ckdüa ecack mj eobua`ece`õa pcrc vce`cmo mj kos mctossârjd`strcmos. @astrubjatos eoa rjd`stro y eobua`ece`oajs. M`spoaja mj bjm`mc, eãkeukos y rjd`stro mj vcr`cikjs y cmjbãs cmjbãs m`spoaja mj ckdüa ckdüa s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa, eobua`ece`õa, djajrckbjatj eoa ua ormjacmor. Jsto pjrb`tj jk proejscb`jato mj mctos ja t`jbpo rjck (mjatro mj uaos uaos kâb`tjs mj rcp`mjz) y su `aeorporce`õa ja s`stjbcs s`stjbcs mj eoatrok. : Kc forbc eobüa ja tomos jkkos mj ecpturcr y proejscr kos mctos eoas`stj ja bujstrjcr kcs oamcs mj tjas`õa y/o mj eorr`jatj y oitjajr kos vckorjs `astcatãajos ja ecmc uao mj kos puatos mj bujstrjo. Kc durc :.= bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj jsqujbãt`ecbja tj eobo sj tobca kcs bujstrcs puatuckjs puatuckjs mj uac oamc sjao`mck. sjao`mck. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:7 Ja ecmc puato sj oit`jaj ua vckor aubàr`eo. Wostjr`orbjatj sj proejsca kos vckorjs aubàr`eos mj uao c vcr`os e`ekos, oitja`àamosj kos vckorjs jecejs, kcs potjae`cs j `aforbce`õa soirj soirj pjrturice`oajs mj tomo t`po. F`d. :.=.- Bujstrjo mj uac uac oamc Kos vckorjs `bportcatjs, quj mjf`aja kc rjsokue`õa y kc prje`s`õa mj ua `astrubjato m`d`tck soa kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo fs y jk aübjro mj i`ts, I, mj ecmc cmqu`s`e`õa puatuck. Ja kudcr mj kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo sj usc c vjejs su `avjrso, jk pjrâomo mj bujstrjo ]s o ja jk ecso mj bjm`mcs ja kc rjm, jk aübjro mj bujstrcs por e`eko, quj mjs`dacrjbos por A. C tâtâtu tuko ko mj jl jljb jbpk pko, o, kc kcss tc tcik ikcs cs :. :.33 y :. :.99 bu bujs jstr trca ca kc kcss pr pr`a `ae` e`pc pckj kjss vc vcr`r`ci cikj kjss bjm`mcs y kos por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm mj kc sjr`j EVB y kos mj eãkeukos kc fcb`k`ciãs`eos CY.: yrjck`zcmos SAC mj E@YEZ]OY . ]cikc :.3.- Wr`ae`pckjs vcr`cikjs bjm`mcs y eckeukcmcs por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm : Vcr`cikj (s) Uâbiokos ]`jbpo mj probjm`o Bjm`mc o Eãkeukos Vckorjs `astcatãajos mj tjas`õa u`3, u`9, u`5 @astcatãajo Vckorjs mj kcs tjas`oajs s`bpkjs. (Bjm`mos por bujstrjo) Vckorjs `astcatãajos mj eorr`jatj ``3, ``9, ``5 @astcatãajo Vckorjs mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj kâajc. (Bjm`mos por bujstrjo) Vckorjs jecejs mj tjas`õa Z3 , Z 9 , Z 5 ]BW ZF 2 Vckorjs jecejs mj eorr`jatj @ 3, @ 9, @ 5 ]BW @F 2 Wotjae`c cet`vc mj ecmc fcsj W3 , W 9 , W 5 ]BW Wotjae`c rjcet`vc mj ecmc fcsj WF 2 ]BW AW 3 AW Υ u9 AW ` 2 3 `F Υ `9 AW ` 2 3 `F 3 AW Υ u `F ``F AW ` 23 3 AW ∓ u .` AW ` 23 `F ( `F A / = ) ` (`-A/= ) 2 bujstrc tobcmc » mj pjrâomo catjs S S3 , S 9 , S 5 2 3 F bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec WF Fcetor mj potjae`c mj ecmc fcsj FW3 FW 9 FW 5 ]BW FWF Frjeujae`c f ]BW Bjm`mc ja kc oamc mj tjas`õa mj uac fcsj 2 3:3 ZF @F Aotcs< Kos vckorjs aubàr`eos 3, 9 y 5 sj rjjrja c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs. Jk suiâam`ej F sj rjjrj djaàr`ecbjatj c uac euckqu`jrc mj kcs fcsjs y jk suiâam`ej ` sj jbpkjc pcrc mjs`dacr djaàr`ecbjatj kcs bujstrcs mj uac oamc. ]BW js jk pjrâomo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo (ao eoafuam`r eoa jk pjrâomo mj rjd`stro mj probjm`os). AW js jk aübjro totck mj bujstrcs ja ]BW. ]cikc :.9.- Vcr`cikjs bjm`mcs y eckeuk eckeukcmcs cmcs por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos Vcr`cikj (s) Uâbiokos ]`jbpo mj probjm`o Bjm`mc o Eãkeukos ]jas`õa tr`fãs`ec probjm`o Zb ]BW Zb 2 Eorr`jatj tr`fãs`ec probjm`o @b ]BW Wotjae`c cet`vc tr`fãs`ec Wt ]BW Wt 2 W3 + W 9 + W 5 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc tr`fãs`ec St ]BW S t 2 S 3+ S 9+ S 5 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj tr`fãs`ec Ut ]BW U t 2 U 3+ U 9+ U 5 Fcetor mj potjae`c tr`fãs`eo FWt ]BW FWt 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc `amuet`vc mj ecmc fcsj SK3, SK9, SK5 ] BW @duck c S3, S9 y S5 , soko s` t`jaja s`dao pos`t`vo SE3, SE9, SE5 ] BW @duck c S3, S9 y S5 , soko s` t`jaja s`dao ajdct`vo Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ecpce`t`vc mj ecmc fcsj Jajrdâc cet`vc por fcsj : @b 2 Z3 + Z9 + Z5 5 @ 3+@ 9 +@ 5 5 Wt Ut ]C T´n3, T´n9, T´n5 ]C ´n F 2 Υ WF ]B ]BW W 7 Jajrdâc rjcet`vc t`po K por fcsj hvcr´n K3, hvcr´n K9, hvcr´n K5 Jajrdâc rjcet`vc t`po E por fcsj hvcr´n E3, hvcr´n E9, hvcr´n E5 ]C vcr K´ K´n nF 2 ]C Υ vcr K F ]BW F ]BW 7 ]C vcr E´n E´n F 2 ]C Υ vcr E 7 Aotcs< ]BW js jk pjrâomo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo (ao eoafuam`r eoa jk pjrâomo mj rjd`stro mj probjm`os). ]C js jk t`jbpo mj ceubukce`õa mj jajrdâc, mjsmj kc pujstc c ejro mj eoatcmorjs bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:9 ¡@bportcatj! Oisàrvjsj quj kc bcyor pcrtj mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs ao pujmja prjsjatcr ja m`spkcy a` rjd`strcr tomos kos vckorjs quj b`mja. Jatoaejs, tomos jkkos prjsjatca probjm`os mj bjm`mc murcatj e`jrtos `atjrvckos. Js por jkko quj jk pcrãbjtro ]BW (t`jbpo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo) t`jaj uac drca `bportcae`c pcrc pomjr eobpcrcr kos rjsuktcmos mj mjtjrb`acmcs bjm`mcs o `aekuso pcrc pomjr `atjrprjtcr m`enos rjsuktcmos, soirj tomo s` kc bcda`tum bjm`mc vcrâc murcatj jk `atjrvcko mj bjm`mc. Wcrc eobprjamjr kc `mjc vàcsj jk s`du`jatj jljbpko. Jljbpko< Uupoadcbos mos `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs< B3, eoa ua ]BW mj 3 sjduamo y B9 eoa ua ]BW mj : sjduamos. Uupoadcbos quj mjsjcbos eobpcrcr kos vckorjs jecejs mj uac tjas`õa bjm`mos por cbios `astrubjatos y quj m`enc tjas`õa t`jaj vcr`ce`oajs eoa `atjrvckos mj vcr`ce`õa `afjr`orjs c ua sjduamo. Js jv`mjatj quj kos vckorjs bostrcmos por cbios `astrubjatos ao soa eobpcrcikjs, pujsto quj b`jatrcs B9 bostrcrã ua vckor, B3 ncirã bostrcmo e`aeo. Womrâcbos pjascr quj jk probjm`o mj bjm`mcs mj B3 c ko kcrdo mj : sjduamos mjij eo`ae`m`r eoa kc kjeturc mj B9. Wujs i`ja, jsto ao sjrã csâ ja djajrck, pujsto quj jk vckor jecz ao pujmj probjm`crsj eoa uac bjm`c cr`tbàt`ec. Jk vckor jecz js ua probjm`o mj uac subc mj eucmrcmos y ao js ko b`sbo probjm`cr ecmc sjduamo quj ecmc : sjduamos. Ja jfjeto s` fs js jk aübjro mj bujstrcs por sjduamo (frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo), quj supoamrjbos `duck ja cbios `astrubjatos sj t`jaj Wrobjm`o mj : sjduamos mj B3< Z bjm 3 2 : s 3 9 u Υ f `23 ` s 3s f 3 fs 9 u + ... + Υ f s ` 2 3 ` :s (:.3) Vckor mj B9 murcatj kos : sjduamos< Z bjm 2 3 : fs : fs ` 23 9 Υ u` (:.9) Uõko ja jk ecso mj quj kc tjas`õa bjm`mc sjc eoastcatj rjsuktcrãa `duckjs kos vckorjs bostrcmos por cbios `astrubjatos. Cüa bãs, s` kcs frjeujae`cs mj bujstrjo mj cbios `astrubjatos ao soa `duckjs pujmj ncijr mjsv`ce`oajs ja kcs `am`ece`oajs mj cbios. Ja mja`t`vc, jk njeno mj tjajr quj probjm`cr pcrc pomjr eoamjascr kc ecat`mcm mj mctos ncej quj pjrmcbos mjtckkjs mj kc bjm`mc y quj sõko sjca eobpcrcikjs kos vckorjs oitja`mos s` kc bcda`tum bjm`mc sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj mjatro mjk `atjrvcko mj bjm`mc. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:5 :.5 ]rcasmuetorjs mj bjm`mc Ja jstj ecpâtuko, mjaob`acbos trcasmuetor ck ikoquj quj rjck`zc jk pcpjk mj `atjrfcz jatrj jk e`reu`to jkàetr`eo c bjm`r y jk `astrubjato mj bjm`mc prop`cbjatj m`eno. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo sj mjser`ija kos trcasmuetorjs jbpkjcmos ja kc bjm`mc mj kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos pr`bcr`os. Mjaob`acbos ‛pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os‒, cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja por bjm`mc, b`jatrcs quj ‛pcrãbjtros eckeukcmos‒ soa cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja por bjm`mc, b`jatrcs quj pcrãbjtros eckeukcmos soa cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja c pcrt`r mj eãkeukos, jbpkjcamo prje`scbjatj eobo mctos kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os. Kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os ja uac rjm jkàetr`ec soa iãs`ecbjatj kcs tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs `astcatãajcs ja ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs. C pcrt`r mj àstos y mjk pcrãbjtro t`jbpo, sj pujmja eckeukcr kos vckorjs jf`ecejs, vckorjs bjm`os, kcs potjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc, kos eoasubos mj jajrdâc, kos crbõa`eos, jte :.5.3 ]rcasmuetorjs mj ]jas`õa Zao mj kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os quj mjija bjm`rsj pcrc jk eoaoe`b`jato mj uac rjm jkàetr`ec js jk eoaluato mj tjas`oajs fcsj ajutro o jatrj fcsjs. Murcatj bueno t`jbpo sõko sj eoas`mjrcic `bportcatj bjm`r jk vckor jecz mj m`encs tjas`oajs, s`a `bportcr jk mjsfcsj, kc forbc mj oamc y otros pcrãbjtros quj `afkuyja mj forbc jsjae`ck ja jk fuae`oacb`jato mj kc rjm. Cetuckbjatj, sj eoas`mjrc `bportcatj kc bjm`mc mj vckorjs `astcatãajo `astcatãajos, s, vckorjs mj p`eo, mjsfcsjs jatrj tjas`oajs, jte. ]omos jkkos ja su eoaluato mjaja kc eck`mcm mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa tr`fãs`eo, quj js jk quj aos jaeoatrcbos ja kc ck`bjatce`õa tcato mj `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs eobo mj `astckce`oajs rjs`mjae`ckjs o `aekuso mj kcs jbicrecmcs (iuqujs, cv`oajs, jte.) Wcrc kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos jbpkjcmos ja kcs bjm`mcs mj iclc tjas`õa (I]) kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa js m`rjetc, c trcvàs mj ckdüa t`po mj m`v`sor mj tjas`õa o c trcvàs mj ckdüa ceopkcb`jato por trcasforbcmor. Eucamo sj trctc mj kc bjm`mc mj tjas`oajs cktjracs, kc bjm`mc c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj tjas`õa js kc prjfjr`mc, yc quj propore`oac ua c`skcb`jato dckvãa`eo jatrj kc jkjetrõa`ec mj kos `astrubjatos y kc rjm. Kos `astrubjatos pcrc bjm`mc ja iclc tjas`õa sujkja tjajr tjas`oajs mj jatrcmc aorbck`zcmcs sj mj pujmj 597 V fcsj-ajutro V jatrj Ao oistcatj, ja ecsos pcrt`eukcrjs m`spoajr mjy :97 jseckcs bãsfcsjs. roiustcs pcrc bjm`mc mj tjas`oajs fcsj ajutro ncstc :77 V y fcsj-fcsj ncstc uaos >:7 V jatrj fcsjs. Kc tcikc :.3 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs tjas`oajs aorbck`zcmcs ja kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj rjmjs `amustr`ckjs. ]cikc :.5.- ]jas`oajs aorbck`zcmcs ja kos `astrubjatos U`s `stj tjb bcs Boa Boaof ofããs` s`eo eoss : U`st stjjbcs ]r` ]r`fãs`eos Jstãamcr Yjforzcmos ]ja jas` s`õõa Bãx Bãx`b `bcc (f (fccsj sj-a -ajjutr troo) 577 vokt`os E.C. ]ja jas` s`õa õa Bãx` x`b bc (fc (fcsj sj-f -fcs csjj) ]jas`õa Bã Bãx`bc (f(fcsj sj--ajutr troo) 577 vokt`os E.C. :77 vokt`os E.C. ]jas`õa Bã Bãx`bc (fc (fcssj-fcsj) :97 vokt`os E.C. >:7 vokt`os E.C. - bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:= Wcrc bjm`mcs ja bjm`c o cktc tjas`õa (B] o C]), sujkja jbpkjcrsj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc jxtjraos o m`v`sorjs ecpce`t`vos, quj rjiclca kc tjas`õa mjsmj kc B] o C] c 337 V. C pcrt`r mjk sjeuamcr`o mj m`enos trcasforbcmorjs, pujmja jbpkjcrsj kos `astrubjatos mj iclc tjas`õa jstãamcr pcrc rjck`zcr kcs bjm`mcs. Csâ pujs p ujs s` mjsjcbos kkjvcr c ecio uac bjm`mc bj m`mc ja uac ejkmc mj bjm`c bjm `c tjas`õa, tj as`õa, moamj kc tjas`õa aob`ack js mj 9:.777 vokt`os E.C., mjijrjbos ut`k`zcr ua trcasforbcmor jxtjrao mj 9:.777/337 V y ua cpcrcto eoa foamo mj jseckc mj 577 V , por jljbpko. Kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs pjrb`tja jatoaejs prodrcbcr ua fcetor mj jseckc (Yjkce`õa mj ]rcasforbce`õa), mj forbc quj kcs `am`ece`oajs quj bujstrca y quj rjd`strca yc t`jaja ja eujatc jstj fcetor mj rjmuee`õa mj 9:.777 V c 337 V y kos aübjros bostrcmos ja m`spkcy y rjd`strcmos soa kc `am`ece`õa rjck ja kc jseckc mj 9:777 V Kcs ükt`bcs djajrce`oajs mj cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs tr`fãs`eos, cmjbãs mj kc eoajx`õa mj kcs fcsjs K3, K9, K5 y Ajutro, tcbi`àa m`spoaja mj uac jatrcmc mj ]`jrrc. Mj jstj bomo, y bjm`catj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa jatrj Ajutro y ]`jrrc jk usucr`o pujmj eoaoejr ja t`jbpo rjck, jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mjk quj m`spoaj ja su `astckce`õa. Ja kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs pcrc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros mj rjm, kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo js mj 39> bujstrcs por e`eko. Jsto pjrb`tj ua caãk`s`s mj crbõa`eos ncstc jk mj ormja :7 y propore`oac uac bjm`mc ja vjrmcmjro vckor jecz eoa uac prje`s`õa bjlor quj jk 7,3%. Jstj aübjro mj bujstrcs js cmjbãs `mõajo pcrc pomjr bostrcr ja t`jbpo rjck jk vckor jecz y kc forbc mj oamc mj kc tjas`õa (por ecack mj bjm`mc< K3, K9, K5 y A). :.5.9 ]rcasmuetorjs mj Eorr`jatj Otrc mj kcs bcda`tumjs pr`bcr`cs, sjdüa sj nc m`eno js kc eorr`jatj. Wcrc bjm`rkc sj sujkja jbpkjcr vcr`os t`pos mj trcasmuetorjs. Iãs`ecbjatj pomjbos m`st`adu`r< : • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs (cptos sõko pcrc E.C.) • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj jfjeto Nckk (cptos pcrc E.C. eobi`acmc eoa E.E.) • Unuats (cptos pcrc euckqu`jr t`po mj eorr`jatj). Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs t`jaja ua pr`bcr`o, forbcmo djajrckbjatj por ua ua ecikj pcscatj, pcscatj, y ua sjeuamcr`o eoa eoa vcr`cs jsp`rcs, sjdüa jk jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o rjprjsjatcmo ja kc d.:.:. Jstj t`po mj trcasforbcmor js jk bãs frjeujatj pcrc kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj cktjrac ja rjmjs `amustr`ckjs y pjrb`tj sõko bjm`r kc eobpoajatj cktjrac. U` nui`jrc uac eobpoajatj eoat`auc ao kc b`mj. Ja ckduaos ecsos, jk trcasforbcmor jstã `aeorporcmo ja jk jqu`po mj bjm`mc bjm`catj Eoajx`õa Fcst, y ja otros ecsos, sjrã ajejscr`c kc `astckce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj jxtjraos8 uao ja jk ecso mj kâajcs boaofãs`ecs, y trjs o euctro ja jk ecso mj kâajcs tr`fãs`ecs (euctro s` sj mjsjc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:: bjm`r kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro y jk cack`zcmor mj rjm m`spoaj mj uac jatrcmc pcrc jsj eobjt`mo) F`d. :.:.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato fuae`oacb`jato mj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj y mj ua snuat Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj eobpoajatj cktjrac y eoat`auc supjrpujstcs mjijbos ut`k`zcr trcasforbcmorjs kkcbcmos mj jfjeto Nckk, o ua snuat. Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj jfjeto Nckk jstãa icscmos ja ua trcasforbcmor eoavjae`oack y uac eàkukc mj sjb`eoamuetor mjaob`acmc eàkukc Nckk, eobi`acmc eoa ua e`reu`to jkjetrõa`eo. :.= ]rca ]rcasforbcmorjs sforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs Ujdüa su ecbpo mj jbpkjo, jx`stja mos t`pos mj trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj mj kos quj njbos kkcbcmo eoavjae`oackjs (ao jfjeto Nckk)< • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa :.=.3 ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc t`jaja eobo b`s`õa pr`ae`pck mcr uac sjóck, ja djajrck mài`k y prje`sc, propore`oack c kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o y mj a`vjk cmb`s`ikj pcrc ck jqu`po mj bjm`mc. Mcmo quj jk rcado mj kcs eorr`jatjs c bjm`r (eorr`jatjs mj pr`bcr`o) pujmj sjr buy cbpk`o, sjcmcptcrsj aorbck`zca ja djajrck aübjro k`b`tcmo vckorjs mj pr`bcr`o, quj pjrb`tja c tomo t`po mjua`astckce`oajs. Kosmj vckorjs aob`ackjs mj pr`bcr`o bãs frjeujatjs soa< =7 C, :7 C, 4: C, 377 C, 39: C, 3:7 C, 977 C, 9:7 C, :77 : 77 C, 3777 377 7 C, jte. jte . : Kos sjeuamcr`os jstãamcr pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc soa kos mj : C c foamo mj jseckc. Js mje`r eucamo por jk pr`bcr`o e`reukc kc eorr`jatj aob`ack, jk sjeuamcr`o mc : C. Jx`stja, pcrc ckduacs cpk`ece`oajs jspje`ckjs trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc eoa sjeuamcr`o aorbck`zcmo mj 3 C. Jstos t`jaja kc vjatclc mj rjqujr`r bjaos potjae`c mj sjeuamcr`o c `duckmcm mj ecrdc mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc, pjro ja ecbi`o soa bãs eostosos y rjqu`jrja bcyor aübjro mj jsp`rcs mj sjeuamcr`o. Aõtjsj quj ja djajrck eucamo ncikcbos mj vckorjs aob`ackjs aorbck`zcmos s`jbprj aos rjfjr`bos c vckorjs jecejs. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:6 Aõtjsj quj jk pr`ae`pck oiljt`vo mjk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc js oitjajr uac iujac prje`s`õa (ja cbpk`tum y ja ãaduko mj fcsj) y jv`tcr quj ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to (eorr`jatjs mj pr`bcr`o buy cktcs) sj djajrja sjóckjs buy potjatjs ja jk sjeuamcr`o, quj pomrâca mcócr jk `astrubjato mj bjm`mc. Wor jkko, kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc jstãa jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc quj fujrc mjk mjk rcado mj bjm`mc scturja y eobo eoasjeujae`c, eucamo kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o supjrc jk vckor aob`ack sj p`jrmja rãp`mcbjatj kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj prje`s`õa. Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkja mjs`dacr por kc ‛ekcsj mj prje`s`õa‒ y kc ‛potjae`c‒, jatjam`àamosj por ekcsj jk pcrãbjtro quj eucat`ec jk jrror mj bjm`mc mj cbpk`tum ja tcato por e`ja. Eobo sj jxpk`ecrã bãs cmjkcatj, jk jrror mj cbpk`tum ao js buencs vjejs jk bãs `bportcatj, s`ao quj ja kc bjm`mc mj potjae`cs, ko quj sujkj provoecr bãs jrror ja kc bjm`mc js jk mjsfcsj `atromue`mo por jk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. :.=.9 ]rcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, sj jbpkjca pcrc provoecr jk m`spcro mj ckdüa rjkà o m`spos`t`vo mj protjee`õa eucamo kc eorr`jatj supjrc ja vcr`cs vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack. Eoastruet`vcbjatj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa rjspoamja ck b`sbo pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato quj kos mj bjm`mc, pjro, c m`fjrjae`c mj cqujkkos, mjija bcatjajr uac prje`s`õa cejptcikj mj cbpk`tum `aekuso ja eoam`e`oajs mj fujrtj soirjecrdc, yc quj nci`tuckbjatj mjijrãa mcr õrmjajs mj m`spcro eoa eorr`jatjs quj pujmja ckecazcr jatrj : y 97 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack mj pr`bcr`o. Csâ pujs, ck eoatrcr`o mj ko quj sj m`lo pcrc kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc, kos mj protjee`õa ao mjija scturcr ja kcs e`tcmcs eoam`e`oajs ( @pr`bcr`o 2 97 @aob`ack) :.=.5 Mjs`dace`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc y mj protjee`õa Mjs`dace`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkja mjs`dacr por kc ‛ekcsj mj prje`s`õa‒ o cirjv`cmcbjatj ‛ekcsj‒ y kc potjae`c o ‛ecrdc mj prje`s`õa‒. Kc ‛ekcsj‒ js ua pcrãbjtro quj eucat`ec jk jrror mj bjm`mc eucamo sj ecrdc jk trcasforbcmor eoa kc ‛ecrdc mj prje`s`õa. (vàcasj mja`e`oajs ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj). : Mjs`dace`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa< Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa sj mjs`daca por uacs s`dkcs quj `mjat`eca kc prje`s`õa y jk rcado mj bjm`mc . M`encs s`dkcs soa mjk t`po < jWb , moamj j `am`ec jk % mj jrror jrror eobpujsto (cbpk`tum (cbpk`tum y fcsj , sjdüa tcikc tcikc :.:), W `am`ec `am`ec quj aos jstcbos rjr`jamo c ua trcasforbcmor mj protjee`õa y b js jk ‛fcetor kâb`tj mj protjee`õa‒ (`am`ec jk bükt`pko mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack ck euck bcat`jaj jk jrror , vàcasj mja`e`oajs ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj). Csâ por jljbpko ua :W37 `am`ecrâc ua trcasforbcmor mj protjee`õa quj mc ua :% mj jrror eobpujsto c 37 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack mj pr`bcr`o. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:4 :.=.= Mja`e`oajs y ecrcetjrâst`ecs fuamcbjatckjs mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj Kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs fuamcbjatckjs mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj quj njbos kkcbcmo eoavjae`oackjs v`jaja mja`mcs ja kcs aorbcs ZAJ-JA 677==-3 y ja kc rjeobjamce`õa ZAJUC =973 I, y soa kos s`du`jatjs< Eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c cs`dacmc @p< Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o pcrc jk euck sj mjaja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs aob`ackjs mjk trcasforbcmor. Eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c cs`dacmc @ < Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcr`o pcrc jk s euck sj mjaja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs aob`ackjs mjk trcasforbcmor. Yjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa cs`dacmc, ha< Js kc rjkce`õa jatrj eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o y eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcr`o. Js cprox`bcmcbjatj `duck c kc rjkce`õa jatrj kcs jsp`rcs mj sjeuamcr`o y pr`bcr`o. ha 2 @p @s 2 As (:.5) Ap Womjbos m`st`adu`r mos t`pos mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< Kos mj pr`bcr`o pcscatj, A p23, y kos mj pr`bcr`o ioi`acmo A p13. Ko bãs nci`tuck js quj jk pr`bcr`o sjc s`bpkjbjatj ua ecikj o pkjt`ac pcscatj, pjro por bot`vos mj prje`s`õa y soirj tomo pcrc eorr`jatjs iclcs mj pr`bcr`o sj ut`k`zca c vjejs pr`bcr`os ioi`acmos. Ja eucato c kc eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcr`o, sjdüa sj nc m`eno, ko bãs nci`tuck js quj sjc mj : C c kc aob`ack mj pr`bcr`o. Csâ kc rjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa sj sujkj mcr mj kc forbc @a/:. Wor jljbpko 977/:, `am`ec quj eucamo por jk pr`bcr`o pcsca 977 C por jk sjeuamcr`o pcsca : C. Ycado mj bjm`mc< Jatjamjbos por rcado mj bjm`mc jk eoaluato mj vckorjs mj eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c mjatro mj kos euckjs jk `astrubjato bcat`jaj su jrror (ekcsj mj prje`s`õa). Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkj eoatrokcr jk jrror jatrj ua :% y ua 397% mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack. Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc ‛ekcsj U‒ sj eoatrokc jatrj 3% y 397% mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack. Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, ja ecbi`o sj sujkj eoatrokcr c : vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack o c 37 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack. Jrror mj eorr`jatj o mj rjkce`õa (Ekcsj mj prje`s`õa) κ%< Jk jrror mj eorr`jatj o mj rjkce`õa `am`ec jk jrror mj bjm`mc mj kc rjkce`õa pr`bcr`o sjeuamcr`o ja tcato por e`ja mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc o mj protjee`õa. C jstj jrror jxprjscmo ja % sj kj mjaob`ac nci`tuckbjatj Ekcsj mj Wrje`s`õa. Ekcsj 2 % 2 : h a .@ p @p @s (:.=) . 377 Jrror mj fcsj< Mjsfcsj jatrj kc eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c y pr`bcr`c. Uj supoaj quj pcrc ua trcasforbcmor pjrfjeto mjijrâc sjr 7¼. Ja kc prãet`ec sujkj cubjatcr eoa kc eorr`jatj. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:> Kcs tcikcs :.= y :.: `am`eca kos kâb`tjs mj jrror mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc o mj protjee`õa, rjspjet`vcbjatj, sjdüa kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa Jrror eobpujsto< Uj eoaoej eobo jrror eobpujsto jk vckor jf`ecz mj kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj kcs eorr`jatjs `astcatãajcs mj sjeuamcr`o trcmue`mc c pr`bcr`o y kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o. Jk vckor v`jaj mcmo por (:.:) ] E 2 377 3 (h ]∨ @p ` a s (:.:) ∙ ` p ) 9 mt 7 Ecrdc mj prje`s`õa (VC)< Vckor mj kc ecrdc mj sjeuamcr`o c kc euck sj mjaja kos jrrorjs mj rjkce`õa y mj fcsj (js mje`r kc ekcsj). Ja djajrck kc prje`s`õa mjij bcatjajrsj pcrc ecrdcs jatrj jk :% y jk 377% mj kc aob`ack. Wcrc ecrdcs fujrc mj jstj rcado sj sujkj pjrmjr prje`s`õa. ]cikc :.=.- Jrrorjs ja trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sjdüa JA-677==-3 Mjsfcsj Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) % @a B ` au t os E jat ` r r c m` c ajs : 97 3 77 3 97 : 97 37 7 39 7 7 ,3 7, = 7, 9 7, 3 7 ,3 3: > : : 7, =: 7, 9= 7, 3 : 7, 3: 7 ,9 7 , 4: 7, 5: 7, 9 7 ,9 57 3: 37 37 7, 0 7, =: 7, 5 7, 5 7 ,: 3, : 7, 4: 7, : 7, : 07 =: 57 57 9, 4 3, 5: 7, 0 7, 0 3 5 3, : 3 3 3 >7 07 67 67 :, = 9, 4 3, > 3, > Ekcsj : 377 3 97 B ` au t os 97 377 397 Ej a t ` r r c m ` c a j s 3 : 97 377 39 3 97 7, 9 U 7,4: 7, 7 , 5 : 7, 9 7, 9 7, 9 5 7 3: 37 37 37 7, 0 7, = : 7 , 5 7, 5 7, 5 7, :U 3, : 7, 4 : 7 , : 7, : 7, : 0 7 =: 57 57 57 9, 4 3, 5: 7 , 0 7 , 0 7, 0 Ekcsj 3 97 Mjsfcsj Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) % @a : 3 : 97 377 39 3 97 AO]C< AO] C< Jstc tcikc t cikc js cpk`ecikj üa`ecbjatj c kos trcasforbcmorjs euyc eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c cs`dacmc js : C Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) Ekcsj % @a 5 :7 39 7 5 5 : : Wcrc kcs ekcsjs 5 y : ao sj jspje`eca kâb`tjs mj mjsfcsj : : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3:0 ]cikc :.:.- Jrrorjs ja trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, sjdüa JA-677==-3 Mjsfcsj Ekcsj mj prje`s`õa Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) Jrror eobpujsto @kâb`tj (%, ³) Ej a t ` r r c m ` c a j s B ` aut os :W 3 67 3, > : 37 W 5 - - 37 Fcetor mj sjdur`mcm, Fs< Js kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc bjm`ikj ja jk pr`bcr`o, @ps, y kc eorr`jatj aob`ack aob`ack mj pr`bcr`o, @pa. Jk fcetor mj sjdur`mcm sj sujkj k`b`tcr c vckorjs `afjr`orjs c : ja jk ecso mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc, eoa jk a mj ao mcócr kos `astrubjatos ck`bjatcmos por jk trcasforbcmor. Ja ecbi`o pujmj tobcr vckorjs supjr`orjs c 97 pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, yc quj `atjrjsc quj ja ecso mj fujrtjs soirjecrdcs jk trcasforbcmor s`dc mcamo uac bjm`mc rjkct`vcbjatj prje`sc. Fs 2 @ ps (:.5) @ paob paob Eorr`jatj tàrb`ec y m`aãb`ec< Jstos pcrãbjtros mjaja jk eobportcb`jato mjk trcasforbcmor ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to. Kc eorr`jatj tàrb`ec, @tn, `am`ec kc bãx`bc eorr`jatj y jk t`jbpo cmb`s`ikjs pcrc jv`tcr mcócr ck trcasforbcmor por eckjatcb`jato y kc eorr`jatj m`aãb`ec, @mya, js kc bãx`bc cmb`s`ikj pcrc jv`tcr mcócr ck trcasforbcmor por kos jsfujrzos jkjetrobjeãa`eos promue`mos por kc eorr`jatj. C`skcb`jato< Uj mjaj por kc tjas`õa cmb`s`ikj cmb`s`ikj jatrj kos e`reu`tos pr`bcr`o y sjeuamcr`o. Ja djajrck pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj iclc ( Z;497 V), sj jascyc c 5hV, murcatj ua b`auto, jatrj pr`bcr`o y sjeuamcr`o. Ekcsj tàrb`ec mjk c`skcb`jato< @am`ec kc tjbpjrcturc bãx`bc quj pujmj ckecazcr jk puato bãs eck`jatj mjk trcasforbcmor. Kc tjbpjrcturc `atjr`or bãx`bc sj oit`jaj subcamo jk `aerjbjato mj tjbpjrcturc mjk ioi`acmo, ] i, c kc tjbpjrcturc cbi`jatj, ]c. Àstc mjij sjr `afjr`or c kc tjbpjrcturc mj ekcsj tàrb`ec, quj mjpjamj mjk t`po mj bctjr`ckjs jbpkjcmos. Kc tcikc tcikc :.6 `am`ec kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj ecmc uac mj kcs ekcsjs mj c`skcb`jato. ]cikc :.6.- ]jbpjrcturcs ]jbpjrcturcs cmb`s`ikjs sjdüa ekcsj tàrb`ec mjk c`skcb`jato : Ekcsj ] cbi`jatj (bãx). Ν] bjm`o (soirj ] cbi`jatj) ] bjm`c (mj sjrv`e`o) ] bãx`bc (puato bãs eck`jatj) P = 7 ·E = : ·E > : ·E 0 7 ·E C =7 ·E 67 ·E 377 ·E 37: ·E ·E J = 7 ·E 4 : ·E 33: ·E 3 97 · E I = 7 ·E > : ·E 397 · E 3 57 · E F = 7 ·E 337 ·E 3=7 · E 3 :: · E N = 7 ·E 35: · E 36: · E 3 >7 · E bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 367 Dcbc jxtjam`mc< @am`ec jk % por jae`bc mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack c kc euck pujmj trciclcr jk trcasforbcmor, bcatja`jamo kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa y rjspjtcamo kc ekcsj tàrb`ec. Kos vckorjs tâp`eos soa mj 397,3:7 y 977%. Zac vjz eoaoe`mo jk fuae`oacb`jato mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc, jxpoamrjbos kos usos bãs frjeujatjs ja jk ecbpo mj kc bjm`mc jkàetr`ec. Mcmo quj su kcior pr`ae`pck js kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj, yc sjc pcrc cpk`ece`oajs mj bjm`mc o i`ja mj protjee`õa, jk aübjro mj jqu`pos c kos quj pujmja sjr eoajetcmos, mjpjamj mj kc cpk`ece`õa u oiljt`vo quj sj mjsjj ckecazcr ja ecmc ecso. :.: ]r ]rcasforbcmorjs casforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk U` sj ncej e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj, @, jkàetr`ec por ua er`stck mj sjb`eoamuetor y àstj sj sobjtj c ua ecbpo bcdaàt`eo, I, pjrpjam`eukcr pjrpjam`eukcr c kc eorr`jatj, sj djajrc uac tjas`õa ja kc m`rjee`õa pjrpjam`eukcr ck pkcao ( @, I ) , propore`oack ck ecbpo bcdaàt`eo. Jstj fjaõbjao sj eoaoej eobo jfjeto Nckk y sj jbpkjc eobo pr`ae`p`o pcrc kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj, yc sjc eoat`auc, cktjrac o supjrpos`e`õa mj cbics. @ VN2V I F`d. :.6.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato fuae`oacb`jato mj kc eàkukc Nckk : Kc F`d. :.6 `kustrc jk pr`ae`p`o iãs`eo mj kc eàkukc Nckk. Ja jkkc sj bujstrc uac nolc mjkdcmc mj bctjr`ck sjb`eoamuetor (jkjbjato Nckk) c trcvàs mj kc euck e`reukc uac eorr`jatj. Kcs eoajx`oajs mj sck`mc sj ui`eca pjrpjam`eukcrbjatj c kc m`rjee`õa mj m`enc eorr`jatj. Eucamo ao jx`stj ua ecbpo bcdaàt`eo, I, kc m`str`iue`õa mj kc eorr`jatj sj bcat`jaj ua`forbj y kc m`fjrjae`c mj potjae`ck ja kcs eoajx`oajs mj sck`mc js ejro. Eucamo cpcrjej ua ecbpo bcdaàt`eo pjrpjam`eukcr c kc eorr`jatj, eobo bujstrc kc F`d. :.6, kc fujrzc mj Korjatz cetüc soirj m`enc eorr`jatj, kc mjsvâc y erjc uac m`fjrjae`c mj potjae`ck ja kcs eoajx`oajs mj sck`mc. Jstc tjas`õa djajrcmc sj eoaoej eoaoej eobo tjas`õa Nckk (VN). Ja djajrck kc tjas`õa Nckk js uac tjas`õa buy pjqujóc (λV) y rjqu`jrj ua ceoam`e`oacb`jato mj sjóck pcrc kkjvcrko c a`vjkjs üt`kjs. Kc tjas`õa Nckk js propore`oack c kc `atjas`mcm mjk ecbpo bcdaàt`eo. Wor jkko, pcrc bjm`r uac mjtjrb`acmc eorr`jatj, @p, àstc sj ncej pcscr por jk `atjr`or mj ua bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 363 aüekjo eoa ua jatrjn`jrro, ja euyo `atjr`or sj eokoec kc eàkukc Nckk. Uj Uj eokoec jatoaejs ua ua sjeuamcr`o sjeuamcr`o eoa uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j y sj djajrc uac eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c quj caukj jk ecbpo bcdaàt`eo pr`bcr`o, sjdüa (:-4). Jk eoaluato, eoast`tuyj ua trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor mj jfjeto Nckk Nckk euyc sjóck mj sck`mc, ,sj rjeodj ja iorajs mj kc rjs`stjae`c. Kc F`d. :.4 `kustrc jstj pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato. Aõtjsj quj jk trcasforbcmor Nckk ncy quj ck`bjatcrko, djajrckbjatj eoa ua pcr mj tjas`oajs s`bàtr`ecs mj 7, ³3: V. As @s 2 @p (:.4) +3: V @e Vnckk C As @p -3: V @s Vb Ov Yb F`d. :.4.- Ujasor mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk -3: V @p Yb 7V Fujatj Jxtjrac Vb +3: V F`d. :.>.- Eoajx`õa mjk mjk trcasforbcmor mj jfjeto Nckk :.6 ]rcasforbcmor t`po Yodowsh` Jk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj t`po Yodowsh` t`jaj uac jstrueturc toro`mck pjro eoa ua mjvcacmo ioi`acmo soirj ua aüekjo ao bcdaàt`eo. C jstc ioi`ac csâ forbcmc sj kj mjaob`ac ioi`ac mj Yodowsh` y su jstrueturc jstrueturc pujmj sjr râd`mc râd`mc o jx`ikj. : Kc eorr`jatj c bjm`r, quj e`reukc por jk eoamuetor quj ctrcv`jsc kc ioi`ac Yodowsh`, djajrc ja kos jxtrjbos mj àstc uac tjas`õa propore`oack c kc mjr`vcmc mj kc eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c y c kc `amuetcae`c butuc jatrj kc ioi`ac y jk eoamuetor. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 369 Wcrc oitjajr kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj js ajejscr`o motcr ck `astrubjato mj bjm`mc mj ua e`reu`to `atjdrcmor `atjdrcmor.. Kc vjatclcs mj kcs soamcs o p`azcs Yodowsh` soa iãs`ecbjatj mos< c) Ao ncy ncy pos`i`k`mcm mj scturce`õa scturce`õa mjk e`reu`to bcdaàt`eo bcdaàt`eo i) Wjrb`tj ioi`acr soirj aüekjos jx`ikjs, ko quj ncej quj sjca cmcptcikjs c bjm`r ja kudcrjs mj m`fâe`k ceejso. F`d. :.0.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato fuae`oacb`jato mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj eorr`jatj t`po Yodowsh` F`d. :.37.- Uoamc Uoamc jx`ikj t`po Yodowsh` Yodowsh` :.4 @astrubjatce`õ @astrubjatce`õa a mj proejso : Ja kcs `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs, cmjbãs mjk `atjràs por eoaoejr kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos y jajrdàt`eos mj kc `astckce`õa, sj rjqu`jrj jk eoatrok mj otros pcrãbjtros mjk proejso promuet`vo (ecumckjs, prjs`oajs, tjbpjrcturcs, vjkoe`mcm mj botorjs, jte.). Ja djajrck kos sjasorjs quj b`mja tomos jstos pcrãbjtros sj mjija `atjdrcr c ua eoatrokcmor y c ua s`stjbc UECMC c trcvàs mj ua trcasmuetor cmjeucmo ]cato s` kc bcda`tum c bjm`r js jkàetr`ec eobo s` sj trctc mj euckqu`jr otrc bcda`tum fâs`ec, kos eoatrokcmorjs y kos s`stjbcs UECMC sujkja cmb`t`r sõko bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 365 jatrcmcs cackõd`ecs o m`d`tckjs mj t`po jkàetr`eo y por tcato jx`stj kc ajejs`mcm mj eoavjrt`r sjóckjs jkàetr`ecs mj mjtjrb`acmos sjasorjs c vckorjs jstãamcr cejptcmos eobo jatrcmcs mj kos s`stjbcs mj eoatrok (Cutõbctcs, s`stjbcs b`eroproejscmor mjm`ecmos o s`bpkjbjatj tcrljtcs mj cmqu`s`e`õa mj mctos pcrc WE) Wcrc kc cmcptce`õa mj kos sjasorjs c kos eoatrokcmorjs sj sujkja jbpkjcr sjóckjs jstãamcr propore`oackjs c kcs bcda`tumjs fâs`ecs c bjm`r. Kcs sjóckjs jstãamcr bãs nci`tuckjs soa< tjas`oajs mj 7 c 37 V õ ³37 V propore`oackjs c kc bcda`tum (37 V sj ncrâc eorrjspoamjr ck foamo mj jseckc mj kc bcda`tum c bjm`r) o eorr`jatjs mj 7 c 97 bC õ mj = c 97 bC. Ja oecs`oajs jspje`ckjs tcbi`àa pujmja jbpkjcrsj otrcs jseckcs. Aorbckbjatj jk fcir`ecatj mjk ecptcmor mj bjm`mc mjaj ja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk jqu`po, jk t`po mj sjóck propore`oack quj nc ut`k`zcmo, eoa jk a quj m`enc soamc o ecptcmor, pujmc sjr kkjvcmo c ua `am`ecmor mj proejso, c ua cutõbctc o c otro t`po mj eoatrokcmor. Ja kos ükt`bos t`jbpos nca cpcrje`mo, cmjbãs, uac bukt`tum mj iusjs mj ecbpo y js buy eobüa jaeoatrcr trcasmuetorjs mj m`fjrjatjs bcda`tumjs fâs`ecs quj `aeorporca ua eoavjrsor C/M y ua ecack mj eobua`ece`õa (YU =>:, YU =99 u otro) mj bcajrc quj c trcvàs mj ua protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa kc kjeturc sj trcasb`tj ck eoatrokcmor m`rjetcbjatj ja forbcto m`d`tck. Csâ pujs ja jstos ecsos, jk trcasmuetor jstã forbcmo por jk sjasor prop`cbjatj m`eno, ua cmcptcmor mj sjóck y djajrckbjatj ua b`eroeoatrokcmor mj iclo eostj quj `aekuyj kcs jtcpcs mj eoavjrs`õa C/M, ckdüa t`po mj proejscmo y jseckcmo mj kc sjóck y ua ecack mj eobua`ece`õa quj jakczc m`rjetcbjatj eoa jk eoatrokcmor ejatrck o eoa jk s`stjbc UECMC quj prjsjatc kos pcrãbjtros ja kc pcatckkc mj ua ormjacmor ejatrck o mj ua tjrb`ack drãeo c p`j mj proejso. :.4.3 Eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc Ja oecs`oajs jk pcrãbjtro c `atromue`r ja ua cutõbctc o ua eoatrokcmor m`d`tck js uac vcr`cikj jkàetr`ec, y mji`mo c su bcda`tum ao js pos`ikj `atromue`rkc mj bcajrc m`rjetc. Za ecso pcrje`mo suejmj s` m`enc vcr`cikj qu`jrj kkjvcrsj c ua `am`ecmor o v`suck`zcmor m`d`tck o cackõd`eo euyc jatrcmc ao pjrb`tj ua vckor jkjvcmo mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj. : Wcrc jstcs cpk`ece`oajs jk bjrecmo ofrjej uac jxtjasc dcbc mj cmcptcmorjs, eoaoe`mos eobo ‛eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc‒, euyc fuae`õa js kc mj eoavjrt`r uac sjóck mj potjae`c ja uac sjóck mj mài`k potjae`c, quj pujmc sjr `atromue`mc ja ua `am`ecmor cackõd`eo o m`d`tck. Eobo eobjatãicbos catjr`orbjatj jstos m`spos`t`vos eoav`jrtja ua pcrãbjtro mj jatrcmc ja uac sjóck propore`oack mj sck`mc, djajrckbjatj c`skcmc dckvãa`ecbjatj y eoa vckorjs mj tjas`õa y/o eorr`jatj ja jk rcado mj ³37 V õ ³97 bC. Eobo jljbpko pomjbos bjae`oacr kos eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc quj eoav`jrtja uac tjas`õa mj 7…577 V e.c. c 7…97 bC, mj bcajrc quj jx`stc uac propore`oack`mcm jatrj kos bC mj sck`mc y kos V mj jatrcmc (pcrc jk ecso bjae`oacmo por jljbpko c 3:7 V e.c eorrjspoamjrâc uac eorr`jatj mj sck`mc mj 37 bC). bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 36= Jx`stja eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc euyc bcda`tum mj jatrcmc js< tjas`õa, eorr`jatj, potjae`c cet`vc, potjae`c rjcet`vc, fcetor mj potjae`c, jte. y kc sck`mc js uac sjóck ja jk rcado mj ³37 V õ ³97 bC propore`oack ck vckor bjm`o o vckor jecz mj kc jatrcmc. F`d. :.3 :.33.3.- @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoavjrt`morjs eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc :.4.9 Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj `astrubjatos y eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc Ja jstj cpcrtcmo mcbos kcs mja`e`oajs mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs ecrcetjrâst`ecs quj sj sujkja jaeoatrcr ja kos ectãkodos pcrc mja`r kcs prjstce`oajs, tcato mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc eobo mj kos eoavjrt`morjs mj proejso. Ycado mj bjm`mc< Jatjamjbos por rcado mj bjm`mc, tomo jk eoaluato mj vckorjs mj kcs bcda`tumjs c bjm`r, jatrj ua bãx`bo y ua bâa`bo, mjatro mj kos euckjs jk `astrubjato bcat`jaj su prje`s`õa. Jk rcado sj nc mj jspje`ecr luato eoa kcs eoam`e`oajs eoam`e`oajs cbi`jatckjs jxtrjbcs (tjbpjrcturc, nubjmcm, nubjmcm, jte.) ja kcs quj js vãk`mc kc prje`s`õa. Yjsokue`õa< Js kc bâa`bc m`fjrjae`c jatrj mos vckorjs quj jk `astrubjato js ecpcz mj cprje`cr j `am`ecr eoa uacs mjtjrb`acmcs eoam`e`oajs cbi`jatckjs, mjatro mj tomo jk ecbpo mj bjm`mc. Ja jk ecso mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs kc rjsokue`õa vc k`dcmc ck aübjro mj i`ts mjk eoavjrt`mor C/M, c kc ioamcm mjk cmcptcmor mj sjóck prjv`o y ck aübjro mj mâd`tos mjk m`spkcy. Kc jeuce`õa (:.>) pjrb`tj eckeukcr kc rjsokue`õa mj ua `astrubjato mj a i`ts quj mjic bjm`r ja ua rcado (Zbãx.- Zbâa.) (:.>) Jljbpko< Euãk js kc rjsokue`õa bãx`bc mj ua `astrubjato eoa ua rcado mj bjm`mc mj :77 V y ua eoavjrt`mor C/M mj 37 i`ts. : Uokue`õa< Eoa ua eoavjrt`mor mj a i`ts sj pujmja oitjajr 9 a vckorjs o ‛puatos‒ m`st`atos. Wcrc 37 i`ts, 9372379= puatos. Js mje`r, sj pujmja bjm`r 379= vckorjs m`st`atos mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc. Wujsto quj jk rcado js mj :77 V, Yjsokue`õa 2 :77 V / 379= puatos 2 =>> bV / puato bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 36: Oisàrvjsj quj s` jk b`sbo `astrubjato fujsj pcrc uac bjm`mc ja eorr`jatj eoat`auc eoa s`dao ³:77 V, mjijrâcbos rjpcrt`r kos 379= puatos pcrc jk s`dao pos`t`vo y ajdct`vo, js mje`r :39 puatos, y kc rjsokue`õa sjr`c mj 046 bV/puato. Yjsokue`õa ja m`spkcy< Ja `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs jk m`spkcy pujmj `amue`r c jrror ja eucato c kc rjsokue`õa mjk `astrubjato. Js nci`tuck jaeoatrcr `astrubjatos eoa `am`ecmor mj : mâd`tos, js mje`r, quj pujmja bcrecr ncstc jk vckor foamo mj jseckc 00 000, icscmos ja ua eoavjrsor mj 37 i`ts (379= puatos). Cuaquj jk m`spkcy pujmj mcr kc sjasce`õa mj quj kc rjsokue`õa js mj 3/377 777, ko e`jrto js quj qu`ja bcrec kc bãx`bc rjsokue`õa js jk eoavjrt`mor C/M eoa kos 379= puatos, js mje`r 3/379= mjk foamo mj jseckc. Wrje`s`õa< Js kc prop`jmcm quj `am`ec jk bãx`bo jrror mj ua `astrubjato eoa rjspjeto c ua `astrubjato pctrõa mji`mcbjatj eck`ircmo y ja uacs mjtjrb`acmcs eoam`e`oajs cbi`jatckjs. Kc prje`s`õa sj `am`ec bjm`catj jk ‛âam`ej mj ekcsj‒ o s`bpkjbjatj ‛ekcsj‒. Âam`ej mj Ekcsj< Js jk aübjro eoa jk euck sj mjs`dac kc prje`s`õa. Jk vckor mjk âam`ej mj ekcsj jqu`vckj ck jrror, ja tcato por e`jato, mjk `astrubjato ja euckqu`jr puato mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc, js mje`r, jrror rjfjr`mo c kc bjm`mc, ao ck foamo mj jseckc. ]cikc :.4.- Jrrorjs sjdüa âam`ej mj ekcsj e kcsj Âam`ej mj Ekcsj 7 ,3 7, 9 7 ,: 3 9 Kâb`tjs mj jrror ³ 7, 3 % ³7,9% ³ 7, :% ³ 3% ³9% Jrror y forbcs mj `am`ecrko< Jk jrror sj sujkj jxprjscr ja %, pjro ncy quj tjajr eu`mcmo ck jstcikjejr eobpcrce`oajs, pujs pujs jstj porejatclj pujmj jstcr jspje`ecmo rjspjeto ck foamo mj jseckc (FJ) o rjspjeto mj kc kjeturc (Kjet.) o mj forbc eobi`acmc. Kcs `am`ece`oajs rjspjeto ck foamo mj jseckc sujkja sjr jadcóoscs s` sj b`mja vckorjs iclos pujsto quj ja kc pcrtj iclc mj kc jseckc sj p`jrmj prje`s`õa porejatuck. Wor jkko sj rjeob`jamc s`jbprj bjm`r ja jk ükt`bo tjre`o mj kc jseckc pcrc oitjajr kcs bjlorjs prjstce`oajs mj ua `astrubjato. Jljbpko< Uupoadcbos mos `astrubjatos eoa kcs s`du`jatjs forbcs mj `am`ecr jk jrror< @astrubjato B3< Jrror 2 7,9% FJ @astrubjato B9< Jrror 2 7,30% Kjet. + 7,73% 7,73% FJ : Kcs mos fõrbukcs cpk`ecmcs pcrc jk 377% mjk vckor mj kc bjm`mc mca jxcetcbjatj jk b`sbo jrror rjkct`vo c kc bjm`mc (7,9%), pjro ja kc pcrtj iclc mjk rcado kc m`fjrjae`c mj jrrorjs rjfjr`mc ck vckor bjm`mo sj ncej buy aotcikj, eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.39. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 366 F`d. :.39.- Eobpcrce`õa mj jrrorjs rjfjr`mos rjfjr`mos c foamo mj jseckc o eobi`acamo foamo jseckc y kjeturc Ecpce`mcm mj soirjecrdc mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc< Jstc prop`jmcm `am`ec kc ecpce`mcm mjk `astrubjato o eoavjrt`mor pcrc pomjr soportcr, ja kc jatrcmc mj bjm`mc, vckorjs supjr`orjs c kos aob`ackjs s`a quj sufrc jfjetos `rrjvjrs`ikjs. Fujrc mjk rcado mj bjm`mc kc bjm`mc pujmj sjr `aeorrjetc. Eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc< Jatjamjbos por eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc, jk jrror cócm`mo quj sj promuej ja jk `astrubjato o eoavjrt`mor ck trciclcr fujrc mj kc tjbpjrcturc mj rjfjrjae`c c kc quj fuj eck`ircmo. Aorbckbjatj jstj eoje`jatj sj jxprjsc ja ppb /¼E (pcrtjs por b`kkõa por drcmo ejatâdrcmo). Jljbpko< @bcd`ajbos ua `astrubjato eoa jatrcmc : C, ekcsj 7,9, y eoa ua eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc mj 677 ppb/¼E. Uupoajbos eobo tjbpjrcturc mj eck`irce`õa 95 ¼E 8 ja jk ecso mj quj jk jqu`po jstà trciclcamo c uac tjbpjrcturc mj 5: ¼E, jk jrror cócm`mo js mj< 677 ppb ·E .( 5: ∙ 95 )·E 2 4977 ppb 2 7 ,49% Y`zcmo< Ja kos eoavjrt`morjs quj fce`k`tca uac sjóck cackõd`ec mj sck`mc, jx`stj uac fujatj mj jrror mji`mc ck r`zcmo mj kc fujatj mj ck`bjatce`õa quj sj trcasb`tj c kc sck`mc. Jatjamjbos por r`zcmo jk vckor mj kc eobpoajatj cktjrac supjrpujstc c kc sjóck mj ua eoavjrt`mor. : Jljbpko< @bcd`ajbos ua eoavjrt`mor mj 7 - : C, sck`mc mj 7 - 37 V, ekcsj 7,9 eoa ua r`zcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa mj :77 bV. U` i`ja jk tàrb`ao bjm`o mj sck`mc pujmj jstcr mjatro mj tokjrcae`c c jfjetos mj ekcsj, s` kc sjóck sj bujstrc por ua s`stjbc m`d`tck (jatrcmc mj ua WKE, por jljbpko) jx`stj uac `aejrt`mubirj mj jrror mjk :%. Wcrc sokue`oacr jstj proikjbc ckduaos eoavjrt`morjs `aeorporca ecpce`mcmjs mj ktrcmo jkjvcmcs c kc sck`mc, pjro eoa jkko jbpjorc buenâs`bo jk t`jbpo mj rjspujstc mjk eoavjrt`mor. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 364 ]`jbpo mj rjspujstc< Jatjamjbos por t`jbpo mj rjspujstc, jk quj mjij trcaseurr`r mjsmj quj sj cpk`ec ua jseckõa mj jatrcmc, mjsmj ejro c foamo mj jseckc, ncstc quj jk `am`ecmor o eoavjrt`mor mc kc sck`mc eorrjetc mjatro mj kos bãrdjajs mj jrror y pjrbcajej jstcikj. ]jas`õa o rjs`stjae`c mj C`skcb`jato< Zac mj kcs fuae`oajs iãs`ecs mj kos eoavjrt`morjs mj proejso js c`skcr kc sjóck mj sck`mc rjspjeto c kc(s) mj jatrcmc y rjspjeto mj kc ck`bjatce`õa cux`k`cr. Kc tjas`õa mj c`skcb`jato `am`ec kc tjas`õa quj pujmj cpk`ecrsj jatrj e`reu`tos sjpcrcmos s`a quj sj promuzeca creos a` fudcs s`da`ect`vcs. Uj eoas`mjrca e`reu`tos sjpcrcmos kos mj jatrcmc, sck`mc, ck`bjatce`õa y t`jrrc mj protjee`õa. Ekcsj mj sjdur`mcm< @am`ec kc ectjdorâc mj ua `astrubjato o ua eoavjrt`mor mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj m`stcae`cs mj c`skcb`jato, tjas`oajs mj prujic jatrj e`reu`tos y sjdur`mcm mj bca`pukce`õa. bca`pukce`õa. Kos vckorjs mj mj m`stcae`cs y tjas`oajs tjas`oajs mj prujic sjdüa kc ekcsj y kos jascyos c rjck`zcr pcrc su eobproice`õa sj jspje`eca ja kc aorbc JA 63737. Wotjae`c mj sck`mc< Jstj eoaejpto sj sujkj cpk`ecr c eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc. @am`ec jk vckor aob`ack mj kc potjae`c (VC) eoa quj pujmj ecrdcrsj kc sck`mc, bcatja`jamo kos kâb`tjs mj jrror. :.> Ectjdor`cs mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`ece`õa mj sjdur`mcm Zac mj kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs bãs `bportcatjs mj ua `astrubjato mj bjm`mc o mj ua eoavjrt`mor mj proejso js su sjdur`mcm pcrc jk usucr`o y su ecpce`mcm mj soportcr soirjtjas`oajs trcas`tor`cs. Yjspjeto ck r`jsdo mj soirjtjas`oajs mj kcs `astckce`oajs, kc aorbc JA-@JE63737-3 jstcikjej m`st`atcs ectjdorâcs o zoacs mj uac `astckce`õa sjdüa jk a`vjk mj soirjtjas`õa quj ecij jspjrcr ja jkkcs. Kcs ectjdorâcs eoatjbpkcmcs ja kc aorbc sj rjsubja ja kc tcikc :.> y ja kc F`d. :.35 y kcs tjas`oajs mj jascyo mjk cpcrjkkclj sjdüa JA-@JE-6766=-3 , sj mjtckkca ja kc tcikc :.0. ]cikc : >.- Ectjdorâcs mj `astckce`oajs ctjam`jamo c kcs soirjtjas`oajs prjv`s`ikjs (JA-@JE-63737-3) EC]JDOYÂC \OAC MJ KC @AU]CKCE@ÕA @V Jxtjr`or< Kâajcs càrjcs @atjr`or< ]obcs prõx`bcs c kc sck`mc mjk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa (cktc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to) Ceobjt`mc mj `astckce`o `as tckce`oajs. ajs. @atjr` @atjr`or or mj jm`e` jm`e`oo Wuatos mj ck`bjatce`õa `atjr`or mj jm`e`os, rjkct`vcbjatj ckjlcmos mj kc ceobjt`mc Ck`bjatce`oajs Ck`bjatce `oajs sjpcrcmcs por trcasfor t rcasforbcmor, bcmor, eoa c`skcb`jato dckvãa`eo y tobc mj t`jrrc koeck @@@ @@ : @ Y @ JU DO MJ UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU Buy ckto Ckto Bomjrcmo Iclo bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 36> F`d. :.35.- \oacs mj mj `astckce`õa y ectjdorâcs ectjdorâcs mj r`jsdo mj soirjtjas`õa (JA-@JE-63737-3) ]cikc : 0.- ]jas`oajs mj jascyo mjk cpcrjkkclj sjdüa ectjdorâc mj kc `astckce`õa (JA-@JE-6766=-3) EC]JDOYÂC ]jas`õa bãx`bc mj sjrv`e`o @V @@@ @@ @ @bpjmcae`c mj fujatj 67 7 V ( v ck or j e cz ) 677 V (vckor jecz) 3777 V (vckor jecz) ]jas`õa mj jascyo (@bpukso 3,9/:7 λs, 97 vjejs) > 777 V ( p` e o) 6777 V (p`eo) >777 V (p`eo) 677 V (vckor jecz) 3777 V (vckor jecz) 677 V (vckor jecz) 3777 V (vckor jecz) =777 V (p`eo) 6777 V (p`eo) 9:77 V (p`eo) =777 V (p`eo) 39 Π 39 Π 57 Π 57 Π 9Π 9Π 9Π Yjspjeto c kcs ectjdorâcs mj sjdur`mcm mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc, àstcs v`jaja mja`mcs tcbi`àa ja kc aorbc JA-@JE-63737-3 Ekcsj 7 . Kos `astrubjatos mj Ekcsj 7 soa kos bjaos protjd`mos. Ja jkkos, pujmja jx`st`r pcrtjs bjtãk`ecs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa eoa m`stcae`cs bâa`bcs mj c`skcb`jato y ao m`spoaja mj jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa. Jstos `astrubjatos, ecrjeja mj tobc mj t`jrrc y su c`skcb`jato js fuae`oack, js mje`r, jk ajejscr`o pcrc csjdurcr quj jk cpcrcto fuae`oaj. Wcrc `mjat`ecrkos, kos cpcrctos pujmja kkjvcr `aser`to "Ekcsj 7" o ecrjejr mj `am`ece`õa. Ekcsj @. Cmjbãs mjk c`skcb`jato fuae`oack, kcs javokvjatjs bjtãk`ecs jstãa eoajetcmcs c ua ioraj mj t`jrrc, quj sj eoajetc c su vjz c t`jrrc por sjdur`mcm. Uj m`st`aduja porquj ja kc pkcec mj ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk cpcrcto cpcrjej ua sâbioko eobo jk `am`ecmo ja kc F`d. :.3=. : Ekcsj @@ . Kos `astrubjato `astrubjatoss Ekcsj @@ m`spoaja mj ua moikj c`skcb`jato o c`skcb`jato rjforzcmo jatrj pcrtjs iclo tjas`õa y pcrtjs ceejs`ikjs ck tceto. Jsto kjs mc uac protjee`õa bãs sjdurc y murcmjrc. Uu `mjat`ece`õa js ua sâbioko forbcmo por mos eucmrcmos (uao bãs pjqujóo ja jk `atjr`or mj otro bãs drcamj) o "Ekcsj @@". Jstj t`po mj c`skcb`jato js jk bãs cmjeucmo pcrc `astrubjatce`õa quj vcyc c sjr uscmc ja ua jatorao `amustr`ck. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 360 Ekcsj @@@. Kos m`spos`t`vos Ekcsj @@@ soa cqujkkos quj fuae`oaca eoa voktcljs mj iclc tjas`õa, `afjr`orjs c :7 vokt`os. Js ua c`skcb`jato frjeujatj frjeujatj ja kos ludujtjs, pjro ao sj cpk`ec ja `astrubjatce`õa `amustr`ck. Jstos cpcrctos sj m`st`aduja porquj kkjvca `aser`to " Ekcsj @@@" o jk vckor mj kc tjas`õa aob`ack mjatro mj ua robio. Ek csj mj k c pcr ct o U â bi o k o Ek c s j 7 A o j x ` s t j s â b iok o Ekcsj @ Ekcsj @@ Ekcsj @@@ :7 F`d. :.3=.- Ectjdorâcs mj sjdur`mcm mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc :.0 Jrrorjs ja kcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c potjae`c Js frjeujatj quj `astrubjatos mj m`st`atos t`pos, `aekuso mjk b`sbo fcir`ecatj, `am`quja potjae`cs m`st`atcs ck bjm`r ja ua b`sbo e`reu`to. Kc jxpk`ece`õa mj jstj njeno js quj ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos y eoa crbõa`eos, `aekuso kc forbc mj bjm`r kc potjae`c cet`vc pujmj prjstcrsj c eoafus`õa, pujsto quj mjpjamj mj s` sj b`mj sõko kc potjae`c mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs o kc totck. Eoaerjtcbjatj kos eoatcmorjs Fjrrcr`s (mj m`seo) eoavjae`oackjs b`mja sõko kc potjae`c mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs, pjro kc bcyorâc mj kos eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos b`mja kc cet`vc totck. Wor tcato ck eobpcrcr cbics kjeturcs pujmj ncijr pjqujóos jrrorjs. Kos jrrorjs ja kos eoatcmorjs mj rjcet`vc r jcet`vc soa caãkodos pujs sj icsca ja kos b`sbos pr`ae`p`os. Ja jk ecso mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs kos jrrorjs ja kc potjae`c soa s`jbprj bueno bãs drcamjs quj kos mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, por mos bot`vos< : Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sujkja mcr ua jrror mj ãaduko, quj sj bcat`jaj prãet`ecbjatj eoastcatj ja tomc kc jseckc. Wcrc ãadukos quj ao sjca prõx`bos c 7¼ o 07¼ kos jrrorjs ja W y S sujkja sjr bomjrcmos, pujsto quj tcato jk sjao eobo jk eosjao vcrâca poeo. Wjro pcrc ãadukos prõx`bos c 7¼ kc fuae`õa sjao vcrâc buy rãp`mcbjatj j `aekuso jrrorjs pjqujóos mj ãaduko pujmja eobportcr ecbi`o mj s`dao. Wor jkko kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ( S2V´@´s`a φ) pujmj prjsjatcr jrrorjs `bportcatjs. Mj `duck bomo pcrc ãadukos prõx`bos c 07¼, kc fuae`õa eosjao vcrâc buy rãp`mcbjatj y ecbi`c mj s`dao, por ko quj kc potjae`c cet`vc W2V´@´e @´eos os φ) pujmj prjsjatcr jrrorjs buy `bportcatjs. Cmjbãs mjk jrror mj ( W2V´ bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 347 ãaduko, kos jrrorjs mj cbpk`tum mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj sj subca, pujsto quj kc potjae`c sj oit`jaj por promueto mj cbics bcda`tumjs. Kc jeuce`õa (:.37) `kustrc jstj njeno. Oisàrvjsj, quj ck bukt`pk`ecr uac tjas`õa eoa ua jrror κZ y uac eorr`jatj eoa jrror κ@, jk jrror rjsuktcatj ja kc potjae`c js cprox`bcmcbjatj kc subc ( κZ+κ@) , yc quj jk tàrb`ao κZ´κ@ sujkj sjr buy pjqujóo y pujmj mjsprje`crsj. mjsprje`crsj. W W Z( 3 + Z ) @( 3 + @ ) Z @ W W 2 %2 2 W W 377 ≊ Z@ Z@ 2( Z + @ + Z @ ) % + @% Z (:.0) (:.37) Jljbpko< Euãk js jk jrror ja potjae`c cet`vc y ja potjae`c rjcet`vc mj ua `astrubjato ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa y ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj, ck bjm`r ja ua puato ckrjmjmor mj ua :% mj kc potjae`c aob`ack, eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm Mjijbos subcr mos pcrtjs mjk jrror< c) Mji`mo ck jrror mj ãaduko mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj. Za trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj mj ekcsj 7,: pujmj tjajr ua jrror mj ãaduko, γ, mj 07‐ (3,:¼) ja kc pcrtj iclc mj jseckc, sjdüa kos mctos mj kc ]cikc ]cikc :.9. Jsto supoaj kos s`du`jatjs jrrorjs ja potjae`cs< Jrror ja potjae`c cet`vc 2 | eos φ - eos (φ - γ ) | 2 5,=´37-= , js mje`r 7,75=% Jrror ja potjae`c rjcet`vc 2 | s`a φ - s`a (φ - γ ) | 2 7,796 7,796 , js mje`r 9,6% i) Mji`mo ck jrror mj cbpk`tum. ]cato pcrc kc potjae`c cet`vc eobo pcrc kc rjcet`vc jk jrror mj tjas`õa js mjk 7,9%, pjro jk jrror mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj c :% mj ecrdc js mj 3,:% , por tcato jk jrror totck ja potjae`cs js 3,779´3,73: 2 3,734, js mje`r 3,4% mj jrror. Uj pomrâc ncijr oitja`mo mj forbc buy cprox`bcmc, sci`jamo quj pcrc ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa κv%27,9%, y pcrc ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj κ`%23,:%, por tcato kc subc κp% 3,4%. Jk jrror totck ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js< 7,75=% + 3,4% 2 3,45=% Jk jrror totck ja potjae`c rjcet`vc js< 9,6% + 3,4% 2 =,5% Oisjrvce`õa < U` ja kudcr mj jfjetucr kcs bjm`mcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c prõx`bo c 3, js mje`r φ 7¼, sj n`e`jrc eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c buy iclo, js mje`r, φ 07¼, sj `avjrt`râca kos jrrorjs mj ãaduko, js mje`r, jk jrror bãx`bo eorrjspoamjrâc c kc potjae`c cet`vc y jk bãs pjqujóo c kc rjcet`vc. : :.0.3 Jrrorjs ja kc potjae`c mji`mos c crbõa`eos Kos vctâbjtros sj icsca ja pr`ae`p`os mj fuae`oacb`jato o mj eãkeuko m`st`atos, bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 343 por tcato, ao sj pujmja mcr mctos djajrckjs mj su eobportcb`jato eucamo b`mja ja uac rjm jkàetr`ec eoa prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos. U` aos ejatrcbos ja kos `astrubjatos mj t`po m`d`tck icscmos ja jk bujstrjo mj kcs oamcs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, kos jrrorjs ja kc bjm`mc mj potjae`cs, ecuscmos por kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos, ao sujkja sjr `bportcatjs s` sj trciclc ja jk foamo mj jseckc. Ao oistcatj, jk jrror jrror cisokuto ja kc bjm`mc, promue`mo promue`mo por m`enos m`enos crbõa`eos sj bcat`jaj prãet`ecbjatj eoastcatj, mj forbc quj s` àstj js mjk ormja mj ua 7,:% mjk foamo mj jseckc, pomjbos jaeoatrcraos quj eucamo kc potjae`c bjm`mc js por jljbpko mj ua :% mjk foamo mj jseckc, jk jrror js mjk 37%. Ja rjsubja, kos jrrorjs eoa rjspjeto c kc bjm`mc, mji`mos c crbõa`eos pujmja sjr drcamjs ja kc pcrtj iclc mj kc jseckc. :.0.9 Jrrorjs ja jk Fcetor mj Wotjae`c Wcrc jk eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj potjae`c kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs pcrtja mjk eãkeuko mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, rjcet`vc, sjdüa kcs fõrbukcs `am`ecmcs ja kcs ]cikcs :.3 y :.9. Jk fcetor mj potjae`c sj oit`jaj jatoaejs por jk eoe`jatj jatrj potjae`cs, y por tcato jstã suljto suljto c kos jrrorjs `am`ecmos `am`ecmos ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or. Uoirj tomo, pcrc fcetorjs mj potjae`c iclos jk jrror mj ãaduko pujmj sjr buy s`da`ect`vo. Jljbpko< Bjm`e`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja uac `astckce`õa moamj kc eorr`jatj js ua :% mj kc bãx`bc prjv`stc ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc, eoa uaos vckorjs bjm`mos mj W 2 3 hT y U 2 37 hV´C , eoa ua `astrubjato ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa y ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj, quj t`jaj ua jrror mj ãaduko γ 2 3,:¼ (eobo ja jk ecso mjk jljbpko catjr`or) Jk ãaduko φ tjõr`eo js < φ 2 creeos ( S/U) 2 >=,5¼ Jk jrror mji`mo ck ãaduko ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js< | eos φ - eos ( φ - γ ) | 2 7,796, js mje`r 9,6%. Jk jrror mji`mo c cbpk`tum ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js kc subc mj jrrorjs mj Z y mj @ , js mje`r 7,9% mj Z + 3,:% mj @, c :% mj jseckc , totck 3,4% Jrror totck ja kc potjae`c potjae`c cet`vc js mj 9,6% + 3,4% 2 =,5% Jk jrror ja kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js tcbi`àa kc subc mj jrrorjs mj Z j @ , js mje`r 3,4% Jk fcetor mj potjae`c js jk eoe`jatj W/U, ja aujstro jljbpko< W 2 3 y U 2 37, js mje`r 3/37 2 7,3, y ja ecbi`o, ja kc prãet`ec, bjm`bos W 2 3,7=5 hT y U 2 37/3,734 2 0,>59 hV´C, eoa ko euck jk fcetor mj potjae`c oitja`mo js mj 7,376, y jk jrror js mj ua 6%. : Oisàrvjsj quj jk jrror ja jk fcetor mj potjae`c vujkvj c sjr kc subc mj jrrorjs mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 349 :.37 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs Uj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj Cack`zcmor mj Yjm c kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc quj mj bcajrc s`buktãajc soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r vcr`os pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos. Ja djajrck sujkja cmqu`r`r y rjd`strcr ua aübjro rjmue`mo mj bujstrcs mj ecmc pcrãbjtro ja ecmc e`eko mj rjm (ua vckor frjeujatj js 39> bujstrcs/e`eko), ko euck kjs pjrb`tj ua eãkeuko buy prje`so mj kos vjrmcmjros vckorjs jecejs mj eorr`jatjs y tjas`oajs, eãkeuko prje`so mj potjae`cs y eãkeuko mj kos crbõa`eos ncstc jk ormja :7. Uj trctc mj ua t`po mj `astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck icscmc ja proejscmorjs m`d`tckjs mj sjóck (MUW), quj m`spoaja mj uac drca ecpce`mcm mj proejscb`jato, pum`jamo rjck`zcr ja t`jbpo rjck ua drca aübjro mj eãkeukos bctjbãt`eos mcamo eobo rjsuktcmo kc cmqu`s`e`õa y rjd`stro mj ua drca aübjro mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos. Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs ja vjrs`õa tr`fãs`ec m`spoaja mj euctro ecackjs mj tjas`õa (trjs fcsjs rjspjeto c ajutro y ajutro rjspjeto c t`jrrc< Z K3, Z K9, Z K5 y Z A). Cmjbãs mj kcs jatrcmcs mj tjas`õa, kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs m`spoaja mj euctro jatrcmcs mj eorr`jatj (trjs fcsjs bãs ajutro, @ K3, @ K9, @ K5 j @ A). Ja djajrck kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc pcrc kos mj mj t`po lo y p`azcs mj aüekjo prcet`ecikj pcrc kos portãt`kjs. portãt`kjs. Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs pujmja m`v`m`rsj ja mos drcamjs ectjdorâcs< c) Cack`zcmorjs los o mj pcajk i) Cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs :.37.3 Cack`zcmorjs mj Yjmjs Wortãt`kjs Ja buencs oecs`oajs, kos eucmros jkàetr`eos ecrjeja mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc quj pujmca propore`oacr kos mctos quj pujmj mcr ua cack`zcmor mj rjmjs. Cmjbãs s` jstãa jqu`pcmos eoa `astrubjatos ekãs`eos ao sujkja tjajr ecpce`mcm mj rjd`strcr c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo kos pcrãbjtros bjm`mos. Ja tck ecso ao sj m`spoamrã mj mctos mj m`st`atcs vcr`cikjs quj soa jsjae`ckjs pcrc jk eorrjeto bcatja`b`jato mj kcs `astckce`oajs. Ja tckjs ecsos, eucamo sj ajejs`tc rjck`zcr ckdüa t`po mj m`cdaõst`eo sjr`o mj kc `astckce`õa ncy quj rjeurr`r ck jbpkjo mj cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs. : Kos cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs m`spoaja, ck `duck quj kos mj t`po lo, mj jatrcmcs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. C m`fjrjae`c mj kos jqu`pos los, kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj soa sust`tu`mos por p`azcs cbpjr`bàtr`ecs, euyc sjóck mj sck`mc sj cmcptc c kcs jseckcs mj bjm`mc mjk cack`zcmor. Kcs tobcs mj tjas`õa, mji`mo c quj js ua jqu`po mj `astckce`õa tjbporck, sj rjck`zca bjm`catj p`azcs mj prjs`õa (t`po eoeomr`ko). Kc `astckce`õa mj m`encs p`azcs p`azcs mjijrã kkjvcrsj c ecio sjdüa kcs aorbcs mj sjdur`mcm jkàetr`ec v`djatjs, ja djajrck eortcamo jk e`reu`to pcrc su eokoece`õa o eokoeãamokcs eoa jk uso mj ducatjs c`skcatjs mj sjdur`mcm. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 345 Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs portãt`kjs m`spoaja mj uac bjbor`c `atjrac pcrc jk rjd`stro mj kcs vcr`cikjs quj sj ncyca sjkjee`oacmo eoa catjr`or`mcm. Jk oiljt`vo, js quj uac vjz rjck`zcmc kc bjm`mc, y uac vjz mjseoajetcmo jk jqu`po mj kc `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec, kc `aforbce`õa sjc vokecmc c ua WE y cack`zcmc bjm`catj ua softwcrj , quj pjrb`tj prjsjatcr kos rjsuktcmos j n`stõr`eos ja forbc aubàr`ec y/o drãec. Ja jk ecso mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj E@YEZ]OY jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj sj mjaob`ac WOTJY V@U@OA ®. F`d. :.3:.- Cack`zcmor Cack`zcmor portãt`k CY: y vokecmo mj mctos c WE Eoa jk proejm`b`jato mjser`to catjr`orbjatj, catjr`orbjatj, jk usucr`o pomrã kkjvcr c ecio ua jstum`o mjtckkcmo mj kc `astckce`õa, cack`zcamo kos mctos cmqu`r`mos bjm`catj jk softwcrj mj WE mj uac forbc fãe`k j `atu`t`vc. Jk softwcrj ut`k`zcmo pcrc kos jqu`pos portãt`kjs sujkj sjr m`fjrjatjs ck ut`k`zcmo por kos jqu`pos los, yc quj jk mj jqu`pos portãt`kjs t`jaj eobo b`s`õa kc jxpkotce`õa mj cren`vos proejmjatjs mj kc bjbor`c mjk jqu`po8 por tcato, jk softwcrj jstã iãs`ecbjatj or`jatcmo c kc jxpkorce`õa mj cren`vos prjv`cbjatj eoafjee`oacmos pcrc sjr trctcmos eoa kc cpk`ece`õa mj WE. Jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj WOTJY V@U@OA (®E@YEZ]OY ) fuae`oac iclo jatorao T@AMOTU® y pjrb`tj kc rãp`mc koeck`zce`õa mj s`tuce`oajs mj bãx`bos y bâa`bos y mj rjd`stros eoa mjtjrb`acmcs caobckâcs. Wujmja oitjajrsj cs`b`sbo rjprjsjatce`oajs drãecs y/o aubàr`ecs mj m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs. C eoat` e oat`auce` auce`õa, õa, sj prjs prjsjatc jatc ua rjsu rjsubja bja mj kos t`pos mj ecpt ecpturcs urcs quj pujmj pujmjaa rjprjsjatcrsj eoa m`eno softwcrj. Bomo Jstãamcr< Jstj bomo pjrb`tj kc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj Z, @, potjae`cs W, S y U, fcetor mj potjae`c, jteàtjrc. Wjrb`tj bjm`r tàrb`aos bjm`os y vckorjs bãx`bos y bâa`bos c `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo rjdukcrjs. Kcs F`ds. :.36 y :.34 prjsjatca, c tâtuko mj jljbpko uac tcikc mj vckorjs mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos y ua drãeo mj kc eorr`jatj. Kc tcikc eorrjspoamj, ja jstj ecso, c vckorjs mj tàrb`ao bjm`o mj 3 b`auto (jstj pjrâomo pujmj sjkjee`oacrsj jatrj 3 sjduamo y vcr`cs norcs). Jk drãeo bujstrc kc jvokue`õa c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo mj kc eorr`jatj mj tàrb`ao bjm`o y mj kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc ja kc fcsj 3 mj uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 34= F`d. :.36.-]cikc aubàr`ec mj vckorjs F`d. :.34.- Drãeo eobi`acmo eobi`acmo mj eorr`jatj mj tàrb`ao bjm`o y eorr`jatj bãx`bc ja uac fcsj : Bomo Crbõa`eos< Ja jstj bomo jk cack`zcmor ecpturc kos b`sbos pcrãbjtros quj ja bomo jstãamcr y cmjbãs ducrmc kcs forbcs mj oamc mj kcs trjs tjas`oajs y kcs trjs eorr`jatjs mj ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo. Jsto pjrb`tj c postjr`or` mjtjrb`acr kos crbõa`eos ja ua mjtjrb`acmo `astcatj y vjr kc jvokue`õa tjbporck mjk ]NM. Jstj bomo js buy üt`k pcrc mjtjrb`acr kos crbõa`eos prjsjatjs murcatj kcrdos `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo y pjrb`tj kc jkjee`õa mj ktros cmjeucmos, m`bjas`oacmos pcrc kcs pjorjs eoam`e`oajs mj ecrdc. Kcs F`ds. :.3> y :.30 bujstrca rjspjet`vcbjatj kcs forbcs mj oamc ja kcs trjs fcsjs y uac tcikc mj vckorjs aubàr`eos mj kos m`st`atos crbõa`eos ncstc jk mj ormja 3:, cbios eorrjspoam`jatjs c ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo. Kc F`d. :.97 bujstrc kc jvokue`õa tjbporck mj kos ]NM mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 34: F`d. :.3>.- Forbc mj mj oamc mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs ja ja kcs trjs fcsjs F`d. :.30.- ]cikc ]cikc mj crbõa`eos mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kc fcsj 3 : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 346 F`d. :.97.- Drãeo mj vcr`ce`õa vcr`ce`õa tjbporck mj ]NM(Z) y ]NM(@) mj kcs trjs fcsjs Bomo rjd`stro eoat`auo< Jstj bomo pjrb`tj bjm`r kos vckorjs jecejs mj tomos kos e`ekos mj rjm mj kcs trjs fcsjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj c pcrt`r mj uac eoam`e`õa mj m`spcro (‛tr`ddjr‒). Js üt`k üt`k pcrc ecpturcr trcas`tor`os mj crrcaquj mj eortc murce`õa. Kc F`d. :.3= bujstrc, c tâtuko mj jljbpko, ua drãeo mj eorr`jatj mj uac kâajc murcatj jk crrcaquj mj ua botor. : F`d. :.93.- Eorr`jatj ja kc kâajc murcatj murcatj jk crrcaquj mj mj ua botor bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 344 F`d. :.99.- Wjrturice`oajs ja kc oamc mj tjas`õa ja kc kâajc mj ua eoavjrt`mor mj potjae`c Bomo pjrturice`o pjrturice`oajs< ajs< Jstj bomo mj bjm`mc js jspje`ckbjatj `am`ecmo pcrc ecpturcr mjforbce`oajs, erjstcs y nujeos supjrpujstos c kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kc ecpturc sj `a`e`c c pcrt`r mj uac eoam`e`õa mj m`spcro, quj sujkj sjr ua ecbi`o iruseo mj vckor jecz mj kc tjas`õa o ua ecbi`o ja jk vckor `astcatãajo `astcatãajo eoa uac pjam`jatj mu/m t mj vcr`cs vjejs jk vckor aob`ack. Kc F`d. :.99 bujstrc ua jljbpko mj oamc mj tjas`õa moamj sj nca ecpturcmo pjrturice`oajs mjk t`po catjs `am`ecmo. :.37.9 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los Ck `duc `duckk quj kos jqu` jqu`pos pos port portãt`k ãt`kjs, js, kos jqu` jqu`pos pos lo loss m`s m`spoaja poaja mj jatr jatrcmcs cmcs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj por fcsj. Kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj sj ncej c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc los, euyc prje`s`õa sujkj supjrcr c kc mj kcs p`azcs ut`k`zcmcs ja cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs. Mjpjam`jamo mj kc cpk`ece`õa, jx`stja cack`zcmorjs quj b`mja sõko pcrãbjtros iãs`eos y otros ecpcejs mj bjm`r bãs mj :77 pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos. Wor ko tcato, mjpjam`jamo mj kcs ajejs`mcmjs mjk puato mj bjm`mc, jk usucr`o t`jaj, ja djajrck, kc pos`i`k`mcm mj jseodjr jatrj uac cbpk`c dcbc mj pos`i`k`mcmjs. : Kc prje`s`õa mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm jstã buy eoam`e`oacmc c jbpkjcr trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc mj uac prje`s`õa jkjvcmc. Mjij tjajrsj ja eujatc, soirj tomo pcrc cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs, quj b`mca eoa p`azcs, quj jk jrror mj ãaduko sujkj sjr `bportcatj y por tcato kcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c pujmja jstcr suljtcs c jrrorjs `bportcatjs ja mjtjrb`acmcs zoacs mj kc jseckc. Ja jstj cspjeto kos cack`zcmorjs los sujkja mcr bjlorjs prjstce`oajs. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 34> Kos jqu`pos los, c m`fjrjae`c mj kos jqu`pos portãt`kjs ao sujkja tjajr uac bjbor`c bcs`vc pcrc rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros. Kos cack`zcmorjs los pujmja ut`k`zcrsj eobo s`bpkjs `am`ecmorjs mj pcajk, o pujmja jstcr jqu`pcmos eoa ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs y trcasb`t`r ja t`jbpo rjck kos pcrãbjtros quj vca cmqu`r`jamo y proejscamo. Wcrc jkko jstãa eoajetcmos c ua s`stjbc UECMC mj bcajrc pjrbcajatj, mj forbc quj jk WE moamj rjs`mj jk UECMC ncej kcs fuae`oajs mj bjbor`c. Jk prodrcbc prodrcbc UECMC rjeodj kc `aforbce`õa mj kos jqu`pos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, y m`spoaj kc `aforbce`õa mj bcajrc ormjacmc pcrc quj pujmc sjr jxpkotcmc c trcvàs mj su `atjrfcz drãec eoa jk WE. :.37.5 Uoftwcrj pcrc cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los Jk softwcrj pcrc cack`zcmorjs los o mj pcajk, c m`fjrjae`c mjk mj kos jqu`pos portãt`kjs ao jstã or`jatcmo c kc djst`õa y jxpkotce`õa mj enjros, s`ao quj jstã or`jatcmo c kc djst`õa mj m`spos`t`vos y mj puatos mj bjm`mc mj kc `astckce`õa c trcvàs mj ua ius mj eobua`ece`oajs. Ja mja`t`vc sj trctc mj ua prodrcbc UECMC quj pjrb`tj kc eobua`ece`õa eoa kos m`st`atos cpcrctos mj uac `astckce`õa y m`spoaj mj uac icsj mj mctos pcrc rjd`strcr kos m`st`atos pcrãbjtros quj sj prodrcbja. Jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj WOTJY U]ZM@O UECMC® pjrb`tj kc eoajx`õa mj tomc kc dcbc mj cack`zcmorjs los mj E@YEZ]OY. Jk softwcrj fuae`oac iclo jatorao T@AMOTU® y pjrb`tj kc rãp`mc v`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj kos jqu`pos mj ecbpo eoajetcmos ck s`stjbc. F`d. :.95.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< M`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj kc `astckce`õa : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 340 F`d. :.9=.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< @aforbj mj eoasubo Eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.95 jk usucr`o pujmj m`sjócr ua m`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj kc `astckce`õa, bostrcamo kos pcrãbjtros bãs s`da`ect`vos o `bportcatjs ja t`jbpo rjck. Wcrc euckqu`jr jqu`po eoajetcmo ck s`stjbc pujmj rjck`zcrsj ua `aforbj mj eoasubo o mj euckqu`jr vcr`cikj, bostrcamo por pcatckkc kos eoasubos ceoatje`mos ja ecmc uao mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los (F`d. :.9=). : F`d. :.9:.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< ]cikc ]cikc mj vcr`cikjs jkàetr`ecs ecpturcmcs ja ua mjtjrb`acmo `astcatj bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>7 F`d. :.96.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Drãeo mj jvokue`õa tjbporck mj m`vjrscs vcr`cikjs Bjm`catj kc sjkjee`õa mj uac vcr`cikj bostrcmc ja jk pcajk mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos ja t`jbpo rjck (F`d. :.9:), pujmj rjck`zcrsj uac drãf`ec eoa uac rjsokue`õa mj tàrb`ao bjm`o mj ua b`auto, v`suck`zcamo por tcato ja ua soko drãeo, tomc kc `aforbce`õa ecpturcmc por jk s`stjbc mj eoatrok ja forbcto tcikc o drãeo (:.96). F`d. :.94.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Crbõa`eos ja ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>3 F`d. :.9>.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Forbc mj oamc ja ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo Mjpjam`jamo mjk jqu`po `astckcmo ja ecbpo, jk usucr`o pujmj `aekuso v`suck`zcr kc mjseobpos`e`õa crbõa`ec mj kcs tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs ja ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs (F`d. :.94). Cs`b`sbo, jk s`stjbc js ecpcz mj v`suck`zcr kc forbc mj oamc ja tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja ecmc pjrâomo mj ecpturc mjk s`stjbc (F`d. :.9>). Jk softwcrj pjrb`tj tcbi`àa prodrcbcr ckcrbcs y v`suck`zcrkcs, tck eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.90 : F`d. :.90 - Uoftwcrj UECMC< Wrjsjatce`õa mj jstcmo mj ckcrbcs bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>9 :.33 Yjsubja C ko kc r do mj js t j ec pâ tu k o nj b os mj s cr r ok k cm o ua c sj r ` j mj e oa ej pt os rjkce`oacmos eoa kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, eoaejptos quj nca jvokue`oacmo mjsmj jk `astrubjato cackõd`eo, ncstc cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, icscmos ja proejscmorjs MUW, e`jrtcbjatj sost`ecmos, quj pjrb`tja ck usucr`o kc v`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mjk eobportcb`jato mj su `astckce`õa. Njbos v`sto quj kc tjamjae`c cetuck ja kcs `astckce`oajs mj e`jrtc javjrdcmurc vc nce`c kc sust`tue`õa mj kos bükt`pkjs `astrubjatos (voktâbjtros, cbpjrâbjtros, fcsâbjtros, jte.) por ua soko `astrubjato mj t`po t`po m`d`tck mj pcajk, pcajk, jk Cack`zcmor mj Yjmjs, euyo eoaejpto njbos `atjatcmo pkcsbcr c ko kcrdo mj jstj ecpâtuko. Jstj t`po mj `astrubjatos sujkja m`spoajr mj eobua`ece`oajs y por tcato soa susejpt`ikjs mj sjr `atjdrcmos ja uac rjm mj eobua`ece`oajs luato eoa otros `astrubjatos, cutõbctcs, eoatrokcmorjs, jte., pum`àamosj `atjdrcr por tcato ja s`stjbcs mj eoatrok y supjrv`s`õa mj pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs, doijracmcs por uao o vcr`os eobputcmorjs c trcvàs mj pcqujtjs mj softwcrj mjaob`acmos UECMC. Wcrc mjscrrokkcr jstj t`po mj s`stjbcs, js ajejscr`o ua bâa`bo eoaoe`b`jato mj topokodâcs mj `astckce`õa y protoeokos mj eobua`ece`õa, euyos eoaejptos jstãa mjscrrokkcmos eoa bcyor mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko 4 mjk prjsjatj k`iro. Ja otro ormja mj eoscs, kos `astrubjatos portãt`kjs nca jvokue`oacmo tcbi`àa nce`c kc tjeaokodâc tjeaokodâc m`d`tck y pjrb`tja tcbi`àa bjm`r y rjd`strcr ja bjbor`c vcr`os pcrãbjtros mj bcajrc s`buktãajc, murcatj t`jbpos quj pujmja ose`kcr jatrj kcs vj`at`euctro norcs o `aekuso ncstc ua bjs. Kos rjd`stros oitja`mos pujmja trctcrsj bjm`catj pcqujtjs mj softwcrj mjm`ecmos, quj fce`k`tca kc rjprjsjatce`õa ja forbc drãec y pjrb`tja vjr kc jvokue`õa mj m`vjrsos pcrãbjtros. ]omos jstos `astrubjatos t`jaja eobo oiljt`vo cbpk`cr kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj supjrv`s`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj kâajcs j `astckce`oajs. Ja kc cetuck`mcm mjijbos sjr eoase`jatjs mjk fujrtj `bpceto quj pujmj mjr`vcrsj mj caobckâcs ja kcs `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs y por jkko js subcbjatj ajejscr`o, ao soko ncejr ua bcatja`b`jato orm`acr`o, s`ao quj jk oiljt`vo mj tomos jstos s`stjbcs js ua eorrjeto bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo. Drce`cs c kos pcqujtjs mj softwcrj quj opjrca luato c jstos jqu`pos, js subcbjatj sjae`kko rjck`zcr `aforbjs quj aos cmv`jrtca mjk jstcmo mj aujstrcs `astckce`oajs. Womjbos cs`b`sbo tjajr ua eoatrok mjk eoasubo ceoatje`mo ja ecmc uac mj kcs kâajcs moamj sj nc rjck`zcmo kc bjm`mc. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>5 :.39 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 677==. ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc. Wcrtjs 3 c 4. CJAOY X9R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 63737-3. Yjqu`s`tos mj sjdur`mcm mj jqu`pos jkàetr`eos mj bjm`mc, eoatrok y uso ja kciorctor`o. Wcrtj 3< Yjqu`s`tos djajrckjs. djajrckjs. CJAOY X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 6766=-3. Eoorm`ace`õa mj c`skcb`jato ja s`stjbcs y rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa. CJAOY : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs 6 BJM@MC MJ JAJYDÂC P ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO 6.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jk prjsjatj ecpâtuko sj trctcrãa tomos kos tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kos jqu`pos nobokodcmos pcrc kc bjm`mc mj jajrdâc. Kos jqu`pos nobokodcmos soa kos üa`eos cejptcmos oe`ckbjatj pcrc kc fceturce`õa mj jajrdâc, yc sjc `bportcmc o jxportcmc. Jstos jqu`pos sj ui`eca ja kos mjaob`acmos puatos froatjrc jatrj mos jbprjscs o jat`mcmjs, por jljbpko kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc y jk eoasub`mor ack mj kc jajrdâc. ]cbi`àa sj trctcrãa tjbcs mj tcr`ece`õa y bjm`mc mj kc jajrdâc, y sj mcrã uac mjser`pe`õa mj kos m`fjrjatjs cdjatjs mj bjrecmo y mj kos eoaejptos iãs`eos quj eobprjamj euckqu`jr s`stjbc mj tcr`ece`õa mjatro mj ua bjrecmo jkàetr`eo mj euckqu`jr pcâs. Wor otro kcmo tcbi`àa sj eobjatcrãa tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, tckjs eobo kos eoaejptos iãs`eos mj eck`mcm, kos pcrãbjtros c bjm`r, csâ eobo kcs aorbcs `atjrace`oackjs quj kos rjdukca. 6.9 Bjrecmo jkàetr`eo Uj mjaj eobo bjrecmo jkàetr`eo, jk kudcr ja jk quj sj jaeujatrca kc ofjrtc y kc mjbcamc. Wcrc ua fuae`oacb`jato jqu`k`ircmo mj jstj bjrecmo, js ajejscr`c kc jx`stjae`c mj uaos cdjatjs, quj eoatrokja y rjdukja su fuae`oacb`jato. Jstos soa kos mjaob`acmos cdjatjs mjk bjrecmo. Ja kc bcyorâc mj pcâsjs, jx`stja pr`ae`pckbjatj mos cdjatjs o jat`mcmjs, yc sjca pr`vcmcs o duijracbjatckjs, quj sj jaecrdca mj opjrcr jk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo y mj opjrcr jk bjrecmo, js mje`r lcr jk prje`o mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc. Ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, àstos mos cdjatjs soa jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo y jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc< Jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo sj jaecrdc mj kc jkciorce`õa mjk prodrcbc m`cr`o mj fuae`oacb`jato mjk s`stjbc, ecscamo kcs ofjrtcs y kcs mjbcamcs quj kj kkjdca. Cetuckbjatj, mjscrrokkc àstc àst c fuae`õa OBJK, Opjrcmor Opj rcmor mjk Bjrecmo @iàr`eo @iàr` eo mj Jajrdâc - Woko Jspcóok, U.C. • Jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc dcrcat`zc kc eoat`au`mcm y kc sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro. Cetuckbjatj Cetuck bjatj,, sj jaecrdc mj jstc kcior YJJ, Yjm Jkàetr Jkàetr`ec `ec mj Jspcóc, quj sj fuamõ pcrc ordca`zcr tomo ko rjkct`vo ck trcasportj mj jkjetr`e`mcm. • Ja su eoaejpto bãs cbpk`o, kc jbprjsc YJJ t`jaj trjs b`s`oajs fuamcbjatckjs< 6 Ujr jk trcasport`stc mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec mj rjfjrjae`c ja jk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo jspcóok. • bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>6 Ujr jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, quj s`da`ec sjr jk rjspoascikj mj kc djst`õa tàea`ec mjk s`stjbc pcrc dcrcat`zcr kc eoat`au`mcm y sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo, y kc eorrjetc eoorm`ace`õa jatrj kc promuee`õa y jk trcasportj. • Ujr jk djstor mj kc rjm mj trcasportj, quj supoaj sjr jk rjspoascikj mjk mjscrrokko y cbpk`ce`õa mj kc rjm mj trcasportj mj tck bcajrc quj sj dcrcat`ej jk bcatja`b`jato y bjlorc mj uac rjm eoadurcmc iclo er`tjr`os nobodàajos y eonjrjatjs. • F`d. 6.3 - ]rcasportj mj jajrdâc Ja jsjae`c, sus fuae`oajs eobo djstor mj kc rjm mj trcasportj eoas`stja ja mjscrrokkcr y cbpk`cr kcs `astckce`oajs mj kc rjm, rjck`zcr su bcatja`b`jato y bjlorc iclo er`tjr`os nobodàajos y eonjrjatjs, y djst`oacr jk trãas`to mj jkjetr`e`mcm jatrj s`stjbcs jxtjr`orjs quj rjqu`jrc jk uso mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo jspcóok. Cmjbãs, Yjm Jkàetr`ec dcrcat`zc jk ceejso mj tjrejros c kc rjm, pcrc quj tomos kos cdjatjs mjk sjetor pujmca ut`k`zcrkc ja ràd`bja mj `duckmcm. Kc cet`v`mcm mj m`str`iue`õa js cqujkkc quj t`jaj por oiljto pr`ae`pck kc trcasb`s`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec mjsmj kcs rjmjs mj trcasportj ncstc kos puatos mj eoasubo, yc sjc ja bjm`c o ja iclc tjas`õa. Kos m`str`iu`morjs t`jaja kc fuae`õa mj m`str`iu`r kc jajrdâc, csâ eobo, eoastru`r, bcatjajr y opjrcr kcs `astckce`oajs mj m`str`iue`õa, cmjbãs sjrãa kos djstorjs mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa quj opjrja. Eobo djstorjs mj kcs rjmjs sjrãa rjspoascikjs mj kc jxpkotce`õa, jk bcatja`b`jato y, ja ecso ajejscr`o, jk mjscrrokko mj su rjm mj m`str`iue`õa, csâ eobo, ja su ecso, mj sus `atjreoajx`oajs eoa otrcs rjmjs, y mj dcrcat`zcr quj su rjm tjadc kc ecpce`mcm pcrc csub`r, c kcrdo pkczo, uac mjbcamc rczoacikj mj m`str`iue`õa mj jkjetr`e`mcm. 6 Wor otro kcmo, ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jx`stj otrc jat`mcm rjkce`oacmc eoa jk bjrecmo mj kc jajrdâc, euyc b`s`õa js kc mj protjdjr kos `atjrjsjs mj kos eoasub`morjs y vjkcr por kc trcaspcrjae`c mj tomo jk s`stjbc. Jstc jat`mcm js kc EAJ , Eob`s`õa Ace`oack mj Jajrdâc. Cpcrtj mj àstc ükt`bc, kcs m`fjrjatjs eobua`mcmjs cutõaobcs, t`jaja ckduacs eobpjtjae`cs ja kc rjdukce`õa mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, ja ecmc uac mj sus rjd`oajs. Wor ükt`bo, kc Za`õa Juropjc, c trcvàs mj M`rjet`vcs y aorbct`vcs kjdckjs, jstcikjej jk bcreo djajrck mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo ja tomos kos pcâsjs mj kc Za`õa. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>4 Jk proejso pcrc kkjdcr c lcr jk prje`o mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc, eoas`stj ja quj kcs jbprjscs quj djajrca jkjetr`e`mcm, promuetorjs, nceja ofjrtcs mj vjatc mj mjtjrb`acmcs ecat`mcmjs mj jkjetr`e`mcm c mjtjrb`acmo prje`o, pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs norcs mjk mâc. Ck b`sbo t`jbpo, ckduaos drcamjs eoasub`morjs, o `am`rjetcbjatj, c trcvàs mj kcs jbprjscs jkàetr`ecs m`str`iu`morcs, nceja ofjrtcs mj eobprc. Jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo (OBJK ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc) js jk jaecrdcmo mj ecscr jstcs ofjrtcs eoa kcs mjbcamcs. F`d. 6.9 - Eurvc mj ofjrtc y mjbcamc Kc subc mj kcs ofjrtcs mj eobprc eoaf`durc uac eurvc mj mjbcamc. Wcrc euir`rkc, sj jk`dja kcs ofjrtcs mj vjatc bãs icrctcs, ncstc sct`sfcejr tomc kc mjbcamc. Jk prje`o mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm sjrã jk mj kc ükt`bc ofjrtc. Wor ko tcato, jk prje`o mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm sj oit`jaj c pcrt`r mj ko quj sj kkcbc kc ecsce`õa mj kc ofjrtc y kc mjbcamc. Wjro tcbi`àa t`jaj otros eobpoajatjs, quj sj cócmja ck prje`o iãs`eo pcrc forbcr jk prje`o f`ack quj pcdca kos eoasub`morjs. Za fcetor quj pujmj bom`f`ecr jk prje`o f`ack, js jk t`po mj jajrdâc. Kcs jajrdâcs mjaob`acmcs k`bp`cs dozca mj pr`bcs quj `auyja ja jk prje`o ack. Otro fcetor quj cfjetc ck prje`o ack soa kcs dcrcatâcs quj ofrjej ua promuetor, ja eucato c kc eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o. 6 Js `bportcatj mjstcecr quj ja ckduaos pcâsjs, eobo js jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jk bjrecmo jkàetr`eo sj nc k`ijrck`zcmo, mjscpcrje`jamo jk mjaob`acmo bjrecmo rjdukcmo. Kc drca m`fjrjae`c jatrj kos mos t`pos mj bjrecmos, js quj ja ua bjrecmo rjdukcmo jk doi`jrao o kc jat`mcm mjs`dacmc por jk doi`jrao, lc kos prje`os mj vjatc mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm mj tomcs kcs m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc. Wor bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>> jk eoatrcr`o ja ua bjrecmo k`irj, kos eoasub`morjs pujmja jkjd`r kc jbprjsc sub`a`strcmorc quj mjsjja, ja fuae`õa mj kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro y jk prje`o quj ofrjzeca. Jstj ecbi`o mj t`po mj bjrecmo, js ua proejso quj sj `bpkcatc prodrjs`vcbjatj, jbpjzcamo por kcs jbprjscs bãs drcamjs mj bcyor eoasubo, y tjrb`ac eoa kc `atjdrce`õa mj kos eoasub`morjs mj jajrdâc mj bjaor potjae`c. 6.9.3 Bjrecmo rjdukcmo Ja ua bjrecmo rjdukcmo, mõamj jk doi`jrao, o jat`mcm mjs`dacmc por jk b`sbo, lc kos prje`os mj vjatc mj kcs m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc, jk usucr`o ack mj kc jajrdâc, ao t`jaj rjbjm`ojaquj jk sub`a`stro, c kc m`str`iu`morc quj jstãbãs `bpkcatcmc su eoatrctcr zoac, y quj js prop`jtcr`c mjeobpcóâc kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa. F`d. 6.5 - Jstrueturc mjk bjrecmo rjdukcmo Jk m`str`iu`mor mjij pcdcr ck trcasport`stc, por jk uso mj sus rjmjs. Wor otro kcmo k`qu`mc kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, ja jk mjaob`acmo WOOK, quj js jk kudcr ja jk quj tomos kos promuetorjs mj jajrdâc vjamja kc jajrdâc promue`mc, y ja fuae`õa mj kc mjbcamc, jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo, lc kos prje`os mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc. Ja rjsubja, jk ulo mjk m`ajro, s`duj ja sjat`mo eoatrcr`o ck ulo mj kc jajrdâc. Euckqu`jr t`po mj ek`jatj, pcrc pomjr m`spoajr mj sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc, t`jaj quj eoatrctcrko eoa kc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc mj su zoac. 6.9.9 Bjrecmo k`irj Ja ua bjrecmo k`irj, cpcrjej kc durc mjk eobjre`ck`zcmor , euyc fuae`õa js kc vjatc mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec c kos eoasub`morjs o c otros suljtos mjk s`stjbc. Àstj ao js jk prop`jtcr`o mj kcs kâajcs jkàetr`ecs mj m`str`iue`õa, su pr`ae`pckjs b`s`oajs< soa kcs mj oitjajr eoatrctos mj usucr`os ackjs, ofrje`jamo prje`os bãs iclos u otros sjrv`e`os mj vckor cócm`mo. Wor otro kcmo, eobprc kc jajrdâc ja jk WOOK o m`rjetcbjatj ck promuetor (eoatrctos i`kctjrckjs) y ackbjatj pcdc ck trcsport`stc o ck m`str`iu`mor, por jk uso mj sus rjmjs. 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 3>0 F`d. 6.= - Jstrueturc mjk bjrecmo k`irj Kc cet`v`mcm mj jstcs jbprjscs eobjre`ck`zcmorcs, mjij mj jstcr rjdukcmc por jk doi`jrao o jat`mcm eobpjtjatj. Ja àstj ecso jk ulo mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm, quj s`duj s`jamo jk b`sbo quj ja ua bjrecmo rjdukcmo, js m`fjrjatj ck ulo mjk m`ajro, mji`mo c kc cpcr`e`õa mj kc durc mjk eobjre`ck`zcmor. Jk usucr`o ack mj kc jajrdâc, pujmj jkjd`r k`irjbjatj qu`ja sjrãmj sukcs provjjmor jajrdâc, sjdu`rã cuaqujs`jamo kc m`str`iu`morc prop`jtcr`c kâajcs mj mj m`str`iue`õa, kc b`sbc. mj jajrdâc, 6.5 Bcreo kjdck Kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc mjst`acmos c kc fceturce`õa mjija eubpk`r uaos rjqu`s`tos buy jstr`etos csoe`cmos c su eorrjetc forbc mj bjm`r. Ncstc ncej poeo jx`stâca uacs aorbct`vcs prop`cs mj ecmc pcâs, quj ecmc ejatro nobokodcmo (ja Jspcóc por jljbpko jk EJB - Ejatro Jspcóok mj Bjtjorokodâc ) mjiâc ejrt`ecr. Mjsmj ncej ckduaos cóos kc cpcr`e`õa mj kc M`rjet`vc Juropjc B@M, nc pjrb`t`mo quj kc ejrt`ece`õa ja ua üa`eo pcâs mj kc EJJ, sjc vãk`mc pcrc jk rjsto, s`bpk`ecamo mj forbc aotcikj kos proejsos ajejscr`os pcrc jstcr prjsjatjs ja tomo jkkos. Jk oiljt`vo mj jstj puato js jxpk`ecr euãkjs soa kos puatos bãs `bportcatjs mj kc M`rjet`vc B@M y mj quà forbc sj cpk`ec. Kc M`rjet`vc mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc (B@M, Bjcsur`ad @astrubjats M`rjet`vj) 6 Kc m`rjet`vc mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc (B@M) 977=/99/JE jatrõ ja v`dor jk 57 mj oetuirj mj 9776. Kc B@M js uac M`rjet`vc juropjc quj euirj ua aübjro mj m`fjrjatjs `astrubjatos mj bjm`e`õa, `aekuyjamo `astrubjatos mj pjsclj cutobãt`eos, surt`morjs mj eobiust`ikj, bjm`mcs mj bctjr`ckjs, y eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Jk oiljt`vo mj kc B@M js erjcr ua bjrecmo mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`e`õa ja ijaje`o mj fcir`ecatjs y, ja ükt`bc `astcae`c mj kos eoasub`morjs nobokodcmos ja tomc kc ZJ. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 307 Kc B@M kj pjrb`tj c ua fcir`ecatj oitjajr ua ejrt`ecmo mj cproice`õa vãk`mo ja tomos kos pcâsjs mj kc Za`õa Juropjc (ZJ). Cmjbãs, kc B@M provjj c kos fcir`ecatjs mj uac sjr`j mj rutcs mj jvckuce`õa mj eoaforb`mcm pcrc oitjajr kc ejrt`ece`õa y, eoa jkko, jk ceejso ck bjrecmo juropjo. 6.5.3 Ãbi`to mj cpk`ece`õa Jstc M`rjet`vc sj cpk`ecrã c kos m`spos`t`vos y s`stjbcs eoa fuae`oajs mj bjm`e`õa eobo soa kos mj `astrubjatos rjkct`vos c kos eoatcmorjs mjk cduc, eoatcmorjs mj dcs y m`spos`t`vos mj eoavjrs`õa vokubàtr`ec, eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec cet`vc , eoatcmorjs mjbcda`tumjs jajrdâc tàrb`ec, s`stjbcsm`st`atos mj bjm`mc mj forbc eoat`auc y m`aãb`ec mj kâqu`mos mjk pcrc cduc,bjm`r `astrubjatos mj pjsclj mj fuae`oacb`jato cutobãt`eo, tcxâbjtros, bjm`mcs bctjr`ck`zcmcs, `astrubjatos pcrc bjm`mcs m`bjas`oackjs y cack`zcmorjs mj dcsjs mj jsecpj. 6.5.9 Wrje`s`õa Jk fcir`ecatj mjijrã jspje`ecr jk âam`ej mj ekcsj mjk eoatcmor. Kos âam`ejs mj ekcsj sj mjaja eobo< Ek c sj W rje ` s` õ a C 9.7 I 3 .7 E 7 .: ]cikc 6.3 - Âam`ejs mj ekcsj Kos s`du`jatjs vckorjs mj tjas`õa, frjeujae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c eorrjspoamja c kos `atjrvckos mjatro mj kos euckjs jk eoatcmor eubpkj kos rjqu`s`tos mj jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos. Wor ko tcato soa kcs eoam`e`oajs mj fuae`oacb`jato mjk eoatcmor ja jk quj kc ekcsj jstc mja`mc. Kos `atjrvckos soa kos s`du`jatjs< W c r ã bj t r o @ at à rvc k o ]jas`õa Za ((ttjas`õa aob`ack) 7,0 ´ Za ≭ Z ≭ 3,3 ´ Za Frjeujae`c fa ((ffrjeujae`c aob`ack) 7,0> ´ fa ≭ f ≭ 3,79 ´ fa Jk `atjrvcko mj WF sjrã, eobo bâa`bo, mjsmj eos φ 2 7,: `amuet`vo ncstc eosφ 2 7,> ecpce`t`vo. ]cikc 6.9 - @atjrvcko mj fuae`oacb`jato 6.5.5 Jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos 6 Kos jfjetos mj kcs m`st`atcs bcda`tumjs sobjt`mcs c bjm`e`õa y mj kcs m`st`atcs bcda`tumjs mj `afkujae`c (c, i, e, ...) sj jvcküca por sjpcrcmo, bcatja`jamo rjkct`vcbjatj eoastcatjs ja sus vckorjs mj rjfjrjae`c tomcs kcs mjbãs bcda`tumjs sobjt`mcs c bjm`e`õa y mj `aujae`c. Jk jrror mj bjm`e`õa ao supjrcrã jk jrror bãx`bo pjrb`t`mo `am`ecmo ja jk s`du`jatj eucmro y sj eckeukcrã mj jstj bomo< bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro 303 Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Jrror mj bjm`e`õa 2 ∜ (c9 + i9 + e9 ...) Eucamo jk eoatcmor jstà fuae`oacamo iclo uac eorr`jatj mj ecrdc vcr`cikj, jk porejatclj mj jrror ao supjrcrã kos kâb`tjs mj kc tcikc 6.5. ]jbpjrcturc mj fuae`oacb`jato -37 ¼E ... +: ¼E +: ¼E ... +57 ¼E õ +57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E Ek c s j C I E C I E -37 ¼E ... +: ¼E õ +57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E C I E -37 ¼E ... +: ¼E õ +57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E C I E Eoatcmorjs boaofãs`eos o pok`fãs`eos s` fuae`oaca eoa ecrdc jqu`k`ircmc @b`a ≭ @ ≭ @tr 5,: 9 3 : 9 , : 3, 5 4 5 ,: 3 ,4 0 = 9 @tr ≭ @ ≭ @bãx 5, : 9 7, 4 = ,: 9 ,: 3 4 5 ,: 3 ,5 0 = 3 ,: 3 ,4 0 =, : 9 Eoatcmorjs pok`fãs`eos s` fuae`oaca eoa ecrdc boaofãs`ec @tr ≭ @ ≭ @bãx = 9, : 3 : 5 3, 5 4 = ]cikc 6.5 - Worejatcljs mj jrror pjrb`t`mos Kc tcikc catjr`or t`jaj eobo oiljt`vo mja`r kos kâb`tjs mj jrror mjpjam`jamo mj kc tjbpjrcturc mj fuae`oacb`jato. Ja kc s`du`jatj durc sj rjprjsjatc jk jrror bãx`bo mj ua eoatcmor ekcsj I ja fuae`õa mj kc tjbpjrcturc. F`d. 6.: - Kâb`tjs mj jrror ekcsj I 6.5.= Mja`e`oajs 6 Eo aej pt o Mj a` e` õa Za eoatcmor mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec cet`vc M`spos`t`vo quj b`mj kc jajrdâc cet`vc quj sj eoasubj ja ua e`reu`to @ @atjas`mcm mj eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec quj e`reukc c trcvàs mjk eoatcmor @a @atjas`mcm mj eorr`jatj mj rjfjrjae`c jspje`ecmc pcrc kc quj nc s`mo eoaeji`mo jk eoatcmor eoajetcmo c trcasforbcmor. @bâa Vckor mj eorr`jatj por jae`bc mjk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror sj s`tüc mjatro mj kos jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 309 @tr Vckor mj eorr`jatj por jae`bc mjk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror sj s`tüc mjatro mjk bãs pjqujóo jrror bãx`bo pjrb`t`mo eorrjspoam`jatj ck âam`ej mj ekcsj mjk eoatcmor e oatcmor.. @bãx Vckor bãx`bo mj eorr`jatj pcrc jk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror sj s`tüc mjatro mj kos jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos. Z ]jas`õa jkàetr`ec sub`a`strcmc ck eoatcmor. f Frjeujae`c mj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc ck eoatcmor. fa Frjeujae`c mj rjfjrjae`c jspje`ecmc. WF WF, fcetor mj potjae`c 2 eosφ 2 jk eosjao mjk caduko mj fcsj φ jatrj @ y Z. ]cikc 6.= - Mja`e`oajs V`suck`zce`õa drcec mj kos eoaejptos csoe`cmos c kc eorr`jatj pcrc ua eoatcmor ekcsj I. F`d. 6.6 - Eoaejptos csoe`cmos c kc eorr`jatj 6.5.: Jfjeto mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj kcrdc murce`õa Kcs pjrturice`oajs mj kcrdc murce`õa ao mjija cfjetcr c kc prje`s`õa bãs ckkã mj kos vckorjs erât`eos mj ecbi`o quj sj mjaja ja kc tcikc 6.:, y quj pujmja kkjdcr c provoecr uac mjdrcmce`õa tjbporck o pàrm`mc mj fuae`oacb`jato mj kos euckjs jk eoatcmor sj rjeoircrã. Ja jstj ecso kc tcikc mjf`aj kc vcr`ce`õa mjk jrror quj pjrb`tj kc B@ B@M M eoa rjspjeto mjk puato ck quj nc s`mo clustcmo y vjr`ecmo. 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 305 Wjrturice`õa Vckorjs erât`eos mj vcr`ce`õa (%) pcrc kos eoatcmorjs mj kc ekcsj C I E 3, : 3, : 7 ,5 Mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj tjas`õa (cpk`ecikj sõko c kos eoatcmorjs pok`fãs`eos) = 9 3 Eo a t j a ` m o c r bõ a ` e o j a k o s e ` r e u ` t o s m j e o r r ` j a t j 3 7, > 7 ,: E. E . y c r bõ a ` e o s j a j k e ` r e u ` t o m j e o r r ` j a t j 6 5 3 ,: Uj e u j a e ` c m j f c s j ` a v j r s c Yã f c d c s t r c a s ` t o r ` c s m j e o r r ` j a t j 6 = 9 Ecbpos bcdaàt`eos, ecbpo e cbpo jkjetrobcdaàt`eo NF, pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs or`d`acmcs por ecbpos mj rcm`ofrjeujae`c, j `abua`mcm c oamcs ose`kctor`cs 5 9 3 ]cikc 6.: - Vcr`ce`õa (%) mjk jrror 6.= ]`pos mj eoatcmor Catjs mj jatrcr Catjs jatrcr ja prof profuam` uam`mcm mcm ja ja kc mjser`p mjser`pe`õa e`õa mjk mjk eoatcmo eoatcmorr, js ajejsc ajejscr`o r`o mja`r mja`r ko quj sj mjaob`ac t`pos mj ek`jatj. Jstcs m`v`s`oajs js ajejscr`o rjck`zcrkcs, yc quj ja fuae`õa mjk t`po mj ek`jatj, kj eorrjspoamj ua t`po mj eoatcmor u otro. Jstcs m`v`s`oajs, icscmcs pr`ae`pckbjatj ja kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc, jstãa m`rjetcbjatj rjkce`oacmcs eoa kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa y prjstce`oajs quj mjij tjajr jk jqu`po mj bjm`mc. Kcs m`v`s`oajs por t`pos mj ek`jatj, quj sj pkcatjca c eoat`auce`õa, eorrjspoamja ck bjrecmo jspcóok, rjdukcmo por jk Yjck Mjerjto 3337/9774, mj 9= mj cdosto mjk 9774, por jk quj sj cprujic jk Yjdkcbjato ua`ecmo mj puatos mj bjm`mc mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo jspcóok. Ja ecmc pcâs kcs m`v`s`oajs por potjae`cs quj pkcatjc àstj Yjck Mjerjto, pujmja sjr m`fjrjatjs, cuaquj àstcs pujmja sjrv`r mj rjfjrjae`c. Ek`jatjs t`po 3 • Eoasubo ≪ 37BT / Djajrce`õa ≪ 39 BVC / Otros ≪ : DTn/cóo • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ 7.9U / rjcet`vc ≭ 7.: • Ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-959 y õpt`eo • M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.) Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja eurvc mj ecrdc mj : b`a.) • Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujro mj kos kâb`tjs) • • 6 Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa 7.9 / Eorr`jatj 7.9U Ek`jatjs t`po 9 • Eoasubo 1 =:7hT / Djajrce`õa ≪ =:7hVC / Otros ≪ 4:7 BTn/cóo bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ E / rjcet`vc ≭ 3 • Ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-959 y õpt`eo • M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.) 30= Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja eurvc mj ecrdc mj : b`a.) • Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • • Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 7.: / Eorr`jatj ≭ 7.:U Ek`jatjs t`po 5 • Eoasubo 1 :7 hT / Djajrce`õa ; =:7 hVC • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ I / rjcet`vc ≭ 9 • Ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-959 y õpt`eo (jxejpto froatjrcs ek`jatj) • M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc (jxejpto froatjrcs ek`jatj) • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.) • Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja eurvc mj ecrdc mj : b`a.) • Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 3 / Eorr`jatj ≭ 3 Ek`jatjs t`po = • Eoasubo ≭ :7 hT y 1 3: hT • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ I / rjcet`vc ≭ 9 • Wujrto õpt`eo mj eobua`ece`oajs • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.) • Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs • Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 3 / Eorr`jatj ≭ 3 • 6 Wos`i`k`mcm mj sjr `atjdrcmo ja jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa y tjkjbjm`mc Ek`jatjs t`po : • Eoasubo ≭ 3: hT / Djajrce`õa ≭ 3: hVC • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ C / rjcet`vc ≭ 5 • Wujrto õpt`eo mj eobua`ece`oajs • 3 bcxâbjtro (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.) • Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc • Eurvc mj ecrdc< Jajrdâc Cet`vc y Yjcet`vc b`a. 5 bjsjs bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 30: Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • @atjdrcmo ja ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa y tjkjbjm`mc (kjeturc, pcrcbjtr`zce`õa, eoatrok mj potjae`c) • Ja rjsubja, ja euckqu`jr bjrecmo js ajejscr`o rjck`zcr m`v`s`oajs, yc sjc por t`pos mj ek`jatj, por potjae`cs o ekcsjs mj prje`s`õa, eoa jk oiljt`vo mj pomjr jaeclcr kcs prjstce`oajs mjk eoatcmor c kcs ajejs`mcmjs mjk usucr`o ack mj kc jajrdâc. Ja kos m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj ek`jatjs quj sj nca mja`mo ja àstj cpcrtcmo, ja tomos jkkos jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc ao pujmj sjr otro qujforbcs ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa. jk s`du`jatj cpcrtcmo sj mjtckkca ckduacs mj kcs bãs nci`tuckjs quj Ja sj ut`k`zca pcrc kc bjm`mc mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Ja jk cpcrtcmo 6.6, sj mjscrrokkc jk eoaejpto mj ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa, ja eucato c euckjs soa sus ecrcetjrâst`ecs y pr`ae`pckjs fuae`oack`mcmjs. Yjspjeto c kos eoatcmorjs quj mjaob`acbos t`po :, ncejr bjae`õa ck `bportcatj rjto quj t`jaja, pr`ae`pckbjatj kcs m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc, pjro tcbi`àa kos fcir`ecatjs, soirj ck ecbi`o mj tomo jk pcrquj mj eoatcmorjs, pr`ae`pckbjatj bjeãa`eos, por eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos eoa ecpce`mcm mj tjkjdjst`õa. Jstj js ua rjto quj ckduacs jkàetr`ecs mj m`fjrjatjs pcâsjs yc nca jbpjzcmo, y supoaj ua drca ecbi`o tcato pcrc kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc eobo mjk usucr`o ack, yc quj jk s`stjbc pujmj pjrb`t`r c kc m`str`iu`morc eoajetcrsj ck eoatcmor mjk usucr`o Wcrc tjajr uac rjfjrjae`c pujmj kc tjajr eoatrctcmos =,= hT, kjjr jk eoatcmor,ack. y djst`oacr jk sub`a`stro, rjmue`jamo potjae`c eoatrctcmc o eortcamo y rjeoajetcamo jk sub`a`stro. Wcrc eobpkjtcr kc `aforbce`õa soirj àstj s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo 6.>. 6.: Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc Kos eoatcmorjs bjeãa`eos quj murcatj buenos cóos nca s`mo kos kâmjrjs `am`seut`ikjs mj kc bjm`mc mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec, aos nca cportcmo uac `aforbce`õa buy iãs`ec, cuaquj murcatj buenos cóos sue`jatj. Or`d`ackbjatj bjm`catj eobpkjlos s`stjbcs bjeãa`eos, yc fujsja `am`ecmorjs e`reukcrjs, mâd`tos sjeujae`ckjs o euckqu`jr otrc forbc, aos nca propore`oacmo `aforbce`õa soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc cet`vc y postjr`orbjatj, soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc. 6 F`d. 6.4 - Eoatcmorjs t`po Fjrrcr`s bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 306 Eoa kc kkjdcmc mj kos eoatcmorjs jstãt`eos, tcbi`àa kkcbcmos eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos, sj cirj kc pos`i`k`mcm mj mcr ua `bportcatj sckto ja eucato c kc `aforbce`õa quj soa ecpcejs mj eckeukcr. Jk njeno mj `atromue`r ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc jkjetrõa`eo quj pjrb`tc bjm`catj kc ecpturc mj bujstrcs mj kcs sjóckjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, eckeukcr ua cbpk`o drupo mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, js s`a mumc ua sckto tjeaokõd`eo. Catj s mj eobj Catjs eobjatcr atcr euck euckjs js soa kcs vcr` vcr`cikj cikjss quj pujm pujmjj bjm` bjm`rr ua eoat eoatcmor cmor js `bportcatj eoaoejr mj quj m`st`atcs forbcs sj pujmj bjm`r kc tjas`õa y kc eorr`jatj, y quj vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs prjsjatc ecmc uac mj jkkcs. 6.:.3 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa, ja kc bcyorâc mj kcs oecs`oajs, jk oiljt`vo js m`v`m`r kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm 957 Vce y rjmue`rkc c uac tjas`õa bueno bãs pjqujóc quj sjc m`rjetcbjatj bjm`ikj por ua proejscmor. Ja kc bcyorâc mj kcs oecs`oajs mjk ormja mj vokt`os. F`d. 6.> - Eoatcmorjs cat`duos Ja ckduac oecs`õa, mjpjam`jamo mj s` jk eoatcmor tcbi`àa m`spoaj mj ecackjs mj eobua`ece`oajs, sj pujmj pkcatjcr kc ope`õa mj quj kc rjfjrjae`c mj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa jstà c`skcmc mj kc rjm, ja jstj ecso ck m`v`sor sj kj pujmj cócm`r ua trcasforbcmor mj c`skcb`jato. Eoatcmor eoa kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa c`skcmc< 6 F`d. 6.0 - Eoa bjm`mc mj tjas`õa c`skcmc bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 304 6.:.9 Bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj Kos eoatcmorjs ut`k`zca jkjbjatos mj bjm`mc quj eoav`jrtja kc eorr`jatj ja uac tjas`õa propore`oack (pcrc bãs `aforbce`õa, vjr ecpâtuko :). C eoat`auce`õa vjrjbos kos m`st`atos s`stjbcs quj ut`k`zca kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc y euckjs soa kcs pr`ae`pckjs vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs. 6.:.9.3 ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc Js ua jkjbjato por jk euck sj ncej pcscr kc eorr`jatj mj kc fcsj. Bjeãa`ecbjatj eoas`stj ja ua bcdaàt`eo mjvcacmo uac mj eorr`jatj propore`oack c kcaüekjo quj e`reukc por kceoa fcsjuaquj bjm`catjquj uacjatrjdc rjs`stjae`c ecrdc sj trcasforbc ja uac tjas`õa. F`d. 6.37 - ]rcasforbcm ]rcasforbcmorjs orjs mj bjm`mc 6.:.9.9 U`stjbc mj bjm`mc eoa Unuat Eoas`stj ja ua jkjbjato rjs`st`vo quj sj `atjreckc ja jk e`reu`to mj eorr`jatj y quj aos mc uac tjas`õa propore`oack c kc eorr`jatj quj e`reukc por kc fcsj. F`d. 6.33 - Bjm`mc eoa Unuat 6.:.9.5 Uoamcs mj jfjeto Nckk 6 Uoa pcrje`mcs c kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj pjro s`a auekjo, por ko tcato uac mj kcs vjatclcs js quj jk eostj js bueno bãs eobpjt`t`vo. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 30> 6.:.9.= Uoamcs drcm`obàtr`ecs Uoa ioi`acs quj sj `atjdrca ja jk e`reu`to `bprjso y quj djajrca uac pjqujóc sjóck propore`oack c kc eorr`jatj. Kc pr`ae`pck vjatclc js quj c m`fjrjae`c mjk rjsto mj ope`oajs, ao js ajejscr`c su `atjdrce`õa bjeãa`ec ja jk eoatcmor yc quj pujmj forbcr pcrtj mjk prop`o e`reu`to ja jk quj sj boatc kc jkjetrõa`ec. ]cikc eobpcrct`vc eobpcrct `vc ]`po mj soamc Vjatclcs @ a eoa vj a` j at j s ]rcasforbcmor K c bj m ` m c j s t ã c ` s k c m c . Jk eostj js jk bãs jkjvcmo Js ecpcz mj bjm`r eorr`jatjs buy iclcs. mj kos m`st`atos s`stjbcs. U nu at Jk e o s t j j s b u y eobpjt`t`vo. Js buy fãe`k mj cmcptcr bjeãa`ecbjatj Kc bjm`mc ao jstã c`skcmc. Cuto-eckjatcb`jat Cuto-eck jatcb`jatoo c eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs. D r cm ` ob àt r ` e c s Eo s t j bu y e o bp j t ` t ` v o ]rciclc eoa eorr`jatjs buy pjqujócs quj ajejs`tca buenc cbpk`ece`õa. ]cikc 6.6 - ]cikc eobpcrct`vc mj sokue`oajs ja kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj Eoa kcs forbcs mj bjm`r kc tjas`õa y kc eorr`jatj quj njbos v`sto, jk eoatcmor jkjetrõa`eo bujstrjc cbics sjóckjs y rjck`zc tomos kos eãkeukos ajejscr`os pcrc oitjajr kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos. F`d. 6.39 - Bujstrc mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj kcs potjae`cs js ajejscr`o ncejr opjrce`oajs eoa kcs bujstrcs mj tjas`õa y mj eorr`jatj, ja jk ecso mj kc potjae`c cet`vc eoas`stj ja bukt`pk`ecr kcs bujstrcs mj tjas`õa por kcs mj eorr`jatj. 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 300 F`d. 6.35 - Eãkeuko mj potjae`c Ja jk ecso mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc js ajejscr`o mjspkczcr kc eorr`jatj 07¼ catjs mj bukt`pk`ecr kcs bujstrcs. Wcrc jkko sj ut`k`zc kc trcasforbcmc mj ‛N`kijrt‒ quj js ua ckdor`tbo bctjbãt`eo quj pjrb`tj mjspkczcr kcs bujstrcs bcatja`jamo kc `aujae`c mj kos crbõa`eos. F`d. 6.3= - ]rcasforbcm ]rcasforbcmor or mj N`kijrt Kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros quj b`mj jk eoatcmor soa kos s`du`jatjs< Dr u p o Wc r ãb jt r os Ja j r d â c s Ce t ` v c ( h T n ) , Yj c e t ` v c ( h v c r n ) Wo t j a e ` c s Cet`vc (hTn), Yjcet`vc (hvcrn), Cpcrjatj (hVC) Wcrãbjtro Wcrã bjtross jkàetr`eos jkàetr`eos ]jas`õ jas`õaa (V), Eorr`j Eorr`jatj atj (C), (C), Frjeujae Frjeujae`c `c (Nz), (Nz), Fcetor Fcetor mj potjae potjae`c `c 6 ]cikc 6.4 - Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj jk eoatcmor bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro 977 Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 6.6 Eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`oa C m`fjrja m`fjrjae`c e`c mj kos eoatcmo eoatcmorjs rjs bjeãa`eos, bjeãa`eos, kos kos eoatcmorjs eoatcmorjs jstãt`eo jstãt`eos, s, o popukcrbja popukcrbjatj tj mjaob`acmos jkjetrõa`eos, soa eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, quj eobo su prop`o aobirj `am`ec, soa ua jqu`pos eobpcetos quj `atjdrca m`fjrjatjs fuae`oajs< eoatcmor, rjd`strcmor, tcr`ecmor, bcxâbjtro y bõmuko mj eobua`ece`oajs. Ja kos s`du`jatjs cpcrtcmos, sj mjtckkc ecmc uac mj kcs fuae`oajs quj pujmj rjck`zcr ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa. 6.6.3 Eoatcmor mj jajrdâc Kc fuae`õa mj eoatcmor, js kc ajejs`mcm iãs`ec quj sj rjqu`jrj mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc. Bjm`catj kc bjm`mc mj tjas`õa j `atjas`mcm, jk jqu`po js ecpcz mj bjm`r kc jajrdâc. Kc bcyorâc mj kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, soa eoatcmorjs eobi`acmos, ko quj s`da`ec js quj b`mja tcato jajrdâc cet`vc eobo jajrdâc rjcet`vc. Kc jajrdâc cet`vc, mjij sjr ceubukcmc ja mos totck`zcmorjs m`fjrjatjs sjdüa su sjat`mo, js mje`r, ua eoatcmor pcrc kc jajrdâc cet`vc `bportcmc (eoasub`mc) y otro eoatcmor pcrc kc jajrdâc cet`vc jxportcmc (djajrcmc). Uoirj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc, jk eoatcmor, ao sokcbjatj t`jaj quj sjr ecpcz mj sjpcrcr kc `bportce`õa mj kc jxportce`õa, s`ao quj t`jaj quj m`v`m`rkc por eucmrcatjs. Ja kc f`durc quj s`duj, sj pujmja `mjat`f`ecr ecmc uao mj kos eucmrcatjs, y t`pos mj jajrdâcs rjcet`vcs quj mjij sjpcrcr jk eoatcmor. F`d. 6.3: - Eucmrcatjs mj jajrdâc Ja rjsubja, ua eoatcmor eobi`acmo bukt`fuae`õa, mjij mj sjr ecpcz mj bjm`r eobo bâa`bo sj`s t`pos mj jajrdâc< 6 • Jajrdâc cet`vc jatrcmc (ua`mcmjs< hTn) • Jajrdâc cet`vc sck`mc (ua`mcmjs< hTn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S3 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S9 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S5 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S= (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro 973 Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Vàcsj cpcrtcmo 6.: y jk ecpâtuko :, pcrc eoaoejr eobo jk eoatcmor b`mj kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, pcrc kkjdcr c eoatcr y rjd`strcr kos m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj jajrdâc. 6.6.9 Yjd`strcmor Murcatj buenos cóos, jk rjd`strcmor, jrc ua m`spos`t`vo sjpcrcmo mjk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, euyc fuae`õa jrc kc mj rjd`strcr kos mctos norcr`os mj kcs jajrdâcs bjm`mcs por jk eoatcmor. Ja kc cetuck`mcm kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa `atjdrca jk rjd`strcmor. Kc b`s`õa mj ua rjd`strcmor, js kc mj ckbcejacr rjd`stros mj jajrdâc eoa uac pjr`om`e`mcm mj lcmc. Ja jk Jspcóc, kos rjd`stros. rjd`strcmorjs quj pujmj tjajr uac profuam`mcm rjd`stro mjecso eõbomjbâa`bo =.777 Àstc t`jaja ecpce`mcm sjr mupk`ecmc, mjpjam`jamo mjk t`po mj sub`a`stro o ek`jatj. Cetuckbjatj kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, sj prodrcbca eoa pjrâomos mj 67 b`autos, ko quj ko eoav`jrtj ja kc mjaob`acmc eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c. U` jk jqu`po t`jaj quj m`spoajr mj ua sjduamo rjd`stro mj jajrdâcs, àstj sj prodrcbc eoa uac pjr`om`e`mcm mj 3: b`autos, y js kc eurvc eucrto-norcr`c. Kcs jajrdâcs quj sj rjd`strca ja àstcs eurvcs mj ecrdc, soa kcs 6 jajrdâcs mjser`tcs ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or (6.6.3). C eoat`auce`õa, sj bujstrc c bomo mj jljbpko, uac eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c mjsecrdcmc mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc. Jt ` quj t c t ` jb po h Tn + hT n - hvc rn S3 hvcrn S9 hvcrn S5 hvcrn S= 73 < 77 94 / 79 / 70 79 < 77 94 / 79 / 70 @ av ` jr a o @ av ` jr a o 3= 53: : 3= 565 0 7 7 4 34= 4 935 7 7 7 7 0 63 6 063 6 75 < 77 94 / 79 / 70 @ av ` jr a o 3= =39 5 7 4 94 7 7 7 063 6 7 =< 77 9 4/ 79 / 70 @ av ` jr a o 3= == 9= 7 459 6 7 7 063 6 7 :< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ av ` jr a o 3= =: =6 7 454 > 7 7 063 0 7 6< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ av ` jr ao 3 ==0 35 7 45> > 7 7 06 53 7 4< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ a v ` jr ao 3 =:5 03 7 45> > 7 7 06 6= 7 >< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ a v ` jr ao 3 =:> =9 7 45 09 7 7 04 7= 7 0< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ a v ` j r ao 3 =: >=6 7 45 05 7 7 04 36 37< 77 94/ 79/ 70 @ a v ` j r ao 3 =: >:7 7 45 04 7 7 04 95 ]cikc 6.> - Eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c Ja àstj jljbpko mj eurvc mj ecrdc, sj pujmj oisjrvcr quj ao ncy vckorjs ja kcs eokubacs mj hTn -, S9 y S5. Jsto js porquj jk puato mj bjm`mc sokcbjatj js mj `bportce`õa, js mje`r soko ncy eoasubo mj jajrdâc. 6 Jk rjd`strcmor mj ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa, tcbi`àa pujmj tjajr kc ecpce`mcm mj ckbcejacr, jvjatos y e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa . Kos jvjatos, soa suejsos quj t`jaj jk eoatcmor, tckjs eobo ecbi`os ja kc prodrcbce`õa, fckkos mj tjas`õa, `ae`mjae`cs ja eobua`ece`oajs, jte. Wor otro kcmo, kos mjaob`acmos e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa, soa rjd`stros bjasuckjs mj kcs jajrdâcs y bcxâbjtros tcr`ecmos, rjd`strcmos murcatj ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo (mjs mjk catjr`or e`jrrj mj fceturce`õa) bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 979 6.6.5 ]cr`ecmor Kc fuae`õa mj tcr`ecmor, js kc ecpce`mcm mj m`ser`b`acr por tcr`fcs, ua üa`eo eoasubo mj jajrdâc. Kos eoatcmorjs eoa kc fuae`õa mj tcr`ecmor, t`jaja kc ecpce`mcm mj prodrcbcr ua eckjamcr`o eoa uac m`ser`b`ace`õa tcr`fcr`c. Ja jstj eckjamcr`o sj mjf`aja uacs tjbporcmcs, quj pujmja sjr por jljbpko `av`jrao y vjrcao. ]cbi`àa sj mjaja uaos pjrkjs m`cr`os, quj sj cs`daca c kcs tjbporcmcs mja`mcs. Mj àstc forbc jk eoatcmor js ecpcz mj m`ser`b`acr kc jajrdâc por tcr`fcs, vcr`camo kc m`ser`b`ace`õa, ja fuae`õa mjk mâc mjk cóo y mj kc frcalc norcr`c mjatro mj ecmc pjrk mj mâc. Ja jk bjrecmo jkàetr`eo jspcóok, js mj oik`dctor`o eubpk`b`jato quj kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc m`spoadca mj ncstc 5 eckjamcr`os prodrcbcmos, o ko quj ja jk eoatcmor sj mjaob`ac eoatrctos. Jk rjsuktcmo ack js quj kc b`sbc jajrdâc bjm`mc ja ua puato, sj pujmj tcr`ecr mj trjs forbcs m`fjrjatjs. 6.6.= Bcxâbjtro Jk bcxâbjtro js jk pcrãbjtro quj ut`k`zc kc eobpcóâc jkàetr`ec pcrc kc fceturce`õa mjk tàrb`ao mj potjae`c. Jk bcxâbjtro mc kc potjae`c `astcatãajc probjm`cmc murcatj ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo. Kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, js ua vckor prodrcbcikj ja eucato c su pjrâomo mj `atjdrce`õa, y cuaquj aorbckbjatj jk pcrãbjtro jkàetr`eo quj sj cs`dac ck eãkeuko mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, js kc potjae`c cet`vc (hT), ja ckduaos ecsos kc vcr`cikj cs`dacmc js kc potjae`c cpcrjatj (hVC). Ja kc s`du`jatj drãec, sj rjprjsjatc, pcrc ua pjrâomo mj 3: b`autos, kc potjae`c `astcatãajc ja hT. Jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, murcatj jstos 3: b`autos, ckbcejac tjbporckbjatj kos vckorjs mj kcs potjae`cs `astcatãajcs mj jstj pjrâomo. Ck ack mjk b`sbo, rjck`zc ua probjm`o mj kos vckorjs rjd`strcmos. Jstj probjm`o js jk vckor mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc pcrc àstj pjrâomo, quj ja àstj ecso sjrâc cprox`bcmcbjatj mj 577 hT. 6 F`d. 6.36 - Drãec mj potjae`c U` jk eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa js tcr`ecmor y bcxâbjtro, m`spoamrã mj tcatos vckorjs mj bãx`bcs mjbcamcs eobo tcr`fcs prodrcbcmcs, yc quj m`spoaj mj rjd`stros bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 975 mj bcx`bjtros `amjpjam`jatjs pcrc ecmc frcalc tcr`fcr`c, csâ eobo ua vckor totck quj sjrã jk bcyor mj tomcs kcs bãx`bcs tcr`ecmcs. 6.6.: Bõmuko mj eobua`ece`oajs ]omos kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, m`spoaja mj eõbo bâa`bo ua pujrto õpt`eo, por jk quj sj pujmj cmjbãs mj prodrcbcr, mjsecrdcr tomc kc `aforbce`õa quj ckbcejaca. Cmjbãs, y sjdüa kos bomjkos y vcr`catjs mj ecmc fcir`ecatj, pujmj `aeorporcr pujrtos sjr`j jkàetr`eos. Ja jk ecso mjk bjrecmo jspcóok, kos eoatcmorjs tr`fãs`eos, mjija m`spoajr mj eõbo bâa`bo, ua pujrto õpt`eo y ua sjr`j, cm`e`oackbjatj sj pujmj cbpk`cr eoa ua sjduamo pujrto sjr`j o Jtnjrajt, pcrc quj jk usucr`o ack pujmc mjsecrdcr kos mctos, o i`ja por `atjdrcrko mjatro mj ua s`stjbc mj eoatrok jajrdàt`eo t`po UECMC. Ja ckduacs oecs`oajs, jk soportj fâs`eo mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs js kc prop`c rjm, mcamo kudcr c kos eobua`ece`oajs WKE Wowjr K`aj Eobbua`ect`oas). 6.4 Eobua`ece`oajs y protoeokos Murcatj buenos cóos kc üa`ec forbc pos`ikj mj oitjajr `aforbce`õa mj kos eoatcmorjs fuj kc kjeturc bcauck mjk `am`ecmor bjeãa`eo. Eoa kc `atromuee`õa mj kos eoatcmorjs jstãt`eos icscmos ja jk m`sjóo jkjetrõa`eo, cpcrje`õ kc pos`i`k`mcm mj `atromue`r ua mj `atjrfcej quj pjrb`tâc eoa ykc ackbjatj, cyumc mj ua ecijzck jxtjrao, kc kjeturc ckduaosõpt`eo pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, kc m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj ecackjs YU959, YU=>: j `aekuso Jtnjrajt nca njeno quj kos eoatcmorjs mjlja mj sjr ua jkjbjato c`skcmo y pcsja c sjr ua aomo bãs mj uac rjm mj eobua`ece`oajs. F`d. 6.34 - Eobua`ece`õa eoa jk eoatcmor Eoa kc cpcr`e`õa mj kc pos`i`k`mcm mj ecptcr `aforbce`õa mjk eoatcmor bjm`catj ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs ecmc fcir`ecatj jbpjzõ c trciclcr eoa protoeokos prop`os yc quj ja kc fcsj `a`e`ck ao jx`stâc a`adüa jstãamcr cpk`ecikj. 6 Eoa jk pcso mjk t`jbpo jbpjzcroa c cpcrjejr protoeokos jstãamcr quj pjrb`t`jroa quj eoatcmorjs mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs pum`jrca ut`k`zcr ua b`sbo kjaduclj mj eobua`ece`õa. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 97= C eoat`auce`õa eobjatcrjbos kos protoeokos bãs `bportcatjs quj sj jstãa ut`k`zcamo ja kc cetuck`mcm, cpk`ecmos ja kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. 6.4.3 @JE 63374 Catjr `orbjatj Catjr`orb jatj kkcb kkcbcmo cmo @JE3374 , js ua moeubjato `atjrace`oack jstãamcr quj mjser`ij ua protoeoko jxtjascbjatj uscmo pcrc kjjr eoatcmorjs mj fceturce`õa ja kc Za`õa Juropjc. Jk @JE 63374 sj eoas`mjrc rjjbpkczcmo por jk @JE 697:6, pjro sj s`duj ut`k`zcamo porquj js s`bpkj y buy cejptcmo. Javâc mctos ja CUE@@ ut`k ut`k`zcam `zcamoo ua pujrt pujrtoo sjr` sjr`j. j. Kos bjm`o bjm`oss mj eobua eobua`ece `ece`õa `õa fâs` fâs`eos eos soa eoa bomukce`õa mj kc kuz, jav`cmos eoa ua m`omo KJM y rje`i`mos eoa ua fotom`omo, o ua pcr mj ecikjs, por ko djajrck ua YU-=>:. Jk protoeoko sõko pjrb`tj jav`cr o rje`i`r, y ao pujmj trciclcr mj forbc s`buktãajc. Jstc aorbc js kc quj mjaj eobo nc mj sjr jk ncrmwcrj mj kc eoajx`õa õpt`ec. 6.4.9 @JE 67>47-:-379 Jk @JE 67>47-:-379 js ua protoeoko jstãamcr `atjrace`oack, `atjrace`oack, puik`ecmo por jk @JE ck pr`ae`p`o mj kos cóos 07. Wjrb`tj kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj uac ua`mcm ejatrck ejatrck y vcr`os eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Jk protoeoko jstã icscmo ja kc crqu`tjeturc JWC (Jancaejm Wjrforbcaej Cre Cren`t n`tjet jeturj urj))Jky @JE mjaj mj aj sõk sõkoo kc ecp ecpc fâs`e fâs `ec, c, kc mj jak jakcej cej y kc mj mj cpk`ec cpk `ece`õ e`õaa mj bomjko OU@. 67>47-:-379 sjcusc iãs`ecbjatj, eoa bjm`os trcasb`s`õa kjatos. Eucamo ja jk bjrecmo jspcóok jbpjzcroa c cpcrjejr eoatcmorjs tr`fãs`eos jkjetrõa`eos, ecmc fcir`ecatj mje`m`õ `aeorporcr ck jqu`po jk protoeoko quj ja cqujk bobjato eoas`mjrõ cmjeucmo, ckduaos mj jkkos `aekuso prop`jtcr`os mjk fcir`ecatj. Frjatj c jstc e`reuastcae`c, YJJ eobo rjspoascikj mj kc kjeturc rjbotc mj kos eoatcmorjs mjst`acmos c kos drcamjs eoasub`morjs, mje`m`õ `atjatcr eorrjd`r jstc s`tuce`õa y propuso jstj jstãamcr pcrc kc kjeturc mj kos eoatcmorjs. Eobo rjsuktcmo mj cqujkkc propujstc cpcrje`jroa m`fjrjatjs fcsjs< Ja uac pr`bjrc fcsj sj `aeorporõ c tomos kos eoatcmorjs tr`fãs`eos `astckcikjs ja Jspcóc jk protoeoko @JE >47-:-379 pcrc kc kjeturc mj cqujkkos pcrãbjtros quj • ajejs`tcic YJJ pcrc eoatrokcr jk ickcaej jajrdàt`eo. • Ja uac sjduamc fcsj kc eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs, trciclcamo mj forbc eoaluatc mja`jroa uac sjduamc pcrtj quj kjs pjrb`t`jrc eoadurcr tomos kos jqu`pos mj kc b`sbc forbc. Jk rjsuktcmo fuj quj sj mja`jroa kos eobcamos ajejscr`os pcrc quj kcs tcr`fcs, jk eoatrok mj kos e`jrrjs, kcs potjae`cs eoatrctcmcs, jte, sj pum`jrca prodrcbcr mj kc b`sbc forbc. Ja uac tjrejrc fcsj sj mja`jroa uac sjr`j mj pcrãbjtros csoe`cmos c kc eck`mcm mj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm y kos eobcamos ajejscr`os pcrc su eoadurce`õa y kjeturc. • 6 6.4.5 MKBU bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 97: Jk MKBU (Mjv`ej Kcaducdj Bjsscdj spje`ect`oa) js ua kjaduclj cistrceto ua`vjrsck pcrc kc jstcamcr`zce`õa mj kc eobua`ece`õa mj bjm`mc mjatro mj @JE. MKBU js ua jstãamcr ci`jrto y nc s`mo puik`ecmo eobo @JE 6355=-=-=3. MKBU jstc ci`jrto c otros t`pos mj eoatcmorjs m`fjrjatjs c kos mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec eobo kos mj dcs, eckor, cduc jte. Oiljt`vos mjk MKBU • Eobpct`ikj< Zao mj kos oiljt`vos js dcrcat`zcr kc `atjropjrci`k`mcm mj kos jqu`pos mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs. • @amjpjam`jatj< MKBU js `amjpjam`jatj mjk bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa ut`k`zcmo y dcrcat`zc kc `atjropjrci`k`mcm mj eoatcmorjs mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs ja s`stjbcs mj eobua`ece`õa bukt`bjm`c y cpk`ece`oajs bukt`fuae`oackjs. • Jxpcam`ikj< MKBU fce`k`tc kc cbpk`ce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs jx`stjatjs. Ao js ajejscr`o cmoptcr postjr`orjs jqu`pos mj eobua`ece`õa. Jsto sj trcmuej ja bjaorjs eostjs djajrckjs y eoadurce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs bãs s`bpkj. Jk MKBU js uao mj kos protoeokos euyo uso sj jstã jxtjam`jamo ao sõko por tomc Juropc, s`ao por jk rjsto mjk buamo. Jk njeno mj quj sj ncyc puik`ecmo uac @JE eobo jstãamcr ci`jrto nc fce`k`tcmo quj buencs eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs ncyca icscmo ja jk sus proyjetos mj tjkjdjst`õa. 6.> Djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc Kos eoatcmorjs quj eubpkja eoa kc jspje`ece`õa mj s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa cetuckbjatj `atjdrca ko quj sj eoaoej eobo ua jkjbjato mj eortj. Jstj m`spos`t`vo pjrb`tj mj forbc rjbotc eoatrokcr jk sub`a`stro. 6 F`d. 6.3> - Jkjbjato mj eortj `atjdrcmo bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 976 Jx`stja mos drcamjs fuae`oajs csoe`cmcs c jstj jkjbjato< Kc pr`bjrc eoas`stj ja kc pos`i`k`mcm mj quj mj forbc rjbotc (ut`k`zcamo kc prop`c rjm jkàetr`ec eobo bjm`o mj eobua`ece`oajs), jk eoatcmor rje`ic kc ormja mj eortcr jk sub`a`stro mj usucr`o ack y postjr`orbjatj mj rjpoajrko. F`d. 6.30 - Djst`õa rjbotc mj kc mjbcamc Jstc pos`i`k`mcm pjrb`t`rã c kcs eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs eortcr jk sub`a`stro mj forbc rjbotc ja kos s`du`jatjs ecsos< Wor `bpcdo< Ja ecso mj quj jk usucr`o ack ao cioaj kos rje`ios eorrjspoam`jatjs, y mjspuàs mj sjdu`r tomos kos pcsos quj kjdckbjatj jstãa mja`mos, sjrã pos`ikj • eortcr jk sub`a`stro y rjpoajrko postjr`orbjatj s`a ajejs`mcm mj mjspkczcrsj ck mob`e`k`o. Wor sjdur`mcm< U` sj supjrc jk fcetor mj s`buktcaj`mcm mj ecrdc eoa jk quj jstãa m`bjas`oacmos kos trcasforbcmorjs mj kos ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, sjrã pos`ikj mjseoajetcr ckduaos cioacmos catjs mj quj sj promuzec uac s`tuce`õa erât`ec. • 6 F`d. 6.97 - Eoatrok totck mj kc mjbcamc bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 974 Otrc pos`ikj s`tuce`õa sjrâc quj frjatj c kc `bpos`i`k`mcm mj cubjatcr kc ecpce`mcm mj djajrce`õa frjatj c ua p`eo mj mjbcamc, kc üa`ec pos`i`k`mcm por pcrtj mj kc eobpcóâc jkàetr`ec sjc mjseoajetcr ecrdcs mobàst`ecs mj forbc eoatrokcmc jv`tcamo mj jstc forbc jk eokcpso jkàetr`eo. Kc otrc fuae`õa mjk jkjbjato mj eortj js k`b`tcr kc potjae`c eoasub`mc por jk usucr`o. Ja kc bcyorâc mj kos jatoraos mobàst`eos jx`stja m`spos`t`vos bjeãa`eos euyc fuae`õa js k`b`tcr kc potjae`c eoasub`mc. Ja jk futuro sjrãa kos prop`os eoatcmorjs kos quj `atjdrja jstc fuae`õa cportcamo kcs s`du`jatjs vjatclcs< • Ja jk ecso mj quj sj supjrj kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc jk eoatcmor mjseoajetcrã jk sub`a`stro y jk usucr`o mjijrã mjseoajetcr ckduacs ecrdcs ncstc jstcr por mjiclo mjk bãx`bo eoatrctcmo. Ja jstj ecso jk eoatcmor ut`k`zc su ‛U`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa por mjtjee`õa mj e`reu`to ci`jrto‒ y ja eucato mjtjetj quj jk usucr`o nc ci`jrto y nc vujkto c ejrrcr jk `atjrruptor djajrck, mj forbc cutobãt`ec rjpoamrã jk sub`a`stro. Ja jk ecso mj quj ao ncyca mjseoajetcmo kcs ecrdcs soircatjs, mjspuàs mj jljeutcr kc bca`oirc mj sjdur`mcm, jk eoatcmor vokvjrã c cir`r jk e`reu`to, eortcamo jk sub`a`stro. F`d. 6.93 - U`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa Otrc mj kcs vjatclcs quj cportc jstj s`stjbc js quj kc potjae`c bãx`bc js eoadurcikj rjbotcbjatj ja jk ecso mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, ko quj pjrb`tj mcr rjspujstc c uac pjt`e`õa mj cbpk`ce`õa mj potjae`c s`a ajejs`mcm mj mjspkczcrsj ncstc jk mob`e`k`o. • Wor ükt`bo tjajbos kc pos`i`k`mcm mj prodrcbcr uac eoas`dac mjk kâb`tj mj potjae`c pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs tcr`fcs, por ko tcato, jstj bjeca`sbo aos pujmj pjrb`t`r cmjeucr kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj djajrce`õa eoa kos kâb`tjs mj eoasubo. • F`d. 6.99 - Eoatrok mj potjae`c por tcr`fcs 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 97> 6.>.3 Djst`õa pcs`vc mj kc mjbcamc Kc `mjc mj kc djst`õa pcs`vc js mcr `aforbce`õa ck usucr`o ack cejrec mj euãk js su eoasubo rjck ja euckqu`jr bobjato y su `aujae`c ja kcs jb`s`oajs mj EO9. Otrc pos`i`k`mcm js mcr `aforbce`õa c kos usucr`os cejrec mj tcr`fcs bãs jeoaõb`ecs eoa kc `mjc mj djst`oacr bjlor su mjbcamc. F`d. 6.95 - Djst`õa pcs`vc mj kc mjbcamc 6.>.9 Djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc Womjbos `atromue`r ua m`spos`t`vo ecpcz mj eoajetcr y mjseoajetcr kcs ecrdcs mobàst`ecs ao erât`ecs, por jljbpko kc kcvcmorc, jk kcvcvcl`kkcs, jte. Wor ko tcato mjpjam`jamo mj kc tcr`fc o mjpjam`jamo mj kc ecpce`mcm mj djajrce`õa mj jajrdâc sjrã pos`ikj mje`m`r mj forbc cutobãt`ec eobo m`str`iu`r jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc. F`d. 6.9= - Djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc 6.0 Fuae`oajs cm`e`oackjs Kos eoatcmorjs bjeãa`eos nca tja`mo murcatj buencs màecmcs eobo üa`ec b`s`õa propore`oacr uac bjm`mc f`cikj mj kc jajrdâc. Cetuckbjatj eoa kc `aeorporce`õa mj kc jkjetrõa`ec js pos`ikj m`spoajr mj uac sjr`j mj fuae`oajs quj cportca ua vckor cócm`mo c kc djst`õa mjk eoatcmor. 6 Jstcs fuae`oajs cm`e`oackjs jstãa csoe`cmcs c kc pos`i`k`mcm por pcrtj mjk eoatcmor mj djst`oacr bõmukos mj jatrcmcs y mj sck`mcs. C eoat`auce`õa eoat`auce` õa vjrjbos vjr jbos ckduacs c kduacs mj kcs fuae`oajs bãs tâp`ecs t âp`ecs csoe`cmcs c jstos jsto s bõmukos jspje`ckjs. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 970 6.0.3 Bõmukos mj jatrcmcs Jx`stja ckduacs `astckce`oajs ja kcs quj jstãa boatcmos jkjbjatos bjeãa`eos quj `am`eca por jljbpko kc tcr`fc cet`vc (rjkol tcr`fcr`o), o i`ja jk s`aeroa`sbo pcrc jk pjr`omo mj eãkeuko mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, jte. Wcrc pomjr sjdu`r uscamo jstos m`spos`t`vos jxtjraos, ja kos eoatcmorjs jstãt`eos pomjbos jaeoatrcr jatrcmcs m`d`tckjs pcrc su djst`õa. F`d. 6.9: - Bõmukos mj jatrcmcs Jx`stja eoatcmorjs mj dcs y cduc quj jb`tja puksos propore`oackjs ck eoasubo. Jk eoatcmor pujmj m`spoajr mj jatrcmcs quj pjrb`tca eoatci`k`zcr jstos `bpuksos, mj forbc quj jk eoatcmor sj pujmj eoavjrt`r ja ua eoaejatrcmor mj bjm`mcs mjk jatorao mobàst`eo y ceubukcr `aforbce`õa soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc, dcs y cduc. 6.0.9 Bõmukos mj sck`mcs Jk eoatcmor pujmj `aeorporcr sck`mcs quj mja `bpuksos propore`oackjs ck eoasubo mj jajrdâc. Js pos`ikj csoe`cr c ecmc uac mj kcs jajrdâcs quj ceubukc jk eoatcmor uac sck`mc `amjpjam`jatj mj `bpuksos. Zac mj kcs pos`ikjs cpk`ece`oajs mj jstos puksos js kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj kc `aforbce`õa provja`jatj mj vcr`os jqu`pos, y kujdo bjm`catj ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs js pos`ikj ncejr uac kjeturc rjbotc mj jstc `aforbce`õa. 6 F`d. 6.96 - Bõmukos mj sck`mcs bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 937 Otrc pos`ikj cpk`ece`õa mj kcs sck`mcs soa eobo `am`ecmorjs mj kcs tcr`fcs. Uj pujmj csoe`cr jk jstcmo mj kos rjkàs mj sck`mc c kc eoajx`õa mj e`reu`tos quj sõko mjija fuae`oacr eucamo mjtjrb`acmcs tcr`fcs jstãa cet`vcs, por jljbpko, pomjbos jspjrcr c uac tcr`fc t`po vckkj pcrc eoajetcr ecrdcs quj ao soa erât`ecs. 6.37 Eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro 6.37.3 @atromuee`õa c kc bjm`mc mj eck`mcm Jk eoasubo jkàetr`eo jx`stj drce`cs c ua eoaluato mj cdjatjs quj `atjrv`jaja c ko kcrdo mj tomo ua proejso. Jbpjzcamo por kc djajrce`õa, pcscamo por jk trcasportj y kc m`str`iue`õa, ncstc kkjdcr ck eoasubo ack, kc jkjetr`e`mcm sufrj uac sjr`j mj cktjrce`oajs quj ja oecs`oajs cfjetca mj forbc eoas`mjrcikj. Kcs eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs jaecrdcmcs mj rjck`zcr kc m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec sj jaecrdca mj dcrcat`zcr quj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc eubpkc eoa uac sjr`j mj pcrãbjtros, kos euckjs pujmja vcr`cr ja fuae`õa mj kc zoac djodrãec. Kcs ecrdcs eoajetcmcs c kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa soa buy m`st`atcs, y c bjm`mc quj jvokue`oac kc tjeaokodâc, buencs mj kcs ecrdcs tcbi`àa vcrâca y cfjetca c kc jstci`k`mcm mjk eoaluato mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. Kcs `amustr`cs ut`k`zca ecmc vjz proejsos bãs sof`st`ecmos ja kos quj ncy bãs jkjbjatos mj eoatrok, cutobct`zce`õa y rjdukce`õa, quj pjrb`tja rjck`zcr proejsos mj forbc bãs cutobãt`ec y sjr bãs eobpjt`t`vos. Djajrckbjatj, jstcs ecrdcs t`jaja uac drca sjas`i`k`mcm c kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa, catj kcs euckjs provoeca bckos fuae`oacb`jatos y proikjbcs erât`eos ja kos proejsos. Wor otro kcmo, ecmc vjz bãs kcs jbprjscs `av`jrtja ja bjm`r y eoatrokcr kc eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo pcrc jv`tcr uaos eostjs csoe`cmos djajrckbjatj c proejsos promuet`vos. Uj ncej `bprjse`am`ikj eoatrokcr ao soko kos eostjs csoe`cmos c kcs fcktcs mj eoat`au`mcm mjk sub`a`stro, s`ao tcbi`àa kos csoe`cmos c kc fcktc mj eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro. Js mj v`tck `bportcae`c supjrv`scr jk iuja fuae`oacb`jato mj kc `astckce`õa y mj kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c jstc, csâ eobo rjck`zcr uac eorrjetc djst`õa jajrdàt`ec pcrc jv`tcr jxejsos mj eoasubo `aajejscr`os. Kc dkoick`zce`õa mj kos bjrecmos, ncej tcbi`àa quj kos m`fjrjatjs `atjrkoeutorjs `bpk`ecmos ja kos proejsos mj kc djajrce`õa, jk trcasportj y jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec, tjadca kc ajejs`mcm mj ncikcr ja kos b`sbos tàrb`aos pcrc cfroatcr kos aujvos rjtos futuros quj `bpk`eca uac opt`b`zce`õa tcato mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa eobo mj kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs. Wor jstj bot`vo, kcs aorbct`vcs cetuckjs nceja bueno àafcs`s ja ut`k`zcr jkjbjatos quj b`mca eoaforbj c uac sjr`j mj er`tjr`os mjtjrb`acmos pcrc fce`k`tcr csâ kc `atjrprjtce`õa mj tomc kc `aforbce`õa. 6 Kc bjm`mc ja m`st`atos puatos mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa ncej `am`spjascikj m`spoajr mj jqu`pos quj csjdurja por ua kcmo uac vck`mjz cisokutc ja kc bjm`mc, y por otro kcmo uac roiustjz eoatrcstcmc, ck jaeoatrcrsj ja jatoraos eobpkjlos. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 933 Jstos jqu`pos soa kos jqu`pos mj rjfjrjae`c pcrc eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs mj tomo jk buamo ja jatoraos y rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa buy m`st`atcs. Ck b`sbo t`jbpo, kcs jbprjscs opjrca ecmc vjz mj forbc bãs nci`tuck ja ua jatorao dkoick, quj oik`dc c quj sjca bãs eobpjt`t`vcs y opt`b`eja sus proejsos. Wcrc jkko sj ncej `am`spjascikj cack`zcr y jstum`cr kcs pjrturice`oajs jkàetr`ecs quj cfjetca c kos proejsos promuet`vos mj kcs jbprjscs eoa jk oiljt`vo mj bjlorcr j `abua`zcr kcs `astckce`oajs. 6.37.9 Aorbct`vc Yjkct`vo c kos cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, tcato ja eobo t`jaja quj bjm`r eobo ja quj t`jaja quj rjd`strcr, jx`stja pr`ae`pckbjatj 9 aorbct`vcs c a`vjk juropjo, y soa< @JE-63777-=-57 y JA :7367 Wor otro kcmo, ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jx`stja mjerjtos quj puik`ec jk doi`jrao y quj rjdukca, jatrj otros tjbcs, kos âam`ejs mj eck`mcm zoack o kos t`jbpos bjm`os mj `atjrrupe`õa. ]omos ]omos àstos pcrãbjtros sj mjija rjd`strcr rjd`strcr,, yc ao por jk usucr`o ack, s` ao quj kc rjspoasci`k`mcm rjecj soirj kc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc, quj mjij mj prjsjatcr sus âam`ejs mj eck`mcm ck mjpcrtcbjato mj @amustr`c. Jk Yjck Mjerjto 30::/9777, ncikc jstcikjej uac sjr`j mj er`tjr`os k`djrcbjatj m`st`atos mj kos quj jstcikjej kc aorbc JA :7367. Wor jljbpko kc JA :7367, jat`jamj por `atjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa eucamo kc tjas`õa ja kos puatos mj sub`a`stro ao supjrc jk 37% mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc. ]cbi`àa mjaj eobo `atjrrupe`õa mj kcrdc murce`õa, eucamo àstc js supjr`or c 5 b`autos y irjvj eucamo js `duck o `afjr`or c 5 b`autos. Ja jk YM 30::/9777, mjaj quj kos kâb`tjs bãx`bos pcrc vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa c kos eoasub`morjs ackjs mjijrãa sjr `afjr`orjs ck 4% mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ja kudcr mjk +/- 37% quj js ko quj jstcikjej kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367. 6.37.9.3 @JE-63777-=-57 Zac mj kcs aorbct`vcs `atjrace`oackjs bãs jx`djatjs quj jx`stja cetuckbjatj js kc aorbct`vc @JE-63777-=-57, quj jspje`ec eõbo kos cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro mjija rjck`zcr kcs bjm`mcs mj tomo ua eoaluato mj pcrãbjtros. 6 Mjatro mj jstc aorbct`vc, sj m`fjrjae`ca 5 ekcsjs< C, I y U. Ekcsj C sj rjsjrvc c cqujkkos jqu`pos mj bãs prje`s`õa y bãs prjstce`oajs, kos euckjs mjija eubpk`r mj forbc buy r`durosc eoa uac bjtomokodâc mj bjm`mc, y mjija tjajr uac jkjvcmc prje`s`õa ja tomos kos pcrãbjtros quj b`mja. Cqujkkos jqu`pos ejrt`ecmos eoa kc prje`s`õa ekcsj C mj jstc aorbct`vc, soa ut`k`zcmos eobo jkjbjatos pctroajs y pujmja sjr uscmos kkjdcmo jk ecso c rjsokvjr euckqu`jr t`po mj m`sputc. E@YEZ]OY, m`spoaj mj kc dcbc mj cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm SAC sjr`j =77, quj eubpkja eoa jstcs jx`djatjs aorbct`vcs, s`jamo ja `astckce`oajs buy m`vjrscs kos pctroajs mj bjm`mc ut`k`zcmos. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 939 Jk rjd`stro mj vckorjs n`stõr`eos pjrb`tj eoaoejr kc jvokue`õa y kc tjamjae`c mj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc y kc potjae`c eoasub`mc ja kc `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec, pjrb`t`jamo cmjbãs `mjat`ecr caobckâcs quj `atjrjrca ja jk õpt`bo rjam`b`jato mj kcs bãqu`acs y s`stjbcs eoajetcmos c kc rjm. Cmjb ãs mjk rjd Cmjbãs rjd`st `stro ro mj kos m`f m`fjrj jrjatjs atjs pcr pcrãbj ãbjtro tross mj eck eck`mc `mcmm ja tja tjas`õ s`õa, a, ncy bomjkos mj cack`zcmorjs quj soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r eorr`jatj, por ko quj m`spoaja mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, tckjs eobo potjae`cs, jajrdâcs, fcetorjs mj potjae`c, ]NM ja eorr`jatj, jte. Euckqu`jr jvjato mj tjas`õa js pjrejpt`ikj mj oecs`oacr fuae`oacb`jatos `acmjeucmos ja e`jrto t`po mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos. Yjd`strcamo jstcs `ae`mjae`cs sjdüa kc aorbct`vc mj eck`mcm mj rjm @JE-63777-=-57 Ekcsj C, pjrb`tj `mjat`ecr eoa jxcet`tum kcs ecuscs mj kcs cvjrâcs y tobcr csâ kcs bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs ajejscr`cs pcrc b`a`b`zcr kos eostjs csoe`cmos c kc promuet`v`mcm. 6.37.9.9 JA-:7367 Kc aorbct`vc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro c a`vjk juropjo sj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj JA :7367. Kc cmcptce`õa c a`vjk jspcóok js kc aorbc ZAJ-JA:7367 . Kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367 jstcikjej uacs eoam`e`oajs pcrc kos rjd`stros cack`zcmos mj tjas`õa jecz, `ehjr y crbõa`eos. Ja eucato c tjas`õa jecz, àstos rjd`stros sjrãa probjm`os mj 37 b`autos rjd`strcmos c ko kcrdo mj uac sjbcac. Mj jstos rjd`stros, ua 0:% mjija jstcr jatrj jk +/- 37% mj kc tjas`õa aob`ack. Zac soirjtjas`õa ao jstã mja`mc eoa bãrdjajs ja kc aorbc ZAJ-JA:7367 y ja eucato ck t`jbpo mj murce`õa tca soko sj eobjatc quj kc murce`õa js rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdc eucamo sj trctc mj uac soirjtjas`õa tjbporck c frjeujae`c `amustr`ck. Za nujeo mj tjas`õa sj jat`jamj eobo uac rjmuee`õa mj kc tjas`õa jatrj jk 07% y jk 3% mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc murcatj ua t`jbpo eobprjam`mo jatrj 37 bs y 3 b`auto. Wor ükt`bo, sj eoas`mjrc `atjrrupe`õa eucamo kc tjas`õa iclc mjk 3% mjk vckor aob`ack. Cmjbãs jx`stja vcr`os t`pos mj `atjrrupe`oajs< Wrodrcbcmcs< eucamo jk usucr`o js `aforbcmo catjs quj sj promuzec Cee`mjatck< ecuscmc por fckkos trcas`tor`os t rcas`tor`os aorbckbjatj oecs`oacmos por jvjatos jxtjraos. Kcs `atjrrupe`oajs cee`mjatckjs sj ekcs`eca ja< 6 • Mj kcrdc murce`õa< 1 mj 5 b`autos • Mj eortc murce`õa< ≭ mj 5 b`autos Ja eucato c `ehjr, `ehjr, jx`stja mos tàrb`aos, jk pst y jk jk pkt. Jk probjm`o murcatj 37 b`autos mj jstos vckorjs jecejs js jk eoaoe`mo eobo Wst. Uj eoas`mjrc quj jk `ehjr js pjrejpt`ikj por jk olo nubcao eucamo jk Wst 1 3. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 935 Wor otro kcmo tjajbos jk Wkt, quj ao js bãs quj jk ‛Âam`ej mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm pcrc t`jbpos kcrdos‒. Jstj vckor sj oit`jaj mj probjm`cr murcatj 9 norcs (js mje`r 39 vckorjs) mj Wst. Kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367 jstcikjej quj jk Wkt mjij sjr ≭ 3 pcrc jk 0:% mj t`jbpo mj rjd`stro (3 sjbcac). Ja ko quj c crbõa`eos sj rjjrj, c eoat`auce`õa sj bujstrc uac tcikc ja kc quj sj jstcikjeja kos vckorjs bãx`bos pcrc ecmc ormja mj crbõa`eo ja tjas`õa ncstc jk crbõa`eo 9: quj js ncstc moamj jstcikjej kc aorbc. Cmjbãs jk 0:% mj kos vckorjs probjm`o mj ecmc tcsc `am`v`muck mjij jstcr por mjiclo mj kos vckorjs jspje`ecmos ja kc tcikc. C r bõ a ` e o s ` bp c r j s C r bõ a ` e o s p c r j s Ao b ük t ` pk o s m j 5 B ük t ` pk os mj 5 O r mj a ]jas`õa rjkct`vc Or m j a ]jas`õa rjkct`vc Or m j a ]jas`õa rjkct`vc : 6% 5 :% 9 9% 4 :% 0 3, : % = 3% 33 5 ,: % 3: 7, : % 6 ...9 = 7 ,: % 35 5% 93 7, : % 34 9% 30 3 ,: % 95 3 ,: % 9: 3 ,: % ]cikc 6.0 - Vckorjs bãx`bos pcrc ecmc ormja mj crbõa`eo. Ja eucato ck ]NM, àstj mjij sjr `afjr`or o `duck ck >% `aekuyjamo kos crbõa`eos ncstc ormja =7. 6.33 Yjsubja Ja jk prjsjatj ecpâtuko soirj kc bjm`mc jkàetr`ec sj nca ciormcmo tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kos eoatcmorjs nobokodcmos y kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. Uj nca eobjatcmo tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa jk bjrecmo jkàetr`eo y jk bcreo kjdck quj ko rjdukc, csâ eobo mjk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, mjsmj eobo b`mj kc jajrdâc `atjracbjatj ncstc kos pcrãbjtros quj ckbcejac ja bjbor`c y kos mjsecrdc bjm`catj m`fjrjatjs protoeokos mj eobua`ece`oajs. Wor ükt`bo tcbi`àa sj nca eobjatcmo tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, tcato mj kos pcrãbjtros quj pjrs`duj kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, eobo mj kc aorbct`vc juropjc quj ko rjdukc. 6 Eobo eoaekus`oajs c àstj ecpâtuko, pomrâcbos mje`r quj jk eoatcmor js ua jqu`po quj murcatj buenos cóos ao nciâc jvokue`oacmo, pjro mjatro mj kos 3: ükt`bos cóos, nc jxpjr`bjatcmo jk ecbi`o mj kos eoatcmorjs bjeãa`eos c kos eoatcmorjs jstãt`eos o jkjetrõa`eos. Kos eoatcmorjs cetuckjs soa jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos, quj bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 93= `aeorporca ua b`eroproejscmor quj pjrb`tj eoavjrt`rkos ja jqu`pos bukt`fuae`õa, eoa m`fjrjatjs pos`i`k`mcmjs pos`i`k`mcmjs ja eobua`ece`oajs, quj ncej quj pujmc kkjdcr c sjr ua cack`zcmor mj rjm bãs, mjatro mj ua s`stjbc mj djst`õa jajrdàt`eo, njeno quj ncej ckduaos cóos, jrc totckbjatj `bpjascikj. 6.39 Yjfjrjae`cs nttp<//www.uajsc.ajt nttp<//www.objk.js nttp<//www.rjj.js nttp<//www.jajrd`cysoe`jmcm.js nttp<//www.b`tye.js/ nttp<//www.eaj.js nttp<//www.mkbs.eob Moe< M`rjet`vc Juropjc 977=-99-EJ Moe< ZAJ-JA :7=47-5-9774.pmf Moe< ZAJ-JA :7=47-3-9774.pmf Moe< Yjck Mjerjto 3337/9774 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro 4 NJYYCB@JA] NJYYCB@JA]CU CU MJ BJM@MC P CAÃK@U@U MJ KC YJM JKÀE]Y@EC 4.3 @atromuee`õa Eobo yc cmjkcatãicbos ja jk ecpâtuko :, kc `astckce`õa mj cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs jkàetr`ecs mj t`po lo js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj. M`enos cack`zcmorjs sj jaeujatrca prjsjatjs mjsmj kcs ejkmcs mj bjm`c tjas`õa ja suijstce`oajs y ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, pcscamo por kos eucmros djajrckjs mj ceobjt`mc y eucmros mj m`str`iue`õa ja iclc tjas`õa. Jk prop`o eoatcmor mj jajrdâc sujkj `aeku`r ua cack`zcmor mj rjm, cpcrtj mj kcs fuae`oajs prop`cs pcrc kc bjm`mc y tcr`ece`õa mj kc jajrdâc. Kos ijajf`e`os quj ecmc usucr`o iusec oitjajr eoa kc `astckce`õa mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs soa mj m`fjrjatj âamokj, cuaquj kos oiljt`vos mj tomos jkkos sujkja sjr mj mos t`pos< • Ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj mctos mj jxpkotce`õa mj uac bcajrc rjdukcr ja jk t`jbpo. Jstos mctos soa mjk t`po pjrk mj eoasubo mj potjae`c cet`vc, eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, eoasubos por sjee`oajs, jte. • Ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj mctos rjd`strcmos ja ecso mj promue`rsj ckduac `ae`mjae`c ja jk sub`a`stro. Jstos mctos soa ekcvj ja jk m`cdaõst`eo mj cvjrâcs y ja kc pkca`ece`õa mj bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo Ncstc jk prjsjatj, eucamo nc tja`mo kudcr kc prok`fjrce`õa mj `astrubjatos jkjetrõa`eos icscmos ja b`eroproejscmor, kc rjeop`kce`õa mj mctos mj jxpkotce`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs `amustr`ckjs y/o eobjre`ckjs sj rjck`zcic mj bcajrc bcauck, j `aekuso pomrâcbos mje`r quj ecs` crtjscack. Kos mctos quj bãs frjeujatjbjatj sj rjeodâca jrca buy iãs`eos, tckjs eobo< Vckorjs mj kc tjas`õa, jajrdâcs cet`vc y rjcet`vc y eos φ. ]omo jkko eoa jk a mj eoatrokcr iãs`ecbjatj trjs eoscs< Kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, kos eoasubos y pos`ikjs pjack`zce`oajs por rjcet`vc. Kõd`ecbjatj kc rjeop`kce`õa bcauck mj m`enos mctos js eostosc, poeo s`stjbãt`ec y propjasc c jrror y cmjbãs kc eck`mcm mj kc `aforbce`õa js poirj, poeo prje`sc y bueno bjaos `astcatãajc. Wrje`scbjatj, mj kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj `aforbce`õa cetuck y prje`sc, ace`jroa kos pr`bjros cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs eoa eobua`ece`õa `aeorporcmc, pum`àamosj eoajetcr ja rjm, moamj pujmja cetucr eobo s`stjbcs ‛bcstjr‒ eoa rjeod`mc mj mctos o eobo jsekcvos mjatro mj ua ius mj eobua`ece`õa y s`jamo kjâikjs (tjkj-kjeturc) mjsmj ua s`stjbc bcjstro quj eobpcrtj jk b`sbo ‛kjaduclj‒, o bjlor m`eno, jk b`sbo protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa. 4 Kcs rjmjs `a`e`ckjs jrca buy rum`bjatcr`cs y rjkct`vcbjatj c`skcmcs por jk njeno mj quj ecmc fcir`ecatj tjaâc su prop`o protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa. Jsto nc jvokue`oacmo nce`c m`fjrjatjs s`stjbcs mj eobua`ece`õa jstãamcr, eobua`ecikjs ‛tomos eoa tomos‒, moamj ecmc `astrubjato o drupo mj `astrubjatos cportc m`fjrjatjs vckorjs , sjdüa kcs ajejs`mcmjs(vjkoe`mcm mj ecpturc, ecpce`mcm eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 936 mj ckbcejaclj mj mctos, vjkoe`mcm mj eobua`ece`õa, jte.), cuaquj jk eoaejpto iãs`eo s`duj s`jamo jk b`sbo, `astrubjatce`õa y tobc mj mje`s`oajs pr`bcr`cs m`str`iu`mcs y rjeod`mc mj mctos y djst`õa c a`vjk mj s`stjbc ejatrck`zcmc. Zao mj kos `aeoavja`jatjs quj pujmja prjsjatcrsj ja jk ecso mj `astrubjatce`õa m`str`iu`mc ja pkcatcs buy jxtjascs, eoa ua s`stjbc ejatrck mj rjeod`mc y djst`õa mj mctos, js prje`scbjatj kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj m`enc `aforbce`õa. Ja jk ecso `mjck ja quj kos jqu`pos sj jaeujatrja tomos ui`ecmos ja uac ãrjc prõx`bc eoa m`stcae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj eortcs jatrj jkkos, kc eobua`ece`õa c a`vjk koeck js subcbjatj sjae`kkc c trcvàs mj ua s`bpkj ius mj ecbpo. Jk jakcej eoa ua s`stjbc ejatrck (ormjacmor o WKE) pujmj rjqujr`r s`stjbcs mj eobua`ece`õa bãs sost`ecmos c a`vjk mj ko quj sj mjaob`ac rjm mj ãrjc koeck (KCA). Ja otros ecsos y mji`mo c kc m`spjrs`õa mj kos m`fjrjatjs eucmros jkàetr`eos c ko kcrdo mj uac pkcatc o ja m`st`atos jm`e`os, kc eobua`ece`õa mjij ncejr uso eobi`acmo mj iusjs mj ecbpo y KCA y rjqu`jrj, por supujsto, mj protoeokos bãs sost`ecmos. Jk a`vjk mj jakcej pujmj kkjdcr `aekuso c jakczcr m`vjrscs pkcatcs s`tucmcs c buenos h`kõbjtros mj m`stcae`c. Wcrc jstos ecsos kc rjm yc ao js ua s`bpkj ius mj ecbpo o uac KCA mjm`ecmc, s`ao quj ncy quj rjeurr`r c kc rjm püik`ec mj tjkjeobua`ece`oajs. Jstc jstrueturc js kc quj sj eoaoej nci`tuckbjatj eobo TCA (mjk `adkàs T`mj Crjc Ajtworh, rjm mj ãrjc cbpk`c) Jstj ecpâtuko mjk k`iro ao prjtjamj sjr ua trctcmo jxncust`vo soirj iusjs mj eobua`ece`õa y soirj s`stjbcs mj jakcej KCA o TCA. Jk oiljt`vo iãs`eo js mcr ua rjsubja mjser`pt`vo, eoa kos pr`ae`pckjs tàrb`aos k`adûâst`eos y kos mctos tàea`eos jsjae`ckjs mj kc tjeaokodâc cetuck mj iusjs mj `astrubjatce`õa y eoatrok. Uj mjser`i`rã kc jstrueturc fâs`ec (ecikjcmo) y kcs pr`ae`pckjs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kos m`fjrjatjs s`stjbcs mj trcasb`s`õa mj mctos y kos protoeokos mj eobua`ece`õa (sj pujmj mja`r c ua protoeoko eobo jk `m`obc, kjaduclj o jstãamcr quj ut`k`zca mos o bãs m`spos`t`vos jkjetrõa`eos pcrc ‛jatjamjrsj‒ y eobua`ecrsj jatrj sâ). 4 F`d. 4.3 - Drãeo ― Eurvc mj Ecrdc E`reutor eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 934 4.9 Eoaejptos iãs`eos soirj `astrubjatos ja rjm Kc drca bcyorâc mj s`stjbcs eoa `astrubjatce`õa y eoatrok m`str`iu`mo eobi`aca m`st`atos t`pos mj puatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrokcmorjs eoa bcyor o bjaor drcmo mj `atjk`djae`c (proejscmorjs bãs o bjaos potjatjs). Ja eoaerjto, kos cack`zcmorjs cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, sujkja jstcr cdrupcmos ja uac rjm koeck mj iclo a`vjk, y mj pjqujóc jxtjas`õa, eobua`ecmc ja ua bomo quj sj mjaob`ac ‛bcjstro-jsekcvo‒. Wor ko djajrck, kos `astrubjatos mj kc rjm ‛bcjstro-jsekcvo‒ jstãa `atjreoajetcmos bjm`catj jakcejs sjae`kkos y protoeokos buy s`bpkjs, forbcamo ko quj sj mjaob`ac ua ‛ius mj ecbpo‒ mj iclo a`vjk. Ja jstj t`po mj iusjs, sujkj ncijr ua aomo o `astrubjato ckdo bãs potjatj j ‛`atjk`djatj‒ quj jk rjsto, quj sj mjaob`ac ‛Bcjstro‒ (Bcstjr) y quj s`rvj mj jakcej c otros proejscmorjs mj a`vjk supjr`or ja kc rjm. Jk ‛bcjstro‒ pujmj sjr ua `astrubjato eoa proejscmor bãs potjatj, ua cutõbctc prodrcbcikj (CW) o ua ormjacmor. Jk jakcej kõd`eo jatrj jk ‛bcjstro‒ y jk rjsto mj aomos mjk ius koeck (‛jsekcvos‒) js `amjpjam`jatjbjatj mj euck sjc jk ecikjcmo mj kc rjm (jakcej fâs`eo) y sj rjck`zc mj forbc quj kos jsekcvos sõko rjspoamja c pjt`e`oajs mj `aforbce`õa mjk bcjstro. Js mje`r jk protoeoko js s`jbprj prjduatc-rj prjduatc-rjspujstc, spujstc, `a`e`cmc por jk bcjstro y jk jsekcvo ao trcasb`tj c bjaos quj sjc `atjrrodcmo. Csâ sj jv`tc kc eok`s`õa ja kc rjm mj m`st`atos pjr`fàr`eos ncikcamo ck b`sbo t`jbpo. Ja ecbi`o, oisàrvjsj quj tomos kos `astrubjatos mj kc rjm rje`ija tomc kc `aforbce`õa quj e`reukc por kc rjm. C vjejs, ja jk crdot mj eobua`ece`oajs, kos tàrb`aos trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r sj sust`tuyja por ‛ncikcr‒ y ‛jseuencr‒. M`râcbos jatoaejs quj jk ‛bcjstro‒ pujmj ncikcr s`jbprj y kos ‛jsekcvos‒ ncikca sõko eucamo soa `atjrrodcmos. C jstc tàea`ec sj kc eoaoej c vjejs eobo ‛pokk`ad‒. Otro cspjeto c eoas`mjrcr js ¿eõbo sj `mjat`ec ecmc `astrubjato ja kc rjm? Wujs i`ja, pcrc `mjat`ecr kos m`st`atos `astrubjatos mj kc rjm, ecmc uao mjijrã tjajr ua aübjro mj pjr`fàr`eo cs`dacmo, quj ko `mjat`f`ec mjatro mjk ius mj forbc uaâvoec. Kc cs`dace`õa mj jstj aübjro, csâ eobo kc eoadurce`õa mj otros pcrãbjtros mj kc eobua`ece`õa sj pujmj ncejr, i`ja por jk prop`o tjekcmo mjk `astrubjato, o eoajetcamo puato c puato jk `astrubjato c ua ormjacmor y bjm`catj ua softwcrj m`sjócmo pcrc jsj a. Mjpjam`jamo mjk protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa y mjk t`po mj rjm, jk aübjro mj pjr`fàr`eo pomrã sjr s`bpkjbjatj ua aübjro, djajrckbjatj jatrj 3 y 9:: pcrc iusjs mj ecbpo, o uac m`rjee`õa @W pcrc rjmjs TCA. 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 93> F`d. 4.9 - Eoadurce`õa por tjekcmo mj ua `astrubjato EVB-B@A@ Kc `aforbce`õa quj js ecpcz mj mcr ua `astrubjato y jk forbcto mj kc b`sbc mjpjamj mjk t`po mj `astrubjato. Ecmc t`po ja pcrt`eukcr js ecpcz mj bjm`r ua mjtjrb`acmo aübjro mj pcrãbjtros, eoa uac mjtjrb`acmc frjeujae`c mj bjm`mc, ja boaofãs`eo o ja tr`fãs`eo y m`spoaj mj uac e`jrtc ecat`mcm mj bjbor`c pcrc ckbcejacr mctos. Mj njeno, ctjam`jamo c su bjbor`c `atjrac y c kc forbc mj mjsecrdcr kos mctos pomjbos m`st`adu`r mos t`pos mj `astrubjatos< @astrubjatos f`los eoajetcmos pjrbcajatjbjatj ja rjm. Jstos sujkja tjajr poec ecpce`mcm mj bjbor`c y ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs potjatj, quj kjs pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r mctos c drca vjkoe`mcm y ducrmcrkos ja ua ormjacmor ejatrck. Djajrckbjatj kos mctos sj ckbcejaja tjbporckbjatj ja rjd`stros y jk bcjstro mj kc rjm `atjrrodc ck `astrubjato c `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo rjdukcrjs @astrubjatos portãt`kjs o los eoa eoajx`õa tjbporck c rjm (por jljbpko c trcvàs mj kkcbcmc tjkjfõa`ec) . Jstos sujkja tjajr drca ecpce`mcm mj bjbor`c y ducrmca kos mctos mj pjrâomos rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdos ja enjros. Kos enjros pujmja vce`crsj ck ack mj ua pjrâomo, s`a ajejs`mcm mj uac rjm, eoa uac eoajx`õa puato c puato c ua ormjacmor, o ja ecso mj `astrubjatos eoa eoajx`õa tjbporck c rjm, pujmja mjsecrdcrsj pjr`õm`ecbjatj kos enjros c ua ormjacmor ejatrck. Wcrc kos `astrubjatos mjk pr`bjr t`po, kos fcir`ecatjs `am`eca ja jk bcauck mj `astruee`oajs eõbo sj ckbcejaca kos m`st`atos mctos ja kos rjd`stros `atjraos mjk cpcrcto, mj forbc quj jk s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs mjijrã `r c kjjr jstos rjd`stros mj uac forbc bãs o bjaos rjdukcr pcrc oitjajr jk n`stõr`eo mj mctos. C tâtuko tâ tuko mj jljbpk jljbpkoo kc F`d. 4-5 bujstr bujstrcc jk bcpc mj rjd`s rjd`stros tros mj ua `astr `astrubjato ubjato JMBh mj E@YEZ]OY, `am`ecamo jk pcrãbjtro quj eoat`jaj ecmc rjd`stro. 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec F`d. 4.5 - Bcpc mj rjd`stros mj ua `astrubjato JMBh mj E@YEZ]OY. 930 Kc pos`i`k`mcm mj eoajx`õa mj `astrubjatos ja rjm fce`k`tc quj kos `atjdrcmorjs mj s`stjbcs pujmca rjeodjr j `atjdrcr ja uac sokc icsj mj mctos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos y otros mctos mj proejso, rjd`stros mj ek`bct`zce`õa, jte., ut`k`zcamo uac üa`ec pkctcforbc mj v`suck`zce`õa y eoatrok UECMC. Kc ua`ece`õa mj forbctos j `atjrprjtce`õa mj mctos ja uao mj jstos s`stjbcs quj `atjdrca mctos mj m`fjrjatjs `astrubjatos j `aekuso mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs sujkj rjqujr`r mj ckdüa t`po mj prodrcbc mj `atjrfcz, kkcbcmos c vjejs ‛mr`vjrs‒. 4.5 A`vjkjs OU@ mj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa Ja 3044, kc @atjrace`oack Utcamcrms Ordca`sct`oa (@UO), erjõ ua suieob`tà pcrc mjscrrokkcr jstãamcrjs mj eobua`ece`õa mj mctos quj probov`jrca kc ceejs`i`k`mcm ua`vjrsck y uac `atjropjrci`k`mcm jatrj promuetos mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs. Jk rjsuktcmo mj jstos jsfujrzos fuj jk bomjko mjaob`acmo OU@ (Opja Uystjbs @atjreoaajet`oa). Jk bomjko OU@ ao jspje`ec ua jstãamcr mj eobua`ece`õa, pjro jstcikjej uac m`v`s`õa fuae`oack mj kcs tcrjcs mj eobua`ece`oajs y sj nc eoavjrt`mo ja ua jstãamcr sjdu`mo buam`ckbjatj. Kos jqu`pos prjsjatca m`fjrjae`cs mj eoadurce`õa< EWZ, vjkoe`mcm, bjbor`c, `atjrfcejs pcrc eobua`ece`oajs, eõm`dos mj ecrcetjrjs, jte. Jstcs m`fjrjae`cs nceja quj ciormcr jk proikjbc mj eobua`ece`õa eobo ua tomo sjc eobpkjlo. Wor jkko OU@ propoaj m`v`m`r jk proikjbc dkoick mj kc eobua`ece`õa, ja tcrjcs bãs s`bpkjs fce`k`tcamo csâ kc sokue`õa. Kc m`v`s`õa mj tcrjcs mjij eoatjbpkcr mjsmj kos ecikjs, kos eoajetorjs y kos i`ts ncstc jk eoaejpto cpk`ece`õa. Kc m`v`s`õa propujstc ja jk bomjko OU@, jstcikjej uac jstrueturc quj prjsjatc kcs s`du`jatjs pcrt`eukcr`mcmjs< • Jstrueturc bukt`a`vjk< Ecmc a`vjk sj mjm`ec c rjsokvjr uac pcrtj mjk proikjbc mj eobua`ece`õa. Jsto js, ecmc a`vjk jljeutc fuae`oajs jspje`ecs m`sjócmcs pcrc ctjamjr c kc ecpc supjr`or. • Ecmc a`vjk supjr`or ut`k`zc kos sjrv`e`os mj kos a`vjkjs `afjr`orjs< Ecmc a`vjk sj 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec • • 997 eobua`ec eoa su s`b`kcr ja otrcs eobputcmorcs, pjro mjij ncejrko jav`camo ua bjasclj c trcvàs mj kos a`vjkjs `afjr`orjs ja kc b`sbc eobputcmorc. Kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj a`vjkjs jstã i`ja mja`mc. Jk a`vjk A ut`k`zc kos sjrv`e`os mjk a`vjk A-3 y propore`oac sjrv`e`os ck a`vjk A+3. Jatrj kos m`fjrjatjs a`vjkjs jx`stja `atjrfcejs kkcbcmcs ‛puatos mj ceejso‒ c kos sjrv`e`os. Jaecijzcmos< Ja ecmc a`vjk, sj cócmj ck bjasclj uac `aforbce`õa mj eoatrok. Jstj jkjbjato mj eoatrok pjrb`tj quj ua a`vjk ja kc eobputcmorc rjejptorc sj jatjrj mj quj su s`b`kcr ja kc eobputcmorc jb`sorc jstc jav`ãamokj `aforbce`õa. Euckqu`jr a`vjk mcmo, pujmj `aeorporcr ua jaecijzcmo ck bjasclj. Wor jstc rczõa, sj eoas`mjrc quj ua bjasclj jstc eoast`tu`mo mj mos pcrtjs< Jaecijzcmo j @aforbce`õa. Jatoaejs, kc `aeorporce`õa mj jaecijzcmos js ajejscr`c cuaquj rjprjsjatc ua kotj jxtrc mj `aforbce`õa, ko • quj `bpk`ec quj ua bjasclj eorto pujmc sjr vokub`aoso. U`a jbicrdo, eobo kc eobputcmorc mjst`ao rjt`rc kos jaecijzcmos ja ormja `avjrso c eobo fujroa `aeorporcmos ja kc eobputcmorc or`dja, ackbjatj jk usucr`o sõko rje`ij jk bjasclj or`d`ack. Za`mcmjs o ikoqujs mj `aforbce`õa< Ja ecmc a`vjk, kc ua`mcm mj `aforbce`õa t`jaj m`fjrjatj aobirj y jstrueturc< Kc F`d. 4.= bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj kos a`vjkjs mjk bomjko OU@ y ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj mc uac irjvj mjser`pe`õa mj ecmc uao mj jkkos. 4 F`d. 4.= - W`kc o p`rãb`mj OU@ eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 993 A`vjk Fâs`eo< Mjaj jk bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa ut`k`zcmo pcrc kc trcasfjrjae`c mj `aforbce`õa, m`spoaj mjk eoatrok mj jstj bjm`o y jspje`ec i`ts mj eoatrok. Jstj a`vjk euirj kos s`du`jatjs cspjetos< • Eoajx`oajs fâs`ecs jatrj eobputcmorcs • Mjtckkjs bjeãa`eos mj kc `atjrfcz (eoajetorjs) • A`vjkjs jkàetr`eos mj tjas`õa mj sjóck. • Cspjetos fuae`oackjs fuae`oack js mj kc k c `atjrfcz fâs`ec. Kâajcs mj protoeoko ncrmwcrj (E]U, (E] U, Y]U, jte.) • ]àea`ec mj trcasb`s`õa y t`po mj trcasb`s`õa< Ujr`j o pcrckjko • • Mjaj kc eom`ece`õa mj kâajc. Eom`ece`õa mj i`ts. Mjaj kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasb`s`õa< ‛Icum Yctj‒ • Mjaj jk bomo mj opjrce`õa mj kc kâajc mj mctos. A`vjk Jakcej< Jstj a`vjk propore`oac fce`k`mcmjs pcrc kc trcasb`s`õa mj ikoqujs mj mctos jatrj mos jstce`oajs mj rjm. Jsto js, ordca`zc kos 3‐s y kos 7‐s mjk A`vjk Fâs`eo ja forbctos o drupos kõd`eos mj `aforbce`õa. Jstj a`vjk euirj kos s`du`jatjs cspjetos< • Mjtjetcr jrrorjs ja jk a`vjk fâs`eo. • Jstcikjej jk bàtomo mj ceejso c kc rjm. • Jstcikjej kcs rjdkcs mjk jakcej kõd`eo. • Yjck`zc kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos c trcvàs mjk jakcej fâs`eo. • Jav`c ikoqujs mj mctos eoa jk eoatrok ajejscr`o pcrc jk s`aeroa`sbo. • Eoatrokc jk a`vjk y js kc `atjrfcejs eoa jk a`vjk mj rjm. A`vjk mj Yjm < Jstj a`vjk mjaj jk jarutcb`jato y jk javâo mj pcqujtjs jatrj rjmjs. Kcs fuae`oajs mj jstj a`vjk soa< • Jstcikjejr, bcatjajr y tjrb`acr kcs eoajx`oajs • Wropore`oacr jk jarutcb`jato mj bjascljs, mjtjrb`acamo s` ua bjasclj ja pcrt`eukcr mjijrã jav`crsj ck a`vjk = (A`vjk mj ]rcasportj) o i`ja ck a`vjk 9 (Jakcej mj mctos). • Eoabutc, jarutc y eoatrokc kc eoadjst`õa mj kos pcqujtjs mj `aforbce`õa ja uac sui-rjm. • Mjaj jk jstcmo mj kos bjascljs quj sj javâca c aomos mj kc rjm. A`vjk mj ]rcasportj < Jstj a`vjk cetüc eobo ua pujatj jatrj kos trjs a`vjkjs `afjr`orjs totckbjatj or`jatcmos c kcs eobua`ece`oajs y kos trjs a`vjkjs supjr`orjs totckbjatj or`jatcmos c jk proejscb`jato mj mctos. Kcs fuae`oajs mj jstj a`vjk soa< • Csjdurcr kc kkjdcmc k kjdcmc c a`vjk ‛sjs`õ ‛sjs`õa‒ a‒ mj m j mctos mcto s mjk a`vjk mj rjm. rj m. • Jstcikjejr eobo m`rjee`oacr kos m`spos`t`vos mj kc rjm. Cs`dac uac m`rjee`õa üa`ec mj trcasportj c ecmc usucr`o. 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec • • • • 999 Mja`r uac pos`ikj jstrueturc bukt`ecack. Jsto js, pujmj soportcr bükt`pkjs eoajx`oajs. Mja`r kc bcajrc mj nci`k`tcr y mjsnci`k`tcr kcs eoajx`oajs jatrj aomos. Mjtjrb`acr jk protoeoko quj dcrcat`zc jk javâo mjk bjasclj. Jstcikjejr kc trcaspcrjae`c mj mctos csâ eobo kc eoaf`ci`k`mcm ja kc trcasfjrjae`c mj `aforbce`õa jatrj mos s`stjbcs. A`vjk Ujs`õa< Uj jaecrdc mj provjjr kos sjrv`e`os ut`k`zcmos pcrc kc ordca`zce`õa y s`aeroa`zce`õa mjk m`ãkodo jatrj usucr`os y jk bcajlo j `atjrecbi`o mj mctos. • Jstcikjejr jk `a`e`o y tjrb`ao mj kc sjs`õa y kc rjeupjrce`õa mj kc sjs`õa. • Eoatrokcr usucr`os. jk m`ãkodo8 jstcikjejr jk ormja ja quj kos bjascljs mjija u`r jatrj • • • • • • • Yjfjrjae`cr c kos m`spos`t`vos por aobirj y ao por m`rjee`õa. Wjrb`tj jser`i`r prodrcbcs quj eorrjrãa ja euckqu`jr `astckce`õa mj rjm. A`vjk Wrjsjatce`õa< ]rcmuej jk forbcto y cs`dac uac s`atcx`s c kos mctos pcrc su trcasb`s`õa ja kc rjm. Mjtjrb`ac kc forbc mj prjsjatce`õa mj kos mctos s`a prjoeupcrsj mj su s`da`ecmo. Jstcikjej `amjpjamjae`c c kos proejsos mj cpk`ece`õa eoas`mjrcamo kcs m`fjrjae`cs ja kc rjprjsjatce`õa mj mctos. Wropore`oac sjrv`e`os pcrc jk a`vjk mj cpk`ece`oajs ck `atjrprjtcr jk s`da`ecmo mj kos mctos `atjrecbi`cmos. Eoatrokc jk `atjrecbi`o y kc v`suck`zce`õa. A`vjk Cpk`ece`õa< Wropore`oac sjrv`e`os ck usucr`o mjk Bomjko OU@. • Wropore`oac eobua`ece`õa jatrj mos proejsos mj cpk`ece`õa, tckjs eobo< prodrcbcs mj cpk`ece`õa, cpk`ece`oajs mj rjm, jte. • Wropore`oac cspjetos mj eobua`ece`oajs pcrc cpk`ece`oajs jspje`ecs jatrj usucr`os mj rjmjs< bcajlo mj kc rjm, protoeokos mj trcasfjrjae`cs mj cren`vos (ftp), jte. • Ja buenos iusjs `amustr`ckjs c a`vjk koeck jk bomjko ao js eobpkjto y kcs ecpcs Yjm, ]rcasportj, Ujs`õa y Wrjsjatce`õa, sj jadkoica ja uac sokc, ua`jamo jk a`vjk rjm ck a`vjk cpk`ece`õa. 4.= Jakcejs fâs`eos Ja jstj cpcrtcmo sj ncrã ua irjvj rjpcso mj kos pr`ae`pckjs t`pos mj jakcejs fâs`eos ut`k`zcmos ja eobua`ece`oajs `amustr`ckjs. 4.=.3 Jakcej YU959 4 Jstj t`po mj jakcej jstã m`sjócmo pcrc kc eoajx`õa puato c puato jatrj ua s`stjbc bcjstro y uac jstce`õa o jsekcvo. Jk jakcej YU959 jstã m`sjócmo pcrc eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 995 m`stcae`cs eortcs y pujmj eoas`mjrcrsj roiusto pcrc koad`tumjs mj ecikj ao supjr`orjs c 3: bjtros. Kc eoajx`õa YU-959 jstã rjdukcmo por kc Aorbc J@C YU959E y ja pr`ae`p`o sj erjõ pcrc rjdukcr kc eoajx`õa mj ua ormjacmor (M]J, Mctc ]jrb`ack Jqu`pbjat) c ua BOMJB (MEJ, Mctc Eobbua`ect`oas Jqu`pbjat). Ujdüa kc Aorbc, jstc eoajx`õa uscic uscic ua eoajetor mj 9: pct`kkcs (‛p`as‒) (MI-9:). Ao oistcatj jstc eoajx`õa sj eoav`rt`õ ja ua jstãamcr pcrc ua`r puato c puato ormjacmorjs jatrj sâ u ormjacmorjs eoa `astrubjatos (eoajx`õa M]J-M]J), uscamo ua eoajetor mj 0 pct`kkcs (MI-0) , vjr kc F`d. 4-:. F`d. 4.: - Eoajetorjs y tjrb`ackjs mj kc eoajx`õa YU959 ja ua WE (M]J) C a`vjk fâs`eo, kc eoajx`õa e oajx`õa eobpkjt eobpkjtcc sj rjck`z rjck`zcc bjm`catj b jm`catj : n`kos, n` kos, bãs kc pcatckkc pcatckkc,, vjr F`d. 4-6, pjro ja ckduaos ecsos sj prjse`amj mj kcs sjóckjs mj protoeoko ncrmwcrj, E]U-Y]U, y sj rjmuej jk s`stjbc c 5 n`kos (]xM, YxM y DAM). F`d. 4.6 - Eoajx`oajs Eoajx`oajs YU-959 mj : n`kos y mj 5 n`kos 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 99= Ja jk jakcej YU-959 kos mctos sj trcasb`tja ja sjr`j, js mje`r, kos i`ts mj ua pcqujtj mj `aforbce`õa sj javâca uao trcs otro mjatro mj uaos mjtjrb`acmos ‛skot‒ mj t`jbpo, vjr F`d. 4.4. Jk aübjro mj i`ts por sjduamo quj sj trcasb`tj, js uac bjm`mc mj kc vjkoe`mcm quj sj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj ‛ icum rctj‒. F`d. 4.4 - Eom`ece`õa mj mctos ja sjr`j Kos a`vjkjs kõd`eos sj eorrjspoamja eoa sjóckjs jkàetr`ecs euyc eom`ece`õa js < ‛3‒ eucamo kc tjas`õa kâajc-DAM jstã jatrj -5 y -3: vokt`os, y ‛7‒ eucamo kc tjas`õa kâajc-DAM jstã jatrj +5 y +3: vokt`os, vjr F`d. 4.>. Jk bjasclj eobpkjto eoat`jaj, cmjbãs mjk pcqujtj mj i`ts eoa kos mctos c jav`cr jav`cr,, uaos i`ts cm`e`oackjs mj eoatrok. Kos Kos i`ts mj eoatrok soa, iãs`ecbjatj, ua i`t mj `a`e`o (stcrt) ua i`t mj pcr`mcm y uao o bãs i`ts mj ack ( stop), vjr F`d. 4.>. F`d. 4.> - Eom`ece`õa mj i`ts ja kc eoajx`õa YU-959 4 Ja kcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatce`õa `amustr`ck, jk jakcej YU-959 sj usc pcrc cqujkkcs cpk`ece`oajs moamj sj mjij eoajetcr ua bcjstro, djajrckbjatj ua ormjacmor WE c ua soko jsekcvo (cack`zcmor mj rjm u otro m`spos`t`vo), por jkko sj mjaob`ac tcbi`àa ‛eoajx`õa puato c puato. Otro ecso ja jk quj sj sujkj cpk`ecr js pcrc ua`r jk ormjacmor c ua eoavjrsor YU-959 c YU-=>: ja jk aomo bcjstro. Ao eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 99: oistcatj jstj ükt`bo ecso js ecmc vjz bjaos frjeujatj porquj kos ormjacmorjs WE ao sujkja kkjvcr yc sck`mcs YU-959, s`ao quj ja su kudcr sujkja kkjvcr sck`mcs mj t`po pujrto ZUI quj sj usca pcrc kc eoajx`õa puato c puato mj `duck forbc quj sj nc njeno ja jk pcscmo eoa kcs sck`mcs YU-959. 4.=.9 Wujrtos ZUI Cetuckbjatj, kc sck`mc sck`m c sjr`j nci`tuck ja ormjacmorjs WE, js mjk t`po pujrto ZUI. Uj trctc tcbi`àa mj uac sck`mc mj mctos t`po sjr`j, pjro mj t`po m`fjrjae`ck. Jsto qu`jrj mje`r quj ao ncy uac sokc kâajc mj mctos s`ao mos, (Mcto+ y Mcto-), eoa a`vjkjs kõd`eos eobpkjbjatcr`os, ja djajrck +:V y -:V, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 4.0. Jstj t`po mj eom`ece`õa mj kos i`ts js buy roiustc frjatj c ru`mos y trcas`tor`os jxtjraos, yc quj ja ecso mj quj kc kâajc ecptj uac `atjrfjrjae`c, àstc sj supjrpoaj c ecmc sjóck ja jk b`sbo sjat`mo y ck ncejr kc m`fjrjae`c mj sjóckjs ja jk rjejptor mjscpcrjej (mj cnâ jk aobirj mj s`stjbc m`fjrjae`ck) Kc eom`ece`õa mj i`ts ja jk ecso mjk ZUI ao js por a`vjkjs kõd`eos s`ao quj sj cs`dac ua ‛3‒ s` ao ncy ecbi`o mj vckor kõd`eo y ua ‛3‒ s` ncy ecbi`o. Jstc eom`f`ece`õa sj kkcbc AY\@. Kc F`d. 4.0 bujstrc uac sjóck eoa eom`f`ece`õa AY\@ y kc F`d. 4.37 bujstrc kc forbc fâs`ec mj kos eoajetorjs y kcs sjóckjs quj eorrjspoamja c ecmc pct`kkc pcrc kos pujrtos ZUI. F`d. 4.0 - Ujóckjs mj ua ius m`fjrjae`ck t`po ZUI F`d. 4.37 - Wujrtos ZUI mjk ormjacmor 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 996 4.=.5 Jakcej eoa ius YU-=>: Jk jakcej YU-=>: js ua jakcej bukt`puato, ja eoatrcstj eoa jk jakcej YU-959, quj ko njbos mja`mo eobo ua jakcej puato c puato. Jsto qu`jrj mje`r quj ua b`sbo lujdo mj ecikjs pujmj jakczcr ua bcjstro eoa vcr`os jsekcvos. Jk lujdo mj ecikjs quj jakczca bcjstro y jsekcvos sj mjaob`ac ‛ ius ‒. Kc jstrueturc mj ius js uac jstrueturc moamj sj eoajetca ja pcrckjko tomos kos `astrubjatos, bcjstro y jsekcvos, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 4.33.c. Aõtjsj quj jk ius ao pujmj tjajr uac eoadurce`õa ja jstrjkkc eobo kc quj bujstrc kc F`d. 4.33.i, pujs jsto provoec jrrorjs mj eobua`ece`õa. c) Eoajx`õa ja ius< Eorrjetc i) Eoajx`õa ja jstrjkkc< Jrrõajc F`d. 4.33 - Eoajx`õa ius YU-=>: y eoajx`õa jrrõajc ja jstrjkkc Jk ius YU-=>: sj icsc ja uac eoajx`õa fâs`ec bjm`catj trjs n`kos. Kcs sjóckjs jkàetr`ecs, soa mj t`po m`fjrjae`ck (`duck quj mja`bos pcrc kos pujrtos ZUI) y sj `mjat`eca eobo< C+ kc sjóck pos`t`vc, , I- kc sjóck ajdct`vc, y DAM jk eobüa). Kos ecikjs mj kcs kâajcs cet`vcs, C+ y I- mjija `r trjazcmos y jk DAM pujmj `r trjazcmo o ao. Ja jk ius, jk eoaluato mj ecikjs mjij `r cpcatckkcmo. Kos a`vjkjs jstãamcr mj tjas`õa mj C+ y I- rjspjeto ck eobüa (DAM) soa mj +: vokt`os y -: vokt`os rjspjet`vcbjatj. Ja eucato ck eoajetor ao ncy jstãamcr mja`mo, cuaquj ckduacs vjejs sj sujkj uscr ua eoajetor MI0, moamj kcs pct`kkcs soa kcs `am`ecmcs ja kc F`d. 4.39. 4 F`d. 4.39 - Ujóckjs y eoajx`õa mjk ius YU-=>: eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 994 Js jv`mjatj quj ja jk ius YU-=>: ao pujmja trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r tomos kos pjr`fàr`eos c kc vjz, s`ao quj ck ncijr uac sokc kâajc pcrc trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r, sõko ua pjr`fàr`eo pujmj jstcr oeupcamo kc kâajc. C jstj t`po mj trcasb`s`õa sj kj kkcbc ‛nckf mupkjx‒ por eoatrcpos`e`õa c ko quj oeurrj ja ua YU-959, quj ck tjajr kâajcs sjpcrcmcs pcrc trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r c kc vjz, pujmj jstcr trcasb`t`jamo y rje`i`jamo c kc vjz , ko euck sj mjs`dac eobo ‛ fukk mupkjx‒ Jk jakcej YU-=>: js uao mj kos bãs ut`k`zcmos eobo ius mj ecbpo mj iclo a`vjk. Uus pr`ae`pckjs vjatclcs soa su s`bpk`e`mcm mj `astckce`õa, kc roiustjz frjatj c ru`mo y kc vjrsct`k`mcm ja eucato c aübjro mj jstce`oajs. Uj trctc mj ua s`stjbc `mjck pcrc trcasb`t`r `aforbce`õa c kcs m`stcae`cs nci`tuckjs mjatro mj uac pkcatc, pujs pjrb`tj ncstc 3.977 bjtros mj kâajc s`a rjpjt`morjs. Jk jstãamcr YU-=>: bcrec quj jk ius sõko pujmj tjajr 59 jstce`oajs (bcjstro + jsekcvos), pjro ja rjck`mcm pujmj eoatrokcr ncstc 9:: jstce`oajs, ecmc uac `mjat`ecmc eoa uac m`rjee`õa o aübjro mj pjr`fàr`eo. Djajrckbjatj kc m`rjee`õa mj kos pjr`fàr`eos sj sujkj mcr por ua aübjro ja njxcmje`bck jatrj 7 y 9:: (77N c FFN). Kc m`rjee`õa 77N ao sj cs`dac c a`adüa pjr`fàr`eo y eucamo ua bjasclj sj m`r`dj c jstc m`rjee`õa sj kkcbc bjasclj mj m`fus`õa y sj jat`jamj quj ko mjija rje`i`r tomos kos jkjbjatos mj kc rjm. Js mje`r, euckqu`jr m`spos`t`vo eoajetcikj c ua ius YU-=>: sj `mjat`ecrã por uac m`rjee`õa prop`c mjatro mjk ius, quj aorbckbjatj sjrã eoadurcikj, pjro cmjbãs ctjamjrã c kos bjascljs jav`cmos c kc m`rjee`õa 77N. 4.=.= Eoavjrsorjs mj jakcej Ja ckduacs oecs`oajs jx`stja icrrjrcs fâs`ecs o cbi`jatjs buy ru`mosos jkàetr`ecbjatj quj m`euktca jk ecikjcmo aorbck, mjser`to catjr`orbjatj, mj ua ius YU-=>:. Otrcs vjejs kos puatos c jakczcr jstãa buy m`stcatjs jatrj sâ, nce`jamo `bpos`ikj jk ecikjcmo jatrj jstce`oajs. Ja jstos ecsos jk jakcej fâs`eo pujmj rjck`zcrsj bjm`catj eoavjrsorjs mj sjóck tckjs eobo ceopkcmorjs mj irc õpt`ec, jakcejs rcm`o, jakcej por WKE (Wowjr K`aj Eobbua`ect`oas), jte. Jk jakcej rcm`o js uao mj kos prjfjr`mos eucamo mjija eobua`ecrsj trcasmuetorjs quj tobca sjóck mj cktc tjas`õa por jljbpko. Cetuckbjatj jx`stja pcrjs mj trcasb`sor ― rjejptor jstãamcr eoa tjeaokodâc T` o Ikujtootn, quj fce`k`tca jstj t`po mj jakcejs. Wcrc puatos buy m`stcatjs pujmj pjascrsj ja jakcejs eoa sjóckjs mj rcm`ofrjeujae`c (YF) bomukcmc mj ckduac forbc y trcasb`t`mc c trcvàs mj ua pcr mj catjacs mj ZNF ua`mcs c bomjbs rcm`o. 4 Aõtjsj quj jstj t`po mj eoavjrsorjs propore`oaca ua jakcej ja jk euck jk bjm`o fâs`eo pcsc mj ecikj c sjóck rcm`o y v`ejvjrsc, pjro kc eobua`ece`õa js totckbjatj `amjpjam`jatj mjk t`po mj jakcej. Uj m`ej quj jk jakcej js trcaspcrjatj , js mje`r, mc ko b`sbo tjajr ua ecikj quj jk jakcej rcm`o quj uac irc õpt`ec. U` kos i`ts pcsca, jk protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa ao m`st`adu`rã euck js jk bjm`o. Kcs m`stcae`cs quj pujmja kkjdcr c ckecazcrsj eoa jakcejs rcm`o, mjpjamjrãa ja ecmc ecso mj kc frjeujae`c mj trcasb`s`õa, y por supujsto, mj kc potjae`c mj jb`s`õa mj kos bomjbs. eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 99> F`d. 4.35 - Yjm ormjacmor - YU-959 - bomjb rcm`o - Ius YU-=>: 4.: Jakcej Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W Jtnjrajt js ua jstãamcr c a`vjk 9 mj OU@, js mje`r c a`vjk mj jakcej. Jstj jstãamcr luato eoa ua protoeoko c a`vjk mj rjm mjaob`acmo protoeoko @W (@atjrajt Wrotoeok) sj nc eoavjrt`mo ja ua jstãamcr pcrc rjmjs mj eobputcmorcs tcato c a`vjk KCA (ãrjc koeck) eobo c a`vjk TCA (rjmjs mj ãrjc jxtjam`mc). Jk ceejso ck bjm`o (A`vjk OU@ 9) sj rjck`zc por mjtjee`õa mj eok`s`õa EUBC/EM. Jtnjrajt mjaj cmjbãs kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj ecikjcmo y sjóck`zce`õa mj a`vjk fâs`eo y kos forbctos mj trcbcs mj mctos mjk a`vjk mj jakcej mjk bomjko OU@. Jk protoeoko mj Jtnjrajt sj tobõ eobo icsj pcrc kc rjmcee`õa mjk jstãamcr `atjrace`oack @JJJ >79.5. Zsuckbjatj sj tobca Jtnjrajt j @JJJ >79.5 eobo s`aõa`bos. Cbics sj m`fjrjae`ca ja uao mj kos ecbpos mj kc trcbc mj mctos, pjro kcs trcbcs Jtnjrajt y @JJJ >79.5 pujmja eojx`st`r ja kc b`sbc rjm. Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W js ua bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa quj pjrb`tj eoadurcr s`stjbcs bukt`-sjrv`e`o, js mje`r, s`stjbcs quj soportca ja jk b`sbo bjm`o vcr`os ecackjs, por jljbpko pcrc trcasb`t`r s`buktãajcbjatj cum`o, v`mjo, cpk`ece`oajs wji y ua kcrdo jteàtjrc, soportcamo ua drca ulo mj mctos eoat`auo y opjrcamo ja kc b`sbc rjm eobpcrt`mc. 4 Mji`mo c kcs jaorbjs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj `bpkcatce`õa mj s`stjbcs mj eobua`ece`õa eobpcrt`mc c trcvàs mjk protoeoko Jtnjrajt @W, àstj sj nc eoavjrt`mo tcbi`àa ja ua jstãamcr mj cpk`ece`õa, ja rjmjs mj `astrubjatce`õa `amustr`ck, eobo ko js ja jk sjetor mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs. Jsto pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r c trcvàs mj uac b`sbc rjm mj eobua`ece`õa eobpcrt`mc, m`vjrsos t`pos mj mctos, tcato mj s`stjbcs mj djst`õa jbprjscr`ck, eobo mj djst`õa opjrct`vc. Eoa jk f`a mj pomjr `atjdrcr ja jk eoaluato mj mctos mj djst`õa opjrct`vc kos pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm mj rjm, eoasubos mj jajrdâc y otros pcrãbjtros eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 990 jkàetr`eos, buenos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs cetuckjs m`spoaja yc mj ua pujrto mj eoajx`õa m`rjeto c Jtnjrajt. 4.:.3 Bjm`o fâs`eo mjk jakcej Jtnjrajt Yjeormjbos quj jk a`vjk fâs`eo lc kos a`vjkjs mj sjóck jkàetr`eos y jk t`po mj ecikjs y eoajetorjs jbpkjcmos por ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa. Jk ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs js ua ecack ‛fukk mupkjx‒ eoa mos pcrjs m`fjrjae`ckjs, Jk ecikj aorbck`zcmo por J@C js ua ecikj mj > n`kos euycs sjóckjs y eokorjs soa kos quj `am`ec kc F`d. 4.3=. F`d. 4.3= - Ecikjs mjk ius Jtnjrajt< Eokorjs y sjóckjs Ncy mos t`pos mj ecikjs, mjaob`acmos t`po :6>C o t`po :6>I, eoa eokorjs m`st`atos. Ecikj m`rjeto Jk ecikj m`rjeto s`rvj pcrc eoajetcr m`spos`t`vos m`st`atos, quj pomjbos kkcbcr M]J (]jrb`ack) y MEJ (Jqu`po mj Eobua`ece`oajs). Ja jstj ecso sjrâc por jljbpko jakcej mj ua ormjacmor (M]J) eoa ua ‛nui‒ o eoa ua ‛sw`ten‒ (MEJ). Ja jstj ecso cbios jxtrjbos mjk ecikj mjija tjajr kc b`sbc m`str`iue`õa C o I . Ao jx`stj m`fjrjae`c ckduac ja kc eoajet`v`mcm jatrj kc eoadurce`õa :6>C y kc :6>I, s`jbprj y eucamo ja ja cbios jxtrjbos sj usj kc b`sbc. Ecikj eruzcmo 4 Jk ecikj eruzcmo s`rvj pcrc eoajetcr mos m`spos`t`vos `duckjs, js mje`r mos M]J (9 ormjacmorjs) o mos MEJ (9 nui) jatrj sâ (vjr cpcrtcmo 4.6). Womrâc sjr tcbi`àa kc eoajx`õa m`rjetc WE c aomo mj uac KCA s`a pcscr por ua ‛nui‒. Cetuckbjatj kc bcyorâc mj nuis o sw`tenjs soportca ecikjs eruzcmos pcrc eoajetcrsj jatrj sâ. Wor otro kcmo, c ckduacs tcrljtcs mj rjm kjs js `am`fjrjatj quj sj kjs eoajetj ua ecikj eruzcmo o aorbck, jkkcs b`sbcs sj eoadurca pcrc pomjr ut`k`zcrko WEWE o WE-Nui/sw`ten. eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 957 F`d. 4.3: Eoajetorjs Jtnjrajt 4.:.9 A`vjk Yjm Jtnjrajt Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, ck `duck quj euckqu`jr otro m`spos`t`vo eoajetcmo c uac rjm Jtnjrajt, mjija m`spoajr mj uac m`rjee`õa mj ceejso ck bjm`o (BCE cmmrjss). Ja icsj c jstj aübjro sj cs`dac ua aübjro mj `mjat`ece`õa c ecmc pjr`fàr`eo, quj ja jk ecso mj rjmjs Jtnjrajt sj mjaob`ac m`rjee`õa @W. Jstc m`rjee`õa pjrb`tj ck cack`zcmor `mjat`ecrsj ja kc rjm y opjrcr mjatro mj kc b`sbc `duck quj ko ncrâc ua ormjacmor, uac `bprjsorc u otro m`spos`t`vo. Ja ckduaos ecsos, sõko ua `astrubjato o ua aomo mj kc rjm mj `astrubjatos t`jaj `atjrfcz Jtnjrajt y àstj sj usc mj pcscrjkc pcrc ua ius koeck mjk t`po YU-=>: por jljbpko (vjr F`d. 4.36) F`d. 4.36 - Yjm Ormjacmor-Uw`ten-KCA-Ius mj @astrubjatce`õa 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 953 4.6 Yjmjs mj ãrjc ãrjc koeck koeck (KCA) ICUCMCU JA jtnjrajt Zac Yjm mj Ãrjc Koeck sj mjaj eobo kc `atjreoajx`õa mj vcr`os ormjacmorjs o pjr`fàr`eos ua`mos por ua mjtjrb`acmo jakcej fâs`eo. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos rjfjr`rjbos jspjeâecbjatj c jakcejs icscmos ja protoeoko @W. Jk protoeoko @W jstã prjpcrcmo pcrc kc trcasb`s`õa mj pcqujtjs mj mctos por ecackjs m`vjrsos j `bpkjbjatc tomcs kcs ecpcs mj kc jstrueturc OU@ mjser`tc catjr`orbjatj ja jk cpcrtcmo 4.5 Jk ãbi`to mj cpk`ece`õa mj kcs rjmjs icscmcs ja Jtnjrajt js kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj ‛a‒ pjr`fàr`eos ja uac b`sbc rjm eobpcrt`mc. Mjpjam`jamo mj kc m`bjas`õa mj kc rjm y mj kc topokodâc, jk bjm`o fâs`eo ut`k`zcmo pujmj sjr mj m`fjrjatjs acturckjzcs (ecikj, irc õpt`ec, T@F@, jte.). 4.6.3 Jqu`pos uscmos ja rjmjs Jtnjrajt Ja uac rjm Jtnjrajt pujmja jaeoatrcrsj kos s`du`jatjs t`pos mj jqu`pos djst`oacamo kcs eobua`ece`oajs mj kc rjm< • ]crljtcs mj rjm, • Yjpjt`morjs • Eoaejatrcmorjs (Nuis) • Wujatjs (Ir`mdjs) • Eoabutcmorjs (Uw`ten) • Jarutcmorjs (Youtjrs) Kos aomos mj rjm pujmja ekcs`ecrsj ja mos drcamjs drupos< jqu`pos tjrb`ackjs mj mctos (M]J) y jqu`pos mj eobua`ece`õa mj mctos (MEJ). Kos M]J soa m`spos`t`vos mj rjm quj sujkja sjr jk or`dja y/o mjst`ao mj kos mctos< kos WE, kcs jstce`oajs mj trciclo, kos sjrv`morjs mj cren`vos, kos sjrv`morjs mj `bprjs`õa8 tomos soa M]J. Kos MEJ soa kos m`spos`t`vos mj rjm `atjrbjm`cr`os, quj s`rvja pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk jakcej. Jstos m`spos`t`vos rje`ija kcs trcbcs y kcs rjtrcasb`tja c kc rjm, ecbi`camo ckduacs vjejs kc eom`ece`õa. Kos MEJ bãs eobuajs eobuajs soa kos routjrs, kos eoabutcmorjs, eoabutcmorjs, kos nui, kos rjpjt`morjs, rjpjt`morjs, kos pujatjs y kos bomjbs. • ]crljtc mj @atjrfcz mj Yjm - Wjrb`tj quj ua ormjacmor ceejmc c uac rjm koeck. Ecmc tcrljtc t`jaj uac üa`ec m`rjee`õa BCE quj kc `mjat`ec ja kc rjm. Za ormjacmor eoajetcmo c uac rjm sj mjaob`ac aomo. • Yjpjt`mor - Jstj m`spos`t`vo cubjatc jk ckecaej mj uac eoajx`õa fâs`ec, rje`i`jamo kcs sjóckjs y rjtrcasb`t`àamokcs, pcrc jv`tcr su mjdrcmce`õa, c trcvàs mjk bjm`o mj trcasb`s`õa, kodrãamosj ua ckecaej bcyor. Zsuckbjatj sj usc pcrc ua`r mos ãrjcs koeckjs mj `duck tjeaokodâc y sõko t`jaj mos pujrtos. Opjrc ja kc ecpc fâs`ec mjk bomjko OU@. 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec • • • 959 Eoaejatrcmor o nui - Fuae`oac eobo ua rjpjt`mor pjro pjrb`tj kc `atjreoajx`õa mj bükt`pkjs aomos. Uu fuae`oacb`jato js rjkct`vcbjatj s`bpkj pujs rje`ij uac trcbc mj jtnjrajt, por uao mj sus pujrtos, y kc rjp`tj por tomos sus pujrtos rjstcatjs s`a jljeutcr a`adüa proejso soirj kcs b`sbcs. Wujatj o ir`mdj - Jstj m`spos`t`vo `atjreoajetc sjdbjatos mj rjm nce`jamo jk ecbi`o mj trcbcs jatrj kcs rjmjs mj ceujrmo eoa uac tcikc mj m`rjee`oajs quj kj m`ej ja quà sjdbjato jstã ui`ecmc uac m`rjee`õa BCE mcmc. Uj m`sjóca pcrc uso jatrj KCA‐s quj usca protoeokos `màat`eos ja kc ecpc fâs`ec y BCE (mj ceejso ck bjm`o). Jx`stja ir`mdjs bãs sost`ecmos quj pjrb`tja kc eoavjrs`õa mj forbctos BCE m`fjrjatjs (Jtnjrajt-]ohja Y`ad por jljbpko). Eoabutcmor o Uw`ten - Jstj m`spos`t`vo fuae`oac eobo ua pujatj, pjro pjrb`tj kc `atjreoajx`õa mj bükt`pkjs sjdbjatos mj rjm, fuae`oac ja vjkoe`mcmjs bãs rãp`mcs y js bãs sost`ecmo. Kos sw`tenjs pujmja tjajr otrcs fuae`oack`mcmjs, eobo Yjmjs v`rtuckjs , y pjrb`tja su eoadurce`õa c trcvàs mj kc prop`c rjm. Djst`oaca iãs`ecbjatj kc ecpc 9 mjk bomjko OU@ (jakcej mj mctos). Kos eoabutcmorjs soa ecpcejs mj proejscr kc `aforbce`õa mj kcs trcbcs y djst`oacr kcs tcikcs mj m`rjee`oajs. • • 4 Youtjr - Jk routjr, c m`fjrjae`c mjk nui y jk sw`ten, js ua m`spos`t`vo euyc fuae`õa js kc eobua`ece`õa eruzcmc nce`c otrcs rjmjs mj eobua`ece`õa sjpcrcmcs djodrãf`ecbjatj o c @atjrajt (TCA ― T`mj Crjc Ajtworh). Jkko `bpk`ec quj bjm`catj m`eno m`spos`t`vo jk usucr`o pujmj jakczcr uac eoajx`õa eoa otrcs Yjmjs mj Ãrjc Koeck mj bcajrc pr`vcmc y eoa ua jaer`ptcb`jato mj kc `aforbce`õa, jv`tcamo csâ kc vukajrce`õa mj kc `aforbce`õa por pcrtj mj tjrejros (VWA - Yjm Wr`vcmc V`rtuck), o i`ja, pujmja ut`k`zcrsj pcrc mcr ceejso c ua usucr`o mjsmj jk jxtjr`or erjcamo ja jk rutcs mj m`rjee`oacb`jato. Bomjb - Jk bomjb js ua m`spos`t`vo quj ecbi`c kc eom`f`ece`õa mj i`ts. Ja djajrck sj eom`eca kos i`ts eoa m`st`atcs frjeujae`cs. F`d. 4.34 - Yjm KCA eoatrokcmc mjsmj uac rjm TCA eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 955 4.6.9 Otros bjm`os mj jakcej fâs`eo pcrc Jtnjrajt Cpcrtj mj kc eoajx`õa por ecikj, js frjeujatj jaeoatrcr jakcejs c trcvàs mj otros bjm`os tckjs eobo< F`irc õpt`ec, @afrc-rolos, jakcejs rcm`o (T`-F` por jljbpko), jakcejs tjkjfõa`eos, jte. Kc tcikc 4.3 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kos t`pos mj jakcej y vjkoe`mcmjs ut`k`zcmos ja rjmjs Jtnjrajt F`irc Õpt`ec Wcrc m`stcae`cs supjr`orjs c kos 377 bjtros, kc irc õpt`ec motc c kc rjm mj eobua`ece`õa mj bcyorjs m`stcae`cs mj eobua`ece`õa. Kc irc õpt`ec js ua eoamuetor mj v`mr`o (o bctjr`ckjs pkãst`eos), quj pjrb`tj ja javâo mj drca ecat`mcm mj `aforbce`õa c drca vjkoe`mcm y ja bcyorjs m`stcae`cs. Mjpjam`jamo mj kc m`stcae`c quj sj mjsjj cicrecr, pujmja `bpkjbjatcrsj m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj irc õpt`ec< kc irc bukt`bomo o boaobomo. Eoa kc irc õpt`ec bukt`bomo sj pujmja ckecazcr koad`tumjs mj kâajc ncstc 9 hb, b`jatrcs quj eoa kc irc õpt`ec bukt`bomo sõko sj pujmja ckecazcr m`stcae`cs ncstc 377hb eoa ua kcsjr mj cktc `atjas`mcm. T`- Ja oecs`oajs js prje`so pcscr eobua`ece`oajs c trcvàs mj icrrjrcs fâs`ecs (buros, eclcs, jte.) o sjpcrcr e`reu`tos jatrj rjmjs mj cktc o bjm`c tjas`õa (C], B]) y kos jqu`pos mj proejso mj mctos. Ja jstos ecsos kc `astckce`õa mj ua ius mj eobua`ece`õa eoa ecikjs pujmj sjr buy m`fâe`k o `aekuso `av`cikj. Wor jkko, kcs eobua`ece`oajs vâc jakcejs mj rcm`ofrjeujae`c (YF) pujmja sjr uac sokue`õa. Jk t`po mj jakcej YF bãs eoaoe`mo ja aujstros mâcs js jk T`-. Àstj t`po mj jakcej pjrb`tj kc eoastruee`õa mj rjmjs jtnjrajt mj cktc vjkoe`mcm, drce`cs c su drca caeno mj icamc. Kos jakcejs T`- sujkja m`spoajr mj protoeokos mj e`frcmo quj jv`tca kc `atrus`õa ja kos b`sbos mj usucr`os usucr`os cljaos c kc rjm. Kcs m`stcae`cs bãx`bcs quj pomrãa kkjdcr c ckecazcrsj, mjpjamjrãa ja ecmc ecso mj kc potjae`c mjk jb`sor y rjejptor mj sjóck. ]jkjfoaâc lc y bõv`k Wcrc rjmjs mj ãrjc jxtjam`mc, TCA, kos jakcejs sj sujkja rjck`zcr c trcvàs mj kâajcs mj tjkjfoaâc lc o bõv`k. 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 95= ]cikc 4.3 - Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kos jakcejs Jtnjrajt soirj m`st`atos bjm`os fâs`eos Vjkoe`mcm mj trcasb`s`õa ]`po mj ecikj M`stcae`c bãx`bc ]opokodâc 3 7I cs j 9 3 7 B ips E oc x ` ck 3> : b Iu s ( Eo a j e t o r ] ) 3 7I cs j ] 3 7 B ips Wcr ]rjazcmo 3 77 b Jstrjkkc (Nui o Uw`ten) 3 7I cs j F 3 7 B ip s F ` ir c õp t ` e c 9 77 7 b Jstrjkkc (Nui o Uw`ten) 3 77B ip s Wcr ]rjazcmo (ectjdorâc 5Z]W) 377 b Jstrjkkc. Nckf Mupkjx (nui) y Fukk Mupkjx(sw`ten) 3 7 7 Bi p s Wcr ]rjazcmo (ectjdorâc :Z]W) 377 b Jstrjkkc. Nckf Mupkjx (nui) y Fukk ]jeaokodâc 3 7 7 Ic s j ] = 3 7 7 Ic s j ] ^ Mupkjx(sw`ten) 3 7 7 Ic s j F ^ 3 7 7 Bi p s F ` ir c õ pt ` e c 977 7 b Ao pjrb`tj jk uso mj nuis 377 7I cs j ] 37 77B ips = pcrjs trjazcmo (ectjdorâc :Z]W) 377 b Jstrjkkc. Fukk Mupkjx (sw`ten) 3 7 7 7 I c s j U^ 37 77B ip s F`irc õpt`ec (bukt`bomo) ::7 b Jstrjkkc. Fukk Mupkjx (sw`ten) 37 77I cs j K^ 37 77B ip s F`irc õpt`ec (boaobomo) :777 b Jstrjkkc. Fukk Mupkjx (sw`ten) 4.4 Djst`õa jajrdàt`ec, eoatrok mj eck`mcm eck`mcm y djst`õa mj kc Cpk`ece`oajs< mjbcamc Zac vjz eobjatcmos kos cspjetos bãs `bportcatjs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc tjeaokodâc mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs y su uso ja kcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatce`õa `amustr`ck pcscbos c eoat`auce`õa c mjser`i`r eoa ua e`jrto mjtckkj tomo jk cspjeto mj cpk`ece`õa mj jstcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatos c kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj mctos mj cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs y jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. Jstos jqu`pos jstãa nci`tuckbjatj mjst`acmos c eoatrok jajrdàt`eo, eoatrok mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro y djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc. Ja ko quj s`duj kkcbcrjbos c jsto ja eoaluato djst`õa mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec 4.4.3 Uoftwcrj pcrc kc djst`õa mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec 4 Kc jxpkotce`õa mj kos mctos bjm`mos y trcasb`t`mos por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, aorbckbjatj rjqu`jrj uac `atjrfcz mj prjsjatce`õa `atjk`d`ikj pcrc jk usucr`o, c sjr pos`ikj eoa ecpce`mcm drãec y eoa e`jrtc `atjk`djae`c pcrc jk proejscmo mj mctos. Wor jkko, cmjbãs mj kos `astrubjatos mj ecbpo, jk s`stjbc mj djst`õa mj kc rjm rjqu`jrj ua ormjacmor ejatrck mj rjeod`mc mj mctos y c kc vjz `atjrfcz nobirj-proejso, cmb`t`jamo jatrcmcs. Jk ormjacmor ejatrck mj kc rjm sujkj cetucr eobo bcjstro mj kc b`sbc, ecpturcamo y ckbcejacamo tomc kc `aforbce`õa sub`a`strcmc por kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc. eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 95: Kc jxpkotce`õa mj kos mctos sj eobpkjtc eoa ua softwcrj UECMC quj fce`k`tj ck usucr`o kc prjsjatce`õa y kc `atjrprjtce`õa mj kos mctos mj ua bomo fãe`k j `atu`t`vo. Zac vjz proejscmos kos mctos sj pujmj proejmjr c kc tobc mj mje`s`oajs pcrc kc bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec, bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro o djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc Wcrc pomjr eoaerjtcr ua poeo bãs kcs fuae`oajs mj kcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatos motcmos eoa m`enos pcqujtjs mj softwcrj UECMC, ja ko quj s`duj aos rjfjr`rjbos c uac rjm t`po, eoa `astrubjatos E@YEZ]OY, UC, eoatrokcmc por jk softwcrj prop`o mjaob`acmo WowjrUtum`o Uecmc®. Kc rjm t`po ja jstj ecso t`jaj kc jstrueturc bostrcmc ja kc F`d. 4.3>. Uj trctc mj uac rjm mj t`po bcjstrojsekcvo, eoa uac jstce`õa quj csubj jk pcpjk mj bcstjr o eoatrokcmor mjk ius (djajrckbjatj ua WE) c trcvàs mj m`fjrjatjs jakcejs mj eobua`ece`õa. TCA KCA KCA F`d. 4.3> - ]opokodâc bujstrc pcrc uac rjm mj cack`zcmorjs 4.> Wrjstce`oajs mj uac rjm eoatrokcmc eoa Wowjrstum`o Wowjrstum`o Kos pr`ae`pckjs ijajf`e`os quj pujmj oitjajr jk usucr`o mj kc jxpkotce`õa mj ua eoaluato eoaluato mj `astrubjatos, `astrubjatos, cack`zcmorjs mj rjm, bjm`morjs mj mj eck`mcm, eoatcmorjs, jte, eoatrokcmos por jk s`stjbc WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® soa kos s`du`jatjs< 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 956 4.>.3 Eoadurce`õa rjbotc mj kos jqu`pos Kc rjm mj eobua`ece`õa, uac vjz eoaf`durcmc y cs`dacmos kos aübjros mj pjr`fàr`eo, pjrb`tj eoadurcr eoadurcr mj forbc rjbotc, rjbotc, mjsmj kc jstce`õa ejatrck, tomos y ecmc uao kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kc rjm. Jstc eoaf`durce`õa eobprjamj aorbckbjatj kos s`du`jatjs âtjbs< clustj mj kcs rjkce`oajs mj trcasforbce`õa mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, clustj mj kcs eoas`dacs csoe`cmcs c sck`mcs m`d`tckjs o cackõd`ecs, cs`dace`õa mjk aobirj o kâajc ck quj vc csoe`cmo jk jqu`po, y ua kcrdo jteàtjrc. 4.>.9 V`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos Ja fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa mj kc rjm mj cack`zcmorjs, jk softwcrj UECMC pjrb`t`rã ck usucr`o v`suck`zcr ja kc pcatckkc mjk ormjacmor ejatrck tomos kos mctos mj tomos kos cack`zcmorjs. Cmjbãs, jstos mctos pujmja sjr ckbcejacmos ja m`seo o euckqu`jr bjbor`c bcs`vc, mj forbc quj jk softwcrj UECMC pjrb`t`rã, cpcrtj mj prjsjatcr kos mctos ja t`jbpo rjck, kc rjck`zce`õa mj drãeos mj n`stõr`eos, pjrkjs mj ecrdc y otros t`pos mj pcatckkcs mj cdrjdce`õa mj mctos. Jk aübjro mj vcr`cikjs quj js pos`ikj v`suck`zcr mjpjamj mjk t`po mj cack`zcmor `astckcmo. Ja kc bcyorâc mj jkkos pomjbos vjr y rjd`strcr jatrj 977 y :77 pcrãbjtros m`st`atos. Kcs vcr`cikjs m`spoa`ikjs soa mj m`st`atc âamokj y vca mjsmj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos, vckorjs jecejs, vckorjs jecejs bãx`bos y bâa`bos, pcscamo por kos jvjatos mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo, mctos mj totck`zcmorjs mj jajrdâc, jte. ]omo jkko pjrb`tj ck usucr`o ua eoaoe`b`jato jxncust`vo mjk eobportcb`jato mj su `astckce`õa y mjk jstcmo mj kcs kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa jkàetr`ec y pkca`ecr sus proejsos promuet`vos eoa v`stcs c uac bcyor je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec. 4.>.5 Wcatckkcs mjk s`stjbc WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® Js frjeujatj quj uac rjm mj bjm`mc mj uac pkcatc `amustr`ck `aekuyc uac drca ecat`mcm mj cack`zcmorjs `astckcmos ja ecbpo (mjejacs o ejatjacrjs). Wor jkko, y pcrc quj kc `aforbce`õa sjc ekcrc j `atjk`d`ikj mj forbc rãp`mc por jk usucr`o, js ajejscr`c kc erjce`õa mj s`aõpt`eos icscmos ja jsqujbcs ua`kcrjs, quj cyumja ck usucr`o c `mjat`ecr rãp`mcbjatj kc proejmjae`c mj kc `aforbce`õa quj jstã v`jamo y kj pjrb`tc vjr ja jk s`aõpt`eo, mjsmj kc `aforbce`õa bãs rjkjvcatj mj kc `astckce`õa ncstc jk mjtckkj quj qu`jrc vjr, s`bpkjbjatj sjóckcamo jk `astrubjato quj qu`jrj v`suck`zcr. Cm jbãs Cmjb ãs,, jk so softftwc wcrj rj pu pujm jmjj pr prop opor ore` e`oa oacr cr ck us usuc ucr`r`oo `a `afo forb rbce ce`õ `õaa n` n`st stõr õr`e `ecc y cdrjdcmc quj kj cyumja ja kc tobc mj mje`s`oajs c kc norc mj eoatrokcr vcr`cikjs tàea`ecs y jeoaõb`ecs mjk proejso . 4 Kcs pcatckkcs UECMC soa âatjdrcbjatj eoadurcikjs por jk usucr`o pcrc bostrcr kos mctos quj sj prjjrc y ja kc forbc mjsjcmc. Cüa csâ, jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 954 provjj ck usucr`o mj ua drca aübjro mj njrrcb`jatcs pcrc kc jkciorce`õa mj pcatckkcs mj m`sjóo prop`o, mj ua bomo fãe`k y sjae`kko. 4.>.= Yjd`stro mj n`stõr`eos Ja jk WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® , jk rjd`stro mj n`stõr`eos sj rjck`zc mj bcajrc cutobãt`ec. Jk usucr`o ao mjij eoadurcr ope`õa ckduac pcrc `a`e`cr jk rjd`stro yc quj jk bcstjr mj eobua`ece`õa rjck`zc m`enc djst`õa uac vjz cócm`mo ua pjr`fàr`eo c kc rjm. Zac vjz mjtjetcmo jk jqu`po, jk softwcrj jkciorc uac icsj mj mctos quj eoat`jaj tomos kos mctos bjm`mos por jk cack`zcmor eoa uac ecmjae`c mj t`jbpo prjmjtjrb`acmc. 4 F`d. 4.30 - Mctos rjd`strcmos y mctos ja t`jbpo rjck eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 95> 4.>.: V`suck`zce`õa mj n`stõr`eos bjm`catj tcikcs y drãeos Zac vjz rjd`strcmos kos mctos ja kc icsj mj mctos, jk softwcrj WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® propore`oac njrrcb`jatcs pcrc pomjrkos prjsjatcr ja forbc mj drãeos mj m`st`atos t`pos (k`ajckjs, icrrcs, jte.). Js jk prop`o usucr`o qu`ja pujmj jkjd`r kc forbc mj prjsjatce`õa y jk pjrâomo mj t`jbpo mjk drãeo. Wostjr`orbjatj jx`stja fuae`oajs mj zoob, quj pjrb`tja vjr kos mjtckkjs mj pjrâomos bãs eortos. Eoa tomc jstc `aforbce`õa pujmj cack`zcrsj eõbomcbjatj kc jvokue`õa mj uao o bãs pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos o mj proejso c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo. Wjrb`tj tcbi`àa v`suck`zcr kc jvokue`õa mj vcr`cikjs cdrjdcmcs c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo (jajrdâcs cet`vc, rjcet`vc `amuet`vc, rjcet`vc ecpce`t`vc, eoatcmorjs cduc oo dcs, jvjatos, jte.). ]omc jstc `aforbce`õa pujmj sjr prjsjatcmc por mj pcatckkc pujmj `bpr`b`rsj pcrc kc jkciorce`õa mj `aforbjs pcrc cum`tor`cs jajrdàt`ecs. 4.>.6 Jkciorce`õa mj `aforbjs Bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® , jk usucr`o t`jaj kc pos`i`k`mcm mj jkciorcr `aforbjs `aekuyjamo drãeos rjkct`vos c kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos bjm`mos y rjd`strcmos ja kc icsj mj mctos. Kc `aforbce`õa ckbcejacmc pjrb`tj rjck`zcr `aforbjs mj eoasubo `am`v`muck`zcmo por jqu`pos, `aforbjs dkoickjs j `aekuso s`bukce`oajs mj eostj por sjee`oajs o s`bukce`õa mjk totck mj kc fceturc jkàetr`ec. Uj pujmja `atromue`r y cetuck`zcr kcs tcr`fcs, eoatjbpkcamo kc m`ser`b`ace`õa norcr`c por trcbos y por tàrb`aos mj potjae`c quj eorrjspoamca c ecmc frcalc norcr`c y c ecmc mâc mjk eckjamcr`o. Jk softwcrj fce`k`tc jaorbjbjatj ck usucr`o jk eoaoejr jk eoasubo mj ecmc puato mj bjm`mc, pum`jamo eckeukcr eostjs pcre`ckjs por mjpcrtcbjatos, por kâajcs mj promuee`õa, por pcrejkcs, jte. 4.>.4 Ckcrbcs y v`suck`zce`õa mj jvjatos Jk WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® m`spoaj mj ua bõmuko mj eoatrok y ckcrbcs quj pjrb`tj cv`scr ck usucr`o mj euckqu`jr `ae`mjae`c quj oeurrc ja kc `astckce`õa. Kcs ckcrbcs pujmja csoe`crsj mj uac forbc sjae`kkc c euckqu`jr pcrãbjtro `atjdrcmo ja jk UECMC, yc sjc ua pcrãbjtro jkàetr`eo o mj proejso, eoa kc ack`mcm mj kkjvcr c ecio uac v`d`kcae`c mj kc `astckce`õa. Wujmj tcbi`àa uscrsj kcs ckcrbcs pcrc mjtjetcr kâb`tjs mj tokjrcae`c mj ckduaos pcrãbjtros eoa v`stcs c bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo. 4.>.> Uoftwcrj bukt`pujsto (sjrv`mor Tji) 4 WowjrUtum`o Uecmc®, kkjvc `atjdrcmo ua sjrv`mor wji `atjrao8 mj jstc bcajrc, jk rjsto mj usucr`os eoajetcmos c kc rjm eorporct`vc mj kc jbprjsc (KCA o TCA), pujmja v`suck`zcr kos mctos n`stõr`eos o mj t`jbpo rjck, proejmjatjs mjk sjrv`mor bcstjr. Kcs pcatckkcs sjrãa m`aãb`ecs, y por tcato, jk ek`jatj wji tjamrã kc eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 950 pos`i`k`mcm mj v`suck`zcr tomos kos mctos ja t`jbpo rjck, ck `duck quj jk sjrv`mor bcstjr.. Jk ceejso mj usucr`os rjbotos jstã rjstr`ad`mo bjm`catj uac ekcvj pcrc bcstjr ecmc usucr`o rjd`strcmo. Jk aübjro mj usucr`os wji quj pujmja eoajetcrsj ck sjrv`mor js `k`b`tcmo y pcrc kc ecmc uao mj jkkos sj pujmj kkjvcr c ecio ua ktro mj ceejso, k`b`tcamo jk ceejso c mjtjrb`acmo t`po mj mctos. 4.0 U`stjbcs mj tjkjdjst`õa Uj mjf`aj eobo s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc, motcmo mj eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack, jatrj ua ormjacmor ejatrck y uac rjm forbcmc por cack`zcmorjs, bjm`morjs mj eck`mcm y eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc, quj `aekuyj tcbi`àa jkjbjatos mj bca`oirc eoatrokcikjs rjbotcbjatj (`atjrruptorjs, rjkàs, cutõbctcs, jte.). Jk s`stjbc t`jaj por oiljto motcr c kcs eobpcóâcs m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc mj uac njrrcb`jatc mj v`d`kcae`c y eoatrok rjboto. Jk s`stjbc mjij pjrb`t`r, eoa kcs bãx`bcs dcrcatâcs mj `atjdr`mcm y sjdur`mcm, jk ceejso rjboto c kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc, eoa m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj kjeturc, djst`õa mj kc jajrdâc, eoatrok mj kc potjae`c mjbcamcmc y eoatrctcmc, djst`õa mj kc eoajx`õa/mjseoajx`õa mj sub`a`stros, jatrj otrcs fuae`oack`mcmjs, pos`i`k`tcamo jk `atjrecbi`o mj `aforbce`õa y cetuce`õa jatrj kos s`stjbcs mj kcs jbprjscs y kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. 4.0.3 Jkjbjatos iãs`eos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa Za s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa sujkj jstcr eobpujsto por< Jqu`pos mj bjm`mc< Jk ecso bãs frjeujatj js quj sjca eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc cet`vc y rjcet`vc, s`tucmos ja kos puatos froatjrc jatrj jk ek`jatj y kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc. Jk oiljt`vo mj kc tjkjdjst`õa sujkj sjr kc m`ser`b`ace`õa norcr`c mj kc jajrdâc y jk eoatrok mj kc potjae`c mjbcamcmc, eoa pos`i`k`mcm mj eoajx`õa / mjseoajx`õa rjbotc mjk totck o pcrtj mjk sub`a`stro. Eoaejatrcmor `atjrbjm`o< Jstj js ua jkjbjato `atjrbjm`o jatrj jk s`stjbc `aforbãt`eo mj djst`õa y eoatrok y kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, quj pjrb`tj kc cdrjdce`õa y djst`õa koeck mj ua aübjro k`b`tcmo mj jqu`pos mj bjm`mc. M`spoaj mj eobua`ece`oajs eoa jk s`stjbc `aforbãt`eo y eoa kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc. Nci`tuckbjatj sj sujkj `astckcr ua eoaejatrcmor por ecmc ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, eoa fuae`oajs mj tjkjdjst`õa mj otros eoaejatrcmorjs sjeuamcr`os o m`rjetcbjatj mj kos eoatcmorjs, djst`oacamo kcs eobua`ece`oajs jatrj tomos jkkos. 4 U`stjbc `aforbãt`eo mj djst`õa y eoatrok < Uj trctc mj ua jqu`po tjrb`ack mj mctos (M]J) eoa ua softwcrj quj djst`oac kos ulos mj `aforbce`õa jatrj kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc (eoatcmorjs) y kc rjm mj ormjacmorjs mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc, mj forbc m`rjetc o c trcvàs mj eoaejatrcmorjs `atjrbjm`os. Jstc njrrcb`jatc `aforbãt`ec mjij pomjr kjjr kos pcrãbjtros mj eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=7 kos eoatcmorjs, tckjs eobo eurvcs mj jajrdâcs, jvjatos, e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa, ckcrbcs mj `atrus`sbo. Mj kc b`sbc forbc pujmj cetucr soirj jk eoatcmor, por jljbpko rjck`zcamo ua e`jrrj mj fceturce`õa rjboto, o i`ja mjseoajetcr jk sub`a`stro. U`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor < Jstj s`stjbc eobprjamj jk bjm`o fâs`eo y jk protoeoko quj sj ut`k`zca pcrc jk `atjrecbi`o mj `aforbce`õa jatrj kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc y jk eoaejatrcmor. M`eno s`stjbc mjij mj pjrb`t`r uac eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack, eoa uac vjkoe`mcm ao ajejscr`cbjatj jkjvcmc, yc quj kos rjqu`s`tos, tcato kjdckjs eobo mjk prop`o s`stjbc ao ko mjbcamca. Yjqu`s`tos iãs`eos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa < Kos jkjbjatos iãs`eos mj quj mjij mjij m`spoajr ua ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa soa< U`aeroa`zce`õa norcr`c y Eoatrok mj sjdur`mcm y pr`vce`mcm mj mctos. U`aeroa`zce`õa norcr`c< Jstc prjstce`õa js `am`spjascikj pcrc kc djst`õa mj kcs m`st`atcs frcalcs mj kc tcr`fc jkàetr`ec. Jk s`stjbc pujmj jstcr icscmo ja sjóckjs rje`i`mcs vâc DWU o DWYU (pcrc s`stjbcs cutõaobos) o ja sjóckjs rje`i`mcs mj kos a`vjkjs supjr`orjs, bjm`catj uac jstrueturc ljrcrqu`zcmc mj s`aeroa`zce`õa, quj propcdc kc sjóck c trcvàs mj kos eoaejatrcmorjs `atjrbjm`os y eoatcmorjs, bjm`catj õrmjajs mj supjrv`s`õa y pujstc ja norc. Wr`vce`mcm y sjdur`mcm mj mctos< Jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa mjijrã m`spoajr mj bjeca`sbos mj eoatrok mj ceejso dcrcat`eja kc pr`vce`mcm mj`aforbce`õa mctos y mj s`stjbcs mj eoatrok mj jrrorjs qujquj dcrcat`eja kc `atjdr`mcm mj kc trcasb`t`mc. Djajrckbjatj jstc ükt`bc pcrtj sj eobpkjtc eoa s`stjbcs mj eoarbce`õa mj rjejpe`õa mj bjascljs, jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmorjs y jatrj jstos y jk ormjacmor ejatrck. 4.0.9 U`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa pcrc tjkjdjst`õa Jx`stja bükt`pkjs bjm`os fâs`eos pcrc jstcikjejr uac eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack pcrc ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa. Eobo jljbpkos pomjbos e`tcr kc tjkjfoaâc lc (Y]E), tjkjfoaâc bõv`k (DUB, DWYU) , Jakcejs Ycm`o o eobua`ece`õa por kc kâajc jkàetr`ec (WKE). 4 Kc tjeaokodâc c uscr mjij mj sjr f`cikj, roiustc y eoa ua eostj soirj kcs eobua`ece`oajs buy iclo, yc quj ao pujmj sjr bcs eostoso jk jqu`po/bomuko mj tjkjeobua`ece`õa quj jk prop`o jqu`po mj bjm`mc (eoatcmor). Otrc mj kcs prjb`scs c tjajr ja eujatc js quj mjij mj sjr ua s`stjbc cuto-eoadurcikj, mj forbc quj ao sjc ajejscr`o mcr mj cktc ja kc rjm c ecmc uao mj kos eoatcmorjs o eoaejatrcmorjs `atjrbjm`os mj forbc bcauck mjatro mjk s`stjbc mj djst`õa dkoick. Mjij mj sjr ua s`stjbc Wkud&Wkcy , moamj kc eoajx`õa mj ua aujvo aomo ja uac rjm `bpk`quj su rjeoaoe`b`jato cutobãt`eo. Cetuckbjatj jk s`stjbc bãs b ãs jxtjam`mo quj cicrec tomos àstos rjqu`s`tos, y otros eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=3 quj sj mjtckkcrãa bãs cmjkcatj, js jk WKE ( Wowjr K`aj Eobbua`ect`oas). Àstj sj nc cmoptcmo eobo jk s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs `mõajo jatrj eoatcmorjs mj cioacmos y kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc, yc quj js mj kos poeos s`stjbcs quj ofrjej uacs prjstce`oajs y fuae`oack`mcmjs, eoa uac ci`k`mcm quj otros s`stjbcs ao soa ecpcejs mj ofrjejr, cpcrtj mj euir`r tomcs kcs ajejs`mcmjs catjr`orbjatj eobjatcmcs y otrcs quj bãs cmjkcatjs sj mjtckkcrãa. 4.37 Yjmjs mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE< Crqu`tjeturc Zac vjz mjf`a`mo quj jk bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa bãs eoavja`jatj jatrj kos jqu`pos mj pujmj bjm`mcmja`r y jk eoaejatrcmor mjkkc ejatro mjmj trcasforbce`õa (E]) js jk WKE, yc sj kc jstrueturc mj rjm koeck jakcej jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor ja ua s`stjbc iãs`eo mj tjkjdjst`õa. Ja kc F`d. 4.97, sj pujmj oisjrvcr kc jstrueturc iãs`ec mj jstc rjm koeck. Kc eobua`ece`õa mjk eoatcmor eoa jk eoaejatrcmor sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj kos ecikjs mj potjae`c mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa, bjm`catj eobua`ece`oajs WKE. C a`vjk supjr`or, jk eoaejatrcmor WKE jstã jakczcmo eoa jk tjrb`ack mj mctos mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc bjm`catj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa, quj pomrâc sjr tcbi`àa WKE. Ao oistcatj kos jakcejs WKE ja kâajcs mj B] prjsjatca ua bcyor drcmo mj m`euktcm ja kos ceopkcb`jatos, mji`mo c kcs jx`djae`cs mj c`skcb`jato. Ja djajrck jk jakcej eoaejatrcmor - tjrb`ack mj eobpcóâc sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj ua jakcej @W (@atjrajt) c trcvàs mj kâajc tjkjfõa`ec Y]E , DUB o DWYU. F`d. 4.97 - Jstrueturc iãs`ec mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa eoa WKE 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=9 Ja jk jljbpko catjr`or sj tjaâc ua jakcej mj ua soko E] eoa ua eoaejatrcmor, pjro jv`mjatjbjatj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa mj kcs jbprjscs jkàetr`ecs sujkja sjr bueno bãs eobpkjlcs y ecmc ejatro mj m`str`iue`õa o suijstce`õa (UJ) t`jaj vcr`cs kâajcs mj sck`mc c E] y ecmc uac mj jkkcs eoa bukt`tum mj mjr`vce`oajs. Za jljbpko mj uac pos`ikj crqu`tjeturc mjk s`stjbc dkoick mj tjkjdjst`õa icscmo ja WKE, pomrâc sjr jk quj sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 4.93. Ja àstj jsqujbc sj pujmja vjr m`fjrjatjs eoaejatrcmorjs eoajetcmos ecmc uao c kc rjm mj I] mj ua E]. C su vjz tomos kos eoaejatrcmorjs jstãa eoajetcmos, yc sjc vâc DUB/ DWYU o Jtnjrajt ck tjrb`ack mj kjeturcs mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc. Oisàrvjsj quj jk tjrb`ack mj eobpcóâc pujmj sjr c su vjz ua WE eoaejatrcmo eoaejatrcmorr quj jakczc eoa bãqu`acs bãs potjatjs ja ejatros mj fceturce`õa o ejatros mj m`spcten`ad. F`d. 4.93 - Crqu`tjeturc djajrck mj uac rjm mj eoaejatrcmorjs WKE Kos jascyos mj rjmjs forbcmcs por eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmorjs E@YEZ]OY, motcmos mj eobua`ece`õa WKE, jakczcmos eoa tjrb`ackjs mj m`vjrscs eobpcóâcs m`str`iu`morcs c trcvàs mj kc rjm tjkjfõa`ec, nca mjbostrcmo quj jk s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs mjser`to js totckbjatj fuae`oack y pjrb`tj uac djst`õa ejatrck`zcmc mj fceturce`õa y eoatrok mj ecrdcs. 4.333 Ecrcetjrâst`ecs djajrckjs mj uac rjm mj 4.3 mj eobua`ece`õa eobua`ece`õa WKE 4 Kos eoatcmorjs eoajetcmos c kcs kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa mj ua ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa eoaforbca uac rjm koeck mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE, pum`jamo eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=5 eobua`ecr ncstc ua bãx`bo mj 34>: eoatcmorjs. Jstc rjm koeck jstã djst`oacmc, eobo sj nc m`eno bãs crr`ic, por ua eoaejatrcmor, quj javâc tomos kos mctos c kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc. Ja oecs`oajs kcs eobua`ece`oajs c trcvàs mj kc kâajc jkàetr`ec (WKE) prjsjatca uac sjr`j mj proikjbcs mji`mo c kc supjrpos`e`õa mj ru`mo c kc sjóck WKE o c ctjauce`õa mj àstc mji`mo c kcs kcrdcs m`stcae`cs y c kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj kc `bpjmcae`c totck mj kc rjm. ]omo jkko m`euktc kc eobua`ece`õa y jx`dj provjjr bjm`mcs pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk jakcej jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor, c pjscr mjk ru`mo y mj kc ctjauce`õa catjs e`tcmcs. E@YEZ]OY Kos s`stjbcs WKE `aeorporcmos kos eoatcmorjs m`spoaja mj mj uaceobua`ece`õa sjr`j mj eoatrokjs icscmos jac ncrmwcrj y softwcrj pcrc ncejr frjatj c tomos jstcs eoat`adjae`cs. Kos eoatrokjs bãs mjstcecmos soa< Jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo, Yoiustjz ja kc bomukce`õa, ]rcasb`s`õa bukt`ecack y jkjee`õa mjk ecack bãs eoavja`jatj, jte. Icamcs mj frjeujae`cs Jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa mj E@YEZ]OY, eoa eobua`ece`oajs WKE eubpkj eoa kc aorbct`vc juropjc JA :776:-3, ja kc euck sj mjaja kos a`vjkjs bãx`bos mj sjóck c `ayjetcr y kcs icamcs mj frjeujae`c aorbck`zcmcs, pcrc kc eobua`ece`õa WKE c trcvàs mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec. Kc F`d. 4.99 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs m`st`atcs icamcs aorbck`zcmcs y kos bãx`bos a`vjkjs mj sjóck ja mIλV quj jstã pjrb`t`mo `ayjetcr. F`d. 4.99 - Icamc mj frjeujae`cs WKE sjdüa JA :776:-3 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec I c a m c F r j q u ja e` c C 5 - 0: hNz hN z W r o t o e o ko J l j bp k o ao I ao E M Z so Yjsjrvcmo Yjsjrvc mo eobpcóâcs eob pcóâcs jkàetr`ecs 0 : - 3 9: h N z E ob u a ` e ce ` õa `atjrac s`a protoeoko mj ceejso 39 : - 3= 7 h N z E ob u a ` e ce ` õa `atjrac eoa protoeoko mj ceejso 3 = 7 - 3 = > . : h N z Wc r c s ` s t j b c s m j 9== B jd cf o aâ c `atjrac EUBC/EM Mobõ bõtt`ec ao ckcrbcs y sjdur`mcm ]ck y eobo sj pujmj oisjrvcr ja kc tcikc mj kc F`d. 4.99, kc icamc C, mj 5 c 0:hNz, js kc icamc rjsjrvcmc pcrc kcs eobua`ece`oajs WKE ja kâajcs prop`jmcm mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc. Wcrc otrcs cpk`ece`oajs, eobo pomrâc sjr kc mobõt`ec, mjija ut`k`zcrsj kcs icamcs mj frjeujae`cs I, E o M o bomukce`õa mj icamc caenc (WKE Jtnjrajt). Kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c ja jstos s`stjbcs mj icamc caenc pujmj kkjdcr c kos 35: Bips y sj rjck`zc por bjm`o mj rjmjs mj trcasportj D`dci`t Jtnjrajt (3777 Bips) o UMN/Uoajt (rjm mj tjkjfõa`ec mj irc õpt`ec mj ncstc =7 Dips). 4.33.3 Bomukce`õa y vjkoe`mcm mjk WKE aorbc JA :776:-3 Wcrc ncejr bãs roiustcs eobua`ece`oajs c trcvàs mj kcMj rjmjstc jkàetr`ec, sj jbpkjc bomukce`õa MEUHkcs (M`ffjrjat`ck Eomj Un`ft Hjy`ad). forbc sj eoas`duj uac vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos mj ncstc 4,: hips cktcbjatj cikj. Kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c js vcr`cikj yc quj jk proejscmor jaecrdcmo mj kc djst`õa mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs WKE, pjrb`tj vcr`cr ja fuae`õa mj kc eck`mcm mj sjóck, kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c, oitja`jamo uac iujac rjkce`õa jatrj roiustjz y vjkoe`mcm. C eoat`auce`õa sj bujstrc uac tcikc , c bomo mj rjfjrjae`c quj rjkce`oac roiustjz eoa vjkoe`mcm< ]cikc 4.9 - Vjkoe`mcmjs mjk s`stjbc WKE eoa bomukce`õa MEUH Bo mo B o m o U t ca mc r m B o m o Y o iu s t o Vjkoe`mcm 4. : h i ps : h ip s 1 9. : h i ps B o m o b u y r oi us t o 3. 9 : h ip s 1 7. 6 9: h i ps Cm`e`oa ckbjatj, sj jbpkjc jk protoeok Cm`e`oackbjatj, protoeokoo EUBC/EM pcrc mjtjetcr s` jk bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa jstã o ao m`spoa`ikj y jv`tcr eok`s`oajs ja kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos. Jsto sj rjck`zc erjcamo trjs ecackjs mj eobua`ece`oajs, js mje`r trjs icamcs mj frjeujae`cs, por kcs quj sj jb`tj kc b`sbc sjóck, rjmue`jamo csâ kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj fckko ja kcs eobua`ece`oajs. 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=: 4.33.9 U`stjbc mj rjpjt`morjs Ja kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj jk eoaejatrcmor WKE y ua eoatcmor, js pos`ikj quj, mji`mo c kc vcr`ci`k`mcm ja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec, sjc `bpos`ikj kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos (jxejso mj ru`mo jkàetr`eo, m`stcae`c o ctjauce`õa mj kc sjóck). Ja jstj ecso, jatrc ja cee`õa kc fuae`õa mj rjpjt`mor. Kc fuae`õa mj rjpjt`mor ncej pos`ikj ut`k`zcr uao o bãs eoatcmorjs quj ncdca mj rjpjt`morjs mj kc sjóck mjk ükt`bo eoatcmor mj kc ecmjac. Ja kc F`d. 4.95 sj pujmj vjr ua jljbpko, moamj sj ut`k`zca mos eoatcmorjs eobo rjpjt`morjs pcrc ncejr pos`ikj kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj jk eoaejatrcmor WKE y ua tjrejr eoatcmor. F`d. 4.95 - Eoatcmor eobo rjpjt`mor mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE E@YEZ]OY Jk protoeoko mj eobua`ece`oajs ofrjej , cs`dac ut`k`zcrã c ecmc eoatcmor ua a`vjk, y ja fuae`õa mjk WKE a`vjk quj moamj sj jaeujatrj, jk eoatcmor bãs o bjaos rjpjt`morjs pcrc eobua`ecrsj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE. Kos eoatcmorjs quj sj eobua`eca m`rjetcbjatj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE pjrtjajeja ck a`vjk 3, kos mj a`vjk 9 ajejs`tcrãa ua rjpjt`mor y csâ ncstc kos eoatcmorjs mj a`vjk 4 quj pujmja ut`k`zcr ncstc 6 rjpjt`morjs `atjrbjm`os. Mj jstc forbc sj eoas`duj eobua`ecr eoa eoatcmorjs c m`stcae`cs quj, `a`e`ckbjatj ao sjrâca pos`ikjs s` jk jakcej jatrj eoatcmor y eoaejatrcmor WKE fujrc m`rjeto. 4.33.5 U`stjbc Wkud & Wkcy Kos m`fjrjatjs eoatcmorjs quj eoaforbca uac rjm mj eobua`ece`õa, sj jaeujatrca rjd`strcmos ja jk eoaejatrcmor WKE. Jstc `aforbce`õa pujmj sjr kjâmc por kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc, pomjrmjsok`e`tcr mctos c ja ecmc uao mj jstos eoatcmorjs. Kos eoatcmorjs ao sj pcrc rjd`strca forbc bcauck jk eoaejatrcmor WKE, s`ao quj jk s`stjbc WKE mj E@YEZ]OY, ofrjej kc fuae`oack`mcm kkcbcmc Wkud&Wkcy, quj pjrb`tj quj mj forbc cutobãt`ec y cutõaobc por pcrtj mjk eoaejatrcmor y mjk eoatcmor eoatcmor,, jk eoatcmor iusquj iusquj jk bjlor ecb`ao (bjlor sjóck sjóck mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE) pcrc kkjdcr ck eoaejatrcmor, yc sjc mj forbc m`rjetc o c trcvàs mj otros eoatcmorjs (rjpjt`morjs). 4 Jk proejso pcrc jk rjd`stro ja kc icsj mj mctos mj ua eoaejatrcmor js jk s`du`jatj. M`spoajbos mj ua eoaejatrcmor WKE yc `astckcmo ja kc rjm, y sj eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=6 `astckc ua aujvo eoatcmor. Àstj ükt`bo iusecrã ja jk bobjato mj ck`bjatcrsj, ua eoaejatrcmor WKE. U` kc eobua`ece`õa, m`stcae`c y otros fcetorjs ko pjrb`tja, àstj sj eoajetcrã ck eoaejatrcmor y sj cócm`rã c kc icsj mj mctos mjk eoaejatrcmor WKE cutobãt`ecbjatj, y tcbi`àa mj forbc cutobãt`ec jk eoaejatrcmor WKE jbpjzcrã kc rut`ac mj mjsecrdc y jxportce`õa mj mctos. U` ao js csâ, jk aujvo eoatcmor eoajetcmo c kc rjm, iusecrã otros eoatcmorjs ejrecaos c àk, pcrc mja`rkos eobo rjpjt`morjs mj su sjóck, pcrc quj c trcvàs mj àstos pujmc kkjdcr c eoajetcr eoa jk eoaejatrcmor. Jk proejso cutobãt`eo mj eoajx`õa c kc rjm (cktc ja kc icsj mj mctos mjk eoaejatrcmor WKE) jstcikjej c quà a`vjk pjrtjajejrã ua aujvo eoatcmor, csâ eobo aübjrojvcküc mj rjpjt`morjs sj ut`k`zcrã pcrc ceejmjr àk. Wcrc jkko, jk aujvo jkeoatcmor uac sjr`jquj mj pcrãbjtros mj mj eck`mcm mjkc jakcej. 4.33.= Jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo Eucamo kcs eobua`ece`oajs eoa ua eoatcmor fckkca, jk eoaejatrcmor WKE o jk prop`o eoatcmor ko mjtjetc, `a`e`ãamosj kc iüsqujmc mj uac aujvc rutc. Jsto js ko quj ja jk s`stjbc WKE mj E@YEZ]OY, mjaob`acbos jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo. Jk s`stjbc js ecpcz mj iusecr mj forbc m`aãb`ec y cutobãt`ec ua aujvo ecb`ao pcrc ceejmjr c ua eoatcmor ja jk ecso mj quj jk jarutcb`jato jstcikje`mo `a`e`ckbjatj ao sjc jk eorrjeto. Jk jarutcb`jato eoa bjlor eck`mcm, sjrã jk quj sj jstcikjzec eobo eobua`ece`õa eoa jk eoaejatrcmor. kc rutc quj `a`e`ckbjatj mjtjrb`aj pcrc eobua`ecr, ao s`da`ecYjsub`jamo, quj sjc kc mja`t`vc, yc quj jk s`stjbcsjpjrb`tj jk ecbi`o mjk jarutcb`jato mji`mo c ecbi`os ja kc eck`mcm mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs WKE. Wor jljbpko ja kc s`du`jatj F`d. 4.9=, pomjbos vjr quj cuaquj aorbckbjatj kc forbc mj ceejmjr ck eoatcmor C js vâc jk eoatcmor I, ja ecso mj fckkcr jstj ecb`ao, sjrã pos`ikj jstcikjejr uac aujvc rutc eoa jk eoatcmor E. F`d. 4.9= - Jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=4 4.39 Jspje`ece`oajs fuae`oackjs mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`oa Ja àstj cpcrtcmo sjr trctcrãa ckduaos mj kos cspjetos bãs fuae`oackjs mj kc eobua`ece`õa WKE, js mje`r, jk fuae`oacb`jato dkoick mj tomos kos eobpoajatjs mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa< jqu`po mj bjm`mc, eoaejatrcmor WKE y softwcrj mj djst`õa. 4.39.3 U`stjbc cutobãt`eo Zac mj kos rjqujr`b`jatos iãs`eos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa js quj sjc ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc y eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack. Cmjbãs mjij sjr ua s`stjbc cutobãt`eo, quj ao sjc kc `atjrvjae`õa mj a`adüa trãb`tjs cdjatj, pcrc jk cktc js mj mje`r, ua eoatcmor, bãsajejscr`c quj kos ajejscr`os y oik`dctor`os cmb`a`strct`vos mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc, ja jk cktc mj u aujvo sub`a`stro. Kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc pcrc sub`a`stros `afjr`orjs c kos 3: hT , t`po mj ek`jatj quj cdrupc jk bcyor aubjro mj sub`a`stros, ja tomo jk pcrquj mj eoatcmorjs, mjija sct`sfcejr oik`dctor`cbjatj kcs mos eoam`e`oajs catjs e`tcmcs. Jk s`stjbc E@YEZ]OY icscmo ja jk eoaejatrcmor WKE->77 js ua s`stjbc totckbjatj cutobãt`eo, yc quj ja jk bobjato mj kc `astckce`õa mj ua aujvo eoatcmor ja kc rjm, àstj sj eoajetc cutobãt`ecbjatj ck eoaejatrcmor, quj sj jaecrdc mj< • Mjsecrdcr `aforbce`õa rjkct`vc ck prop`o jqu`po mj bjm`mc. • Cetuc k`zcr kc eurvc mj jajr Cetuck`zcr jajrdâc dâc norcr norcr`c `c ncst ncstcc kc fjenc cetu cetuck, ck, mj forb forbcc quj ja kc prõx`bc jxportce`õa, quj sj rjck`zc mj forbc m`cr`c c kos sjrv`e`os ejatrckjs mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc, sj jav`crãa kos aujvos mctos mjk aujvo eoatcmor `astckcmo ja kc rjm. Kc eobproice`õa mj quj ua jqu`po sj nc eoajetcmo y eobua`ec eorrjetcbjatj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE->77, sj pujmj ncejr bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrWKE® o i`ja mjs mjk prop`o eoaejatrcmor WKE->77, oisjrvcamo kc k`stc mj eoatcmorjs eoajetcmos, y b`rcamo kc ükt`bc fjenc mj eobua`ece`õa. 4.39.9 Eoatrok mj potjae`c `atjdrcmo ja jk eoatcmor Ecij mjstcecr, por su rjkjvcae`c, jk s`stjbc mj eortj y rjeoajx`õa ofrje`mo por E@YEZ]OY ja sus eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Àstj eoatrok mj potjae`c pjrb`tj prodrcbcr kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc ja ecmc sub`a`stro, kc mj eorr`jatj forbc qujeoatrctcmc, cetüc eobojsuamje`r, k`b`tcmor mj eorr`jatj. Jk k`b`tcmor mj eorr`jatj, `atjdrcmo mjatro mjk eoatcmor, ao sust`tuyj, ck @DC a` ck @EW, quj sj jstcikjeja eobo oik`dctor`os ja ecmc puato mj sub`a`stro. 4 Àstj eoatrok mj kc potjae`c, pjrb`tj sjr prodrcbcmo y bca`oircmo (eortj y rjeoajx`õa) c trcvàs mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE, cuaquj jk cioacmo mjij scijr jk fuae`oacb`jato ja kc rjeoajx`õa, yc quj mjij sjdu`r uaos pcsos pcrc rjstcikjejr jk sub`a`stro. eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=> Wcsos ja kc rjeoajx`õa< Ja jk ecso mj quj jk cioacmo sj qujmj s`a sub`a`stro, àstj mjij scijr quj ao vokvjrã c tjajr eorr`jatj, ncstc quj ao circ jk e`reu`to, js mje`r, ncstc quj ao circ jk bcdajtotàrb`eo bcdajtotàrb`eo djajrck (@EW o @DC). Ja jk bobjato bobjato mj cir`r jk e`reu`to, jk eoatrok mj potjae`c `atjdrcmo ja jk eoatcmor mjvokvjrã jk sub`a`stro, yc quj mjtjetc kc cpjrturc mjk e`reu`to, mj forbc quj eucamo e`jrrj jk bcdajtotàrb`eo (@EW o @DC), yc tjamrã rjstcikje`mo jk sub`a`stro. Wujmj mcrsj jk ecso quj kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc mje`mc, por jk bot`vo quj erjc oportuao, eortcr jk sub`a`stro mj ua cioacmo, jatoaejs, àstj ao tjamrã tjas`õa, cuaquj ncdc kc bca`oirc cir`rmj y ejrrcr jk bcdajtotàrb`eo djajrck, ncstc quj kc m`str`iu`morc, ao mj kcmjormja rjstcikjejr jk sub`a`stro, por tjkjbjm`mc. Ja àstj bobjato jk cioacmo yc pujmj rjck`zcr kc bca`oirc mj cir`r y ejrrcr jk bcdajtotàrb`eo djajrck (@EW o @DC). Jk jkjbjato mj eortj tjamrã trjs fuae`oajs pr`ae`pckjs< Eortj prodrcbcmo< Ja àstj ecso jk jkjbjato mj eortj, eortcrã jk sub`a`stro, por ua eobcamo jav`cmo por eobua`ece`oajs WKE, mjsmj jk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa (Eoaejatrcmor WKE->77), c trcvàs mjk pujrto õpt`eo, o i`ja mjsmj kcs oe`acs mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc (WowjrWKE )) Yjeoajx`õa prodrcbcmc/cutobãt`ec < Jk rjcrbj mjspuàs mj ua eortj prodrcbcmo, sjrã `am`ecmo mjsmj jk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, por eobcamo. WowjrWKE WKE (Eoaejatrcmor WKE->77), c trcvàs mjk pujrto õpt`eo, o mjsmj jk Jk eoatcmor ao rjeoajetcrã ja jk b`sbo `astcatj mjk eobcamo por tjbcs mj sjdur`mcm. Uõko sj rjcrbcrã ja jk bobjato ja jk quj jk cioacmo, circ jk e`reu`to (cir`jamo jk tàrb`eo pr`ae`pck), y ko vujkvc c ejrrcr. Ja jk bobjato ja quj sj kj `am`ec ck eoatcmor quj pujmj ejrrcr jk jkjbjato mj eortj, àstj b`mj kc potjae`c quj sj jstã eoasub`jamo, mj forbc quj mjtjetc s` jk e`reu`to jstã ci`jrto o ao. Ja jk bobjato ja jk quj jk cioacmo cirj jk e`reu`to, jk eoatcmor ko mjtjetc, àstj e`jrrj jk jkjbjato mj eortj, y eucamo sj e`jrrj jk bcdajtotàrb`eo, yc vujkvj c tjajr sub`a`stro. Eortj por soirjeorr`jatj < Jk jkjbjato mj eortj jstcrã prodrcbcmo eoa uac eorr`jatj bãx`bc, quj mjijrâc eorrjspoamjr eoa kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc. Jx`stj kc pos`i`k`mcm mj quj jkmjeoatcmor tjadc tcr`fcs, prodrcbcmcs por ko tcato jx`stj mj quj jk jkjbjato eortj tjadc mosmos eorr`jatjs (p.jl. kc 3:pos`i`k`mcm C murcatj jk mâc y =7 C murcatj kc aoenj). Wcrc kc rjeoajx`õa, sj trctc mj sjdu`r jk b`sbo proejm`b`jato mjser`to catjr`orbjatj. 4.35 Ecpce`mcm mj djst`õa mj ecrdcs 4 Bjm`catj jk jkjbjato mj eortj y kc njrrcb`jatc mj `aforbãt`ec WowjrWKE, js pos`ikj ncejr uac djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc, cetucamo soirj ua drupo mj eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9=0 eoatcmorjs, rjmue`jamo jk eoasubo dkoick c icsj mj eortjs prodrcbcmos mj sub`a`stro c e`jrtcs sjee`oajs o pcrtjs mj uac pkcatc, proejso, kâajc o sjetor. sjetor. Ja mja`t`vc sj trctc mj eoatrokcr kcs puatcs mj eoasubo y mj eoasjdu`r uac eurvc mj ecrdc ko bãs pkcac pos`ikj Jk s`stjbc ofrjej bukt`tum mj pos`i`k`mcmjs, yc quj kc `astckce`õa mj ua eoatcmor tr`fãs`eo ja kc ecijejrc mj uac `astckce`õa, eobo totck`zcmor mj kc `astckce`õa (o ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa) aos pjrb`t`rã eoaoejr ja tomo bobjato jk a`vjk mj ecrdc mjk trcasforbcmor, y ja ecso mj s`tuce`õa erât`ec, cetucr, bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrWKE, eoa jk a mj mjseoajetcr ecrdcs ao erât`ecs, rjmue`jamo eoasubos ncstc eoasjdu`r sck`r mj kc s`tuce`õa pjk`dro potjae`ck por jxejso mj ecrdc mjk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Otro mj kos ijaje`os pos`ikjs quj aos ofrjejrâc kc `astckce`õa mj ua eoatcmor ja ecijejrc, sjrâc jk eoaoejr jk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs mj kcs ecrdcs mj ua mjtjrb`acmo ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, s`bpkjbjatj eobpcrcamo kcs bjm`mcs mjk totck`zcmor y kc subc mj tomos kos eoasubos pcre`ckjs. 4.3= Yjsubja C ko kcr kcrdo do mjk ecpâ ecpâtuk tuko, o, njbo njboss mjsc mjscrro rrokkc kkcmo mo uac sjr sjr`j `j mj eoa eoaejpt ejptos os ecm ecmcc vjz bãs k`dcmos ck buamo mj kc m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. Njbos pujsto jk àafcs`s ja mjbostrcr kos ijaje`os quj pujmj cportcr ck usucr`o ua s`stjbc mj `astrubjatos y eoajetcmos ja rjm. Iãs`ecbjatj pjrb`tj mj jk eoatrok mj ulos m`str`iu`mos jajrdâc ja kcs pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs, jk eoatrok mjjsto kc eck`mcm sub`a`stro y kc djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc. Eoaejptos eobo jk mj promuet`v`mcm y eoatrok mj eostjs, jstãa jstrjencbjatj k`dcmos c kc `astckce`õa mj s`stjbcs quj dcrcat`eja ua iuja fuae`oacb`jato mj kcs `astckce`oajs y quj s`rvc eobo uac njrrcb`jatc mj djst`õa jajrdàt`ec pcrc eoaoejr ja tomo bobjato jk eoasubo dkoick y jspjeâeo (por p`jzc o por toajkcmc, jte). Csâ pujs kcs quj njbos mjaob`acmo njrrcb`jatcs pcrc kc djst`õa jajrdàt`ec soa fuamcbjatckjs pcrc vckorcr kc promuet`v`mcm y pcrc vckorcr jk jk `bpceto mjk eostj jajrdàt`eo soirj jk eostj totck mj ua mjtjrb`acmo i`ja o sjrv`e`o. C ko k o kcrdo mjk ecpâtu ecpâtuko ko sj nca mjser mjser`to `to euckjs jrca jstcs njrrc njrrcb`jatc b`jatcss y sj nc v`sto quj pcrc kc rjeod`mc y proejscmo mj mctos js fuamcbjatck m`spoajr mj trjs jkjbjatos< @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrok, ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs quj pjrb`tc kc kjeturc mj mctos ja euckqu`jr puato mj uac pkcatc y ua softwcrj quj pjrb`tc kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj jstos mctos y su proejscmo. 4 eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo > UJDZY@MCM JA KC YJM< WYO]JEE@ÕA M@FJYJAE@CK >.3 @atromuee`õa Zac mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs prjoeupce`oajs ja jk fuae`oacb`jato mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec js s`a mumc kc sjdur`mcm, tcato mj kc prop`c `astckce`õa eobo mj kcs pjrsoacs y i`jajs rjkce`oacmos eoa m`enc `astckce`õa . Jk tàrb`ao sjdur`mcm eobprjamj iãs`ecbjatj mos cspjetos< • Kc protjee`õa eoatrc mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato ja eoam`e`oajs aorbckjs mj uso mj kc `astckce`õa. • Kc protjee`õa ja ecso mj eoam`e`oajs cee`mjatckjs o caõbckcs< Iãs`ecbjatj soirjtjas`oajs y eortoe`reu`tos. Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos ejatrcrjbos iãs`ecbjatj ja jk pr`bjro mj jstos cspjetos, js mje`r, jk cspjeto mj c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac `astckce`õa sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa mj fcsjs m`st`atcs o jatrj àstcs, bcsc y t`jrrc. Ja jstj k`iro ao trctcrjbos mj kos tjbcs mj protjee`õa mj soirjtjas`oajs o protjee`õa mj eortoe`reu`tos. Kos mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato pujmja promue`r mos t`pos mj proikjbcs< • Wjk`dro mj jkjetroeue`õa pcrc kcs pjrsoacs, por eoatceto m`rjeto eoa pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mjk prop`o s`stjbc jkàetr`eo o por eoatceto `am`rjeto c trcvàs mj kcs javokvjatjs. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj : c 37 bC pujmja sjr sue`jatjs pcrc provoecr uac ir`kce`õa ecrmâcec s` ja jk ecb`ao mj pcso mj kc eorr`jatj sj vja cfjetcmos kos büseukos mjk eorczõa. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 57 bC sj eoas`mjrca pjk`droscs ja euckqu`jr ecso. • Wjk`dro mj `aejam`o ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj fudc `bportcatjs c trcvàs mj ecb`aos rjs`st`vos eoa rjs`stjae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj drcamjs o por eortoe`reu`to c trcvàs mjk eoamuetor mj t`jrrc. Mj njeno, sj nc eobproicmo quj eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 577 bC, e`reukcamo jatrj p`jzcs eoamuetorcs eoa jkjvcmc rjs`st`v`mcm, eobo pujmj sjr jk ecso mj n`jrro ox`mcmo, pujmja kkjdcr c promue`r pàrm`mcs sue`jatjs pcrc poajr jk õx`mo `aecamjsejatj j `a`e`cr ua `aejam`o. Kcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj proikjbcs soa jsjae`ckbjatj mj mos t`pos< > • C`skcb `jato jatrj pcrtjs javokv C`skcb`jato javokvjatjs jatjs y pcrtjs sobjt sobjt`mcs `mcs c tjas` tjas`õa. õa. Jsto s`da` s`da`ec ec quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos mjija m`sjócrsj mj tck forbc quj euckqu`jr pcrtj eoamuetorc ceejs`ikj ck tceto jstà mji`mcbjatj c`skcmc mj kcs pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa. • Eoajx`õa mj kcs javokvjatjs c t`jrrc y protjee`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs ja ecso mj fudc bjm`catj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o rjkàs mj v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9:9 Ja jstj ecpâtuko, mcrjbos uac irjvj mjser`pe`õa mj kcs ecuscs quj pujmja provoecr pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`f`ecrjbos kcs javokvjatjs sjdüa su ecpce`mcm mj bcatjajr jk c`skcb`jato catj mjtjrb`acmcs eoam`e`oajs cbi`jatckjs jxtjracs. Wor otro kcmo sj ncrã uac mjser`pe`õa mj kos m`st`atos rjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro c t`jrrc y mj kcs vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs mj ecmc uao, mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj kc sjdur`mcm y mj kc fce`k`mcm mj protjee`õa. Wor ükt`bo, ncrjbos uac mjser`pe`õa bãs mjtckkcmc mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ja `astckce`oajs eoa m`st`atos rjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro y mj kcs bcscs. >.9 Mja`e`oajs Catjs mj prosjdu` prosjdu`rr eoa kc mjser` mjser`pe`õa pe`õa mj kos k os bàtomos mj protjee` p rotjee`õa õa m`fjrja m`fjrjae`ck e`ck vcbos c mcr uac sjr`j mj mjf`a`e`oajs rjkct`vcs c c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec. Kc bcyorâc mj kcs mjf`a`e`oajs jstãa icscmcs ja kcs aorbcs @JE-6377> j @JE-6756= , cuaquj ao sj nc njeno uac trcmuee`õa k`tjrck. • Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs< Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs m`rjetcbjatj eoajetcmcs c uao mj kos eoamuetorjs mj fcsj o ck ajutro. • Bcsc< Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs javokvjatjs mj ua jqu`po jkàetr`eo quj cee`mjatckbjatj pujmja tjajr eoatceto eoa pcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs. • Ekcsj mj protjee`õa @W mj uac javokvjatj< Kc ekcsj mj protjee`õa sj mjaj por kc ecpce`mcm mj kc javokvjatj mj protjdjr kcs pcrtjs `atjr`orjs eoatrc kc pjajtrce`õa mj pcrtâeukcs sõk`mcs mj m`vjrso tcbcóo o eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos ja m`fjrjatjs e`reuastcae`cs. • ]`jrrc< Wcrtj o eoaluato mj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs ja eoatceto eoa jk sujko, mjst`acmcs c sjr ut`k`zcmcs eobo potjae`ck ejro mj rjfjrjae`c mj euckqu`jr `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec. • Eoamuetor mj t`jrrc< Eoamuetor ua`mo ck potjae`ck mj t`jrrc, eoa uac rjs`stjae`c sue`jatjbjatj iclc pcrc quj ao jx`stca m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck s`da`ect`vcs, `aekuso ja ecso mj e`reukcr kcs eorr`jatjs mj mjfjeto prjv`stcs ja kc `astckce`õa. • Yàd`bja mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro c t`jrrc (@JE 6756=-5)< @am`ec kc eoadurce`õa mj uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa por ko quj sj rjjrj c kc eoajx`õa c t`jrrc mjk ajutro • • y mj kcs bcscs. (Vàcsj cpcrtcmo >.=) Eoatceto m`rjeto< Eoatceto mj uac pjrsoac m`rjetcbjatj eoa uac pcrtj cet`vc sobjt`mc c tjas`õa. (Vjr kc F`d. >.3) Eoatceto `am`rjeto< Eoatceto mj uac pjrsoac eoa uac pcrtj eoamuetorc ao cet`vc sobjt`mc c tjas`õa soko ja ecso mj mjfjeto. (Vjr kc F`d. >.9) > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec K3 K3 K9 K9 K5 K5 A F`d. >.3 - Jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto m`rjeto K3 K3 9:5 K9 K9 K5 K5 A Fckko mj C`skcb`jato Ecrdc jkàetr`ec F`d. >.9 - Jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto `am`rjeto > • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc< Eorr`jatj quj e`reukc mjsmj kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs nce`c jk t`jrrc mji`mc c ua mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato. • Eorr`jatj mj fudc< Eorr`jatj quj e`reukc mjsmj kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs nce`c jk t`jrrc ja cusjae`c mj euckqu`jr mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato. • Eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck, @∆< Vckor jecz mj kc eorr`jatj rjsuktcatj mj kc subc vjetor`ck mj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck @M (Ja kc mjaob`ace`õa `adkjsc YEEI, Yjs`muck Eurrjat E`reu`t Irjchjr). M`spos`t`vo jkjetrobjeãa`eo mjst`acmo c eortcr kc eorr`jatj mj ua mjtjrb`acmo e`reu`to, ja ecso mj quj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck supjrj ua mjtjrb`acmo vckor ubirck mj m`spcro. U` jk m`spos`t`vo, cmjbãs, propore`oac protjee`õa eoatrc eortoe`reu`tos, sj mjaob`ac `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck eoa protjee`õa mj soirjecrdc (YEIO, ja `adkàs). sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9:= • Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck< Yjkà quj mjtjetc kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck. Ja rjck`mcm js uac pcrtj mjk `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck, s`a jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj. • Eorr`jatj rjs`muck, mj fuae`oacb`jato< Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck quj ecusc jk m`spcro mj ua @M. • Eorr`jatj rjs`muck, mj ao fuae`oacb`jato < Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck por mjiclo mj kc euck ua @M ao m`spcrc. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck `amjpjam`jatj mj kc tjas`õa < @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj AO AJEJU@]C AJEJU@] C tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc fuae`oacr.. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck mjpjam`jatj mj kc tjas`õa < @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj AJEJU@]C AJEJU@] C tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc fuae`oacr. • @atjrruptor eoa sjdur`mcm pos`t`vc < Uj m`ej mj cqujk quj `aekuso ja cusjae`c mj ck`bjatce`õa (fcktc mj uac fcsj) eoat`aüc s`jamo ecpcz mj m`spcrcr kc protjee`õa. Ja ecso mj @M quj rjqu`jrja ck`bjatce`õa pcrc su fuae`oacb`jato, mjija cir`r cutobãt`ecbjatj eucamo fcktc kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc quj pujmca sjr eoas`mjrcmos mj sjdur`mcm pos`t`vc. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck t`po CE< @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj fuae`oac eorrjetcbjatj eucamo mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs rjs`muckjs cktjracs s`auso`mckjs, yc sjca cpk`ecmcs irusecbjatj o mj forbc drcmuck. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck t`po C< @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj fuae`oac eorrjetcbjatj tcato s` mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs rjs`muckjs cktjracs s`auso`mckjs eobo eucamo mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs eoat`aucs pukscmcs, yc sjca cpk`ecmcs irusecbjatj o mj forbc drcmuck. >.5 Jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec ja kcs kcs pjrsoacs pjrsoacs Ja jk jstum`o tàea`eo puik`ecmo ja kc aorbc @JE-=40-3 sj `am`eca kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec ja jk nobirj y kos ca`bckjs mobàst`eos ja kc dcbc mj frjeujae`cs mj 3: Nz c 377 Nz, y quj s`rvja mj duâc pcrc jstcikjejr kcs prjser`pe`oajs mj sjdur`mcm jkàetr`ec. Ja ecso mj ua eoatceto m`rjeto, jk pjk`dro pcrc kc pjrsoac, mj kc eorr`jatj quj pcsc c trcvàs mj su eujrpo, mjpjamj jsjae`ckbjatj mjk vckor mj m`enc eorr`jatj y mjk t`jbpo quj murc. Wr`ae`pckbjatj, jk r`jsdo mj ir`kce`õa vjatr`eukcr mjk eorczõa sj eoas`mjrc uac mj kcs ecuscs bcyorjs mj cee`mjatjs bortckjs por enoquj jkàetr`eo. Ja kc F`d. >.5 sj rjsubja kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj cktjrac ja jk eujrpo nubcao ja fuae`õa mjk vckor mj eorr`jatj (vckor jecz ja bC) y su murce`õa ja t`jbpo (bs). > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9:: F`d. >.5 - \oacs t`jbpo/eorr`jatj mj kos jfjetos eorr`jatj cktjrac mj 3: Nz c 377 Nz Jk rjsubja mj kcs m`st`atcs zoacs js jk s`du`jatj< • \oac 3< Ao sj promuej a`aduac rjcee`õa. Uj eoas`mjrc jk ubirck mj pjrejpe`õa y rjcee`õa c ua vckor mj 7,: bC. • \oac 9 < Mj 7,: bC ncstc jk kâb`tj mj kc eurvc I, ncy pjrejpe`õa, pjro ao sj promuej a`adüa jfjeto pjk`droso. Kc eurvc I jbp`jzc c uaos 37 bC, y eorrjspoamj ck ubirck mj ao soktcr, mj eoatrcee`õa buseukcr. • \oac 5 < Js kc zoac k`b`tcmc por kc eurvc I ncstc E3. Uj promuej eoatrcee`õa buseukcr y m`euktcmjs mj mj rjsp`rce`õa, ao sujkj mcóo ordãa`eo. Kc eurvc E3 js jk ubirck ir`kce`õacuaquj vjatr`eukcr. Jstjpromue`rsj ubirck mjpjamj tcato mj kos pcrãbjtros (cactobâc mjk eujrpo, jstcmo mj kcs fuae`oajs ecrmâcecs) eobo mj kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos (murce`õa, rjeorr`mo mj kc eorr`jatj, vckor mj eorr`jatj, jte.). Kos 57 bC jstãa lusto por mjiclo mj jstj ubirck. • \oac =< C pcrtj mj kos jfjetos mj kc zoac 5 sj pujmj promue`r pcrcmc mjk eorczõa, pcrcmc mj kc rjsp`rce`õa y qujbcmurcs drcvjs. Kc proici`k`mcm mj f`ir`kce`õa vjatr`eukcr js mj ua : % jatrj E3-E9, mj ua :7 % jatrj E9-E5 y mj bãs mj ua :7 % por jae`bc mj kc eurvc E5. Jstos vckorjs soa kos quj pjrb`tja jstcikjejr jk ubirck mj kcs m`st`atcs protjee`oajs m`fjrjae`ckjs aorbck`zcmcs. >.= ]jas`oajs mj sjdur`mcm Jk vckor kâb`tj mj kc tjas`õa mj sjdur`mcm mjij sjr tck quj cpk`ecmc ck eujrpo nubcao jk vckor mj eorr`jatj quj sj mjr`vc por kc rjs`stjae`c quj prjsjatc ao supoadc r`jsdos pcrc jk `am`v`muo. Kc aorbc ZAJ 97=67 mjaj uaos vckorjs mj sjdur`mcm pcrc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs quj ja fuae`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto Ze aos mca jk t`jbpo bãx`bo mj eortj ja ecso mj mjfjeto. Jstos t`jbpos tcbi`àa soa fuae`õa mjk t`po mj cbi`jatj< sjeo o nübjmo. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9:6 Kc aorbc ZAJ 97=67-=-=3 jstcikjej kos s`du`jatjs vckorjs mj tjas`õa kâb`tj eoavjae`oack mj eoatceto, eoa rjspjeto c t`jrrc< • ZK ≭ :7 V pcrc koeckjs sjeos • ZK ≭ 9: V pcrc koeckjs nübjmos C jstos vckorjs mj tjas`õa, kc rjs`s rjs`stjae`c tjae`c quj prjsjatc jk eujrpo nubcao js tck quj ja jk ecso mj eoatceto kcs eorr`jatjs quj sj mjr`vca jstãa por mjiclo mj kos ubirckjs quj prjsjatca pjk`dro. >.: Javokvjatjs y drcmos mj protjee`õa mj jqu`pos mj I] Kcs fuae`oajs iãs`ecs mj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos soa kcs s`du`jatjs< • @bpjm`r jk eoatceto m`rjeto mj pjrsoacs eoa kcs pcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs. • @bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj eujrpos sõk`mos jxtrcóos (crjac, pokvo, `asjetos, rojmorjs, jte.) • @bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos. • @bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj dcsjs eorros`vos o mj rcm`ce`oajs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs o auekjcrjs (kuz, pcrtâeukcs auekjcrjs, jte.) • Wrotjdjr eoatrc enoqujs. >.:.3 Drcmos mj protjee`õa @W Wcrc ecrcetjr`zcr jk eobportcb`jato mj kcs javokvjatjs ja jqu`pos mj iclc tjas`õa sj eom`f`eca bjm`catj uac s`dkcs quj sj eoaoeja eobo ‛drcmo mj protjee`õa @W‒ o ‛eõm`do @W‒ , mja`mo ja kcs aorbcs JA-67.:90 y JA 670=4-3. Jk drcmo mj protjee`õa sj ecrcetjr`zc bjm`catj mos e`frcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs< Kc pr`bjrc (c vjejs sjdu`mc mj uac kjtrc) mjs`dac kc jstcaquj`mcm mj kc javokvjatj frjatj c pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos o pcrtâeukcs sõk`mcs. Kc sjduamc mjf`aj kc jstcaquj`mcm mj kc javokvjatj catj kc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos. Kcs ]cikcs >.3 y >.9 mjtckkca kos s`da`ecmos mj ecmc uac mj kcs e`tcmcs e`frcs. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9:4 ]cikc >.3. U`da`ecmo mj kc pr`bjrc e`frc mjk eõm`do @W (*) Kc s`dkc ‛x‒ mjs`dac uac sjduamc e`frc euckqu`jrc, vjr ]cikc >.9 E õ m` d o ( * ) M j s e r ` p e ` õ a c i r j v ` c m c @W 3x Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 :7 bb @W 9x @W 9Kx õ @W 9xI Oi s jr v ce ` o a j s @bp`mj jk eoatceto m`rjeto mj uac drca supjre`j mjk eujrpo nubcao, tck eobo kc bcao, eoa kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs y p`jzcs ja bov`b`jato Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 39,: bb Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛I‒ ck ack Þ 1 39,: bb y eoatrc eoatcetos `am`ec quj sj m`st`aduj jatrj @W 5x @W 5Kx õ @W5xE @W =x @W =Kx õ @W=xM eoa jk mjmo mj prujic jstãamcr pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa ua mjmo crt`eukcmo jstãamcr jstãamcr mj >7 bb mj koad`tum, Þ 239 bb y eoa puatc i`sjkcmc. (Forbc mja`mc ja kc aorbc) Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 9,: bb Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛E‒ ck ack, Þ 1 39,: bb y eoatrc `am`ec quj sj m`st`aduj jatrj eoatcetos c trcvàs mj uac pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa vcr`kkc mj Þ 2 9,: bb y kc vcr`kkc, s`bukcamo ko quj koad`tum `afjr`or c 377 bb pomrâc sjr ua mjstora`kkcmor mjstora`kkcmor.. Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 3 bb Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 3 pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛M‒ ck ack, bb y eoatrc eoatcetos c trcvàs `am`ec quj sj m`st`aduj jatrj mj uac vcr`kkc vcr`kkc mj Þ 2 3 bb y pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa kc koad`tum `afjr`or c 377 bb > @W :x Wrotjee`õa eoatrc jk pokvo @W 6x Jstcaquj`mcm totck eoatrc jk pokvo vcr`kkc, s`bukcamo ko quj pomrâc sjr ua ckcbirj o ecikj râd`mo. Wjrb`tj su pjajtrce`õa ja tcato quj ao sj mjpos`tj soirj pcrtjs moamj sj eobprobjtc jk c`skcb`jato. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ]cikc >.9.- U`da`ecmo mj kc sjduamc e`frc e` frc mjk eõm`do @W (*) Kc s`dkc ‛x‒ mjs`dac uac pr`bjrc e`frc euckqu`jrc, vjr ]cikc >.3 Eõm`do Eõm` do (* (*)) Mjse Mjser` r`pe pe`õ `õa a @W x3 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc dotjo mj cduc ja m`rjee`õa vjrt`eck @W x9 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc ecâmc mj cduc eoa uac `aek`ace`õa bãx`bc mj 3:¼ @W x5 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc ecâmc mj cduc eoa uac `aek`ace`õa bãx`bc mj 67¼ @W x= Wrotjd`mo eoatrc proyjee`õa mj cduc ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa @W x: Wrotjd`mo eoatrc enorro mj cduc proyjetcmo c prjs`õa ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa @W x6 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc dokpjs mj bcr. Cduc proyjetcmc ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa 9:> @W x4 @W x> Wrotjd`mo eoatrc kos jfjetos mj kc `abjrs`õa. (Wrjs`õa y t`jbpo k`b`tcmos) Wrotjd`mo eoatrc kos jfjetos mj kc `abjrs`õa. (Wrjs`õa y t`jbpo jspje`ckjs) >.6 Yjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mj ajutro y t`jrrc Wcrc csjdurcr kc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs y i`jajs eoatrc kos pos`ikjs fckkos mj c`skcb`jato ja uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec , js eoavja`jatj quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos jstàa eoajetcmos c ua potjae`ck mj t`jrrc mj rjfjrjae`c. Wor otro kcmo, kc eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o y kc sjdur`mcm mj `astckce`oajs eoa pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c mjsecrdcs ctbosfàr`ecs, nceja ceoasjlcikj quj kc `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec jstà protjd`mc eoatrc pos`ikjs m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck jxejs`vcs jatrj kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos y t`jrrc. ]omcs kcs eoas`mjrce`oajs catjr`orjs nceja pkcatjcr kc prjduatc mj eõbo mjija rjfjr`rsj c t`jrrc kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs y kcs javokvjatjs mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. Wcrc jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs mj iclc tjas`õa , ck`bjatcmcs s`jbprj c trcvàs mj ua trcasforbcmor B]/I] , kos puatos mj `atjràs soa mos< > • ¿Ncy o ao ajutro ja jk sjeuamcr`o mjk trcasforbcmor?, y ja ecso mj jx`st`r, ¿eõbo sj rjjrj jk eoamuetor ajutro c t`jrrc? • ¿Eõbo sj eoajetca kcs bcscs mj kc `astckce`õa mj I] c t`jrrc? Kc rjspujstc c jstcs prjduatcs ao js üa`ec y mjpjam`jamo mj euck sjc jk `atjràs pr`ae`pck (protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs, protjee`õa mj r`jsdo mj `aejam`o, protjee`õa eoatrc mjsecrdcs ctbosfàr`ecs, jte.) pujmj mcr kudcr c m`st`atos jsqujbcs mj eoajx`õa, quj nca s`mo mjser`tos por kc aorbc @JE 6756= y quj rjsub`bos ja kcs tcikcs >.5 y >.=. Kc mjs`dace`õa jstãamcr mj kcs m`st`atcs forbcs mj eoajx`õa sj eom`ec bjm`catj mos kjtrcs iãs`ecs sjdüa @JE 6756=. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9:0 Ckd uacss aor Ckduac aorbcs bcs ( AFE35-377) cócmja uac kjtrc supkjbjatcr`c pcrc mjs`dacr eobo jstãa rjkce`oacmos jk t`jrrc mj I] eoa kos njrrcljs mj B]. Kos s`da`ecmos mj kc kjtrc supkjbjatcr`c supkjbjatcr`c sj mjtckkca ja kc ]cikc ]cikc >.:. ]cikc >.5.- U`da`ecmo mj kcs mos kjtrcs mj mjs`dace`õa mj ràd`bja mj ajutro sjdüa @JE 6756= Eõm`do U ` d a ` ec m o @am`ec eobo sj ncej kc Wr`bjrc kjtrc eoajx`õa mjk sjeuamcr`o mjk trcasforbcmor B]/I] c t`jrrc. Vcr`catjs ]< ajutro ua`mo m`rjetcbjatj c t`jrrc @< Ajutro c`skcmo mj t`jrrc. Jx`stja quj kcmj eoajx`õavcr`catjs sj ncej ja c trcvàs uac `bpjmcae`c, otrcs ja quj jk c`skcb`jato js totck o `aekuso pujmj ao jx`st`r jk ajutro ]< Bcscs ua`mcs m`rjetcbjatj c t`jrrc. @am`ec kc forbc mj Ujduamc Kjtrc eoajx`õa mj kcs A< Bcscs eoajetcmcs c bcscs c t`jrrc ajutro. (Uoko t`jaj sjat`mo s` kc pr`bjrc kjtrc js ]) Aotcs< Kc pr`bjrc kjtrc @ sõko cmb`tj eobo sjduamc kjtrc ]. Csâ pujs kcs eoadurc eoadurce`oajs e`oajs pos`ikj pos`ikjss soa ]] ]],, ]A , @]. Kc eoadurce`õa ]A t`jaj m`vjrscs vcr`catjs (vjr ]cikc >.=) Mjser`pe`õa mj kos s`stjbcs pos`ikjs< > • ]]< Ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ua`mo c t`jrrc mj kc J] (Jstce`õa ]rcasforbcmorc) y bcscs mj kc `astckce`õa ua`mcs ck t`jrrc koeck. Ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to fcsj c bcsc, kcs rjs`stjae`cs mj kcs tobcs mj t`jrrc k`b`tca kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to, pjro pujmja cpcrjejr tjas`oajs pjk`droscs jatrj kcs bcscs y t`jrrc. Wor jkko, sj rjqu`jrj uac protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck eoa cetuce`õa `astcatãajc. Jsto ecusc c vjejs proikjbcs mj poec sjkjet`v`mcm y mj `atjrrupe`oajs mj pcrtjs mj kc `astckce`õa buy ckjlcmcs mjk mjfjeto. • ]A< Ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ua`mo c t`jrrc mj kc J] y bcscs mj kc `astckce`õa ua`mcs ck b`sbo puato c trcvàs mj ua eoamuetor (ecso mj ]AE) o mj mos eoamuetorjs (ecso mj ]AU). Ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to fcsj ― bcsc kcs eorr`jatjs mj mjfjeto soa buy drcamjs y pujmja cpcrjejr tcbi`àa tjas`oajs pjk`droscs jatrj kcs bcscs y jk t`jrrc koeck mj kc `astckce`õa. • @]< Ja kc eoajx`õa @] , jk ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ao sj @]< sj poaj c t`jrrc m`rjetcbjatj. Ckduacs vjejs sj bcat`jaj totckbjatj c`skcmo y otrcs vjejs sj uaj c t`jrrc c trcvàs mj uac `bpjmcae`c mj vckor rjkct`vcbjatj ckto (eoajx`õa eoaoe`mc eobo ajutro `bpjmcatj). Jstj t`po mj eoajx`õa mjij protjdjrsj eoa ua rjkà v`d`kcatj mj c`skcb`jato y js bãs roiustc ja eucato c quj ao djajrc m`spcros `atjbpjst`vos mj kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs. Ja ecso mj pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato por ua sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 967 puato ao jx`stj m`spcro, s`ao soko cv`so mj pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato. Uoko ja ecso mj mjfjeto moikj m`spcrc kc protjee`õa mj soirjecrdc. ]cikc >.=.- Eoadurce`oajs pos`ikjs mjk ràd`bja mj ajutro ja I] E o a j x ` õ a / Js q u j bc ]] @] E c r c e t j r â s t `e c s • Ja tjorâc ua soko m`fjrjae`ck ja ecijejrc protjdj euckqu`jr fudc ja euckqu`jr puato. • Jk bàtomo js poeo sjkjet`vo. Ja ecso mj fudc ja uac mjr`vce`õa pujmj m`spcrcr jk totck. • Wcrc uac iujac eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o mjija jseckoacrsj kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro.. • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto bomjrcmc ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj - bcsc, • Kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs ja kcs mjr`vce`oajs m`spcrca soko s` ncy ua moikj mjfjeto • C vjejs sj rjqu`jr r jqu`jrjj ua eoatro eoatrokcmor kcmor pjrbcajatj mj c`skcb`jato (EWC) (EW C) ja jk trcasforbcmor. • Js bãs roiusto mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj kc m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj jajrdâc. Za pjqujóo mjfjeto ao ecusc `atjrrupe`õa • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cktc ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj ― bcsc • ]jas`oajs pjk`droscs ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto. • Wron`i`mo sjee`oacr jk ajutro ja jstj t`po mj eoajx`õa • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cktc ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj ― bcsc • ]jas`oajs pjk`droscs ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto. • Wjk`dro mj pàrm`mc mj protjee`õa s` sj eortc jk eoamuetor WJ • Jstj s`stjbc eoas`stj ja ut`k`zcr jk s`stjbc ]AU cducs mjiclo mj ua ]AE. ]A-E ]A-U > ]A-E-U< ]AE sjdu`mo mj ]AU sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 963 ]cikc >.:.- U`da`ecmo mj kc tjrejrc kjtrc ja kc mjs`dace`õa mjk ràd`bja mj ajutro sjdüa aorbc frcaejsc AFE35-377 . ]jrejrc kjtrc Y A U ]`jrrc mj njrrcljs mj kc J] E o aj e t cm o E o aj e t cm o C`skcmo ]`jrrc mj I] mjk trcasforbcmor E o aj e t cm o E o aj e t cm o C`skcmo Bcscs mj I] E oa je t c mo C ` s k cm o C`skcmoo C`skcm >.4 Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Kc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs eoatrc jk r`jsdo mj jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto m`rjeto y kc protjee`õa eoatrc `aejam`os ja ecso mj mjr`vce`oajs fortu`tcs c bcsc , jx`dja jk jbpkjo mj m`spos`t`vos mj mjseoajx`õa quj cetüca eucamo sj promuej uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc. t`jrrc. Jstos m`spos`t`vos sj mjaob`aca mjaob`aca djajrckbjatj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs. Kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cbios jstã ja jk njeno mj quj tjadca o ao `aeorporcmo jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj, tck eobo sj nc `am`ecmo ja jk cpcrtcmo mj mja`e`oajs (Vàcsj kc mja`e`õa mj rjkà m`fjrjae`ck). Kos a`vjkjs mj eorr`jatj mj m`spcro cmb`t`mos, soa m`st`atos sjdüa sj trctj mj protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs o mj i`jajs (djajrckbjatj 57 bC pcrc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs y 577 bC o bãs pcrc jk ecso mj protjee`õa mj `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs). Jk jbpkjo mj m`spos`t`vos m`fjrjae`ckjs mj vckor `duck o `afjr`or c 57 bC soa s`jbprj uac bjm`mc mj protjee`õa eobpkjbjatcr`c c otrcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa eoatrc kos eoatcetos m`rjetos. Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sj usca eobo protjee`õa cm`e`oack pjro auaec eobo üa`ec protjee`õa eoatrc kos eoatcetos m`rjetos. >.4.3 Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato Jk jbpkjo mj kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs jstã pjascmo iãs`ecbjatj pcrc `astckce`oajs eoa ràd`bja mj ajutro ]] o eoa e`jrtcs eoam`e`oajs jk ràd`bja ]A (soko t`po ]A-U). Kc mjtjee`õa mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck sj rjck`zc bjm`catj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj , djajrckbjatj eoa aüekjo toro`mck mj iclc m`spjrs`õa y cktc sjas`i`k`mcm. C trcvàs mjk nujeo mjk aüekjo sj nceja pcscr tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos, sjdüa bujstrc jk jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj kc F`d. >.=. > U` kc subc mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos (fcsjs y ajutro) js ejro jk ulo erjcmo ja jk trcasforbcmor sjrã auko y por tcato kc sjóck quj àstj mcrã ja jk sjeuamcr`o sjrã tcbi`àa aukc. Jsto s`da`ec quj kcs eorr`jatjs quj jatrca por ckduao mj kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos rjtoraca por otro eoamuetor cet`vo, mj tck forbc quj kc subc js ejro ja tomo bobjato y por tcato ao ncy rjtorao mj eorr`jatj por otros ecb`aos, js mje`r ao ncy fudc. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 969 Ja ecso mj fudc, kc subc mj eorr`jatjs ja kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos ao js ejro, mji`mo c kc eorr`jatj mj fudc quj rjtorac por jk t`jrrc. Jsto ecusc uac tjas`õa ja jk sjeuamcr`o mjk trcasforbcmor m`fjrjae`ck, quj mji`mcbjatj cbpk`ecmc y trctcmc ncej m`spcrcr jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck y àstj c su vjz cet`vc jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj. F`d. >.=.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato mj ua `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck >.4.9 ]`pos mj m`spos`t`vos m`fjrjae`ckjs Kcs trjs pcrtjs iãs`ecs mj tomo `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck pujmja jstcr luatcs ja ua soko m`spos`t`vo o pujmja sjr pcrtjs sjpcrcmcs. Ujdüa jsto pomjbos m`st`adu`r vcr`os t`pos mj `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs< • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck eobpkjto. @aekuyj jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc, jk rjkà mj mjtjee`õa y jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj. Jstc eoaf`durce`õa sujkj jbpkjcrsj pcrc pjqujócs potjae`cs o ja `atjrruptorjs mobàst`eos. • Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck + `atjrruptor< Jk rjkà `aekuyj jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc y jk rjkà mj mjtjee`õa, eoa ua eoatceto mj sck`mc mj iclc potjae`c. Jstj eoatceto jstã pjascmo pcrc cetucr soirj ua `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoavjae`oack, yc sjc c trcvàs mj kc ioi`ac mj bâa`bc o mj kc ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa.. • ]rcasforbcmor + rjkà mjtjetor + `atjrruptor< Jstc bomck`mcm js caãkodc c kc catjr`or, pjro jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc js uac p`jzc cpcrtj mjk rjkà mj mjtjee`õa. > F`d. >.:.- M`st`atcs jljeue`oajs mjk eoaluato trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc y rjkà m`fjrjae`ck sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 965 >.4.5 Cpk`ece`õa mj `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos y eoatcetorjs eobo m`spos`t`vos mj eortj mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck. Ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs mj potjae`c bjm`c y cktc, jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck ao pujmj eortcr eortcr kc potjae`c totck. totck. Wor jkko sj sujkja sujkja jbpkjcr `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos o eoatcetorjs, eoa jk pomjr mj eortj cmjeucmo pcrc rjck`zcr m`enc fuae`õa mj eortj. Ck ut`k`zcr `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos cutobãt`eos eobo m`spos`t`vos m`spos`t`vos mj eortj por eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto , pomjbos cmoptcr mos t`pos mj jsqujbc mj m`spcro, ecmc uao eoa e`jrtcs vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs quj quj sj eobjatca c eoat`auce`õa< eoat`auce`õa< • M`spcro por ioi`ac mj bâa`bc< Za `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoa ioi`ac mj bâa`bc, m`spcrc ja jk ecso mj quj m`enc ioi`ac sj qujmj s`a ck`bjatce`õa. Kc cpk`ece`õa eobo jkjbjato mj eortj mj ua s`stjbc m`fjrjae`ck mj mos forbcs m`st`atcs, sjdüa pujmj vjrsjmjjaprotjee`õa kos jsqujbcs mj kcspujmj durcsncejrsj >.6 y >.4. Ja kc F`d. >.6, kc ck`bjatce`õa mjk rjkà sj tobc cducs crr`ic mjk `atjrruptor y jsto pjrb`tj ua rjcrbj jkàetr`eo mjk s`stjbc. Ckduacs vjejs sj jbpkjc ua eoatcetor ja vjz mj ua `atjrruptor eoa ioi`ac mj bâa`bc, mj forbc quj ck rjcrbcr jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck cutobãt`ecbjatj vujkvj c ck`bjatcrsj jk s`stjbc. Ja tck ecso, s` jk mjfjeto pjrs`stj, jk rjkà vujkvj c m`spcrcr `abjm`ctcbjatj ck `atjatcr rjcrbcrko. Ja kc F`d. >.4, kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs ciclo mjk `atjrruptor, ko euck qu`jrj mje`r quj jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck sj qujmc s`a ck`bjatce`õa ck m`spcrcr y aorbckbjatj jsto supoaj ua rjcrbj cutobãt`eo. > F`d. >.6.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj bâa`bc eoa rjcrbj bcauck sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 96= F`d. >.4.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj bâa`bc eoa rjcrbj cutobãt`eo. • M`spcro por ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa< Za `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoa ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa, m`spcrc ja jk ecso mj quj m`enc ioi`ac rje`ic tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kc cpk`ece`õa mj jstj t`po mj m`spcro pcrc jk eortj mj ua s`stjbc mj protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck pujmj ncejrsj tcbi`àa mj mos forbcs m`st`atcs, sjdüa pujmj vjrsj ja kos jsqujbcs mj kcs durcs >.> y >.0. Ja kc F`d. >.>. kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs crr`ic mjk `atjrruptor, eoa ko euck, ck promue`rsj jk m`spcro qujmc jaekcvcmo jk s`stjbc y ao js pos`ikj jk rjcrbj mjk `atjrruptor ncstc ncijr rjcrbcmo jk rjkà. Mjij tjajrsj prjecue`õa ck ut`k`zcr jstj bàtomo, pujs ckduaos `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos ao cmb`tja tjajr kc ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa ck`bjatcmc murcatj kcrdo t`jbpo. Ja kc F`d. >.0, kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs ciclo, eoa ko euck jk rjcrbj mjk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck js cutobãt`eo, pjro ncy quj rjcrbcr jk `atjrruptor mj forbc bcauck. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 96: F`d. >.>.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa eoa rjcrbj bcauck. F`d. >.0.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa eoa rjcrbj cutobãt`eo. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 966 >.4.= Ekcs`ece`oa mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sjdüa jk t`po mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sj ekcs`eca ja m`fjrjatjs t`pos, sjdüa su ecpce`mcm pcrc dcrcat`zcr kc protjee`õa eoatrc vcr`os t`pos mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc. c) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po CE Uoa kos m`fjrjae`ckjs quj dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro pcrc eorr`jatjs mj fudc cktjracs s`auso`mckjs, tcato cpk`ecmcs irusecbjatj eobo mj cubjato prodrjs`vo. Uj bcreca eoa jk sâbioko i) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po C Jstos m`fjrjae`ckjs dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro pcrc kcs s`du`jatjs eorr`jatjs mj fudc< • Eorr`jatjs cktjracs s`auso`mckjs • Eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs pukscatjs • Eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs pukscatjs, supjrpujstcs soirj eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs k`scs mj 7,776 C, eoa o s`a eoatrok mj ãaduko mj fcsj, `amjpjam`jatj mj kc pokcr`mcm, tcato cpk`ecmcs irusecbjatj eobo mj cubjato prodrjs`vo. Uj bcreca eoa jk sâbioko e) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po I Jstos m`fjrjae`ckjs jstãa mj ceujrmo eoa kc aorbc @JE-69=95. Uoa m`fjrjae`ckjs quj dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro eobo jk t`po C, y cmjbãs pcrc jstcs eorr`jatjs mj fudc< • Eorr`jatjs s`auso`mck cktjrac ncstc 3777 Nz. • Eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs k`scs mj 7,= vjejs kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck cs`dacmc o 37 bC, jk quj sjc jk vckor bãs jkjvcmo mj kos mos supjrpujstos c uac eorr`jatj cktjrac. • Eorr`jatj eoat`aucs k`scs mj 7,= vjejs kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck cs`dacmc o 37 bC, jk quj sjc jk vckor bãs jkjvcmo mj kos mos supjrpujstos c uac eorr`jatj eoat`auc pukscatj. • Wcrc eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs pukscatjs rjet`ecmcs provja`jatjs mj mos o bãs fcsjs. • Wcrc eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs k`scs provja`jatjs mj e`reu`tos bukt`fcsj. Uj bcreca eoa jk moikj sâbioko o cktjract`vcbjatj > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 964 >.> Ujkjet`v`mcm mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Zao mj kos cspjetos `bportcatjs ja uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec js quj kos jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa mjija `atjrrubp`r jk sjrv`e`o soko ja kcs sjee`oajs o pcrtjs mjfjetuoscs, bcatja`jamo kc ck`bjatce`õa ja kcs pcrtjs quj ao tjadca a`adüa mjfjeto. Wcrc jkko, sj sujkj suim`v`m`r kc `astckce`õa ja pcrtjs o kâajcs `amjpjam`jatjs y sj ut`k`zc ua rjkà m`fjrjae`ck `am`v`muck pcrc ecmc kâajc. Cua csâ, pcrc protjdjr kcs kâajcs quj jakczca kc ceobjt`mc eoa kos eucmros mj m`str`iue`õa, sj sujkj poajr ua m`fjrjae`ck ja ecijejrc. Mjij dcrcat`zcrsj, s`a jbicrdo, quj jk s`stjbc tjadc kc sue`jatj sjkjet`v`mcm pcrc quj ua mjfjeto ja uac kâajc `am`v`muck ao provoquj jk m`spcro mjk m`fjrjae`ck djajrck (vàcsj F`d. >.37) F`d. >.37.- Jsqujbc ua`kcr mj protjee`õa mj vcr`cs kâajcs >.>.3 Bàtomos pcrc oitjajr sjkjet`v`mcm mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs Eucamo sj `astckc ua m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic mj otros ncy quj proeurcr quj uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto ja ua suie`reu`to mà kudcr ck m`spcro mjk m`fjrjae`ck quj protjdj jstj suie`reu`to, y ao m`spcrj jk m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic c bjaos quj pjrs`stc jk mjfjeto. Kos bàtomos pcrc csjdurcr kc sjkjet`v`mcm ja ua jsqujbc mj protjee`õa eobo jk mj kc F`d. >.37. sj icsca djajrckbjatj ja kos s`du`jatjs pr`ae`p`os< • Yjtcrmo mjk m`spcro cducs crr`ic. • M`sb`aue`õa mj kc sjas`i`k`mcm cducs crr`ic. • F`ktrcmo mj pjrturice`oajs cducs crr`ic. • Eobi`ace`õa mj kos catjr`orjs Ja djajrck, jk s`stjbc bãs sjduro js uac eobi`ace`õa mj kc sjas`i`k`mcm y mjk rjtcrmo mj m`spcro. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 96> Ujdüa kc duâc @JE/]Y 695:7, kc rjdkc djajrck pcrc csjdurcr kc sjkjet`v`mcm sj icsc ja mos clustjs< • Kc eorr`jatj mj m`spcro cs`dacmc ck m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic mjij sjr ck bjaos uacs 5 vjejs kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cs`dacmc ck m`fjrjae`ck cducs ciclo. Aorbckbjatj jstc rjkce`õa js jatrj mos y trjs vjejs. • Jk t`jbpo bâa`bo mj ao cetuce`õa mjk m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic mjij sjr supjr`or ck t`jbpo mj m`spcro bãx`bo mjk eoaluato m`fjrjae`ck `astckcmo cducs ciclo. Otrc mj kcs prop`jmcmjs quj mjij jx`d`rsj ck m`fjrjae`ck djajrck js quj sjc rjkct`vcbjatj `asjas`ikj c kcs pjrturice`oajs, js mje`r quj tjadc ua ktrcmo cmjeucmo mj kcs sjóckjs jspürjcs djajrcmcs por fudcs c trcvàs mj ecpce`mcmjs pcrãs`tcs murcatj kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs pjscmcs. >.>.9 Clustj mj kos rjtcrmos mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs Wcrc mjtjrb`acr kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro y csjdurcr kc protjee`õa por m`fjrjae`ck sj t`jaja ja eujatc kos jstum`os rjck`zcmos y pkcsbcmos ja kc aorbc @JE 67=40, quj nceja rjfjrjae`c c kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj ja jk nobirj. Kc cpjrturc cutobãt`ec mj kc `astckce`õa sj rjck`zc ja icsj c ua ubirck mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto y uaos t`jbpos mj rjspujstc o fuae`oacb`jato. c) Wcrc kos `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs mobàst`eos o usos caãkodos, kc aorbc ZAJ-JA-6377> / @JE-6377> mjf`aj kos t`jbpos mj fuae`oacb`jato y mj ao cetuce`õa pcrc mos t`pos< • M`fjrjae`ckjs `astcatãajos (t`po Djajrck) • M`fjrjae`ckjs sjkjet`vos (t`po U) ]cikc >.6 < Vckorjs sjdüa ZAJ JA-6377> pcrc kos t`po CE. ]@WO @AU]CA]ÃAJO UJKJE]@VO @a ((C C) EZCKSZ@JY VCKOY 1 9: @Νa (C) ]OMOU KOU VCKOYJU 1 7,75 VCKOYJU AOYBCK@\CMOU MJ ]@JBWO MJ FZAE@OACB@JA]O(s) EOA ZAC EOYY@JA]J M@FJYJAE@CK (@Ν)< @Νa 9@Νa :@Νa :77 C 7,5 7,3: 7,7= 7,7= 7,: 7,9 7,3: 7,3: ]@JBWO MJ FZAE@OACB@JA]O 7,7= BÃ^@BO ]@JBWO MJ AO CE]ZCE@ÕA CE]ZCE@Õ A BÂA@BO 7,35 7,76 7,7: ]@JBWO MJ FZAE@OACB@JA]O BÃ^@BO Wcrc kodrcr uac sjkjet`v`mcm pujmja `astckcrsj m`fjrjae`ckjs sjkjet`vos cducs crr`ic mj m`fjrjae`ckjs mj t`po djajrck `astcatãajos. > i) Wcrc kos `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos eoa protjee`õa por eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck `aeorporcmc mj potjae`c js kc aorbc ZAJ-JA 670=4-9 / @JE-670=4-9 kc quj mjaj kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 960 ]`po ao tjbpor`zcmo (`astcatãajo)< ]cikc >.4< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj fuae`oacb`jato pcrc jk t`po ao tjbpor`zcmo. Wcrc 57 bC s`jbprj t`jaja quj sjr mjk t`po ao tjbpor`zcmo. ]`po tjbpor`zcmo (sjkjet`vo)< Wcrc ua t`po tjbpor`zcmo, kc aorbc `am`ec quj jk t`jbpo kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc sj mjaj c 9 @∆a,s`jamo 7,76 s jk t`jbpo bâa`bo mj ao rjspujstc pjrb`t`mo. ]cikc >.>< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj ao fuae`oacb`jato pcrc jk t`po tjbpor`zcmo quj t`jaj ua kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc mj 7,76 s. Otros t`jbpos kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc rjeobjamcmos por kc aorbc soa 7,3 s ― 7,9 s ― 7,5 s ― 7,= s ― 7,: s ― 3 s. Wcrc jstos t`jbpos kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc supjr`orjs c 7,76 s jk fcir`ecatj t`jaj quj mjekcrcr kos t`jbpos mj fuae`oacb`jato. Ja jk ecso mj quj mj ua `atjrruptor mj ecrcetjrâst`ec t`jbpo/eorr`jatj `avjrsc jk fcir`ecatj t`jaj quj `am`ecr kc rjkce`õa eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck/ t`jbpo mj eortj. e) Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs jkjetrõa`eos csoe`cmos c `atjrruptorjs soa aorbckbjatj rjdukcikjs ja t`jbpo y sjas`i`k`mcm, y jstãa suljtos c kos vckorjs catjr`orjs, sjdüa kc aorbc @JE-670=4-9 . Cmjbãs pcrc pjrb`t pjrb`t`r`r kc sjkjet` s jkjet`v`mcm, v`mcm, kc aorbc a orbc @JE-6756=-=-=3 mj `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs mj iclc tjas`õa mjaja pcrc kc protjee`õa eoatrc eoatcetos `am`rjetos kos t`jbpos bãx`bos mj mjseoajx`õa mjk m`spos`t`vo mj protjee`õa. Cmb`tj pcrc e`reu`tos mj m`str`iue`õa (quj ao sjca e`reu`tos ackjs)< • Ja s`stjbcs ]] ua t`jbpo mj mjseoajx`õa ncstc 3 s. • Ja s`stjbcs ]A jstj t`jbpo cubjatc ncstc : s. >.0 M`spcros `atjbpjst`vos ja kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs Mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs y/o mjtjrb`acmos v`e`os mj `astckce`õa provoeca c vjejs m`spcros `atjbpjst`vos mj kos m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck. Kcs ecuscs pr`ae`pckjs mj m`spcro pujmja cdrupcrsj ja mos drcamjs drupos< > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec • M`spos`e`õa mj ecikjs buy cs`bàtr`ec ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc. • Wrjsjae`c mj pjrturice`oajs ja kc rjm. 947 Kc m`spos`e`õa buy cs`bàtr`ec mj ecikjs o pkjt`acs ja ua trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc m`fjrjae`ck, ecusc fkulos mj m`spjrs`õa quj provoeca mjtjee`õa mj mjfjeto `aekuso ja ecso mj quj kcs eorr`jatjs subja ejro. Jstj fjaõbjao js bãs frjeujatj ja tcbcóos drcamjs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc y pujmj sokvjatcrsj eoa kc ut`k`zce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs eoa ua m`ãbjtro bãs drcamj mjk ajejscr`o , proeurcamo ejatrcr kos eoamuetorjs , o pujmj tcbi`àa bjlorcrsj eoa jk jbpkjo mj ua ceejsor`o ja forbc mj tuio mj n`jrro mukej eobo `am`ec kc F`d. >.33 F`d. >.33.>.33.- ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasforbcmor toro`mck mj bjm`mc eoa tuio mj eobpjasce`õa mj m`spjrs`õa Ja eucato ck m`spcro por pjrturice`oajs, pomjbos m`st`adu`r mos pos`ikjs ecuscs mj m`enos m`spcros< • Wjrturice`oajs quj or`d`aca fudc trcas`tor`c. • Wjrturice`oajs quj `atjrjrja ja jk s`stjbc jkjetrõa`eo mj mjtjee`õa. Jk pr`bjr drupo mj pjrturice`oajs ecusca uac eorr`jatj mj fudc mj eortc murce`õa c pjscr mj quj jk s`stjbc ao t`jaj a`adüa mjfjeto pjrbcajatj c t`jrrc. Djajrckbjatj jstj t`po mj fudcs sj promueja c trcvàs mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj ktro, ja bomo eobüa pcrc pjrturice`oajs JB@ o c trcvàs mj kcs ecpce`mcmjs pcrãs`tcs mjk prop`o s`stjbc (ecikjs jatjrrcmos o m`str`iu`mos c trcvàs mj icamjlcs bjtãk`ecs eoa rjeorr`mos kcrdos). Jk sjduamo drupo mj ecuscs mj m`spcro `atjbpjst`vo, js mje`r, kos m`spcros promue`mos por `atjrfjrjae`c mjk s`stjbc jkjetrõa`eo mj mjtjee`õa sj jv`tca ut`k`zcamo rjkàs quj ncyca supjrcmo kcs prujics mj `abua`mcm, sjdüa jascyos mj Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec, Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec, jx`d`mos por kc m`rjet`vc Juropjc y kcs aorbcs jspjeâecs mj promueto (por jljbpko sjdüa aorbc @JE 63:=5 / ZAJ-JA63:=5 ). Kc ]cikc ]cikc >.0 mc uac sjr`j mj pos`ikjs ecuscs mj m`spcro `atjbpjst`vo y ckduaos eoasjlos pcrc jv`tcr m`enos m`enos m`spcros. m`spcros. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 943 ]cikc >.0.- Wos`ikjs ecuscs mj m`spcro `atjbpjst`vo mj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs E cu sc s m j m ` s p cr o C) Ecikjs E cikjs o icrrcs icr rcs buy mjsejatr mjsejatrcmos cmos ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc I) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj jqu`pos mj t`r`storjs eoabutcamo por eoatrok mj fcsj (crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos, rjet`ecmorjs eoatrokcmos) ecuscamo cktos mZ/mt E) Eoajx`õa por crrcaquj W o s ` i k j s s o k u e `o a j s Eokoecr tuio mj duâc pcrc jv`tcr kc m`spjrs`õa. Eokoecr rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa jk jqu`po quj `atjrjrj. m`rjeto mj cktos drcamjs ecuscamo mZ/mbotorjs, t M) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj ckduac ecrdc protjd`mc eoa ktro JB@ mj drca potjae`c (drcamjs ( drcamjs crrcaecmor eoa rjcetcae`c mj enoquj cjstãt`eo kc jatrcmc. Uui`r jk a`vjk mj m`spcro mjk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck ja kc kâajc quj `aekuyj m`encs ecrdcs. Wrjvjr crrcaquj jseckoacmo o crrcaecmorjs o drcamjs jqu`pos mj t`r`storjs). Kos ktros mj JB@ `aeorporca eoamjascmorjs jatrj fcsjs y t`jrrc. J) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj bükt`pkjs ecrdcs mj pjqujóc potjae`c eoa ktro JB@ `aeorporcmo (ickcstos jkjetrõa`eos, ormjacmorjs, `bprjsorcs, fcx, jte.). Kos ktros mj JB@ `aeorporca eoamjascmorjs jatrj fcsjs y t`jrrc. F) Ecuscs jaubjrcmcs ja E) o M) cdrcvcmcs por kc prjsjae`c mj cktos a`vjkjs mj crbõa`eos y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa kcrdcs y buy ceopkcmcs c t`jrrc. D) Za`õa jatrj ajutro y t`jrrc por jrror ja ckduac pcrtj mj kc `astckce`õa. Uuim`v`m`r kc kâajc ja vcr`cs. Uuim`v`m`r jk eoasubo mj kc kâajc ja vcr`cs kâajcs eoa protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck `am`v`muck. F`ktrcr crbõa`eos ja kcs ecrdcs o rjmue`r su eoatja`mo eoa rjcetcae`cs o trcasforbcmorjs mj c`skcb`jato ]UC . Mjij iusecrsj y jk`b`acrsj tomc ua`õa mj ajutro c t`jrrc quj ao sjc kc mjk trcasforbcmor ja s`stjbcs ]]. >.37 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs mj cktc `abua`mcm c kcs pjrturice`oajs > Zac mj kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs bãs `bportcatjs mj euckqu`jr s`stjbc mj protjee`õa js quj soko mjij m`spcrcr s` jx`stj rjckbjatj mjfjeto y cmjbãs mjij `atjrrubp`r soko kc pcrtj mjfjetuosc, o jk bâa`bo mj pcrtjs ao mjfjetuoscs , dcrcat`zcamo por tcato uac bãx`bc eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o. Wcrc dcrcat`zcr jstcs prjstce`oajs pujmj optcrsj por mos sokue`oajs o por uac eobi`ace`õa mj cbics< Jk uso mj rjkàs mj cktc `abua`mcm c pjrturice`oajs y jk uso mj rjkàs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 949 >.37.3 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs `abua`zcmos Kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs `abua`zcmos eoas`stja iãs`ecbjatj ja rjkàs quj ktrca kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c y soko soa sjas`ikjs c kc fudc mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Jstj t`po mj rjkàs `daorca kcs fudcs mj cktc frjeujae`c y por tcato pujmja rjsuktcr cmjeucmos ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eobo vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c, noraos mj `amuee`õa c cktc frjeujae`c, UC@, jte. Mj njeno, jstos rjkàs mjtjetca kc pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato pjro soa prãet`ecbjatj `asjas`ikjs c kcs fudcs provoecmcs c trcvàs mj kcs ecpce`mcmjs pcrãs`tcs. F`d. >.39.- Yjkà supjr`abua`zcmo Ckduacs mj kcs k cs ecrcetjr ec rcetjrâst`ecs âst`ecs mj jstos jst os m`fjrjae` m` fjrjae`ckjs ckjs `abua`z `abua`zcmos cmos soa < • Eobportcb`jato mj ao m`spcro frjatj c pjrturice`oajs trcas`tor`cs. ]`jaja quj supjrcr kcs prujics mj eobpct`i`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàt`ec quj sj `am`eca ja kc aorbc ZAJ JA 63:=5 / @JE 63:=5 ja jk ecso mj `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs, o kc @JE 0=4-9. • F`ktrcmo mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs y fudcs mj cktc frjeujae`c, eorr`jatjs ao pjk`droscs. • Bjm`mc mj sjóckjs aorbckbjatj ao s`auso`mckjs. Bjm`mc mj kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto ja vjrmcmjro vckor jecz, cua eoa m`stors`oajs `bportcatjs. • Ormja mj mjseoajx`õa c pcrt`r, por jljbpko, mjk >7 % mjk ubirck mj m`spcro • clustcmo (kc aorbc `am`ec quj t`jaja quj m`spcrcr jatrj jk :7 y jk 377 %). Eurvcs mj m`spcro sjkjee`oacikjs t`po `astcatãajcs, sjkjet`vcs o `avjrscs. >.37.9 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec > Otrc pos`ikj sokue`õa pcrc dcrcat`zcr uac iujac eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o y c kc vjz tjajr uac protjee`õa eoatrc tomo t`po mj fudcs js kc ut`k`zce`õa mj rjkàs `atjk`djatjs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec. Jstos rjkàs m`spcrca eucamo jx`stj uac fudc, pjro sj rjcrbca cutobãt`ecbjatj ck ecio mj uaos sjduamos. Uj `atjatc jk sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 945 rjcrbj vcr`cs vjejs y s` pjrs`stj kc fcktc c ecmc `atjato mj rjcrbj jk rjkà qujmc mja`t`vcbjatj mjseoajetcmo. Kc F`d. >.35 bujstrc ua eoaluato mj rjkà eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec y ua `atjrruptor eoa bcamo jkàetr`eo. F`d. >.35.- Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec eoa `atjrruptor eoa bcamo jkàetr`eo Kc rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec js uac iujac sokue`õa pcrc cqujk t`po mj `astckce`oajs ja quj js ajejscr`o ua sub`a`stro eoat`aucmo mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec s`a pjrsoack mj bcatja`b`jato< • @astckce`oajs rurckjs • Eãbcrcs fr`dorâecs • Ckubircmo Ckubir cmo püik`e püik`eoo • Yjpjt`morjs mj tjkjfoaâc bõv`k • Eucmros mj sjbãforos • @kub`ace`õa tüajkjs • Ecljros cutobãt`eos Ja tomo s`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec ncy quj eoaoejr quj t`po mj protjee`oajs ncy `astckcmcs, quj protjee`oajs pujmja rjeoajetcrsj y ja quj eoam`e`oajs. >.33 Ujdur`mcm ja ejatrckjs, >.33 ejatrckjs, pcrqujs pcrqujs mj cktc tjas`õa tjas`õa y jstce`oajs trcasforbcmorcs > Kc sjdur`mcm ja `astckce`oajs `astckce`oajs mj cktc tjas`õa tjas`õa mjpjamj ja drca drca bjm`mc mj quj kcs pujstcs c t`jrrc mj kos djajrcmorjs , trcasforbcmorjs y njrrcljs sjca eorrjetcs. Jk rjdkcbjato mj cktc tjas`õa jstcikjej kc oik`dctor`jmcm mj uac sjr`j mj jascyos eobo kos mj tjas`õa mj pcso y eoatceto (vàcsj cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj) csâ eobo, kc ajejs`mcm mj jfjetucr rjv`s`oajs pjr`õm`ecs mj kc pujstc c t`jrrc ecmc 5 cóos eobo bãx`bo. C eoat`auce`õa mja`rjbos kos pr`ae`pckjs jascyos y pcrãbjtros c eoatrokcr. Jk t`po mj `astrubjato c ut`k`zcr pcrc rjck`zcr m`enos jascyos mjij pjrb`t`r kc `ayjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs ja kc `astckce`õa mj sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 94= t`jrrc, ao s`jamo vãk`mos kos ekãs`eos `astrubjatos quj eobprujica rjs`stjae`cs mj t`jrrcs bjm`catj kc `ayjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mài`kjs. >.33.3 ]jas`õa mj pcso Js kc tjas`õa quj pujmj rjsuktcr cpk`ecmc jatrj kos p`js mj uac pjrsoac, c kc m`stcae`c mj ua pcso, murcatj jk fuae`oacb`jato mj uac `astckce`õa y ja ecso mj uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto. Jk bot`vo por jk euck `atjrjsc kc bjm`mc mj jstc tjas`õa js jk mj vjkcr por kc sjdur`mcm mj uac pjrsoac quj pum`jrc jstcr ecb`acamo ja kcs prox`b`mcmjs mjk jkjetromo mj pujstc c t`jrrc, ja jk bobjato mj promue`rsj uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto jkjvcmc. Kc bjm`mc jstãamcr sj rjck`zc eoa mos jkjetromos mj uac supjre`j mj 977 eb9, sjpcrcmos 3 b, pcrc s`bukcr kos p`js. Jk pjso mj ecmc jkjetromo sjdüa aorbc js mj 9:7 A (cprox`bcmcbjatj 9: hd) >.33.9 ]jas`õa mj eoatceto Js kc tjas`õa c kc euck pujmj jstcr sobjt`mo jk eujrpo nubcao jstcamo ja eoatceto eoa kcs ecrecscs y kcs jstrueturcs bjtãk`ecs mj bãqu`acs y cpcrjkkcljs quj aorbckbjatj ao jstãa iclo tjas`õa. Jk bot`vo por jk euck `atjrjsc kc bjm`mc mj jstc tjas`õa js jk mj prjvja`r kc jkjetroeue`õa mj uac pjrsoac quj eoa kc bcao jstuv`jrc toecamo uac pcrtj bjtãk`ec mj kc `astckce`õa, quj pum`jrc rje`i`r tjas`õa ja ecso mj mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato, tja`jamo por otrc pcrtj kos p`js ja eoatceto eoa jk sujko. Kc F`d. >.3= bujstrc jk BWE-DJ]JU] , cpcrcto jspje`ckbjatj m`sjócmo pcrc kc bjm`mc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto y pcrc kc bjm`e`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mjk tjrrjao eoa eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs. > F`d. >.3=.- Bjm`mor BWE-DJ]JU] sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 94: >.39 Bjm`mc mj kcs kcs tjas`oajs tjas`oajs mj pcso pcso y eoatceto Kc @astruee`õa ]àea`ec Eobpkjbjatcr`c B@J-YC]-35 puik`ecmc ja jk IOJ 3>5 mj 3 mj cdosto mj 30>=, ja su cpcrtcmo 3.3. mjtjrb`ac kcs tjas`oajs bãx`bcs mj pcso y eoatceto cmb`s`ikjs pcrc `astckce`oajs mj pujstc c t`jrrc ja ejatrckjs, pcrqujs mj C] y jstce`oajs mj trcasforbce`õa. Eoaerjtcbjatj ja kos cpcrtcmos >.3 y >.9 jstcikjej kc oik`dctor`jmcm mj vjr`ecr m`encs tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto. >.39.3 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso Wcrc jfjetucr eorrjetcbjatj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso mjij s`tucrsj jk bjm`mor (DJ]JU] por jljbpko) c uac m`stcae`c sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmc mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r (97 õ bãs bjtros), proeurcamo ao eokoecrko jae`bc mj kc zoac oeupcmc por kos jkjetromos quj eobpoaja jk t`jrrc. Kc F`d. >.3: bujstrc kc m`spos`e`õa mj kos jkjetromos y mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr. F`d. >.3:.- Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso Kc prujic eoas`stj ja ncejr ncejr e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto mjfjeto c trcvàs mjk t`jrrc y bjm`r kc tjas`õa jatrj kcs mos pjscs mj 9: hd. Wcrc pomjr `ayjetcr kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c trcvàs mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r, js ajejscr`o m`spoajr mj ua jkjetromo cux`k`cr mj t`jrrc sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmo mjk quj sj mjsjc bjm`r, mj forbc quj kos drcm`jatjs mj tjas`õa quj sj promueja ckrjmjmor mj kos jkjetromos ao sj `auyca butucbjatj. Ja kc prãet`ec sj ceoasjlc uac sjpcrce`õa bâa`bc jatrj jk jkjetromo cux`k`cr y jk quj sj b`mj, mj uaos 97 bjtros. Jstc m`stcae`c mjij sjr bcyor ja propore`õa c kc profuam`mcm mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc y c kc jxtjas`õa mj su zoac mj `aujae`c. Kc rjs`stjae`c mjk t`jrrc cux`k`cr, subcmc c kc mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r ao mjij soirjpcscr jk vckor mj 377 T. > Wcrc jfjetucr jk jascyo sj `ayjetc uac eorr`jatj mj : C pcrc jstce`oajs trcasforbcmorcs (:7 C, pcrc pcrqujs mj C] o ejatrckjs) c trcvàs mjk e`reu`to pr`ae`pck forbcmo por jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y jk t`jrrc cux`k`cr y sj b`mj kc tjas`õa jatrj kcs pjscs mj 9: hd, s`tucmcs c 3b. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 946 >.39.9 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto Ck `duck quj pcrc kc tjas`õa mj pcso, pcrc jfjetucr eorrjetcbjatj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto mjij s`tucrsj jk bjm`mor c uac m`stcae`c mj uaos 97 õ bãs bjtros mjk puato mj bjm`mc. Kc F`d. >.36 bujstrc kc m`spos`e`õa mj kos jkjetromos y mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr. F`d. >.36.- Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto Kcs pjscs sj eokoeca luatcs, ua`mcs jkàetr`ecbjatj bjm`catj ua ecikj pujatj (s`bukca kos p`js mj kc pjrsoac quj pujmj jstcr sobjt`mo c kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto). Uj eoajetca c ua soko ioraj mj jatrcmc mjk bjm`mor mj tjas`õa. Jk otro ioraj mj jatrcmc mjk voktâbjtro sj eoajetc ck WZA]O MJ EOA]CE]O c jascycr (pcrtj bjtãk`ec, vckkc, cpcrjkkclj, ecrecsc, jte.). Kc m`stcae`c jatrj kos mos jkjetromos y m`eno puato mj eoatceto, oiljto mj bjm`mc, js mj ua bjtro. Jstc bjm`mc mjij jfjetucrsj ja ecmc uac mj kcs pcrtjs bjtãk`ecs quj eoatjadc kc `astckce`õa, cuaquj jstàa ua`mcs tomcs jkkcs c t`jrrc por uac rjm jqu`potjae`ck, yc quj pujmj oeurr`r quj jk t`jrrc tjadc drcm`jatjs mj potjae`ck `bportcatjs c ko kcrdo y caeno mj tomo jk bckkcmo, prjsjatcamo por tcato m`st`atcs m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck frjatj c ecmc pcrtj bjtãk`ec. >.39.5 Vckorjs cmb`s`ikjs mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto Kc `astruee`õa tàea`ec eobpkjbjatcr`c B@J-YC]-35, IOJ.3>5 mj 3-7>-30>=, ja su cpcrtcmo 3.3 `am`ec kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto cmb`s`ikjs pcrc `astckce`oajs mj pujstc c t`jrrc. Kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto bãx`bcs cmb`s`ikjs sjdüa kcs @astruee`oajs eobpkjbjatcr`cs mjk B`a`stjr`o mj @amustr`c IOJ. 903 MJ :-39->4 v`jaja mjtjrb`acmcs por kcs s`du`jatjs fõrbukcs cprox`bcmcs< Vp 2 > 37.H ta (>.3) H Ve 2 a t (>.9) sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 944 Moamj< H249 y a23 pcrc t`jbpos `afjr`orjs c 7.0 s. H24>.: y a27.3> pcrc t`jbpos jatrj 7.0 y 5 s. t 2 murce`õa mj kc fcktc, ja sjduamos. Jk rjdkcbjato jstcikjej, cmjbãs quj pcrc t`jbpos eobprjam`mos jatrj 5 y : sjduamos, kc tjas`õa mj pcso ao mjij soirjpcscr kos 6=7 V y kc mj eoatceto kos 6= V y pcrc t`jbpos supjr`orjs c : sjduamos, kc tjas`õa mj pcso ao mjij soirjpcscr kos :77 V y kc mj eoatceto kos :7 V. Kc ]cikc >.4 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs tjas`oajs bãx`bcs cmb`s`ikjs. ]cikc >.37.- Bãx`bcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto cmb`s`ikjs sjdüa rjdkcbjato rjdkcb jato mj C]. C]. Kc bjm`e`õa mj tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto pujmj rjsuktcr fcksjcmc mji`mo c kc jx`stjae`c mj eorr`jatjs jrrãt`ecs, vcdciuamcs o pcrãs`tcs e`reukcatjs por jk tjrrjao. Jk IOJ 903, mj : mj m`e`jbirj mj 30>4, jstcikjej kc forbc mj eorrjd`r kcs bjm`mcs ja ecso mj quj m`encs eorr`jatjs jrrãt`ecs sjca s`da`ect`vcs. >.35 Bjm`mc mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj uac tobc mj t`jrrc Ja buenos ecsos js ajejscr`c kc bjm`e`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj kcs eoajx`oajs c t`jrrc, `aekuyjamo kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk tjrrjao moamj jstã `bpkcatcmc. Jstc bjm`mc mjij ncejrsj eoa eorr`jatjs rjkct`vcbjatj cktcs pcrc oitjajr kos rjsuktcmos ja eoam`e`oajs rjckjs mj mjfjeto. Wcrc jkko, sj ut`k`zc jk b`sbo t`po mj `astrubjatos jbpkjcmos pcrc kc bjm`mc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto, yc quj jstos pjrb`tja `ayjetcr eorr`jatjs cktcs. Uj jv`tca csâ kos jrrorjs mj kos bjm`morjs quj fuae`oaca eoa eorr`jatjs buy mài`kjs mji`mos, por jljbpko, c ]`jbpo ]jas`oa pcso bãx`bc ]jas`oa eoatceto bãx`bc B ã s mj : s : 77 V :7 V Mj 5 c : s 6 =7 V 6= V 9s 6 07 V 60 V 3s 4 >: V 4> . : V 7. 0 s > 77 V >7 V 7. 4 s 3 79 7 V 37 9 V 7. : s 3 == 7 V 3= = V 7. 9 s 5 67 7 V 56 7 V 77..3 s õ bjaos 4977 V 49 7 V > kc nubjmcm supjre`ck mjk tjrrjao o c ua ecikj mj t`jrrc buy cfjetcmo por kc eorros`õa o por uac eoajx`õa mjfjetuosc. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 94> Jk bàtomo mj bjm`mc eoas`stj ja ncejr e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj mj : C clustcikj jatrj jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y ua jkjetromo mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr, sjpcrcmos eobo bâa`bo 97 bjtros. Ckrjmjmor mj ecmc t`jrrc cpcrjej uac zoac mj drcm`jatj mj potjae`ck y mjij proeurcrsj quj kcs zoacs mj cbios t`jrrcs ao sj sokcpja. U` jsto js csâ, cpcrjej ja kc zoac b`tcm mj m`stcae`c, jatrj cbics t`jrrcs, uac zoac ajutrc mj potjae`ck ejro ja kc euck eoajetcrjbos ua jkjetromo mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr. B`m`jamo kc tjas`õa jatrj jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y jk t`jrrc cux`k`cr y m`v`m`àamokc por kc eorr`jatj `ayjetcmc oitjajbos uac bjm`mc rjck mj kc rjs`stjae`c mjk t`jrrc, `aekuyjamo kc `aujae`c mjk tjrrjao. Kc F`d. >.34 bujstrc ua jsqujbc mjk bàtomo mj bjm`mc. F`d. >.34.- Bjm`e`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc, `aekuyjamo kc mjk tjrrjao >.3= Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko sj nca rjv`scmo ckduaos cspjetos rjkce`oacmos eoa kc sjdur`mcm ja kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs. E`jrtcbjatj jstc sjdur`mcm js ua cspjeto `bportcatj, pujsto quj kcs `astckce`oajs jatrcóca r`jsdos, tcato pcrc kcs pjrsoacs quj ut`k`zca o bca`pukca m`encs `astckce`oajs, eobo r`jsdos mj mcóos bctjr`ckjs (soirj tomo por `aejam`o). Njbos v`sto kcs forbcs mj protjdjr m`enos r`jsdos, c icsj mj m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck y c icsj mj eoatrokcr kcs tobcs mj t`jrrc ja `astckce`oajs mj C]. Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj ckduaos fjaõbjaos trcas`tor`os o ckduaos rjejptorjs eoa ktros JB@ pujmja provoecr m`spcros `atjbpjst`vos, djajrcamo jsto ua eobprob`so jatrj sjdur`mcm y protjee`õa por ua kcmo y eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o por otro. Ja tckjs ecsos njbos v`sto quj sj m`spoaj mj ckduacs sokue`oajs quj pjrb`tja pck`cr jk proikjbc. Ja euckqu`jr ecso kc bãx`bc ack mjij sjr quj auaec mjij scer`ecrsj kc sjdur`mcm c ecbi`o mj a`aduac otrc jx`djae`c. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck 0 ]ÀEA@ECU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA P F@K]YCMO MJ WJY]ZYICE@OAJU 0.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jk ecpâtuko 5 sj n`zo uac cbpk`c mjser`pe`õa mj kcs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja rjmjs eoa iclc m`stors`õa por crbõa`eos. Kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos y mj mjsjqu`k`ir`os, mjser`tc ja jk ecpâtuko =, ncej quj kc eobpjasce`õa eoavjae`oack c icsj mj s`bpkjs eoamjascmorjs, ao sjc cprop`cmc ja buenos ecsos c ecusc mj kos fjaõbjaos mj rjsoacae`c quj oeurrja ja kcs rjmjs `amustr`ckjs y quj sj mjser`i`rãa bãs cmjkcatj. Ja jstj ecpâtuko mjm`ecrjbos kc ctjae`õa fuamcbjatckbjatj c mos tjbcs< c) Eobpjasce` õa mj jajrdâcs fkuetucatjs ja rjmjs m`stors `oacmcs por kos crbõa`eos. Js mje`r, eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y f`ktrcmo mj m`enos crbõa`eos. i) Jstum`o mj pjajtrce`õa pjajtrce`õa mj crbõa`eos y otrcs pjrturice`oajs ja rjmjs mj iclc iclc y bjm`c tjas`õa. Ja jk ecpâtuko = njbos mjser`to jk or`dja mj kcs pjrturice`oajs y ckduacs mj sus eoasjeujae`cs c a`vjk mj soirjecrdcs ja kc rjm, pjro ao njbos mjser`to eobo sj propcdca c trcvàs mj kc rjm a` eobo pujmja jv`tcrsj kos jfjetos mj pokue`õa quj promueja soirj m`enc rjm kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs. Jstj vc c sjr jk tjbc ejatrck mj jstj ecpâtuko, ja jk quj `atjatcrjbos mcr ckduaos er`tjr`os mj jkjee`õa mj ktros pcrc `astckce`oajs c a`vjk dkoick. Jk ecpâtuko prõx`bo sj vc c mjm`ecr bãs jspjeâecbjatj c ktros pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ckduacs ecrdcs, pr`ae`pckbjatj ecrdcs ck`bjatcmcs por eoavjrt`morjs eoajetcmos c rjm c trcvàs mj ua rjet`ecmor. 0.9 Bomjko mj kc rjm< crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa Ja jk ecpâtuko = njbos lust`ecmo jk or`dja mj kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs por kc ao k`ajck`mcm mj e`jrtos rjejptorjs. Ecij prjduatcrsj cnorc, eobo cfjetcrãa jstcs eorr`jatjs c otros rjejptorjs eoajetcmos ja pcrckjko ja kc b`sbc rjm. Eoas`mjrcamo ja pr`ae`p`o sõko s`stjbcs jqu`k`ircmos, pomjbos rczoacr kc rjspujstc eoas`mjrcamo quj ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa eobüa mj vcr`os rjejptorjs, WEE , ecmc fcsj sj pujmj rjprjsjatcr por ua jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj eobo jk mj kc F`d. 0.3, forbcmo por uac fujatj `mjck mj tjas`õa sjao`mck ( Z:7) , mj :7 Nz (o 67 Nz ja rjmjs euyc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck sjc jstc), jatrj fcsj y ajutro eoa uac `bpjmcae`c `atjrac \ 2 Y + l^ . ` ` ` 0 Wcrc jk jstum`o mj pjajtrce`õa mj crbõa`eos, ut`k`zcrjbos jstj jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj, pjro mjijrjbos tjajr ja eujatc quj tjamrjbos quj bom`ecr m`eno jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs frjeujae`cs crbõa`ecs quj qujrcbo s tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9>7 jstum`cr. Eoaerjtcbjatj, pcrc kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos, kc fujatj mj tjas`õa quj rjprjsjatc kc rjm sj mjij caukcr (eortoe`reu`tcr) y ja ecbi`o kc fujatj mj eorr`jatj @a js kc quj ck`bjatc jk e`reu`to. Jk eãkeuko mj pjajtrce`õa eoas`st`rã ja mjtjrb`acr eobo sj rjpcrtj m`enc eorr`jatj ja jk aumo WEE. FCUJ \` 2 Y` + l^` WEE \K 2 YK + l^K WEE @da @da Otros cioacmos Z:7 (:7 Nz) B 5 @a @a @ra AJZ]YO F`d. 0.3.- E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja WEE \r Cack `zcamo Cack`zc amo jk jsq jsqujb ujbcc jqu` jqu`vck vckjat jatjj vjb vjbos os quj eoa eoajet jetcmc cmcss ck pua puato to WEE sj jaeujatrca ecrdcs k`ajckjs rjprjsjatcmcs por kc `bpjmcae`c \r y ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs rjprjsjatcmcs ja pcrtj por \r y ja pcrtj por kc fujatj mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs @a y quj prjsjatca uac `bpjmcae`c `atjrac \ K 2 YK + l^ K. Aõtjsj quj \ ` `aekuyj tcato jk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa eobo kcs ecrdcs mj otros cioacmos. Ja jk aumo WEE ncirã ua rjpcrto mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs jatrj kc rjm y kcs ecrdcs quj sj pomrã eckeukcr c pcrt`r mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj. Yjeormcamo quj kc fujatj Z:7 `atjrv`jaj sõko c :7 Nz y quj mjij sust`tu`rsj por ua eortoe`reu`to c kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos. Kc frcee`õa mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs quj sj mjr`vcrã nce`c kc rjm vjamrã mcmc por kc jeuce`õa (0.3) \ r @ 2 @ (0.3) da a \ +\ r ` Kc tjas`õa mj rjm ja jk puato WEE yc ao sjrã por tcato sjao`mck, s`ao quj rjsuktcrã m`stors`oacmc por kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa quj kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs promuzeca soirj kc `bpjmcae`c `atjrac mj kc rjm. \ .\ Z x 2 Z :7 ∙ \` .@ da 2 Z ∙ @ a ` r (0.9) \ +\ ` r 0 Csâ pujs kc tjas`õa ja jk puato WEE eoat`jaj e`jrtcs eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs, tcato bãs eucato bcyor sjc kc `bpjmcae`c `atjrac mj kc rjm eobpcrcmc eoa kc mjk rjsto mj ecrdc. Ncy quj rjeormcr uac vjz bãs, quj euckqu`jrc mj kcs `bpjmcae`cs quj bcajlcbos ja jk eãkeuko mj crbõa`eos, \`, \K y \r, mjija eckeukcrsj o bjm`rsj c kc frjeujae`c mj m`eno crbõa`eo pcrc cpk`ecrkcs c kc jeuce`õa (0.9), tja`jamo ja eujatc kcs oisjrvce`oajs quj sj mca c eoat`auce`õa. tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9>3 0.9.3 Oisjrvce`oajs `bportcatjs soirj jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj< Kc rjm prjsjatcrã, ja djajrck, uac jstrueturc bãs eobpkjlc quj kc quj njbos eoas`mjrcmo,, eoa `amuetcae`cs (m`spjrs`õa mj trcasforbcmo eoas`mjrcmo trcasforbcmorjs) rjs) y eoamjascm eoamjascmorjs orjs (eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc), mcamo kudcr c rjsoacae`cs jatrj jstos jkjbjatos. Jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj m`enc rjm ao sjrã por tcato tcato tca s`bpkj eobo ko njbos eoas`mjrcmo. • Mj njeno, jk eoaoe`b`jato mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj kc rjm y kcs ecrdcs js uao mj kos puatos ekcvj pcrc eoaoejr kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa y c kc vjz uao mj kos mctos bãs m`fâe`kjs mj oitjajr oitjajr.. ]àadcsj ja eujatc quj quj ncy ecrdcs y eoamjascmorjs quj sj eoajetca y sj mjseoajetca y bckkcs quj ecbi`ca mj eoadurce`õa, ko euck ncej quj m`eno e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sjc ecbi`catj, • mji`àamosj `bpjmcae`cs.eoas`mjrcr ck bjaos kos vckorjs jxtrjbos mj ecmc uac mj kcs • Kcs rjs`stjae`cs Y mj euckqu`jrc mj kos e`reu`tos cubjatca eoa kc frjeujae`c mji`mo ck jfjeto mj rjs`stjae`c jqu`vckjatj mj pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro y ja bjaor eucatâc por jfjeto pjk`eukcr o jfjeto "sh`a". Kcs `amuetcae`cs eoa aüekjo pujmja cubjatcr su `bpjmcae`c ja propore`õa ao k`ajck eoa kc frjeujae`c, mji`mo c fjaõbjaos mj scturce`õa y pàrm`mcs (Yjeuàrmjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro soa cprox`bcmcbjatj propore`oackjs c f 3,> ). • Kos eoamjascmorjs pujmja ao vcr`cr k`ajckbjatj su `bpjmcae`c eoa kc frjeujae`c mji`mo c pàrm`mcs ja kos m`jkàetr`eos y c su forbc eoastruet`vc ja forbc mj kãb`acs jarokkcmcs, quj ncej quj prjsjatja uac `amuet`v`mcm pcrãs`tc. • Wcrc eoaoejr jk vckor mj kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ja ua puato euckqu`jrc mj kc rjm mjija eoaoejrsj kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj àstc y mj kcs ecrdcs c kc frjeujae`c mj ecmc crbõa`eo y jstos mctos sujkja sjr m`fâe`kjs mj oitjajr por eãkeuko o c trcvàs mj bomjkos. Jsto ncej quj sjc m`fâe`k ncejr prjm`ee`oajs eoa prje`s`õa y quj jk proikjbc eobpkjto mjic ciormcrsj ja mos fcsjs< Za m`sjóo prjv`o cprox`bcmo, bjm`e`oajs eoa ua cack`zcmor cack`zcmor mj rjm y rjclustj mjk m`sjóo ack. • Jx`stja prodrcbcs mj s`bukce`õa pcrc bomjkcr mj forbc bãs prje`sc jk eobportcb`jato mj kc rjm, eobo kos icscmos ja JB]W X3R o kos icscmos ja Bctkci ― U`buk`ah ut`k`zcamo kc k`irjrâc Wowjr Uystjbs ]ookiox X9R • Oisàrvjsj quj eobo eoasjeujae`c mj kos m`st`atos vckorjs mj `bpjmcae`c c ecmc frjeujae`c, jk jspjetro mj crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ja ua mjtjrb`acmo puato mj kc rjm pujmj rjsuktcr buy m`st`ato mjk jspjetro mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs djajrcmcs por kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs mj kc rjm. Jstc m`fjrjae`c pujmj sjr jspje`ckbjatj `bportcatj s` cpcrjeja rjsoacae`cs pcrckjko c ckduac mj kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos, tck eobo sj vjrã c eoat`auce`õa. 0.5 Yjsoacae`cs ja kcs `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs 0 Ja kc durc 0.9 njbos rjprjsjatcmo jk jsqujbc ua`kcr y jk jqu`vckjatj mj uac rjm `amustr`ck eoa jstce`õa trcasforbcmorc prop`c. Ja m`eno jsqujbc cpcrjeja uac ioi`ac y ua eoamjascmor ja pcrckjko. Ujdüa jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=, tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9>9 ja jstj t`po mj e`reu`tos y c mjtjrb`acmcs frjeujae`cs pujmj promue`rsj uac rjsoacae`c ja pcrckjko. Csâ pujs, ja kc e`tcmc `astckce`õa pujmj prjsjatcrsj m`enc rjsoacae`c y eobo sj nc v`sto ja jk e`tcmo cpcrtcmo 9.3=, jsto pomrâc djajrcr fujrtjs soirjecrdcs, tcato ja kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs eobo ja jk prop`o trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Js pos`ikj tcbi`àa quj sj promuzeca rjsoacae`cs sjr`j s` jk or`dja mj kos crbõa`eos js kc rjm mj bjm`c tjas`õa, ao oistcatj jstos ecsos ao kos trctcrjbos ja mjtckkj, por eucato rjqu`jrja bomjkos mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs bãs potjatjs quj kos quj vja`bos ut`k`zcamo ja jstj tjxto. Ja ko quj s`duj mcrjbos ckduaos jljbpkos mj eãkeuko mj kos pcrãbjtros ja e`reu`tos jqu`vckjatjs s`bpkjs y bostrcrjbos kos pos`ikjs jfjetos mj kc rjsoacae`c ja kos b`sbos. 0.5.3 Eãkeukos cprox`bcmos mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko ja ecso mj ecrdc mài`k Eoas`mjrjbos aujvcbjatj ua jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj pcrje`mo ck quj sj propuso eobo jsqujbc t`po ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=. Wcrc s`tuce`oajs ja quj kc ecrdc js buy mài`k (Yp y ^S mj vckor jkjvcmo), pujmj mcrsj uac rjsoacae`c ja pcrckjko jatrj kc rjcetcae`c mjk trcasforbcmor, ^t ja pcrckjko eoa kc prop`c mj kc ecrdc ^S, y jk eoamjascmor mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc, ^E (eoas`mjrcbos ^EE;; ^t). Uee 2˛ ∑ ^t ]rcasforbcmor U Zp(hVC) / Zs uee ^ee 2˛ 7 ^E YW ^S @a B YJM W y S jqu`pos eoa y s`a m`stors`õa M`stors`õa Ictjrâcs mj Crbõa`eos eoamjascmorjs Jqu`pos eoa Ictjrâcs mj Jqu`pos s`a M`stors`õa eoamjascmorjs M`stors`õa W3 (hT) SE (hvcr) W9 (hT) S3 (hvcr) S9 (hvcr) F`d. 0.9.- E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj jqu`vckjatj y pos`ikj rjsoacae`c rjsoacae`c ja uac rjm eoa eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc. 0 Jk vckor ^tπ (rjcetcae`c c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck (:7 Nz õ 67 Nz) pujmj eckeukcrsj sjdüa sj `am`eõ ja (9.==) , cuaquj djajrckbjatj sj supoaj quj ja vceâo kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc mj kc `bpjmcae`c mjk trcasforbcmor js mjsprje`cikj eoa ko quj ^tπ vjamrâc mcmc por (0.5) , quj sj mjmuej m`rjetcbjatj mj (9.=>). Jk vckor mj ^Eπ, tcbi`àa c frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, v`jaj mcmo por (0.=) y kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c y kc fuamcbjatck pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kcs jeuce`oajs catjr`orjs, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (0.:). tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec Z9 ^ t e U ee Z 9 .u e % ee 377 .U Z9 ^ E Y 2 9>5 (0.5) (0.=) e S ^ E / ^ t 2 Uee / S (0.:) moamj Uee js kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor (vjr ecpâtuko 9) y S kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs. Ja ecso mj quj πY / π eo`ae`mc eoa jk ormja mj ckdüa crbõa`eo djajrcmo por jk jqu`po pjrturicmor pjrturicmor,, sj prjsjatcrâca fujrtjs soirj`atjas`mcmjs ja kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs y ja jk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor mji`mcs c kc rjsoacae`c, tck eobo sj m`lo ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=.9. Kc protjee`õa mj jstj t`po mj soirj`atjas`mcmjs bjrjej uac ctjae`õa jspje`ck y sj m`seut`rã ja ua cpcrtcmo postjr`or. Jljbpko< Uupõadcsj ua trcasforbcmor mj U 2 3777 hV´C eoa uac tjas`õa porejatuck mj eortoe`reu`to uee% 2 :%. Uupõadcsj quj pcrc eobpjascr rjcet`vc sj eokoecsj uac ictjrâc mj S 2 >77 hvcr. Kc frjeujae`c c kc euck pomrâc jatrcr ja rjsoacae`c, s` sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc eobpkjtc, sjrâc mj< 377.U 377.777 U 2 2 2 97.777 hV hVC C ee u % : ee Y 2 U ee /S2 97777 >77 2:8 f Y 2 :.:7 Nz 2 9:7 Nz Vjbos quj kc rjsoacae`c sj promuej lusto ja jk :· crbõa`eo, quj sujkj sjr uao mj kos ecrcetjrâst`eos. Wjro aorbckbjatj kc ictjrâc eoajetcrã por jseckoajs, por ko euck jk pjk`dro mj rjsoacae`c jx`stj c otrcs frjeujae`cs. Wor jljbpko, s` sõko sj jaeujatrca eoajetcmos =77 hvcr mj kc ictjrâc y rjpjt`bos jk eãkeuko , sj oit`jaj uac rjsoacae`c prõx`bc ck 4· crbõa`eo , quj js otro mj kos bãs s`da`ect`vos quj sujkja cpcrjejr ja kcs rjmjs `amustr`ckjs. Y 2 U ee /S2 97777 =77 2 4 ,74 8 f Y 2 4 ,74.:7 Nz 2 5:5 Nz 0.5.9 Ecsos prãet`eos mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko Ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or njbos supujsto uac s`tuce`õa ckdo caõbckc ja quj kc rjsoacae`c sj promueâc s` kos eoamjascmorjs jstcica eoajetcmos `aekuso ja cusjae`c mj ecrdc. Jsto sõko pujmj oeurr`r ja ecso mj uac bckc rjdukce`õa mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc o ja s`tuce`oajs trcas`tor`cs. Ja ecsos prãet`eos 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9>= ko quj sujkj oeurr`r js quj kc rjm ck`bjatc, mj forbc pjrbcajatj, ecrdcs quj t`jaja ua fcetor mj potjae`c buy iclo, tck js jk ecso ja cee`oacb`jatos moamj ncy botorjs quj vca crrcstrcmos y por tcato mjvujkvja potjae`c cet`vc c kc rjm, pjro ja ecbi`o eoasubja potjae`c rjcet`vc o jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs eoa eodjajrce`õa eoa bãqu`acs csâaeroacs. Za jljbpko js jk quj bujstrc kc durc 0.5.c, euyo e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc durc 0.5.i. U, ^ee uee% @a Se B Frjao -W3 , +S3 @a B Jst`rclj +W9 , +S9 Stot ^jq +S3 +S9 +W9 Wtot -W3 M`cdrcbc Vjetor`ck c ) C e e ` o a c b` j a t o ^E YW Ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs ]rcasforbcmor + rjcet`vc ecrdcs @a M`stors`õa Crbõa`eos W cet`vc totck i) E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj F`d. 0.5.- Cee`oacb`jato Cee`oacb`jato eoa iclo fcetor mj potjae`c, potjae`c, propjaso c rjsoacae`c rjsoacae`c Ja eoaluato kc `astckce`õa mj kc durc 0.5 tjamrâc uac potjae`c cet`vc buy iclc y ja ecbi`o uac potjae`c rjcet`vc buy cktc. Kc pcrtj `amuet`vc prov`jaj, por tcato, mj kc ^t ja pcrckjko eoa uac ^S mji`mc c kc rjcet`vc eoasub`mc por kcs ecrdcs. Yp, por otro kcmo, js kc rjs`stjae`c jqu`vckjatj mji`mc c kc potjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc. Kos eãkeukos mj uac y otrc sj mca ja kcs jeuce`oajs s`du`jatjs. ^ Z 9 Z 9 .u % 2 e 2 e ee U 377.U ee t ^ Z9 2 e S S ^ ^ (0.6) jq 2 ^ t (0.4) t .^ S +^ (0.>) S Z9 Y 2 e W W 0 ^ (0.0) Z9 2 e S E (0.37) tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9>: Kc `bpjmcae`c jqu`vckjatj v`stc por kc fujatj mj crbõa`eos js< a^ \ a 2 Y9( 3 ∙ a9 ^ jq Y P jq E )9 + a9 ^ 9 (0.33) jq Oisàrvjsj quj sj trctc mj ua e`reu`to K-E pcrckjko, moamj Yp t`jaj ua pcpjk mj cbort`duce`õa. Wor tcato, eucato bcyor sjc kc potjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc (bjaor vckor mj Yp) bãs cbort`ducmo js jk e`reu`to y kc rjsoacae`c ao js tca fujrtj, pjro cüa csâ, pujmja mcrsj s`tuce`oajs eoa rjsoacae`cs cbort`ducmcs quj djajrca fujrtjs ose`kce`oajs ja jk s`stjbc. Za jljbpko prãet`eo mj rjsoacae`c pomjbos vjrko ja kc durc 0.=. Ja kc F`d. 0.=.c vjbos kcs forbcs mj oamc mjk s`stjbc eucamo ao sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c. Eucamo sj vca eoajetcamo pcsos y prõx`bo ck eos 2 3 sj promuej uac rjsoacae`c c kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo 33, tck eobo pujmj vjrsj ja kc F`d.0.=.i y ja kc tcikc 0.3. FOYBC MJ OAMC (rjsoacae`c.U]M) 35/79/9774 36<54<56 Va F3< 994 (V) ]NM< 9.6 % Bãx< 59= (V) Bâa< -595 (V) Va F5< 99> (V) ]NM< 9.6 % Bãx< 59: (V) Bâa< -599 (V) Va F9< 996 (V) ]NM< 9.9 % Bãx< 595 (V) Bâa< -593 (V) 7.7 7.7 @a F3< 536.60> (C) ]NM< 6.6 % Bãx< =64.677 (C) Bâa< -=6>.>77 (C) @a F9< 5:9.>90 (C) ]NM< 4.0 % Bãx< :97.>77 (C) Bâa< -:35.977 (C) Cet< -9>> (V) @a F5< 5==.=70 (C) ]NM< :.6 % Bãx< =06.>77 (C) Bâa< -:7=.=77 (C) Bãx< 59= (V) Bâa< -595 (V) c) ]jas`oajs ]jas`oajs y eorr`jatjs s`a kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs FOYBC MJ OAMC (rjsoacae`c.U]M) 35/79/9774 36<=7<36 Va F3< 990 (V) ]NM< 34.5 % Bãx< 56: (V) Bâa< -544 (V) Va F5< 957 (V) ]NM< 99.> % Bãx< 50: (V) Bâa< -5>0 (V) Va F9< 990 (V) ]NM< 97.: % Bãx< 505 (V) Bâa< -545 (V) 7.7 7.7 @a F3< 939.=34 (C) ]NM< >3.0 % Bãx< 490.677 (C) Bâa< -46>.=77 (C) @a F9< 394.053 (C) ]NM< >5.0 % Bãx< =:6.=77 (C) Bâa< -549.777 (C) Cet< -305 (V) @a F5< 395.:64 (C) ]NM< >:.0 % Bãx< =:=.777 (C) Bâa< -==7.777 (C) Bãx< 56: (V) Bâa< -544 (V) i) ]jas`oajs ]jas`oajs y eorr`jatjs eoa kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs 0 F`d. 0.=.- ]jas`õa ]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja uac `astckce`õa eoa iclo eoasubo mj potjae`c cet`vc. Wrovoec rjsoacae`c ck crbõa`eo 33 ck eoajetcr jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa (Bjm`mc jfjetucmc eoa CY.: mj E@YEZ]OY y softwcrj WOTJYV@U@OA) tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9>6 ]cikc 0.3.- Vckorjs aubàr`eos mj kos crbõa`eos eorrjspoam`jatjs c kc F`d. 0.=.i, fcsj 3. ]cikc mj crbõa`eos fcsj 3 (rjsoacae`c.U]M) ( rjsoacae`c.U]M) Fjenc 35/79/9774 36<=7<36 ]jas`õa fcsj 3 Eorr`jatj fcsj 3 Vrbs (V)<959 ]NM (%)<34.5 Mjsfcsj (¼)<7.7 Fuamcbjatck (V)<990 @rbs (C)<5600:4.94: Fuamcbjatck (C)<939.=34 Crbõa`eo 9(+) 5(-) Cbpk`tum (%) 7.76: 7.935 Mjsfcsj (¼) 950.3 5:>.= =(+) :(-) 6(+) 4(-) 7.977 7.5>5 7.943 7.976 94:.0 5:5.3 30:.6 36.> >(+) 9.5=3 0(-) 37(-) 33(+) 3.697 =.636 36.670 7.=34 3.9>3 7.960 7.:75 7.55> 360.3 9>:.: 9=5.7 =>.3 349.0 96>.6 394.= 940.4 5=.> 39(-) 35(+) 3=(+) 3:(-) 36(+) ]NM (%)<>3.0 Mjsfcsj (¼)<53:.> Cbpk`tum (%) 3.950 7.457 Mjsfcsj (¼) 595.9 ::.: >(+) 3.3=4 7.>69 9.67> 9.4>> 37.506 9=7.3 >>.5 309.= 63.7 9==.4 0(-) 37(-) 33(+) 37.4>4 59.360 354.33: 59.= =0.4 9:4.= 39(-) 35(+) 3=(+) 3:(-) 36(+) 5.549 35.=44 3.>:4 9.:0= 3.454 66.= 939.5 37>.3 907.0 374.: Crbõa`eo 9(+) 5(-) =(+) :(-) 6(+) 4(-) 0.5.5 Ecsos prãet`eos mj rjsoacae`c sjr`j Wujmj mcrsj jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs eoa trcasforbcmor y uac mjtjrb`acmc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc f`lc ja jk sjeuamcr`o mjk b`sbo. Jstc s`tuce`õa, rjprjsjatcmc ja kc durc 0.: , pujmj mcr kudcr c rjsoacae`c sjr`j jatrj kc ^t mjk trcasforbcmor y ^E mjk eoamjascmor s` kc tjas`õa ja jk kcmo mj cktc prjsjatc crbõa`eos s`da`ect`vos. Oisàrvjsj quj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c ja jk ecso `mjck pujmj eckeukcrsj por kc b`sbc jeuce`õa 0.:. Ao oistcatj js bueno bãs m`fâe`k mj prjmje`r jstj t`po mj rjsoacae`cs, pujsto quj ao sj m`spoaj nci`tuckbjatj mj vckorjs quj pjrb`tca bomjkcr kc rjm mj C] C] eoa tomos sus trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs. Ja euckqu`jr ecso pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj mj rjsoacae`cs sj rjeob`jamc rjeob`jamc jk jbpkjo mj f`ktros mj rjenczo, sjdüa aorbc @JE-63.6=9, quj sj mjser`ija c eoat`auce`õa. 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec @a ]Y3 @a Za C] ]Y9 I] E B Eoamjascmorjs f`los ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasf orbcmor ]Y9 ^t U`a ecrdcs 9>4 ~7 ^ee 2 Za ^E Eoamjascmorjs f`los F`d. 0.:.- Yjsoacae`c sjr`j mji`mc mji`mc c kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos crbõa`eos ja C] C] 0.5.= Uokue`õa c kos proikjbcs mj rjsoacae`c Kc sokue`õa prãet`ec, tcato pcrc jk ecso mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko, eobo pcrc rjsoacae`c sjr`j, rjeobjamcmc por kc aorbc JA-636=9, js ut`k`zcr f`ktros mjs`atoa`zcmos, tcbi`àa kkcbcmos mj rjenczo. Jsto eoas`stj ja `aeorporcr rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa ecmc uao mj kos eoamjascmorjs, forbcamo ua eoaluato K-E sjr`j euyc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c sjc `afjr`or y jstà sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmc mj kc mjk crbõa`eo quj or`d`ac kc pjrturice`õa. 0 Ja ckduaos bcauckjs o ectãkodos mj eoamjascmorjs sj propoaj eobo sokue`õa jk jbpkjo mj eoamjascmorjs quj sj mjaob`aca jrrõajcbjatj rjs`stjatjs c crbõa`eos. Jstc sokue`õa js `ajecz y ao jv`tc kc rjsoacae`c c bjaos quj sj `aerjbjatja s`da`ect`vcbjatj kcs pàrm`mcs mj kos eoamjascmorjs, js mje`r, c bjaos quj sj ut`k`eja eoamjascmorjs eoa uac drca rjs`stjae`c mj pàrm`mcs Ys (vjr cpcrtcmo 9.3=, F`d. 9.53). Ja tck ecso jk cubjato mj pàrm`mcs provoec drcamjs eckjatcb`jatos y caukc kos ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa. Kc sokue`õa `mjck, sjdüa kc aorbc JA-636=9 js jk jbpkjo mj ktros eobo kos quj sj mjser`ija ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj. tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 9>> 0.= F`ktros Kc bcyor pcrtj mj kos proikjbcs mj pjrturice`oajs quj njbos `am`ecmo catjr`orbjatj pujmja sjr eorrjd`mos bjm`catj ktros. Kõd`ecbjatj, ecmc t`po mj proikjbc rjqu`jrj ua jstum`o mj kcs ecrdcs quj pujmja sjr jk or`dja mj kcs pjrturice`oajss y, ja kc bjm`mc mj ko pos`ikj, bjm`e`oajs mj eorr`jatjs y tjas`oajs pjrturice`oaj eoa caãk`s`s mj crbõa`eos pcrc pomjr jkjd`r jk ktro cmjeucmo. Kc tcikc 0.9 mc ua rjsubja mj kcs pos`ikjs sokue`oajs c m`st`atos t`pos mj proikjbcs quj pujmja prjsjatcrsj ja kcs rjmjs `amustr`ckjs. ]cikc 0.9 - ]`pos mj ktros y su cpk`ece`õa WY OI K JB C ]@WO MJ F@K]YO Eorrjee`õa mj proikjbcs mj rjsoacae`c F`ktros mj rjenczo o "mjs`atoa`zcmos" ja jqu`pos mj eorrjee`õa mj FW Cisore` õa mj crbõa`eos pcrc rjmue`r jk F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck, t`po FCY-S o mj Cisore`õa ]NM mj kc `astckce`õa. cisore`õa s`atoa`zcmos, t`po FCY-N F`ktros cet`vos CF y CWF Eorr`jatj mj kâajc mj eoavjrt`morjs eoa Yjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa kc jatrcmc mj rjm ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos F`ktros KEK Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj eoat`auc. W j rtu ri c e`o a j s J B @ ja kc rjm mj F`ktros JB@ ja jk kcmo mj rjm eoavjrt`morjs EC/EE y EC/EC eoa bomukce`õa WTB Wjrturice`oajs JB@ ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc F`ktros mu/mt ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc mj eoavjrt`morjs bomukce`õa WTB EE/EC y EC/EC eoa F`ktros ‛U`aus ‒ ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc Yjenczo Yjenc zo mj mj frjeuja frjeujae`cs e`cs mj tjkje tjkjeoatro oatrok.k. F`ktross mj rjenc F`ktro rjenczo zo mj mj icamc icamc 0.: F`ktros mj rjenczo o mjs`atoa`zcmos Jk oiljt`vo mjk f`ktro mj rjenczo js jv`tcr kc cbpk`f`ece`õa mj crbõa`eos ecuscmc por kcs rjsoacae`cs jatrj trcasforbcmor y eoamjascmorjs y jv`tcr kc soirjecrdc mj crbõa`eos ja kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Ja rjck`mcm, mjijrâc ut`k`zcrsj ua ktro mj rjenczo ja kudcr mj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs eoavjae`oack, s`jbprj quj jk ]NM mj kc tjas`õa mj rjm supjrj ua 9,: c 5%. 0 Jk ktro jstã eobpujsto eobpujsto mj vcr`cs rcbcs K-E eoa uac eoadurce`õa eobo kc `am`ecmc ja jk ua`kcr mj kc durc durc 0.6. (]catcs (]catcs rcbcs eobo sjca ajejscr`cs pcrc eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj kc `astckce`õa). Kcs e`tcmcs rcbcs sj pomrãa eoajetcr y mjseoajetcr ja fuae`õa mj kc mjbcamc mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Csâ pujs sj trctc mj ua s`stjbc euyc pr`ae`pck fuae`õa js kc eorrjee`õa mjk eos y quj `aeorporc kcs rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa kos eoamjascmorjs pcrc jv`tcr kcs rjsoacae`cs tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec YJM ECYDCU Yjdukcmor mj FW E3 E9 E` Ea F`d. 0.6.- Eoadurce`õa mj ua ktro mj rjenczo F`d. 0.4.- F`ktro mj rjenczo rjenczo FY mj =>7 hvcr (E@YEZ]OY, UC) 9>0 Kos ktros mj rjenczo sj jspje`eca nce`jamo rjfjrjae`c ck kkcbcmo fcetor mj soirjtjas`õa, p% , quj mc kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjcetcae`c y kc mjk eoamjascmor y lc kc frjeujae`c prop`c mj rjsoacae`c mjk eoaluato, sjdüa kc s`du`jatj jeuce`õa. 2 377. p% 2 377. ZE ZK Y 9 (0.39) Kc eokoece`õa mj ktros mj rjenczo ja uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa, ncej quj iclj kc `bpjmcae`c jqu`vckjatj ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa c kc rjm, WEE, eoa ko euck, s` kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to eortoe`reu`to mj kc prop`c prop`c rjm js yc rczoacikjbjatj iclc, sj rjmueja kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ja m`eno puato. 0.:.3 Jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj rjenczo Kc jkjee`õa mj ua f`ktro mj rjenczo sj ncej ja icsj c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ajejscr`c. Csâ pujs, jk mcto ekcvj pcrc jkjd`rko soa kos hvcr ajejscr`os ja kc `astckce`õa, eckeukcmos eoa kos b`sbos er`tjr`os quj sj m`jroa ja jk ecpâtuko 5. 0 Ja eucato c kc jkjee`õa mjk fcetor p % mjk f`ktro, ko bãs frjeujatj ja rjmjs `amustr`ckjs tr`fãs`ecs js quj jk crbõa`eo mob`acatj sjc jk :·, por ko quj sj sujkja jkjd`r f`ktros eoa p 24%, (rjsoacae`c mjk f`ktro c 3>0 Nz pcrc rjm mj :7 Nz o 996,4 Nz pcrc rjm mj 67 Nz) . Ja ecso mj rjmjs eoa fujrtj prjsjae`c mj ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs, kos ktros mj 4% pujmja ao `bpjm`r totckbjatj kc rjsoacae`c y pujmja cbpk`ecr jk tjrejr crbõa`eo. Ja tck ecso kc prop`c aorbc @JE-636=9 ceoasjlc jkjd`r frjeujae`cs prop`cs bãs iclcs. Ko tâp`eo js jkjd`r f`ktros mj p23=% (rjsoacae`c mjk ktro c 355,6 Nz pcrc rjm mj :7 Nz y 367,5 Nz pcrc rjm mj 67 Nz) tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 907 ]àadcsj ja eujatc, ja jk ecso mj rjmjs ck`bjatcmcs por djajrcmorjs c`skcmos (drupos jkjetrõdjaos) eoa vckorjs mj ^ee buy cktos (mj 37% c 3:%) , kkcbcmcs rjmjs ikcamcs, quj kc eokoece`õa mj ktros mj rjenczo pujmj ecuscr soirjecrdcs ja jk ktro, quj t`jamj c cisorijr ecat`mcmjs buy s`da`ect`vcs mj crbõa`eos. Ja tck ecso js bjlor m`bjas`oacr jk ktro eobo ktro mj cisore`õa o ncejr ua m`sjóo jspje`ck mjk ktro. Ja euckqu`jr ecso jk ktro mj rjenczo eoat`aüc `bp`m`jamo kc rjsoacae`c y bjlorc sjas`ikjbjatj kc `bpjmcae`c ja jk jbicrrcmo djajrck. 0.6 F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck FCY-S Kos ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck, t`po FCY-S, soa ktros rjdukcmos por jseckoajs, forbcmos pcsos KE eobpujstos ecmc uao mjcisorijr mos pcrtjs, uac prjpcrcmc por pcrcvcr`os cisorijr crbõa`eo :¼ y otrc prjpcrcmc pcrc crbõa`eo 4¼. Jk propõs`to pr`ae`pck mj kos ktros FCY-S js eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc, y sj eoatrokca eoa ua rjdukcmor mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc aorbck, eoa e`jrtcs fuae`oajs jspje`ckjs mj eoatrok pcrc jv`tcr rjsoacae`cs. Jstcs fuae`oajs soa jxekus`vcs mj ckduaos rjdukcmorjs cvcazcmos, eobo js jk ecso mjk eobputjr WKZU mj E@YEZ]OY. Kos eoamjascmorjs mj uac FCY-S jstãa soirjm`bjas`oacmos pcrc quj, cpcrtj mj kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc, pujmca cisorijr crbõa`eos crbõa`eos mj ormja : y 4. Ecmc pcso mj jstos f`ktros eoas`stj ja mos drupos KE, quj sj bca`oirca s`buktãajcbjatj, uao pcrc cisorijr eorr`jatj mjk :¼ crbõa`eo y otro pcrc cisorijr eorr`jatj mjk 4¼. Kcs propore`oajs mj eorr`jatj mj ecmc uao sj m`sjóca pcrc cmcptcrsj c kos eoavjrt`morjs bãs jstãamcr mj 6 puksos, cuaquj pujmja ncejrsj m`sjóos jspje`ckjs cmcptcmos c otros t`pos mj ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj quj kc s`atoaâc mj kos drupos KE ao pujmj ncejrsj mj euckqu`jr forbc, s`ao quj mjija rjspjtcrsj e`jrtcs propore`oajs mj cisore`õa mj :¼ y mj 4¼ crbõa`eo. Mj jstc forbc sj jv`tca pos`ikjs rjsoacae`cs quj pomrâca oeurr`r s` kc propore`õa mj ktrcmo mj 4¼ fujsj supjr`or c kc mj :¼. Kos ktros mjk t`po FCY-S pujmja jstcr doijracmos tcbi`àa por t`r`storjs eoa ua rjdukcmor mj t`po eobputjr+ F. Kcs fuae`oajs mj `atjk`djae`c cat`-rjsoacae`c mjk eobputjr+ pjrb`tja jv`tcr kcs rjsoacae`cs, yc quj ja ecso mj `atjatcr promue`rsj jk rjdukcmor k`b`tcrâc jk aübjro mj pcsos quj sj eoajetca y m`spcrcrâc uac ckcrbc Jk jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj ua pcso mj ua f`ktro FCY-S ja jljeue`õa eoa eoatcetorjs js eobo kos quj bujstrc kc d 0.>. 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec CF3 Z3 V3 T3 Z3 V3 T3 K3 E3 6 iorajs K9 Z9 V9 T9 Z33 V33 T33 Z9 V9 T9 Z39 V39 T39 903 c) ]`pos jstãamcr c =77V/:7Nz, eoajx`õa tr`ãaduko CF3 Z3 V3 T3 Z3 V3 T3 K3 K9 Z9 V9 T9 Z9 V9 T9 Z33 V33 T33 Z39 V 39 T39 E3 6 iorajs i) ]`pos jstãamcr pcrc =>7V/67Nz, eoajx`õa jstrjkkc F`d. 0.> .- Jsqujbc Jsqujbc mj ua pcso mj FCY-S 0.4 F`ktros mj cisore`õa 0 Kos ktros mj cisore`õa prjtjamja mjr`vcr uac pcrtj `bportcatj mj kc eorr`jatj mj crbõa`eos djajrcmc por uac mjtjrb`acmc ecrdc nce`c jk ktro mj forbc quj àstc ao vcyc nce`c kc rjm y ao cfjetj c otrcs ecrdcs vje`acs. Nci`tuckbjatj sj eokoeca ja jk kcmo mj iclc tjas`õa o ja euckqu`jr ecso ko bãs prõx`bos pos`ikj c kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca drca ecat`mcm mj crbõa`eos. Womjbos m`st`adu`r mos tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 909 t`pos mj ktros, kos pcs`vos, forbcmos por vcr`cs rcbcs K-E y kos cet`vos icscmos ja oamukcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos ejatrcrjbos ja kos pcs`vos. 0.4.3 F`ktros pcs`vos mj cisore`õa Eoastruet`vcbjatj kos ktros pcs`vos mj cisore`õa soa s`b`kcrjs Eoastruet`vcbjatj s`b`kcrjs c kos mj rjenczo. Jstãa forbcmos por vcr`cs rcbcs K-E, mj forbc quj uac o vcr`cs mj jkkcs forbca ua drupo mjm`ecmo c ktrcr ua mjtjrb`acmo crbõa`eo. Kos vckorjs mj K y E jstãa m`bjas`oacmos sjdüa kc eorr`jatj crbõa`ec quj mjica cisorijr. Kos pcsos aorbck`zcmos m`spoaja mj eoamjascmorj eoamjascmorjss soirjm`bjas`oac soirjm`bjas`oacmos, mos, aorbckbjatj eoajetcmos ja jstrjkkc, pcrc tjajr ua bcrdja sue`jatj mj sjdur`mcm ja eucato c eorr`jatj quj àstos pujmja cisorijr. Kc rjcetcae`c eorrjspoam`jatj mj ecmc pcso sj eckeukc pcrc quj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c mjk KE sjr`j sjc kc mjsjcmc. Ja djajrck, kos pcsos mj ua ktro pcs`vo mj cisore`õa ao pujmja eoajetcrsj y mjseoajetcrsj pcre`ckbjatj mj forbc `am`ser`b`acmc. Wor otro kcmo ecmc uao mj m`enos pcsos cportc uac eobpjasce`õa pjrbcajatj mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj s`dao ecpce`t`vo c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. fuamcbjatck. Ckduacs vjejs jsto provoec soirj- eobpjasce`õa mjk eos , soirj tomo eucamo kc `astckce`õa vc rjkct`vcbjatj mjsecrdcmc, pjro ncy buenc mjbcamc mj ktrcmo. Wcrc jv`tcr jsto sj mjija mjseoajetcr drupos K-E eucamo iclc jk a`vjk mj ecrdc, pjro mjij tjajrsj ja eujatc quj kos pr`bjros pcsos c mjseoajetcr mjija sjr s`jbprj kos pcsos quj ktrca kos crbõa`eos mj ormja bãs ckto. Wor jkko, kc rjdukce`õa mj jstos ktros mjij ncejrsj eoa rjdukcmorjs `atjk`djatjs, quj m`spoadca mj prodrcbc k`ajck. (Wrodrcbc k`ajck s`da`ec eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa K@FO, quj s`da`ec ‛Kcst `a rst out‒ , jk ükt`bo ja jatrcr js jk pr`bjro ja sck`r. Ao s`rvj pcrc jstos ecsos jk prodrcbc FEW). Eobo jljbpko mj rjdukcmor `atjk`djatj tjajbos jk eobputjr+, quj m`spoaj mj m`eno prodrcbc mj eoajx`õa k`ajck y quj cmjbãs protjdj jk ktro, pujs pjrb`tj mjtjetcr soirjecrdcs mj crbõa`eos ja kos m`st`atos pcsos KE. Kos f`ktros mj cisore`õa pujmja tcbi`àa eoatrokcrsj mj forbc sjae`kkc, s`bpkjbjatj por jk a`vjk mj eorr`jatj mj kc ecrdc. Ja tck ecso jk eoatrokcmor pujmj sjr ua rjkà mj eorr`jatj t`po EVB o s`b`kcr. 0.4.9 Yjcetcae`c sjr`j pcrc ktros mj cisore`õa Wcrc quj jk ktro mj cisore`õa sjc jfjet`vo mjij jstcr sjpcrcmo mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por uac rjcetcae`c mj enoquj euyc `bpjmcae`c c kos crbõa`eos \enoquj nc mj sjr buy supjr`or c kc mjk ktro \ktro. (Vjr durcs 0.0 y 0.37). 0 Kc rjcetcae`c sjr`j, ja ecso mj cpk`ecr ua ktro mj cisore`õa c uac eoadurce`õa eobo kc mj kc d. 0.0, sj m`bjas`oac pcrc kc eorr`jatj eorr`jatj bãx`bc prjv`s`ikj y pcrc uac ecâmc mj tjas`õa, c kc frjeujae`c frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, fuamcbjatck, ja torao ck =%. Ja jk ecso mj ktros cpk`ecmos c ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, d. 0.37, ao ncej fcktc eokoecr kc rjcetcae`c yc quj jk prop`o trcasforbcmor ncej jk pcpjk mj kc \enoquj. tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ]YCAUFOYBCMOY @k`bp`c @k`bp`c @k`bp`c O]YOU CIOACMOU @k`bp`c \ENOSZJ @crbõa`eos O]YCU ECYDCU \f`ktro ECYDC C F@K]YCY B F@K]YO MJ CIUOYE@ÕA F`d. 0.0.- F`ktro mj cisore`õa pcrc uac uac sjee`õa mj I], I], sjpcrcmc mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por uac rjcetcae`c mj enoquj 905 ]YCAUFOYBCMOY \ENOSZJ @crbõa`eos \f`ktro ECYDC C F@K]YCY B O]YOU CIOACMOU F@K]YO MJ CIUOYE@ÕA F`d. 0.37.- F`ktro mj cisore`õa cisore`õa pcrc ua ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, trcasforbce`õa, sjpcrcmo mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por jk prop`o trcasforbcmor 0.4.5 ¿Mõamj mjij cpk`ecrsj ua ktro mj cisore`õa? Za f`ktro mj cisore`õa ao pujmj cpk`ecrsj c euckqu`jr `astckce`õa mj forbc `am`ser`b`acmc. Zacs vjejs jsto ao js pos`ikj tàea`ecbjatj s` kc `bpjmcae`c 0 prop`c mj kc rjm js yc buy cktc y ao js pos`ikj cócm`r jk enoquj cm`e`oack ja sjr`j quj njbos bjae`oacmo ja jk cpcrtcmo 0.4.9. Otrcs vjejs jk ktro mj cisore`õa ao js `atjrjscatj jeoaõb`ecbjatj, soirj tomo pcrc pjqujócs potjae`cs mj ecrdc. Wcrc pjascr ja cpk`ecr ua ktro mj cisore`õa mjij trctcrsj mj ktrcr uac ecrdc mj potjae`c eoas`mjrcikj. Ao js `atjrjscatj ktrcr ecrdcs mj buy poeos cbpjr`os, yc quj m`fâe`kbjatj ecusca pjrturice`oajs `bportcatjs soirj otrcs ecrdcs vje`acs y propore`oackbjatj c su potjae`c t`jaja ua eostj jkjvcmo. Ja ecbi`o jk ktro mj cisore`õa pcs`vo sujkj sjr uac iujac sokue`õa pcrc ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa ecrdcmos pr`ae`pckbjatj eoa eoavjrt`morjs jkjetrõa`eos (djajrckbjatj rjet`ecmorjs mj 6 puksos). tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 90= 0.4.= Jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa ja I] Kos ktros mj cisore`õa sj pomrãa eobpoajr mj vcr`os drupos K-E, uao pcrc ecmc crbõa`eo c ktrcr. C su vjz ecmc drupo pujmj frcee`oacrsj ja drupos K-E bãs pjqujóos, djajrckbjatj kkcbcmos ‛pcsos‒ Ecmc pcso sj ecrcetjr`zc por mos pcrãbjtros< Ormja mjk crbõa`eo c ktrcr (:, 4, 33, jte.) y eorr`jatj bãx`bc mj crbõa`eo quj js ecpcz mj cmb`t`r. Za ktro mj cisore`õa mjij m`bjas`oacrsj pcrc kc eorr`jatj totck c ktrcr mj ecmc uao mj kos crbõa`eos. Djajrckbjatj sj ktrca sõko crbõa`eos `bpcrjs. Ao pujmja ktrcrsj crbõa`eos `bpcrjs mj ormja ckto s`a ktrcr kos `bpcrjs mj ormja bãst`jaja iclo, cuaquj pcrjzeca kosjkko, crbõa`eos mj ormja ckto vckorjs bãs iclosao qujjx`st`r. kos mjNci`tuckbjatj ormja iclo. Wor ko nci`tuck js mjm`ecr bãs pcsos ck ktrcmo mj kos crbõa`eos mj ormja iclo y bjaos c kos mj ormja ckto. Kc durc 0.33 bujstrc kc `bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c mj ua pcso s`atoa`zcmo ck :· crbõa`eo, y kc durc 0.39, kc `bpjmcae`c dkoick mj ua ktro eoa pcsos mj :·, 4· y 33· crbõa`eo. Oisàrvjsj quj c kc frjeujae`c mj ecmc uao mj kos pcsos, kc `bpjmcae`c pcsc por ua ua bâa`bo, pjro jatrj ecmc uac mj m`encs frjeujae`cs sj promuej ua bãx`bo mj `bpjmcae`c. Jstj njeno js jk quj `bp`mj mjseoajetcr ua mjtjrb`acmo drupo mj ua crbõa`eo `atjrbjm`o (por jljbpko jk mj 4· crbõa`eo) tja`jamo eoajetcmos uao catjr`or y uao postjr`or (por jljbpko pcrc jk :· y jk 33·). 97 37 7 -37 )-97 b n-57 O / I-=7 m ( -:7 \ -67 -47 ->7 377 3777 frjeujae`c (Nz) F`d. 0.3 0.33.-Yjspujstc 3.-Yjspujstc ja frjeujae`cs frjeujae`cs mj ua pcso pcso a2: 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec =7 57 97 37 ) 7 b n-37 O / I-97 m ( -57 \ -=7 -:7 -67 377 3777 frjeujae`c (Nz) F`d. 0.39.- Yjspu Yjspujstc jstc ja frjeujae`c mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa tâp`eo mj trjs drupos eoa a2:, a24, a233 0.4.: ¿Eõbo jkjd`r kos pcsos?< 90: Kos pcsos mj ua jqu`po mj cisore`õa sj jk`dja por kc eorr`jatj quj sj mjsjc ktrcr. Wcrc ecmc crbõa`eo, mjijrãa eokoecrsj tcatos pcsos (tomos `duckjs) eobo sjca ajejscr`os pcrc quj kc eorr`jatj totck cmb`s`ikj sjc bcyor o `duck c kc eorr`jatj totck mj m`eno crbõa`eo c ktrcr ja jk pjor ecso. Ja djajrck, sj m`spoaj mj ckduaos jstãamcr y ja ecsos`atoa`zcmos mj ajejs`tcr eorr`jatjs supjr`orjs sj pujmja poajrpcsos ja pcrckjko vcr`os drupos ck b`sbo crbõa`eo. Csâ por jljbpko, kc tcikc 0.5 bujstrc kos jqu`pos m`spoa`ikjs mj kc sjr`j FCY-N mj E@YEZ]OY. Oisàrvjsj quj iãs`ecbjatj sj ut`k`zca mos t`pos mj pcsos< • Wcsos quj pjrb`tja cisorijr 55 C mj crbõa`eo y mca uaos 34 hvcr mj eobpjasce`õa c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. • Wcsos quj pjrb`tja cisorijr >7 C mj crbõa`eo y mca uaos =7 hvcr mj eobpjasce`õa c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. Mj kos pãrrcfos catjr`orjs sj mjmuej quj< cpcrtj mj su fuae`õa mj f`ktrcmo, ua f`ktro mj cisore`õa cportc s`jbprj uac potjae`c rjcet`vc c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, mjk ormja mj 7,: hvcr por ecmc cbpjr`o mj eorr`jatj ktrcmc (c =77 V, :7 Nz). Mcmo quj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc y jk a`vjk mj crbõa`eos ao t`jaja porquj `r m`rjetcbjatj k`dcmos, pujmj mcrsj jk ecso mj quj pcrc sct`sfcejr kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj ktrcmo sj tjadc uac soirj-eobpjasce`õa. Jstc s`tuce`õa mjij jv`tcrsj prodrcbcamo kc ckcrbc eorrjspoam`jatj ja jk rjdukcmor. 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 906 ]cikc 0.5 - F`ktros jstãamcr t`po FCY-N Aotc< Mjij `am`ecrsj euãatos pcsos sj mjm`eca c ktrcr ecmc crbõa`eo FCY-N -CW:4 =77 V / :7 Nz :¼ (C) 4¼ (C) E o bp o s ` e ` õ a hvc r @YBU ]`po 55 55 55(:¼) + 55(4¼) 5= 6> FCY:-NW-CW:4-66-=77 66 55 55(:¼) + (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) :3 07 FCY:-NW-CW:4-00-=77 66 66 9 x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) 6> 33: FCY:-NW-CW:4-359-=77 00 66 55(:¼) + 9 x (55 (:¼) + 55(4¼)) >: 3 =6 FCY:-NW-CW:4-36:-=77 00 00 5 x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) 3 79 3 45 FCY:-N6-CW:4-30>-=77 3 59 3 59 00 35 9 55(:¼) + 5 x (55 (:¼) + 55(4¼)) = x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) 330 3 56 9 75 9 53 FCY:-N>-CW:4-953-=77 FCY:-N>-CW:4-96=-=77 3 67 36 7 9 x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼)) 3 6= 9 40 FCY:-N6-CW:4-597-=77 9 =7 36 7 >7(:¼) + 9 x (>7 (:¼) + >7(4¼)) 9 7: 5 := FCY:-N6-CW:4-=77-=77 9 =7 9= 7 5 x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼)) 9 =6 = 30 FCY:-N6-CW:4-=>7-=77 5 97 9= 7 >7(:¼) + 5 x (>7 (:¼) + >7(4¼)) 9 >4 = 09 FCY:-N>-CW:4-:67-=77 5 97 59 7 = x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼)) 5 9> FCY:-N>-CW:4-6=7-=77 : :0 0.4.6 Jljbpko mj jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa Uupõadcsj jk ecso mj ua vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm mj ua botor quj eoasubj :77 C, eoajetcmo rjmmjmj y quj djajrc kos s`du`jatjs crbõa`eos< 9>% mj c:¼8uac 36% 4¼,=77 0% V, mj :7 33¼Nz y ecat`mcmjs `afjr`orjs ck :% mj crbõa`eos mj ormja supjr`or. Eãkeuko mj eorr`jatjs mj crbõa`eos< ]cikc 0.= - Eorr`jatjs c ktrcr CYBÕA@EO % @]O]CK @ CYBÕA@EO :¼ 9> % m j : 77 C 3= 7 C 4¼ 36 % m j : 77 C >7 C 33¼ 0% mj :7 7 C =: C Ujdüa vjrsj tcikc mj mj t`pos 0.5, sj m`spoaj mj pcsos quj pujmja ktrcr >7pujmj C ecmc uao,jaaokc `bportc, bobjato, mj quà ormja mj crbõa`eo sj trctj. Jatoaejs, m`v`m`jamo kos 3=7 C mj :¼ por >7 y rjmoamjcamo por jxejso mc 9 pcsos pcrc jk :¼ crbõa`eo. Jk 4¼ mc >7 C , pujmj cejptcrsj ua soko pcso (jstã ja jk kâb`tj) y pcrc kos =: C mj 33¼ poamrjbos otro pcso. Csâ pujs jk ktro c jkjd`r sjrâc ua ktro quj tjamrâc kc eoadurce`õa quj `am`ecbos ja kc ]cikc 0.: 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 904 ]cikc 0 :. - Eoadurce`õa mjk mjk ktro Crbõa`eo Eorr`jatj Eorr`ja tj :¼ 3= 7 C 4¼ >7 C 33¼ =: C YJCE]@VC ]O]CK A¼ mj pcsos 9 3 3 Eorr`jat j bãx. Eorr`jatj bãx . 36 7 C >7 C >7 C Yjcet`v c Yjcet`vc >7 h v c r =7 h v c r =7 h v c r 36 7 h v cr C pcrt`r pcrt` r mj jstos mctos, mjijbos jkjd`r ua ktro, quj mj njeno ao jstã ja tcikc mj t`pos 0.5, pjro quj pomjbos eoadurcr eoa = pcsos mj >7 C. Jk t`po sjrâc FCY:-N6-=77-=x>7. Mjijrã `am`ecrsj cmjbãs quj kc eoadurce`õa mjsjcmc js 9 pcsos pcrc :ª crbõa`eo, 3 pcso pcrc 4¼ y 3 pcso pcrc 33¼. 0.> Crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj 5 Js frjeujatj jaeoatrcr `astckce`oajs eoa bukt`tum mj rjejptorjs boaofãs`eos eoa rjet`ecmor mj jatrcmc. ]ck js jk ecso mj jm`e`os mj oe`acs, icaeos, jstum`os mj tjkjv`s`õa jte., moamj sj eoajetca kub`acr`cs, jqu`pos `aforbãt`eos, eãbcrcs, tjrb`ackjs, fcx, jte. Cetuckbjatj jx`stja buenos rjejptorjs quj rjet`eca kc tjas`õa mj rjm r jm pcrc oitjajr tjas`õa eoat`auc y kujdo àstc sj oamukc c m`fjrjatj tjas`õa o frjeujae`c. Jbpjzcamo por kos uorjsejatjs quj usca rjcetcae`cs jkjetrõa`ecs, kos s`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa mj kãbpcrcs mj mjsecrdc y ack`zcamo por tomo t`po mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos, js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj quj kos rjejptorjs boaofãs`eos djajrja crbõa`eos. Kcs `astckce`oajs eoa jstj t`po mj rjejptorjs prjsjatca uac proikjbãt`ec pjeuk`cr, yc quj sj djajrca crbõa`eos mj ormja mj trjseorr`jatj y sus bükt`pkos, quj subcmos ja jk eoamuetor ajutro ja forbc nobopokcr, tckcpcrjeja eobo bujstrc kc durc 0.35 (Vjr cpcrtcmo 9.37). crbõa`eos eoa a 2 h.5 :7 Nz y crbõa`eos eoa a ≧ h.5 ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasfo rbcmor mj m`str`iue`õa 997 V fcsj - ajutro K3 K9 K5 A WJ 0 F`d. 0.35.- Uubc mj eorr`jatjs eorr`jatjs mj ormja trjs y bükt`pkos, ja jk eoamuetor ajutro ajutro tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 90> Ja kcs e`tcmcs `astckce`oajs pujmj mcrsj jk ecso pcrcmõl`eo mj quj kc eorr`jatj ja jk ajutro sjc `aekuso supjr`or c kc mj kcs fcsjs, `aekuso ja jk ecso mj ua rjpcrto pjrfjeto mj ecrdcs jatrj jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. Jsto sujkj oecs`oacr oecs`oacr m`spcros `atjbpjst`vos mj m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa bcdajtotàrb`eos y soirjeckjatcb`jato soirjeckjatcb `jato mjk eoamuetor ajutro mj m`encs `astckce`oajs. Kc durc 6.30 bujstrc uac bjm`mc tâp`ec ja uac fcsj mj uac mj jstcs `astckce`oajs. Wujmj oisjrvcrsj kc jkjvcmc propore`õa mj tjrejr crbõa`eo ja kc eorr`jatj. ]jas`õa F3< 99: (V) ]NM< 9.7>% 533 7 -533 Vrbs< 996 (V) ]NM< 9.7>% 9 7.70% 5 3.34% = 7.7:% : 3.:9% V3< 99: (V) 6 4 > 35 7.3>% 3= 7.76% 3: 7.30% 7.7=% 7.65% 7.7=% 0 37 33 39 7.94% 7.75% 7.96% 7.70% Eorr`jatj Eorr`ja tj F3< 37> (C) (C ) ]NM< 5:.=5% 97> 7 -933 @rbs< 336 (C) @3< 37> (C) ]NM< 5:.=5% 9 3.96% 0 7.33% 5 54.4=% 37 7.33% = 7.60% 33 7.9=% : 9.>=% 39 7.7>% 6 4 > 7.95% 7.>:% 7.3>% 35 7.79% 3= 7.36% 3: 7.93% F`d. 0.3=.- ]jas`õa ]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja uac `astckce`õa eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj 5r crbõa`eo Eoa ua ktro mj cisore`õa, eobo kos mjser`tos ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or, sj pujmja ktrcr kos crbõa`eos ecrcetjrâst`eos ecrcetjrâst`eos djajrcmos djajrcmos por ecrdcs tr`fãs`ecs jqu`k`ircmcs jqu`k`ircmcs (:¼, 4¼, 33¼, 33¼, jte.). Ao oistcatj jstos ktros ao soa buy rjeobjamcikjs rjeobjamcikjs pcrc ktrcmo mjk tjrejr crbõa`eo , yc quj su or`dja, cpcrtj mj kcs ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs, pujmj sjr kc scturce`õa mj ckdüa trcasforbcmor mj ck`bjatce`õa y jk njeno mj f`ktrcrko supoamrâc ua eortoe`reu`to c kc frjeujae`c mj m`eno crbõa`eo , jbpjorcamo por tcato kc s`tuce`õa. Kc jk`b`ace`õa mj crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj trjs sj sujkj kkjvcr c ecio bjm`catj trcasforbcmorjs mj c`skcb`jato ja eoajx`õa eoaoe`mos eobo trcasforbcmorjs ‛M-y sjpcrcmorjs‒, tcbi`àa bjm`catj ktrosM-y, mj ikoqujo, o bjm`catj trcasforbcmorjs ja eoajx`õa z`d-zcd. 0.0 ]rcasforbcmorjs M-y sjpcrcmor sjpcrcmorjs js E@YEZ]OY m`spoaj, por jljbpko, mj kos f`ktros ]UC forbcmos por ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor M-y eoa ua f`ktro cm`e`oack quj cbort`duc jk qu`ato crbõa`eo. Za jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o pujmj vjrsj ja kc durc 0.3:. 997 V fcsj - fcsj K3 K9 K5 A F@K]YO AE WJ 0 ]UC trcasforbcmor mj c`skcb`jato (`bpjmcae`c `af`a`tc c kos crbõa`eos h.5) F`d. 0.3:.- Jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor sjpcrcmor M-y tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 900 0.0.3 Jbpkczcb`jato y eãkeuko mj potjae`c Js `bportcatj quj jk sjpcrcmor M-y jstà ui`ecmo ko bãs prõx`bo pos`ikj c kcs ecrdcs, por ko quj ao sj rjeob`jamca ktros ejatrck`zcmos pcrc potjae`cs drcamjs, s`ao bãs i`ja ktros ktros mj bjaor potjae`c potjae`c prõx`bos c kos ejatros ejatros mj eoasubo ja boaofãs`eo. Ja eucato c su m`bjas`oacmo, kos trcasforbcmorjs M-y v`jaja ecrcetjr`zcmos por su potjae`c ja hVC. Wcrc eoaoejr kc eorr`jatj quj soa ecpcejs mj sub`a`strcr, mjij cpk`ecrsj ua fcetor mj eorrjee`õa quj mjpjamj mjk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc ecrdc , `aekuyjamo kos crbõa`eos. Wcrc `kustrcr jk eãkeukoWcrc tobcrjbos jljbpko ua trcasforbcmor ]UC mj E@YEZ]OY. eckeukcr eobo kc potjae`c aob`ack eoaoe`jamo kcsjpcrcmor eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck y kos porejatcljs mj crbõa`eos prjv`stos mjij cpk`ecrsj kc s`du`jatj fõrbukc< U 2 a 5 Z @ E 3 ∓ (a a23 %@ a )9 377 2 5Z @ FU E 3 (0.35) Moamj ZE js kc tjas`õa jatrj fcsjs mj sjeuamcr`o (nci`tuckbjatj 957 V) , @ 3 js kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck , a js jk ormja mjk crbõa`eo, %@a js jk % mj crbõa`eo a (@aekuyjamo kos kos bükt`pkos mj 5 quj sj vca c ktrcr) y FU js jk fcetor mj soirjecrdc. FU 2 a %@ (0.3=) a )9 ∓ (a a23 377 ]cikc 0.6.- Mctos Jljbpko < Mj i j bo s m `bj a s`o a c r u a ]U C p c rc ck`bjatcr ua eoaluato mj ormjacmorjs rjpcrt`mos ja vcr`cs fcsjs c 997V. Njbos bjm`mo kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj eoa ua CY: ja bomo .c:` y njbos oitja`mo kc tcikc quj sj `am`ec ck bcrdja pcrc uac mj kcs fcsjs. Ja ecso mj ràd`bja mjsjqu`k`ircmo 9 5 = : 6 4 > @rbs<:>.= (C) @3< :6.9 :6.9 (C) (C) ]NM< 56.46% 5.96% 0 9.=0% 57.>=% 37 3.74% 33 3.::% 7.0=% 95.69% 39 9.95% 3.77% 35 3.5:% =.:4% 3= 3.94% 3: 3.77% 7.47% sj tobcrã kc mj bcyor eorr`jatj. 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 577 0.0.9 Eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj soirjecrdc< Kc tcikc 0.4 bujstrc kos eãkeukos icscmos ja kos mctos mj kc tcikc 0.6. ]cikc 0.4.- Eãkeukos % @a a 377 %@a a 377 9 3 3 3 9 7. 7 59 6 7 . 77 =9 :37 = 5 7. 5 7>= 7 . >: :00 :7 = = 7. 7 70= 7 . 77 3=3 54 6 : 6 7. 9 569 7 . 73 3 . 50 =46 3 7 . 77 56 4 7 . 7= :4 7. 379 55 673 > 7 . 77 4 7. 775 35 6 0 7 . 79 =0 7. 7:7 997 >3 37 7 . 73 74 7.733==0 33 7 . 73 :: 7. 790 747 9: 39 7 . 79 95 7. 743 670 46 35 7 . 73 5: 7. 757 >77 9: 3= 7 . 73 94 7. 753 639 >= 3: 7 . 73 7. 799 : a FCE]OY MJ UOIYJECYDC %@ a ∓ ( a 377 ) 9 3,07 3 Jk rjsuktcmo js ua fcetor mj soirjecrdc mj 3,0. Jstj fcetor `am`ecrâc quj kc potjae`c ajejscr`c ja hVC sjrã 3,0 vjejs bcyor quj s` kc eorr`jatj fujsj sõko kc fuamcbjatck. Kc potjae`c ajejscr`c ja aujstro ecso sjrâc < U(hVC)2 5 Z a @ E 3 ∓ (a 3 %@ a )9 377 2 3,459 ´ 997 ´:6 ,9 ´3,0 ≊ =7,6 hVC 0.0.5 Eãkeuko mj kc eorr`jatj cmb`s`ikj ja ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor Jstj eãkeuko ao js bãs quj jk ja `avjrso mjk ecso catjr`or. Uj trctc eoaoejr euãk js kc eorr`jatj cmb`s`ikj ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor mj mj potjae`c U eoaoe`mc, nci`jamo cack`zcmo jk eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos mj kc eorr`jatj quj mjij sub`a`strcr. Uj rjsujkvj cpk`ecamo kc jeuce`õa (0.3:)< @ 0 3 U 2 (0.3:) 5 Ze FU Moamj ZE js kc tjas`õa jatrj fcsjs mj sjeuamcr`o (nci`tuckbjatj 9577 V), @3 js kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck y FU js jk fcetor mj soirjecrdc, eckeukcmo sjdüa sj nc v`sto ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or. tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 573 Jljbpko< ¿Suà eorr`jatj js ecpcz mj mcr ua ]UC mj =7 hVC euyc ecrdc t`jaj ua eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos eobo jk `am`ecmo ja kc tcikc 0.6? Eckeukcrâcbos jk FU `duck quj ko njbos njeno ja jk jljbpko catjr`or (tcikc 0.4). ]obcbos por tcato jk rjsuktcmo mj 3,0 oitja`mo ckkâ y cpk`ecbos kc jeuce`õa (0.3:) @ 3 2 U 5 Z FU e 2 =7.777 3,459 ´ 997 ´ 3,0 2 ::,9 C 0.37 F`ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro Kos ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro pcrc jk tjrejr crbõa`eo, soa ktros KE m`sjócmos pcrc kc rjmuee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj tjrejr crbõa`eo y crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj 5 ja djajrck quj rjtoraca por jk ajutro mj kcs `astckce`oajs tr`fãs`ecs. Jk ktro jstã icscmo ja ua e`reu`to KE pcrckjko, eobo jk quj bujstrc kc d. 0.36. Uj trctc mj ua KE pcrckjko s`atoa`zcmo c frjeujae`c prõx`bc ck tjrejr crbõa`eo, eoa ko euck su `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bãx`bc c kcs frjeujae`cs prõx`bcs c m`eno crbõa`eo. A9 A3 FI5 F`d. 0.36.- Jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o pr`ae`p`o mj ua ktro mj ikoqujo ja ajutro Jk jsqujbc mj cpk`ece`õa js jk quj bujstrc kc d 0.34. Oisàrvjsj quj jk ktro sj `atjreckc ja jk eoamuetor ajutro. Wcajk mj m`str`iue`õa @ecrdc K3 K9 K5 A A3 FI5] A9 F`d. 0.34.- Jsqujbc mj cpk`ece`õa cpk`ece`õa mj ua ktro mj ikoqujo ja ajutro 0 Eobo ijaje`o cm`e`oack sj t`jaj quj pcrc kos crbõa`eos mj ormja supjr`or c 5, jk ktro sj cócmj uac pjqujóc `bpjmcae`c. Kcs vjatclcs mj jbpkjo mjk kos ktros mj ikoqujo soa< tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 579 • Yjmuee`õa mjk tjrejr crbõa`eo ncstc ua 07% • Yjmuee`õa cprje`cikj mj otros crbõa`eos • Yjmuee`õa mj kc eorr`jatj mjk ajutro cisori`mc • M`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja kc `astckce`õa. • Yjmuee`õa mj `atjrfjrjae`cs • Bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c Ao oistcatj, jstj t`po mj ktros prjsjatc ua `aeoavja`jatj< ja ecso mj eoasubos mjsjqu`k`ircmos pujmj mcr tjas`oajs fcsj-ajutro mjsjqu`k`ircmcs y oecs`oacr soirjtjas`oajs ja ckduac fcsj y, cmjbãs, sujkj djajrcr m`stors`õa mj kc tjas`õa c c kc jatrcmc mj kos rjejptorjs. 0.33 F`ktros cet`vos Kos ktros cet`vos soa jqu`pos icscmos ja eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c eoabutcmos, eoa bomukce`õa mj caeno mj pukso WTB y quj t`jaja por b`s`õa kc mj ecaejkcr kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa y / o eorr`jatj prjsjatjs ja uac mjtjrb`acmc kâajc. Wujmja m`st`adu`rsj mos t`pos< c) F`ktros sjr`j i) F`ktros pcrckjko Jk oiljt`vo mjk ktro sjr`j js jk mj bjlorcr jk sub`a`stro mj tjas`õa quj rje`ij kc ecrdc, eorr`d`jamo kcs pjrturice`oajs proejmjatjs mjk kcmo mj rjm. Kos ktros sjr`j pjrb`tja eorrjd`r iclcs tjas`oajs y ose`kce`oajs mj tjas`õa (fk`ehjr) y ckduaos crbõa`eos mj ormja iclo, cuaquj ja cpk`ece`oajs tckjs eobo sokmcmurcs, drücs, noraos mj `amuee`õa eoa ràd`bja buy uetucatj, jte. , jk `ehjr pujmj sjr jk`b`acmo, tcbi`àa, bjm`catj drupos jstãt`eos mj eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c doijracmos por t`r`storjs. Kc durc 0.3> bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj ua ktro cet`vo sjr`j. Eobo pujmj vjrsj sj icsc ja kc subc o rjstc mj tjas`õa ja sjr`j eoa kc mj rjm, ck oiljto mj eorrjd`r kcs pjrturice`oajs catjs `am`ecmcs. YJM MJ CK@BJA]CE@ÕA CK@BJA]CE@ÕA ECYDCU CWKE EOA]YOK 0 EOA]YOK MJ ]JAU@ÕA F`d. 0.3>.- F`ktro cet`vo sjr`j tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 575 Kc fuae`õa mj ua ktro pcrckjko js m`sb`au`r kos crbõa`eos mj eorr`jatj quj sj v`jrtja c kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa mji`mos c ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs. Uu pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato sj icsc ja `ayjetcr c kc rjm uac eorr`jatj tck quj subcmc c kc mj kc ecrdc promuzec ua totck ja rjm, k`irj mj pjrturice`oajs y ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa. Ja mja`t`vc, uac eorr`jatj quj v`stc mjsmj rjm mà ua fcetor mj potjae`c ua`mcm. Wcrc opt`b`zcr su tcbcóo kos ktros pcrckjko sujkja eobi`acrsj eoa ictjrâcs jstãt`ecs, tck eobo bujstrc jk jsqujbc s`bpk`ecmo mj kc durc 0.30. Ja m`enc eobi`ace`õa kc ictjrâc jstãt`ec eobpjasc jk mjsfcsj mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y jk ktro pcrckjko eobpjasc kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec, `ayjetcamo uac oamc eobo kc quj quj bujstrc kc durc 0.97, c tâtuko mj jljbpko. jljbpko. YJM MJ CK@BJA] CK@BJA]CE@ÕA CE@ÕA ECYDCU CWKE ]UE MJ a WCUOU EOA]YOK EOA]YOK EOA]YOK MJ EOYY@JA]J YJDZKCMOY MJ FCE]OY MJ WO]JAE@C F`d. 0.30.- F`ktro cet`vo pcrckjko eobi`acmo eobi`acmo eoa eoa eobpjascmor eobpjascmor jstãt`eo mj rjcet`vc 35: Eorr`jatj mjsjcmc ja rjm Eorr`jatj mj ecrdc -35: 35: 0 Eorr`jatj mjk f`ktro -35: 377 bs 337 bs 397 bs 357 bs 3=7 bs F`d. 0.97.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato mj ua ktro cet`vo pcrckjko. pcrckjko. tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 57= 0.39 Eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos eoa ktro Ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.37 sj jxpk`ecroa yc kcs vjatclcs mj kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos pcrc eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja ecrdcs eoa ua eoasubo buy uetucatj. Ja buenos ecsos, kos eobpjascmorjs eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos eoas`duja m`sb`au`r m`sb`au`r mrãst`ecbjatj kcs puatcs mj eoasubo mji`mcs c bãqu`acs mj sokmcr, drücs, noraos mj `amuee`õa, o `aekuso kcs mji`mcs ck crrcaquj mj botorjs csâaeroaos, kodrcamo eoa jkko uac rjmuee`õa mrãst`ec mjk `ehjr ja kc rjm quj mjij soportcr jstcs puatcs mj eoasubo. ]ck eobo sj m`lo ja jk cpcrtcmo 0.:, s` kc rjm ja kc quj mjij `astckcrsj ua jqu`po jstãt`eo t`jaj ua ]NM ja tjas`õa supjr`or c 9,: c 5%, mjijbos pjascr ja kc eokoece`õa mj uapujmja ktro mjjqu`pcrsj rjenczo. Kos mj rjsuktcamo fcetor mj potjae`c eoa ktro mj rjenczo eoa eobpjascmorjs bca`oirc jstãt`ec, kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos eoa ktro t`po FYJ (E@YEZ]OY) o s`b`kcrjs. Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc jkàetr`eo, kos eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos eoa ktro soa `màat`eos c ua jqu`po eoavjae`oack mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, eoa mos pcrt`eukcr`mcmjs< • Kos `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos • Kcs rjcetcae`cs mj ktro Jk jsqujbc mj kc durc 0.93, bujstrc kos jkjbjatos jsjae`ckjs mj ua pcso mj ua jqu`po jstãt`eo. Wcrc bcyor aübjro mj pcsos, sj tjamrãa jsqujbcs caãkodos c kos bostrcmos, ecmc uao mj jkkos doijracmo por uac sck`mc m`st`atc mjk rjdukcmor EOBWZ]JY. Ecmc ikoquj mj `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eo eoastc mj mos pcrtjs < (Vàcsj kc durc 0.99 ) • Ikoquj mj potjae`c jstãt`eo, IWJ • Wkcec mj eoatrok EWEb o EWE5` 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 57: ] U C F Y O M C K Z D J Y 0 F`d. 0.93.- Jsqujbc mj ua jqu`po jqu`po jstãt`eo eoa ktros tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 576 0.39.3 Ikoquj mj Wotjae`c Jstãt`eo (IWJ) Jstj ikoquj eoat`jaj mos t`r`storjs por fcsj y jk rcm`cmor mj rjfr`djrce`õa. Jk eck`irj mj kos eobpoajatjs mj potjae`c js jk cmjeucmo c kc potjae`c mjk eoamjascmor quj mjija bca`oircr. K3 K9 K5 eobputjr...f Eob CE] EOB Ck`bjatce`õa C3 Cux`k`cr C9 WKCEC MJ EOA]YOK Z3 V3 T3 EWE Z9 V9 T9 Y Y Y V3 Z9 Z3 V9 IWJ T3 T9 EOAMJAUCMOYJU F`d. 0.99.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs mj mj ua pcso tr`fãs`eo eoa `atjrruptor jstãt`eo 0.39.9 Wkcec mj Eoatrok mj Wcso por Ejro t`po EWEb Ecmc `atjrruptor jstãt`eo t`jaj uac pkcec mj eoatrok EWEB o EWE5` quj eoatrokc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa c pcso por ejro mj ua drupo mjk ktro (K-E) . Kc pkcec jxtrcj mj rjm kcs sjóckjs mj s`aeroa`sbo s`aeroa`sbo pcrc eoatrokcr kc eoajx`õa eoajx`õa mj ecmc fcsj fcsj ck pcso por ejro mj tjas`õa y rje`ij kc ormja mj eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa c trcvàs mj kos tjrb`ackjs EOB y CE] , eoajetcmos c uac mj kcs sck`mcs jstãt`ecs mjk rjdukcmor EOBWZ]JY FCU]EOB. ]cato kcs sjóckjs mj s`aeroa`sbo eobo kcs mj ejicmo , jatrj kct`po pkcec EWEb y kos t`r`storjs , sj trcasb`tja c trcvàs mj optoceopkcmorjs o c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj `bpuksos, mj forbc quj kos e`reu`tos jkjetrõa`eos mj eoatrok jstãa c`skcmos dckvãa`ecbjatj mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c. 0 Jx`stj tcbi`àa kc pos`i`k`mcm mj bcamo fcsj-fcsj o tr`fãs`eo doijracamo kc EWE c trcvàs mj ua ecack YU-=>:. Ja jstj ecso mjij uscrsj kc EWE5` y ua rjdukcmor mj kc sjr`j eobputjr +. tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 574 K3 K9 K5 A =77 V CE UZWWKP B O E 3 9 5 E E E 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 Uck`mcs `am`v`muckjs (a+3) ecikjs ] U J ] EOB Ea M J F D EOB CE] EOB CK3 =77V 9D9 3D9 9D3 9H3 3H3 5H9 9H9 3H9 3D3 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 5D9 5D3 5H3 ] U J ] EOB K EOB Ea CK3 E 957V M J F D EOB CE] EOB CK3 =77V 5D9 9D9 3D9 9D3 9H3 3H3 5H9 9H9 3H9 3D3 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 5D3 5H3 ] U J ] EOB K EOB Ea CK3 E 957V M J F D EOB CE] EOB CK3 =77V 9D3 9H3 5D3 5H3 EOB K CK3 E 957V 7V 7V 7V EWE5`-xB] Bcamo ]r`fãs`eo EWE5`-xB] Bcamo ]r`fãs`eo EWE5`-xB] Bcamo ]r`fãs`eo Ikoquj mj potjae`c 5D9 9D9 3D9 3H3 5H9 9H9 3H9 3D3 Ikoquj mj potjae`c Ikoquj mj potjae`c F`d. 0.95 - M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs ikoqujs mj uac ictjrâc mj mj 5 pcsos eoa `atjrruptor jstãt`eo eoa bcamo por rjdukcmor eoa sck`mcs jstãt`ecs y bjm`mc mj ua soko FE 0.39.5 Wkcec mj Eoatrok mj Wcso por Ejro t`po EWE5` Jstc js uac pkcec mj mjscrrokko bãs cvcazcmo, prjpcrcmc pcrc opjrcr eoaluatcbjatj eoa rjdukcmorjs mj FW quj pujmca trcasb`t`r kcs ormjajs mj eoajx`õa c trcvàs mj ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-=>: y bjm`catj ua protoeoko BOMIZU. Za jljbpko mj jstj t`po mj eoatrok ko vjbos ja kc d. 0.9=. Jstj t`po mj eoatrok cmb`tj cmjbãs jk eoatrok `amjpjam`jatj fcsj-fcsj. K3 K9 K5 =77 V CE UZWWKP eosφ27,> + NUU U YY eobputjr+ YU-=>: (5 ecikjs) 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 UN YU+ YU- UN YU+ YUEOB CK3 =77 V 957 V 7V EWE5`-xYU 0 9H9 3D9 9D9 5H9 5D9 3D3 9D3 5D3 3H3 9H3 5H3 EOB CML C I E M J 3H9 K CK3 E Ikoquj mj potjae`c F`d. 0.9=.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs ikoqujs mj ua pcso tr`fãs`eo eoa `atjrruptor `atjrruptor jstãt`eo eoa bcamo YU-=>: y protoeoko BOMIZU tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 57> 0.39.= Yjs`stjae`cs mj mjsecrdc ja jqu`pos jstãt`eos eoa ktro Ja ua jqu`po jstãt`eo eoa ktro, kc tjas`õa c kc euck sj ecrdc jk eoamjascmor js bcyor quj kc prop`c tjas`õa mj rjm mji`mo c kc rjcetcae`c sjr`j. Eoaerjtcbjatj ja ktros eoa p24% , jk vckor mj erjstc ck euck sj ecrdc jk eoamjascmor mjspuàs mj kc mjseoajx`õa js mjk ormja mj ua 4% supjr`or ck vckor mj erjstc mj kc prop`c rjm. Jsto ncej quj s` sj prjtjamj uac rjeoajx`õa buy `abjm`ctc mjspuàs mj kc mjseoajx`õa , mjic mjsecrdcrsj jstj 4% cm`e`oack, pujs ja ecso eoatrcr`o kc eoatrokcmorc EWEb `bpjm`rã kc rjeoajx`õa ncstc vjr quj sj `duckca kc tjas`õa mj rjm y kc mjk eoamjascmor, pcrc rjspjtcr kc eoajx`õa c pcso por ejro. Kcs pkcecs EWE5` nca s`mo m`sjócmcs prje`scbjatj pcrc jk`b`acr jstj proikjbc, yc quj sj nca motcmo mj ua s`stjbc `atjk`djatj mj eoatrok quj b`mj jk `astcatj mj bâa`bc tjas`õa. 0.39.: Jqu`pos mj ktros boaofãs`eos Ckduacs ecrdcs boaofãs` boaofãs`ecs ecs eobo jqu`pos mj sokmcmur sokmcmurcc y otros, cisorija uac eorr`jatj uetucatj sõko jatrj mos fcsjs. Kc eobpjasce`õa mj jstos jqu`pos ao pujmj sjr dkoick , s`ao quj sj rjqu`jrj jk jbpkjo mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa jstãt`eos, eoa ktro, boaofãs`eos. Jstos jqu`pos pujmja doijracrsj eoa ua rjdukcmor EOBWZ]JY quj cmb`tc fuae`oacb`jato ja boaofãs`eo o m`rjetcbjatj eoa ua eoatceto mjk eoatrokcmor mj kc ecrdc. Ja ecso mj bãqu`acs mj sokmcr, sokmcr, por jljbpko, sj tobc ua eoatceto k`irj mj tjas`õa mjk jqu`po mj sokmcmurc , quj e`jrrj ecmc vjz quj ncy quj sokmcr. Kc ecmjae`c pujmj sjr tca rãp`mc eobo rjqu`jrc kc ecrdc, pjro ncymj quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kc prjsjae`c mj ,ktro rjqu`jrj rjs`stjae`cs mj mjsecrdc iclo vckor, pcrc cpk`ece`oajs rãp`mcs tck eobo sj nc jxpk`ecmo catjr`orbjatj. Kcs pkcecs EWE5` nca s`mo m`sjócmcs prje`scbjatj pcrc jk`b`acr jstj proikjbc, yc quj sj nca motcmo mj ua s`stjbc `atjk`djatj mj eoatrok quj jadcaenc kc pr`bjrc vjz cüa eoa m`fjrjae`cs mj tjas`õa mjk ormja mj 377V. ]ja`jamo ja eujatc quj jk e`reu`to kkjvc uac rjcetcae`c jsto ao ecusc a`adüa t`po mj trcas`tor`o caorbck. 0.35 Eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos Ja kcs rjmjs `atjracs mj kcsfujrtjbjatj `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs Eoatr`iuyja js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj jaeoatrcr eoasubos mjsjqu`k`ircmos. c m`eno mjsjqu`k`ir`o mos t`pos mj ecrdcs< Wor ua kcmo kcs ecrdcs jatrj fcsj y ajutro y por otro kcmo ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj. Kos jfjetos bãs `bportcatjs mj m`enos mjsjqu`k`ir`os soa mj mos t`pos< 0 c) Eorr`jatjs mj ajutro jkjvcmcs (Eorr`jatj nobopokcr) i) Eorr`jatjs ja kcs fcsjs mjs`duckjs, eoa mjsfcsjs mjs`duckjs (Eobpoajatj `avjrsc) tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 570 Jk cubjato mj kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro por mjsjqu`k`ir`o js ua tjbc buy eoaoe`mo, pjro kos jfjetos mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj nca s`mo bjaos jstum`cmos. M`eno mjsjqu`k`ir`o m`sb`auyj s`da`ect`vcbjatj kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, eoas`mjrjbos ua trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hVC. Jk m`sjóo sj nc njeno eoas`mjrcamo quj jstc potjae`c jstcrã rjpcrt`mc jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. U` prjtjam`àrcbos ck`bjatcr eoa àk ua s`stjbc euycs ecrdcs jstuv`jrca tomcs jkkcs jatrj uac fcsj y ajutro o ecrdcs jatrj mos fcsjs, jv`mjatjbjatj ao pomrâcbos oitjajr 3777 hT, cuaquj jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kcs ecrdcs fujsj kc ua`mcm (`aekuyjamo eosφ + rjmuee`õa por crbõa`eos). Csâ pujs kc potjae`c quj pomjbos oitjajr mj ua trcasforbcmor mjpjamj mj ckduac forbc mjk drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj quj jk proikjbc t`jaj ua e`jrto pcrckjk`sbo eoa jk mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja jfjeto, s` eoajetcbos c ua trcasforbcmor, eobo jk mjk jljbpko catjr`or, mj 3777 hVC, ecrdcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm, tcbpoeo pomjbos oitjajr kos 3777 hT. Jk jljbpko catjr`or s`rvj pcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj quj jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc, ck `duck quj ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm, eobportca ua uso `aje`jatj mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj. Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.37 sj jxpk`ecroa kos pr`ae`p`os tjõr`eos mj kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, sj mja`jroa kos eoje`jatjs mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o y mj cs`bjtrâc. Icsãamoaos ja jsto, c eoat`auce`õa sj propoaja sokue`oajs pcrc bjlorcr kc je`jae`c mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec bjlorcamo jk jqu`k`ir`o mj eoasubos y jk rjpcrto mj rjcet`vc ja kcs fcsjs. Kos mjsjqu`k`ir`os mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc t`jaja mos jfjetos< c) Yjmueja kc ecpce`mcm mj ecrdc y kc je`jae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa. i) Djajrca mjsjqu`k`ir`os mj kcs tjas`oajs ja jk puato mj ceopko mj kos cioacmos. Wor tcato, mji`mo c jstj jfjeto kos mjsjqu`k`ir`os mj uac `astckce`õa propcdca sus jfjetos c otrcs `astckce`oajs vje`acs. Yjspjeto ck pr`bjr puato, quj js jk quj bãs aos `atjrjsc ja jstj pãrrcfo, ecij mje`r quj ja buencs `astckce`oajs cetuckjs sj cejatüc jk a`vjk mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mji`mo c kc prjsjae`c mj mjtjrb`acmcs ecrdcs quj tobca ck`bjatce`õa jatrj fcsj y ajutro (ecso eobüa ja jm`f`e`os eobjre`ckjs o mj of`e`acs) o ecrdcs quj jstãa eoajetcmcs jatrj mos fcsjs (jk ecso bãs tâp`eo soa kcs bãqu`acs mj sokmcmurc y ckduaos t`pos mj noraos, cbios eoa potjae`cs buy s`da`ect`vcs). Kc eoasjeujae`c mjm`bjas`oacmos, jsto js quj kâajcs y trcasforbcmorjs mj m`str`iue`õa, cpcrjatjbjatj i`ja soa `aecpcejs mj sub`a`strcr kc potjae`c `astckcmc s`a ecuscr proikjbcs mj soirjeckjatcb`jato, iclo rjam`b`jato, scturce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs, jte. 0 Ja rjsubja, jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc nc mj sjr eoas`mjrcmo eobo uac ecusc bãs mj `aje`jae`c mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa jajrdàt`ec. Ja ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`os `bportcatjs, sj rjqu`jrja `astckce`oajs (trcasforbcmorjs y ecikjs) bãs soirjm`bjas`oacmcs y sj djajrca bcyorjs pàrm`mcs quj ja uac `astckce`õa mj `duck potjae`c eoa eoasubos jqu`k`ircmos. tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 537 0.35.3 Aujvcs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa mj FW pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos Eobo njbos vja`mo jstum`camo ja ecpâtukos catjr`orjs, jk s`stjbc ekãs`eo mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y ktrcmo mj crbõa`eos sj icsc ja jqu`pos quj eoajetca pcsos tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos. Js frjeujatj `aekuso quj jk rjdukcmor mj FW b`mc eorr`jatj sõko ja uac fcsj y rjdukj kc eobpjasce`õa supoa`jamo supoa`jamo quj jk s`stjbc js jqu`k`ircmo. Kc eoajx`õa mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c sj ncej bjm`catj eoatcetorjs (ictjrâcs eoavjae`oackjs) o bjm`catj t`r`storjs (ictjrâcs jstãt`ecs) ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eoa ua pjrk mj eorr`jatj buy vcr`cikj eoa jk t`jbpo (drcamjs vcr`ce`oajs ja eortos `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo). Kc d.0.95 bujstrc ua jsqujbc tâp`eo mj eoajx`õa mj ua rjdukcmor pcrc eoatrok mj eos φ, b`m`jamo tjas`õa jatrj mos fcsjs y eorr`jatj mj uac sokc fcsj. Uj bujstrc sõko ua pcso mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c, cuaquj jk jqu`po sj eobpoaj nci`tuckbjatj mj vcr`os pcsos quj pjrb`t`râca kc rjdukce`õa ja ua s`stjbc jqu`k`ircmo. Wcrc s`stjbcs eoa ecrdcs buy mjsjqu`k`ircmcs jk jsqujbc mj kc d. 0.95 ao eoas`duj uac iujac rjdukce`õa mjk eos φ y pujmj promue`r uac eobpjasce`õa jrrõajc por vcr`os bot`vos< Jk pr`bjro y bãs `bportcatj js quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjpjamj mj kc fcsj moamj sj b`mj kc eorr`jatj. Ujdüa sjc kc bãs ecrdcmc o kc bjaos ecrdcmc jk s`stjbc pujmj erjcr soirj-eobpjasce`õa o fcktc mj eobpjasce`õa c a`vjk dkoick, djajrcamo ja cbios ecsos pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs y ecuscamo ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj kujdo sjrã bot`vo mj ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturc mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo. Uupujsto quj sj b`mc ja trjs fcsjs y sj eobpjasj sjdüa ua vckor probjm`o mj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs (F`d. 0.9=, sj eoas`duj uac aotcikj bjlorc, pjro jk s`stjbc mj eobpjasce`õa s`duj s`jamo `bpjrfjeto, yc quj sj ecrdc eoa uac rjcet`vc `aajejscr`c ckduacs fcsjs y ao sj kkjdc c eobpjascr eobpkjtcbjatj otrcs. Wcrc sokue`oacr jstos proikjbcs y cubjatcr kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac aujvc sjr`j mj rjdukcmorjs, mjaob`acmc eobputjr pkus, ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjck`zcr kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj, tcato pcrc s`stjbcs moamj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja jstrjkkc (fcsj ― ajutro) eobo pcrc s`stjbcs ja kos quj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko (tr`fãs`ecs o boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj). Kc f`d. 0.9= bujstrc ua jsqujbc pcrc ua pcso mj ua f`ktro, eoatrokcmo por t`r`storjs, t`r`stor js, ja eoadurce`õa tr`ãaduko, mj forbc quj pujmj eobpjascrsj ecmc fcsj `am`v`muckbjatj. Aõtjsj quj jstc eobpjasce`õa mjij ncejrsj s`jbprj eoa `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos. Ao pomrâc ncejrsj eoa eoatcetorjs, pujsto quj àstos eoajetca kcs trjs fcsjs c kc vjz. 0 Wcrc `astckce`oajs moamj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y ajutro, kos pcsos pomrâca eoadurcrsj ja jstrjkkc y jk rjdukcmor b`m`jamo kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs y eobpjascamo ecmc uac `amjpjam`jatjbjatj. Ao oistcatj jstj s`stjbc rjsuktc uacs 5 vjejs bãs ecro quj uac eobpjasce`õa eoavjae`oack ja tr`ãaduko. Wor jkko jk s`stjbc eobputjr pkus pjrb`tj rjck`zcr kc eo eobp bpjj asc asce` e`õõ a j a t r`ã r`ãaa du du ko ko y c pk` pk`ec ec u a c kd kd or` or`tt p cz cz mj mj jse jseoo dj dj r kc tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 533 eoajx`õa õpt`bc quj b`a`b`zc kc eorr`jatj mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, rjjqu`k`irc pcrtj mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs y eoas`duj jk bâa`bo mj pàrm`mcs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc bãx`bc je`jae`c ja kc `astckce`õa. 0.3= @ae`mjae`c mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mjsjqu`k`ir`o ja kos eostjs mj mj uac `astckce`õa mj sub`a`stro Kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa pcrc ck`bjatcr uac pkcatc `amustr`ck, ua jm`e`o eobjre`ck, ua jm`f`e`o mj of`e`acs o mj v`v`jamcs, pomjbos m`v`m`rkos ja mos drcamjs eoaejptos< c) Eostj mj kc `afrcjstrueturc pcrc ck`bjatce`õa, iãs`ecbjatj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa. i) Eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc. Jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj ecrdcs `aerjbjatc kos eostjs por cbios eoaejptos. Ja jfjeto, c ecusc mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o sj mjij cubjatcr kc potjae`c aob`ack mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y kc sjee`õa mj kos ecikjs, pujs kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc quj e`reukcrã por ckduac mj kcs fcsjs ja ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o sjrã bcyor quj kc quj e`reukcrâc ja ecso mj ck`bjatcr ecrdcs jqu`k`ircmcs. C tâtuko mj jljbpko jljb pko ncdcbos ncdc bos ua sjae`kko eãkeuko pcrc uac ua c ecrdc mj 3 hVC ja mos ecsos< Ecso 3< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo jqu`k`ircmo c =77 V. Jk eoasubo js mj 3,== C por fcsj, ja kcs trjs fcsjs. Ecso 9< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc jatrj mos fcsjs. Jk eoasubo mj eorr`jatj js mj 9,: C ja mos fcsjs y ejro ja kc tjrejrc. Wor tcato ja jstj ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o jxtrjbo pomjbos tjajr quj soirjm`bjas`oacr kos ecikjs y jk trcasforbcmor ncstc ua 45%. Ja eucato ck eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, àstj tcbi`àa sj `aerjbjatc ja kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, mji`mo c kcs pàrm`mcs. U` tobcbos eobo jljbpko jk b`sbo ecso catjr`or y kkcbcbos Y c kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, rjsuktcrãa uacs pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj quj sjrãa< Ecso 3< Wàrm`m Wàrm`mcs cs por hVC 9 5 fcsjs x (Y@ )2 5xYx3,==926,99 x Y wct`os por hVC Ecso 9< Wàrm`m Wàrm`mcs cs por hVC 9 9 fcsjs x (Y@ )2 9xYx9,:9239,: x Y wct`os por hVC Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs soa prãet`ecbjatj jk moikj pcrc jk ecso jxtrjbo eoas`mjrcmo. 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 539 0.3=.3 Jljbpkos tâp`eos Wcrc poajr mj bca`jsto kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck fcsj-fcsj sj nc njeno ua jstum`o mj mos ecsos tâp`eos. Jk ecso 3 js uac `astckce`õa eoa ua eoaluato mj ecrdcs `amuet`vcs jqu`k`ircmcs ja tr`ãaduko y otrcs ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj, tcbi`àa `amuet`vcs, ck`bjatcmcs c =77 V / :7 Nz. Kos mctos mj potjae`cs, eorr`jatjs y pàrm`mcs catjs y mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj pujmja vjrsj ja kc tcikc 3. ]cikc 3.- Ecrdc ecso 3< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj-Fcsj Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) Fcsj 3 Fcsj Fcsj Fcsj 9 Fcsj Fcsj 5 ]ot otck ck Fcsj Fcsj 3 Fcsj Fcsj 9 Fcsj Fcsj 5 ]ot otck ck 40,5 ,5: : => =>,7 ,76 6 47, 7,0 06 30> 30>,5 ,54 4 49, 9,4 45 :4,70 ,70 6> 6>,: ,:= = 30>, >,5 54 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) 40,5: 47,06 Eorr`jatj (C) =>4,0 549,6: 549,6: Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 95>, 95 >,7: 7: 35 35>, >,>4 >4 35 35>, >,>4 >4 :3 :3:, :,4> 4> 37 377, 7,>= >= =>,76 30>,54 30 - 6,63 9,=9 -0,75 534,:: 9=>,=: 577,:0 63,4 63 ,45 5 07,5 07 ,5: : 7 9:9, 9: 9,09 09 Kc ]cikc 9 bujstrc kos rjsuktcmos mj eobpjasce`õa mj kc b`sbc ecrdc (ecso 3) ut`k`zcamo uac eobpjasce`õa icscmc ja kc potjae`c probjm`o mj kcs trjs fcsjs. ]cikc 9.- Ecrdc ecso e cso 3< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjm`o Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 Bàtomo probjm`cmo Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck ]ot otck ck Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) 40,5 ,5: : =>,7 => ,76 6 47, 7,0 06 30> 30 >,5 ,54 4 40, 0,5 5: =>,7 ,76 6 47,0 47 ,06 6 30>, >,5 54 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) 40 4 0,5: 47,06 =>,76 30>,54 35,99 =,>= -3>,76 7 Eorr`jatj (C) =>4,0 549,6: 549,6: 5=0,4: 937,73 53>,5> - Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 95>, 95 >,7: 7: 35>, 35>,>4 >4 35>, 35>,>4 >4 :3:, :3:,4> 4> 399, 399,59 59 - ==,3 == ,37 7 373, 37 3,56 56 964, 964,40 40 Aõtjsj quj kc eobpjasce`õa mj FW fcsj c fcsj (tcikc 3), cpcrtj mj caukcr kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, eoas`duj ua jqu`k`ircmo mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs eoasub`mcs por ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs y uac uac rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs, ecs` c kc b`tcm. Ja jk ecso mj eobpjasce`õa por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjm`cmc (tcikc 5), eoa kc b`sbc ecrdcpjro mjk s`duj ecso 3, vjbos uac quj rjmuee`õa sj p`jrmj jk jfjeto mj jqu`k`ircmo mj potjae`cs cet`vcs, nci`jamo eoas`mjrcikj mj eorr`jatjs y mj pàrm`mcs. Ao oistcatj jk ecso 3 js ua ecso jspje`ckbjatj fcvorcikj pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa por probjm`o. C eoat`auce`õa prjsjatcbos otro ecso (ecso 9) ja jk euck ncy uac ecrdc rjs`st`vc jatrj mos fcsjs, quj provoec uac soirjeobpjasce`õa ja uac mj kcs fcsjs. 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 535 ]cikc 5.- Ecrdc ecso 9< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 Fcsj-Fcsj ]ot otck ck Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) >4,4 >4 ,45 5 337 37,6 ,6= = 50,6 50 ,64 4 95>, 95 >,7: 7: >=,3 >= ,30 0 377, 37 7,0: 0: :9,0 :9 ,07 7 95>, 95 >,7: 7: Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) -3=,:9 :=,30 50,64 40,5: -94,4= 3>,76 0,6> 7 Eorr`jatj (C) 5>6,6= :5:,6: 9=5,0: Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 3=0, 3= 0,:7 :7 9> 9>6, 6,09 09 :0,: :0 ,:3 3 - 5>:,=3 ==:,09 955,>9 =0:, =0 :,05 05 3= 3=>, >,:= := 30 30>, >,>= >= :=,6 := ,64 4 =79, =7 9,7: 7: Ck `duck quj ja jk ecso 3, kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj-fcsj eoas`duj e oas`duj caukcr kc potjae`c potjae` c rjcet`vc totck y cmjbãs t`jaj ua jfjeto mj jqu`k`ircmo mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs (vjr tcikc 5). Kc eobpjasce`õa por potjae`c probjm`o, cpk`ecmc c jstj ecso t`jaj ua jfjeto eoatrcr`o ck mjsjcmo, pujs kc eorr`jatj mj uac mj kcs fcsjs cubjatc ja kudcr mj m`sb`au`r (vjr tcikc =). ]cikc =.- Ecrdc ecso 9< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjm`o Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Bàtomo probjm`cmo Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) >4,4 >4 ,45 5 337 37,6 ,6= = 50,6 50 ,64 4 95>, 95 >,7: 7: >4,4 >4 ,45 5 337 37,6 ,6= = 50,6 50 ,64 4 95>, 95 >,7: 7: Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) -3=,:9 :=,30 50,64 40,5: -=7,04 94,4= 35,99 7 Eorr`jatj (C) Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 5>6,6= :5:,6: 9=5,0: 3=0, 3= 0,:7 :7 9> 9>6, 6,09 09 :0,: :0 ,:3 3 =93,7 ,77 7 =0:,0= 3>3,>5 =0:, =0 :,05 05 34 344, 4,9= 9= 9= 9=:, :,0: 0: 55,7 55 ,76 6 =:6, =: 6,9: 9: Kos ecsos jstum`cmos pomjbos eoas`mjrcrkos tâp`eos ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs, mõamj ko eobüa js kc eoajx`õa mj ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko o ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj (ecso mj kcs bãqu`acs mj sokmcmurc, eoavjrt`morjs boaofãs`eos, jte.). Wcrc jm`e`os mj oe`acs jk ecso sujkj sjr m`st`ato, yc quj kcs ecrdcs sujkja jstcr jatrj fcsj y ajutro y kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj fcsj nc mj ncejrsj eoajetcamo kos eoamjascmorjs ja jstrjkkc. Jstc sokue`õa sujkj sjr bãs ecrc por kc ajejs`mcm mj cubjatcr jk tcbcóo mj kos eoamjascmorjs ck trciclcr jstos c bjaor tjas`õa. 0.3: Yjsubja C ko kcr kcrdo do mj jst jstjj ecpâ ecpâtuk tukoo njb njbos os jst jstum` um`cmo cmo jk fjaõ fjaõbjao bjao mj pro propcdc pcdce`õ e`õaa mj pjrturice`oajs ja kcs rjmjs jkàetr`ecs y kcs pr`ae`pckjs tàea`ecs pcrc rjmue`rkcs. 0 Njbos v`sto quj ckduaos t`pos mj proikjbcs eobo jk mj cbpk`ece`õa mj kos crbõa`eos por jfjeto mj kc rjsoacae`c soa pjrfjetcbjatj jv`tcikjs eoa ictjrâcs mj ktros mj rjenczo. Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj s` mj ko quj sj trctc js mj jk`b`acr tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 53= kos crbõa`eos mj eorr`jatj, kc pr`bjrc pcrtj mj kc sokue`õa eoas`stj ja rjmue`r kos crbõa`eos promue`mos por mjtjrb`acmos jqu`pos eoavjrt`morjs, c icsj mj rjcetcae`cs y ja uac sjduamc fcsj pujmj pjascrsj ja jk jbpkjo mj ktros mj cisore`õa, yc sjca pcs`vos o cet`vos. Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa kc eoavja`jae`c mj cpk`ecr jqu`pos jstãt`eos pcrc rjmue`r jk `ehjr y quj buencs vjejs jstos jqu`pos nca mj `r ceobpcócmos mj ktros. Uj nca eobjatcmo tcbi`àa kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa eoa bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos o `aekuso kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj eoa kc quj sj eoas`duj, cmjbãs, ua rjjqu`k`ir`o mj eoasubo. Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj mjtjrb`acmos t`pos mj ecrdcs provoeca bãs mj ua t`po mj pjrturice`õa. Csâ kos eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c sujkja promue`r crbõa`eos, pjro tcbi`àa pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c, pcrc kcs euckjs mjijbos pjascr ja jk jbpkjo mj ktros JB@. @as`st`bos uac vjz bãs ja ko `bportcatj quj js ncejr ua iuja m`cdaõst`eo mjk proikjbc quj sj mjsjc sokue`oacr pcrc eoaoejr jk t`po o t`pos mj ktro `mõajo pcrc jk`b`acr o pck`cr kcs pjrturice`oajs quj sj mjsjj. Wcrc jkko js prje`so cportcr mctos ko bãs jxncust`vos pos`ikj mj kc `astckce`õa y s`jbprj quj sjc pos`ikj jfjetucr bjm`e`oajs prjv`cs eoa kos `astrubjatos cmjeucmos, mjser`tos ja jk ecpâtuko catjr`or catjr`or.. Yjfjrjae`cs< X3R JB]W JB]W,, Jkjetrobcdajt`e ]rcas`jats Wrodrcb 8 nttp<//www.jbtp.eob/ X9R ]nj BctnTorhs - BC]KCI cam U`buk`ah for ]jena`eck ]jena`eck Eobput`ad8 www.bctnworhs. eob X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-636=9, Yjmjs `amustr`ckjs mj eorr`jatj cktjrac cfjetcmcs por crbõa`eos< Jbpkjo mj ktros y mj eoamjascmorjs c `astckcr ja pcrckjko, M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY 0 tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs 37 F@K F@K]YOU ]YOU WCYC WCYC EOAVJY]@MOYJU JU]Ã]@EOU 37.3 @atromuee`oa Jk tàrb`ao eoavjrt`mor jstãt`eo mj jajrdâc o eoavjrt`mor mj potjae`c sj usc pcrc mjs`dacr euckqu`jr jqu`po icscmo ja sjb`eoamuetorjs mj potjae`c quj t`jaj eobo fuae`õa eoavjrt`r jajrdâc jkàetr`ec eoa uacs mjtjrb`acmcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj forbc mj oamc, tjas`õa y frjeujae`c c otrc forbc moamj jstcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs vcrâca. Jk uso mj eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c sj nc djajrck`zcmo ükt`bcbjatj ja kos s`stjbcs jkàetr`eos, tcato tcato ja cpk`ece`oajs `amustr`ckjs `amustr`ckjs eobo mobjst`ecs, mobjst`ecs, mji`mo c kc fce`k`mcm eoa quj kc potjae`c sj pujmj bca`pukcr c cktc frjeujae`c. Ao oistcatj, kos jfjetos sjeuamcr`os mj kc eoajx`õa mj m`enos eoavjrt`morjs c kc rjm, rjkce`oacmos eoa kc djajrce`õa mj crbõa`eos y JB@ c vjejs sj nca mjsjst`bcmo. Kc pokue`õa djajrcmc mc proikjbcs `bportcatjs mj mos t`pos< Wjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c< Fk`ehjr (mj 7,: c 57 Nz) y crbõa`eos (:7 Nz c 9:77 Nz) • • Wjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c< icamc C (0 hNz c 3:7 hNz) y icamc I (3:7 hNz c 57 BNz) Kc forbc bãs nci`tuck mj m`str`iue`õa mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec js kc eorr`jatj cktjrac (E.C.) eoa tjas`oajs m`vjrscs y frjeujae`cs mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Ao oistcatj kos eoasubos pujmja sjr ja eorr`jatj eoat`auc (E.E.) o ja forbc mj eorr`jatj cktjrac eoa m`st`atc tjas`õa y frjeujae`c. Wcrc eoavjrt`r kc jajrdâc c kc forbc rjqujr`mc por kcs m`st`atcs ecrdcs o `aekuso pcrc jakczcr m`st`atcs fujatjs eoa m`st`atos vckorjs mj tjas`õa y/o frjeujae`c sj jbpkjca kos eoavjrt`morjs jstãt`eos mj jajrdâc. Za rjsubja mj kos t`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs, sjdüa jk t`po mj eoavjrs`õa mjsjcmo ko pomjbos vjr ja kc F`d. 37.3. F`d. 37.3- ]`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 536 Cetu ckbj bjat atjj js jstã tãaa pr prok ok`f`f jr jrca camo mo ko koss rj rjej ejpt ptor orjs js qu qujj jb jbpk pkjc jcaa ck ckdü düaa t`t`po po mj Ce tuck eoavjrt`mor ja su ecmjac mj ck`bjatce`õa. Jbpjzcamo por kcs kub`acr`cs mj cktc jf`e`jae`c, djajrckbjatj icscmcs ja uac kãbpcrc mj dcs ck`bjatcmc c cktc frjeujae`c, eoat`aucamo por kos rjdukcmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm mj botorjs y kcs fujatjs mj ck`bjatce`õa `a`atjrrubp`mcs (UC@), jte. ]omos jstos eoavjrt`morjs soa propjasos c djajrcr crbõa`eos y pjrturice`oajs JB@ y rjqu`jrja ckdüa t`po mj ktrcmo, tcato ja jk kcmo mj rjm o kcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa ja djajrck eobo ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc. Jstj ecpâtuko ko mjm`ecrjbos mjm`ecrjbos ck jstum`o mj jstj t`po mj ktros, quj mjaob`acbos djaàr`ecbjatj ‛ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs‒. Iãs`ecbjatj, por ko quj sj rjjrj c kc ui`ece`õa mj kos ktros pomjbos m`st`adu`r mos t`pos< • • F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo mj ecrdc Wcrc eobprjamjr kc fuae`õa mj kos m`st`atos t`pos mj ktros mjijbos eoaoejr kcs jstrueturcs tâp`ecs mj kos eoavjrt`morjs. Jstcs jstrueturcs eobprjamja por ko djajrck uac jtcpc mj eoavjrt`mor E.C.-E.E. (rjet`f`ecmor) y otrc jtcpc mj eoavjrt`mor E.E.-E.C. (oamukcmor). U` kc ecrdc js ja E.E., kc jtcpc mjk oamukcmor ao jx`stj y kos ktros ja jk kcmo mj eoat`auc mjpjamja mj s` kc ecrdc js `amuet`vc (botor) o mj t`po f.j.b. (ecrdcmor mj ictjrâcs), o mj otrc âamokj. F`d. 37.9 Eoavjrt`mor tâp`eo E.C./E.C.< Vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm pcrc botor mj E.C. Kcs F`durcs 37.9 c 37.6 bujstrca m`st`atos t`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs pcrc kcs cpk`ece`oajs bãs tâp`ecs. 37 F`d. 37.5- Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.C. eoa rjet`ecmor cet`vo (CFJ, cet`vj froat jam) jam) f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec F`d. 37.=- Eoavjrt`mor Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.E. eoa ecrdc `amuet`vc< Vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm pcrc botor mj E.E. 534 F`d. 37.:- Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.E. eoa ecrdc `amuet`vc `amuet`vc eoa rjet`ecmor cet`vo (CFJ) (CFJ) F`d. 37.6- Eoavjrt`mor E.C.-E.E. E.C.-E.E. eoa ecrdc f.j.b. < Ecrdcmor mj ictjrâcs 37 Kos t`pos iãs`eos mj f`ktros quj jstum`crjbos pcrc kcs jstrueturcs mj eoavjrt`morjs mjser`tcs catjr`orbjatj sjrãa kos s`du`jatjs< f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 53> • F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj crbõa`eos ja jk kcmo mj rjm mj rjet`ecmorjs (Yjcetcae`cs E.C., ktros KEK y Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj E.E.) • F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj JB@ ja jk kcmo rjm. • F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj r`zcmo ja jk kcmo ecrdc mj E.E (Yjcetcae`cs y ktros KE) JB@@ kcmo F`ktros pcrc kcmo ecrdc ja E.C (F`ktros U`aus, F`ktros mv/mt y F`ktros JB ecrdc) • 37.9 F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj crbõa`eos ja jk kcmo rjm mj 37.9 rjet`ecmorjs Za drupo buy `bportcatj mj eoavjrt`morjs sj ceopkca c kc rjm bjm`catj ua rjet`f`ecmor ao eoatrokcmo, icscmo ja m`omos. Ja jk ecso mj rjm tr`fãs`ec kc jstrueturc mjk rjet`ecmor js kc tâp`ec mj 6 m`omos quj vjbos ja kcs F`durcs 37.9 y 37.=. Jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs djajrca kc tâp`ec forbc mj oamc mj kc F`d. 37.4, quj t`jaj ua ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos `bpcrjs y ao bükt`pkos mj 5. Kos crbõa`eos mob`acatjs mob`acatjs pcrc jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs eoavjrt`morjs soa, eobo yc sj m`lo, kos mj ormja (h*6³3), js mje`r< ormja :, 4, 33, 35…. jte. F`d. 37.4.- Forbc mj mj oamc tâp`ec mj mj ua rjet`ecmor mj 6 puksos eoajetcmo m`rjetcbjatj c rjm Kcs aorbcs X9R ― X5R k`b`tca jk bãx`bo eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos quj kcs ecrdcs mj uac `astckce`õa pujmja vjrtjr ja kc rjm y por tcato oik`dca c kc eokoece`õa mj ktros ja kcs ecrdcs catjs bjae`oacmcs. Kos t`pos mj ktros pcrc jstc fuae`õa soa iãs`ecbjatj trjs< 37 • Yjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.C. • F`ktros KEK • Yjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.E. f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 530 37.9.3 Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj rjm Kc rjcetcae`c mjk kcmo mj rjm sj ut`k`zc pcrc rjmue`r kos crbõa`eos, pjro t`jaj cmjbãs jk jfjeto mj ctjaucr kos nujeos y kos p`eos mji`mos c kc eoabutce`õa y c kc ecrdc `a`e`ck mjk eoamjascmor mjk kcmo mj E.E. Nci`tuckbjatj sj trctc mj rjcetcae`cs quj mca jatrj ua 5,:% y ua =% mj ecâmc mj tjas`õa c kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck aob`ack. Eoastruet`vcbjatj mjija jstcr cmcptcmcs pcrc b`a`b`zcr kcs pàrm`mcs por jfjeto Fouecukm y por n`stàrjs`s. Ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj rjm buy r`zcmcs eoa ]NM ja torao ck =7% o bãs, kcs rjcetcae`cs pjrb`tja fãe`kbjatj rjmue`r rjmue`r jstc tcsc c ua 9:%. Kc F`d. 37.> mc mc kc eobpcrce`õa mj kcs forbcs mj oamc mj ua rjet`ecmor eoajetcmo m`rjetcbjatj c rjm y jk b`sbo rjet`ecmor eoa uac rjcetcae`c mj =% c) U`a rjcetcae`c i) Eoa rjcetcae`c F`d. 37.>.- Forbc mmjj oamc mj kc eorr`jatj s`a y eoa rjcetcae`c 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 597 37.9.9 F`ktros KEK Kos ktros KEK jstãa jspje`ckbjatj m`sjócmos pcrc jk`b`acr kos crbõa`eos mj kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por por eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c. potjae`c. Uj trctc mj ktros pcs`vos pcs`vos c icsj mj uac eobi`ace`õa sjr`j-pcrckjko mj `amuetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs tck eobo bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjat jsqujbãt`ecbjatjj kc F`d.4. Csâ pujs, kos ktros KEK soa ua pcso bãs cmjkcatj mj kc s`bpkj rjcetcae`c mj rjmuee`õa mj r`zcmo y jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc rjmue`r jk ]NM( @) c vckorjs `afjr`orjs c ua 37%, mj forbc quj pjrb`tca eubpk`r eoa kcs aorbcs @JE-63777-5.= y @JJJ-:30 F`d. 37.0.- Jstrueturc Jstrueturc mj kos ktros KEK Eorr`jatj mj rjm s`a jk ktro KEK (]NM(@) 2 =7%) Eorr`jatj mj rjm eoa jk ktro KEK (]NM(@ ); =%) 37 F`d. 37.37- Forbcs mj oamc oamc ja ua eoavjrt`mor, eoavjrt`mor, eoa y s`a ktro KEK f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 593 ( Kee) 37.9.5 Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj E.E. (K Ja jk ecso mj rjdukcmorjs c t`r`storjs pcrc botorjs mj E.E. (F`d.37.=), js prjfjr`ikj eokoecr kc `amuetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.E. , pujs jsto bjlorc buy sjas`ikjbjatj jk ]NM mj kc eorr`jatj y jv`tc kcs en`spcs mj eoabutce`õa ja jk eokjetor mjk botor. Jstj t`po mj proikjbcs, csâ eobo jk mj jxejso mj r`zcmo ja ckduaos eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c o UC@, pujmja rjsokvjrsj bjm`catj rjcetcae`cs boaofãs`ecs mj ktrcmo ja jk kcmo mj eoat`auc. Kc fõrbukc pcrc jk eãkeuko mj jstcs rjcetcae`cs js kc `am`ecmc ja (37.3) K 2 b`a 9,4.Z s .@ .( p ∙ 3). F mbjm o (37.3) Moamj Zs js kc tjas`õa jecz jatrj fcsj y ajutro , @mbjm js kc eorr`jatj bjm`c ja jk kcmo mj eoat`auc , p js jk aübjro mj puksos mjk rjet`ecmor (9 ja jk ecso mj boaofãs`eos y djajrckbjatj 6 ja jk ecso mj pujatjs tr`fãs`eos) y Fo js jk fcetor mj oamukce`õa mjsjcmo ja kc eorr`jatj eoat`auc ktrcmc. @ ∙@ m b`a F 2 m bcx o (37.9) 9. @ mbjm Aotc< Ja ecso mj quj jk rjet`ecmor ck`bjatj ua botor mj eorr`jatj eoat`auc mjijrã mjseoatcrsj mj Kb`a kc prop`c `amuetcae`c mj `amue`mo mjk botor. Wcrc sjkjee`oacr kc rjcetcae`c ajejscr`c pcrc uac mjtjrb`acmc cpk`ece`õa mjija tjajrsj ja eujatc jk vckor mj K ja bN y kos vckorjs bjm`o y bãx`bo mj eorr`jatj eoat`auc (@mbjm , @mbcx) pcrc prjvjr su fuae`oacb`jato s`a scturce`õa. c ) Y j ce t c ae ` c m j r j m i ) Y j c e tc a e ` c k c m o E . E . e) F`ktro KEK F`d. 37.3 37.333- Yjcetcae`cs Yjcetcae`cs y ktro KEK 37.5 F`ktros JB@ pcrc rjm mj vcr`cmorjs vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@ 37 Kos eoavjrt`morjs jkjetrõa`eos (vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@) djajrca `atjrfjrjae`cs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs (JB@), mji`mo c kos caeos ciruptos mj tjas`õa or`d`acmos por kos caeos ciruptos mj eoabutce`õa mj kos sjb`eoamuetorjs. f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 599 Eobo sj nc m`eno, kc propcdce`õa c trcvàs mj ecikjs (JB@ eoamue`mcs) sujkja cicrecr frjeujae`cs quj vca mjsmj 37 hNz c uaos 57 BNz. Jx`stja mos forbcs iãs`ecs mj propcdce`õa mj kcs JB@< Kc propcdce`õa ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck y kc propcdce`õa ja bomo eobüa, tcbi`àa kkcbcmcs s`bàtr`ec y cs`bàtr`ec (F`d. 37.39). Ja kc propcdce`õa m`fjrjae`ck, kc `mc y rjtorao mj kcs eorr`jatjs pjrturicmorcs mj cktc frjeujae`c sj rjck`zc por kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos (fcsjs y ajutro ja ecso mj jx`st`r). Ja kc propcdce`õa ja bomo eobüa kcs eorr`jatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c e`reukca ja ua sjat`mo por kcs fcsjs y ajutro y jk rjtorao sj rjck`zc por jk eoamuetor mj protjee`õa (WJ, kkcbcmo c vjejs t`jrrc). Kc F`durc 37.39 bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj kos eoaejptos mj bomo m`fjrjae`ck y bomo eobüa. F`d. 37.39 - Wjrturice`oajs JB@ ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck y bomo eobüa Kcs `atjrfjrjae`cs djajrcmcs por kos eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c sujkja tjajr uac eobpoajatj buy `bportcatj mj "Bomo Eobüa" y sujkja ecuscr bck fuae`oacb`jato mj ormjacmorjs ,cutõbctcs prodrcbcikjs, jqu`pos mj eoatrok aubàr`eo, y ja djajrck mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos quj opjrca eoa sjóckjs mj a`vjkjs buy iclos. iclos. Wor jkko kc M`rjet`vc Juropjc 977=/37>/EJ jstcikjeja kc oik`dctor`jmcm oik`dctor`jm cm mj eubpk`r e`jrtos k`b`tjs mj jb`s`õa lcmos ja uac sjr`j mj Aorbcs tckjs eobo< • ZAJ- JA 63777-6-= Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jatorao `amustr`ck ZAJ- JA 63777-6-5 Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jatorao rjs`mjae`ck j `amustr`c k`djrc • JA ::799 (E@UWY 99) Kâb`tjs mj pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs y rcm`cmcs • @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9 . Aorbcs mj promueto mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos. • 37 Wcrc ktrcr kcs pjrturice`oajs JB@ mjija ut`k`zcrsj enoqujs eoa aüekjos mj fjrr`tc eoa ua iuja eobportcb`jato c cktcs frjeujae`cs. Kc eck`mcm mj m`enc rjspujstc sj sujkj bjm`r por jk pcrãbjtro mjaob`acmo pàrm`mcs mj `asjre`õa , (@K) , mja`mcs eobo sj `am`ec ja kc jeuce`õa (37.5) . f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 595 ( 37 5) W (U`a f`ktro) :7 Ω @K 2 (Eoa f`ktro) W :7Ω Kc prujic aorbct`vc mj pàrm`mcs mj `asjre`õa sj ncej eoa uac `bpjmcae`c mj fujatj y uac `bpjmcae`c mj ecrdc, `duckjs cbics c :7 Π. Ao oistcatj ja jk jatorao rjck, kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj rjm y ecrdc m`stca bueno mjk vckor :7 Π y cmjbãs vcrâca buenâs`bo ja jk rcado mj 37 hNz c 57 BNz, y por tcato, jk eobportcb`jato rjck mjk ktro pujmj sjr buy m`st`ato mjk quj sj oit`jaj eoa jk jascyo aorbct`vo. Wcrc eoasjdu`r vckorjs eoavja`jatjs mj pàrm`mcs mj `asjre`õa ja jk jatorao rjck mj fuae`oacb`jato mjk ktro mjij rjeurr`rsj c ktros mj mos jtcpcs, tck eobo jk quj sj bujstrc ja kcs F`durc 37.35 euycs eurvcs mj rjspujstc ja bomo eobüa y ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck, sjdüa jascyo aorbct`vo, sj bujstrca ja kc F`durc 37.3=. F`d. 37.35- F`ktro JB@ mj moikj jtcpc pcrc ecrdcs tr`fãs`ecs s`a ajutro F`d. 37.3=- Wàrm`mcs mj `asjre`õa mj mj ua ktro JB@ ja bomo eobüa y ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck 37 Uj m`spoaj mj mos t`pos mj ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c< Mj trjs y mj euctro n`kos. Kos mj trjs n`kos (s`a ajutro) jstãa pjascmos iãs`ecbjatj pcrc ktrcr kc pjrturice`õa mj kos vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c y crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos, pcrc quj jstos pujmca eubpk`r kcs aorbcs @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9. Kos ktros mj f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 59= euctro n`kos `aekuyja ktrcmo ja jk eoamuetor ajutro8 jstãa pjascmos pcrc cpk`ecr c kc sck`mc mj UC@ (U`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa `a`atjrrubp`mc). Kc F`durc 37.3: bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj ua ktro mj moikj jtcpc pcrc jstc cpk`ece`õa. F`d. 37.3:- F`ktro JB@ mj moikj jtcpc pcrc ecrdcs tr`fãs`ecs eoa ajutro 37.= F`ktros KEK pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos Ja kcs F`ds. 37.5, 37.: y 37.6 sj nca rjprjsjatcmo eoavjrt`morjs jakczcmos c rjm bjm`catj ua rjet`ecmor cet`vo. Jstj t`po mj rjet`ecmorjs ao js tomcvâc buy eobüa ja kcs ecrdcs aorbckjs, pjro rjsuktc ecmc vjz bãs usuck ja kos s`stjbcs quj ut`k`zca ck`bjatce`õa b`xtc mj rjm y mj uac fujatj rjaovcikj (fotovoktc`ec o pjqujóos djajrcmorjs jõk`eos). Jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs sujkj rjdukcr kc eorr`jatj quj tobc mj rjm bjm`catj ua s`stjbc mj bomukce`õa mjaob`acmo WTB (Wuksj T`mtn Bomukct`oa), quj eoas`stj ja eoabutcr uac tjas`õa eoatâauc mcamo cktjract`vcbjatj vckorjs +J y ―J , rjdukcamo kc caenurc cae nurc mj kos puksos, pu ksos, , mj forbc quj ck ktrcr kc sjóck sjóc k rjsuktj rjs uktj uac sjao`mj. Jstj t`po mj oamcs sj rjprjsjatc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj ja kc F`d.37.36 y ja jk mjtckkj mj kc F`d.37.34. Kc oamc ja czuk js kc tjas`õa, forbcmc por trcbos mj oamc eucmrcmc, b`jatrcs quj kc oamc ja rolo rjprjsjatc kc eobpoajatj mj iclc frjeujae`c quj sj jxtrcj ck ktrcr kc catjr`or. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec F`d. 37.36- Oamc sjao`mck oitja`mc por bomukce`õa WTB 59: F`d. 37.34- Mjtckkj mj kc bomukce`õa WTB 37 U` ncejbos ua jstum`o frjeujae`ck mj jstj t`po mj oamcs, vjbos quj, cpcrtj mj kc eobpoajatj mj iclc frjeujae`c (sjao`mj ja rolo) sj oit`jaja uac sjr`j mj frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa, f s 2 3 / ] , tck y eobo sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 37.3>. Ja jk ecso jstum`cmo, kc sjóck oitja`mc eoa kc bomukce`õa WTB (rolo) js uac oamc mj :7 Nz y pcrc oitjajrkc sj nc uscmo uac frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mj : hNz, eoa ko quj kos crbõa`eos oitja`mos ja jk jspjetro jstãa ja torao c kos bükt`pkos mj jstc frjeujae`c. f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 596 F`d. 37.3>- Jspjetro mj kcs oamcs rjprjsjatcmcs ja kc F`d. 37.36 Jk t`po mj ktro cmjeucmo pcrc kos eoavjrt`morjs quj opjrca eoa jstj t`po mj oamcs WTB js ua f`ktro KEK cmcptcmo cmcptcmo c kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mjk eoavjrt`mor. M`enc frjeujae`c sujkj jstcr jatrj 37 hNz y 97 hNz ja eoavjrt`morjs mj iclc potjae`c y js mjk ormja mj 3 c 5 hNz pcrc eoavjrt`morjs bãs potjatjs y jk oiljt`vo mjk ktro js `bpjm`r quj kcs eobpoajatjs mj jstc frjeujae`c y sus bükt`pkos sj propcduja por kc rjm. 37.: F`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs E.C.- E.C. Kos eoavjrt`morjs E.C.-E.C. bãs eobüabjatj jbpkjcmos ja jqu`pos `amustr`ckjs eoastca mj ua rjet`ecmor ao eoatrokcmo y ua oamukcmor, eoa uac jstrueturc eobo kc `am`ecmc ja kc F`d.37.9. Bãs rje`jatjbjatj jbp`jzca c prok`fjrcr kos quj t`jaja ua rjet`ecmor cet`vo (F`d. 37.5) y kos icscmos ja eoavjrt`morjs bctr`e`ckjs, quj ao vcbos c mjser`i`r cquâ. Mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj rjm, jstos eoavjrt`morjs ut`k`zca kos b`sbos ktros mjser`tos ja kos cpcrtcmos 37.5 y 37.=. Wor ko quj ncej rjfjrjae`c ck kcmo mj ecrdc, jstos eoavjrt`morjs jbpkjca uac bomukce`õa WTB eobo kc mjser`tc pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos y jsto djajrc trjs t`pos mj proikjbcs< • Wroikjbc mj JB@ ja kos ecikjs mj kc ecrdc (djajrckbjatj ua botor) Wroikjbc mj rjjx`oajs ja kâajcs kcrdcs jatrj eoavjrt`mor y ecrdc. (Djajrca cktos mv/mt y soirjtjas`oajs) • • Wroikjbc mj r`zcmo jxejs`vo y pàrm`mcs ja kc ecrdc 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 594 Wcrc rjsokvjr jstos proikjbcs sj jbpkjca trjs t`pos mj ktros< • Enoqujs mj cktc frjeujae`c (NF) pcrc JB@ F`ktros mj k`b`tce`õa mj mZ/mt o cat`-rjjx`õa, pcrc jv`tcr soirjtjas`oajs ja ecikjs kcrdos. • • F`ktros ‛s`aus‒ pcrc rjmuee`õa mjk r`zcmo ja kc ecrdc 37.:.3 Enoqujs mj cktc frjeujae`c pcrc rjmuee`õa mj JB@ Eobo sj nc m`eno, kos ecikjs mj sck`mc mj kos vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c trcasportca eorr`jatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c (frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc mj eoabutce`õa). Wcrc jv`tcr kc propcdce`õa mj `atjrfjrjae`cs ja bomo eobüa quj jsto djajrc, sj sujkj rjeobjamcr quj kos ecikjs c botor sjca ecikjs cpcatckkcmos. Wjro mjatro mjk crbcr`o mj eoatrok s`jbprj sujkj qujmcr ua trcbo mj ecikj ao cpcatckkcmo, quj pujmj rcm`cr nce`c kos m`spos`t`vos mj eoatrok vje`aos. Wcrc jv`tcr quj jstc rcm`ce`õa cfjetj c kos jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos prõx`bos ck eoavjrt`mor mjija jbpkjcrsj enoqujs mj fjrr`tc eokoecmos lusto c kc sck`mc mj ecikjs mjk eoavjrt`mor. E@YEZ]OY m`spoaj mj kos enoqujs t`po EJB-xx. , pcrc ctjaucr jstj t`po mj pjrturice`oajs. 37.:.9 F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo ecrdc mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm Eobo njbos m`eno catjr`orbjatj kc bomukce`õa WTB sj jbpkjc pcrc djajrcr oamcs sjao`mckjs mj frjeujae`c vcr`cikj pcrc rjdukcr kc vjkoe`mcm mj kos botorjs jkàetr`eos mj `amuee`õa. Eobo sj m`lo catjr`orbjatj jstcs oamcs eoat`jaja uac frjeujae`c bomukcmorc (iclc frjeujae`c) quj js cqujkkc eoa kc quj qujrjbos ck`bjatcr jk botor, pjro eoat`jaja tcbi`àa uac sjr`j mj cktcs frjeujae`cs, quj soa kc fuamcbjatck mj eoabutce`õa f s y sus crbõa`eos. Ja jstj t`po mj cpk`ece`õa (vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm mj botor) kc prop`c `amuetcae`c mjk botor ncej jk pcpjk mj ktro. Wor jkko, c pjscr mj quj kc tjas`õa quj propore`oac jk eoavjrt`mor eoas`stj ja uac sjr`j mj puksos, kc eorr`jatj t`jaj forbc sjao`mck eobo sj v`o ja kc F`d. 37.36. Ao oistcatj, ja ecso mj quj jk ecikj jatrj eoavjrt`mor y botor sjc mj koad`tum eoas`mjrcikj, kc propcdce`õa mj kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos y kc prop`c frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa, pujmja oecs`oacr kc mjdrcmce`õa mj kc forbc mj oamc y djajrcr soirjtjas`oajs (Vp`eo13577 V pcrc botorjs ck`bjatcmos c =77 V) quj eobprobjtja kos c`skcb`jatos mjk botor. Cs`b`sbo jsto provoec sckto mj en`spc y p`ecmo mj eol`ajtjs, eckjatcb`jatos `aajejscr`os y jb`s`õa mj `atjrfjrjae`cs rcm`cmcs c trcvàs mj kos ecikjs. Jstos fjaõbjaos sj mjija c kc rjjx`õa mj oamcs quj sj promuej ja kos ecikjs eucamo sj propcdca por jkkos frjeujae`cs supjr`orjs c ua e`jrto kâb`tj. 37 Kc F`d. 37.30c bujstrc uac oamc mj tjas`õa eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj cktcs frjeujae`cs moamj sj promueja p`eos mji`mos c kc rjjx`õa ja jk jxtrjbo mj botor. Kc F`d.37.30i bujstrc kc oamc ja jk jxtrjbo mjk b`sbo ecikj, s` sj jv`tc f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 59> kc propcdce`õa mj kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs bjm`catj ua ktro pcsc iclos, quj ikoqujc kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs (ktro s`aus). c) Oamc ja jk jxtrjbo mj ua ecikj eoa rjjx`õa i) Oamc Oamc ktrcmc, s`a rjjx`õa rjjx`õa F`d. 37.30- Oamcs mj cktc frjeujae`c propcdcmcs propcdcmcs ja ecikjs mj drca koad`tum 37.:.37.3 Jk fjaõbjao mj rjjx`õa ja ecikjs Kos pr`ae`p`os tjõr`eos quj jxpk`eca kos fjaõbjaos mjser`tos catjr`orbjatj soa kos s`du`jatjs< U` eoajetcbos ua djajrcmor eoa tjas`õa sjao`mck, mj uac frjeujae`c f , c ua ecikj eoa rjs`stjae`c mjsprje`cikj y eoa uac `amuetcae`c y ecpce`mcm m`str`iu`mcs K ja Njar`os/b y E ja Fcrcm`os/b , sj mjbujstrc quj kc vjkoe`mcm mj propcdce`õa mj kc oamc c ko kcrdo mjk ecikj v`jaj mcmc por (37.=) v2 3 (37.=) KE sj mjaj kc koad`tum mj oamc eobo kc m`stcae`c rjeorr`mc por jstc oamc ja ua pjrâomo ] 2 3 / f . Csâ pujs kc koad`tum mj oamc sjrã (37.:) 2 v] 2 v (37.:) f sj mjaj tcbi`àa ua pcrãbjtro mjaob`acmo `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâst`ec mjk ecikj, \ 7 , eobo< \7 2 37 K (37.6) E f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 590 Yjeuàrmjsj quj K y E soa pcrãbjtros por ua`mcm mj koad`tum. C tâtuko mj jljbpko kc tcikc 37.3 mc kos vckorjs mj K y E por ua`mcm mj koad`tum pcrc ecikjs tâp`eos ut`k`zcmos ja kc eoajx`õa mj botorjs c vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm. Wcrc ua ecikj mj `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâst`ec \ 7 quj ua`jsj ua eoavjrt`mor WTB eoa ua botor, euyc `bpjmcae`c fujsj \ b , sj promue`râc uac rjjx`õa mj kcs oamcs jk eoje`jatj mj rjjx`õa sjrâc< Ε2 \b ∙ \7 (37.4) \b + \7 Kc s`tuce`õa `mjck sjr`c tjajr ua eoje`jatj mj rjjx`õa Ε 2 7 o ko quj js ko b`sbo, kc `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâst`ec mj kc kâajc mjijrâc sjr `duck c kc `bpjmcae`c mjk botor ja tomo tomo jk rcado mj mj frjeujae`cs. Ja jstj ecso ao ncirâc rjjx`õa a` sj promue`râca kcs soirjtjas`oajs catjs mjser`tcs. Ao oistcatj jsto js prãet`ecbjatj `bpos`ikj y por jkko, pcrc jv`tcr jstos fjaõbjaos, mjija eokoecrsj ktros jatrj jk vcr`cmor y jk botor. Aorbckbjatj pomjbos optcr por mos t`pos mj sokue`oajs< • 3) F`ktro mZ/m t. Js ua ktro KE eoa kc frjeujae`c mj eortj lustc pcrc jv`tcr kc rjjx`õa y kcs soirjtjas`oajs 9) F`ktro ‛s`aus‒. Js ua ktro KE eoa uac frjeujae`c mj eortj bueno bãs iclc quj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa • Ja djajrck jk ktro ‛s`aus‒ rjsujkvj totckbjatj jk proikjbc, pujs ctjaüc tomcs kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs, b`jatrcs quj kos ktros mZ/mt , mjlca pcscr frjeujae`cs bãs cktcs y ktrca ko lusto pcrc jv`tcr kc rjjx`õa. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ]cikc 37.3 Vckorjs tâp`eos mj K y E por hb mj ua ecikj tr`kcr (Fujatj< Yjhc Ecikjs) E ci k j E X bF / h b R K Xb N / h b R 5x 3 6/ 3 6 7 , 5: 7, 5 7 5x 9 :/ 3 6 7 , =: 7, 9 6 5x 5 :/ 3 6 7 , :7 7, 9 = 5x : 7/ 9 : 7 , 67 7, 9 9 5x 4 7/ 5 : 7 , 6: 7, 9 7 5x 0 :/ : 7 5x 3 97 / 47 7 , 47 7 , 4: 7, 3 > 7, 3 4 5x 3 :7 / 47 7 , 4: 7, 3 6 5x 3 >: / 0: 7 4: 7, 3 : 5x 9 =7 / 39 7 7 , 4: 7, 3 : =x 3 6/ 3 6 7 , 57 7, 5 7 557 =x 9 :/ 3 6 7 , 5: 7, 9 4 =x 5 :/ 3 6 7 , =: 7, 9 6 =x : 7/ 9 : 7 , :7 7, 9 = =x 4 7/ 5 : =x 0 :/ : 7 7 , :: 7 , 6: 7, 9 = 7, 9 5 =x 3 97 / 47 7 , 47 7, 9 5 =x 3 :7 / 47 7 , 4: 7, 9 5 =x 3 >: / 0: 7 , >7 7, 9 9 =x 9 =7 / 39 7 7 , >: 7, 9 9 37.:.5 M`stcae`c erât`ec y frjeujae`c mj eortj mj kos ktros m Z/mt y s`aus Kos proikjbcs mj soirjtjas`oajs mji`mos c kc rjjx`õa mj oamcs jbp`jzca c promue`rsj eucamo kc koad`tum mjk ecikj quj uaj jk eoavjrt`mor y jk botor js supjr`or c / 9 . Csâ pujs kc koad`tum erât`ec mjk ecikj pcrc uac oamc euyc frjeujae`c bãx`bc fujsj f bcx, sjrâc< Ker`t`ec 2 37 9 2 3 9 f bcx KE ( 37.>) f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 553 Wcrc uac tjas`õa djajrcmc eoa puksos WTB, pujmj jx`st`r rjjx`õa c ckduac mj kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos. Uujkj eoas`mjrcrsj quj kc frjeujae`c f bcx js kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo 33 mj kc oamc, eoa ko euck pcrc jk eãkeuko mj Ker`t`ec sj tobcrâc f bcx 2 33 f s , moamj f s js kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mjk eoavjrt`mor. Womjbos pkcatjcr jk proikjbc c kc `avjrsc, mcmc uac koad`tum mj ecikj, kc frjeujae`c bãx`bc quj pujmj propcdcrsj s`a tjajr proikjbcs mj rjfkjx`õa sjrâc< 3 f bcx 2 ( 37.0) 9 Kecikj KE Jsto aos pjrb`tj m`bjas`oacr kc frjeujae`c mj eortj mjk ktro m Z/mt. Jstj ktro mjij sjr ua ktro pcsc iclos quj mjijrã m`bjas`oacrsj pcrc ikoqujcr c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor kcs frjeujae`cs `duckjs o supjr`orjs c f bcx . Wcrc jstj eãkeuko sj sujkj tobcr f eortj 2 f s / 37 , js mje`r, quj jk ktro mj sck`mc mjij eortcr eobo bâa`bo uac màecmc por mjiclo mj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa. Eobo jstos ktros sujkja sjr ktros KE (9¼ ormja) c kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa sj tjamrã uac ctjauce`õa mj =7 mI, js mje`r sj ctjaüc kc frjeujae`c f s c 3/377 pcrtj. 37.:.= Jkjee`õa mj ktros U@AZU y m Z/mt Kos ktros ‛s`aus‒ sj eoajetca lusto c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor, b`jatrcs quj kos ktros mZ/mt sj sujkja eoajetcr ja jk kcmo mjk botor. Ja djajrck sj prjjrj sokue`oacr kos proikjbcs mj rjjx`õa bjm`catj ktros ‛ s`aus‒ pujs jstos ofrjeja kc vjatclc cócm`mc mj ck`bjatcr jk botor eoa uac oamc prãet`ecbjatj prãet`ecbjatj sjao`mck (vjr F`d.37.30) y jv`tcr kcs pàrm`mcs mjk n`jrro ja kc bãqu`ac promue`mcs por kcs eobpoajatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c ao ktrcmcs. F`d. 37.30 - Eoajx`õa mj ua ktro s`aus Kc F`d.37.97 bujstrc kc eoajx`õa mj ua ktro s`aus c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 559 F`d. 37.97 - Eoajx`õa mj ua ktro s`aus 37.6 Yjsubja Ujdüa jstum`os mj Yjm Jkàetr`ec, prãet`ecbjatj ua 47% mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc ja kc cetuck`mcm sufrj ckdüa t`po mj trcasforbce`õa c trcvàs mj ua eoavjrt`mor, por jkko, jstj ecpâtuko ko njbos mjm`ecmo jspjeâf`ecbjatj c kos f`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs. Ujdüa njbos m`eno kc ecrcetjrâst`ec eobüa c tomos jkkos js quj sujkja eoasub`r eorr`jatjs mj cktcs frjeujae`cs quj ncy quj ktrcr pcrc jv`tcr quj pokue`oaja kc rjm o quj promuzeca fjaõbjaos trcas`tor`os ja kcs ecrdcs. Kc drca vcr`jmcm mj eoaF`durce`oajs y kc m`vjrs`mcm mj frjeujae`cs y forbcs mj oamc nceja quj ao sj pujmc ncikcr mj uaos t`pos aorbck`zcmos mj ktros, s`ao quj buencs vjejs soa ktros quj ncy quj m`sjócr c bjm`mc o ncy quj cmcptcr c ecmc cpk`ece`õa. Ao oistcatj njbos proeurcmo ck bjaos mjser`i`r kos m`st`atos proikjbcs quj sj promueja y mjser`i`r ja kâajcs djajrckjs kcs jspje`ece`oajs quj mjija eubpk`r kos ktros quj rjsujkvja jk proikjbc. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec 555 37.4 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-98 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatj crbõa`ec (Jqu`pos pcrc @;36 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X9R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-= 8 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs mj I] pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj cs`dacmc @136 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-398 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs promue`mcs por kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kcs rjmjs püik`ecs mj I] eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc 136 C y ;4: C por fcsj8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X=R Aorbc ZAJ- JA 63777-6-= Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj JB@ ja jatorao `amustr`ck8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X:R Aorbc ZAJ- JA 63777-6-5 Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj JB@ ja jatorao rjs`mjae`ck j `amustr`c k`djrc8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos