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Lorm` Cutoajkk
Losjp Ickejkks
V`ejatj Icrrc
Loca Irossc
Frcaejse Fora`jkjs
Ijract Dcre`c
Loca Yos
Lorm` jrrc
M`sjóo y bcqujtce`õa< Mjpto. Eobua`ece`õa j `bcdja
E@YEZ]OY U.C.
Mctos ectckodrãf`eos
Ickejkks, Losjp8 jt ckk.
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Wr`bjrc Jm`e`õa
Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V
E.V.,
., Bàx`eo
@UIA< 04>-674-474-506-5
Forbcto< 34 x 95 eb
Wãd`acs< 556
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Losjp Ickejkks Ujamrc (eoorm.) Lorm` Cutoajkk, V`ejatj
V`ejatj Icrrc, Loca Irossc,
Ir ossc, Frcaejse Fora`jkjs,
Ijract Dcreâc, Loca Yos, Lorm` Ujrrc.
@UIA< 04>->=-964-360:->, jm`e`õa ja jspcóok puik`ecmc por BCYEOBIO, U.C.
Mjrjenos rjsjrvcmos © 9733 BCYEOBIO, U.C., Icrejkoac, Jspcóc
© 9733 E@YEZ]OY, U.C., V`ck Ucat Lorm` s/a, 7>959, V`
V`kcmjecvckks
kcmjecvckks
(Icrejkoac, Jspcóc)
Wr`bjrc jm`e`õa< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, Bàx`eo, fjirjro 9736
© 9736 Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V.
W`tãdorcs 3350, Eok. Mjk Vckkj,
Vckkj, 75377, Bàx`eo M.F.
B`jbiro mj kc Eãbcrc Ace`oack mj kc @amustr`c Jm`tor`ck Bjx`ecac
Yjd`stro Ao. 9534
Wãd. Tji< nttp<//www.ckfcobjdc.eob.bx
J-bc`k< ctjae`oackek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.bx
@UIA< 04>-674-474-506-5
Mjrjenos rjsjrvcmos<
Jstc oirc js prop`jmcm `atjkjetuck mj su cutor y kos mjrjenos mj puik`ece`õa ja kjaduc
jspcóokc nca s`mo kjdckbjatj trcasfjr`mos ck jm`tor. Wron`i`mc su rjpromuee`õa pcre`ck o totck
por euckqu`jr bjm`o s`a pjrb`so por jser`to mjk prop`jtcr`o mj kos mjrjenos mjk eopyr`dnt.
Aotc `bportcatj<
Kc `aforbce`õa eoatja`mc ja jstc oirc t`jaj ua f`a jxekus`vcbjatj m`mãet`eo y, por ko tcato,
ao jstã prjv`sto su cprovjencb`jato c a`vjk profjs`oack o `amustr`ck. Kcs `am`ece`oajs tàea`ecs
y prodrcbcs `aeku`mos, nca s`mo jkciorcmos eoa drca eu`mcmo por jk cutor y rjpromue`mos iclo
jstr`etcs aorbcs mj eoatrok. CKFCOBJDC DYZWO JM@]OY, U.C. mj E.V. ao sjrã
lurâm`ecbjatj rjspoascikj por< jrrorjs u ob`s`oajs8 mcóos y pjrlu`e`os quj sj pum`jrca
ctr`iu`r ck uso mj kc `aforbce`õa eobprjam`mc ja jstj k`iro, a` por kc ut`k`zce`õa `amji`mc quj
pum`jrc mãrsjkj.
Jm`e`õa cutor`zcmc pcrc vjatc ja Bàx`eo y tomo jk eoat`ajatj cbjr`ecao.
@bprjso ja Bàx`eo. Wr`atjm `a Bjx`eo.
Jbprjscs mjk drupo<
Bàx`eo< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V. ― W`tãdorcs 3350, Eok. Mjk Vckkj, Bàx`eo, M.F. ― E.W. 75377.
]jk.< (:9-::) ::4:-:799 ― Fcx< (:9-::) ::4:-9=97 / 9=07. U`a eosto< 73->77-797-=506
J-bc`k< ctjae`oackek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.bx
Eokobi`c< Ckfcobjdc Eokobi`cac U.C. ― Eckkj 69 Ao. 97-=6, Icrr`o Uca Ku`s, Iodotã, Eokobi`c,
]jks.< (:4-3) 4=6 7379 / 937 7=3: ― J-bc`k< ek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.eo
Cv. Wrov`mjae`c 3==5. Of`e`ac 9=, Ucat`cdo, En`kj
En`kj< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. ― Cv.
]jk.< (:6-9) 995:-=9=> ― Fcx< (:6-9) 995:-:4>6 ― J-bc`k< cdjen`kjGckfcobjdc.ek
Crdjat`ac< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor Crdjat`ao, U.C. ― Wcrcducy 3574 W.I. Of. 33, E.W. 37:4, Iujaos C`rjs,
Crdjat`ac, ― ]jk./Fcx<
]jk./Fcx< (:=-33) =>33-7>>4 y =>33 43>5 ― J-bc`k< vjatcsGckfcobjdcjm`tor.eob.cr
vjatcsGckfcobjdcj m`tor.eob.cr
C aujstros ek`jat
ek`jatjs,
js,
Jstj k`iro sj nc rjmcetcmo ja torao c kc "]jeaokodâc mj kc
je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec jkàetr`ec", jspje`ecamo mja`e`oajs
mj ecrcetjrâst`ecs, aorbcs, eãkeukos j `astrubjatos eoa kos
euckjs bjm`r y, s` js prje`so, eobpkjbjatjcr euckqu`jr jstum`o
mj jstc jspje`ck`mcm, quj js kc aujstrc.
Jspjrcbos quj kjs sjc mj `atjràs y ut`k`mcm. Àstj nc s`mo
aujstro propõs`to, eoa aujstrc bjlor vokuatcm.
WYÕKODO
Mjsmj ncej kcrdo t`jbpo,
t`jbpo, E@YEZ]OY nc s`mo uac jbprjsc mjm`ecmc
mjm`ecmc c kc fcir`ece`õa mj jqu`pos
jqu`pos
mj bjm`mc, eoatrok y bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec ja jk sjetor jkàetr`eo y eobprobjt`mc eoa
kc sjdur`mcm y eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro. Eobo rjsuktcmo mj jsto, aujstrc jbprjsc sj nc dcacmo
ua prjst`d`o mj soe`jmcm eoa tjeaokodâc puatjrc jatrj kos profjs`oackjs mj kos sjetorjs `amustr`ck
y mj m`str`iue`õa y eobjre`ck`zce`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec.
Ja jk cóo 9777, c rcâz mj kcs bükt`pkjs eoasuktcs mj aujstros ek`jatjs sj n`zo kc pr`bjrc jm`e`õa
mjk k`iro t`tukcmo ECK@MCM P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC, quj trctcic
mj kos proikjbcs mj eck`mcm y je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec eoa ua puato mj v`stc prãet`eo y mjsmj
kc pjrspjet`vc mjk ek`jatj o usucr`o ack. Ja kos ükt`bos m`jz cóos, àstj nc s`mo ua tjxto mj
rjfjrjae`c pcrc buenos profjs`oackjs mjk sjetor, quj ja kos ükt`bos cóos aos ca`bcica c ncejr
uac aujvc jm`e`õa mj cqujkkc puik`ece`õa.
Mcmc kc profuamc trcasforbce`õa quj nc sufr`mo jk sjetor jkàetr`eo ja jstos ükt`bos m`jz cóos,
E@YEZ]OY pjasõ quj ao jrc sue`jatj eoa uac rjjm`e`õa mj cqujkkc puik`ece`õa, `aekuso
rjck`zcamo uac rjv`s`õa c foamo. Ja jstos cóos kos b`eroproejscmorjs nca bukt`pk`ecmo su
potjae`c mj eãkeuko por ua fcetor cprox`bcmcbjatj mj 3777. Jstj sckto tjeaokõd`eo nc pjrb`t`mo
`aeorporcr aujvcs fuae`oajs c kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrok mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec, c kos
eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc y c kos jqu`pos mj bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec. Ja pcrt`eukcr tomos
jstos jqu`pos yc ao pujmja vjrsj eobo jqu`pos c`skcmos, s`ao quj jstãa ua`mos por rjmjs
mj eobua`ece`õa, quj kjs pjrb`tja ua eoatrok dkoick mj kc rjm c trcvàs mj potjatjs prodrcbcs
UECMC, quj sj jaecrdca mj djst`oacr kc je`jae`c mjk s`stjbc eobpkjto.
Csâ pujs,
puj s, jk jqu`po tàea`eo mj E@YEZ]OY
E@Y EZ]OY mje`m`õ rjeop`k
rjeop`kcr
cr ja jstc puik`ece`
p uik`ece`õa
õa ua rjsubja mj
kcs tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc, eoatrok, opt`b`zce`õa y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. ]omo jkko ja
ua tjxto quj eobi`ac eoaejptos mj jkjetrotjea`c, mj eobua`ece`oajs y mj eoatrok mj kc je`jae`c
y kc eck`mcm mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec.
Su`s`àrcbos cprovjencr kc oportua`mcm ja jstj prõkodo pcrc mcr kcs drce`cs ck jm`tor y eocutor
mjk k`iro, Wrof. Losjp Ickejkks, profjsor mj kc Za`vjrs`tct Wok`tîea`ec mj Ectckuayc, y eokciorcmor
nci`tuck ja kos proyjetos mj bjlorc mj je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec mjscrrokkcmos por E@YEZ]OY. Jk
Wrof. Ickejkks nc eoorm`acmo c ua jqu`po mj tàea`eos mj kcs m`st`atcs m`v`s`oajs mj E@YEZ]OY,
quj nca vokecmo ja jk k`iro su m`kctcmc jxpjr`jae`c ja ecmc uao mj kos cspjetos `bpk`ecmos
ja kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec. Iãs`ecbjatj kos s`du`jatjs< Bjm`mc, Eoatrok y Wrotjee`õa, Eck`mcm
y Djst`õa mj kc Jajrdâc y Bjlorc mj Je`jae`c (eorrjee`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c y ktrcmo mj
pjrturice`oajs)
Njbos `atjatcmo quj jk tjxto rjsuktcatj m`jrc rjspujstc mj forbc sjae`kkc c kos proikjbcs
nci`tuckjs mj aujstros ek`jatjs mjm`ecmos c proyjetos mj bjlorc mj tomos y ecmc uao mj kos
cspjetos `am`ecmos bãs crr`ic. Njbos erjâmo quj jk oiljt`vo eobüa mj tomos jkkos js kc bjlorc
mj kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec y por jkko jk tâtuko jkjd`mo
pcrc jstc aujvc puik`ece`õa nc s`mo < JF@E@JAE@C JA JK ZUO MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC
Aujstros kjetorjs y cb`dos sjrãa kos quj aos m`dca s` njbos cejrtcmo ja jk jafoquj mj kcs
m`st`atcs bctjr`cs y s` njbos eoasjdu`mo jk oiljt`vo mj erjcr uac oirc cbjac y üt`k.
E@YEZ]OY UC
ÂAM@EJ
3 JF@E@
JF@E@JAE@C
JAE@C JAJYDÀ]
JAJYDÀ]@EC
@EC P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC
3.3 @atromuee`oa..........................................................................................................................35
3.9 Cee`oajs iãs`ecs
iãs`ecs pcrc ckecazcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec
jajrdàt`ec ........................
.................................................
..............................
..... 36
3.5
3.=
3.:
3.6
3.4
Kc
eobo
pcrtj jsjae`ck
mjk eoatrok
jajrdàt`eo .........................
...................................................
...............................
.....
30
Kc bjm`mc
eck`mcm mj
sub`a`stro
................................................
......................
...................................................
...................................................
.............................
...99
99
Wrotjee`õa y sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo .......................
.................................................
............................................
.................. 9=
Yjsubja.......................
.................................................
...................................................
...................................................
....................................................
.......................... 9:
Yjfjrjae`cs .......................
.................................................
....................................................
....................................................
...............................................
..................... 96
9 EOAEJW]OU IÃU@EOU
IÃU@EOU MJ KOU E@YEZ@]OU MJ E.C.
9.3
9.9
9.5
9.=
9.:
@atromuee`õa..........................................................................................................................94
Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck .........................
..................................................
...................................................
..............................................
.................... 94
Mja`e`oajs mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs .......................
.................................................
....................................................
................................
...... 9>
Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs .......................................................
..................................... .................. 53
Ecrdcs k`ajckjs y ao k`ajckjs
k`ajckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj E.C.
E.C. .......................
................................................
.......................................
.............. 55
9.6
9.4
9.>
9.0
9.37
9.333
9.3
9.39
9.35
9.3=
9.3:
9.36
Eorr`jatjs
cet`vc
y rjcet`vc
rjcet`vcmjja
jaE.C.
ràd`bja
s`auso`mck
................................................
.......................
.......................................
.............. 5>
56
Wotjae`cs ja
kos e`reu`tos
s`auso`mck
................................................
.......................
................................................
.......................
Wotjae`cs ja kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos ........................
..................................................
........................................
.............. =3
U`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos .......................
.................................................
...................................................
....................................
........... ==
Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos .......................
................................................
.......................................
.............. =4
Wotjae`cs `bportcmcs y jxportcmcs< eucmrcatjs ........................
..................................................
........................................
.............. =>
U`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa< jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj .........................
..................................................
..............................
..... =0
Yjsoacae`cs sjr`j y pcrckjko ......................
................................................
...................................................
.............................................
.................... ::
Njrrcb`jatcs mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs ......................
................................................
....................................................
................................
...... :>
Yjsubja .........................
...................................................
....................................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 63
Yjfjrjae`cs ..........................
....................................................
...................................................
...................................................
...........................................
................. 69
5 EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ WO]JAE@C YJCE]@VC JA YJMJU AO M@U]OYU@OACMCU
5.3
5.9
5.5
5.=
5.:
5.6
5.4
5.>
5.0
5.37
5.333
5.3
5.39
5.35
5.3=
@atromuee`õa..........................................................................................................................65
Eorr`jatjs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc ........................
..................................................
....................................................
................................
...... 65
Eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc.......................
.................................................
....................................................
................................
...... 6=
Eãkeuko mj ajejs`mcmjs .......................
................................................
...................................................
....................................................
.............................
...6:
6:
Vjatclcs
Vja
tclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa........................
.................................................
...................................................
..............................................
.................... 47
Eoaejptos y mja`e`oajs
mja`e`oajs rjkct`vcs c kc eobpjasce`õa mjk FW
FW ........................
.............................................
..................... 43
Jkjee`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ack .......................
.................................................
...................................................
....................................
........... 4=
Jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ........................
.................................................
...................................................
................................
...... 4:
Yjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc ..........................
....................................................
...................................................
....................................
........... 40
Eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos ......................
................................................
....................................................
..................................................
........................ >9
Eobpjasce`õa fcsj-fcsj mjk FW......................
................................................
....................................................
.........................................
............... >=
Eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecrdcs .........................
...................................................
....................................................
................................
...... >4
Ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa ja B] ..........................
...................................................
...................................................
............................
..03
03
¿Mõamj y euãamo eobpjascr ja B]? ..........................
....................................................
...................................................
...........................
..09
09
5.3:
5.36
5.34
5.3>
5.30
5.97
5.93
Mja`e`oajs mj tàrb`aos jbpkjcmos ja B] ........................
..................................................
...............................................
..................... 09
Yjdukce`õa mjk FW
FW ja
ja rjmjs
rjmjs mj bjm`c tjas`õa .........................
...................................................
..........................................
................ 0=
Eoamjascmorjss pcrc B] ..................................................
Eoamjascmorj
........................ ....................................................
..............................................
.................... 377
Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj
enoquj pcrc ictjrâcs
ictjrâcs mj B] .......................
................................................
............................................
................... 379
Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs B] .....................................................
............................ ...................................................
.................................
....... 375
Wrotjee`õa mj kcs ictjrâcs
ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs ja B].....................................
B].......................................................
.................. 37>
Yjsubja .......................
.................................................
...................................................
...................................................
................................................
...................... 337
= WJY]ZYICE@OAJU JA KC YJM
=.3
=.9
=.5
=.=
=.6
=.4
=.>
=.0
=.37
=.333
=.3
@atromuee`õa.........................................................................................................................333
Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj rjm ........................
..................................................
.................................................
....................... 339
Vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae`c .........................
...................................................
....................................................
..............................................
.................... 33>
Wjrturice`oajs mj kc cbpk`tum .........................
..................................................
...................................................
..........................................
................ 330
@atjrcrbõa`eos .........................
...................................................
...................................................
...................................................
.......................................
............. 39=
Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos .........................
...................................................
....................................................
............................
.. 396
Jfjetos mj kos crbõa`eos .......................
................................................
...................................................
...................................................
......................... 355
Fk`ehjr ........................
..................................................
....................................................
...................................................
...................................................
............................ 354
Aorbcs rjkct`vcs c pjrturice`oajs ja kc rjm .......................
.................................................
.............................................
................... 350
Yjsubja .......................
.................................................
....................................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 3=5
=.39 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................
.................................................
...................................................
....................................................
...........................................
................. 3==
: BJM@MC P YJD@U]YO
YJD@U]YO MJ BCDA@]ZMJU JKÀE]Y@ECU
:.3
:.9
:.5
:.=
:.:
:.6
:.4
:.>
:.0
@atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................3=:
@astrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos .........................
...................................................
....................................
.......... 3=6
]rcasmuetorjss mj bjm`mc .......................
]rcasmuetorj
................................................
...................................................
...................................................
......................... 3:5
]rcasforbcmorjs
]rcasforbcm
orjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs .......................
................................................
............................................
................... 3::
]rcasforbcmorjs
]rcasforbcm
orjs mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk ........................
..................................................
.............................................
................... 367
]rcasforbcmor
]rcasforbcm
or t`po Yodowsh` ..........................
....................................................
...................................................
.........................................
................ 363
@astrubjatce`õa mj proejso .......................
.................................................
....................................................
..............................................
.................... 369
Ectjdor`cs mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`ece`õa mj sjdur`mcm ......................
................................................
...............................
..... 364
Jrrorjs ja kcs bjm`mcs
bjm`mcs mj potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c.........................
..................................................
........................... 360
:.37 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs ..........................
...................................................
...................................................
...................................................
......................... 349
:.333 Yjsubja .......................
:.3
.................................................
....................................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 3>9
:.39 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................
..................................................
...................................................
...................................................
...........................................
................. 3>5
6 BJM@MC MJ JAJYDÂC P ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO
6.3
6.9
6.5
6.=
6.:
6.6
6.4
@atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................3>:
Bjrecmo jkàetr`eo ..........................
....................................................
...................................................
...................................................
..................................
........ 3>:
Bcreo kjdck ..........................
...................................................
...................................................
....................................................
...........................................
................. 3>0
]`pos mj eoatcmor..................................
eoatcmor............................................................
....................................................
...................................................
......................... 305
Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc .......................
................................................
............................................
................... 30:
Eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`oa.........................
...................................................
...................................................
..................................................
......................... 977
Eobua`ece`oajs y protoeokos..........................
...................................................
...................................................
..........................................
................ 975
6.> Djst`oa mj kc mjbcamc ..........................
...................................................
...................................................
...................................................
......................... 97:
6.0
6.37
6.333
6.3
6.39
Fuae`oajs cm`e`oackjs .......................
................................................
...................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 97>
Eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro ..........................
....................................................
...................................................
...................................................
.......................... 937
Yjsubja .......................
................................................
...................................................
....................................................
................................................
...................... 935
Yjfjrjae`cs .......................
.................................................
....................................................
...................................................
...........................................
.................. 93=
4 NJYYCB@
NJYYCB@JA]CU
JA]CU MJ BJM@MC P CAÃK@U@
CAÃK@U@U
U MJ KC YJM JKÀE]Y@EC
JKÀE]Y@E C
4.3 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................93:
4.9 Eoaejptos iãs`eos soirj `astrubjatos ja rjm
rjm...................................................................934
...................................................................934
4.5 A`vjkjs OU@ mj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa ........................
.................................................
.............................................
.................... 930
4.= Jakcejs fâs`eos ........................
..................................................
....................................................
...................................................
.......................................
.............. 999
4.: Jakcej Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W ........................
.................................................
...................................................
......................................
............ 99>
4.6 Yjmjs mj ãrjc koeck (KCA)
(KCA) ICUCMCU
ICUCMCU JA jtnjrajt .......................
.................................................
....................................
.......... 953
4.4 Cpk`ece`oajs< Djst`õa
Djst`õa jajrdàt`ec,
jajrdàt`ec, eoatrok mj eck`mcm
eck`mcm y djst`õa
djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc..................
mjbcamc.................. 95=
4.> Wrjstce`oajs mj uac rjm eoatrokcmc eoa Wowjrstum`o ........................
.................................................
...............................
...... 95:
4.0 U`stjbcs mj tjkjdjst`õa ........................
..................................................
...................................................
...................................................
.......................... 950
4.37 Yjmjs mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE< Crqu`tjeturc...................................
Crqu`tjeturc.............................................................
................................
...... 9=3
4.333 Ecrcetjrâst`ecs djajrckjs
4.3
djajrckjs mj
mj uac rjm mj eobua`ece`õa WKE .........................
...........................................
.................. 9=9
4.39 Jspje`ece`oajs fuae`oackjs mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`oa ......................
................................................
............................ 9=4
4.35 Ecpce`mcm mj djst`õa mj ecrdcs .......................
................................................
...................................................
......................................
............ 9=>
4.3= Yjsubja .......................
................................................
...................................................
....................................................
................................................
...................... 9=0
> UJDZY@MCM JA KC YJM < WYO]JEE@ÕA M@FJYJAE@CK
>.3
>.9
>.5
>.=
>.:
>.6
>.4
>.>
>.0
@atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................9:3
Mja`e`oajs.........................
...................................................
...................................................
...................................................
............................................
.................. 9:9
Jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec ja kcs pjrsoacs ..............................................................
........................................... ................... 9:=
]jas`oajs mj sjdur`mcm .......................
.................................................
....................................................
...................................................
......................... 9::
Javokvjatjs y drcmos mj protjee`õa mj
mj jqu`pos
jqu`pos mj I].......................
................................................
...............................
...... 9:6
Yjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mj ajutro y t`jrrc............................
t`jrrc......................................................
.............................................
................... 9:>
Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ........................
.................................................
...................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 963
Ujkjet`v`mcm mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ......................
................................................
...................................................
............................
... 964
M`spcros `atjbpjst`vos ja kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs ..........................
....................................................
....................................
.......... 960
>.37
>.333
>.3
>.39
>.35
>.3=
Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs mj cktc `abua`mcm
`abua`mcm c kcs
kcs pjrturice`oajs..........................
............................................
.................. 943
Ujdur`mcm ja ejatrckjs, pcrqujs mj cktc tjas`õa y jstce`oajs trcasforbcmorcs
trcasforbcmorcs .............. 945
Bjm`mc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto................................
eoatceto.........................................................
....................................
........... 94:
Bjm`mc mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj uac tobc mj t`jrrc ..........................
...................................................
....................................
........... 944
Yjsubja .......................
................................................
...................................................
....................................................
................................................
...................... 94>
0 ]ÀEA@ECU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA P F@K]YCMO
F@K]YCMO MJ WJY]ZYICE@OAJU
WJY]ZYICE@OAJU
0.3
0.9
0.5
0.=
0.:
@atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................940
Bomjko mj kc rjm< crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ......................
................................................
...................................................
............................
... 940
Yjsoacae`cs ja kcs `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs ..........................
...................................................
........................................
............... 9>3
F`ktros .........................
...................................................
...................................................
...................................................
....................................................
............................ 9>>
F`ktros mj rjenczo o mjs`atoa`zcmos ........................
..................................................
...................................................
.................................
........ 9>>
0.6 F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck FCY-S .........................
...................................................
....................................................
.................................
....... 907
0.4 F`ktros mj cisore`õa......................
................................................
....................................................
...................................................
..................................
......... 903
0.> Crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj 5 .......................
.................................................
...................................................
..................................................
......................... 904
0.0 ]rcasforbcm
]rcasforbcmorjs
orjs M-y sjpcrcmorjs .......................
................................................
...................................................
.....................................
........... 90>
0.37 F`ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro .........................
...................................................
...................................................
.........................................
................ 573
0.333 F`ktros cet`vos .........................
0.3
...................................................
....................................................
...................................................
......................................
............. 579
0.39 Eobpjascmorj
Eobpjascmorjss jstãt`eos eoa ktro .......................
.................................................
....................................................
................................
...... 57=
0.35 Eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos .......................
.................................................
.......................... 57>
0.3= @ae`mjae`c mjk
mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o ja kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa
`astckce`õa mj sub`a`stro .................... 53
5333
0.3: Yjsubja ........................
.................................................
...................................................
....................................................
...............................................
..................... 535
37 F@K]YOU WCYC EOAVJY]@
EOAVJY]@MOYJU
MOYJU JU]Ã]@
JU]Ã]@EOU
EOU
37.3
37.9
37.5
37.=
37.:
37.6
37.4
@atromuee`oa......................................................................................................................53:
@atromuee`oa
......................................................................................................................53:
F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj
mj crbõa`eos
crbõa`eos ja jk kcmo rjm mj rjet`ecmorjs ......................
..............................
........ 53>
F`ktros JB@ pcrc rjm mj vcr`cmorjs
vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@ ..........................
....................................................
.......................... 593
F`ktros KEK pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos ........................
.................................................
...................................................
............................
.. 59=
F`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs E.C.- E.C...........................
....................................................
...................................................
...........................
.. 596
Yjsubja ........................
.................................................
...................................................
....................................................
...............................................
..................... 559
Yjfjrjae`cs ........................
..................................................
....................................................
...................................................
..........................................
................. 555
3 JF@E@JAE@C JAJYDÀ]@EC P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC
JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC
3.3 @atromuee`õa
Kc Cdjae`c @atjrace`oack mj kc Jajrdâc (C@J) cmv`jrtj mj quj s` ao ecbi`ca kcs
pokât`ecs jajrdàt`ecs mj kos pcâsjs eoasub`morjs kcs ajejs`mcmjs jajrdàt`ecs
erjejrca c ua r`tbo mj ua 3,:% cauck jatrj 9774 y 9757 X3R. Eoaerjtcbjatj kcs
prjv`s`oajs `am`eca quj jk eoasubo jajrdàt`eo erjejrã ua =7% jatrj jstos cóos.
Kcs propore`oajs cetuckjs ja eucato c fujatjs mj jajrdâc sj m`str`iuyja mj kc
s`du`jatj forbc<
•
>7% eobiust`ikjs fõs`kjs
•
37% i`obcsc
•
6% jajrdâc auekjcr
•
9% jajrdâc n`mrãuk`ec
•
9% jajrdâcs rjaovcikjs
Wor jkko, kc C@J, ordca`sbo mjpjam`jatj mj kc Ordca`zce`õa pcrc kc Eoopjrce`õa
y jk Mjscrrokko Jeoaõb`eo (OEMJ) rjekcbõ uac "ut`k`zce`õa bãs rce`oack mj kc
jajrdâc" y kc sust`tue`õa mj kos eobiust`ikjs fõs`kjs por otros t`pos mj jajrdâc.
Wor otrc pcrtj, ja eucato
eucato ck eoasubo, kc jkjetr`e`mcm
jkjetr`e`mcm js uac mj kcs forbcs
mj jajrdâc mj bcyor uso, mj tck forbc quj su eostj drcvc soirj tomos y
ecmc uao mj kos sjetorjs mj kc `amustr`c, sjrv`e`os y c kc prop`c jeoaobâc
mobàst`ec. C pcrt`r mj jstj njeno, js fãe`k mjmue`r quj euckqu`jr cee`õa quj
t`jamc c bjlorcr kc "Je`jae`c Jajrdàt`ec" mj aujstrcs ecrdcs y bjm`os mj
kc Jajrdâc"
Jajrdâc"
m`str`iue`õa y tomo ko quj rjprjsjatj ua "Zso Yce`oack mj kc
uacs rjpjreus`oajs
rjpjreus`oajs `bportcatjs
`bportcatjs soirj kc jeoaobâc mj tomos y ecmc uao
uao mj kos
sjetorjs `bpk`ecmos.
Ecij prjduatcrsj, s`a jbicrdo, quà mjij jatjamjrsj por
Jajrdàt`ec y Zso Yce`oack mj kc Jajrdâc Jkàetr`ec
rcsdos , jstos tàrb`aos qu`jrja mje`r oitjajr jk bãx`bo rjam`b`jato mj kc
jajrdâc eoasub`mc y mj kcs `astckce`oajs ajejscr`cs pcrc su djajrce`õa,
trcasportj y ut`k`zce`õa, dcrcat`zcamo ua fuae`oacb`jato s`a `atjrfjrjae`cs mj
tomos kos rjejptorjs eoajetcmos c kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa.
Kc jkjetr`e`mcm t`jaj, eobo sj scij, ua drcvj `aeoavja`jatj eoa rjspjeto c
otros t`pos mj jajrdâc y js quj ao pjrb`tj su ckbcejacb`jato ja ecat`mcmjs
s`da`ect`vcs, ko euck `bpk`ec quj ncy quj djajrcrkc y trcasportcrkc ja jk
prje`so bobjato mj su ut`k`zce`õa. Jsto oik`dc c m`bjas`oacr kcs `astckce`oajs
3
pcrc prjvjr kc mjbcamc bãx`bc y por eoas`du`jatj `bpk`ec kc `afrcut`k`zce`õa
mj tckjs `astckce`oajs ja kos bobjatos mj bjaor mjbcamc. Csâ pujs, uao
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=
mj kos cspjetos fuamcbjatckjs pcrc jk uso rce`oack jstr`ic ja djajrcr y
trcasportcr ja tomo bobjato sõko kc jajrdâc üt`k (cet`vc), eobpjascamo ja kcs
ecrdcs otros t`pos mj jajrdâc uetucatjs eobo soa kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc y kc
kc
jajrdâc mj m`stors`õa, quj sj jxpk`eca bãs cmjkcatj.
cmjkcatj. Cmjbãs, mjija rjpcrt`rsj
kos eoasubos ja jk t`jbpo, jv`tcamo puatcs `aajejscr`cs y cprovjencamo
ck bãx`bo kc `afrcjstrueturc mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj ja pjrâomos vckkj. Kc d.
3 bujstrc ua pjrk mjk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ja Jspcóc oitja`mo mj X9R.
Wujmj oisjrvcrsj ekcrcbjatj kc e`ek`e`mcm mjk eoasubo y jk bck cprovjencb`jato
quj rjprjsjatca pcrc kcs `afrcjstrueturcs mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj kcs drcamjs
m`fjrjae`cs jx`stjatjs jatrj kos pjrâomos puatc y vckkj.
F`d. 3.3 Wjrk mj mjbcamc mj jkjetr`e`mcm sjdüa YJJ X9R
Otro cspjeto c eoas`mjrcr js quj bãs mj ua :7% mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
eoasub`mc js proejscmc por ckdüa t`po mj eoavjrt`mor jkjetrõa`eo (eoavjrt`morjs
CE-M
CE
-ME,
E, ME
ME-M
-ME
E o CE
CE-C
-CE)
E).. Js
Jsto
toss jq
jqu`
u`po
poss pj
pjrb
rb`t`tja
ja bo
bom`
m`f`f`ec
ecrr kc tj
tjas
as`õ
`õa,
a, kc
frjeujae`c y otros pcrãbjtros mj kcs fujatjs mj ck`bjatce`õa, pjro sujkja
provoecr m`stors`õa y e`jrtcs pjrturice`oajs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa
y trcasportj. Jstcs pjrturice`oajs,
pjrturice`oajs, mjaob`acmcs
mjaob`acmcs djaàr`ecbjatj
djaàr`ecbjatj JB@,
(Jkjetrobcdajt`e @atjrfjrjaejs), oecs`oaca uac pàrm`mc mj rjam`b`jato ja kc
bcyor pcrtj mj ecrdcs, uac pàrm`mc mj je`jae`c ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa
mj jajrdâc (soirjecrdc `aajejscr`c mj kcs rjmjs), ua mjtjr`oro mj kc eck`mcm mj kc
oamc mj tjas`õa y kc pos`i`k`mcm mj fckko mj ckduaos jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos mji`mc
c kcs eobpoajatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c.
3
Lustcbjatj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c, eoaoe`mcs c vjejs eobo
"pcrãs`tos" poaja buencs vjejs ja pjk`dro jk iuja fuae`oacb`jato mj uac
sjr`j mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos,
jk jetrõa`eos, `aforbãt`eos
`af orbãt`eos y mj eobua`ece`oajs,
eobua`ece`oajs , or`d`acamo
ua proikjbc mjaob`acmo mj "EOBW
"EOBWC
C]@I@K@MCM" jatrj kos a`vjkjs mj
pjrturice`õa djajrcmos por uaos
uaos y kos a`vjkjs mj `abua`mcm mj otros.
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:
Kc durc 3.9. Bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj kos fcetorjs quj eoatr`iuyja ck eostj
totck mjk sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc y mjlc jatrjvjr euckjs soa kos eoaejptos soirj
kos quj ncirã quj cetucr pcrc eoasjdu`r ua uso rce`oack.
DJAJYCE@ÕA
P
]YCAUWOY]J
]ÀYB@AO
MJ
WO]JAE@C
JAJYDÂC
CE]@VC
]ÀYB@AO
MJ
JAJYDÂC
JAJYDÂC
YJCE]@VC
WÀYM@MCU P
YJECYDOU
JAJYDÂC MJ
M@U]YOU@ÕA
ICLC ECK@MCM
MJ UZB@A@U]YO
EOU]JU MJ KC
@AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC
+
EOU]JU MJ KC
JAJYDÂC
+
EOU]JU MJ KC
AO ECK@MCM
WYOIKJBCU MJ
EOBWC]@I@K@MCM
F`d. 3.9 Eostj totck mjk sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
36
3.9 Cee`oajs iãs`ecs pcrc ckecazcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec
Kc opt`b`zce`õa mjk sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec frjatj c tomc kc proikjbãt`ec
eobjatcmc ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or
catjr`or rjqu`jrj vcr`cs cee`oajs
cee`oajs y m`st`atcs fcsjs mj
jljeue`õa, quj sj rjsubja ja kc durc 3.5.
UOF]TCYJ
FCUJ MJ
WYOPJE]O
U@BZKCMOYJU
@ADJA@JYÂC
WKCA@F@ECE@ÕA
JSZ@WOU
MJ BJM@MC
WOY]Ã]@KJU
OW]@B@\CY KC
EOA]YC]CE@ÕA
JSZ@WOU
MJ BJM@MC
EOBZA@ECE@OAJU
UECMC
DJU]@ÕA MJ KC
MJBCAMC
JSZ@WOU MJ
EOBWJAUCE@ÕA
MJ JAJYDÂC
FKZE]ZCA]J
YJMZEE@ÕA
MJ EOAUZBO
P WÀYM@MCU
WÀ YM@MCU
FCUJ MJ
J^WKO]CE@ÕA
F`d. 3.5 Fcsjs mj opt`b`zce`õa mjk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Wcrc `astckce`oajs mj aujvc erjce`õa, jk proejso jbp`jzc ja kc fcsj mj proyjeto,
moamj bjm`catj softwcrj mj s`bukce`õa y eãkeukos mj `adja`jrâc pujmja prjvjrsj
yc kos jqu`pos ajejscr`os mj bjm`mc y kos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj
jajrdâc uetucatj quj mjijrãa eokoecrsj ja kc `astckce`õa. Ja jstc fcsj pomrã
rjck`zcrsj sõko uac pr`bjrc vckorce`õa, pjro ja euckqu`jr ecso pujmj prjvjrsj
yc kc eokoece`õa mj mjtjrb`acmos jqu`pos y ncejr kcs prjv`s`oajs mj jspce`o,
ecikjcmo jte. Jstc fcsj pujmj cnorrcr quj postjr`orbjatj sj tjadca m`euktcmjs
mj eokoece`õa mj e`jrtos jqu`pos o ajejs`mcmjs mj cbpk`ce`õa mj ecikjcmo o mj
sjpcrce`õa mj kâajcs, jte.
Wostjr`orbjatj sj rjqu`jrj uac fcsj mj pkca`ece`õa quj pjrb`t`rã opt`b`zcr kc
eoatrctce`õa bãs eoavja`jatj
eoavja`jatj y prjvjr kos puatos mj bjm`mc pcrc pomjr rjck`zcr
postjr`orbjatj uac djst`õa mjk eoasubo.
F`ackbjatj, uac vjz eoastru`mo jk s`stjbc sj pcsc c uac jtcpc mj opt`b`zce`õa,
icscmc ja kc bjm`mc mj kos m`st`atos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos mj kc `astckce`õa.
Euckqu`jr cee`õa quj t`jamc c opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo mjij pcrt`r mj ua
eoaoe`b`jato c foamo mjk pjrf`k mj ecrdcs y mjk fcetor mj ut`k`zce`õa mj kcs
`astckce`oajs.
3
Ja `astckce`oajs yc jx`stjatjs, kcs mos pr`bjrcs fcsjs mjija supk`rsj por uac
fcsj mj caãk`s`s y bjm`mc. Djajrckbjatj kc pr`bjrc fcsj mj bjm`mc sj rjck`zc
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
34
eoa cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs portãt`kjs, ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjd`strcr m`st`atos
pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos y m`st`atos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs o mjfjetos mj eck`mcm.
Zac vjz mjtjetcmos kos ejatros mj eoasubo y pkca`ecmcs kcs cee`oajs pcrc su
eoatrok y djst`õa, sj pomrãa eokoecr `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc los y eoatrokcr jk
eoaluato bjm`catj ua prodrcbc UECMC.
]cato ja jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs aujvcs eobo ja jk ecso mj kcs yc jx`stjatjs,
uac vjz quj sj m`spoadc rjdukcrbjatj mj rjsuktcmos mj kc bjm`mc, mjijrã
ncejrsj uac pkca`ece`õa mj eoasubos y , ja ecso ajejscr`o , mjijrãa cpk`ecrsj
uac sjr`j mj bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs, quj ja djajrck t`jamja c eobpjascr kcs
jajrdâcs uetucatjs y jv`tcr kos proikjbcs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm.
F`ackbjatj mjij pomjrsj eoatrokcr mj forbc cutobãt`ec quj kc pkca`ece`õa
mj eoasubos sj eubpkj y cetucr soirj jk s`stjbc pcrc opt`b`zcrkc s` fujsj
ajejscr`o. Jsto rjqu`jrj uac vjz bãs jqu`pos mj bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj kcs
vcr`cikjs jkàetr`ecs y eoatrokcmorjs prodrcbcikjs, ecpcejs mj eoajetcr o
eoabutcr e`reu`tos ja ecso ajejscr`o pcrc opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo. Wcrc jkko sjrãa
fuamcbjatckjs kos `astrubjatos mj pcajk y jk supjrv`sor UECMC.
Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc mj djst`õa `atjdrck mj kc jajrdâc, js `bportcatj quj
kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc m`spoadca mj ecackjs mj bjm`mc cm`e`oackjs, bjm`catj
eoavjrsorjs mj proejso, eoatcmorjs mj puksos u otros bjm`os quj kjs pjrb`tca
ejatrck`zcr tcbi`àa kos mctos mj eoasubos mj cduc y dcs por jljbpko.
Ejatrãamoaos ja kc djst`õa mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec, ncy mos drcamjs ikoqujs
soirj kos euckjs pomjbos `ae`m`r pcrc opt`b`zcr jk s`stjbc y oitjajr kc bãx`bc
je`jae`c<
c)
Djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc
Ja jstj ikoquj sj `aekuyja tomcs kcs cee`oajs m`r`d`mcs c sucv`zcr jk pjrk mj kc
eurvc mj mjbcamc. Aorbckbjatj jsto sj eoas`duj cutobct`zcr eoa kc eokoece`õa
mj jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc (bcxâbjtros), quj eoatrokca kc
`atjrrupe`õa mj ecrdcs ao erât`ecs. Ja eoaluato js ko quj sj kkcbc djst`õa mj kc
`atjrrubp`i`k`mcm
i)
Yjmuee`õa mj eoasubos y pàrm`mcs
Jstj ikoquj sj icsc ja kc eokoece`õa mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc
rjcet`vc, mj crbõa`eos y jqu`pos mj ktrcmo pcrc jv`tcr kcs pjrturice`oajs JB@ y
csjdurcr kc eoat`au`mcm mj sub`a`stro
3
Ja eucato c kos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa, jstos t`jaja eobo b`s`õa dkoick kc
bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Aõtjsj quj jk eoaejpto mj fcetor mj potjae`c ck
quj aos rjfjr`bos cquâ, t`jaj ua sjat`mo bãs djajrck y bãs cbpk`o quj jk quj
nci`tuckbjatj sj mjaj ja kos tjxtos mj jkjetrotjea`c. Ja eoaerjto jk eoaejpto
fcetor mj potjae`c (FW) ko jatjamjbos cquâ eobo kc rjkce`õa<
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
JAJYDÂC
CE]@VC
BJM@MC
]YCICLO Ü]@K
+
+
JAJYDÂC
EOAUZB@MC
-
WÀYM@MCU
JAJYDÂC
YJCE]@VC
EOU]JU
JAJYDÂC
+
JAJYDÂC MJ
M@U]OYU@ÕA
WKCA@F@ECE@ÕA P
EOYYJEE@OAJU
JAJYDÂC
+
3>
-
+
YJECYDOU
FKZE]ZCA]J
]YCAU@]OY@OU
@A]JYFJYJAE@CU
WYOIKJBCU
MJ JB@ / JBE
EOBWJAUCE@ÕA
MJ YJCE]@VC
YJMZEE@ÕA
MJ WÀYM@MCU
@AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC
WCYOU AO
MJUJCMOU
CNOYYO MJ JAJYDÂC
CNOYYO
F@K]YCMO MJ
CYBÕA@EOU
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KC MJBCAMC
BC^ÂBJ]YO
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CNOYYO JA
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F`d. 3.= Fcetorjs quj `auyja soirj jk eostj y jk cnorro mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
FW 2
Wotjae`c üt`k
Wotjae`c t rcasportcm c
Oisàrvjsj quj jstc mja`e`õa js bãs cbpk`c quj kc ekãs`ec mja`e`õa mcmc ja
jkjetrotjea`c quj jqu`pcrcic jk fcetor mj potjae`c ck eosφ mj uac `astckce`õa.
Mjatro mj kc potjae`c trcasportcmc `aeku`rjbos euckqu`jr t`po mj jajrdâc
uetucatj8 js mje`r, jajrdâc quj sj trcasportc y ao sj ut`k`zc. Eoaerjtcbjatj kos
t`pos bãs frjeujatjs mj jajrdâc uetucatj quj jaeoatrcbos ja kcs `astckce`oajs
jkàetr`ecs soa kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc y kc mji`mc c kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec. Kc
eobpjasce`õa mj àstcs pjrb`t`rã bjlorcr jk rjam`b`jato y ncejr ua uso bãs
rce`oack mj kos bjm`os mj djajrce`õa
djajrce`õa y trcasportj. Jstos jqu`pos pujmja
pujmja eubpk`r
cmjbãs uac fuae`õa mj ktrcmo mj mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs, soirj tomo
crbõa`eos y ckduaos trcas`tor`os mj eoabutce`õa promue`mos por kos eoavjrt`morjs
mj potjae`c, eoatr`iuyjamo csâ c uac bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mjk s`stjbc mj
m`str`iue`õa.
3
C k o k cr d o mj k t jx to mc r jb os c bp k ` c ` a fo r b ce ` õa mj t om os k os s ` s t jb cs
bjae`oacmos catjr`orbjatj, `ae`m`jamo ja kos cspjetos prãet`eos y cack`zcamo
kos eoaejptos iãs`eos quj ua tàea`eo mjij eoaoejr pcrc m`sjócr kcs `astckce`oajs
y eoatrctcr jk sub`a`stro iclo jk er`tjr`o mj ko quj njbos mcmo ja kkcbcr uso
rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec o bãx`bc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec . Kc durc 3.=
bujstrc ua jsqujbc moamj sj rjsubja kos eoaejptos jxpk`ecmos catjr`orbjatj
y moamj sj rjjlc kc `ae`mjae`c mj m`st`atos fcetorjs soirj ck cnorro jajrdàt`eo.
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
30
3.5 Kc bjm`mc eobo pcrtj jsjae`ck mjk eoatrok jajrdàt`eo
Ja kos cpcrtcmos catjr`orjs njbos njeno n`aecp`à ja kos cspjetos tàea`eos
quj `ae`mja ja jk eostj mj kc jajrdâc y ja kcs pos`ikjs vâcs mj cnorro. Mjk
caãk`s`s jfjetucmo ja m`enos cpcrtcmos mjmue`bos quj kc bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros
jkàetr`eos ja kc `astckce`õa js uao mj kos puatos ekcvj pcrc pomjr rjck`zcr ua
postjr`or caãk`s`s y uac pkca`ece`õa mj kcs cee`oajs c rjck`zcr pcrc opt`b`zcr jk
eoasubo.
Jk s`stjbc mj bjm`mc mj ua cioacmo jbp`jzc por jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc quj
euckqu`jr `astckce`õa t`jaj c kc jatrcmc mj sub`a`stro. Wcrc pomjr cprovjencr
tomcs kcs vjatclcs mj kc djst`õa jajrdàt`ec yc ao icstc eoa kos ekãs`eos
eoatcmorjs Fjrrcr`s, pujsto quj jstos ao pjrb`tja rjck`zcr kcs fuae`oajs mj
eoatrok mj mjbcamc a` t`jaja pos`i`k`mcm mj eobua`ece`oajs y ofrjeja uac
ecpce`mcm buy k`b`tcmc mj djst`õa y eoatrok mj `astckce`oajs quj pujmca `bportcr
y jxportcr jajrdâc ja m`st`atcs frcalcs norcr`cs y eoa m`st`atcs tcr`fcs. Wcrc pomjr
rjck`zcr uac eorrjetc djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc y cprovjencr kcs vjatclcs tcr`fcr`cs
quj sj mjr`vca mj kc aujvc kjd`skce`õa pcrc eoatrctce`õa ja jk bjrecmo k`irj ncej
fcktc ua ecbi`o ja profuam`mcm mj kcs fuae`oajs rjck`zcmcs por jk eoatcmor. Ja
eoaerjto kcs fuae`oajs quj sj rjqu`jrja ja kos eoatcmorjs bomjraos soa<
•
Bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj jajrdâc cet`vc, tcato `bportcmc eobo jxportcmc
•
Bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, tcato `bportcmc eobo jxportcmc
•
Yjd`stro mjk pjrk mj ecrdc< M`cr`o, sjbcack, bjasuck
•
Djst`õa mj m`fjrjatjs frcalcs tcr`fcr`cs
•
Djst`õa mj `atjrrubp`i`k`mcm ja vcr`os e`reu`tos
•
Eobua`ece`õa vâc WKE
•
Boa`tor`zce`õa mj pcrãbjtros c trcvàs mj ua prodrcbc UECMC
•
@aeorporcr ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
3
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
97
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F`durc 3.:.- Eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos< Wos`i`k`mcmjs mj eobua`ece`õa
Kc d. 3.: bujstrc uac rjm mj m`str`iue`õa eoa eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos j `kustrc
kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj eobua`ece`õa.
Ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs buy drcamjs, eoa bükt`pkjs proejsos, kos pcrãbjtros
oitja`mos mjk eoatcmor, s`jamo `bportcatjs y tck vjz kos bãs rjkjvcatjs, ao
pjrb`tja ua jstum`o mjtckkcmo mj kos eoasubos `am`v`muckjs mj ecmc proejso.
5x
5x
c suieucmro mj oe`acs
c suieucmro mj promuee`õa
c suieucmro mj ek`bc
c suieucmro mj sck`mc UC@
=x
5x
5x
UC@
c NZI
3
5x
Uuieucmro
mj oe`acs
c NZI
5x
5x
Uuieucmro
mj promuee`õa
Uuieucmro
mj ek`bct`zce`õa
c NZI
c NZI
F`d. 3.6 Jsqujbc djajrck mj kc bjm`mc ja uac pkcatc `amustr`ck
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
93
Wor tcato kcs pos`ikjs fcktcs mj je`jae`c pujmja qujmcr m`ku`mcs ja ua probjm`o
mj eoasubos y rjsuktcr `amjtjetcikjs. Csâ pujs, cpcrtj mjk eoatcmor djajrck,
kc djst`õa jajrdàt`ec eobpkjtc rjqu`jrj otros buenos puatos mj bjm`e`õa y
rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros, quj mjijrãa jkjd`rsj eoavja`jatjbjatj ja kc fcsj mj
pkca`ece`õa, pcrc pomjr kujdo oitjajr eoasubos pcre`ckjs, v`d`kcae`c mj e`jrtos
proejsos y ja mja`t`vc pcrc pomjr ncejr uac djst`õa jajrdàt`ec c a`vjk mj
sjee`oajs mj ua proejso promuet`vo. Kc d. 3.6 bujstrc ua m`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj
uac drca `astckce`õa j `kustrc jstj eoaejpto.
Ja ecso mj rjqujr`r, mj forbc puatuck, bjm`mcs y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros mj
ckduac kâajc ja pcrt`eukcr, pomjbos rjeurr`r c `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc portãt`kjs,
quj ofrjeja prjstce`oajs s`b`kcrjs c kos `astrubjatos mj pcajk y pjrb`tja su
eokoece`õa tjbporck pcrc ncejr jk sjdu`b`jato mj mjtjrb`acmos proejsos. Kc d.
3.4 bujstrc uao mj jstos `astrubjatos portãt`kjs
F`d. 3.4.- @astrubjato
@astrubjato mj bjm`mc portãt`k eoa ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro mj bãs mj 3 bjs
Ja kos jsqujbcs catjr`orjs pomjbos oisjrvcr quj kos cat`duos `astrubjatos
mj cdulc nca s`mo suist`tu`mos por bomjraos `astrubjatos jkjetrõa`eos, eoa
pos`i`k`mcm mj bostrcr ja uac b`sbc pcatckkc y eoa ua soko `astrubjato kcs
eorr`jatjs, tjas`oajs, potjae`cs, crbõa`eos, jte., tcato ja forbc aubàr`ec eobo
ja forbc drãec. Cmjbãs, tomos jkkos soa ecpcejs mj rjd`strcr ja bjbor`c jstos
pcrãbjtros mj forbc pjr`õm`ec. Oisàrvjsj quj jsto `bpk`ec quj ua `astrubjato
jkjetrõa`eo js ecpcz mj propore`oacr uac drca ecat`mcm mj mctos, pjro pcrc
scecrkj pcrt`mo c jsto sj rjqu`jrj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa ecpcz mj jakczcr
jstos `astrubjatos c ua ormjacmor, quj rjeodjrã kos mctos mj tomcs y ecmc
uac mj kcs kâajcs y pjrb`t`rã vjr kc jvokue`õa mj euckqu`jrc mj kcs bcda`tumjs
bjm`mcs. Jstj ormjacmor ejatrck sujkj jstcr jqu`pcmo eoa ua prodrcbc UECMC
(Uupjrv`sory Eoatrok cam Mctc Cequ`s`t`oa), quj sj jaecrdc mj `atjrrodcr
pjr`õm`ecbjatj c kos `astrubjatos y mj bostrcr ja forbc drãec o aubàr`ec kos
m`st`atos pcrãbjtros y sus drãeos mj jvokue`õa ja jk t`jbpo. Kc d. 3.> bujstrc
ua jljbpko mj pcatckkcs oitja`mcs eoa jk prodrcbc UECMC
3
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
99
F`d. 3.>.- M`st`atcs pcatckkcs oitja`mcs eoa jk softwcrj UECMC
3.= Kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
3
Zao mj kos cspjetos quj sj nca bjae`oacmo c ko kcrdo mj jstj ecpâtuko y quj
prjoeupc c buenos usucr`os y c kcs prop`cs eobpcóâcs sub`a`strcmorcs js jk
eoaejpto mj ‛eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec‒. Jk tàrb`ao ‛eck`mcm‒
js jatjam`mo
jatjam`mo mj buy m`st`atc
m`st`atc bcajrc por m`st`atos usucr`os
usucr`os y por kcs prop`cs
prop`cs
eobpcóâcs sub`a`strcmorcs.
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
95
Kos proikjbcs mj ‛ao eck`mcm‒ soa ua fcetor bãs mjatro mjk eostj mj kc jajrdâc
jkàetr`ec ("eostjs oeuktos") y eobo tck mjija sjr eoas`mjrcmos mjatro mjk
eoaejpto mj je`jae`c y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc quj aos oeupc. Js frjeujatj
eucat`ecr jk cnorro oitja`mo eoa uac bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o eoa ua
ecbi`o mj tcr`fc, pjro aos okv`mcbos c vjejs mj `bputcr eobo fcetor mj eostj
jk mjr`vcmo mj uac `atjrrupe`õa mj sjrv`e`o, o jk oecs`oacmo por ua m`spcro
`atjbpjst`vo mj ckduacs protjee`oajs.
Wcrc pomjr luzdcr soirj m`enc eck`mcm mjijbos mja`r prjv`cbjatj ua bomjko
`mjck mj rjm. Ja jk ecso mj kcs rjmjs `amustr`ckjs tr`fãs`ecs eoa ajutro, jstj
VCY@CE@OAJU MJ
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ICAMC
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57 ... >7 BNz
>7 BNz ... 9 DNz
F`d. 3.0.- Ekcs`e`ece`õa mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs AO `mjck`mcmjs mj kc rjm
bomjko `mjck eoas`st`râc ja trjs fujatjs mj tjas`õa cktjrac, pjrfjetcbjatj
sjao`mck, s`a `bpjmcae`c `atjrac, pjrfjetcbjatj `duckjs y mjsfcscmcs jatrj sâ
397¼. Kcs pr`ae`pckjs mjsv`ce`oajs
mjsv`ce`oajs mj jstj bomjko
bomjko pujmja ekcs`ecrsj ja trjs
drcamjs drupos, sjdüa cfjetja c kc frjeujae`c, c kc cbpk`tum o c kc s`bjtrâc mjk
s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo. Kc durc 3.0 bujstrc uac ekcs`ece`õa mj m`encs mjsv`ce`oajs.
3
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=
Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pos`ikjs pjrturice`oajs pujmja sjr trcas`tor`cs o pjr`õm`ecs
y ja jstj ükt`bo ecso pujmja tjajr vcr`ce`õa buy kjatc o buy rãp`mc. Za iuja
m`cdaõst`eo mjk t`po mj pjrturice`õa quj sj mjsjc eorrjd`r js iãs`eo pcrc cejrtcr
ja kc sokue`õa bãs `mõajc mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc jajrdàt`eo y mj Eobpct`i`k`mcm
Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec (JBE).
Ja jk ecpâtuko = sj ncrã ua jstum`o jxncust`vo mj jstj tjbc y ja jk ecpâtuko 0 sj
`am`ecrãa kos bjm`os mj eobpjasce`õa bãs nci`tuckjs
3.: Wrotjee`õa y sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo
Zac mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs prjoeupce`oajs quj cpcrjeja murcatj jk fuae`oacb`jato
mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec js s`a mumc kc sjdur`mcm, tcato mj kc prop`c
`astckce`õa eobo mj kcs pjrsoacs y i`jajs rjkce`oacmos eoa m`enc `astckce`õa.
Kc sjdur`mcm mj uac `astckce`õa js ua fcetor mj eck`mcm mj kc b`sbc y eobo tck
ncy quj prjvjrkc ja kc fcsj mj proyjeto, `bpkjbjatcrkc ja kc fcsj mj eoastruee`õa
y eoatrokcrkc ja kc fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa. Jstj eoatrok ja kc fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa
rjqu`jrj kc `astckce`õa mj jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa, quj uac vjz bãs sj icsca
ja s`stjbcs mj bjm`mc csoe`cmos ck m`spcro mj e`jrtos rjkàs o sck`mcs m`d`tckjs,
quj cetüca soirj jk s`stjbc c`skcamo jk mjfjeto.
Kos mjfjetos bãs eobuajs quj sj eoatrokca mjatro mjk eoaejpto mj sjdur`mcm y
protjee`õa soa kos s`du`jatjs<
c) Wrotjee`õa eoatrc mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato ja eoam`e`oajs aorbckjs mj uso mj
kc `astckce`õa. (Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck, v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato)
i) Wrotjee`õa ja ecso mj eoam`e`oajs cee`mjatckjs o caõbckcs< Iãs`ecbjatj
soirjtjas`oajs y eortoe`reu`tos. (M`spos`t`vos mj eortj csoe`cmos c bjm`mc mj
bãx`bc o bâa`bc tjas`õa, bãx`bc eorr`jatj, jte.)
Ja jk ecpâtuko > sj ncrã ua jstum`o jxncust`vo mj jstj tjbc ejatrãamosj
iãs`ecbjatj ja jk pr`bjro mj jstos cspjetos, js mje`r, jk cspjeto mj c`skcb`jato
jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac `astckce`õa sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa mj fcsjs
m`st`atcs o jatrj àstcs , bcsc y t`jrrc. Jstos mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato pujmja
promue`r mos t`pos mj proikjbcs<
Wjk`dro mj jkjetroeue`õa pcrc kcs pjrsoacs, por eoatceto m`rjeto eoa pcrtjs
eoamuetorcs mjk prop`o s`stjbc jkàetr`eo o por eoatceto `am`rjeto c trcvàs mj kcs
javokvjatjs. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj : c 37 bC pujmja sjr sue`jatjs pcrc provoecr
uac ir`kce`õa ecrm`cec s` ja jk ecb`ao mj pcso mj kc eorr`jatj sj vja cfjetcmos kos
büseukos mjk eorczõa.
•
Wjk`dro mj `aejam`o ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj fudc `bportcatjs c trcvàs mj ecb`aos
rjs`st`vos eoa rjs`stjae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj drcamjs o por eortoe`reu`to c trcvàs mjk
•
3
eoamuetor mj t`jrrc. Mj njeno, sj nc eobproicmo quj eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 577 bC,
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9:
e`reukcamo jatrj p`jzcs eoamuetorcs eoa jkjvcmc rjs`st`v`mcm, eobo pujmj sjr jk ecso
mj n`jrro ox`mcmo, pujmja kkjdcr c promue`r pàrm`mcs sue`jatjs pcrc poajr jk õx`mo
`aecamjsejatj j `a`e`cr ua `aejam`o.
Kcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj proikjbcs soa jsjae`ckbjatj
mj mos t`pos<
C`skc b`jatoo jatrj pcrtj
C`skcb`jat
pcrtjss javokv
javokvjatjs
jatjs y pcrtj
pcrtjss sobjt
sobjt`mcs
`mcs c tjas`
tjas`õa.
õa. Jsto s`da`
s`da`ec
ec
quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos mjija m`sjócrsj mj tck forbc quj
euckqu`jr pcrtj eoamuetorc ceejs`ikj ck tceto jstà mji`mcbjatj c`skcmc mj kcs pcrtjs
sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa.
•
Eoajx`õa mj kcs javokvjatjs c t`jrrc y protjee`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs ja ecso mj
fudc bjm`catj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o rjkàs mj v`d`kcae`c
v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato.
•
Ja kos ecpâtukos suejs`vos sj mc uac mjser`pe`õa bãs mjtckkcmc mj tomos jstos
fjaõbjaos y mj kos jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr kos mcóos soirj kcs
pjrsoacs, kc `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec o `ae`mjae`cs mj sub`a`stro.
3.6 Yjsubja
Ja jstc `atromuee`õa njbos `am`ecmo euckjs soa kcs icsjs pcrc pomjr jfjetucr
uac iujac pkca`ece`õa y djst`õa mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec, eoa v`stcs c kc
oitjae`õa mj kc bãx`bc "Je`jae`c
"Je`jae`c Jajrdàt`ec" y c kc jk`b`ace`õa mj proikjbcs
mj "Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec" (JBE).
Njbos `am`ecmo tcbi`àa kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj jqu`pos ecpcejs mj jv`tcr
jk trcasportj mj jajrdâc uetucatj y njbos cauae`cmo kos pos`ikjs bàtomos pcrc
jk`b`acr mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs quj pjack`zca kc je`jae`c y nceja pjk`drcr
kc sjdur`mcm mj kcs `astckce`oajs.
Zac vjz bãs mjijbos mjstcecr kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj jkjbjatos mj
bjm`mc y rjd`stro, eoajetcmos c jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa y eoatrok y djst`oacmos
por ua s`stjbc UECMC `atjk`djatj. Jk eoaluato mj jstcs trjs eoscs pjrb`tj
oitjajr kc bãx`bc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y pjrb`tj dcrcat`zcr kc bãx`bc eck`mcm
mj sjrv`e`o.
3
Wujmj pcrjejr quj ckduacs mj kcs sokue`oajs eobjatcmcs eoatr`iuyja sõko c
uac rjmuee`õa mj kc tcr`fc y quj ao cportca ua vjrmcmjro cnorro mj jajrdâc. Ja
ko quj sj rjjrj c rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs, js jv`mjatj quj jsto ao js csâ y quj
sj oit`jaj ua vjrmcmjro cnorro. Ja otros cspjetos eobo kcs pjack`zce`oajs por
eoasubo mj rjcet`vc, bcxâbjtro, pjrâomos puatc
puatc y jstce`oack`mcm js jv`mjatj
quj jk pr`ae`pck ijaje`o pcrc jk usucr`o js kc rjmuee`õa mj tcr`fc. Ja buenos
ecsos ko quj sj oit`jaj js ua bjlor cprovjencb`jato mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa
y trcasportj jx`stjatj, ko euck jv`tc tjajr quj ncejr cbpk`ce`oajs y por tcato
rjprjsjatc ua cnorro ja eostj mj `afrcjstrueturc. Za tjrejr cspjeto quj ao
mjijbos okv`mcr, quj soa kos proikjbcs mj "eobpct`i`k`mcm". U` i`ja js e`jrto
quj jk ktrcmo mj crbõa`eos y kc jk`b`ace`õa mj otrcs pjrturice`oajs ao rjpjreutj
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
96
ja uac m`sb`aue`õa
m`sb`aue`õa mj kc tcr`fc, sâ eoatr`iuyj c jk`b`acr uac
uac sjr`j mj proikjbcs
proikjbcs
mjr`vcmos mj kc m`stors`õa, quj t`jaja ua jkjvcmo eostj ja `atjrrupe`oajs,
bcatja`b`jato, mjdrcmce`õa prjbcturc mj eobpoajatjs y bckc ut`k`zce`õa mj
kos bjm`os mj trcasportj.
3.4 Yjfjrjae`cs
X3R
Torkm Jajrdy Outkooh 9770, Cdjae`c @atjrace`oack mj kc Jajrdâc8 nttp<//
www.`jc.ord/
X9R
Yjm Jkàetr`ec Jspcóokc. Mjbcamc mj jajrdâc ja t`jbpo rjck, nttp<//www.
rjj.js/opjrce`oa/eurvcs_mjbcamc.csp
3
jf`e`jae`c jajrdàt`ec y uso rce`oack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9 EOAEJW]OU IÃU@EOU MJ KOU E@YEZ@]OU MJ E.C.
9.3 @atromuee`õa
Ja jstj ecpâtuko sj mca uac sjr`j mj eoaejptos soirj e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj
cktjrac (E.C.). Ao prjtjamjbos quj àstj sjc ua tjxto mj tjorâc mj e`reu`tos, s`ao
uac `atromuee`õa quj s`rvc pcrc ejatrcr kos tjbcs mj cpk`ece`õa quj sj vjrãa ja
ecpâtukos suejs`vos. Wcrc cbpk`cr eoaoe`b`jatos soirj jstj tjbc rjeobjamcbos
ck kjetor quj eoasuktj kcs rjfjrjae`cs X3R y X9R.
Ja jstj ecpâtuko eoas`mjrcrjbos jk ecso bãs aorbck mj rjmjs mj E.C. mj iclc
y bjm`c tjas`õa, ecs` `mjckjs, js mje`r, eoa iclo a`vjk mj m`stors`õa. Ja ecpâtukos
suejs`vos sj `rãa `atromue`jamo kos proikjbcs mj kcs rjmjs m`stors`oacmcs y kcs
pos`ikjs forbcs mj sokue`oacrkos.
9.9 Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck
Ko quj mjaob`acbos ‛rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `amustr`ck‒ o s`bpkjbjatj ‛rjm
`amustr`ck‒, ja jk ecso `mjck jstã eoast`tu`mc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo mj
eoamuetorjs, ck`bjatcmos por tjas`oajs s`auso`mckjs mjsfcscmcs 397¼ jatrj ecmc
uac mj kcs fcsjs. Kc F`d. 9.3. bujstrc kc forbc mj oamc mj kcs tjas`oajs Z3, Z9,
Z5, mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs rjspjeto ck ajutro. Zac rjm ao `mjck sjrâc cqujkkc
quj tuv`jrc ckduac mjsv`ce`õa eoa rjspjeto c jstj bomjko (fcsjs mj m`st`atc
cbpk`tum, forbc mj oamc ao s`auso`mck, jte.)
F`d. 9.3 - U`stjbc tr`fãs`eo mj tjas`oajs
Csâ pujs, ja eoam`e
eoam`e`oajs
`oajs `mjckj
`mjckjss kc rjm tr`fã
tr`fãs`ec
s`ec mjijrâc eobpor
eobportcrsj
tcrsj eobo ua
eoaluato mj trjs fujatjs mj tjas`õa pjrfjetcbjatj s`auso`mckjs, s`a `bpjmcae`c
`atjrac (por tcato s`a ecâmcs mj tjas`õa), eoa frjeujae`c eoastcatj y eoa jqu`k`ir`o
pjrfjeto mj kcs trjs fcsjs (397¼ mj mjsfcsj jatrj fcsj y fcsj). Ja kc prãet`ec,
vjrjbos quj jstcs eoam`e`oajs ao s`jbprj sj eubpkja, mji`mo iãs`ecbjatj c
9
mos t`pos mj ecuscs, c scijr<
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>
• Kos djajrcm
djajrcmorjs
orjs y jk s`stjbc
s`stjbc mj m`str`iu
m`str`iue`õa
e`õa t`jaja
t`jaja uac e`jrtc
e`jrtc `bpjmcae`
`bpjmcae`cc `atjrac.
`atjrac.
Jsto or`d`ac ecâmcs mj tjas`õa y pàrm`mcs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa.
• Kcs ecrdcs
ecrdcs cisorija
cisorija eorr`ja
eorr`jatjs
tjs trcas`tor`cs
trcas`tor`cs (soirj tomo ja crrcaqu
crrcaqujs)
js) y ckduacs mj
jkkcs eoasubja eorr`jatjs ao s`auso`mckjs y mjsjqu`k`ircmcs, pjrturicamo kc forbc
mj oamc y jk jqu`k`ir`o mjk s`stjbc.
Catjs mj jatrcr c mjser`
mjser`i`r
i`r kcs pos`ik
pos`ikjs
js mjsv`ce
mjsv`ce`oajs
`oajs mj kc rjm eoa rjspjet
rjspjetoo ck
eobportcb`jato
`mjck,ja
mjm`ecbos
ck jstum`o
mj kos
jeuce`oajs quj r`dja
m`enc rjm jstj
`mjckecpâtuko
y pcrc jbpjzcr
mcbos
kcspcrãbjtros
mja`e`oajsy
mj kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros quj kc mjaja.
9.5 Mja`e`oajs mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
C eoat`
e oat`auce`
auce`õa
õa sj mca kcs mja`
mja`e`oa
e`oajs
js mj uac sjr`
sjr`jj mj pcrã
pcrãbjtr
bjtros
os jkàe
jkàetr`e
tr`eos
os
quj nci`tuckbjatj bcajlcbos pcrc ecrcetjr`zcr kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa. Mcrjbos
tcbi`àa ja jstj cpcrtcmo kcs jeuce`oajs iãs`ecs quj kos rjkce`oaca y quj aos
pjrb`t`rãa rjck`zcr eãkeukos sjae`kkos ja `astckce`oajs mj I].
9.5.3 Mja`e`oajs mj bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs
Euckqu`jr bcda`tum mj t`po s`auso`mck, tjas`õa o eorr`jatj, qujmc ecrcetjr`zcmc
por kos pcrãbjtros `am`ecmos ja kc tcikc 9.3. Ja kc F`d. 9.9 sj `kustrca mj
forbc drãec ckduaos mj jstos pcrãbjtros pcrc uac tjas`õa y uac eorr`jatj
s`auso`mckjs.
]cikc 9. 3.- Wcrãbjtros iãs`eos mj bcda`tumjs cktjracs
Vckor `astcatãajo
Vckor ja ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo mj t`jbpo, u(t) pcrc kc
tjas`õa j `(t) pcrc kc eorr`jatj
Cbpk`tum
Cbpk`t
um ( C)
Bãx`bo vcko
korr `astcatãajo mj tjas`õ
`õaa o eorr
rr``jatj Zo, @o
Wjr`omo (])
M u r c e ` õ a m j u a e ` e k o e o b pk jt o , ]
Frjeujae`c (f)
Aübjro mj e`ekos por sjduamo. f 2 3/ ]
Wuksce`oa (π)
Uj mjaj eobo
Mjsfcsj (l)
Jk mjsfcsj jatrj mos bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs js jk rjtrcso
mj uac rjspjeto c kc otrc. (Vjr F`d. 9.9)
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
π
2 9pf
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
90
F`d. 9.9 - ]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja ua s`stjbc boaofãs`eo< Wcrãbjtros fuamcbjatckjs.
Kcs jxprjs`oajs cackât`ecs mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj mj ua e`reu`to euckqu`jrc eoa
oamc s`auso`mck, eobo kcs m`iulcmcs ja kc F`d. 9.9 soa kcs s`du`jatjs<
u (t ) 2 Z 7 . s`a
s` a ( t)
(t ) 2 @ 7 . s`a( t + )
(9.3)
(9.9)
9.5.9 Bjm`mc mj bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs
Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs s`auso`mckjs sj ut`k`zc aorbckbjatj jk
vckor jecz. Eucamo mje`bos quj ja uac rjm ncy 957 V õ =77 V aos rjfjr`bos
s`jbprj c ua vckor jf`ecz. Jk vckor jf`ecz sj oit`jaj c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs
`astcatãajos tck eobo sj jxpk`ec c eoat`auce`õa<
VCKOY JF@EC\< Jk vckor jecz mj uac fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec js kc bjm`c eucmrãt`ec
mj kc fuae`õa c ko kcrdo mj ua pjrâomo. (Ycâz eucmrcmc mjk probjm`o mj eucmrcmos
mj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos). Kc jeuce`õa js kc (9.5). Kc F`d. 9.5. mc uac
rjprjsjatce`õa djobàtr`ec mj (u(t))9. Jk vckor jecz sj oit`jaj subcamo kcs ãrjcs
U3 y U9, m`v`m`jamo por jk pjrâomo y jxtrcyjamo rcâz eucmrcmc.
(9.5)
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
57
F`d. 9.5 - Vckor jecz mj uac oamc mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj
Kc `bportcae`c mjk vckor jecz rcm`ec ja jk njeno mj quj kc potjae`c m`s`pcmc
soirj uac ecrdc mjpjamj prje`scbjat
prje`scbjatjj mjk eucmrcmo mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc
eorr`jatj. Wor tcato pomjbos mje`r quj ja probjm`o kc potjae`c jatrjdcmc c uac
ecrdc rjsuktc propore`oack c kos vckorjs jecejs mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj
quj e`reukc por m`enc ecrdc.
WY 2
Z jf9
Y
2 Y@ jf9
(9.=)
VCKOY BJM@O< Ja e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj eoat`auc o rjet`f`ecmc eoav`jaj c
vjejs bjm`r jk vckor bjm`o. Àstj sj eckeukc eobo kc bjm`c cr`tbàt`ec mj kos
vckorjs `astcatãajos c ko kcrdo mj ua pjrâomo, eobo `am`ec kc jeuce`õa (9.:). Kc
rjprjsjatce`õa djobàtr`ec pcrc uac oamc rjet`ecmc js kc `am`ecmc ja kc F`d. 9.=.
Jk vckor bjm`o sj oit`jaj subcamo kcs supjre`js `am`ecmcs y m`v`m`jamo por jk
pjrâomo, sjdüa `am`ec kc prop`c jeuce`õa (9.:).
(9.:)
Aõtjsj quj sjdüa jsto kc oamc s`auso`mck s`a rjet`ecr t`jaj vckor bjm`o auko,
yc quj jk sjb`e`eko pos`t`vo t`jaj kc b`sbc ãrjc quj jk ajdct`vo 8 ja ecbi`o kc
oamc quj rjsuktc mj rjet`ecr uac tjas`õa s`auso`mck sâ t`jaj ua vckor bjm`o ao
auko. Jstj vckor aos mc prje`scbjatj kc eobpoajatj eoat`auc oitja`mc mj kc
rjet`ece`õa. Ja djajrck, eucamo jk vckor bjm`o mj uac oamc ao js auko `am`ec
quj m`enc oamc t`jaj uac e`jrtc eobpoajatj eoat`auc.
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
53
F`d. 9.= - Vckor bjm`o mj uac oamc s`auso`mck rjet`ecmc
@AU]YZBJA]OU MJ BJM@MC< Jk t`po mj `astrubjatos cmjeucmos pcrc bjm`r
vckorjs jecejs soa kos jkjetrobcdaàt`eos mj n`jrro bõv`k o kos jkjetrõa`eos
mjaob`acmos mj ‛vjrmcmjro vckor jecz‒. Kos `astrubjatos mj ioi`ac bõv`k y
ckduaos mj t`po jkjetrõa`eo eoa rjet`ecmor mj jatrcmc, b`mja ja rjck`mcm jk vckor
bjm`o mj kc oamc rjet`ecmc, cuaquj su jseckc pujmj jstcr drcmucmc ja vckor
jecz. Ja tckjs `astrubjatos, kc `am`ece`õa mj vckor jecz sõko sjrã eorrjetc pcrc
oamc purcbjatj s`auso`mck, pujs ja àstc kc rjkce`õa vckor jecz/vckor bjm`o,
mjaob`acmc ‛fcetor mj
mj forbc‒, js lc j `duck c 3,3.
3,3. Wcrc oamcs m`stors`oacmcs
jstc rjkce`õa ao sj bcat`jaj y por tcato kc `am`ece`õa mj vckor jecz mj kos
`astrubjatos quj b`mja ja vckor bjm`o sjrâc jrrõajc.
9.= Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Js frjeujatj rjprjsjatcr kcs bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs bjm`catj vjetorjs
d`rctor`os. Jstj t`po mj rjprjsjatce`õa sj mjmuej mjk njeno mj quj ua vjetor mj
bõmuko Zo, d`rcamo eoa uac vjkoe`mcm cadukcr π proyjetc soirj jk jlj vjrt`eck
ua sjdbjato euyc koad`tum js< u 2 Z 7 s`a( t ), sjdüa sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 9.:.
Jk pjrâomo mj kc sjóck s`auso`mck rjsuktcatj js ] 2 9p / π y por tcato kc rjkce`õa
jatrj frjeujae`c y puksce`õa mj kc bcda`tum s`auso`mck js kc `am`ecmc ja (9.6)<
2
9
]
29
f
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
(9.6)
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
59
F`d. 9.: - Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj uac bcda`tum cktjrac
Wor eoavja`o sj jk`dj jk jlj x eobo or`dja mj ãadukos pcrc kc rjprjsjatce`õa
vjetor`ck y sj eoas`mjrc sjat`mo mj rotce`õa pos`t`vo jk eoatrcr`o c kcs cdulcs mjk
rjkol. Mj jstc forbc, jk vckor `astcatãajo u(t) mjk vjetor mj bõmuko Zo y fcsj
`a`e`ck 2 t 7, rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.:, v`jaj mcmo por kc jxprjs`õa (9.4)<
(t ) 2 Z o s`a( t + )
(9.4)
Mos bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs rjtrcscmcs uac rjspjeto c otrc ja jk t`jbpo, por
jljbpko
uac eorr`jatj,
pujmja
rjprjsjatcrsj
eobo
vjetorjs
d`rctor`osuac
eoa tjas`õa
ua e`jrtoy ãaduko
mj mjsfcsj
jatrj jkkos,
tck eobo sj
nc njeno
ja
kc F`d. 9.6.
F`d. 9.6 - Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj mos bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs mjsfcscmcs
Ja jk ecso mj rjmjs `amustr`ckjs sj sujkj trciclcr eoa bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs
mj `duck frjeujae`c (ao eoas`mjrcbos por
por jk bobjato kos crbõa`eos) y ao sj
jstã `atjrjscmo ja kos vckorjs `astcatãajos s`ao ja kc cbpk`tum y fcsj mj kcs
b`sbcs. Ja tck ecso
ecso sj sujkja rjprjsjatcr m`encs
m`encs bcda`tumjs ja
ja m`cdrcbcs
vjetor`ckjs, eoas`mjrcamo kos vjetorjs los ja vjz mj d`rctor`os,
d`rctor`os, oitja`àamosj
oitja`àamosj
ko quj mjaob`acbos m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj ‛fcsorjs‒ Kc F`d. 9.4.c bujstrc uao
mj tckjs m`cdrcbcs pcrc rjprjsjatcr uac tjas`õa u , quj sj tobc eobo or`dja mj
fcsjs y uac eorr`jatj `, rjtrcscmc ua ãaduko l (mjsfcsj) .
Ncy quj rjscktcr quj ja ua m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj fcsorjs soko sj pujmja rjprjsjatcr
bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs mj `duck frjeujae`c y quj por ko tcato bcat`jaja kc b`sbc
9
pos`e`õa rjkct`vc ja tomo bobjato. Ja eoasjeujae`c jk eoaejpto mj mjsfcsj soko js
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
55
cpk`ecikj c bcda`tumjs mj `duck frjeujae`c. Wor eoavja`o sj tobc eobo or`dja mj
fcsjs jk jlj x, mjaob`acmo tcbi`àa jlj rjck y sj eoas`mjrca pos`t`vos kos mjsfcsjs
ja sjat`mo cat`norcr`o y ajdct`vos kos mj sjat`mo norcr`o.
u
`
`
u
c) Mjsfcsj ajdct`vo mj @7 rjspjeto c Z7
i) Mjsfcsj pos`t`vo mj @7 rjspjeto c Z7
F`d. 9.4 - M`cdrcbc mj fcsorjs rjprjsjatcamo uac tjas`õa y uac eorr`jatj eoa mjsfcsj
l
Kc F`d. 9.4 bujstrc mos m`cdrcbcs mj fcsorjs, jk c), moamj kc eorr`jatj t`jaj
ua mjsfcsj ajdct`vo rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa (sj m`ej tcbi`àa quj kc eorr`jatj
vc rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa) y jk i), ja jk quj kc eorr`jatj t`jaj ua
mjsfcsj pos`t`vo rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa (sj m`ej quj kc eorr`jatj vc cmjkcatcmc eoa
rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa).
9.: Ecrdcs k`ajckjs y ao k`ajckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj E.C.
Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc buy djajrck pomjbos m`st`adu`r mos t`pos mj ecrdcs
susejpt`ikjs mj sjr ck`bjatcmcs por uac rjm mj E.C.< ecrdcs k`ajckjs y ecrdcs
ao k`ajckjs.
Ja tàrb`aos buy s`bpkjs, m`rjbos quj uac ecrdc js k`ajck s` ck ck`bjatcrkc eoa
uac tjas`õa s`auso`mck mc kudcr c uac eorr`jatj s`auso`mck mj `duck frjeujae`c,
cuaquj sj cmb`tj quj pujmc jx`st`r ua mjsfcsj jatrj kc eorr`jatj mj ecrdc y kc
tjas`õa quj kc nc promue`mo. Csâ pujs, ja uac ecrdc k`ajck, kc tjas`õa cpk`ecmc
y kc eorr`jatj jstãa rjkce`oacmcs por ua fcetor eoastcatj, i`ja jatjam`mo quj,
m`eno fcetor pujmj sjr ua aübjro rjck o ua aübjro eobpkjlo, mjpjam`jatj mj
kc frjeujae`c. Js mje`r, kcs `amuetcae`cs y kos eoamjascmorjs sj eoas`mjrca
jkjbjatos k`ajckjs, cuaquj provoeca ua mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj.
Wor eoatrc, m`rjbos quj uac ecrdc js ao k`ajck eucamo kc rjkce`õa tjas`õa/
eorr`jatj ao js uac eoastcatj rjck a` eobpkjlc, s`ao quj mjpjamj mjk puato mj
trciclo (u,`). U` pcrc uac ecrdc mjtjrb`acmc ck`bjatcmc por uac fujatj mj E.E.
o mj buy iclc frjeujae`c, rjprjsjatcbos kos pcrjs mj vckorjs `astcatãajos (u,`)
ja ua drãeo, kos jkjbjatos k`ajckjs qujmca rjprjsjatcmos por uac rjetc,
b`jatrcs quj kos ao k`ajckjs prjsjatca uac rjkce`õa eurv`kâajc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko
kc F`d. 9.> bujstrc kos drãeos ( u,`) pcrc ua jkjbjato k`ajck y uao ao k`ajck.
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
5=
c) K`ajck
i) Ao k`ajck
F`d. 9.> - Eurvcs ( Z,@ ) pcrc ua jkjbjato k`ajck y uao ao k`ajck
Kcs ecrdcs k`ajckjs jstãa forbcmcs por eobi`ace`oajs mj trjs t`pos mj jkjbjatos
iãs`eos, quj sj mjser`ija c eoat`auce`õa<
• Fu
Fuja
jatj
tjss mj tj
tjas
as`õ
`õa.
a.
• Fu
Fuja
jatj
tjss mj
mj eor
eorr`
r`ja
jatj
tj..
• Jk
Jkjb
jbja
jato
toss pc
pcs`
s`vo
voss Y, K, E. (Yjs`stjae`cs, `amuetcae`cs o eoamjascmorjs)
Zac fujatj mj tjas`õa js ua m`spos`t`vo euyc tjas`õa ja iorajs sj bcat`jaj
eoastcatj eoa `amjpjamjae`c mj kc eorr`jatj quj ko ctrcv`jsc. Za jkjbjato sj
eobportc
eobo fujatj
mj tjas`õa mjk
eucamo
su `bpjmcae`c
`atjrac
js mjsprje`cikj
frjatj ck rjsto
mj `bpjmcae`cs
e`reu`to.
Zac fujatj
mj eorr`jatj
js ua
m`spos`t`vo quj sub`a`strc o cisorij uac eorr`jatj eoastcatj, eoa `amjpjamjae`c
mj kc tjas`õa quj tjadc ja iorajs. Za jkjbjato sj eobportc eobo fujatj
mj eorr`jatj eucamo su `bpjmcae`c `atjrac js bueno bcyor quj jk rjsto mj
`bpjmcae`cs mjk e`reu`to. Oisàrvjsj quj kos eoaejptos mj fujatj mj tjas`õa y
fujatj mj eorr`jatj soa cpk`ecikjs tcato c djajrcmorjs eobo c rjejptorjs.
Ja eucato c kos jkjbjatos pcs`vos Y, K, E , bcat`jaja uac rjkce`õa eoastcatj
jatrj su tjas`õa ja iorajs (Z) y kc eorr`jatj (@) quj kos ctrcv`jsc. Ecmc uao mj
jstos jkjbjatos sj ecrcetjr`zc por su rjkce`õa Z/@ , eoaoe`mc eobo `bpjmcae`c,
mjs`dacmc por \. Kos vckorjs mj `bpjmcae`c pcrc ecmc uao mj kos e`tcmos
jkjbjatos soa< Y, πK y 3/πE , rjspjet`vcbjatj.
Ja kc F`d. 9.0 njbos rjprjsjatcmo kc rjkce`õa Z - @ , pcrc ecmc uao mj kos
eobpoajatjs mj kos e`reu`tos k`ajckjs catjs bjae`oacmos.
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
5:
c) Fujatj mj tjas`õa i) Fujatj mj eorr`jatj e) Ecrdc Y-K-E
F`d. 9.0 - Ecrcetjrâst`ec Z-@ mj kos m`vjrsos eobpoajatjs k`ajckjs
9.:.3 @bpjmcae`cs mj kcs ecrdcs k`ajckjs
Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.=. njbos v`sto quj kcs bcda`tumjs s`auso`mckjs pomâca
rjprjsjatcrsj bjm`catj vjetorjs y jsto pjrb`tâc bcajlcr s`buktãajcbjatj kc
cbpk`tum y fcsj mj m`encs bcda`tumjs.
Kcs kjyjs iãs`ecs mj Onb y kjyjs mj H`renoff soa cpk`ecikjs ck e`reu`to mj
eorr`jatj cktjrac s`jbprj quj jstà forbcmo por jkjbjatos k`ajckjs. Ao oistcatj
kc eorr`jatj ja m`enos e`reu`tos ao t`jaj ja djajrck kc b`sbc fcsj quj kc
tjas`õa, s`ao quj mjpjam`jamo mjk t`po mj ecrdc jx`stj ua mjsfcsj jatrj cbics
bcda`tumjs. Csâ pujs kc `bpjmcae`c, eobo rjkce`õa jatrj mos vjetorjs, sjrã
otro vjetor, eoa su bõmuko y su fcsj.
Wcrc ua e`reu`to sjr`j djaàr`eo forbcmo por Y, K, y E (vjr kc F`d. 9.37) kc rjkce`õa
jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj js kc quj `am`eca kcs jeuce`oajs (9.>) c (9.3=). Jstcs
jeuce`oajs pjrb`tja eckeukcr jk bõmuko (bcda`tum) y kc fcsj mj kc `bpjmcae`c y
ja eoasjeujae`c jk bõmuko mj kc eorr`jatj y su mjsfcsj eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa.
c) E`reu`to Y-K-E< M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck
9
i) M`cdrcbc mj `bpjmcae`cs
F`d. 9.37 - @bpjmcae`c mj ua e`reu`to sjr`j y sus eobpoajatjs
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
56
@bpjmcae`c<
\ 2 Y + l( K
Forbc ecrtjs`cac
Bõmuko
Fcsj
3
E
)
\ 2 Y 9 + ( K 3/ E ) 9
\
2 cretca
(9.>)
(9.0)
( K 3/ E)
(9.37)
Y

Forbc fcsor`ck
(9.33)
\2\
Eorr`jatj<


Forbc fcsor`ck
Bõmuko
Fcsj
@ 2
Z

\
2
Z
\
(
Z
\
)
@ 2 Z /\
@
2
Z
(9.39)
(9.35)
(9.3=)
\
Kcs rjdkcs pcrc oitjajr kc `bpjmcae`c mj eobpoajatjs ja sjr`j y pcrckjko,
trciclcamo eoa sus jxprjs`oajs vjetor`ckjs, soa kcs ekãs`ecs, cuaquj kcs
opjrce`oajs mjija rjck`zcrsj cnorc eoa vjetorjs, o s` sj prjf`jrj ja bomo
cackât`eo, eoa aübjros eobpkjlos, sjdüa kcs jeuce`oajs (9.3:) y (9.36).
(9.3:)
Ujr`j


Wcrckjko
\p
2

\3 \ 9
\3 + \ 9


(9.36)
9.6 Eorr`jatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc ja ràd`bja s`auso`mck
Ujdüa sj mjsprjamj mj kos cpcrtcmos catjr`orjs, kc eorr`jatj ja ua e`reu`to
k`ajck ck`bjatcmo por uac tjas`õa cktjrac s`auso`mck, js uac eorr`jatj tcbi`àa
9
s`auso`mck, mj `duck frjeujae`c quj kc tjas`õa y eoa ua e`jrto ãaduko mj rjtrcso
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
54
o cmjkcato eoa rjspjeto c m`enc tjas`õa, mjpjam`jamo mj quj prjmob`aja kcs
ecrdcs mj t`po `amuet`vo o ecpce`t`vo.
Ja kc F`d. 9.33, sj rjprjsjatca kos m`cdrcbcs vjetor`ckjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj,
tobcamo eobo or`dja mj fcsjs kc tjas`õa, pcrc mos ecsos<
•
Eoa ecrdc `amuet`vc (Y-K)
•
Eoa ecrdc ecpce`t`vc (Y-E)
c) E`reu`to `amuet`vo
i) E`reu`to ecpce`t`vo
F`d. 9.33 - Eorr`jatj totck y sus eobpoajatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc
Ja euckqu`jrc mj kos ecsos jk vjetor eorr`jatj pujmj mjseobpoajrsj ja mos
eobpoajatjs<
• Eo
Eorr
rr`j
`jat
atjj ce
cet`
t`vc
vc,, @ c , ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa.
• Eo
Eorr
rr`j
`jat
atjj rj
rjce
cet`t`vc
vc,, @ r , mjsfcscmc 07¼ eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Ujdüa jk eoavja`o
mj s`daos cmoptcmo ja kc F`d. 9.4, jk mjsfcsj js ajdct`vo (rjtrcso) pcrc ecrdcs
`amuet`vcs y pos`t`vo (cmjkcato) pcrc ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs.
Kcs rjkce`oajs jatrj kc eorr`jatj totck @ , kkcbcmc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj y sus
eobpoajatjs soa kcs s`du`jatjs<
@ c 2 @ . eos
Eobpoajatjj Cet`vc
Eobpoajat
(9.34)
@ r 2 @ . s`a
Eobpoajatj Yjcet`vc
(9.3>)
@ 2 @ c + l@ r
@ 2
@ c9 + @ r9
Eorr`jatj Cpcrjatj, forbc vjetor`ck
(9.30)
Eorr`jatj Cpcrjatj
Cpcrjatj,, bõmuko
(9.97)
Js `atjrjscatj eobjatcr kos s`da`ecmos fâs`eos mj ecmc uac mj jstcs eorr`jatjs<
Wor ua kcmo kc eorr`jatj totck, mjaob`acmc cpcrjatj, js kc quj bjm`râcbos ja
jk e`reu`to eoa ua cbpjrâbjtro. Ja mjf`a`t`vc js
js jk vckor quj
quj mjij tobcrsj
tobcrsj
pcrc m`bjas`oacr kos eoamuetorjs. U`a jbicrdo, eobo sj vjrã bãs cmjkcatj,
9
kc eobpoajatj cet`vc js kc üa`ec quj promuej trciclo üt`k, b`jatrcs quj kc
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
5>
eobpoajatj rjcet`vc sj eoasubj tca soko ja kc erjce`õa mj ecbpos jkàetr`eos
y bcdaàt`eos. Uj pujmj rjmue`r kc eorr`jatj totck, s`a pàrm`mc mj prjstce`oajs, s`
sj eobpjasc kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc tck eobo sj jstum`crã ja jk ecpâtuko s`du`jatj.
9.4 Wotjae`cs ja kos e`reu`tos mj E.C. s`auso`mck
Njbos
rjeckecmo
jk eoaejpto
mj e`reu`tos
mj E.C. s`auso`mck
tjbc mj
potjae`cs
ja e`reu`tos
pjrturicmos
por crbõa`eos
js m`st`atoporquj
y sjrã jkjstum`cmo
bãs cmjkcatj, ja jk ecpâtuko =.
Kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec mj ua e`reu`to sj oit`jaj mjk promueto mj kc tjas`õa por kc
eorr`jatj. Jstc jxprjs`õa rjsuktc s`bpkj mj cpk`ecr c kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj
eoat`auc, yc quj kos vckorjs mj Z j @ soa eoastcatjs, pjro ja kos e`reu`tos mj
cktjrac Z j @ vcrâca ja ecmc `astcatj y por tcato kc potjae`c vcrâc tcbi`àa. Kc
jxprjs`õa mj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc pcrc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj s`auso`mckjs js<
(9.93)
2 Z 7 s`a t. @ 7 s`a( t + )
Mjscrrokkcamo jstc jxprjs`õa, pujmj poajrsj ja uac forbc bãs eoavja`jatj<
2 Z@ eos
+ Z@ eos(9 t +
)
(9.99)
moamj Z j @ soa kos vckorjs jecejs
jecejs mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj rjspjet`vcbjatj<
Z 2 Z7 / 9 8 @ 2 @7 / 9
(9.95)
Oisàrvjsj quj kc jxprjs`õa (9.99) t`jaj ua tàrb`ao eoastcatj o vckor bjm`o mj
kc potjae`c Z@eosl, quj sj mjaob`ac potjae`c cet`vc (W ) y otro tàrb`ao vcr`cikj
ja forbc pjr`õm`ec, mj cbpk`tum Z@ y puksce`õa 9π, moikj mj kc fuamcbjatck.
Jstj tàrb`ao pukscatj Z@eos(9πt+l), t`jaj `atjrvckos pos`t`vos, quj rjprjsjatca
ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc y otros ajdct`vos, quj rjprjsjatca uac mjvokue`õa mj
jajrdâc mj ecrdc c rjm. Uu vckor bjm`o js auko, eobo eorrjspoamj c euckqu`jr
fuae`õa
sjao eoasub`mc
o eosjao, ko
euck
s`da`f`ec
quj
ck ecioU`a
mjjbicrdo
ua pjrâomo
eobpkjtomjkct`po
jajrdâc
y kc
mjvujktc
soa
`duckjs.
js
jajrdâc quj e`reukc por kc rjm y eobo tck promuej pàrm`mcs ja kcs kâajcs y ja kos
trcasforbcmorjs y ncy quj tjajrkc ja eujatc pcrc jk m`bjas`oacmo mjk s`stjbc
mj m`str`iue`õa.
C kc cbpk`tum Z@ mj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc sj kj mjaob`ac potjae`c cpcrjatj (U)
y jstã rjkce`oacmc eoa kc potjae`c cet`vc por kc s`du`jatj jxprjs`õa<
W 2 Z@ eos
2 U eos
Yjsuktc `atjrjscatj rjprjsjatcr drãecbjatj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc pcrc
m`st`atos t`pos mj ecrdc, tck eobo sj nc njeno ja kcs durcs 9.39 c 9.3=. Wcrc
9
ecrdc rjs`st`vc, Z j @ jstãa ja fcsj. Uus vckorjs `astcatãajos eo`ae`mja s`jbprj
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
50
ja s`dao (cbios soa pos`t`vos o cbios ajdct`vos) y por tcato kc potjae`c
`astcatãajc js s`jbprj pos`t`vc eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.39, cuaquj kkjdc c
caukcrsj. Jk vckor bjm`o o potjae`c cet`vc js, ja jstj ecso, `duck c kc potjae`c
cpcrjatj Z@, yc quj jk fcetor eos l js `duck c kc ua`mcm.
]ck eobo pujmj vjrsj ja kcs f`durcs 9.35 y 9.3=, pcrc ecrdcs `amuet`vcs o
ecpce`t`vcs purcs, kc potjae`c `astcatãajc js pukscatj y mj vckor bjm`o auko.
φ
Wor
tcato,o ja
tckjs ecsos,
kc potjae`c
cet`vc cbpk`tum
js aukc (eos
2 7 ), pjro
jk tàrb`ao
pukscatj
potjae`c
cpcrjatj,
s`duj tja`jamo
cmjbãs
quj
Z@. Oisàrvjsj
kos vckorjs `astcatãajos mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc soa mj s`dao eoatrcr`o sjdüa sj
trctj mj ecrdc `amuet`vc o ecpce`t`vc.
F`d. 9.39 - Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc Y
F`d. 9.35 - Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc K purc
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=7
F`d. 9.3= - Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc E purc
Ja kc F`d. 9.3: sj nc rjprjsjatcmo otro ecso mj potjae`c `astcatãajc eoa
ecrdc Y-K, quj js jk ecso bãs frjeujatj ja ecrdcs `amustr`ckjs. Ujdüa pujmj
oisjrvcrsj, pcrc jstj ecso, kos vckorjs `astcatãajos t`jaja `atjrvckos pos`t`vos
y otros ajdct`vos. Kc cbpk`tum mjk tàrb`ao pukscatj js s`jbprj Z@ , pjro jk vckor
bjm`o mjpjamj mjk mjsfcsj jatrj Z j @.
c) Wotjae`c `astcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc Y-K
i) Fkulos mj potjae`c jatrj djajrcmor y rjejptor
F`d. 9.3: - Wotjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc ja ecrdcs Y-K
9.4.3 ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs
Yjeormcamo kc mjseobpos`e`õa mj eorr`jatj jstum`cmc ja jk cpcrtcmo
cpcrtcmo 9.6, vjbos
quj kc potjae`c cet`vc js prje`scbjatj kc quj sj promuej eobo eoasjeujae`c
9
mj kc eorr`jatj cet`vc ( @ eo
eoss l , ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa). Womjbos por tcato
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=3
mjseobpoajr kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ja mos eobpoajatjs, ck `duck quj sj n`zo
pcrc kc eorr`jatj y eoastru`r ua tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs, sjpcrcamo kcs potjae`cs
promue`mcs por kc eobpoajatj cet`vc y kc rjcet`vc, eobo sj `am`ec ja kc F`d. 9.36.
Kcs rjkce`oajs quj sj mjsprjamja mj m`eno tr`ãaduko soa kcs s`du`jatjs<
W 2 U eos 2 Z@
c
S 2 U sja 2 Z@ r
U
2
W9
+ S 9 2 Z@
(9. 9:)
(9. 96)
(9. 94)
F`d. 9.36 - ]r`ãadu
]r`ãaduko
ko mj potjae`cs
C kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc potjae`c cet`vc y kc potjae`c cpcrjatj sj kj mjaob`ac fcetor
mj potjae`c (FW) y ja ràd`bja s`auso`mck s`a crbõa`eos, eo`ae`mj eoa jk eosjao
mjk ãaduko mj mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ( FW2eosl). Eobo sj nc m`eno, kc
potjae`c cet`vc js kc üa`ec eobpoajatj quj promuej trciclo üt`k, b`jatrcs quj kc
potjae`c rjcet`vc js pukscatj, eoa vckor bjm`o auko y sj ut`k`zc sõko ja kc erjce`õa
mj ecbpos jkàetr`eos y bcdaàt`eos ja ckduaos rjejptorjs.
Csâ por jljbpk
jljbpko,
o, kc erjce`
erjce`õa
õa mj ecbpos bcdaàt`
bcdaàt`eos
eos js `bprj
`bprjse`am
se`am`ikj
`ikj pcrc jk
fuae`oacb`jato mj m`vjrsos rjejptorjs `amustr`ckjs eobo< botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs
y otros. Jsto jx`dj quj ncyc uac mjtjrb`acmc potjae`c rjcet`vc, quj ncirã quj
trcasportcr y quj eoatr`iu`rã por tcato c jbpjorcr jk fcetor mj potjae`c.
Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc t`jaj m`st`ato s`dao sjdüa kc eorr`jatj vcyc rjtrcscmc
o cmjkcatcmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc ecrdcs `amuet`vcs (botorjs,
trcasforbcmorjs, jte.), s`al js ajdct`vo, ko euck sj sujkj `atjrprjtcr eobo ua
eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc (cuaquj por ko quj njbos m`eno jk eoasubo bjm`o
js auko). Wcrc ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs ja ecbi`o, s`al js pos`t`vo, ko euck s`da`ec quj
jk eoamjascmor js ua djajrcmor mj potjae`c rjcet`vc, por ko euck sj jbpkjc pcrc
eobpjascr kc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc por m`vjrsos rjejptorjs `amustr`ckjs,
quj sujkja sjr mj t`po `amuet`vo.
Wcrc m`st`adu`r kcs trjs eobpoajatjs mj kc potjae`c, sj b`mja eoa ua`mcmjs
m`st`atcs. Kc potjae`c cpcrjatj sj b`mj ja V´C (voktcbpjr`os), kc cet`vc ja T
(vct`os) y kc rjcet`vc ja vcr (voktcbpàr`os rjcet`vos). Jx`stja tcbi`àa kos bükt`pkos
o suibükt`pkos, mj forbc quj ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs sj sujkja bcajlcr kos
hV´C, hT y hvcr.
9.> Wotjae`cs ja kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos
Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos rjfjr`rjbos c s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos ja djajrck mj trjs o
euctro n`kos, js mje`r s`a ajutro o eoa ajutro y s`jbprj eoa tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs
9
jqu`k`ircmcs. Jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs pcrc jstj ecso js
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=9
jk rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.34. Ja cpcrtcmos postjr`orjs eoas`mjrcrjbos jk
ecso mj tjas`oajs y/o eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo, sjdu`rjbos
eoas`mjrcamo quj kcs tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs jstãa poeo m`stors`oacmcs, js mje`r
soa prãet`ecbjatj s`auso`mckjs.
F`d. 9.34 - ]jas`oajs y eorr`jatjs mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo jqu`k`ircmo
C jf
jfje
jeto
toss mj eã
eãke
keuk
ukoo mj kc po
potj
tjae
ae`c
`c cp
cpcr
crja
jatj
tj y mj kc
kcss eo
eobp
bpoa
oaja
jatj
tjss ce
cet`t`vc
vc
y rjcet`vc, kos s`stjbcs jqu`k`ircmos pujmja trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs
boaofãs`eos. Mjs`dacamo kcs fcsjs eobo K3, K9, K5, kc mja`e`õa mj kc potjae`c
cpcrjatj js kc `am`ecmc ja kc jeuce`õa (9.9>).
U 2 U K3+ U K9+ UK5 2 ZK3 @ K3+ ZK9 @ K9+ ZK5 @ K5
(9.9>)
Ja kc jeuce`õa catjr`or, U, t`jaj ecrãetjr jseckcr y por tcato kcs subcs soa
s`jbprj subcs jatrj jseckcrjs. Ao oistcatj, `bcd`ajbos uac `astckce`õa moamj
pujmca jx`st`r djajrcmorjs y rjejptorjs y moamj ncyc ecrdcs `amuet`vcs y ecrdcs
ecpce`t`vcs. Ao pcrjej kõd`eo subcr kcs eobpoajatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc mj kcs
potjae`cs eobo jseckcrjs, s`ao quj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs mj ua djajrcmor y mj
ua
rjejptor sj
y por tcato,
jfjetos
mj potjae`c
cpcrjatj,
potjae`c
c trcasportcr
jsrjstca
kc m`fjrjae`c
jatrj cjkkcs.
Mj `duck
forbc kcs
potjae`cskc rjcet`vcs
mj uac `amuetcae`c y mj ua eoamjascmor sj rjstca y ncy quj trcasportcr soko kc
m`fjrjae`c. Wor otro kcmo uac potjae`c cet`vc ao pujmj eobpjascr uac rjcet`vc y
v`ejvjrsc. Jsto sud`jrj pujs quj ja jk eobputo mj potjae`cs cpcrjatjs, cet`vcs
y rjcet`vcs, kcs subcs y rjstcs mjija ncejrsj c a`vjk mj ecmc fcsj, eoa ko euck
kcs eobpoajatjs cet`vcs y rjcet`vcs mj kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos sj trctca eobo trjs
s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos mj forbc caãkodc c ko jxpk`ecmo ja kos cpcrtcmos catjr`orjs.
Csâ pujs, kcs jeuce`oajs pcrc kc potjae`c cet`vc y kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mjk s`stjbc
tr`fãs`eo totck soa<
W 2 WY
9
+ WU + W] 2 Z Y @ Y eosl Y + Z U @ U eosl U + Z ] @ ] eosl]
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
(9.90)
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
S 2 SY
+ SU + S] 2 Z Y @ Y sjal Y + Z U @ U sjal U + Z ] @ ] sjal]
=5
(9.57)
Wcrc s`stjbcs jqu`k`ircmos, eobo jk ecso quj trctcbos ja jstj cpcrtcmo, sj
pujmj mjbostrcr quj kcs potjae`cs U, W y S mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo sj pujmja
eckeukcr tcbi`àa c pcrt`r mjk bõmuko mj kcs tjas`oajs eobpujstcs ZK y mj kc
eorr`jatj mj kâajc @K. Kcs jeuce`oajs quj mca kc potjae`c tr`fãs`ec totck ja jstj
ecso soa (9.53) c (9.55)<
(9.53)
(9.59)
(9.55)
moamj ZE js jk bõmuko mj kc tjas`õa eobpujstc (jatrj fcsjs), (9.5=)
Z E 2 ZK3K9 2 ZK9K5 2 ZK5K3
(9. 5=)
@K js jk bõmuko mj kc eorr`jatj mj kâajc (9.5:)
@ K 2 @K3 2 @K9 2 @K5
(9. 5:)
l js jk mjsfcsj mj kcs eorr`jatjs eoa rjspjeto c kcs tjas`oajs fcsj-ajutro ZK3, ZK9, ZK5
9.>.3 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos s`a ajutro
Ja kcs rjmjs tr`fãs`ecs jqu`k`ircmcs y s`a ajutro, ao t`jaj sjat`mo ncikcr mj
kcs potjae`cs `am`v`muckjs mj ecmc fcsj, yc quj ck ao m`spoajr mj ajutro,
kcs tjas`oajs jatrj fcsj y ajutro ao soa bjm`ikjs y por tcato jk eãkeuko mjk
s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos, ja pr`ae`p`o, ao js fcet`ikj.
Wcrc jstj ecso, mjijbos trctcr eoa kc potjae`c mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo eobpkjto
y kcs jeuce`oajs quj mca kcs potjae`cs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc soa
rjspjet`vcbjatj kcs (9.53) c (9.55).
Kc prjduatc quj pomjbos ncejraos js< ¿eõbo pomjbos bjm`r jk mjsfcsj,
s` kcs tjas`oajs s`bpkjs ao soa ceejs`ikjs? o s` sj qu`jrj, ¿eõbo ncrã jk
`astrubjato mj bjm`mc pcrc bjm`r ja jstc eoam`e`õa? Wujs i`ja, mj njeno
kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ao mjpjamj mjk ãaduko y sj pujmj mjbostrcr quj kcs
potjae`cs totckjs, cet`vc y rjcet`vc sj pujmja eckeukcr eobo s` sj trctcsj mj
trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos, jk`d`jamo ua ajutro cri`trcr`o y jbpkjcamo (9.90)
y (9.57).
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
==
F`d. 9.3> - M`st`atcs mjseobpos`e`oajs mj ua s`stjbc mj
tjas`oajs eobpujstcs ja tjas`oajs s`bpkjs
Ja mja`t`vc, ko quj jstcbos m`e`jamo js quj pcrc jk eãkeuko pomjbos jbpkjcr uacs
tjas`oajs s`bpkjs cri`trcr`cs, eoa kc üa`ec eoam`e`õa mj quj tjadca sus jxtrjbos
ja
vàrt`ejs
mjk s`stjbc
mj vjetorjs
tjas`oajs
eobo
bujstrc kc
F`d.kos
9.3>.
Mj njeno
kos `astrubjatos
mjmj
bjm`mc
ko qujeobpujstcs,
nceja js erjcr
`atjracbjatj
ua ajutro crt`f`e`ck, bjm`r kcs tjas`oajs eoa rjspjeto c jstj ajutro y ncejr jk
eobputo totck subcamo potjae`cs mj kos trjs s`stjbcs boaofãs`eos jbpkjcamo kcs
jeuce`oajs (9.90) y (9.57). Ja tck ecso, ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kcs potjae`cs
por fcsj ao t`jaja sjat`mo, pjro kc potjae`c tr`fãs`ec totck js kc b`sbc sjc euck sjc
jk ajutro crt`e`ck, A3 õ A9 ja jk ecso mjk s`stjbc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.3>.
Kcs rjkce`oajs jatrj potjae`c cet`vc, rjcet`vc y cpcrjatj, jeuce`oajs (9.9:) c
(9.94), csâ eobo jk tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs mj kc F`d. 9.36, s`duja s`jamo vãk`mos
pcrc s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos ja ràd`bja s`auso`mck.
C eoat`a
e oat`auce`
uce`õa
õa vjrj
vjrjbos
bos quj pcrc s`st
s`stjbcs
jbcs mjsjq
mjsjqu`k`
u`k`ircmo
ircmoss tcbi
tcbi`àa
`àa js vãk`
vãk`mo
mo
jk
eãkeuko fcsj
fcsj,
pjro Zac
ja ecbi`o
pcrcbãs
s`stjbcs
eoamjcrbõa`eos
jstcs
jxprjs`oajs
ao csoa
vãk`mcs.
jxpk`ece`õa
mjtckkcmc
kcs potjae`cs
ja
ecso mj jx`stjae`c mj crbõa`eos sj mcrã ja jk ecpâtuko =.
9.0 U`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos
Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.9 njbos mjf`a`mo kc rjm tr`fãs`ec `mjck eobo ua s`stjbc
ck`bjatcmo por trjs tjas`oajs mj `duck bõmuko y mjsfcscmcs jatrj sâ 397¼. Jstj
s`stjbc pjrfjetcbjatj jqu`k`ircmo, pujmj rjprjsjatcrsj por trjs fcsorjs, tck
eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.30 c). U` kcs ecrdcs soa tcbi`àa jqu`k`ircmcs, jsto mcrâc
kudcr c ua s`stjbc mj trjs eorr`jatjs, tcbi`àa mjsfcscmcs 397¼, `duckbjatj
rjprjsjatcikjs por ua trâo mj fcsorjs caãkodo ck mj kc F`d. 9.30 c).
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=:
Ja or`dja, kcs tjas`oajs mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa tr`fãs`eo pujmja
eoas`mjrcrsj jqu`k`ircmcs, pjro mji`mo c ua rjpcrto mjs`duck mj ecrdcs ja
kcs m`st`atcs fcsjs (`bpjmcae`cs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs), sj djajrca eorr`jatjs
mjsjqu`k`ircmcs y mji`mo c kcs ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa, sj
or`d`aca mjsjqu`k`ir`os, tcbi`àa ja kcs tjas`oajs mjk puato mj rjejpe`õa.
U` ncejbos kc rjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo mj tjas`oajs
o mj eorr`jatjs, jaeoatrcrjbos trjs fcsorjs quj pujmja tjajr bõmukos m`st`atos
y mjsfcsjs m`st`atos mj 397·, eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 9.30.i.
c) U`stjbc jqu`k`ircmo i) U`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo
F`d. 9.30 - U`stjbcs mj tjas`oajs jqu`k`ircmo y mjsjqu`k`ircmo
Wcrc
jk caãk`s`s
s`stjbcs
mjsjqu`k`ircmos,
Fortjseuj
y Utohv`s,
`mjcroa
ua
bàtomo
eoaoe`momjeobo
bàtomo
mj kcs eobpoajatjs
s`bàtr`ecs.
M`eno
bàtomo
m`ej jsjae`ckbjatj quj euckqu`jr s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo mjsjqu`k`ircmo pujmj sjr
mjseobpujsto ja subc mj trjs s`stjbcs< Zao mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc, otro mj
sjeujae`c `avjrsc y otro mj sjeujae`c ejro, kkcbcmo tcbi`àa nobopokcr.
Jatjamjbos por s`stjbc mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc ua s`stjbc s`bàtr`eo mj vjetorjs
`duckjs jatrj sâ, mjsfcscmos 397·, ja jk quj kc suejs`õa mj fcsjs js K3-K9-K5,
por sjeujae`c `avjrsc cqujk s`stjbc mj vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ, eoa mjsfcsj
mj 397· y sjeujae`c Y ] U y por sjeujae`c ejro cqujk s`stjbc forbcmo por trjs
vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ y ja fcsj. Kc F`d. 9.97 bujstrc kos trjs s`stjbcs.
F`d. 9.97 - U`stjbcs mj sjeujae`cs m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr
Jk bàtomo mj mjseobpos`e`õa js vãk`mo pcrc s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos euckjsqu`jrc, mj
trjs n`kos o mj euctro n`kos, js mje`r eoa o s`a ajutro y s`rvj tcato pcrc jk jstum`o
mj tjas`oajs eobo pcrc eorr`jatjs.
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=6
Ja kc mjseobpos`e`õa mj Fortjseuj, kcs eobpoajatjs m`rjetc, `avjrsc y
nobopokcr soa vckorjs quj mjija eckeukcrsj bjm`catj ua eãkeuko vjetor`ck c
pcrt`r mj kos vjetorjs, Vc , Vi ,Ve, mjk s`stjbc or`d`ack mjsjqu`k`ircmo (vjr F`d.
9.30.i), tck eobo sj `am`ec ja kcs jeuce`oajs s`du`jatjs<

3

3



9
Z m 2 ( Zc + c .Zi + c .Ze )
5




(9.56)

9
Z m 2 ( Zc + c .Zi + c .Ze )
5
(9.54)
3
Z 7 2 ( Zc + Zi + Ze )
5
(9.5>)













moamj c js ua vjetor mj bõmuko ua`mcm y fcsj 397· y Z m ,Z ` ,Z 7 , soa kos
‛vjetorjs icsj‒ (mj kc fcsj K3) mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr. Kos
vjetorjs mj kcs otrcs fcsjs, ck trctcrsj mj s`stjbcs s`bàtr`eos, sj mjr`vca mj kos
‛vjetorjs
icsj‒
mjsfcscamo
rjtrcso ojaja
pcrc
kos s`stjbcs
m`rjeto
j `avjrso397¼
y s`ajamjsfcscr
jk cvcaej
ecso mjkrjspjet`vcbjatj
s`stjbc nobopokcr.
Ja kc F`d. 9.93 njbos rjprjsjatcmo kos vjetorjs ua`tcr`os mj kc mjseobpos`e`õa
9
mj Fortjseuj-Utohv`s, jk vjetor ua`mcm, jk vjetor c y jk vjetor c . Wcrc jk
9
trctcb`jato cackât`eo mj kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, kos vjetorjs c y c sj
jxprjsca ja forbc mj aübjros eobpkjlos eoa kos vckorjs `am`ecmos ja kcs
jeuce`oajs (9.50) y (9.=7).




c 2∙
3
9
+ l
5
9
23
|397·
c 9 2 ∙ 3 ∙ l 5 2 3|9=7·
9
9

9
F`d. 9.93 - Vjetorjs ua`tcr`os mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac

(9.50)
(9.=7)
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=4
Oisàrvjsj por kc jeuce`õa (9.5>) quj s` kos bõmukos mj kcs trjs tjas`oajs subca
ejro ao ncy eobpoajatj nobopokcr. ]ck js jk ecso mj kos s`stjbcs mj trjs n`kos,
s`a ajutro, moamj kc subc vjetor`ck mj kcs trjs tjas`oajs eobpujstcs y kc mj kcs
trjs eorr`jatjs js s`jbprj ejro. Ja tck ecso jk s`stjbc sj mjseobpoaj soko ja uao
mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc y uao mj sjeujae`c `avjrsc y jk s`stjbc nobopokcr js auko.
F`d. 9.99 - Eobpos`e`õa mj kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto, `avjrso y
nobopokcr y s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo rjsuktcatj
Kc F`d. 9.99 bujstrc kc eobpos`e`õa mj eorr`jatjs ja ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo
y ja jkkc pomjbos vjr ekcrcbjatj kos trjs s`stjbcs m`rjeto, `avjrso y nobopokcr
y su subc, quj rjsuktc sjr ua s`stjbc mj vjetorjs mjsjqu`k`ircmo (mj trczo
bãs drujso). Wcrc `am`ecr jk drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj ua s`stjbc sj usca mos
eoje`jatjs<
• Eoje`
Eoje`jat
jatjj mj mjs
mjsjqu
jqu`k`
`k`ir`
ir`o,
o, Hm< Yjkce`õa jatrj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs eobpoajatjs
`avjrsc y m`rjetc (9.=3).
• Eoj
Eoje`
e`ja
jatj
tj mj cs
cs`bj
`bjtr
trâc
âc Hc< Yjkce`õa jatrj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs eobpoajatjs
nobopokcr y m`rjetc (9.=9).
Hm % 2
Z`
.377
Zm
(9. =3)
Hc% 2
Z7
.377
(9. =9)
Zm
C
tâtuko
mjajutro)
jljb pko,y kc
jljbpko,
rjm mj
m`m`eno
str`iue`õa
ja B] js djajrckbjatj
rjm mjaukc.
trjs
n`kos
(s`a
sjdüa
ko m`str`iue`õa
kc eobpoajatj
nobopokcr jsuac
s`jbprj
Wor jkko, kc s`bjtrâc mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa sujkj bjm`rsj üa`ecbjatj por jk
eoje`jatj mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o. Ujdüa kc aorbc JA-:7.367, pcrc kcs trjs tjas`oajs
mj rjm, m`eno eoje`jatj bjm`mo ja probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos, mjij sjr bjaor
mjk 9% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo.
9.37 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos
Ja pr`bjr kudcr pomrâcbos m`st`adu`r jatrj s`stjbcs eoa ajutro y s`stjbcs s`a
ajutro, y ja ecmc uao mj jstos pomjbos m`st`adu`r<
• ]`po C. U`stjbcs
U`stjbcs eoa tjas`oa
tjas`oajs
js jqu`k`ircmc
jqu`k`ircmcss y eorr`jatjs
eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`k`
mjsjqu`k`ircmc
ircmcss
9
• ]`po I. U`stjbcs
U`stjbcs eoa tjas`o
tjas`oajs
ajs y eorr`
eorr`jatjs
jatjs mjsjqu
mjsjqu`k`irc
`k`ircmcs.
mcs.
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=>
9.37.3 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos eoa ajutro
Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj potjae`cs, tcato ja s`stjbcs t`po C) eobo ja s`stjbcs t`po I)
pomjbos sjdu`r jbpkjcamo kcs jeuce`oajs (9.9>) (9.90) y (9.57), tobcamo eobo
rjfjrjae`c ja ajutro mj kc `astckce`õa. Wujsto quj sj m`spoaj mj kcs tjas`oajs
y mj kcs eorr`jatjs `am`v`muckjs mj ecmc fcsj, sj eobputc kc potjae`c `am`v`muck
mj ecmc fcsj y por tcato jk njeno mj quj jk s`stjbc sjc mjsjqu`k`ircmo o ao, ao
t`jaj `bportcae`c.
F`d. 9.95 - M`st`atcs mjseobpos`e`oajs mj ua s`stjbc mj tjas`oajs
eobpujstcs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs ja tjas`oajs s`bpkjs
9.37.9 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos s`a ajutro
Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj potjae`cs ja s`stjbcs s`a ajutro, tcato mjk t`po C) eobo mjk
t`po I) pomjbos sjdu`r jbpkjcamo kcs jeuce`oajs (9.9>) (9.90) y (9.57), tobcamo
ua ajutro euckqu`jrc cri`trcr`o. Mj njeno, sj mjbujstrc quj kcs potjae`cs
totckjs W, S y U ao mjpjamja mjk puato moamj sj tobj jk ajutro, b`jatrcs
kos
jxtrjbos
mj kos vjetorjs
s`bpkjs eo`ae`mca
eoaCsâ
kospujs
vàrt`ejs
K3, K9, K5uacs
mjk
s`stjbc
eobpujsto,
tck eobo bujstrc
kc F`d. 9.95.
sj eobputca
potjae`cs `am`v`muckjs por fcsj, quj ao t`jaja vck`mjz, pjro su subc js kc b`sbc
sjc euck sjc jk ajutro mj rjfjrjae`c. Csâ pujs, kc bjm`mc sj pujmj ncejr erjcamo
ua ajutro crt`e`ck ja jk `astrubjato y kcs potjae`cs tr`fãs`ecs sjrãa eorrjetcs.
9.333 Wotjae`cs `bportcmcs y jxportcmcs< eucmrcatjs
9.3
Ck ncejr jk eobputo mj potjae`c
potjae`css trcasfj
trcasfjr`mcs
r`mcs jatrj rjmjs pomjbos eoatjbp
eoatjbpkcr
kcr
mos sjat`mos mj ulo< mj fujatj c ecrdc o mj ecrdc c fujatj. Ao oistcatj, eoa
jk cubjato mj kos s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa m`str`iu`mc, eobi`acamo ejatrckjs
eoavjae`oackjs eoa s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa icscmos ja fujatjs mj jajrdâc
9
rjaovcikjs, kos eoaejptos mj fujatj y ecrdc sj mjija eoas`mjrcr rjvjrs`ikjs.
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=0
Csâ pujs, ua eoaluato mj mos rjmjs, 3 y 9 (vjr F`d. 9.9=), pujmja `atjre
`atjrecbi`cr
cbi`cr
jajrdâc ja kos mos sjat`mos, js mje`r, cetucamo 3 mj fujatj y 9 mj ecrdc o
cetucamo 9 mj fujatj y 3 mj ecrdc. Jstj eoaejpto mj rjvjrs`i`k`mcm pujmj
cpk`ecrsj cmjbãs tcato c kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs eobo c kcs rjcet`vcs, mcamo kudcr
c = pos`ikjs forbcs mj fuae`oacb`jato, sjdüa sj `bportj o sj jxportj potjae`c
cet`vc y sjdüa sj `bportj o jxportj potjae`c rjcet`vc.
Kcs euctro pos`ikjs eobi`ace`oajs sj rjprjsjatca por kos mjaob`acmos =
eucmrcatjs mjk drãeo mj potjae`cs. Ja kc F`d. 9.9=.i, sj nca rjprjsjatcmo jstos
= eucmrcatjs, `am`ecamo kcs mjaob`ace`oajs y kos s`daos mj kcs potjae`cs, sjdüa
@JE-63::4-39, X5R.
c) Jstrueturc mj kcs rjmjs
i) U`daos mj kcs potjae`cs ja kos = eucmrcatjs
F`d. 9.9= - Eucmrcatjs y s`daos mj kcs potjae`cs
9.39 U`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa< jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj
Wcrc
mjtjrb`acmos
jstum`os
m`str`iue`õa,
eobpjasce`õa
mj
rjcet`vc,
eãkeuko mj ktros,
jte.,mj
js e`reu`tos
ajejscr`omj
eoaoejr
ua jsqujbc
mj kc rjm eoa
mjtjrb`acmos mctos. Ja tckjs ecsos, sujkj eoas`mjrcrsj quj kc rjm tr`fãs`ec js
jqu`k`ircmc y sj rjprjsjatc üa`ecbjatj ua eoamuetor. Kos m`cdrcbcs rjsuktcatjs
sj mjaob`aca jsqujbcs ua`f`kcrjs. Kc F`d. 9.9:, bujstrc uao mj m`enos
m`enos
m`cdrcbcs y jk eorrjspoam`jatj e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj c jfjetos mj propcdce`õa
mj crbõa`eos.
9
Ja jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sj rjprjsjatca iãs`ecbjatj trjs t`pos mj jkjbjatos<
kâajcs, trcasforbcmorjs y ecrdcs (o drupos mj ecrdcs). Ecmc uao mj kos drupos
sj sust`tuyj por su `bpjmcae`c y sj oit`jaj por tcato ua e`reu`to boaofãs`eo
jqu`vckjatj, quj pjrb`tj jstum`cr kc rjm jqu`k`ircmc.
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:7
F`d. 9.9: - Jsqujbc ua`kcr y e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj uac rjm
Ck trc
trctcr
tcrsj
sj mj jsqu
jsqujbcs
jbcs ua`
ua`kcr
kcrjs
js sj supo
supoaj
aj quj jk e`r
e`reu`
eu`to
to rjpr
rjprjsja
jsjatcmo
tcmo js
jk mj uac fcsj y kcs `bpjmcae`cs soa `bpjmcae`cs fcsj ― ajutro. Ja djajrck,
djajrck,
uac ecrdc euckqu`jrc eoa m`stors`õa sj mjsmoikc ja uac pcrtj rjs`st`vc YW
propore`oack c kc potjae`c cet`vc, uac pcrtj ^S, propore`oack c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc
mji`mc ck mjsfcsj Z-@ y uac sjr`j mj fujatjs mj eorr`jatj @n, quj rjprjsjatca
kos crbõa`eos djajrcmos por kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs. C jfjetos mj eãkeuko mjij
eoas`mjrcrsj ua e`reu`to m`st`ato pcrc ecmc crbõa`eo (pcrc ecmc frjeujae`c).
Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj `am`ec kc forbc mj eckeukcr `bpjmcae`cs mj
djajrcmorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, ecikjs y ecrdcs ja djajrck, eoa tck mj eoaoejr
kos vckorjs mjk jsqujbc ua`kcr c pcrt`r mj kcs potjae`cs mj kcs ecrdcs.
9.39.3 E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja ua puato mj kc ceobjt`mc< @bpjmcae`c mj
eortoe`reu`to.
Ck puato mj eoajx`õ
eoajx`õaa mj uac `astckc
`astckce`õa
e`õa c kc rjm püik`ec sj kj mjaob`ac puato
mj eoajx`õa eobüa, sâbioko WEE. Js prãet`ecbjatj `bpos`ikj eoaoejr euãk js
kc eoadurce`õa jxcetc mj kc rjm quj ck`bjatc jk WEE, pjro cüa csâ sj pujmj
oitjajr
e`reu`to
ua`kcr
jqu`vckjatj
mj `bpjmcae`c
kc b`sbc, forbcmo
ua`bpjmcae`c
djajrcmor
`mjck
(eoauavckor
aob`ack
mj kc
tjas`õa y s`a
`atjrac) por
y uac
sjr`j (vjr kc F`d. 9.96). Kc `bpjmcae`c sjr`j pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kc
potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, Uee , mj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, \ee , o mj kc
tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to, uee% .
9
F`d. 9.96 - E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja WEE
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:3
Kcs jeuce`oajs quj rjkce`oaca kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, kc potjae`c mj
eortoe`reu`to y otros pcrãbjtros mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj soa kcs s`du`jatjs<
U ee 2
377.U A
(9.=5)
u ee %
9
Yee9 + ^ ee9 2 Z e 2 Z e .u ee %
U ee
377.U A
\ ee 2
@ ee 2
u ee 2
9
Ze
(9.==)
(9.=:)
\ ee
u ee
377
9
9
2 u Yee
+ u ^ee
(9.=6)
9
Z e .u Yee
ee
Y
2
^ ee 2
(9.=4)
UA
Z e9 .u ^ee
(9.=>)
UA
moamj Z E rjprjsjatc kc tjas`õa eobpujstc ja e`reu`tos tr`fãs`eos (kcs fõrbukcs
soa vãk`mcs tcbi`àa pcrc e`reu`tos boaofãs`eos tobcamo Z E kc tjas`õa mjk
e`reu`to boaofãs`eo), \ ee kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, Yee y ^ ee kc rjs`stjae`c
y rjcetcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, U ee kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to U A kc potjae`c
cpcrjatj aob`ack, @ ee kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to, uee % kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to
jxprjscmc ja tcato por e`jato y uee kc b`sbc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to ja tcato por
uao.
Aotc< ]omcs jstcs bcda`tumjs sj jvcküca c kc frjeujae`c aob`ack (:7 õ 67 Nz).
Wcrc ncejr eãkeukos eoa crbõa`eos ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj ^een 2 ^ee ´ n,
s`jamo n jk ormja mjk crbõa`eo.
Ja pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa sj sujkj supoajr quj tomc kc `bpjmcae`c mj
eortoe`reu`to js `amuet`vc, kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc sujkj eoas`mjrcrsj mjsprje`cikj, js
mje`r Yee ≊ 7, o ko quj js ko b`sbo \ ee ≊ ^ ee .
9
Jljbpko< Zac rjm c =77 V t`jaj uac potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to ja jk puato mj
ceobjt`mc mj 9 BV´C. Eckeukcr kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to y kc eorr`jatj mj
eortoe`reu`to.
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:9
Uokue`õa< \ ee
≊ ^ ee 2
Z e9
2
=779
6
2 7,7>Ω
8 @ ee 2
U ee 9.37
9.39.9 E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj ua trcasforbcmor
Ze
\ ee
2
=77
7 ,7>
2 :777 C
Kcs `bpjmcae`cs bãs s`da`ect`vcs mj ua trcasforbcmor soa mos< Kc rjcetcae`c
bcdajt`zcatj, ^b, ja pcrckjko eoa kc rjm y kc rjcetcae`c mj m`spjrs`õa, ^m,
ja sjr`j eoa kc rjm (vàcsj kc F`d. 9.94). Jx`stj cs`b`sbo uac eobpoajatj mj
`bpjmcae`c mj t`po rjs`st`vo ja sjr`j, mji`mc c kc rjs`stjae`c mj kos crrokkcb`jatos
pr`bcr`o y sjeuamcr`o, pjro sujkj mjsprje`crsj pcrc jk t`po mj eãkeukos
cprox`bcmos quj aos propoajbos ja jstj tjxto.
F`d. 9.94. Jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj mjk trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor..
Kcs jeuce`oajs quj sj jbpkjca pcrc jk eãkeuko mj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to
mjk trcasforbcmor soa kcs b`sbcs quj njbos mcmo ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or, (9.=5)
c (9.=>). Nci`tuckbjatj jk mcto uee % sujkj jaeoatrcrsj ja kc prop`c pkcec mj
ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk trcasforbcmor. Ja eucato c kc `amuetcae`c
` amuetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj, àstc
sujkj tobcrsj mjk ormja mj 3,>% c 9% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. Ja rjck`mcm s` sj
m`spoaj mj mctos mjk jascyo mj vceâo mjk trcasforbcmor, kc eorr`jatj mj vceâo js
prãet`ecbjatj kc eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj, @b, jatoaejs ^b sj pujmj eckeukcr por
kc jeuce`õa (9.=0), moamj (@b)pu js jk tcato por uao mj eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj.
^b 2
Ze /
5
@b
Ze /
2
( @ b ) pu .U A /
5
2
5Z e
Z e9
( @ b )pu .U A
(9.=0)
Jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj pujmj tobcrsj mjsmj sjeuamcr`o o mjsmj pr`bcr`o. Wcrc
kos jstum`os mj rjsoacae`cs y ulos mj ecrdc ja iclc tjas`õa, s`jbprj tobcrjbos
jk jqu`vckjatj v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcr`o.
Jljbpko< Za trcasforbcmor mj 657 hV´C, eoa uac rjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa 3: hV
/ =77 V, eoa uee % 2 6%, eorr`jatj mj vceâo mj 3,>% mj kc aob`ack, sj ck`bjatc mj
uac rjm mj pr`bcr`o eoa > BV´C mj potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to. Eckeukcr jk jsqujbc
jqu`vckjatj mjk eoaluato v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcr`o.
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:5
Jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj js jk rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.97, moamj sj nc supujsto
quj tomcs kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj eortoe`reu`to soa `amuet`vcs, tcato ja jk djajrcmor
eobo ja jk trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor..
F`d. 9.9>. Jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcr`o.
^ eed 2
^ eet
2
Ze
U ee
Z e9
U ee
2
2
=77 9
2 7 ,7:Ω 8
>.37 6
Z e9 .uee %
377.U A
2
=779.6
377.657.37
9
^b 2
Ze
( @ b ) pu .U A
2
5
=77 9
7 ,73>.657.37
5
2 7,73:9Ω8
2 3= ,3Ω
Oisàrvjsj quj s` nui`jrc ulo mj crbõa`eos mjk kcmo ecrdc nce`c rjm, sj pomrâc
jstum`cr eoa jstj e`reu`to, sust`tuyjamo jk djajrcmor por ua eortoe`reu`to eobo yc
sj n`zo ja kc F`d. 9.9:. (sj trctc mj ua djajrcmor `mjck). Ja tck ecso kc eorr`jatj
quj e`reukcrâc por kc rjcetcae`c ^b sjrâc mjsprje`cikj eobpcrcmc eoa kc quj vc
c rjm, yc quj ^b 11 ^eed , por jkko, ja jstum`os mj crbõa`eos sj sujkj prjse`am`r
mj ^b ja jk jsqujbc ua`kcr.
9.39.5 @bpjmcae`c mj kos ecikjs
Ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kos ecikjs pujmja sjr
s`da`f`ect`vcs, por jkko mjija tobcrsj ja eoas`mjrce`õa ja kos jsqujbcs
jqu`vckjatjs. M`encs `bpjmcae`cs mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa djobàtr`ec mj
kos ecikjs mj `mc y rjtorao y mjk bctjr`ck eoastruet`vo. Kos mctos bãs cikjs sj
jaeujatrca ja kos ectãkodos mj kos prop`os fcir`ecatjs.
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:=
C tâtuko mj jljbpko, kc tcikc 9.9 bujstrc kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj ckduaos ecikjs
e cikjs mj =
eoamuetorjs, mj m`st`atcs sjee`oajs, c m`st`atcs frjeujae`cs. Oisàrvjsj quj c :7
Nz mob`ac kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc mj kc `bpjmcae`c, sckvo ja sjee`oajs buy drcamjs,
pjro pcrc frjeujae`cs erje`jatjs (crbõa`eos 33 y 35 por jljbpko, mj frjeujae`cs
::7 Nz y 6:7 Nz) kc pcrtj `amuet`vc t`jaj ua pjso `bportcatj.
]cikc 9. 9. @bpjmcae`cs mj ecikjs mj = eoamuetorjs t`po ‛Wrotomur‒ pcrc tjas`õa
ncstc 3hV.
Aübjro y
sjee`õa mj kos
eoamuetorjs
9
Y c 47·E
Ω / hb
^ c :7 Nz
Ω / hb
\ c :7 Nz \ c 9:7 Nz \ c 5:7 Nz \ c ::7 Nz \ c 6:7 Nz
Ω / hb
Ω / hb
Ω / hb
Ω / hb
Ω / hb
=x3,: bb9
3 = .= 4
7.33:
3 = .= 4
3=. =>
3 = .= 0
3=. :5
3 = .: :
=x9,: bb9
> .4 3
7.33
> .4 3
>. 45
> .4 =
>. 40
> .> 5
=x= bb9
: .= :
7. 374
: .= :
:. =>
: .: 7
:. :>
: .6 9
=x6 bb9
5 .6 9
7. 3
5 .6 9
5. 6:
5 .6 0
5. 4>
5 .> :
=x37 bb9
9 .3 6
7. 70=
9 .3 6
9. 93
9 .9 6
9. 50
9 .= >
=x36 bb9
3 .5 6
7. 70
3 .5 6
3. =5
3 .: 7
3. 6>
3 .4 0
=x9: bb9
7 .> 6 5
7. 7>6
7 .> 4
7. 06
3 .7 :
3. 9>
3 .= 3
=x5: bb9
7 .6 9 4
7. 7>5
7 .6 5
7. 4:
7 .> :
3.33
3 .9 :
=x:7 bb9
7 .= 6 5
7. 7>5
7 .= 4
7. 69
7 .4 =
3. 79
3 .3 4
=x47 bb9
7 .5 9 3
7. 7>9
7 .5 5
7. :9
7 .6 6
7. 06
3.33
=x0: bb9
7 .9 5 3
7. 7>9
7 .9 :
7. =4
7 .6 9
7. 05
3 .7 0
=x397 bb9
7 .3 > 5
7. 7>
7 .9 7
7. ==
7 .: 0
7. 07
3 .7 6
=x3:7 bb9
7 .3 = 0
7. 7>
7 .3 4
7. =5
7 .: >
7. >0
3 .7 :
=x3>: bb9
7.33>
7. 7>
7 .3 =
7. =9
7 .: 4
7. >0
3 .7 :
=x9=7 bb9
7 .7 0
7. 740
7 .3 9
7. =3
7 .: 6
7. >4
3 .7 5
=x577 bb9
7 .7 4 3
7. 740
7.33
7. =7
7 .: 6
7. >4
3 .7 5
]àadcsj ja eujatc cmjbãs, quj kc eobpoajatj `amuet`vc mjpjamj mj kc
m`spos`e`õa djobàtr`ec mj kos ecikjs. U` kos ecikjs mj kcs m`st`atcs fcsjs
sj jaeujatrca buy sjpcrcmos jatrj sâ, kc pcrtj `amuet`vc cubjatc buy
eoas`mjrcikjbjatj. Eoaerjtcbjatj pcrc kâajcs kcrdcs, tjam`mcs eoa ecikjs
ua`pokcrjs, c vjejs ecikjs bükt`pkjs por fcsj, y m`seurr`jamo por icamjlcs
bjtãk`ecs, mjij proeurcrsj trjazcr kos ecikjs mj kcs trjs fcsjs, mj forbc quj jk
ãrjc jatrj `mc y rjtorao sjc kc bâa`bc pos`ikj. Ecso mj ao rjspjtcr jstc forbc mj
tjam`mo, kc `amuetcae`c mjk ecikj ckecazc fãe`kbjatj vckorjs jatrj 7,> y 3 ºN /b,
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
::
F`d. 9. 90. M`spos`e`õa mj ecikjs pcrc b`a`b`zcr kc `amuetcae`c por bjtro
eoa ko euck kc `bpjmcae`c erjej eoas`mjrcikjbjatj y kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa supjrc
kos kâb`tjs cejptcikjs, nce`jamo `aüt`k jk cubjato mj sjee`õa mj ecikjs. Kc F`d.
9.90 `kustrc kcs forbcs eorrjetc j `aeorrjetc mj m`spoajr kos ecikjs mj kcs fcsjs
y kc tcikc 9.9 mc kcs rjcetcae`cs or`jatct`vcs
or`jatct`vcs mj m`vjrscs m`spos`e`oajs mj ecikjs
y icrrcs.
]cikc 9. 5. Yjcetcae`cs ja T/hb mj m`st`atcs m`spos`e`oajs mj ecikjs y icrrcs
Ic r r c s
Ecikj
]r`fãs`eo
5 ecikjs
5 ecikjs
ua`pokcrjs
ua`pokcrjs
ja tr`caduko ja kâajc
ecikjs ja
kâajc m2M
ecikjs
ja kâajc
m29M
Ω/h b
7, 3:
7, 74:
7, 3 :
7 , 3= :
7, 30
Vckorjs
jxtrjbos
7, 3 c 7, 9 7, 7 : c 7 , 3 7, 3 c 7, 9
J s qu jb c
Yjcetcae`c
7, 3
7, 7 > c 7, 39 7 , 3= c 7, 3 : 7, 3> c 7 , 9
9.35 Yjsoacae`cs sjr`j y pcrckjko
Kc `bpjmcae`c mj kcs ioi`acs y mj kos eoamjascmorjs mjpjamj, sjdüa sj nc
m`eno, mj kc frjeujae`c, pjro cmjbãs, kos eobpoajatjs rjckjs, t`jaja e`jrtcs
`bpjrfjee`oajs. Kcs `amuetcae`cs sujkja tjajr uac e`jrtc rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j
YK y kos eoamjascmorjs sujkja prjsjatcr uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j YU (c vjejs
mjaob`acmc JUY, jqu`vckjat sjr`js rjs`stcaej) y otrc ja pcrckjko o mj fudcs Y f .
Kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs mj jstos eobpoajatjs rjckjs y sus `bpjmcae`cs ja
9
F`d. 9. 57 - @bpjmcae`c mj
F`d. 9. 53 - @bpjmcae`c mj
uac ioi`ac ao `mjck
ua eoamjascmor ao `mjck
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:6
fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c sj nca m`iulcmo ja kcs durcs 9.57 y 9.53. Ja m`encs
durcs njbos m`iulcmo kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs eoas`mjrcamo kcs `bpjrfjee`oajs
pjrejpt`ikjs c iclcs frjeujae`cs ( f ; 9 hNz ) mj m`enos eobpoajatjs ( YK , YU, Y f ).
Kc eoajx`õa ja sjr`j o ja pcrckjko mj `amuetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs mc kudcr c
s`tuce`oajs s`adukcrjs, mjaob`acmcs mj rjsoacae`c, ja kcs euckjs kc `bpjmcae`c
sj ncej bâa`bc o bãx`bc. Jstcs eoam`e`oajs mj rjsoacae`c soa prje`scbjatj kcs
quj sj eoatrokca pcrc oitjajr m`st`atos t`pos mj ktros.
9.35.3 Yjsoacae`c sjr`j
Kc eoajx`õa ja sjr`j mj uac ioi`ac y ua eoamjascmor mc eobo rjsuktcmo ua
e`reu`to euyc `bpjmcae`c pujmj eckeukcrsj mj kc jeuce`õa (9.:7). Jk bõmuko mj
m`enc `bpjmcae`c vcrâc eoa kc frjeujae`c sjdüa sj `am`ec ja kc F`d. 9.59. y kc
jeuce`õa (9.:3)
\ 2( Y
K
+ Y ) + l( ^
\ 2 (Y
s
K
K
∙^
E
(9.:7)
)
+ Y ) 9 + ( πK ∙ 3 / πE ) 9
(9.:3)
s
Oisàrvjsj quj kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kc ioi`ac y mjk eoamjascmor sj rjstca,
sjdüa sj v`o ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.6. Jx`stj uac frjeujae`c, kkcbcmc frjeujae`c
mj rjsoacae`c, π Y , pcrc kc euck eo`ae`mca kos vckorjs mj ^ K y ^ E. Kc
`bpjmcae`c c m`enc frjeujae`c js bâa`bc, qujmcamo rjmue`mc c kc subc
mj rjs`stjae`cs YK + Ys, euyo vckor js djajrckbjatj buy iclo.
• Eo
Eoam
am`e
`e`õ
`õaa mj
mj rjs
rjsoa
oaca
cae`
e`c<
c< ^
2 ^E ⇙
K
• Fr
Frje
jeuj
ujae
ae`c
`c mj
mj rjso
rjsoac
acae
ae`c
`c<< π
Y
2
π
3
Y
3
K2
π
Y
E
(9. :9)
(9. :5)
KE
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:4
F`d. 9. 59.- @bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c ja ua e`reu`to K-E sjr`j.
F`d. 9.55 - M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck ja eoam`e`oajs mj rjsoacae`c sjr`j.
Jk eobportcb`jato mjk e`reu`to KE sjr`j js ecpce`t`vo pcrc
, eoa kc
eorr`jatj cmjkcatcmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa j `amuet`vo pcrc
, eoa kc
eorr`jatj rjtrcscmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c, jk
m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck js jk mj kc F`d. 6.:. Kc eorr`jatj y kc tjas`õa jstãa ja fcsj
y pujmj oisjrvcrsj quj kcs tjas`oajs ja kc ioi`ac y ja jk eoamjascmor sj
eoatrcrrjstca, pum`àamosj mcr jk ecso mj quj àstcs soa vcr`cs vjejs supjr`orjs
c kc tjas`õa mj rjm. Ja eoasjeujae`c uac rjsoacae`c sjr`j provoec fujrtjs
soirjtjas`oajs soirj kos eoamjascmorjs y soirj kcs ioi`acs.
9.35.9 Yjsoacae`c pcrckjko
Kc eoajx`õa ja pcrckjko mj uac ioi`ac y ua
ua eoamjascmor mc eobo rjsuktcmo
ua e`reu`to euyc `bpjmcae`c pujmj eckeukcrsj mj kc jeuce`õa (9.:=). Oisàrvjsj
quj pcrc
jk vckor mj kc `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bãx`bo y cmqu`jrj ua
vckor buy drcamj, tcato bãs eucato bjaorjs sjca
y . Jk bõmuko mj m`enc
`bpjmcae`c vcrâc eoa kc frjeujae`c sjdüa sj `am`ec ja kc F`d. 9.5=.
(9.:=)
9
Eoam`e`õa mj rjsoacae`c<
(9.::)
Frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c<
(9.:6)
Jk eobportcb`jato mjk e`reu`to KE pcrckjko js `amuet`vo pcrc
kc eorr`jatj rjtrcscmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa y ecpce`t`vo pcrc
, eoa
, eoa kc
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:>
eorr`jatj cmjkcatcmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c,
jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck js jk mj kc F`d. 9.5:. Kcs eorr`jatjs por ecmc uac mj kcs
rcbcs mj ioi`ac y eoamjascmor soa `duckjs y mj s`dao eoatrcr`o, mj forbc quj
kc eorr`jatj totck js prãet`ecbjatj ejro (`bpjmcae`c buy drcamj). Kcs eorr`jatjs
mj ecmc rcbc pujmja tobcr vckorjs jxtrjbcmcbjatj cktos, jx`st`jamo por
tcato ua pjk`dro mj mjstruee`õa mjk eoamjascmor o mj kc ioi`ac s` ao cetüca kcs
protjee`oajs cmjeucmcs.
F`d. 9.5= - @bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c ja ua e`reu`to K-E pcrckjko
F`d. 9.5: - M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck ja eoam`e`oajs mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko
9.3= Njrrcb`jatcs mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs
9
Cetuckb jatj jk
Cetuckbjatj
j k caãk`s`s
caã k`s`s mj e`reu`t
e` reu`tos
os sj nc s`bpk`
s` bpk`ecmo
ecmo bueno
b ueno drce`cs c m`vjrscs
m`v jrscs
njrrcb`jatcs quj pjrb`tja kc rjsokue`õa mj e`reu`tos bjm`catj s`bukce`õa por
eobputcmor. Jx`stja vcr`os pcqujtjs mj softwcrj profjs`oackjs, eoa jxejkjatjs
prjstce`oajs, quj pjrb`tja ncejr prjm`ee`oajs mj eobportcb`jato mj rjmjs
eoa euckqu`jr t`po mj ecrdcs. Ckduaos mj jstos pcqujtjs ofrjeja vjrs`oajs mj
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
:0
mjbostrce`õa, quj pjrb`tja proicr jk s`bukcmor y pujmja rjsuktcr üt`kjs pcrc
oitjajr uac pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa mjk eobportcb`jato mj uac mjtjrb`acmc rjm.
Kcs fuae`oajs quj pjrb`tja jstos s`bukcmorjs jbp`jzca eoa ua pr`bjr pcso quj
pjrb`tj m`iulcr jk e`reu`to y kujdo pjrb`tja ncejr uac s`bukce`õa por bàtomos
tjbporckjs y/o frjeujae`ckjs.
Ao vcbos c trctcr cquâ mj a`adüa s`bukcmor ja pcrt`eukcr, pjro kos bãs eoaoe`mos
soa jk WUp`ej-Orecm y jk WU@B. Cbios pjrb`tja mjsecrdcr vjrs`oajs mjbo mj
X=R y X:R rjspjet`vcbjatj.
Euckqu`jrc mj jstcs mjbos pujmj rjsuktcr üt`kjs pcrc ncejr eãkeukos mj ckdüa
ktro sjae`kko, vjr su rjspujstc ja frjeujae`c o kcs forbcs mj oamc.
C tâtuko mj jljbpko
jl jbpko kc d. 9.56 bujstr
bujstrcc ua jsqujbãt`
jsqujbãt`eo
eo mj ua ktro
k tro KEK pcrc ua
rjet`ecmor m`iulcmo eoa jk s`bukcmor WUp`ej y kcs durcs 9.54 c 9.50 bujstrca
m`st`atos drãeos y tcikcs quj sj nca oitja`mo mj kc s`bukce`õa eoa kc vjrs`õa
mjbo mjk b`sbo.
F`d. 9.54 - Forbcs mj oamc oitja`mcs eoa jk s`bukcmor
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
67
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
63
Yct`o mj
cbpk`tum
Fcsj
F`d. 9.5> - Yjspujstc frjeujae`ck oitja`mc eoa jk s`bukcmor
F`d. 9.50 - Yjspujstc frjeujae`ck oitja`mc eoa jk s`bukcmor
9.3: Yjsubja
Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos `atromue`mo kos eoaejptos iãs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj
eorr`jatj cktjrac y bãs eoaerjtcbjatj sj nc ejatrcmo jk `atjràs ja kos eoaejptos
rjkce`oacmos eoa kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec.
9
Mjk jstum`o sj nc mjmue`mo quj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc ja ua e`reu`to mj cktjrac
js uetucatj y quj kc potjae`c cet`vc, ao js otrc eosc quj jk vckor probjm`o mj
m`enc potjae`c `astcatãajc. Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa quj kc potjae`c `astcatãajc
pujmj tjajr vckorjs pos`t`vos y ajdct`vos, js mje`r, murcatj e`jrtcs pcrtjs mjk
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
69
e`eko sj tobc potjae`c mj kc rjm y ja otros `astcatjs sj mjvujkvj uac pcrtj mj
m`enc potjae`c. Ja ecsos jxtrjbos (ecrdcs K o E purcs) pujmj `aekuso mjvokvjrsj
tomc kc potjae`c cisori`mc, eoa ko euck jk vckor bjm`o o potjae`c cet`vc sjrâc auko.
Ao oistcatj s`duj jx`st`jamo uac potjae`c uetucatj quj ncy quj trcasportcr y
quj por tcato aos oik`dc c ua m`bjas`oacmo bcyor mj kos s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa
y trcasportj (djajrcmorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, kâajcs, jte.)
Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa quj kcs jajrdâcs uetucatjs eoasub`mcs por ecrdcs mj t`po
`amuet`vo y mj t`po ecpce`t`vo soa mj s`dao eoatrcr`o, ko euck pjrb`tj mje`r quj
kc potjae`c uetucatj mj kcs ecrdcs `amuet`vcs pujmj sjr eobpjascmc bjm`catj
ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs o eoamjascmorjs. Jstc potjae`c fkuetucatj sj mjaob`ac
potjae`c rjcet`vc y kc crbce`õa catjr`or pujmj forbukcrsj jatoaejs m`e`jamo
quj< kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj kcs ecrdcs `amuet`vcs pujmj sjr eobpjascmc
bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs. Jstc eobpjasce`õa t`jaj eobo pr`ae`pck ijaje`o jk
ao tjajr quj trcasportcr kc jajrdâc uetucatj y pjrb`tj por tcato rjmue`r pàrm`mcs
y rjmue`r jk m`bjas`oacmo mj kos bjm`os mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj. Jk jstum`o
bãs mjtckkcmo mj jstj tjbc sj mcrã ja jk ecpâtuko =.
C ko
k o kcrdo mjk ecpâtu
ecpâtuko
ko njbos v`sto tcbi`à
tcbi`àaa kc forbc mj oitjajr kos jsqujb
jsqujbcs
cs
jqu`vckjatjs mj uac rjm, eoaejpto quj ut`k`zcrjbos ja kos ecpâtukos suejs`vos
pcrc mjmue`r jk eobportcb`jato mj m`enc rjm ck `atromue`r kos eoamjascmorjs mj
eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc o kos ktros mj crbõa`eos.
9.36 Yjfjrjae`cs
X3R Ortjdc L`bjajz, L. 8 Wcrrc Wr`jto, V.B.
V.B. 8 Wcstor Dut`jrrjz, C. 8 Wjrjz-Eoyto, C. 8
‒]jor`c
‒]
jor`c mj E`reu`tos‒,
E`r eu`tos‒, Jm. ZAJM, 4ª jm`e`õa (9777), @UIA< 04>>=56930=0=
X9R Y. J. ]nobcs, C. L. Yosc. ‛E`reu`tos y sjóckjs< @atromuee`õa c kos e`reu`tos
k`ajckjs y mj ceopkcb`jato‒. Jm. Yjvjrtà (3003), @UIA< 04>>=9035=:>-9
X5R @JE-63::4-39, Jkjetr`eck scfjty `a kow voktcdj m`str`iut`oa systjbs up to 3777
Vce cam 3:77 Vme- Jqu`pbjat for tjst`ad, bjcsur`ad or boa`tor`ad of protjet`vj
bjcsurjs - Wcrt 39< Wjrforbcaej bjcsur`ad cam boa`tor`ad mjv`ejs (WBM)
X=R nttp<//www.ec
nttp<//www.ecmjaej.eob/promuets/orecm/m
mjaej.eob/promuets/orecm/mowakocms/orecm_mjbo/`amjx.c
owakocms/orecm_mjbo/`amjx.cspx
spx
X:R nttp<//www.p
nttp<//www.powjrsys.fr/
owjrsys.fr/
9
eoaejWtos IÃs`eos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac
5 EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ WO]JAE@C YJCE]@VC JA YJMJU AO
M@U]OYU@OACMCU
5.3 @atromuee`õa
Ja jstj ecpâtuko trctcrjbos mj kc eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja rjmjs
ao m`stors`oacmcs, js mje`r ja cusjae`c mj crbõa`eos. Csâ pujs, eoas`mjrcbos
soko kcs potjae`cs rjkce`oacmcs eoa kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj :7 õ 67 Nz.
Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc quj eoas`mjrcbos ja jstj ecpâtuko js ja mja`t`vc kc quj
b`mja kc bcyorâc mj eoatcmorjs `astckcmos cetuckbjatj,
cetuckbjatj, icscmos ja
ja jk s`stjbc
Fjrrcat`. Ao oistcatj, jstj t`po mj eoatcmorjs t`jaj kos mâcs eoatcmos, pujs kc
bcyorâc mj eobpcóâcs kos jstãa sust`tuyjamo por eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos, quj
pjrb`tja kjeturc rjbotc y djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc y quj m`st`aduja jatrj
y Fcetor mj Wotjae`c (FW), eoaejptos quj vjrjbos ja jk ecpâtuko = quj soa
m`fjrjatjs s` kc eorr`jatj t`jaj tcscs mj m`stors`õa jkjvcmc.
Csâ pujs
pujs,, pcrc `a`
`a`e`cr
e`craos
aos ja jk tjbc
tjbc,, ja jk rjst
rjstoo mj jstj ecpâ
ecpâtuko
tuko ncikcrjb
ncik crjbos
os
`am`st`atcbjatj mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o bjlorc mj
, eobo
tàrb`aos s`aõa`bos.
Kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecrdcs `amustr`ckjs (botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, ckubircmo
uorjsejatj y otrcs) cisorija potjae`c cet`vc y, ja djajrck, potjae`c rjcet`vc
mj t`po `amuet`vo. Eobo sj nc v`sto ja jk ecpâtuko catjr`or, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc
js uac potjae`c purcbjatj fkuetucatj quj cisorija bobjatãajcbjatj kos
rjejptorjs murcatj uac pcrtj mjk e`eko y quj mjvujkvja c kc rjm c ko kcrdo mjk
e`eko, mj forbc quj ao supoaj ua eoasubo ajto. Jsto `bpk`ec, s`a jbicrdo, ua
eoasubo mj eorr`jatj jxtrc (eorr`jatj rjcet`vc) y por tcato uac eorr`jatj totck
bcyor quj kc jstr`etcbjatj ajejscr`c pcrc oitjajr jk trciclo üt`k, promue`jamo
pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs ja kc `astckce`õa y oik`dcamo c ua bcyor m`bjas`oacmo mj
kos djajrcmorjs y kâajcs mj trcasportj.
5.9 Eorr`jatjs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc
Kc eorr`jatj totck cisori`mc por ua rjejptor sj mjaob`ac eorr`jatj cpcrjatj,
@ . Wjro soko uac
uac pcrtj mj jstc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj
cpcrjatj promuej trciclo üt`k, kc
mjaob`acmc eorr`jatj cet`vc, euyo vckor js
. Cbics eorr`jatjs,
cpcrjatj y cet`vc, jstãa rjkce`oacmcs por jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc `astckce`õa
y pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj ja ua tr`ãaduko, sjdüa bujstrc kc F`d. 5.3. Ja m`eno
tr`ãaduko cpcrjej uac tjrejrc eobpoajatj mj eorr`jatj, mjaob`acmc eorr`jatj
rjcet`vc , euyo vckor js
.
5
F`d. 5.3.- ]r`ãadukos
]r`ãadukos mj eorr`jatjs
eorr`jatjs y mj potjae`cs
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
6=
Eobo sj nc m`eno, kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc cisori`mc por kc bcyorâc mj rjejptorjs
`amustr`ckjs js eorr`jatj mj t`po `amuet`vo, js mje`r, rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc
tjas`õa. Ao oistcatj ja kos tr`ãadukos mj eorr`jatjs y mj potjae`cs (F`d. 5.3) sj
sujkj rjprjsjatcr drãecbjatj kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc mj t`po `amuet`vo, , y kc
potjae`c rjcet`vc
mji`mc c m`enc eorr`jatj, ja jk sjat`mo mjk jlj mj ormjacmcs
pos`t`vo. Js mje`r, quj eoavjae`oackbjatj sj cs`dac s`dao pos`t`vo c kc potjae`c
rjcet`vc mj t`po `amuet`vo y ja eoasjeujae`c mjij cs`dacrsj s`dao ajdct`vo c kc
eorr`jatj rjcet`vc y c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po ecpce`t`vo
. U`du`jamo eoa jk
eoavja`o mj s`daos, jsto `bpk`ec quj jk
jk ãaduko , sj eoas`mjrc pos`t`vo eucamo kc
eorr`jatj jstà rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa y ajdct`vo ja ecso eoatrcr`o.
5.5 Eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc
Jk eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc oik`dc c prjvjr uaos bjm`os mj djajrce`õa
y trcasportj bãs m`bjas`oacmos. Js por jkko quj ncy ua moikj `atjràs ja su
eobpjasce`õa< Wor ua kcmo jk prop`o usucr`o sj `atjrjsc ja kc eobpjasce`õa mj
rjcet`vc porquj jsto supoaj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs bjaos m`bjas`oacmcs.
Wor otro kcmo, kc eobpcóâc sub`a`strcmorc, t`jaj tcbi`àa `atjràs ja jk`b`acr kc
rjcet`vc por kos b`sbos bot`vos y por jkko sujkj jstcikjejr ckdüa t`po mj rjecrdo
soirj kos tàrb`aos mj potjae`c y jajrdâc, ja fuae`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c
ceubukcmo ck ack mjk pjrâomo mj fceturce`õa.
Wujmj jv`tcrsj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc, y por tcato jk rjecrdo, s` sj eobpjasc
kc potjae`c rjcet`vc `amuet`vc bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs. Ja jfjeto, kc potjae`c
rjcet`vc mj t`po `amuet`vo pujmj sjr eobpjascmc cprovjencamo kc prop`jmcm
mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj sub`a`strcr uac eorr`jatj rjcet`vc mj s`dao eoatrcr`o
c kc quj eoasubja kcs ecrdcs `amuet`vcs. M`enc eobpjasce`õa, sj mjaob`ac
djajrckbjatj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o eorrjee`õa mjk
. Jk
oiljt`vo js ckecazcr ua
totck, mj kc ecrdc bãs kos eoamjascmorjs, ko bãs
prõx`bo pos`ikj
pos`ikj c kc ua`mcm,
ua`mcm, eoa ko euck sj oit`jaja kos bãx`bos ijaje`os ja
tàrb`aos mj rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs y ioa`ece`õa ja kc jajrdâc fceturcmc por
pcrtj mj kc eobpcóâc.
Eoatcmorjs
W&S
5=:64>
W
Djajrce`õa
]rcasportj
Ceobjt`mc
Ecrdc
M`str`iue`õa
7,00
5
U
E
Jqu`po mj
eobpjasce`õa
mj Yjcet`vc
F`d. 5.9.- M`cdrcbc jsqujbãt`eo mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj
mj rjcet`vc
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
6:
Kc F`d. 5.9 bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj kos jfjetos mj m`enc eobpjasce`õa.
Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, S , eoasub`mc por kcs ecrdcs js eobpjascmc por kos
eoamjascmorjs
eoamjascmo
rjs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj trcasportcmc sj rjmuej.
]ck eobo sud`jrj kc F`d. 5.9 pujmja mjlcrsj ecat`mcmjs rjs`muckjs s`a eobpjascr,
quj t`jaja quj sjr trcasportcmcs por kc rjm.
Kc potjae`c totck c eobpjascr sj sujkj frcee`oacr ja vcr`os eoamjascmorjs quj
sj eoajetca ja fuae`õa mj kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj kcs ecrdcs, iclo jk eoatrok mj ua
rjdukcmor mj fcetor mj potjae`c, tck eobo sj jxpk`ec ja kos cpcrtcmos s`du`jatjs.
5.= Eãkeuko mj ajejs`mcmjs
Ja jstj cpcrtcmo trctcbos mj rjspoamjr c kc prjduatc< ¿Euãk js kc potjae`c
totck mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr uac `astckce`õa, eoa ua
mjtjrb`acmo fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck? Wcrc jkko js prje`so eoaoejr kos mctos
mj kc `astckce`õa quj sj `am`eca c eoat`auce`õa, mctos quj pujmja oitjajrsj mj
m`st`atcs bcajrcs, sjdüa vjbos<
Mctos<
- Wotjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc.
- Fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck mj kc `astckce`õa ao eobpjascmc,
- Fcetor mj potjae`c mjsjcmo mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa,
Wcrc dcrcat`zcr quj kc `astckce`õa ao eoasubc jajrdâc rjcet`vc `aekuso eoa
kc bãx`bc ecrdc, mjij m`bjas`oacrsj jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa pcrc
pcrc kc
bãx`bc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc. Ao oistcatj, s` jk eoasubo bãx`bo sj mc
sokcbjatj murcatj pjrâomos eortos, pujmj prjvjrsj uac eobpjasce`õa eoa uac
potjae`c bueno bjaor quj kc bãx`bc y cüa csâ oitjajr ua vckor probjm`o buy
prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm.
ua`mcm. Wcrc eoaoejr
eoaoejr jstos mjtckkjs y m`bjas`oacr eorrjetcbjatj
kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs js ceoasjlcikj tobcr mctos bjm`catj ua cack`zcmor
mj rjm (vàcsj ecpâtuko :).
Ja jk ecso mj quj jk eoasubo pujmc eoas`mjrcrsj rjdukcr (rjkct`vcbjatj
eoastcatj murcatj pjrâomos eoaoe`mos) icstc eoa eoaoejr kcs kjeturcs mj kos
eoatcmorjs mj cet`vc y rjcet`vc pcrc pomjr mjmue`r
mjmue`r kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs
eoamjascmorjs
ajejscr`c. Kos bàtomos mj eãkeuko pcrc m`vjrsos ecsos sj mjtckkca c
eoat`auce`õa<
5.=.3 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj mctos mj ua cack`zcmor mj rjm
5
Jk cack`zcmor mj rjm pjrb`tj oitjajr ua pjrk mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc
murcatj ua mâc o uac sjbcac mj fuae`oacb`jato aorbck mj uac mjtjrb`acmc
`astckce`õa. Kc F`d. 5.5 bujstrc ua drãeo oitja`mo c ko kcrdo mj vcr`os mâcs,
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
66
`aekuyjamo ua a mj sjbcac, quj aos s`rvj mj jljbpko. Wujmj oisjrvcrsj quj
pcrc sct`sfcejr kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, jk mcto oitja`mo por jk cack`zcmor js mj
3=4 hvcr (eoasubo ja puatc). Ja jstj ecso ao js ajejscr`o m`bjas`oacr pcrc
jk vckor bãx`bo tck eobo eobproicrjbos. Ko nci`tuck js qujmcrsj eoa ua vckor
`afjr`or quj euirc kcs ajejs`mcmjs ja ua 07% mjk t`jbpo, por jljbpko c kc v`stc
mjk drãeo pujmj tobcrsj ua vckor mj uaos 377 hvcr. Wcrc eobproicr quj jsto
ao eobportc fcetorjs mj potjae`c buy mjsfcvorci
mjsfcvorcikjs,
kjs, `aekuso ja kcs eoam`e`oajs
mj bãx`bc mjbcamc mj rjcet`vc pomjbos ncejr ua eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj potjae`c
ja jk pjor ecso, tck eobo sj `am`ec c eoat`auce`õa. Wcrc jkko mjijbos eoaoejr
kc potjae`c cet`vc ja jk bobjato mj bãx`bc mjbcamc mj rjcet`vc, mcto quj sj
oit`jaj mjk prop`o cack`zcmor mj rjmjs. Ja jk ecso mjk jljbpko quj aos oeupc kc
bjm`mc jrc mj 57= hT.
F`d. 5.5.- Wjrk mj eoasubo
eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc oitja`mo eoa
ua cack`zcmor mj rjmjs y jk softwcrj WOTJY V@U@OA
W 2 Wotjae`c cet`vc
S` 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc `a`e`ck
S 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc eobpjascmc
e
Sr 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc rjsuktcatj
2 Ãaduko mj fcsj `a`e`ck
F`d. 5.=.- ]r`ãaduko mj
potjae`cs mjk jljbpko
2 Ãaduko mj fcsj rjsuktcatj
U` 2 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj `a`e`ck
Ur 2 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj rjsuktcatj
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
64
Jk fcetor mj potjae`c rjsuktcatj ja ecso mj mjbcamc mj S ` 2 3=4 hvcr y
eobpjasce`õa pcre`ck mj Se2377 hvcr pujmj oitjajrsj bjm`catj kc jeuce`õa
(5.3), quj sj mjmuej c pcrt`r mj kos tr`ãadukos mj potjae`cs mj kc F`d. 5.=.
(5.3)
Wcrc jk jljbpko quj aos oeupc, rjsuktc ua fcetor mj potjae`c mj 7,0>, cüa ja jk
pjor ecso mj eoasubo mj 3=4 hvcr y eobpjasce`õa soko
soko mj 377 hvcr. Csâ pujs,
jk jqu`po mj 377
377 hvcr nc mj eoas`mjrcrsj
eoas`mjrcrsj mjk tomo cejptcikj.
cejptcikj.
5.=.9 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y kos
fcetorjs mj potjae`c `a`e`ck y ack
Womjbos pkcatjcraos jk proikjbc catjr`or lcamo mj catjbcao jk vckor mjk fcetor
mj potjae`c mjsjcmo. Ja djajrck, eoaoe`mc kc potjae`c cet`vc, W, jk eosjao o
jk ãaduko mj fcsj `a`e`ck, y jk eosjao o jk ãaduko ack, , jk vckor mjsjcmo mj
potjae`c c eobpjascr pujmj eckeukcrsj por kc jeuce`õa (5.9).
(5.9)
Jk tàrb`ao
sujkj mcrsj ja forbc mj tcikc eoa moikj jatrcmc
eobo kc quj bujstrc kc ]cikc 5.3 c eoat`auce`õa. Kos aübjros mj kc tcikc mca
kos hvcr ajejscr`os por ecmc hT, pcrc eobpjascr uac `astckce`õa mjsmj jk
` a` e ` ck (
) c k  a ck (
).
]cikc 5.3.- Vckorjs mj
7. 0
7 . 09
eoaoe`moss
eoaoe`mo
y
7. 0=
7. 06
7. 0 >
3
7. 3 5
7. 9>
7. =9
7 . ::
7. 5 5
7. = >
7. 69
7. 4:
7 . 6>
7. >9
7. 0 4
3. 3 5
3. 59
3. :5
3 . 4>
9 . 70
9. = 4
7 . >>
3 . 79
3. 3 4
3. 5 5
3. : 9
3. 45
3 . 0>
9 . 90
9 . 6>
7.0:
7.0
7.>:
7.>
7 . 77
7 . 3=
7. 9 4
7 . 76
7 . 30
7 . 59
7. 39
7 . 96
7 . 50
7. 7 =
7. 30
7 . 55
7 . =6
7.4:
7.4
7.6:
7.6
7.::
7.:
7.=:
7.=
7.5:
7. = 7
7. : =
7. 6>
7 . >:
3 . 75
3 . 9:
3. : 7
3. > 3
9. 3 0
7. = 6
7. : 0
7. 4=
7. 03
3 . 70
3 . 53
3 . :6
3. > 4
9. 9 :
7. : 9
7. 6 6
7. > 3
7. 04
3. 36
3 . 54
3 . 69
3. 0 5
9. 5 3
7 . :0
7. 4 5
7. > >
3. 7 =
3. 95
3 . ==
3 . 60
9 . 77
9. 5 >
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
6>
Jljbpko 3<
Uupõadcsj uac `astckce`õa quj eoasubj 3:7 hT mj potjae`c cet`vc, eoa ua
`a`e`ck mj 7,6:, quj qujrjbos pcscr c 7,06. Mj kc tcikc, pcrc
27,6: y
2 7,06 oitjajbos ua fcetor mj 7,>>.
Se(hvcr) 2 3:7 hT ´ 7,>> hvcr/hT2 359 hvcr
Jljbpko 9<
Wcrc kc `astckce`õa mjk cpcrtcmo catjr`or eoa 3=4 hvcr y 57= hT, jk fcetor mj
potjae`c `a`e`ck js<
2 eos tca-3(3=4/57=)27,0
s` sj qu`s`jrc bjlorcr c 7,06 por jljbpko ja jk pjor ecso, jk fcetor, sjdüa kc ]cikc
5.3 js 7,30, js mje`r kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ajejscr`c sjrâc<
Se(hvcr) 2 W´(fcetor tcikc) 2 57=
57= (hT) ´ 7,30 2 :4,4: hvcr
5.=.5 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj kcs kjeturcs mj eoatcmorjs
Eucamo kos eoasubos soa buy rjdukcrjs pujmja ut`k`zcr
ut`k`zcrsj
sj eobo icsj-eãkeuk
icsj-eãkeukoo
kcs kjeturcs mj kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc cet`vc y rjcet`vc murcatj ua mâc mj
trciclo por jljbpko. Wcrc jkko sj tobca kos s`du`jatjs mctos.
mctos.
Mctos<
hT´n` 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj cet`vc ck pr`ae`p`o mjk mâc
hvcr´n` 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc ck pr`ae`p`o mjk mâc
hT´nf 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj cet`vc ck ack mjk mâc
hvcr´nf 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc ck ack mjk mâc
n 2 Aübjro mj norcs trcaseurr`mo jatrj kjeturcs `a`e`ck y ack
C pcrt`r mj jstos
js tos mctos sj oit`jaja<
o it`jaja<
5
Wotjae`c cet`vc (ja hT)<
(5.5)
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (ja hvcr)<
(5.=)
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
60
F c e t or mj p ot j ae ` c ` a` e ` ck (
)<
Icstc jatoaejs eoa jkjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo,
fõrbukcs mjk cpcrtcmo 5.=.9, jeuce`õa (5.9).
( 5 . :)
y cpk`ecr kcs
Jljbpko<
Ja uac `astckce`õa kcs kjeturcs mj eoatcmorjs ja ua pjrâomo mj > norcs mj trciclo
m`jroa kos s`du`jatjs eoasubos<
Eoatcmor mj cet`vc< hT´nf - hT´n` 2 39>7 hT´n
Eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc< hvcr´nf - hvcr´n` 2 3977 hvcr´n
Eckeukjbos kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr kc
`astckce`õa c
2 7,0:
Mj jstos mctos mjmue`bos<
Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) <
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hT) <
F c e t or mj p ot j ae ` c ` a` e ` ck (
)<
Mj kc ]cikc 5.3 mjmue`bos ua fcetor mj 7,65 hvcr por hT. Eobo kc `astckce`õa js
mj 367 hT sj oit`jaj<
Se( hvcr) 2 367 (hT) ´ 7,65 2 377 hvcr
5.=.= Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj mctos mj kc fceturc mj
sub`a`stro
5
Wujmj ncejrsj ua eãkeuko cprox`bcmo mj ajejs`mcmjs c pcrt`r mj kcs
jajrdâcs cet`vc y rjcet`vc fceturcmcs por kc eobpcóâc sub`a`str
sub`a`strcmorc
cmorc murcatj
ua mjtjrb`acmo pjrâomo. Jk eãkeuko sjrã tcato bãs jxceto eucato bãs eoastcatj
sjc jk eoasubo, y supoa`jamo quj sj eoaoej jk aübjro mj norcs totck mj
eoasubo ja jk
jk pjrâomo fceturcmo.
fceturcmo. Mjij eoas`mjrcrsj kc fceturc
fceturc eoa bcyor
bcyor
rjecrdo ja jk `bportj y sj tobca kos s`du`jatjs mctos<
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
47
Mctos<
hT´n 2 Jajrdâc cet`vc fceturcmc ja hT´n.
hvcr´n 2 Jajrdâc rjcet`vc fceturcmc ja hvcr´n.
n 2 Aübjro mj norcs
norcs mj fuae`oacb`jato
fuae`oacb`jato mj kc `astckce`õa ja jk pjrâomo
fceturcmo (Jstj pcrãbjtro mjijrã sjr jst`bcmo mj kc forbc bãs
prje`sc pos`ikj)
C pcrt`r mj m`enos
m` enos mctos sj pujmja
puj mja oitjajr
oi tjajr <
Wotjae`c cet`vc (ja hT) <
(5.6)
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (ja hvcr) <
(5.4)
F ce t o r m j po t ja e ` c ` a ` e ` c k (
)<
Icstc jatoaejs eoa jkjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo,
fõrbukcs y proejm`b`jato mj eãkeuko mjk cpcrtcmo 5.=.9.
( 5 . >)
y cpk`ecr kcs
5.: Vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce
eobpjasce`õa
`õa
Kc eobpjasce`õa mj
mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc eobportc vjatclcs mj
mj mos t`pos<
• Vjatclcs tàea`ecs
Cubjatoo mj kc ecpce`
Cubjat
ecpce`mcm
mcm mj kcs kâajc
kâajcss y trcasf
trcasforbcmo
orbcmorjs
rjs
Bjlorc mj kc tjas`õa mj rjm
M`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs
• Vjatclcs jeoaõb`ecs
Yjmuee`õa mjk prje`o mj kos tàrb`aos mj potjae`c y mj jajrdâc
5.:.3 Cubjato mj kc ecpce`mcm mj kcs `astckce`oajs
5
Js frjeujatj quj kcs kâajcs, `atjrruptorjs y otros bjm`os mj m`str`iue`õa
ckecaeja jk kâb`tj mj ecrdc y ncdca ajejscr`c su cbpk`ce`õa. Zac forbc
mj cubjatcr kc ecpce`mcm mj kc `astckce`õa js eorrjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c,
mjsecrdcamo kcs kâajcs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc, eoa ko euck cubjatc su
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
43
ecpce`mcm mj trcasportj mj jajrdâc cet`vc. Ja kc F`d. 5.: sj mc ua drãeo
quj pjrb`tj eckeukcr kc potjae`c cet`vc cm`e`oack quj pujmj oitjajrsj mj uac
`astckce`õa s` sj bjlorc jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj
c
.
377.77
07.77
>7.77
3
W
c
c
m
`
r
j
f
j
r
k
c
a
`o
e
`
m
c
c
`v
t
e
c
W
47.77
67.77
:7.77
=7.77
57.77
97.77
37.77
7.77
7.:
7.::
7.6
7.6:
7.4
7.4:
7.>
7.>:
7.0
7.0:
3
Fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck
F`d. 5.:.- Wotjae`c cet`vc cm`e`oack quj
quj pujmj oitjajrsj
oitjajrsj ck eobpjascr rjcet`vc
5.6 Eoaejptos y mja`e`oajs
mja`e`oajs rjkct`vcs c kc eobpjasce`õa mjk FW
]ck eobo njbos m`eno, ja buenos ecsos sj rjck`zc uac rjdukce`õa mjk totck mj
potjae`c rjcet`vc c eobpjascr por drupos o jseckoajs. Jk aübjro mj jseckoajs
y kc potjae`c mj ecmc uao sujkja jseodjrsj ja kc fcsj mj m`sjóo mjk jqu`po mj
eobpjasce`õa y pujmja mcrsj m`vjrscs eobi`ace`oajs. Ja pr`bjr kudcr mcrjbos
ckduacs mja`e`oajs quj aos cyumcrãa c ejatrcr jk proikjbc<
5.6.3 Mja`e`oajs<
Aübjro mj Jseckoajs ( A J) < Jatjamjbos eobo tck jk aübjro mj drupos
ja quj sj nc frcee`oacmo kc potjae`c totck mj ua jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj
rjcet`vc. Jstos drupos pujmja sjr mj `duck potjae`c o ao, tck eobo sj jxpk`ec c
eoat`auce`õa.
5
Wrodrcbc mj rjdukce`õa< Kcs potjae`cs mj kos m`st`atos drupos o jseckoajs
sujkja sjdu`r e`jrtos pctroajs mjaob`acmos ‛prodrcbcs‒. Jk prodrcbc `am`ec kc
rjkce`õa quj jx`stj jatrj kcs potjae`cs mj kos m`st`atos jseckoajs. C eoat`auce`õa
sj `am`eca kos prodrcbcs bãs frjeujatjs, cuaquj kos s`stjbcs mj rjdukce`õa
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
49
tr`fãs`eos cetuckjs pjrb`tja jstcikjejr pcsos totckbjatj `amjpjam`jatjs<
• Wrodrcbc 3<3<3 . ]omos kos jseckoajs t`jaja kc b`sbc potjae`c. Wor jljbpko,
ua jqu`po mj 377 hvcr y : pcsos jstã forbcmo
forbcmo por : jseckoajs `duckjs
`duckjs mj 97
hvcr y sj mjser`ij eobo jqu`po mj (: x 97)
97) hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc potjae`c
potjae`c
mjk pr`bjr jseckõa (rjdukce`õa bâa`bc), W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ, jstãa
rjkce`oacmos por kc rjkce`õa<
W32Wtot / AJ
(5.0)
• Wrodrcbc 3<9<9 . ]omos kos jseckoajs c pcrt`r mjk sjduamo t`jaja moikj
potjae`c quj jk pr`bjro. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 3>7 hvcr y : jseckoajs
jstã forbcmo por ua pr`bjr jseckõa mj 97 hvcr y = jseckoajs `duckjs mj =7
hvcr y sj mjser`ij eobo jqu`po mj (97 + = x =7) hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc
potjae`c mjk jseckõa bjaor mj rjdukce`õa, W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ,
jstãa rjkce`oacmos por kc rjkce`õa<
W32Wtot / (9AJ-3)
(5.37)
• Wrodrcbc 3<9<= . Kc potjae`c mjk sjduamo jseckõa js moikj mj kc mjk pr`bjro
y kc mjk rjsto mj jseckoajs c pcrt`r mjk tjrejro js = vjejs kc potjae`c mjk
pr`bjro. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 577 hvcr y : jseckoajs jstã forbcmo por
ua pr`bjr jseckõa mj 97 hvcr,
hvcr, ua sjduamo mj =7 hvcr y 5 jseckoajs `duckjs mj
>7 hvcr y sj mjser`ij eobo jqu`po mj (97 + =7 + 5 x >7) hvcr.
hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj
kc potjae`c mjk jseckõa bjaor mj rjdukce`õa, W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ,
jstãa rjkce`oacmos por kc rjkce`õa.
W32Wtot / (=AJ-:)
(5.33)
• Otros Wrodrcbcs. Wujmja ut`k`zcrsj otros prodrcbcs, eobo jk 3<9<9<= o jk
3<3<9<9, jte. Jk s`da`ecmo mj kos aübjros, eobo sj ncirã mjmue`mo mj kos ecsos
catjr`orjs mc kc propore`õa mj kcs potjae`cs jatrj jk pr`bjr jseckõa, ck quj sj
cs`dac vckor 3 y kos s`du`jatjs (9 s`da`ec moikj potjae`c, = s`da`ec = vjejs
bãs, jte.).
• Aübjro mj pcsos ( A p). Jk tàrb`ao aübjro mj pcsos s`da`f`ec jk aübjro
mj vckorjs `atjrbjm`os ja quj jstã frcee`oacmc kc potjae`c totck. C vjejs sj
eoafuamj jk aübjro mj pcsos eoa jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, pjro ja rjck`mcm soko
eo`ae`mja ja jk prodrcbc 3<3<3. Ja djajrck jk aübjro mj pcsos sj oit`jaj mj kc
s`du`jatj fõrbukc<
(5.39)
5
Csâ por jljbpk
jljbpkoo ja uac ictjrâc mj : jseckoaj
jseckoajss eoa prodrcb
prodrcbcc 3<9<9, jk aübjro
totck mj pcsos
pcsos js mj = jseckoajs
jseckoajs x pjso 9 + 3 jseckõa x pjso 3 2 (= x 9 + 3)
pcsos 2 0 pcsos
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
45
5.6.9 Jkjee`õa mjk aübjro mj pcsos
Js frjeujatj quj pcrc rjdukcr ua jqu`po mj rjcet`vc, sj eoajetja y mjseoajetja
pcsos quj pujmja rjprjsjatcr ua 97 õ ua 9:% mj kc potjae`c totck. Wujmj
pcrjejr quj jstos pcsos tca drcamjs mca kudcr c uac rjdukce`õa poirj o c ua
bck eobportcb`jato mjk s`stjbc, nce`jamo quj kc eorr`jatj totck sufrc drcamjs
vcr`ce`oajs, pjro jk jljbpko s`du`jatj poaj mj bca`jsto quj jsto ao js e`jrto
y quj euctro o e`aeo pcsos sujkja sjr suf`e`jatjs pcrc oitjajr uac iujac
rjdukce`õa. Jk cubjatcr jxejs`vcbjatj jk aübjro mj pcsos pujmj por eoatrc
djajrcr `aeoavja`jatjs por jk jkjvcmo aübjro mj bca`oircs quj mjij ncejr
jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa, ecuscamo eobo eoasjeujae`c ua javjlje`b`jato
bãs rãp`mo mj kos eoatcetorjs. Jk jljbpko s`du`jatj pjrb`tj tjajr uac `mjc
eucat`ecmc mj kos scktos quj eobportc kc rjdukce`õa por jseckoajs.
Jljbpko< Wcrc ua eoaluato mj ecrdcs quj eoasubja 3=3 C eoa ua
2 7,474,
eckeukcr euãkjs soa kos vckorjs mj
y mj kc eorr`jatj totck ck `r eobpjascamo
eoa ua jqu`po m`v`m`mo ja : jseckoajs.
Kc sokue`õa sj mc ja kc ]cikc 5.9 y jstã icscmc ja s`bpkjs eãkeukos djobàtr`eos
mj kos tr`ãadukos mj
mj potjae`cs m`iulcmos
m`iulcmos ja kc F`d. 5.6 Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc, @r,
js mj 377 C `a`e`ckbjatj y sj eobpjasc ja : jseckoajs, por tcato ecmc vjz quj
`atromue`bos ua jseckõa kc @r mjse`jamj ja 97 C (377 C/:). Zac vjz eoaoe`mc @r y
pujsto quj @c js lc, tcbi`àa mj 377 C, sj pujmj oitjajr jk
y kc eorr`jatj
totck @tot por kcs jeuce`oajs (5.35) y (5.3=).
]cikc 5.9.- Yjsuktcmos eoa @c 2 377 C y m`st`atos vckorjs mj @r
@r
Jseckoajs
eoajetcmos
@r (C)
7
3 77
7. 474
3 =3
67 C
3
>7
7. 4>3
3 9>
=7 C
9
67
7. >:4
334
97 C
5
=7
7. 09>
3 7>
=
97
7. 0>3
3 79
:
7
3. 777
3 77
377 C
>7 C
@tot 2 3=3 C
2 7,474
@c 2 377 C
7C
F`d. 5.6.- Jljbpko mj rjdukce`õa por jseckoajs
@tot (C)
(5.35)
5
(5.3=)
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
4=
Oisàrvjsj por jljbpko, quj jatrj eoajetcr = õ : jseckoajs, kc m`fjrjae`c ja kc
eorr`jatj totck js soko mj 9 C, y jk
rjsuktcatj vcrâc soko mj 3 c 7,0>. Ja
tàrb`aos porejatuckjs, jstcs propore`oajs sj bcat`jaja pcrc euckqu`jr potjae`c,
mjpjam`jamo soko mjk aübjro mj pcsos. Js mje`r, ck frcee`oacr kc potjae`c ja :
pcsos, jk ükt`bo pcso soko ncej vcr`cr kc eorr`jatj totck ja ua 9% y jk
mj
3 c 7,0> . Js por jsto quj ua jxejs`vo frcee`oacb`jato mjk aübjro mj pcsos
ao cportc vjatclcs y ja ecbi`o eobportc ua bcyor aübjro mj bca`oircs y
eoasjeujatjbjatj bcyor mjsdcstj
mjsdcstj mjk
mjk jqu`po.
5.4 Jkjee`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ack
Ja tomos kos eãkeukos mjk cpcrtcmo catjr`or ncy quj lcr jk fcetor mj potjae`c
ack mjsjcmo (eos lf,). Jk vckor õpt`bo pcrc jstj fcetor mj potjae`c js kc
ua`mcm, pjro, eobo sj nc m`eno ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.=.3 ckduacs vjejs ecij
eujst`oacrsj s` `atjrjsc jeoaõb`ecbjatj ckecazcr m`eno vckor. Jstj `atjràs
pujmj mjpjamjr mj kc tcr`fc jkàetr`ec v`djatj ja ecmc bobjato, quj pomrã lcr
rjecrdos bãs o bjaos `bportcatjs ja ecmc pcâs o ja ecmc bobjato. Wcrc poajr
mj rjk`jvj jsto vcbos c mjscrrokkcr ua jljbpko<
Uupõadcsj uac `astckce`õa eoa ua eoasubo mj 377 hT murcatj 977 n ck bjs y ua
eos l`, `a`e`ck mj 7,474. Eoa kcs tcr`fcs v`djatjs ja 9770, jsto nui`jrc supujsto ua
eoasubo mj 97777 hvcrn
hvcrn y ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturce`õa mj 5=7 ₫. Ja m`encs tcr`fcs,
kos rjecrdos prãet`ecbjatj mjscpcrjeâca c pcrt`r mj ua eos l probjm`o bjasuck mj
7,0. Uupoa`jamo ua eoasubo rjdukcr,
rjdukcr, kc potjae`c
potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c
ajejscr`c pcrc
ckecazcr m`eno fcetor mj potjae`c ack mj 7,0 sjrâc mj :5 hvcr. Eoa jkko sj nui`jrc
rjmue`mo kc eorr`jatj probjm`o totck mj 97= C c 367 C, sj nui`jrc eoasjdu`mo uac
rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj mj ua 5>,:% cprox`bcmcbjatj X(97=9-3679)/
97=9R y sj nui`jrc jk`b`acmo totckbjatj jk rjecrdo mj 5=7 ₫.
Ja kc tcr`fc mj 9737, kc s`tuce`õa sjrâc kc s`du`jatj. Kc b`sbc `astckce`õa catjr`or
eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c `a`e`ck mj 7,4 nui`jrc tja`mo ua rjecrdo mj 39=6 ₫.
Wjro cmjbãs, ja m`enc tcr`fc mj 9737 jk kâb`tj jxjato sj sui`õ mj eos l 7,0
 c
7,0:, por ko quj kc b`sbc `astckce`õa eorrjd`mc c eos l mj 7,0 tjamrâc tomcvâc ua
jxejso mj 533= hvcrn y supoamrâc ua rjecrdo mj 357 ₫ cprox`bcmcbjatj. Wcrc
jv`tcr jstj rjecrdo ncrâc fcktc cnorc `astckcr uac potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs
mj cprox`bcmcbjatj 64 hvcr, js mje`r , 3= hvcr bãs quj catjs pcrc jv`tcr kc
pjack`zce`õa por tcr`fc. Eoa jstos eoamjascmorjs sj eoas`duj rjiclcr kc eorr`jatj
mj kos 97= C `a`e`ckjs c 3:9 C cprox`bcmcbjatj, eoa ko quj kcs pàrm`mcs sj
rjmueja ua ==,:%
==,:% X(97=9-3:99)/ 97=9R y jk rjecrdo sj jk`b`ac
jk`b`ac totckbjatj.
5
U` ja kc b`sbc `astckce`õa aos propoajbos ckecazcr ua fcetor mj potjae`c
f`ack mj 3, kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c sjrâc mj 377 hvcr,
oitja`àamosj kc jxjae`õa mj rjecrdo y uac eorr`jatj
eorr`jatj ack mj 3==,5 C, y uac
rjmuee`õa mj kcs pàrm`mcs mj ua :7%
Eobo sj vj ja jk jljbpko, eoav`jaj s`jbprj kkjvcr jk eos l ck vckor kâb`tj c pcrt`r
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
4:
mjk euck ao ncy rjecrdo, ko euck supoamrâc, ja jk ecso mj kc tcr`fc 9737 eokoecr
ua eoamjascmor mj 64 hvcr.
Oisàrvjsj quj rjsuktc m`fâe`k mj lust`f`ecr jeoaõb`ecbjatj kc sokue`õa mj
eobpjascr c fcetor mj potjae`c eos l23. Ja aujstro ecso supoamrâc poajr
kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj 64 hvcr y 377 hvcr y jk ijajf`e`o sjrâc sõko kc rjmuee`õa
mj pàrm`mcs y kc bcyor m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj potjae`c. Ao oistcatj, pcrc
eoasubos drcamjs, jstc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs pujmj lust`ecr kc `avjrs`õa ja
eoamjascmorjs ja ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo mj uaos cóos.
5.> Jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc
Wcrc kc eobpjasce`õa
eobpjasce`õa mj kc jajrdâc
jajrdâc rjcet`vc sj jbpkjca eoamjascmorjs
eoamjascmorjs
eoajetcmos ja pcrckjko eoa kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca m`enc jajrdâc. Jx`stja
vcr`cs pos`ikjs sokue`oajs ja eucato c kc forbc mj `bpkcatce`õa, mjpjam`jamo mjk
jatorao mj quj sj trctj. Mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj je`jae`c, kos eoamjascmorjs
eoamjascmorjs
mj eobpjasce`õa mjija
mjija eoajetcrsj ko bãs prõx`bos pos`ikj c kcs ecrdcs
quj djajrca rjcet`vc, pjro ja djajrck sj sujkj cdrupcr kc eobpjasce`õa mj
vcr`cs ecrdcs. Kc ]cikc 5.5 ofrjej ua rjsubja mj kcs forbcs mj cpk`ece`õa bãs
frjeujatjs.
• C a`v
a`vjk
jk rjs
rjs`m
`mjae
jae`c
`ckk ( W ;3: hT) ao jx`stja rjecrdos a` ioa`ece`oajs por jk
eoasubo mj rjcet`vc ja eoatrctos mj t`po mobàst`eo, pjro ja mjtjrb`acmos
ecsos s`duj s`jamo `atjrjscatj kc eobpjasce`õa pcrc rjmue`r kc eorr`jatj
eoasub`mc por kos rjejptorjs. Jsto pjrb`tj bcyor ecrdc s`a rjicscr jk topj
`bpujsto por jk k`b`tcmor @EW.
• C a`vjk
a`v jk `amustr
`amustr`ck,
`ck, mjijbos m`st`a
m`st`adu`r
du`r jatrj usucr`o
usucr`oss eoa trcasfo
trcasforbcmor
rbcmor prop`o
j `astckce`oajs moamj jk trcasforbcmor js eobpcrt`mo por bãs mj ua usucr`o.
Ja jk pr`bjr ecso sj sujkj `bpkjbjatcr kc eobpjasce`õa mj forbc dkoick c
a`vjk mj jbicrrcmo mj I] mjk trcasforbcmor, pjro jx`stj cüa kc m`syuat`vc mj s`
eobpjascr ja iclc tjas`õa o ja bjm`c o cktc tjas`õa. Ja ecso mj trcasforbcmor
eobpcrt`mo por vcr`os usucr`os, kc eobpjasce`õa sujkj ncejrsj c a`vjk dkoick,
pcrc ecmc usucr`o.
]cikc 5.5.- Uokue`oajs pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc
JA]OYAO
MOBÀU]@EO
]@WO MJ
EOBWJAUCE@ÕA
CWK@ECE@OAJU
Eobpjasce`õa
`am`v`muck
•
•
•
•
Ckubircmo uorjsejatj
Jkjetromobàst`eos
Csejasorjs
U`stjbcs mj ek`bct`zce`õa/iobijo
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
46
Eobpjasce`õa
`am`v`muck ja C]-B]
• Ecrdcs mj potjae`cs
potjae`cs buy cktcs
• Ecrdcs buy ckjlcmcs
ckjlcmcs mj kc ceobjt`mc
ceobjt`mc
JA]OYAO
@AMZU]Y@CK
Eobpjasce`õa
dkoick ja C]
• Woeos rjejptorjs mj drca potjae`c
• Eobpjasce`õa icstc eobi`acmc
eoa otrc bãs ac ja I]
C] (Cktc ]jas`õa)
B] (Bjm`c ]jas`õa)
I] (Iclc ]jas`õa)
Eobpjasce`õa
`am`v`muck ja I]
• Ecrdcs mj potjae`cs
potjae`cs bjm`cs y cktcs
cktcs
• ]rcasforbc
]rcasforbcmorjs
morjs mj m`str`iue`õa
• Ecrdcs buy ckjlcmcs
ckjlcmcs mj kc ceobjt`mc
ceobjt`mc
Eobpjasce`õa
dkoick ja I] y B]
• Ja I] sj cpk`ec c kc bcyorâc
bcyorâc mj kos
ecsos c a`vjk mj ecmc cioacmo
• Ja B] o drcamjs
drcamjs eoasub`morjs
sj cpk`ec c a`vjk mj suijstce`õa
Kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck sj rjck`zc eoa ua bâa`bo mj eobpoajatjs,
prãet`ecbjatj eokoecamo jk eoamjascmor o eoamjascmorjs `am`v`muckjs, sus
protjee`oajs y bca`oirc ja kos prop`os crbcr`os mj eoatrok o mj m`str`iue`õa mj kc
ecrdc c eobpjascr. Kcs F`ds. 5.4 y 5.> bujstrca kc forbc mj kos eoamjascmorjs
mj potjae`c, tcato pcrc iclc tjas`õa eobo pcrc cktc tjas`õa. Ja djajrck, tomos
jkkos soa eoamjascmorjs mj m`jkàetr`eo sjeo (pok`prop`kjao8 s`a WEI) quj mc buy
iujacs prjstce`oajs ja eucato c iclcs pàrm`mcs (bjaos mj 7,: T por hvcr).
F`d. 5.4.- Eoamjascmorjs
Eoamjascmorjs pcrc
pcrc kc
eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja B]
F`d. 5.>.- Eoamjascmorjs pcrc kc
eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja I]
Ja jk ecso mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa dkoickjs, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc totck
sj sujkj frcee`oacr ja vcr`os jseckoajs forbcmos por eoamjascmorjs mj
potjae`cs cmjeucmcs,
cmjeucmcs, mj forbc quj kc subc sjc
sjc jk totck mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc
rjcet`vc
c eobpjascr y ja ecso mj mjseoajetcr ecrdcs pujmja mjseoajetcrsj tcbi`àa
drupos mj eoamjascmorjs pcrc cmcptcr kc eobpjasce`õa c kc mjbcamc ja
ecmc bobjato. Kos m`st`atos jseckoajs sj eoajetca y mjseoajetca bjm`catj
eoatcetorjs o `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos, iclo jk eoatrok mj ua rjdukcmor cutobãt`eo
t`po eobputjr . Kcs F`ds. 5.0 y 5.37 bujstrca sjamcs fotodrcfâcs mj jqu`pos mj
eobpjasce`õa mj bjm`c tjas`õa y mj iclc tjas`õa rjspjet`vcbjatj.
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
44
F`d. 5.0.- Jqu`po
Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa
mj rjcet`vc mj B]
F`d. 5.37.- Jqu`po
Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa
mj rjcet`vc mj I]
Kc eoaf`durce`õa tâp`ec mj ua jqu`po mj I] eoa eoatcetorjs mj vcr`os
pcsos pujmj vjrsj ja
ja kc durc 5.39. Kc üa`ec pcrtj jxtjr`or ck
ck jqu`po js jk
trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj ]@, euyc eokoece`õa mjij ncejrsj mj forbc quj b`mc
jk eoaluato mj eorr`jatj mj ecrdc bãs kos eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa. Kc
F`d. 5.33 `am`ec kc forbc eorrjetc mj eokoece`õa.
c ) Eo a j x ` õ a e o r r j e t c
i ) Eo a j x ` õ a ` a e o r r j e t c
e ) E oaj x ` õ a ` a e or r je t c
F`d. 5.3
5.33.3.- Eoajx`õa mjk trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc mj
eorr`jatj ja jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
4>
φ
F`d. 5.39.- Jsqujbc t`po mj ua
ua jqu`po cutobãt`eo
cutobãt`eo mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc
rjcet`vc
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
40
5.0 Yjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc
Kos rjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c o mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc b`mja jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj
uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa y eoatrokca kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj drupos mj
eoamjascmorjs mj kc rjm eoa oiljto mj bcatjajr jk
prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm.
Cetuckbjatj kc bcyor pcrtj mj rjdukcmorjs jstãa icscmos ja ua
b`eroproejscmor, ko euck pjrb`tj, cmjbãs mj kc fuae`õa iãs`ec mj rjdukcr jk
fcetor mj potja
fcetor
potjae`c,
e`c, otrc sjr`j mj fuae`
fuae`oajs
oajs cm`e`o
cm`e`oackjs
ackjs,, eobo kjetu
kjeturc
rc mjk
 ,
tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs mj kâajc, potjae`cs, ]NM, jstcikjejr ckcrbcs rjspjeto c
m`fjrjatjs eoam`e`oajs mj sjdur`mcm, boa`tor`zce`õa c m`stcae`c, jte.
C eoat`auce`õ
eoat `auce`õaa sj mca kcs mja`e`
mja`e`oajs
oajs mj uac sjr`j mj eoaejpto
eoaejptoss iãs`eos pcrc
eobprjamjr jk fuae`oacb`jato y clustjs ajejscr`os ja kos rjdukcmorjs mj
rjcet`vc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.0.3. sj `am`eca kcs prjstce`oajs mj
kos rjdukcmorjs mj kc sjr`j BCD@E y eobputjr.
5.0.3 Mja`e`oajs
• U`stjbc FEW (FCU] Eobputjr`zjm Wrodrcb)< U`stjbc quj eoatrokc kc
sjeujae`c mj eoajx`õa mj kos m`st`atos jseckoajs, mj forbc quj, pcrc kkjdcr
c uac mjtjrb`acmc
mjtjrb`acmc potjae`c ack mjbcamcmc, t`jamj c b`a`b`zcr jk
jk aübjro
mj bca`oircs y c `duckcr kos t`jbpos mj uso mj kos m`st`atos jseckoajs. Kcs
bca`oircs sj rjck`zca mj forbc quj, pcrc kos jseckoajs mj `duck potjae`c,
eucamo ncy mjbcamc sj eoajetc jk quj kkjvc bãs t`jbpo mjseoajetcmo y
eucamo ncy jxejso
jxejso sj mjseoajetc jk quj kkjvc bãs t`jbpo
t`jbpo eoajetcmo.
• Yjdukcmor mj euctro eucmrcatjs< Jstj tàrb`ao s`da`ec quj jk rjdukcmor js
ecpcz mj bjm`r y rjdukcr, tcato s` kc potjae`c cet`vc vc mj rjm c ecrdcs (ecso
nci`tuck mj `astckce`õa eoasub`morc) eobo s` vc mj ecrdc c rjm (ecso mj
`astckce`oajs quj `aekuyca djajrcmorjs y por tcato pjrb`tja tcato jk eoasubo
eobo kc jxportce`õa o vjatc mj jajrdâc).
• Yjkce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj,
eorr`jatj, H< Kos rjdukcmorjs mj rjcet`vc
ajejs`tca bjm`r kc eorr`jatj mj rjm c trcvàs mj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj
(vjr F`d. 5.39). Kc eorr`jatj mj
mj pr`bcr`o mj àstj sj jk`dj eoa ua vckor aob`ack
ckdo supjr`or c kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc c bjm`r y nci`tuckbjatj jk sjeuamcr`o
jstãamcr js mj : C c aob`ack. Kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack mj
mj
pr`bcr`o y kos : C mj sjeuamcr`o sj mjaob`ac fcetor H . Csâ por jljbpko
pcrc uac `astckce`õa quj tjadc ua eoasubo mj 3>7 C sj pujmj jkjd`r ua
trcasforbcmor mj 9:7/:, euyo fcetor H sjrâc 9:7 m`v`m`mo por :, js mje`r
H2:7.
5
• Eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr pcso @E3, y fcetor E/H < Ja jk rjdukcmor mjij prjlcrsj
jk prodrcbc mj rjdukce`õa (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.4.3) y kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por jk
pr`bjr jseckõa. Jstj ükt`bo mcto pujmj mcrsj mj mos forbcs<
- Wrodrcbcamo `amjpjam`jatjbjatj mos pcrãbjtros< Kc eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
>7
jseckõa, @ , y kc eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj @ , (sj mc por
E3
supujsto quj jk sjeuamcr`o js mj : C)
p
- Wrodrcbcamo ua üa`eo fcetor kkcbcmo E/H . Jstj fcetor sj oit`jaj m`v`m`jamo kc
eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr jseckõa, @E3, por jk fcetor H mja`mo ja jk pãrrcfo catjr`or. Wor
jljbpko, pcrc ua jqu`po euyo pr`bjr jseckõa cisorij 57 C, eoa ua trcasforbcmor
577/: (H267), jk fcetor E/H js H2 57 / 67 2 7,:.
• Aübjro mj pcsos y prodrcbcs mj rjdukce`õa< (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.6.3)
• Fcsj mj rjfjrjae`c mj tjas`õa. Wcrc mjtjrb`acr jk
, kos rjdukcmorjs
ajejs`tca bjm`r jk mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos
jqu`k`ircmos, kc bjm`mc sj ncej b`m`jamo tjas`õa jatrj mos fcsjs y eorr`jatj
ja uac mj jkkcs, pjro jsto cmb`tj bükt`pkjs eobi`ace`oajs, por ko quj mjij
prodrcbcrsj ja jk rjdukcmor euãk js kc m`spos`e`õa mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc. Kc
]cikc 5.=. bujstrc tomcs kcs eobi`ace`oajs pos`ikjs y euãk js kc ope`õa quj
mjij prodrcbcrsj ja kos rjdukcmorjs mj kc sjr`j BCD@E y eobputjr >m, 3=m
y WKZU.
• ]`jbpo mj eoajx`õa< Kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj jseckoajs ao pujmj
sjr `astcatãajc pcrc jv`tcr fujrtjs trcas`tor`os ja kc rjm. Wor jkko jk rjdukcmor
rjtcrmc kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa jatrj m`st`atos jseckoajs, murcatj ua
t`jbpo kkcbcmo t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa. Ja jqu`pos eoavjae`oackjs bca`oircmos
eoa eoatcetorjs, jstj t`jbpo sujkj sjr mj uaos poeos sjduamos. Ja ecso
mj rjqujr`r bca`oircs bãs rãp`mcs mjij rjeurr`rsj ck jbpkjo mj ictjrâcs
jstãt`ecs, moamj kos eoatcetorjs sj nca sust`tu`mo por t`r`storjs, ko euck pjrb`tj
jk`b`acr kos trcas`tor`os mj eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa y por tcato bca`oircr tomo
ko rãp`mo quj sj qu`jrc. Ja tck ecso jk t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa sujkj sjr mj uaos
poeos b`k`sjduamos. (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.0.)
• ]`jbpo mj rjeoajx`õa< Mj ceujrmo eoa kcs aorbcs, jatrj jk `astcatj mj
mj
mjseoajx`õa mj ua eoamjascmor y jk `astcatj mj uac aujvc eoajx`õa mjij
trcaseurr`r ua t`jbpo bâa`bo quj pjrb`tc mjsecrdcrsj ck eoamjascmor ncstc
ua :% mj kc tjas`õa aob`ack mj erjstc. Wcrc jv`tcr uac rjeoajx`õa mjbcs`cmo
rãp`mc, kos rjdukcmorjs pjrb`tja clustcr jk t`jbpo mj rjeoajx`õa. Jk clustj
mjij ncejrsj ja djajrck c ua t`jbpo uacs 37 vjejs supjr`or ck t`jbpo mj
eoajx`õa.
• Ckcrbcs<
5
3. Fcetor mj m`stors`õa< Kos rjdukcmorjs bomjraos sujkja bjm`r jk vckor
mj kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec totck ja kc rjm (vjr ecpâtuko =). U` sj mjtjetca
mjtjetca
vckorjs jxejs`vcbjatj cktos mj jstj pcrãbjtro js sâatobc mj quj jx`stja
soirjecrdcs ja kos eoamjascmorjs o `aekuso mj quj sj promuej uac
rjsoacae`c ja jk s`stjbc. Jk vckor mj clustj sujkj tobcrsj 3: puatos por
jae`bc mjk % quj sj b`mc catjs mj eoajetcr a`adüa eoamjascmor eoa ua
topj mjk :7%.
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
>3
9. Wàrm`mc mj ecpce`mcm< U`stjbc prjvjat`vo catj kc pàrm`mc mj ecpce`mcm
mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Uj rjeob`jamc jstj t`po mj ckcrbc c pcrt`r
mj uac rjmuee`õa mj ecpce`mcm mj ua 57% mjk vckor mj or`dja. Wcrc
jkko sj rjqu`jrj bjm`r ja kcs trjs fcsjs mj jatrcmc mj kc ictjrâc mj
eoamjascmorjs.
5. Eoatrok mj a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa< Uupjrv`scr kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa mj rjm
s` sj bcat`jaja mjatro mj kos vckorjs tokjrcikjs por kos eoamjascmorjs.
=. ]jbpjrcturc< Jk eoatrok mj tjbpjrcturc mjatro mj kc ictjrâc js v`tck
pcrc bcatjajr jk eorrjeto fuae`oacb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs,
fuamcbjatckbjatj. Kos eoamjascmorjs ao mjija supjrcr tjbpjrcturcs
supjr`orjs c kos =7 ¼E, s`jamo rjeobjamcmo bcatjajr uac tjbpjrcturc mj
57 ¼E.
:. V`d`kcae`c mj fudcs< @aeorporce`õa mj s`stjbc mj v`d`kcae`c mj kcs fudcs
quj sj promueja ja ecmc pcso, eoa ko euck pomjbos mjsnci`k`tcr y cv`scr
mj kos pcsos quj jstãa tja`jamo bcyor fudc.
]cikc 5.=.- Fcsj mj rjfjrjae`c mj tjas`õa pcrc kcs m`st`atcs eoajx`oajs pos`ikjs.
Fcsjs mj bjm`mc
Eorr`jatj ja K5
]jas`õa ja K9-K5
o
Eorr`jatj ja K3
]jas`õa ja K5-K3
o
Eorr`jatj ja K9
]jas`õa ja K3-K9
Eorr`jatj ja K9
]jas`õa ja K9-K5
o
Eorr`jatj ja K5
]jas`õa ja K5-K3
o
Eorr`jatj ja K3
]jas`õa ja K3-K9
5
Eorr`jatj ja K3
]jas`õa ja K9-K5
õ
Eorr`jatj ja K9
]jas`õa ja K5-K3
õ
Eorr`jatj ja K5
]jas`õa ja K3-K9
Eoajx`õa
mj ]@
m ` r j et o
Wrodrcbc eoa
Mjsfcsj Z-@
eobputjr
23
t -3
57¼
Jsqujbc ]`po
3
9
5
=
:
6
4
>
0
K3
K9
` a vj r t ` m o
t -=
937¼
K5
U9
U3
K5
W9
W3
A
m ` r j et o
t -5
3:7¼
` a vj r t ` m o
t -6
557¼
m ` r j et o
t -9
07¼
` a vj r t ` m o
t -:
947¼
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
5.37 Eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos
>9
Ja kcs `astckce`oajs moamj kcs fkuetuce`oajs mj ecrdc soa `bportcatjs y
rãp`mcs, kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj jseckoajs c icsj mj eoatcetorjs ao
pjrb`tja cetucr ko sue`jatjbjatj rãp`mo eobo pcrc tjajr ja ecmc bobjato kc
eobpjasce`õa ajejscr`c. Ja tckjs ecsos kc sokue`õa `mõajc eoas`stj ja cpk`ecr
eoatcetorjs jstãt`eos, c icsj mj t`r`storjs, pcrc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj
kos eoamjascmorjs. Kcs vjatclcs oitja`mcs eoa jkko soa kcs s`du`jatjs<
•
Eoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor s`a trcas`tor`o mj crrcaquj. Kc eoajx`õa sj
promuej ja jk prje`so bobjato quj kc tjas`õa mj rjm eo`ae`mj eoa kc
mjk eoamjascmor
eoamjascmor,, `aekuso eucamo
eucamo àstj sj jaeujatrc totck o pcre`ckbjatj
ecrdcmo. Wor jstj bot`vo sj jk`b`ac euckqu`jr trcas`tor`o mj eoajx`õa y
mjscpcrjeja kos nujeos u otrcs pjrturice`oajs, quj ja buenos ecsos
provoeca `atjrfjrjae`cs soirj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos.
•
Mjseoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor s`a trcas`tor`o. Kc mjseoajx`õa sj promuej
ck pcso por ejro mj kc eorr`jatj)
•
Ecmjae`c mj bca`oircs `k`b`tcmc. Kcs mos eoam`e`oajs catjr`orjs nceja
quj kos t`jbpos jatrj eoajx`oajs y mjseoajx`oajs suejs`vcs pujmc kkjdcr
c sjr mj ua e`eko mj rjm s` kc ecrdc ko rjqu`jrj (36,6 bs ja jk ecso mj rjm
c 67 Nz).
•
Yjspujstc `abjm`ctc c kc mjbcamc mj eobpjasce`õa. Jstc eoam`e`õa
js `ackecazcikj eoa kos jqu`pos
jqu`pos eoavjae`oackjs eoa eoatcetorjs
eoatcetorjs y rjsuktc
`bprjse`am`ikj pcrc ecrdcs tckjs eobo< bãqu`acs mj sokmcr por puatos
o pjqujóos eormoajs, csejasorjs, drücs, noraos y ja djajrck cqujkkcs
quj prjsjatja e`ekos eortos mj ecrdc.
•
Bjaor mjsdcstj mj kos eoamjascmorjs y mj kos `atjrruptorjs mj bca`oirc.
Jstc js uac eoasjeujae`c `abjm`ctc mj kc jk`b`ace`õa mj trcas`tor`os y
mj kc totck cusjae`c mj
mj pcrtjs bjeãa`ecs bõv`kjs. Kc
Kc v`mc üt`k mjk jqu`po
ja su eoaluato sj `aerjbjatc aotcikjbjatj eoa rjspjeto c kos jqu`pos
eoavjae`oack js eoa eoatcetorjs
eoavjae`oackjs
eoatcetorjs.. Kc F`d. 5.35 bujstrc kc jvokue`õa mj
kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja jk eoamjascmor, ZE j @E. Oisàrvjsj quj ja ua
jqu`po jstãt`eo ao jx`stj puatc mj eorr`jatj mj eoajx`õa, b`jatrcs quj
ja ua jqu`po eoavjae`oack eoa eoatcetorjs m`enc puatc pujmj ckecazcr
vckorjs mj :7 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack mj erjstc.
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
>5
ZE
ZE
@E
c ) E oaj x ` õ a j s t ã t ` e c
@E
i ) Eo a j x ` õ a e o a e o a t c e t o r
F`d. 5.35 .- Eobpcrce`õa mj
mj kos trcas`tor`os mj eoajx`õa eoa ictjrâc jstãt`ec
jstãt`ec y eoa
eoatcetor (C< ]jas`õa
]jas`õa ja kos eoamjascmorjs8 I< Eorr`jatj ja kos eoamjascmorjs)
E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac sjr`j mj jqu`pos quj `aeorporca jk eoatcetor
jstãt`eo, eoa ua s`stjbc prop`o pctjatcmo. Kcs F`ds. 5.3= y 5.3: bujstrca ua
jqu`po bomukcr JBH y jk catjr`or mj ua bõmuko jstãt`eo `am`v`muck JBF .
F`d. 5.3= .- Jqu`po t`po JBH
5
F`d. 5.3: .- V`stc `atjr`or
`atjr`or mj
ua bõmuko jstãt`eo
F`d. 5.36 .- Jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj ua pcso mj ictjrâc jstãt`ec
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
>=
Wcrc jk bcamo mj kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos js prje`so rjeurr`r c rjdukcmorjs rãp`mos
eobo jk FcstEobp o eobputjr WKZU, quj pjrb`tja bjm`r kcs ajejs`mcmjs
mj rjcet`vc mj rjm y eobpjascr ja ua t`jbpo `afjr`or c 97 bs. Oisàrvjsj
quj pujmja ncejrsj bca`oircs bãs rãp`mcs por ko quj ck `atjrruptor jstãt`eo
sj rjjrj, pjro ao js eoavja`jatj s` ao sj nc bjm`mo eobo bâa`bo ua e`eko
eobpkjto mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo (67 bs). Ao oistcatj, ja ckduaos ecsos pujmja
ut`k`zcrsj bõmukos jstãt`eos cee`oacmos m`rjetcbjatj por ua eoatceto mjk jqu`po
mj quj eoatrokc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj kcs ecrdcs uetucatjs (ja djajrck
cutõbctcs
o jqu`pos
mj eoatrok
mj sokmcmurc,
mj `amuee`õa,
. Kc F`d.
5.36 bujstrc
ua jsqujbc
s`bpk`ecmo
mj uanoraos
pcso mj
pcso
ua jqu`po jte.)
jstãt`eo,
eoa
kos pr`ae`pckjs ikoqujs. Kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos sj kkcbca tcbi`àa c vjejs ]UE
(]nyr`stor Uw`tenjm Ecpce`tors)
Kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos pujmja tcbi`àa ut`k`zcrsj pcrc cpk`ece`oajs moamj sj
rjqu`jrc ktro mj crbõa`eos, js mje`r, pcrc bca`oircr eoaluato K+E prjv`stos pcrc
jv`tcr soirjecrdcs y rjsoacae`cs (vàcsj jk ecpâtuko 0).
5.33 Eobpjasce`
Eobpjasce`õa
õa fcsj-fcs
fcsj-fcsjj mjk FW
Ja kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj jaeoatrcr eoasubos
fujrtjbjatj
Eoatr`iuyja
mjsjqu`k`ir`o
mj
ecrdcs< Wor mjsjqu`k`ircmos.
ua kcmo kcs ecrdcs
jatrj fcsjc ym`eno
ajutro
y por otro mos
kcmot`pos
ecrdcs
boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj. Jstcs ükt`bcs jstãa prok`fjrcamo eoa potjae`cs
eoas`mjrcikjs ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs eoa ckduaos t`pos mj noraos, s`stjbcs mj
eckjatcb`jato por `amuee`õa y/o jqu`pos mj sokmcmurc.
Kos jfjetos bãs `bportcatjs mj m`enos mjsjqu`k`ir`os soa mj mos t`pos<
•
Eorr`jatjs mj ajutro jkjvcmcs (Eorr`jatj nobopokcr)
•
Eorr`jatjs ja kcs fcsjs mjs`duckjs, eoa mjsfcsjs mjs`duckjs (Eobpoajatj `avjrsc)
`avjrsc)
Jk cubjato mj kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro por mjsjqu`k`ir`o js ua tjbc buy eoaoe`mo,
pjro kos jfjetos mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj nca s`mo bjaos
jstum`cmos. M`eno mjsjqu`k`ir`o m`sb`auyj s`da`ect`vcbjatj kc je`jae`c mj
5
kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, eoas`mjrjbos
ua trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hV´C. Jk m`sjóo sj nc njeno eoas`mjrcamo quj jstc
potjae`c jstcrã rjpcrt`mc jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. U` prjtjam`àrcbos ck`bjatcr eoa
àk ua s`stjbc euycs ecrdcs jstuv`jrca tomcs jkkcs jatrj uac fcsj y ajutro o
ecrdcs jatrj mos fcsjs, jv`mjatjbjatj ao pomrâcbos oitjajr 3777 hT, cuaquj
jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kcs ecrdcs fujsj kc ua`mcm (`aekuyjamo
+ rjmuee`õa
por crbõa`eos). Csâ pujs, kc potjae`c quj pomjbos oitjajr mj ua trcasforbcmor
mjpjamj mj ckduac forbc mjk drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj
quj jk proikjbc t`jaj ua e`jrto pcrckjk`sbo eoa jk mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja
jfjeto, s` eoajetcbos c ua trcasforbcmor, eobo jk mjk jljbpko catjr`or, mj 3777
hV´C, ecrdcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm, tcbpoeo pomjbos
oitjajr kos 3777 hT.
Jk jljbpko catjr`or s`rvj pcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj quj jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
>:
eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc, ck `duck quj ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm,
eobportca ua uso `aje`jatj mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj.
5.33.3 ¿Eõbo cfjetc jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o c kos s`stjbcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk
FW?
Kc ‛eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c‒ , lujdc ua pcpjk pr`borm`ck ja
opt`b`zce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa y kc b`a`b`zce`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja
kcs
`astckce`oajs
Eucamojatjamjrkc
ncikcbos ja
mj su
eobpjasce`õa
mj fcetorquj
mj
potjae`c
ja jstj jkàetr`ecs.
eoatjxto mjijbos
forbc bãs djajrck,
jadk
ja
dkoi
oicc kc eo
eobp
bpja
jasc
sce`
e`õa
õa mj mjs
mjsfc
fcsj
sj tja
tjas`
s`õa
õa eo
eorr
rr`j
`jat
atjj (
), jk
jk ktr
ktrcm
cmoo mj
mj
crbõa`eos y kc eorrjee`õa mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o.
Kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs y kos f`ktros pcs`vos jstãamcr ofrje`mos
cetuckbjatj ja jk bjrecmo soa s`jbprj jqu`pos tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos ko euck
ncej quj sjca buy `aje`jatjs pcrc rjmjs eoa ua ckto drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o.
Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj `am`eca kcs aujvcs tjamjae`cs ja jqu`pos mj
eobpjasce`õa icscmos ja eoamjascmorjs o drupos K-E.
5.33.9 Aujvcs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos
Eobo
sj nc m`eno,
jk s`stjbc
ekãs`eo
eobpjasce`õa
mj rjcet`vc
y ktrcmo
mj crbõa`eos
sj icsc
ja jqu`pos
quj mj
eoajetca
pcsos tr`fãs`eos
jqu`k`ircmos.
Js frjeujatj `aekuso quj jk rjdukcmor mj FW b`mc eorr`jatj soko ja uac fcsj y
rjdukc kc eobpjasce`õa supoa`jamo quj jk s`stjbc js jqu`k`ircmo. Kc eoajx`õa
mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c sj ncej bjm`catj eoatcetorjs (ictjrâcs eoavjae`oackjs)
o bjm`catj t`r`storjs (ictjrâcs jstãt`ecs) ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eoa ua pjrk mj
eorr`jatj buy vcr`cikj ja jk t`jbpo.
Wcrc s`stjbcs eoa ecrdcs buy mjsjqu`k`ircmcs jk bàtomo ekãs`eo ao eoas`duj
uac iujac rjdukce`õa mjk FW y pujmj promue`r uac eobpjasce`õa jrrõajc por
vcr`os bot`vos< Jk pr`bjro y bãs `bportcatj js quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjpjamj
mj kc fcsj moamj sj b`mj kc eorr`jatj. Ujdüa sjc kc bãs ecrdcmc o kc bjaos
ecrdcmc jk s`stjbc pujmj erjcr soirjeobpjasce`õa o fcktc mj eobpjasce`õa c
a`vjk dkoick, djajrcamo ja cbios ecsos pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs y ecuscamo ua
eoasubo mj jajrdâc
jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj kujdo sjrã bot`vo mj
mj ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturc
mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo.
Uupujsto quj sj b`mc ja trjs fcsjs y sj eobpjasj sjdüa ua vckor probjm`o mj
kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs, sj eoas`duj ckduac bjlorc, pjro
jk s`stjbc mj eobpjasce`õa s`duj s`jamo `bpjrfjeto, yc quj sj ecrdc
ecrdc eoa uac
rjcet`vc `aajejscr`c ckduacs fcsjs y ao sj kkjdc c eobpjascr eobpkjtcbjatj
otrcs.
5
Wcrc sokue`oacr jstos proikjbcs y cubjatcr kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj
eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac aujvc
sjr`j mj rjdukcmorjs, mjaob`acmc eobputjr WKZU , ecpcejs mj bjm`r y
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
>6
rjck`zcr kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj, tcato pcrc s`stjbcs moamj
mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja jstrjkkc (fcsj ― ajutro) eobo pcrc s`stjbcs ja kos quj
mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko (tr`fãs`ecs o boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj).
Kc F`d. 5.34 bujstrc ua jsqujbc pcrc ua pcso mj ua f`ktro, eoatrokcmo por
t`r`storjs,
t`r`stor
js, ja eoadurce`õa tr`ãaduko, mj forbc quj pujmj eobpjascrsj ecmc
fcsj `am`v`muckbjatj. Aõtjsj quj jstc eobpjasce`õa mjij ncejrsj s`jbprj eoa
`atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos. Ao pomrâc ncejrsj eoa eoatcetorjs, pujsto quj àstos
eoajetca kcs trjs fcsjs c kc vjz.
K3
K9
K5
=77V CE
UZWWKP
3H9
3D9
3H3
3D3
9H9
9D9
9H3
V3 957 @3 3:7 hT3 >7 hvcr3 67
V9 957 @9 3:7 hT9 >7 hvcr5 67
V5 957 @5 3:7 hT9 >7 hvcr5 67
eos l2 7.>
+ N U U
U Y Y
EOBWZ]JY+
UN
YU+
YU-
3H9
3D9
9D3
5H9
5D9
5H3
5D3
CML
C
I
E
M
J
9H9
9D9
3D3
9D3
3H3
9H3
5H9
5D9
5D3
5H3
EOB
UN
YU+
YUEOB
CK3
K
E
=77V
957V
7V
CK3
EWE5`-xYU
IKOSZJ MJ WO]JAE@C
jstãt`ec eoa
F`d. 5.34.- Jsqujbc mj ua pcso mj ictjrâc jstãt`ec
rjdukcmor b`m`jamo eorr`jatj y tjas`õa ja kcs trjs fcsjs
Wcrc `astckce`oajs moamj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y ajutro,
kos pcsos mjija eoadurcrsj ja jstrjkkc y jk rjdukcmor b`mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj
ja kcs trjs fcsjs y mje`mj eõbo eobpjascr ecmc uac `amjpjam`jatjbjatj.
`amjpjam`jatjbjatj. Wcrc
`astckce`oajs eoa ecrdcs jatrj fcsjs mjsjqu`k`ircmcs, jk rjdukcmor js ecpcz mj
jseodjr kc eoajx`õa õpt`bc quj b`a`b`zc kc eorr`jatj mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj
kcs fcsjs, eoas`du`jamo csâ jk bâa`bo mj pàrm`mcs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc bãx`bc
je`jae`c ja kc `astckce`õa.
5.33.5 @ae`mjae`c mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o ja kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa mj
sub`a`stro.
5
Kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa pcrc ck`bjatcr uac pkcatc `amustr`ck, ua jm`e`o
eobjre`ck, ua jm`f`e`o mj of`e`acs o mj v`v`jamcs, pomjbos m`v`m`rkos ja mos
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
drcamjs eoaejptos<
>4
Eostj mj kc `afrcjstrueturc pcrc ck`bjatce`õa, iãs`ecbjatj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs
mj m`str`iue`õa.
•
•
Eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc.
Jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj ecrdcs `aerjbjatc kos eostjs por cbios eoaejptos. Ja
jfjeto, c ecusc mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o sj mjij cubjatcr kc potjae`c aob`ack mj kos
trcasforbcmorjs y kc sjee`õa mj kos ecikjs, pujs kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc quj e`reukc
por
mj kcs ecrdcs
fcsjs ja
ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o js bcyor quj kc quj e`reukc ja
ecsockduac
mj ck`bjatcr
jqu`k`ircmcs.
C tâtuk
t âtukoo mj jljb
jljbpko
pko ncdcb
ncdcbos
os ua sjae`
sjae`kko
kko eãke
eãkeuko
uko pcrc uac ecrd
ecrdcc mj 3 hV´C ja
mos ecsos<
Ecso 3< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo jqu`k`ircmo c =77 V .
Jk eoasubo js mj 3,== C por fcsj, ja kcs trjs fcsjs.
Ecso 9< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc
ck`bjatcmc jatrj mos fcsjs. Jk eoasubo mj eorr`jatj js
mj 9,: C ja mos fcsjs y ejro ja kc tjrejrc.
Wor tcato, ja jstj ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o jxtrjbo pomjbos tjajr quj
soirjm`bjas`oacr kos ecikjs y jk trcasforbcmor ncstc ua 45%.
Ja eucato ck eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, àstj tcbi`àa sj `aerjbjatc ja kos
s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, mji`mo c kcs pàrm`mcs. U` tobcbos eobo jljbpko jk
b`sbo ecso catjr`or y kkcbcbos Y c kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs,
rjsuktca uacs pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj quj soa<
Ecso 3< Wàrm`mcs por hVC
5 fcsjs x (Y@9) 2 5 x Y x 3,== 9 2 6,99 x Y (T / hVC)
Ecso 9< Wàrm`mcs por hVC
9 fcsjs x (Y@9)2 9 x Y x 9,:9 2 39,: x Y (T / hVC)
Oisàrvjsj
quj
kcs pàrm`mcs soa prãet`ecbjatj jk moikj pcrc jk ecso jxtrjbo mj
mjsjqu`k`ir`o
eoas`mjrcmo.
5.39 Eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecrdcs
5
Ja mjtjrb`acmos ecsos, i`ja sjc ja ecrdcs mj potjae`c eoas`mjrcikj eobpcrcmcs
eoa jk totck mj uac `astckce`õa, o i`ja porquj soa ecrdcs eoajetcmcs c trcvàs
mj kâajcs buy kcrdcs, pujmj sjr `atjrjscatj eobpjascr mj forbc `am`v`muck
jstcs ecrdcs. Kos ecsos bãs tâp`eos soa kc eobpjasce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj
ceobjt`mc y kc eobpjasce`õa mj ckduaos botorjs. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs
mcrjbos ckduacs m`rjetr`ejs mj eobo eobpjascr ckduacs ecrdcs tâp`ecs mj forbc
`am`v`muck.
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
5.39.3 Eobpjasce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc
>>
Ja djajrck jk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc pjrbcajej eoajetcmo `aekuso ja jk
ecso mj mjseoajetcr kcs ecrdcs y cmjbãs, s` kc eobpjasce`õa sj ncej ja I] ao
sj b`mj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc mjk prop`o trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor.. Ja jstc s`tuce`õa qujmc
uac potjae`c s`a eobpjascr quj prãet`ecbjatj sj eoasubj kcs 9= norcs, c
bjaos quj kc bjm`mc mjk rjdukcmor sj jfjetüj ja jk kcmo mj cktc. Wcrc jv`tcr jstj
eoasubo eoat`auo mj rjcet`vc js nci`tuck quj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj ceobjt`mc
sj
bjm`catj
ua eoamjascmor
lo mjpjam`jamo
eoajetcmo jamj
pcrckjko
eoa kc sck`mc
mjk eobpjasja
trcasforbcmor
ja jk kcmo
mj I] o mj C],
kc potjae`c.
Jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc mj kos trcasforbcmorjs sj mjij c mos eoaejptos<
Za tàrb`ao lo, mji`mo c kc rjcetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj (eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj), quj
supoaj cprox`bcmcbjatj ua 3,> c ua 9% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mjk trcasforbcmor
ja hVC.
•
(5.3:)
Za tàrb`ao vcr`cikj quj mjpjamj mj kc ecrdc y mj kc rjcetcae`c mj m`spjrs`õa, ^ee,
o s` sj qu`jrj mj kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor, uee (vàcsj cpcrtcmo
9.37)
•
moamj @9pu rjprjsjatc jk âam`ej mj ecrdc ua`tcr`o, js mje`r, tcato por uao(5.36)
mj kc
ecrdc aob`ack y uee js kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to ua`tcr`c ( uee% / 377).
Yjdkc prãet`ec< Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc totck eoasub`mc por jk trcasforbcmor js
kc subc mj SB y S^ . Ao oistcatj, eobo sj nc m`eno, kc eobpjasce`õa sujkj
ncejrsj eoa ua eoamjascmor lo y por ko tcato `amjpjam`jatj mj kc ecrdc. Kc
potjae`c quj sujkj jkjd`rsj js mj ua :% mj kc potjae`c ja hVC mjk trcasforbcmor.
Ja ckduaos trcasforbcmorjs eoa uee% 1 6%, pujmja jkjd`rsj vckorjs mjk 6 õ 4%.
Ja a`adüa ecso sj rjeob`jamc uac eobpjasce`õa lc eoa potjae`c supjr`or ck
37% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mjk trcasforbcmor.
(5.34)
5.39.9 Eobpjasce`õa mj botorjs csâaeroaos
Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc quj cisorij ua botor csâaeroao mj `amuee`õa sj bcat`jaj
icstcatj eoastcatj, euckqu`jrc quj sjc su ràd`bja mj ecrdc. Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc
sujkj sjr mj ua 07% mj kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por jk botor ja vceâo.
5
Ja djajrck ao js rjeobjamcikj eobpjascr c fcetor mj potjae`c ua`mcm y sj
sujkja eokoecr eoamjascmorjs pcrc eobpjascr jatrj 7,0 y 7,0:. Zac fõrbukc
cprox`bcmc mj eãkeuko mj kc potjae`c ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr ua botor c
27,09 js kc s`du`jatj<
(5.3>)
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Ja djajrck, jk
>0
mj kos botorjs jstã jspje`f`ec mo ja su pkcec mj
ecrcetjrâst`ecs y ja kos prop`os ectãkodos mj fcir`ecatjs. Kos vckorjs mj
aob`ackjs mj kos botorjs sujkja sjr bcyorjs pcrc botorjs mj bcyor aübjro mj
pokos (bjaos rjvokue`oajs). Ja djajrck, kos vckorjs rjsuktcatjs sujkja jstcr ja
torao ck 97% mj kc potjae`c mjk botor pcrc botorjs mj 3:77 rpb, b`jatrcs quj
pcrc botorjs mj 5777 rpb kcs ajejs`mcmjs soa bjaorjs y pcrc botorjs mj 4:7
r/b`a pujmj sjr bãs mjk 9:%.
Ja
eucato c mjk
kcs t`po
forbcs
mj eoajx`õa
mj kcquj
eobpjasce`õa,
sujkja vcr`cr
mjpjam`jamo
mj bca`oirc
mj crrcaquj
jfjetüj jk botor.
Ecso mj crrcaquj m`rjeto
Ja ecso mj crrcaquj m`rjeto,
j k eo a m j a sc m o r p u j m j p o a j rsj
m`rjetcbjatj ja pcrckjko eoa jk botor,
sjdüa jk jsqujbc mj kc durc 5.3>.
Ja djajrck sj eokoec cducs ciclo
mj kc protjee`õa tàrb`ec mjk botor,
eoa ko euck jk protjetor tàrb`eo mjij
clustcrsj bãs iclo pcrc protjdjr
cmjeucmcbjatj jk botor.
F`d. 5.3>.- Eobpjasce`õa mj
botor eoa E m`rjeto ja pcrckjko
Botorjs frjao< Fjaõbjao mj
cutojxe`tce`õa.
5
Ja ecso mj ut`k`zcr jk botor ja
pok`pcstos o ja boatcecrdcs, moamj jk
botor pujmj `r crrcstrcmo, kc eokoece`õa
m j u a eo a m j a sc m o r j a p c rc kj ko
pujmj provoecr kc cutojxe`tce`õa mjk
botor y ja eoasjeujae`c `bp`mj kc
cetuce`õa mjk frjao. Ja jstj ecso js
F`d. 5.30.- Eobpjasce`õa mj botor eoa E prjfjr`ikj cee`oacr jk eoamjascmor
eoajetcmo eoa eoatcetor `amjpjam`jatj
eoa ua eoatcetor `amjpjam`jatj, mj
forbc quj àstj circ c kc ormja mj
pcro mjk botor, sjdüa sj rjprjsjatc
jsqujbãt`ecbjatj ja kc F`d. 5.30.
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
07
Botor eoa crrcaquj jstrjkkc-
tr`ãaduko
Ja jk ecso mj crrcaecmorjs jstrjkkctr`ãaduko pujmj jseodjrsj jatrj mos
ope`oajs<
• Eoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor eoa jk
eoatcetor
mj tr`ãaduko.
Jamurcatj
tck ecso,
jk eoamjascmor
ao cetüc
jk
crrcaquj. (vàcsj kc F`d. 5.97).
F`d. 5.97.- Eobpjasce`õa
Eobpjasce`õa ja crrcaecmor
crrcaecmor
jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoa eoamjascmor mj 5 • Zso mj eoamjascmorjs mj 6 iorajs,
iorajs eoajetcmo ck ack mjk crrcaquj
m`rjetcbjatj ja pcrckjko eoa jk
botor. Ja tck ecso jk eoabutcmor
jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoabutc c kc vjz
jk botor y jk eoamjascmor (vàcsj kc
F`d. 5.93)
Ecso mj botor eoa crrcaecmor por
pcsos.
Ja ecso mj quj jk botor m`spoadc
mj ckdüa t`po mj crrcaecmor por
pcsos, sj ceoasjlc ut`k`zcr ua bcamo
`a m j p j a m `j a t j p c rc eo a j et c r j k
eoamjascmor, eobo jk jsqujbc mj
kc F`d. 5.97. Jk eoamjascmor mjij
eoajetcrsj eoa jk ükt`bo pcso mj
crrcaquj.
F`d. 5.93.- Eobpjasce`õa ja
crrcaecmor jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoa
eoamjascmor mj 6 iorajs
Botorjs rjdukcmos eoa eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c o eoa crrcaecmor
sucvj
Ao js ceoasjlcikj eobpjascr botorjs doijracmos por rjdukcmorjs mj frjeujae`c
o crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos. Kc `aekus`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja pcrckjko
pcrckjko eoa jk
botor pujmj mcócr jk eoavjrt`mor o jk crrcaecmor. Uoko ja ecso mj crrcaecmorjs
jstãt`eos quj ck f`ack mjk crrcaquj qujmca ja ‛ iypcss ‒ pujmj cpk`ecrsj kc
eobpjasce`õa eoa bcamo `amjpjam`jatj (F`d. 5.30)
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
5.39.5 Eobpjasce`õa mj noraos
03
Ecij m`st`adu`r jatrj vcr`os t`pos mj noraos<
c)
Kos noraos
noraos mj rjs`stjae`cs sujkja
sujkja tjajr
tjajr mj por sâ ua fcetor
fcetor mj potjae`c ckto
y por tcato ao js ajejscr`c kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck.
i)
Kos noraos mj `amuee`õa sujkja tjajr
tjajr ua fcetor mj potjae`c ja
ja torao c 7,>,
pjro
ja eoam`e`oajs
trcas`tor`cs
mj iclc ecrdc
jk eoasubo
mj cet`vc
pujmj
sjr buy
iclo, bcatja`àamosj
jk eoasubo
mj rjcet`vc.
Ja tckjs
eoam`e`oajs
sj rjeob`jamc kc eobpjasce`õa
eobpjasce`õa eoa ktros mj rjenczo (vjr ecpâtuko 0).
e)
Kos noraos
noraos mj
mj creo sujkja sjr mj potjae`cs eoas`mjrcikjs y djajrckbjatj
djajrckbjatj sj
ck`bjatca ja bjm`c tjas`õa. Kc eobpjasce`õa sj ncej eoa eoamjascmorjs
los ja bjm`c tjas`õa. Mcmo quj djajrca drcamjs ecat`mcmjs mj crbõa`eos
sujkja ceobpcócrsj kos eoamjascmorjs eoa rjcetcae`cs mj f`ktrcmo,
s`atoa`zcmcs pcrc rjmue`r kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec.
5.39.= Eobpjasce`õa mj `astckce`oajs mj ckubircmo
c)
Jk ckubircmo mj `aecamjsejae`c ao rjqu`jrj eobpjasce`õa.
i)
Kcs kãbpcrcs
kãbpcrcs uorjsejatjs
uorjsejatjs y mj mjsecrdc ja djajrck sujkja tjajr fcetorjs
mj potjae`c iclos, ja torao c 7,:. Djajrckbjatj sj eobpjasca eoa
eoamjascmorjs `am`v`muckjs.
5.35 Ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa ja B]
Kc eobpjasce`õa ja bjm`c tjas`õa cportc ijaje`os s`b`kcrjs c kc eobpjasce`õa
ja iclc, pjro cmjbãs t`jaj jk jfjeto cm`e`oack mj eoatr`iu`r c kc rjdukce`õa mj
kc tjas`õa ja kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. C eoat`auce`õa sj mc ua rjsubja mj kos
ijaje`os oitja`mos eoa kc eobpjasce`õa ja B].
B].
Opt`b`zce`õa tàea`ec
• Cyumc ck eoatro
eoatrokk mj kc tjas`õ
tjas`õaa c ko
k o kcrdo
k crdo mjk s`stjb
s`stjbcc mj
m j trcaspo
t rcasportj
rtj y m`str`iu
m` str`iue`õa.
e`õa.
• Mjsecrdc tcato kcs kâajcs eobo kos trcasforbcmorjs.
• Yjmuej jk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs ja tomo jk s`stjbc.
5
Opt`b`zce`õa jeoaõb`ec
• Yjmuej jk eostj mj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc fceturcikj (Yjecrdo sjdüa pcâs y tcr`fcs).
• Yjmuej jk eostj oeukto quj rjprjsjatca kcs pàrm`mcs Loukj ja kâajcs mj trcasportj
y m`str`iue`õa.
• Wjrb`tj ua bjlor rct`o (hT / hVC) mj ut`k`zce`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs.
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
U`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa mj
09
jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ja B]
Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs
E@YHCW
Eck`mcm mjk
sub`a`stro
Opt`b`zce`õa mjk eostj
mj jxpkotce`õa mj rjmjs
Opt`b`zce`õa
jeoaõb`ec
Cubjato mj
tjas`oajs ja<
- lujdos mj icrrcs
- ackjs mj kâajc
- M`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs
- Mjsecrdc mj kâajcs y ecikjs
- Mjsecrdc mj
trcasforbcmorjs
- M`sb`aue`õa
eostj jajrdâc
- Bjaor eoasubo mj hT
- Bjaor eoasubo mj hvcr
Djst`õa mj ecrdc jkàetr`ec ja rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa
F`d. 5.95.- Eucmro rjsubja mj kos ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa
eobpjasce`õa ja B]
5.3= ¿Mõamj y euãamo eobpjascr ja B]?
Iãs`ecbjatj mjijbos pjascr ja eobpjascr ja B] eucamo sj trctj mj
`astckce`oajs mj djajrce`õa trcasportj y m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec ja kcs
euckjs sj mjsjj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa c ack mj kâajc o ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs
moamj jx`stca eoasubos ja B]. ]ck js jk ecso mj ckduaos ejatros mj iobijo,
ejatros mj trctcb`jato mj cducs, b`ajrâc, fãir`ecs mj ejbjato, `amustr`cs
quâb`ecs, cejrâcs, pcpjkjrcs, jte.
Ja kcs `astckce`oajs eoa m`str`iue`õa ja
ja B] y eoasubo ja I],
I], js bjlor kc
eobpjasce`õa ja I], ejrec mj kcs ecrdcs. Ao oistcatj, s` jk aübjro mj
trcasforbcmorjs B]/I] js jkjvcmo, js rjeobjamcikj quj ck bjaos pcrtj mj kc
eobpjasce`õa sj rjck`ej ja B].
5.3: Mja`e`oajs mj tàrb`aos jbpkjcmos ja B]
C eoat`auce`õa
eoat` auce`õa mcbos ua rjsubja mj eoaejpto
eoaejptoss jbpkjcmo
jbpkjcmoss ja kc mja`e`
mja`e`õa
õa mj
jqu`pos mj bjm`c y cktc tjas`õa
A`vjkjs mj c`skcb`jato (I@K)
5
Jk I@K `am`ec jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj ua jqu`po mj B]. Wcrc mjtjrb`acr jstj
a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato sj rjck`zca mos jascyos<
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
05
Jascyo c frjeujae`c `amustr`ck murcatj ua b`auto. Jstj jascyo pjrb`tj kc
eobproice`õa mjk c`skcb`jato mj ua m`spos`t`vo s`bukcamo uac jkjvcmc tjas`õa mj
•
rjm c :7 õ 67Nz.
Jascyo mj oamc mj enoquj mj 3.9/:7 ºs Jstj jascyo pjrb`tj kc eobproice`õa mjk
c`skcb`jato mj ua m`spos`t`vo s`bukcamo kc soirjtjas`õa djajrcmc ja ua trcas`tor`o mj
cpjrturc mj uac ecrdc `amuet`vc o jk trcas`tor`o promue`mo por ua rcyo.
•
]cikc 5 4.- ]jas`oajs mj jascyo y kâajcs mj fudc sjdüa I@K
A`vjk mj c`skcb`jato ]jas`õa c frjeujae`c
Oamc mj enoquj
Kâajcs mj fudc
I@K (hV)
4, 9
`amustr`ck (hV)
97
3.9 / :7 (hV erjstc)
67
ja (bb)
3 07
39
9>
4:
3 07
34 , :
5>
0:
5 77
9=
:7
39:
= 5:
56
47
347
6 77
Ja kos eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos, jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato eorrjspoamj ck
`abjm`cto supjr`or c su tjas`õa aob`ack. Csâ por jljbpko, ua eoamjascmor
tr`fãs`eo ENV-] mj 577 hvcr, 6.6. hV mjij tjajr ua a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj
4.9 hV.
•
•
Ja kos eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos, jk er`tjr`o mj jkjee`õa vcrâc rjspjeto ck tr`fãs`eo.
Kos a`vjkjs mj c`skcb`jato eorrjspoamja ck b`sbo mj kc rjm c quj sj eoajetc kc
ictjrâc ja jqu`pos ao c`skcmos mj t`jrrc (EJ@ >7.643-3).
Jljbpko< Ictjrâc 5 Bvcr c 97 hV. Forbcmc por 6 ua`mcmjs mj :77 hvcr,
33.:6 hV ja moikj P. A`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs 9= hV
(I@K :7/39: hV)
M`stcae`cs mj c`skcb`jato y kâajcs mj fudc
Uj mjaob`ac m`stcae`c mj c`skcb`jato c kc m`stcae`c quj
jx`stj jatrj mos pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj ua jqu`po mj B]
o C].
Ecij m`st`adu`r jatrj m`stcae`c ck c`rj y m`stcae`c soirj
uac supjre`j c`skcatj, eobo kc quj sj rjprjsjatc ja
kc F`d. 5.9=. C jstc m`stcae`c, s`du`jamo kc kâajc bãs
eortc soirj supjre`j sj kj mjaob`ac kâajc mj fudc. Kc
kâajc mj fudc ajejscr`c ja ua jqu`po o m`spos`t`vo jstã
m`rjetcbjatj rjkce`oacmc
rjkce`oacmc eoa kos a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa
cbi`jatck ja kos quj mjic fuae`oacr m`eno jqu`po o
m`spos`t`vo.
Kâajc mj fudc
F`d. 5.9=.- Kâajc mj
fudc ja ua c`skcmor
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
A`vjkjs mj pokue`õa
0=
Uj jat`jamj por a`vjk mj pokue`õa kc eoatcb`ace`õa cbi`jatck jx`stjatj ja jk
kudcr moamj sj `astckca kos jqu`pos. C bcyor a`vjk mj pokue`õa sj rjqu`jrja
kâajcs mj fudc bãs kcrdcs pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk c`skcb`jato. Ja ecso mj buenc
pokue`õa (pokvo, cej`tjs, sck`a`mcm, jte.) sj promueja mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato y
eoatorajos.
Jx`stja
vcr`os
a`vjkjs
mj pokue`õa
ja ecmc
uaokâajc
mj jkkos
sj Kc
eoas`duj
ua
mjtjrb`acmo
a`vjk
mj c`skcb`jato
poryecmc
bb mj
mj fudc.
]cikc 5.>
`am`ec kos m`st`atos a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa y kc tjas`õa mj c`skcb`jato por bb sjdüa
@JE.
]cikc 5.>.- A`vjkjs mj pokue`õa
A ` v j k mj po k ue ` õa
M` s t c a e ` c m j c r e o
Ic l c
3 6 bb / h V
B jm` c
9 7 bb / h V
Cktc
9: bb/hV
bb/ hV
B u y Ck t c
5 3 bb / h V
5.36 Yjdukce`õa mjk FW ja rjmjs mj bjm`c tjas`õa
Jx`stja `astckce`oajs quj, yc sjc por su t`pokodâc, ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj sus ecrdcs,
por jk jkjvcmo eoasubo mj jajrdâc o por jk t`po mj eoatrcto quj jk eoasub`mor
t`jaj eoa kc eobpcóâc sub`a`strcmorc t`jaja quj sjr eobpjascmcs ja bjm`c
tjas`õa.
U` i`ja js e`jrto quj sjdüa kos Yjdkcbjatos mj I] y mj C] tca soko jx`stj kc
m`v`s`õa jatrj iclc tjas`õa (tjas`oajs ncstc 3777 V e.c. õ 3:77 V e.e.), y cktc
tjas`õa (vckorjs bcyorjs c kos e`tcmos) ja kc prãet`ec sj sujkj mjaob`acr eobo
bjm`c tjas`õa (B]) tomo jk rcado mj tjas`oajs quj vc mj 3 hV c =: hV. Csâ pujs
ja jk bjrecmo sj cmoptc
cmoptc jk voeciko mj eobpjasce`õa
eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja
bjm`c tjas`õa, rjr`àamosj c kcs ecrdcs susejpt`ikjs c sjr eobpjascmcs euyc
ck`bjatce`õa
jstã jatrj
kos jqu`pos
5 hV y kos
=: ictjrâcs
hV. Wor jstj
bot`vo, y ja cmjkcatj
aos vcbos c rjfjr`r
c jstos
eobo
mj eoamjascmorjs
ja bjm`c,
tjas`õa.
Kc eobpjasce`õa mj potjae`c rjcet`vc ja B] jstã m`rjetcbjatj rjkce`oacmc eoa
m`fjrjatjs cspjetos quj cyumca c kc bjlorc mj kcs eoam`e`oajs mj fuae`oacb`jato
mj kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs y mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa. Iãs`ecbjatj kos
ajs pjrsjdu`mos soa<
• Yjdukce`õa mj kc tjas`õa ja m`st`atos puatos mj rjm.
5
• Bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro. Iãs`ecbjatj eoatrokcamo
eoatrokcamo kos a`vjkjs
mj tjas`õa ja icrrcs mj suijstce`oajs (UJ) y ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa
(E]).
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
• Bjlorc mj kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa ja jxtrjbos mj kâajcs.
0:
• Bjlorc mj kos eostjs mj jxpkotce`õa. Jstj cspjeto jstã icscmo ja
kc eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, quj eobportc kc rjmuee`õa
mj pàrm`mcs Loukj, jk cubjato mjk rjam`b`jato mj trcasforbcmorjs j
`astckce`oajs y kc rjmuee`õa mj eostjs tcr`fcr`os.
Ecmc uao mj kos puatos sj mjscrrokkc mj uac bcajrc bãs jxncust`vc ja kos
s`du`jatjs cpcrtcmos.
5.36.3 Eoatrok mjk a`vjk mj tjas`õa ja kcs kâajcs
Zao mj kos puatos erât`eos ja kc m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec js jk bcatjajr
kcs tjas`oajs ja m`st`atos puatos mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. U` sj trctc mj rjmjs
ja ca`kko ja kos m`s`atos E] y s` soa rjmjs rcm`ckjs ja kos ackjs mj kâajc. Jx`stja
mos pos`ikjs bàtomos pcrc jk eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa ck f`ack mj kcs kâajcs mj
m`str`iue`õa mj B], quj mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa<
c) Eoatrok ja or`dja mj kâajc, djajrckbjatj pcrc kâajcs mj eoadurce`õa
rcm`ck.
i)
Eoatrok
puatos
mj uac rjm ja ca`kko o ck ack mj uac
kâajc
mj B]jajamjtjrb`acmos
uac eoadurce`õa
rcm`ck.
Kos m`cdrcbcs mj kc F`d. 5.99 `kustrca kc forbc ja quj kc eobpjasce`õa mj
rjcet`vc eoas`duj cubjatcr kc tjas`õa ja jk puato mj sub`a`stro.
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
^
Y
06
@
Fujatj
Z3
Z9
Ecrdcs
Z3
l
Z9
@c
@r
Y.@
^.@
@
U`a eobpjascr
^
Y
@
Z9
Fujatj
Ecrdcs
Z3
@eobp
@eobp
Z3
l
@c
@r
^.@
Z9
Y.@
@
Eobpjascmo
@eobp
Z3
l
@c
@r
Z9
Z9
Y.@
^.@
Y.@
@
Z3
Z9
Z9 Y.@
^.@
Y.@
Eobpcrce`õa
F`d. 5.99.- M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck eobpcrcamo
eobpcrcamo kc `astckce`õa eoa kc ao
ao eobpjascmc
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
5.36.3.3 Eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa ja or`dja mj kâajc.
04
Zac forbc nci`tuck quj jbpkjca kcs jbprjscs m`str`iu`morcs pcrc bcatjajr jk
a`vjk aob`ack mj tjas`õa ck ack mj uac kâajc mj B] ao bckkcmc, js rjdukcr kc
tjas`õa c kc sck`mc mj suijstce`õa (UJ) por jae`bc mj su vckor aob`ack. Jsto sj
ncej c icsj mj eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja or`dja (icrrcs mjk E] o UJ)
pcrc eobpjascr kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa mj kc kâajc.
Kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja icrrcs mj B] kkjvc csoe`cmo jk cubjato mj
tjas`õa ja jk puato mj su eoajx`õa. Ujdüa kc Aorbc EJ@ 67->43-3, jk eãkeuko mjk
`aerjbjato mj tjas`õa quj supoaj kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja uac rjm mj
B] pujmj oitjajrsj mj kc jeuce`oa (5.97).
Ja prjv`s`õa mj pos`ikjs uetuce`oajs mj ecrdc, kos eoamjascmorjs c eoajetcr
c kc sck`mc mj kc UJ o E] sj sujkja frcee`oacr ja pcsos, quj sj eoajetca o sj
mjseoajetca eoa ua rjdukcmor mj fcetor mj potjae`c. Kc potjae`c, t`po mjk jqu`po
mj eoamjascmorjs y jk a`vjk mj frcee`oacb`jato mjk b`sbo, sujkj mjpjamjr mj
er`tjr`os prop`os mj kcs Eobpcóâcs m`str`iu`morcs.
Aõtjsj quj jk frcee`oacb`jato mj kc potjae`c totck ja m`fjrjatjs jseckoajs,
pjrb`tj kc bjlorc mj kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa pcrc m`fjrjatjs jstcmos mj ecrdc mj kc
rjm,
jv`tcamo
soirjtjas`oajs
sj promue`râca
ja ecso mj soirj-eobpjasce`õa
(jxejso
mj jajrdâc
ecpce`t`vcquj
eoajetcmc
c kc rjm).
5.36.3.9 Eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa eoa eoamjascmorjs ck ack mj kâajc
Ja ecso mj kâajcs mj B] eoa vcr`cs rcb`ece`oajs, s` àstcs t`jaja uac koad`tum
eoas`mjrcikj (vcr`os hb), ao js pos`ikj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa ja tomos kos puatos
mj m`str`iue`õa eokoecamo eoamjascmorjs ck `a`e`o mj kâajc. Wcrc jstos ecsos
sj sujkja eokoecr kos eoamjascmorjs ja aumos mj m`str`iue`õa moamj sj qu`jrj
rjdukcr kc tjas`õa.
Kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa ck ack mj uac kâajc o trcbo mj kâajc pumj eckeukcrsj por kc
jeuce`õa (5.30)
∆Z (%) 2 377´ W ⋊9k ⋊ ( Yk + ^ k td )
Za
(5.30)
moamj<
∆Z(%)< Ecâmc mj tjas`õa porejatuck rjfjr`mc c kc tjas`õa aob`ack Za
W< Wotjae`c cet`vc trcasportcmc
Yk y ^k< rjs`stjae`c y rjcetcae`c por ua`mcm mj koad`tum (ja djajrck por hb)
5
k< Koad`tum mj kc kâajc (ja kcs b`sbcs ua`mcmjs ja quj sj ncyc eobputcmo Yk y ^k)
Z < ]jas`õa aob`ack mj kc rjm
a
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
0>
Wor otro kcmo, jk cubjato mj tjas`õa ja ua puato mj kc kâajc eobo eoasjeujae`c
mj kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs, pujmj eckeukcrsj, sjdüa @JE-67>43-3, por kc
jeuce`õa (5.97).
(5.97)
moamj<
Ecâmc mj tjas`õa porejatuck rjfjr`mc c kc tjas`õa aob`ack
Za
∆Z(%)<
Sict< Wotjae`c mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs
Uee< Wotjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to ja jk puato mj eokoece`õa mj kos E
5.36.9 Yjmuee`õa mjk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs ja kâajcs mj B]
Kc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja `astckce`oajs mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj js ua tjbc
buy `bportcatj c kc norc mj kcs vckorce`oajs jeoaõb`ecs mj uac `astckce`õa,
yc quj, cpcrtj mj kc rjmuee`õa mj eostj por tcr`fc, sj subc jk eostj oeukto quj
rjprjsjatca kcs pàrm`mcs ja kcs kâajcs mj trcasportj y m`str`iue`õa. Csâ pujs,
`duck quj oeurrj ja iclc tjas`õa, kc `astckce`õa mj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs
ja B] supoaj
m`sb`aue`õa
m`rjetc
mj kcsuac
potjae`cs
rjcet`vc
y cpcrjatj
sok`e`tcmcs
por kcuac
rjm,
pjro cmjbãs
eobportc
m`sb`aue`õa
mj pàrm`mcs
por
jfjeto Loukj, js mje`r ua cnorro mj potjae`c cet`vc.
C eo
eoat
at`a
`auc
uce`
e`õa
õa sj `a
`am`
m`ec
ecaa kc
kcss jx
jxpr
prjs
js`o
`oaj
ajss pc
pcrc
rc jk eã
eãke
keuk
ukoo mj kc
kcss pà
pàrm
rm`m
`mcs
cs
por jfjeto Loukj, jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj prjsjatc jk ecikj y kc
m`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs (potjae`c cet`vc) ck eoajetcr uac ictjrâc ja uac kâajc
mj B].
Wàrm`mcs Loukj ja uac kâajc<
(5.93)
moamj Yk js kc rjs`stjae`c por ua`mcm mj koad`tum y k js kc koad`tum (ja djajrck
cbios mctos por hb)
Cs â pu
Csâ
pujs
js,, kc m`
m`sb
sb`a
`aue
ue`õ
`õaa mj pà
pàrm
rm`m
`mcs
cs js pr
prop
opor
ore`
e`oa
oack
ck c kc m`
m`sb
sb`a
`aue
ue`õ
`õaa mj
mjkk
eucmrcmo mj kcs eorr`jatjs (5.99)
∆@ 2
9
W 9 + S K9
9
∙
W 9 + (S K
∙S
9
9
)
ict
2
∙ S9
9S K S ict
ict
9
(5.99)
Z
Z
Z
moamj W js kc potjae`c cet`vc trcasb`t`mc c kc ecrdc, SK js kc potjae`c rjcet`vc
mj kc ecrdc y Sict js kc potjae`c mj kc ictjrâc mj eobpjasce`õa.
5
Wor tcato kc m`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs eobo rjsuktcmo mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj
rjcet`vc pujmj eckeukcrsj sjdüa (5.95)<
9
9S K Sict ∙ Sict
(5.95)
∆W 2 Yk ´
9
Z
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
00
Ja ecso mj eobpjascr totckbjatj kc potjae`c mj kc ecrdc SK2Sict, kc rjmuee`õa
9
mj pàrm`mcs sjrâc ∆W 2 Yk ´k ´Sict
/Z 9
5.36.9.3 Jljbpko
Jljbpko mj rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs Loukj ja ua s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa
bjm`catj kâajcs ãrjcs.
Ja jstj ecso sj jstum`c kc jvokue`õa mjk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs mj kâajc y ecâmcs
mj tjas`õa mj ua s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa c 97 hV eoa y s`a ictjrâcs mj
eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmcs.
Uj proejmj c eobpcrcr jk jfjeto mj kcs ictjrâcs ja uac rjm càrjc mj B]
mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc ja uac zoac rurck, ja kc quj jx`stja mos ejatros
mj rjpcrto C y I, ck`bjatcmos por sjamcs kâajcs C y I eoa rjs`stjae`cs
YkC 27,5== bΩ/hb y YkI 27,=== bΩ/hb
F`d. 5.9:.- Yjm mj m`str`iue`õa pcrc jk
jk jljbpko mj eãkeuko
@.- Jstcmo mj ecrdcs s`a ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmcs
Ja or`dja, jk s`stjbc prjsjatc jk jstcmo mj potjae`cs quj sj bujstrc ja kc
]cikc 5.:.
]cikc 5.:.- Mctos mj kc `astckce`õa prjv`os c kc eobpjasce`õa
W o t j a e ` c c e t ` v c ( B T)
5
Wuato mj
eoajx`õa E
4, 5 0
Ejatro Yjpcrto C Ejatro Yjpcrto I
9, 4
=, 5 0
Wo t j a e ` c r j c e t ` v c ( Bv c r )
5, 4 7
3 , 95
9, 3 5
Wotjae`c cpcrjatj (BVC)
>, 9 6
9 , 04
=, > >
eos φ
7, > 0
7 , 03
7, 0
Wà r m ` m c s L o u k j ( h T )
33=,:
3>:
Yjcet`vc eoasub`mc
por kc kâajc (hvcr)
390
97>
Ec â m c s m j t j a s ` õ a ( % )
:, 9
:, 9 :
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
377
Eobo sj oisjrvc, ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa ck s`stjbc jkàetr`eo E, kcs eoam`e`oajs
mj eoajx`õa ao soa iujacs, js mje`r, kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js jkjvcmc y jk fcetor
mj potjae`c iclo.
@@.- U`tuce`õa eoa kcs ictjrâcs eoajetcmcs
Wcrc bjlorcr jk jstcmo mj kc rjm, sj eoajetc uac ictjrâc mj 3377 hvcr c 97 hV
ja jk ejatro mj rjpcrto C (IEC) y uac ictjrâc mj 9777 hvcr c 97 hV ja jk ejatro
mj rjpcrto I (IEI).
Jk ickcaej mj potjae`cs qujmc bom`f`ecmo tck y eobo sj oisjrvc ja kc
]cikc 5.6.
]cikc 5.6.- Mctos mj kc `astckce`õa mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa
Wuato mj
eoajx`õa E
Ejatro Yjpcrto
C eoa IEC
I EC
Ejatro Yjpcrto
I eoa IEI
W o t j a e ` c c e t ` v c ( B T)
4, 5 5
9, 4
=, 5 0
Wo t j a e ` c r j c e t ` v c ( Bv c r )
7, : =
7 , 35
7, 3 5
Wotjae`c cpcrjatj (BVC)
4, 5 6
9, 4
=, 5 0
e os φ
7, 0 0
7 , 00
7, 0 0
W à r m ` m c s L o u k j ( h T)
0=
3 :7
Yjcet`vc eoasub`mc
por kc kâajc (hvcr)
376
347
5 ,0 %
5, > %
E c â m c s m j t j a s ` õ a ( %)
Ja jstj ecso, sj oisjrvc quj ja jk puato E kcs eoam`e`oajs sj nca opt`b`zcmo
mj uac bcajrc sustcae`ck, sj nca m`sb`au`mo kcs pàrm`mcs Loukj ja kcs kâajcs
y sj nc cubjatcmo kc tjas`õa
tjas`õa ja kos ejatros mj rjpcrto. Mj jstc forbc, sj nc
opt`b`zcmo kc jxpkotce`õa y jk rjam`b`jato mj kc kâajc y sj nc dcrcat`zcamo jk
a`vjk mj tjas`õa c kos usucr`os.
5.34 Eoamjascmorjs pcrc B]
Kos eoamjascmorjs soa kos jkjbjatos jsjae`ckjs mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj
jajrdâc rjcet`vc. Uu pr`ae`p`o mj cetuce`õa js jk b`sbo jxpk`ecmo ja jk ecpâtuko
5 pcrc jqu`pos mj I].
I]. Ja jk ecso mj eoamjascmorjs mj B],
B], àstos pujmja tjajr
eoadurce`õa boaofãs`ec o tr`fãs`ec.
5
Kos eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos t`jaja mos iorajs y sujkja jbpkjcrsj ja
jqu`pos eoadurcmos eobo ictjrâc ja jstrjkkc o moikj jstrjkkc. Uj sujkja jbpkjcr
pcrc rjmjs eoa tjas`õa por jae`bc mj 33 hV, o pcrc ictjrâcs eoa tjas`oajs
bjaorjs pjro eoa cktos a`vjkjs mj potjae`c.
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
373
Kos eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos m`spoaja mj trjs iorajs y sujkja jbpkjcrsj
pcrc boatclj mj ictjrâcs mj pjqujóc y bjm`cac potjae`c pcrc rjmjs mj ncstc
33 hV.
F`d. 5.94.- Eoamjascmor
Eoamjascmor mj B] tr`fãs`eo
F`d. 5.96.- Eoamjascmor
mj B] boaofãs`eo
Eobpos`e`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs
Kos eoamjascmorjs mj Bjm`c ]jas`õa
jstãa eobpujstos por m`fjrjatjs jkjbjatos
ecpce`t`vos iãs`eos.
Jstcs ua`mcmjs iãs`ecs sj eoajetca ja
drupos sjr`j y/o pcrckjko eoa kc ack`mcm mj
oitjajr kc potjae`c y tjas`õa ajejscr`cs.
Zac vjz rjck`zcmo jk pcqujtj mj jkjbjatos,
sj `atromuej jk eoaluato ja uac eclc mj
cejro `aox`mcikj, sj cócmja kos iorajs y
sj
`bprjdac
ja cej`tj,
dcrcat`zcamo csâ
pjrfjeto
cs`kcb`jato
y fuae`oacb`jato
mj jk
kc
ua`mcm.
F`d. 5.9>.- Eobpos`e`õa
Eobpos`e`õa mj ua
eoamjascmor boaofãs`eo mj B]
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Wrotjee`oajs mj kos eoamjascmorjs bjm`catj fus`ikjs `atjraos
379
Jk eoamjascmor, eobo tomo jkjbjato mj uac
`astckce`õa jkàetr`ec, t`jaj quj sjr ecpcz mj
jk`b`acr kos mjfjetos quj, ja su `atjr`or, sj
pujmca or`d`acr.
E@YEZ]OY cpujstc por kc tjeaokodâc mj
fus`ikjs `atjraos, quj eoas`stj ja protjdjr
tomos y ecmc uao mj kos jkjbjatos ecpce`t`vos
iãs`eos mjk eoamjascmor eoa ua fus`ikj
`atjrao.
Ja ecso mj mjfjeto mj ua jkjbjato ecpce`t`vo
iãs`eo sj promuej uac mjsecrdc mj kos
jkjbjatos scaos soirj jk cvjr`cmo.
F`d. 5.90.- Mjtckkj
Mjtckkj mjk
mjk fus`ikj
`atjrao ja ua eoamjascmor mj B]
Jstc mjsecrdc provoec kc fus`õa `abjm`ctc mjk
fus`ikj `atjrao mj kc ua`mcm mcócmc.
Jstj s`stjbc prjsjatc kcs s`du`jatjs vjatclcs,
quj sj ekcs`eca ja mos drupos<
Vjatclcs Opjrct`vcs
• Mjseoajx`õa `abjm`ctc mjk jkjbjato mcócmo.
• Bâa`bc djajrce`õa mj dcsjs ja jk `atjr`or mjk eoamjascmor, por tcato jfjeto mj
soirjprjs`õa `atjrac mjsprje`cikj.
• Eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o. Kc jk`b`ace`õa mj kc ua`mcm mcócmc pjrb`tj kc
eoat`auce`õa mjk jqu`po eoajetcmo.
• Wos`i`k`mcm mj pkca`ece`õa mjk bcatja`b`jato mj kc ictjrâc.
• Bcatja`b`jato bãs sjae`kko.
Vjatclcs mj m`sjóo.
•
•
Bcyor potjae`c mj eoamjascmor. (Wjrb`tj bãs potjae`c por ua`mcm mj vokubja)
Zt`k`zce`õa mj bjaos eoamjascmorjs por ictjrâc.
•
Yjmuee`õa mjk tcbcóo mj icst`morjs o eci`acs.
•
Eostj bãs jeoaõb`eo mj kc ictjrâc.
5.3> Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj pcrc ictjrâcs mj B]
5
Kc eoajx`õa mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs bjm`catj `atjrruptorjs
jkjetrobjeãa`eos kkjvc csoe`cmc kc erjce`õa mj trcas`tor`os mj eorr`jatj c kc
eoajx`õa. Kc Aorbc EJ@ 67>43-3 mjaj jk vckor bãx`bo mj erjstc quj uac
ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs pujmj djajrcr ja kcs bca`oircs mj eoajx`õa.
Eoaerjtcbjatj 377 vjejs su eorr`jatj aob`ack.
aob`ack. U` jstj vckor js supjrcmo, js
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
375
ajejscr`o jk boatclj mj rjcetcae`cs mj enoquj YBV , euyc fuae`õa eoas`stj ja
k`b`tcr jk trcas`tor`o mj eorr`jatj c vckorjs cejptcikjs por kos eoamjascmorjs y
pcrc kc prop`c kâajc quj sj eobpjasc.
Jk vckor mj jstc rjcetcae`c js vcr`cikj ja fuae`õa mj kcs eoam`e`oajs mj kc
`astckce`õa, mjpjam`jamo iãs`ecbjatj mj kos s`du`jatjs pcrãbjtros<
•
Wotjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mj kc `astckce`õa.
•
Jx`stjae`c mj bãs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs.
Womjr mj e`jrrj mj kos `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos. Jk vckor mj eoajx`õa rjs`muck uac
vjz boatcmc kc rjcetcae`c t`jaj quj sjr tcbi`àa `afjr`or c kos pomjrjs mj e`jrrj mjk
cpcrjkkclj ja djajrck.
•
Eobo aorbc djajrck sj rjeob`jamc<
Ja ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs c`skcmcs, js mje`r uac sokc ictjrâc ja kc `astckce`õa,
por aorbc djajrck ao js ajejscr`o kc eokoece`õa mj rjcetcae`cs mj enoquj. Ja
euckqu`jr ecso, sj rjeob`jamc rjck`zcr kc eobproice`õa.
•
Ja ictjrâcs ja pcrckjko o ja jseckoajs mj ictjrâcs cutobãt`ecs, s`jbprj js
ajejscr`c su eokoece`õa.
•
Er`tjr`os djajrckjs mj m`sjóo mj eobpoajatjs
Mj ceujrmo c kc Aorbc EJ@ 67.>43-3, kos eoamjascmorjs jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc
soportcr ua 57 % mj soirjecrdc mj eorr`jatj ja pjrbcajae`c.
Wor jstj bot`vo, kc aorbc ceoasjlc quj tomos kos eobpoajatjs mj uac ictjrâc
soportja eobo bâa`bo 3,: vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack.
Ja djajrck sj ceoasjlc ua m`bjas`oacmo mj 3,=5 vjejs kc eorr`jatj dkoick mj kc
ictjrâc pcrc<
•
Ecikjs mj potjae`c
•
Cpcrcbjatc
Cpcrcb
jatc ja djajrck
•
Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj
5.30 Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs B]
Ujdüa sj nc m`eno, ja jqu`pos mj B] kos eoamjascmorjs pujmja sjr boaofãs`eos
o tr`fãs`eos y jsto mc kudcr c m`fjrjatjs pos`ikjs eoadurce`oajs mj kcs ictjrâcs
mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c.
5
Ko pr`bjro quj ncy quj mje`r js quj buenos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa ja B]
ao sj bca`oirca cpjacs auaec o buy poecs vjejs, pujsto quj kos eoatcetorjs
mj vceâo o kos `atjrruptorjs pcrc bca`oircrkos t`jaja ua aübjro mj bca`oircs
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
37=
k`b`tcmo (mjk ormja mj uacs 37.777), pcscmo jk euck ncy quj ncejr bcatja`b`jato,
suist`tue`õa mj iotjkkcs mj vceâo, jte. Csâ pujs, ja kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecsos,
kos jkjbjatos mj eortj mj m`encs ictjrâcs sj jbpkjca iãs`ecbjatj pcrc su
protjee`õa y ao pcrc rjdukcr jk FW eoa ua rjdukcmor, eobo sj jxpk`eõ pcrc I].
5.30.3 Eoadurce`oajs mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs
Uj pujmja pkcatjcr m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj eoadurce`õa, mjpjam`jamo ja djajrck
mj kc tjas`õa mj jbpkjo, mj kc potjae`c y mj otros pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos mj kc
`astckce`õa. Wcrc m`st`atcs eoadurce`oajs sj jbpkjca<
Eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos (djajrckbjatj pcrc potjae`cs iclcs y tjas`oajs tcbi`àa
iclcs)
•
•
Eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos (pcrc potjae`cs y tjas`oajs cktcs)
Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos
Jstos jqu`pos soa buy üt`kjs pcrc `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs, mcmo quj soa
ecpcejs mj ckolcr pjqujócs y bjm`cacs potjae`cs ja uacs m`bjas`oajs
rjmue`mcs. Kc tjas`õa mj trciclo bãx`bc js mj 33 hV y kc potjae`c mj 3.6 Bvcr.
Kcs cpk`ece`oajs bãs nci`tuckjs soa<
•
Eobpjasce`õa mj botorjs
•
Eobpjasce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs
•
Ictjrâcs cutobãt`ecs
F`d. 5.57.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec s`bpkj
5
F`d. 5.53.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec s`bpkj
Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos eoajetcmos ja jstrjkkc
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
37:
Kc cpk`ece`õa mj jstc eoadurce`õa qujmc üa`ecbjatj rjsjrvcmc c pjqujócs
potjae`cs mj ictjrâc, quj por a`vjk mj tjas`õa mj trciclo ao pujmja sjr rjsujktcs
eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãs`eos.
Za ecso prãet`eo js, por jljbpko, uac ictjrâc mj =:7 hvcr c 3: hV. Jstj ecso sj
rjsujkvj eoa 5 eoamjascmorjs mj 3:7 hvcr c >.64 hV mj tjas`õa aob`ack.
Jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs eorrjspoamj ck mj kc rjm, js mje`r,
34.: hV.
F`d. 5.59.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec eoa eoamjascmorjs
eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos
boaofãs`eos
Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs boaofãs`eos eoajetcmos ja moikj jstrjkkc
Js kc eoadurce`õa bãs ut`k`zcmc ja bjm`cacs y drcamjs potjae`cs. Kc moikj
jstrjkkc jstã forbcmc por mos jstrjkkcs eoa ua ecikj mj ua`õa jatrj ajutros (vjr
F`d. 5.55). Aorbckbjatj jstj s`stjbc mj eoadurce`õa js ut`k`zcmo ja<
•
Yjmjs eoa tjas`oajs mj sjrv`e`o bcyorjs mj 33 hV
•
Yjmjs eoa tjas`oajs bjaorjs mj 33 hV y potjae`cs bcyorjs mj 3,6 Bvcr
Ja jk ajutro sj eoajetc ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj pcrc kc mjtjee`õa mj
eorr`jatjs mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o, quj djajrckbjatj soa sâatobc mj ckdüa mjfjeto ja
kos eoamjascmorjs.
Jstc m`spos`e`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs pjrb`tj kc rjck`zce`õa mjk jqu`po sjc
euck sjc jk a`vjk mj tjas`õa y potjae`c ajejscr`c, pcrt`jamo mj eoamjascmorjs
jstãamcr. Ja jfjeto, tck eobo sj oisjrvc ja kc F`d. 5.55, jk eoamjascmor o drupo
mj eoamjascmorjs mj ecmc rcbck, tjamrã uac tjas`õa cpk`ecmc eorrjspoam`jatj
c kc mj fcsj. Zac vjz mja`mc kc tjas`õa mj ecmc eoamjascmor y, por tcato, jk
aübjro mj ua`mcmjs, sj mjaj kc potjae`c mj ecmc eoamjascmor.
(5.9=)
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
376
F`d. 5.55.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec eoa E
ja moikj jstrjkkc y protjee`õa
F`d. 5.5=.- Ictjrâc tr`fãs`ec eoa E
ja moikj jstrjkkc y protjee`õa
5.30.9 Forbcs mj eobpjasce`õa
Kc eobpjasce`õa mj FW ja B], ck `duck quj sj nceâc ja `astckce`oajs mj I],
pujmj rjck`zcrsj mj forbc lc o cutobãt`ec. Kc jkjee`õa mj uac u otrc mjpjamj
mjk t`po mj `astckce`õa, mj su eoadurce`õa, mjk ràd`bja mj ecrdc quj àstc tjadc,
csâ eobo mjk oiljt`vo pcrc jk euck sj `astckj jk jqu`po, ao oistcatj, eobo sj nc
m`eno bãs crr`ic kc bca`oirci`k`mcm mj uac ictjrâc ja B] js buy k`b`tcmc y por
tcato sj t`jamj c eobpjasce`oajs lcs o eoa buy iclc bca`oirci`k`mcm.
Eobpjasce`õa lc
Eucamo kos a`vjkjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc soa jkjvcmos y uac pcrtj `bportcatj
js bãs o bjaos eoastcatj, jk jqu`po
jqu`po pujmj sjr lo. Za jljbpko mj jstj
jstj ecso
js `astckce`oajs eoa eoajx`õa c rjmjs mj Cktc ]jas`õa y m`str`iue`õa ja Bjm`c
]jas`õa
5
F`d. 5.5:.- Eobpjasce`õa lc ja uac kâajc mj B] eoa vcr`os trcasforbcmorjs
Wujmj eoas`mjrcrsj tcbi`àa uac ictjrâc lc kc quj sj jbpkjc ja `astckce`oajs
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
374
`amustr`ckjs ja kcs quj jx`stj ua aübjro rjmue`mo mj rjejptorjs ja B]
B],, y kos
rjdâbjajs mj trciclo `bpk`eca jk ao fuae`oacb`jato mj tomcs kcs bãqu`acs mj
forbc s`buktãajc. Uj sud`jrj jatoaejs jk uso mj s`stjbcs `am`v`muckjs pcrc ecmc
ecrdc, quj sj bca`oirca luatcbjatj eoa àstc, sjdüa jsqujbc mj kc F`d. 5.56.
F`d. 5.56.- Eobpjasce`õa
Eobpjasce`õa lc `am`v`muck por
por bãqu`ac ,
bca`oircmc eoa jk `atjrruptor mj kc prop`c bãqu`ac
Eobpjasce`õa cutobãt`ec
Ja `astckce`oajs eoa vcr`ce`oajs `bportcatjs mj ecrdc js ajejscr`c kc eokoece`õa
mj ua jqu`po quj s`dc kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj kc ecrdc. Za jljbpko pujmj sjr ua
aumo mj m`str`iue`õa mj uac `amustr`c c 6,5 hV tck y eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d.
5.54. Ja tck ecso, kos eoatcetorjs mj vceâo pjrb`tja uac e`jrtc bca`oirci`k`mcm
mjk s`stjbc.
5
F`d. 5.54.- Eobpjasce`õa
Eobpjasce`õa rjdukcmc eoa rjdukcmor mj
mj FW
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
37>
eoamjascmorjs ja B]
B]
5.97 Wrotjee`õa mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs
Mj uac bcajrc djajrck, kcs protjee`oajs mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs ja
B] pomjbos m`v`m`rkcs ja protjee`oajs `atjracs y protjee`oajs jxtjracs, sjdüa
jstàa mjatro o fujrc mjk prop`o eoamjascmor
eoamjascmor..
5.97.3 Wrotjee`oajs `atjracs
Kcs protjee`oajs `atjracs protjdja kos jqu`pos mj kos mjfjetos quj pujmc ncijr
ja jk `atjr`or mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Jstc protjee`õa sj dcrcat`zc aorbckbjatj
bjm`catj kos fus`ikjs `atjraos mjk prop`o eoamjascmor, quj sj nca jxpk`ecmo
catjr`orbjatj.
5.97.9 Wrotjee`oajs jxtjracs
Jx`stja vcr`cs protjee`oajs jxtjracs. Ckduacs mj jkkcs soa cpk`ecikjs c tomcs kcs
ictjrâcs y otrcs mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa. Kcs bãs frjeujatjs soa<
Wrotjee`õa mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj eorr`jatj mj ajutro ( @A)
Ja ictjrâcs eoadurcmcs ja moikj jstrjkkc sj eobi`ac kc protjee`õa `atjrac eoa
uac protjee`õa mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj eorr`jatj mj ajutro. Jstj s`stjbc ko forbca
ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj y ua rjkà csoe`cmo. Ja ecso mj mjfjeto `atjrao ja
uac mj kcs fcsjs mj ua eoamjascmor, cpcrjej uac eorr`jatj jatrj kos mos puatos
jstrjkkc mj kos eoamjascmorjs (ajutros) y jsto ncej m`spcrcr jk rjkà .
Kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto sj mjtjetc eoa ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj, quj mc kc
ormja mj mjseoajx`õa mjk `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo (vjr F`d. 5.5>)
Zrjm
]rcasforbcmorjs mj fcsj
Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj
Yjkàs
mj
protjee`õa
Zrjm/∜5
5
]rcasforbcmor
mj `atjas`mcm mj
mjsjqu`k`ir`o
F`d. 5.5>.- Eobpjasce`õa
Eobpjasce`õa rjdukcmc eoa
eoa rjdukcmor mj
mj FW
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
370
Wrotjee`õa bjm`catj fus`ikjs mj ckto pomjr mj rupturc
Jstj s`stjbc sj ut`k`zc pcrc kc protjee`õa mj ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs
tr`fãs`eos. Kos fus`ikjs pujmja sjr boatcmos sokos o i`ja eobi`acmos eoa
eoatcetorjs, js mje`r quj, ja ecso mj fus`õa, mjseoajetc jk eoatcetor mjlcamo jk
jqu`po fujrc mj sjrv`e`o.
Jstj s`stjbc sj ut`k`zc ncstc potjae`cs mj ictjrâcs mj uaos 3,: Bvcr y tjas`oajs
bjaorjs c 39 hV.
@atjrruptor cutobãt`eo
Js jk s`stjbc bãs eobpkjto mj protjee`õa mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Àstj
pujmj jstcr boatcmo ja kc b`sbc ictjrâc, o i`ja ja jk ejatro mj eci`acs mj B].
Jk `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo kkjvc csoe`cmo kcs s`du`jatjs protjee`oajs<
•
Eortoe`reu`to y soirjecrdc
•
Nobopokcr
•
Mjsjqu`k`ir`o
Cmj bãs,, eob
Cmjbãs
eoboo cm`
cm`e`o
e`oack
ack,, sj rjeob`
rje ob`jam
jamcc uac pro
protje
tjee`õ
e`õaa mj soi
soirjt
rjtjas
jas`õ
`õaa ja
jk lujdo mj icrrcs. Kc ]cikc 5.0 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs protjee`oajs ja
ictjrâcs mj B].
]cikc 5.0.- Yjsubja mj protjee`oajs ja ictjrâcs mj B]
Ictjrâcs eo
eoa eo
eoamjascmorjs tr
tr`fãs`eos
Ictjrâcs ja
ja mo
moikj js
jstrjkkc
]jas`oajs aob`ackjs ≭ 33 hV
Wotjae`cs mj ictjrâc ≭ 3,= Bvcr
]jas`oajs aob`ackjs 1 33 hV
Wotjae`cs mj ictjrâc 1 3,= Bvcr
Wcrc ictjrâcs lcs pcrc botor
•
Fus`ikjs mj ckto pomjr mj rupturc
(CWE)
eoa `am`ece`õa
mj fus`õa
Ja ictjrâcs
cutobãt`ecs.
@atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoa kcs
s`du`jatjs protjee`oajs<
•
Uoirjecrdc y eortoe`reu`to
•
Nobopokcr
F u s ` i k j s C W E e o b i ` a c m o s e o a • Mjsjqu`k`ir`o
eoatcetor
Aotcs<
•
Js ceoasjlcikj uac protjee`õa mj
soirjtjas`õa ja jk lujdo mj icrrcs.
•
Kc protjee`õa pujmj jstcr boatcmc
ja kc b`sbc ictjrâc o ja jk ejatro mj
eci`acs mj B].
•
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
337
5.93 Yjsubja
Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos jstum`cmo kcs m`fjrjatjs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa mj
jajrdâc rjcet`vc , tcato c a`vjk `am`v`muck mj e`jrtcs ecrdcs eobo c a`vjk dkoick
mj `astckce`oajs, tcato mj iclc tjas`õa eobo mj bjm`c tjas`õa.
Eobo rjsubja mj jstj jstum`o pomjbos eoaeku`r quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor
mj potjae`c bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs js uac prãet`ec ijaje`osc ja buenos
cspjetos, ao tca soko por jk njeno mj cnorrcr uaos rjecrdos ja kc fceturc mj
eoasubo, s`ao quj pjrb`tj ua bjlor cprovjencb`jato mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y
kâajcs prop`cs, cnorrcamo por tcato ja `astckce`oajs y tcbi`àa ja eoasubos mj
cet`vc, ck m`sb`au`r kcs pàrm`mcs. Cs`b`sbo ja jk ecso mj ictjrâcs mj B] pjrb`tja
rjdukcr kc tjas`õa ja jk jxtrjbo mj mjtjrb`acmcs kâajcs y por tcato eoatr`iuyja c
bjlorcr kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. ]omos jstos fcetorjs, cpcrtj mj kc ioa`ece`õa
tcr`fcr`c mjija tjajrsj buy ja eujatc ck ncejr kcs vckorce`oajs jeoaõb`ecs, pujs
cyumca c rjmue`r ko quj njbos mjaob`acmo ‛eostjs oeuktos‒ mj kc jajrdâc.
5
eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`stors`oacmcs
= WJY]ZYICE@OAJU JA KC YJM
=.3 @atromuee`õa
Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck mjijrâc eobportcrsj eobo uac fujatj mj tjas`õa
s`a `bpjmcae`c `atjrac, eoa sck`mc s`auso`mck y tjas`õa eoastcatj ja tomos kos
puatos mj sub`a`stro. Ao oistcatj, ja jk pr`bjr ecpâtuko (cpcrtcmo 3.=) yc njbos
`atromue`mo jk eoaejpto mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro y njbos bjae`oacmo quj ja
kc prãet`ec kc tjas`õa rje`i`mc ja kos puatos mj trciclo jstã m`stors`oacmc por
m`vjrsos bot`vos. Kc ecusc pr`ae`pck mj kc m`stors`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm soa
kcs prop`cs ecrdcs, por su prop`c forbc mj fuae`oacr murcatj kos crrcaqujs y
pcrcmcs, por kc eoabutce`õa mj eorr`jatjs `bportcatjs jatrj m`vjrsos e`reu`tos,
oecs`oacamo tomo jkko ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja kcs `bpjmcae`cs mjk s`stjbc.
Otrcs vjejs kcs ecuscs
ecuscs mj pjrturice`õa soa
soa jxtjracs, kcs bãs eobuajs soa
soa
kcs pjrturice`oajs ctbosfàr`ecs y kcs jkjvce`oajs mjk potjae`ck mj t`jrrc ja
eoam`e`oajs mj mjfjeto.
Ck duaos
Ckdua
os t`t`po
poss mj m`
m`st
stor
ors`
s`õa
õa ja kc rj
rjmm oec
oecs`
s`oac
oacaa pàr
pàrm`
m`mcs
mcs `aa
`aaje
jejsc
jscr`r`cs
cs,, eo
eoaa
jk eoas`du`jatj jbpjorcb`jato mjk rjam`b`jato mj kcs `astckce`oajs. Otros
t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs oecs`oaca proikjbcs mjaob`acmos mj ‛eobpct`i`k`mcm
jkjetrobcdaàt`ec‒, jsto js, proikjbcs mj bck fuae`oacb`jato o fuae`oacb`jato
jrrãt`eo mj ckduaos jqu`pos eucamo sj ck`bjatca mj uac rjm buy pjrturicmc.
Jstos proikjbcs, c pjscr mj ao sjr eucat`ecikjs ja tàrb`aos mj rjam`b`jato,
oecs`oaca pàrm`mcs `bportcatjs mj jece`c ja kos s`stjbcs mj promuee`õa por
cvjrâcs o pcros `atjbpjst`vos.
Jk tàrb`ao ‛eobpct`i`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàt`ec‒, cirjv`cmcbjatj JBE, sj csoe`c
aorbckbjatj c pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c ja e`reu`tos jkjetrõa`eos, pjro
`aekuyj tcbi`àa tomo t`po mj pjrturice`oajs djajrcmcs y propcdcmcs por kc rjm
mj ck`bjatce`õa. Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos `atjrjscrjbos pr`ae`pckbjatj por jstcs
ükt`bcs. Iãs`ecbjatj aos ejatrcrjbos ja kcs quj cfjetca c kc cbpk`tum y c kc
forbc mj oamc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj rjm, mja`rjbos kos pcrãbjtros ut`k`zcmos pcrc
bjm`rkcs y prjsjatcrjbos ckduacs sokue`oajs pcrc eorrjd`rkcs.
=
Js buy `bportcatj tjajr ja eujatc quj jk pr`bjr pcso pcrc rjsokvjr ua proikjbc
djajrcmo por pjrturice`oajs js ncejr ua iuja m`cdaõst`eo mjk proikjbc. Js
nci`tuck quj cpcrjzeca m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs luatos y sus jfjetos
bjzekcmos, ko euck ncej quj c vjejs sj ctr`iuyca mjtjrb`acmos jfjetos c
mjtjrb`acmo t`po mj pjrturice`õa s`a ncijr jstum`cmo sue`jatjbjatj jk ecso.
Za bck m`cdaõst`eo kkjvc eoas`do quj kcs bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs quj sj cpk`quja
tcbpoeo sjrãa cejrtcmcs. Wcrc rjck`zcr m`eno m`cdaõst`eo mj forbc eorrjetc js
`bportcatj eoaoejr kos pos`ikjs proikjbcs promue`mos por kos m`vjrsos t`pos mj
pjrturice`oajs, pjro rjsuktc fuamcbjatck m`spoajr mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc
quj cyumja c mjtjetcr y c eucat`f`ecr jk fjaõbjao. Jk tjbc mj bjm`mc mj
pjrturice`oajs sjrã trctcmo bãs cbpk`cbjatj ja ecpâtukos suejs`vos.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
339
=.9 Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj rjm
Ujdüa sj mjaj ja kc aorbc JA-:7.367 X3R Kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj kc rjm,
quj pujmja vjrsj cktjrcmos por ckdüa t`po mj pjrturice`õa soa kos s`du`jatjs<
• Frjeujae`c
• Cbpk`tu
Cbpk`tumm
• Forbc mj oamc
• U`bjtrâc mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo
FYJEZJAE@C
]YCAU@]OY@CU
MZYCE@ÕA 1 3 E@EKO
WJY@ÕM@ECU
VCY@CE@OAJU MJ
FYJEZJAE@C
Djajrcmorjs
c`skcmos
=9,: ... :4,: Nz
VCY@CE@OAJU
KJA]CU MJ Z
UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU
NZJEOU
-37 ... +37%
+37 ... +9:%
-37 ... +37%
FKZE]ZCEOAJU
FK@EHJY
bomukce`õa
7,: ... 57 Nz
VCY@CE@OAJU
YÃW@MCU MJ Z
Jseckõa
ckto mZ/mt
]YCAU@]OY@OU
W`eos y nujeos
Wukso(s)
Ckto mZ/mt
CBWK@]ZM
]YCAU@]OY@CU
MZYCE@ÕA ; 3 E@EKO
WJY@ÕM@ECU
U@BJ]YÂC
EOAMZE@MCU
CYBÕA@EOU
cbpk`tum ; 377%
3777 ... 9:77 Nz
MJUJSZ@K@IY@OU
FZDCU
sjeujae`c `avjrsc
nobopokcr
57 bC, :77 bC
ICAMC C
ICAMC I
37 ... 3:7 hNz
3:7 hNz ... 57 BNz
CK]C
FYJEZJAE@C JB@
YCM@CMCU
57 ... >7 BNz
>7 BNz ... 9 DNz
F`d. =.3. Wjrturice`oajs bãs frjeujatjs ja kc rjm jkàetr`ec
=
]omos jkkos pujmja vjrsj cfjetcmos mj forbc trcas`tor`c, js mje`r s`a a`aduac
ecmjae`c mj rjpjt`e`õa mjtjrb`acmc, o mj forbc pjr`õm`ec. Wor otro kcmo, kc
murce`õa pujmj sjr mj frcee`oajs mj e`eko o mj vcr`os e`ekos o `aekuso pjrâomos
mj vcr`os sjduamos o b`autos. Ja v`rtum mj jstc vcr`jmcm mj pos`i`k`mcmjs kcs
pjrturice`oajs rje`ija m`st`atos aobirjs quj mja`rjbos c eoat`auce`õa. Ja
pr`bjr kudcr, rjpromue`bos cquâ kc durc 3.0, yc quj ofrjej ua rjsubja icstcatj
jsqujbãt`eo mj tomos kos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs propcdcmos por kc rjm jkàetr`ec,
c kos euckjs aos rjfjr`rjbos ja jk rjsto mj jstj ecpâtuko.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
335
=.9.3 Mja`e`oajs
Kcs mja`e`oajs quj s`duja nca s`mo jxtrcâmcs iãs`ecbjatj mj kcs aorbcs JA-
:7.367 X3R y ZAJ-JA-63777-=-57 X5R. Kc pr`bjrc mj m`encs aorbcs jstcikjej kos
a`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm jx`d`ikjs c kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec. Uj trctc mj uac
aorbc buy djaàr`ec, quj sj eobpkjbjatc eoa kc X9R y ajejs`tc mj otrcs vcr`cs
mj kc sjr`j ZAJ-JA-63777-xx (xx s`da`ec m`vjrscs pcrtjs) pcrc eoaerjtcr kos
jstãamcrjs mj eck`mcm. Aõtjsj por jljbpko quj X3R ao jstcikjej kâb`tjs pcrc jk
usucr`o, y ao trctc ja cisokuto mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c.
Zao mj kos mjtckkjs `bportcatjs quj fcktca ja kc JA-:7.367 js kc forbc mj
bjm`r kc tjas`õa pcrc jk eõbputo mj mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs. Wor poajr
ua jljbpko, ck mcr
mcr kc tjas`õa mj rjm,
rjm, ao js ko b`sbo probjm`cr
probjm`cr :7 e`ekos
(3 s) quj probjm`cr :77 e`ekos (37 s). Eucatos bãs e`ekos sj probjm`ca, bjaos
cprje`cikjs rjsuktca kcs pjrturice`oajs. Wor ko djajrck, pcrc jk eõbputo mj
vcr`ce`oajs kjatcs sj tobca probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos, pjro ja otros t`pos
mj pjrturice`oajs sj nceja eõbputos mj t`po jstcmâst`eo ja icsj c probjm`os
eoa t`jbpos `afjr`orjs o `aekuso eoa vckorjs mj bjm`o e`eko (37 bs). Kcs
tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc mj kcs pjrturice`oajs sj mca iãs`ecbjatj ja kc aorbc
ZAJ-JA-63777-=-57 X5R, cuaquj kos eoaejptos mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro jstãa
rjdukcmos por uac sjr`j mj aorbcs mj kc sjr`j ZAJ-JA-63777, (m`st`atcs pcrtjs).
C eoat`auce`õa mcbos uac k`stc rjsub`mc mj mja`e`oajs, jxtrcâmcs mj kcs aorbcs
catjs bjae`oacmcs, quj aos vca c sjr üt`kjs ja jk rjsto mj jstj ecpâtuko.
ecpâtuko. Aõtjsj
quj ja ckduacs mja`e`oajs njbos `aeku`mo jatrj pcràatjs`s kc trcmuee`õa ck
`adkàs por sjr c vjejs jk or`dja mj ckduaos cerõa`bos mj uso frjeujatj.
Eck`mcm mj Uub`a`stro (Wowjr Suck`ty, WS) < Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm
ja ua puato mcmo mj kc rjm mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec jvckucmcs eoa rjkce`õa c ua
eoaluato mj pcrãbjtros tàea`eos mj rjfjrjae`c X5R. Jstos pcrãbjtros soa< tjas`õa,
frjeujae`c, forbc mj oamc, jte. y sujkja tjajr vckorjs mjekcrcmos o aob`ackjs.
Euckqu`jr mjsv`ce`õa eoa rjspjeto c jstos vckorjs mjekcrcmos sj eoas`mjrc uac
fcktc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. Jk tjbc mj WS ( Wowjr Suck`ty) cdrupc uac sjr`j
mj tàea`ecs quj vca mjsmj kc bjm`mc, prjsjatce`õa c jfjetos mj eucat`ece`õa
mj kc eck`mcm y bàtomos mj eorrjee`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs.
Wuato mj sub`a`stro o Wuato mj eoajx`õa eobüa (Wo`at of Eobboa Eoupk`ad,
WEE)< Wuato mj jakcej mj uac `astckce`õa mj ua cioacmo eoa kc rjm püik`ec.
]jas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< Vckor jecz mj kc tjas`õa prjsjatj ja ua `astcatj mcmo
ja jk puato mj sub`a`stro y bjm`mo ja ua `atjrvcko mj t`jbpo mcmo.
]jas`õa aob`ack mj uac rjm (ZA)< ]jas`õa quj ecrcetjr`zc o `mjat`ec uac rjm y c
kc euck sj ncej rjfjrjae`c pcrc e`jrtcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk fuae`oacb`jato.
=
]jas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc (ZE)< Kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ZE
js djajrckbjatj kc tjas`õa aob`ack ZA mj kc rjm. U`, eobo eoasjeujae`c mj ua
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
33=
ceujrmo jatrj jk m`str`iu`mor y jk ek`jatj, kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa cpk`ecmc ja
sus iorajs m`jrj mj kc tjas`õa aob`ack, jatoaejs, cqujkkc tjas`õa eorrjspoamj
c kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ZE.
Iclc tjas`õa (I])< ]jas`õa ut`k`zcmc pcrc jk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo, euyo vckor jecz
aob`ack js mj 3 hV eobo bãx`bo ja E.C.
Bjm`c tjas`õa (B])< ]jas`õa ut`k`zcmc pcrc jk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo, euyo vckor
jecz aob`ack jstã eobprjam`mo jatrj 3 hV y 5: hV ja E.C.
Wjrturice`õa eoamue`mc< Fjaõbjao jkjetrobcdaàt`eo propcdcmo c ko kcrdo mj
kos eoamuetorjs mj kcs kâajcs mj uac rjm mj m`str`iue`õa. Ja e`jrtos ecsos, ua
fjaõbjao jkjetrobcdaàt`eo sj propcdc c trcvàs mj kos crrokkcb`jatos mj kos
trcasforbcmorjs y, por ko tcato, jatrj rjmjs mj m`fjrjatjs a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa.
Jstcs pjrturice`oajs pujmja mjdrcmcr kcs prjstce`oajs mj ua cpcrcto, mj ua
jqu`po o mj ua s`stjbc, o provoecr mcóos ja kos b`sbos.
Frjeujae`c mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< ]csc mj rjpjt`e`õa mj kc eobpoajatj
fuamcbjatck mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa, bjm`mc murcatj ua `atjrvcko mj t`jbpo
mcmo.
F`d. =.9. Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cbpk`tum
=.9.=.3 Wjrturice`oajs ao pjr`õm`ecs
Kc ekcs`f`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturice`oajs t`jaj c vjejs uac aobjaekcturc poeo
r`durosc y eoafusc, moamj ao s`jbprj eo`ae`mja kcs mja`e`oajs mj kcs aorbcs
y kcs mjaob`ace`oajs nci`tuckjs jatrj profjs`oackjs mjk sjetor. Wcrc cyumcr c
ekcr`ecr ua poeo jstj tjbc, kc durc =.9 mc uac ekcs`ece`õa mj pjrturice`oajs
quj cfjetca c kc cbpk`tum mj kc tjas`õa ja fuae`õa mj su cbpk`tum y murce`õa. C
eoat`auce`õa s`duja kcs mja`e`oajs mcmcs por kcs aorbcs mj kc sjr`j JA-63777.
=
Vcr`ce`õa mj tjas`õa< Cubjato o m`sb`aue`õa mj tjas`õa, provoecmc aorbckbjatj
por kc vcr`ce`õa mj kc ecrdc totck mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa o mj uac pcrtj mj jsc
rjm. Uujkja bjm`rsj ja probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos. Ja djajrck, ja m`str`iue`õa,
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
33:
sj jx`dj bcatjajr kc tjas`õa mjatro mj ua ³37 % murcatj jk 0: % mjk t`jbpo.
Ja djajrck, eucamo sj ncikc mj vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa sj jat`jamj quj kc
frjeujae`c js bjaor mj 7,: Nz. Wor jae`bc mj jsto, jk mjfjeto forbcrâc pcrtj mj
uac uetuce`õa eoas`mjrcmc eobo Fk`ehjr.
Uoirjtjas`õa tjbporck c frjeujae`c `amustr`ck (Uwjkk) < Uoirjtjas`õa mj uac
murce`õa rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdc ja ua kudcr mcmo. Kcs soirjtjas`oajs tjbporckjs
soa nci`tuckbjatj mji`mcs c bca`oircs o mjfjetos (por jljbpko< rjmuee`õa süi`tc
mj kc ecrdc, mjfjetos boaofãs`eos, ao k`ajck`mcmjs, jte.)
Nujeo mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa (Ucd) < M`sb`aue`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj kc
ck`bjatce`õa c ua vckor s`tucmo jatrj jk 07 % y jk 37 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc ZE,
sjdu`mc mjk rjstcikje`b`jato mj kc tjas`õa mjspuàs mj ua eorto kcpso mj t`jbpo (vjr
d. =.5). Wor eoavja`o X5R, ua nujeo mj tjas`õa murc jatrj 37 bs y 3 b`a.
Aotc< Kc aorbc X3R eoas`mjrc eobo ubirckjs mjk nujeo jatrj 07 % y 3 %,
b`jatrcs quj X5R eoas`mjrc quj kos ubirckjs soa 07 % y 37 %.
Wrofuam`mcm mj ua nujeo < Kc profuam`mcm mj ua nujeo mj tjas`õa sj mjaj
eobo kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj kc tjas`õa jecz bâa`bc murcatj jk nujeo y kc tjas`õa
mjekcrcmc.
@atjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< Eoam`e`õa ja kc quj kc tjas`õa mj kcs trjs fcsjs ja
kos puatos mj sub`a`stro js `afjr`or ck 3 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc ZE, sjdüa X3R
õ 37 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc sjdüa X5R (vjr F`d. =.5).
Zac `atjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pujmj sjr ekcs`ecmc eobo prjv`stc, cee`mjatck,
`atjrrupe`õa kcrdc o `atjrrupe`õa irjvj<
Wrjv`stc, eucamo kos ek`jatjs soa `aforbcmos mj catjbcao. Jsto pjrb`tj kc
jljeue`õa mj trciclos prodrcbcmos ja kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa.
Ce e`mja
Cee`
mjatck
tck,, euc
eucamo
amo js
jstã
tã pr
provo
ovoecm
ecmcc por mjf
mjfjet
jetos
os pjr
pjrbca
bcajat
jatjs
js o fud
fudce
cejs,
js, kc
bcyorâc mj kcs vjejs k`dcmcs c suejsos jxtjr`orjs, c cvjrâcs o `atjrfjrjae`cs.
Zac `atjrrupe`õa cee`mjatck pujmj sjr ekcs`ecmc eobo<
• @atjrrupe`õa kcrdc (soirjpcscamo 5 b`a) provoecmc por ua mjfjeto pjrbcajatj
• @atjrrupe`õa irjvj (ncstc 5 b`a) provoecmc por ua mjfjeto fudcz
Aotc< Kcs rjpjreus`oajs mj uac `atjrrupe`õa prjv`stc pujmja sjr b`a`b`zcmcs
por jk ek`jat
ek`jatj
j s` tobc kcs bjm`mcs cprop`
cprop`cmcs,
cmcs, ja ecbi`o kcs `atjrru
`atjrrupe`oa
pe`oajs
js
cee`mjatckjs soa suejsos `bprjv`s`ikjs y jsjae`ckbjatj ckjctor`os.
=
B`eroeortj < Jstj tàrb`ao ao cpcrjej prop`cbjatj mja`mo ja kcs aorbcs X3R
X5R, pjro sujkj cpk`ecrsj eobo s`aõa`bo mj `atjrrupe`õa eortc eoa murce`õa mj
ckduaos b`k`sjduamos. Jstj t`po mj pjrturice`õa cpcrjej tâp`ecbjatj ja kos
m`spcros mj protjee`oajs eoa rjjadcaenj cutobãt`eo.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
336
F`d. =.5. Nujeos
Nujeos j `atjrrupe`oajs eortcs
eortcs (b`eroeortjs)
Vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa< Vcr`ce`õa mjk vckor jecz mj uac tjas`õa jatrj mos
a`vjkjs eoasjeut`vos bcatja`mos murcatj `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo mja`mos pjro s`a
uac ecmjae`c mj rjpjt`e`õa
r jpjt`e`õa jspje`ecmc.
Uoirjtjas`õa trcas`tor`c (Uurdj)< Uoirjtjas`õa ose`kctor`c, o ao, mj eortc murce`õa,
djajrckbjatj fujrtjbjatj cbort`ducmc y quj murc eobo bãx`bo ckduaos
b`k`sjduamos.
Aotc< Kcs soirjtjas`oajs trcas`tor`cs soa djajrckbjatj mji`mcs c rcyos, c
bca`oircs mj `atjrrupe`õa mj ecrdcs `amuet`vcs o ck fuae`oacb`jato mj fus`ikjs.
Jk t`jbpo mj sui`mc mjk frjatj mj kcs soirjtjas`oajs trcas`tor`cs pujmj vcr`cr
mj bjaos mj ua b`erosjduamo c ckduaos b`k`sjduamos.
W`eos (Uurdjs) y nujeos (Aoten) trcas`tor`os < Jstj t`po mj pjrturice`oajs ao
jstãa mja`mcs ja X3R y X5R. Uj trctc mj vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa mj eortc murce`õa,
bjaos mj 37 bs, por jae`bc o por mjiclo mjk vckor `astcatãajo mj kc tjas`õa,
eoa o s`a ose`kce`õa, ecuscmcs por eoajx`õa mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs `amuet`vcs
o ecpce`t`vcs o por mjsecrdcs ctbosfàr`ecs. Jstj t`po mj pjrturice`oajs, c
vjejs mjaob`acmcs ‛pcrãs`tos‒ o eoa bcyor prop`jmcm ‛JB@‒ (Jkjetrobcdajt`e
@atjrfjrjaejs) soko soa bjm`ikjs eoa ose`koseop`os o rjd`strcmorjs quj pjrb`tca
vjr kc forbc mj oamc. Uu eorrjetc eucat`ece`õa mjijrâc ncejrsj b`m`jamo su
jspjetro mj cbpk`tumjs jatrj 37 hNz y 57 BNz eoa cack`zcmorjs mj jspjetro
mjm`ecmos.
=
F`d. =.=. Jljbpkos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa y mj trcas`tor`os
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
334
Kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj pjrturice`oajs mj jstj t`po sujkja sjr propore`oackjs
c kc rcp`mjz mj ecbi`o mj kc tjas`õa eoa jk t`jbpo, ko quj kkcbcbos mV/ mt
(eoaejpto `kustrcmo ja F`d. =.=), `aekuso eoa vckorjs bomjrcmos mjk vckor mj p`eo.
Kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj ua mV/mt ckto, sujkja sjr kos fckkos `atjbpjst`vos mj kos
s`stjbcs jkjetrõa`eos mj eoatrok.
=.9.=.9 Wjrturice`oajs pjr`õm`ecs
Fkuetuce`õa mj tjas`õa< Ujr`j mj vcr`ce`oajs mj kc tjas`õa o vcr`ce`õa eâek`ec mj
kc javokvjatj mj kc tjas`õa (vjr F`d. =.:). Kc javokvjatj pujmj vcr`cr mj forbc
ckjctor`c o mj forbc pjr`õm`ec s`du`jamo mjtjrb`acmos pjrkjs mj javokvjatj.
Wcrpcmjo (Fk`ehjr)< @bprjs`õa mj `ajstci`k`mcm mj kc sjasce`õa v`suck mji`mc
c ua jstâbuko kub`aoso ja jk euck kc kub`aos`mcm o kc m`str`iue`õa jspjetrck
uetüca ja jk t`jbpo. M`eno pcrpcmjo sj mjij ja djajrck c uetuce`oajs mj
kc tjas`õa, bjae`oacmcs catjr`orbjatj y js pjrejpt`ikj pcrc frjeujae`cs jatrj
7,: Nz y 9: Nz. Kc bjm`mc mj `ehjr sj rjck`zc bjm`catj ua pcrãbjtro kkcbcmo
pjrejpt`i`k`mcm. Wcrc t`jbpos eortos (37 b`autos) jk pcrãbjtro sj kkcbc Wst y
pcrc t`jbpos kcrdos (9 norcs) jk pcrãbjtro sj kkcbc Wkt (vjr bãs mjtckkjs soirj
jk `ehjr ja jk cpcrtcmo =.0).
Javokvjatj eucmrcmc
Javokvjatj s`auso`mck
F`d. =.=. Jljbpkos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa y mj trcas`tor`os
]jas`õa crbõa`ec< ]jas`õa s`auso`mck euyc frjeujae`c js ua bükt`pko jatjro mj kc
frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa.
=
]jas`õa `atjrcrbõa`ec< ]jas`õa s`auso`mck euyc frjeujae`c sj s`tüc jatrj kcs
frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos, js mje`r
mje`r,, euyc frjeujae`c ao js ua bükt`pko jatjro
mj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
33>
Aotc< ]jas`oajs
]jas`oajs `atjrcrbõa`ecs quj tjadca frjeujae`cs buy prõx`bcs pujmja
cpcrjejr ck b`sbo t`jbpo forbcamo jatoaejs ua jspjetro mj icamc caenc.
Mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj tjas`õa< Ja ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo, jstcmo ja jk euck jk vckor jecz
mj kcs tjas`oajs mj fcsjs o kos mjsfcsjs ao soa `duckjs.
Ujóckjs mj `aforbce`õa trcasb`t`mcs por kc rjm < Ujóck supjrpujstc kc tjas`õa
sub`a`strcmc, eoa oiljto mj trcasb`t`r `aforbce`oajs por kc rjm djajrck mj
m`str`iue`õa y c kcs `astckce`oajs mj kos ek`jatjs. Kc rjm djajrck mj m`str`iue`õa
pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r kos trjs t`pos mj sjóckjs s`du`jatjs<
• Ujóckjs mj tjkjbcamo ejatrck`zcmo< tjas`õa s`auso`mck o puksos supjrpujstos
c kc tjas`õa mj
mj rjm ja kc dcbc
dcbc mj 337
337 Nz c 5 hNz,
• Ujóckjs mj eorr`jatj portcmorc< tjas`õa s`auso`mck supjrpujstc ja kc dcbc mj
5 hNz c 3=>,: hNz,
• Ujóckjs mj bcrecmo mj oamc < `bpuksos (trcas`tor`os) mj eortc murce`õa
supjrpujstos c kc oamc mj tjas`õa ja `astcatjs jkjd`mos.
Kos mjtckkjs soirj kc forbc mj bjm`r mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs sj pujmja
jaeoatrcr ja jk ecpâtuko :, mjm`ecmo ck tjbc mj bjm`mc ja djajrck.
=.5 Vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae
frjeujae`c
`c
Kc mjf`a`e`õa mcmc ja X3R mj vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c js< Cktjrce`õa mj kc
frjeujae`c mj kc rjm, djajrckbjatj bjm`mc ja probjm`os mj 37 sjduamos.
Kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj frjeujae`c sj sujkja promue`r, ja s`stjbcs c`skcmos, por kc
eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs `bportcatjs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa,
ko euck pujmj promue`r k`djros mjsejasos o `aerjbjatos mj kc vjkoe`mcm ja kos
djajrcmorjs. Kos kâb`tjs mj vcr`ce`õa cejptcmos pcrc probjm`os mj 37 s soa
buy pjqujóos<
• Wcrc s`stjbcs `atjreoajetcmos< Mjsv`ce`õa bãx`bc jatrj += y ―6 % (=4 ... :9
Nz). Mjsv`ce`õa aorbck ; ³3% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo (=0,: ... :7,: Nz).
• Wcrc s`stjbcs ja `skc< Mjsv`ce`õa bãx`bc jatrj ³3:% (=9,: ... :4,: Nz).
Mjsv`ce`õa aorbck ; ³9% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo (=0 ... :3 Nz).
Kcs eoasjeujae`cs bãs `bportcatjs mj kc vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c sj mca ja
`amustr`cs moamj jx`stc eodjajrce`õa ceopkcmc c kc rjm, moamj jk djajrcmor
prop`o sjdu`rã kcs vcr`ce`oajs `bpujstcs por jk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, djajrckbjatj
bueno bãs potjatj. Ja jk ecso mj cutodjajrcmorjs ja `skc, kcs vcr`ce`oajs
mj frjeujae`c mjija prjvja`rsj eoa ua cmjeucmo s`stjbc mj ceopkcb`jato y
mjsceopko mj ecrdcs.
=
Ja ckduaos s`stjbcs mj t`po c`skcmo sj sujkj oisjrvcr ua cubjato mj kos
crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa s` sj eobpcrc eoa jk b`sbo s`stjbc ck`bjatcmo por uac
rjm potjatj y ao c`skcmc. C vjejs sj ctr`iuyj jsto c kos ecbi`os mj frjeujae`c,
pjro ja buenos ecsos jk pr`ae`pck proikjbc mj jstos s`stjbcs c`skcmos sujkj sjr
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
330
kc jkjvcmc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk djajrcmor, bãs quj kcs vcr`ce`oajs
mj frjeujae`c.
=.= Wjrturice`oajs mj kc cbpk`tum
Mjijbos m`st`adu`r ekcrcbjatj mos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs mj cbpk`tum
eoamue`mcs por kc rjm jkàetr`ec, cuaquj buencs vjejs cpcrjeja bjzekcmcs.
Jk jrror ja jk m`cdaõst`eo mj jstcs pjrturice`oajs ecusc buencs eoafus`oajs
ja eucato c kc forbc mj sokue`oacr mjtjrb`acmos proikjbcs or`d`acmos por
pjrturice`oajs ja kc ck`bjatce`õa. Kos drcamjs t`pos c m`st`adu`r soa<
• Wjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c< Kos t`pos bãs `bportcatjs, mjatro mj àstcs,
soa kos crbõa`eos y jk `ehjr ( f ; 9:77 Nz).
• Wjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c o JB@ eoamue`mcs (37 hNz ; f ; 57 BNz)
Jk pr`ae`pck jfjeto mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c (soirj tomo kos
crbõa`eos), js jk cubjato mj pàrm`mcs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa, ecuscamo
eckjatcb`jato mj ecikjs y trcasforbcmorjs y nce`jamo quj jk s`stjbc mj
m`str`iue`õa
m`str`iue
`õa rjsuktj `asue`jatj. Ja cpcrtcmos s`du`jatjs mjm`ecrjbos cbpk`c
ctjae`õa ck jstum`o mj su or`dja, sus eoasjeujae`cs y kc forbc mj pck`cr sus
jfjetos.
Kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c sujkja promue`r kos tâp`eos fckkos mj
fuae`oacb`jato jrrãt`eo ja s`stjbcs jkjetrõa`eos (jrrorjs mj prodrcbc, ‛rjsjt‒
`atjbpjst`vos, jte.)
Kcs tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc y kos bjm`os mj protjee`õa y f`ktrcmo mj jstos mos
t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs soa eobpkjtcbjatj m`st`atos. Wor jkko, eucamo sj t`jaj
ua proikjbc, js fuamcbjatck
fuamcbjatck scijr jk or`dja mjk b`sbo y por tcato
tcato kc pos`ikj
jfjet`v`mcm mj m`fjrjatjs tàea`ecs mj eorrjee`õa mjpjamj mj quj sj ncdc ua
iuja m`cdaõst`eo mj kcs ecuscs. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs j `aekuso ja prõx`bos
ecpâtukos aos ejatrcrjbos ja kcs pjrturice`oajs mj cbpk`tum mj iclc frjeujae`c.
Kos tjbcs mj pjrturice`oajs ja cktc frjeujae`c, eoaoe`mos vukdcrbjatj eobo
pcrãs`tos jstãa fujrc mjk tjbc mj jstj tjxto, rjb`t`bos ck kjetor ck tjxto mj kc
rjfjrjae`c X=R
=.: Crbõa`eos
=
Kcs pjrturice`oajs bãs `bportcatjs quj cfjetca c kc forbc mj oamc soa kos
crbõa`eos. Uj trctc mj pjrturice`oajs pjr`õm`ecs, mj frjeujae`c rjkct`vcbjatj iclc.
Uus jfjetos sj mjlca sjat`r por ko djajrck ncstc ua bãx`bo mj 9:77 Nz y sujkja sjr
rjspoascikjs mjk soirjeckjatcb`jato mj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa,
or`d`aca eorr`jatjs y pàrm`mcs jkjvcmcs ja jk ajutro mj ckduacs `astckce`oajs,
m`spcros por soirjecrdc mj ckduacs protjee`oajs, m`spcro mj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs,
jte. Ao oistcatj, c pjscr mj ko quj ckduacs vjejs sj crbc, rcrc vjz soa kc ecusc
mj fckkos `atjbpjst`vos tckjs eobo ‛rjsjt‒ mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos, cutõbctcs,
cutõbctcs, jte.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
397
Jstos ükt`bos sujkja sjr mji`mos c kos fjaõbjaos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj mZ/mt o c
kcs pjrturice`oajs JB@ mj bãs cktc frjeujae`c, mjser`tos catjr`orbjatj.
catjr`orbjatj.
=.:.3 Or`dja mj kos crbõa`eos< Ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs
Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 sj mja`õ ko quj jrca kcs ecrdcs k`ajckjs y kcs ao k`ajckjs. Mj
forbc buy rjsub`mc y prãet`ec pomjbos mje`r quj uac ecrdc js k`ajck s` ck sjr
ck`bjatcmc por uac tjas`õa s`auso`mck rjspoamj eoa uac eorr`jatj s`auso`mck. Wor
eoatrc, kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs eoajetcmcs c kc rjm mj eorr`jatj cktjrac s`auso`mck
cisorija eorr`jatjs quj ao soa s`auso`mckjs, cuaquj por ko djajrck sâ soa
pjr`õm`ecs. Eobo jljbpkos bãs tâp`eos mj tckjs ecrdcs pomjbos e`tcr<
• Kos eoavjrt`morjs jstãt`eos (drupos rjet`ecmorjs, rjdukcmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm,
crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos, ecrdcmorjs mj ictjrâcs, jte.),
• Jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos
jkjetrõa`eos boaofãs`eos,
boaofãs`eos, quj `atjracbjatj trciclca ja eorr`jatj
eorr`jatj
eoat`auc y quj m`spoaja mj ua rjet`ecmor y eoamjascmor mj ktro c kc jatrcmc.
(Ormjacmorjs, `bprjsorcs, cutõbctcs prodrcbcikjs, jte.),
• @astckce`oajs mj `kub`ace`õa eoa kãbpcrcs mj mjsecrdc,
• Noraos mj creo y jqu`pos mj sokmcmurc,
• ]rcasforbcmorjs y rjcetcae`cs eoa aüekjo mj n`jrro, jte., euyc eurvc mj
bcdajt`zce`õa js ao k`ajck,
•
Otros.
Wcrc jk jstum`o mj tckjs eorr`jatjs ao s`auso`mckjs y mj kos e`reu`tos ao k`ajckjs
mjij rjeurr`rsj c bàtomos ckdo m`st`atos mj kos mj kc tjorâc mj e`reu`tos ekãs`ec.
@aekuso kc rjspujstc mj e`jrtos eobpoajatjs eobo rjcetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs
quj pujmja eoas`mjrcrsj k`ajckjs c frjeujae`c eoastcatj, mjlca mj sjrko eucamo
sj supjrpoaja vcr`cs frjeujae`cs.
Jk bàtomo mj jstum`o pcrc trctcr kcs eorr`jatjs o tjas`oajs pjr`õm`ecs mj forbc ao
s`auso`mck fuj propujsto por Ljca Icit`stj L.Four`jr, quj mjbostrõ quj euckqu`jr
fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec ceotcmc, f(t
(t)), pujmj mjseobpoajrsj ja uac subc mj fuae`oajs sjao y
eosjao eoa frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos jatjros mj kc mjaob`acmc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck.
=
F`d. =.6. Forbc tâp`ec mj kc tjas`õa y mj kc eorr`jatj ja
ua rjet`ecmor tr`fãs`eo mj moikj oamc.
Csâ pujs,
pujs , s` f (t
(t)) js uac fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec mj pjrâomo ], eubpkj quj f(t) 2 f(t + ] ).
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
393
Kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck sj mjaj eobo f 2 3/] y su puksce`õa fuamcbjatck js
π 2 9 f. Jatoaejs sjdüa Four`jr, kc fuae`õa pujmj jxprjscrsj eobo<
f (t) 2 C7 + C3 ´ eos (πt + l3) + C9 ´ eos (9πt + l9) + ...
(=. 3)
Oisàrvjsj quj ja kc mjseobpos`e`õa cpcrjeja trjs t`pos mj tàrb`aos<
• Za tàrb`ao eoastcatj C7, quj `am`ec jk vckor bjm`o o eobpoajatj eoat`auc mj
kc bcda`tum pjr`õm`ec.
•
Za
tàrb`ao
mj cbpk`tum
y puksce`õa
π (frjeujae`c
f ), `duck c kc oamc
pjr`õm`ec
pr`ae`pck,
quj sjC3
mjaob`ac
eobpoajatj
fuamcbjatck.
• Zac sjr`j mj tàrb`aos mj cbpk`tumjs C9, C5, ..., Ca eoa frjeujae`cs 9f, 5f, =f
... af, quj sj mjaob`aca eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs o s`bpkjbjatj ‛crbõa`eos‒.
Js `bportcatj rjscktcr quj ecmc crbõa`eo qujmc ecrcetjr`zcmo por su aübjro
mj ormja, a, quj mjtjrb`ac su frjeujae`c8 por su cbpk`tum C a y por su fcsj
la . Kc durc =.4 bujstrc ua jljbpko mj mjseobpos`e`õa mj uac oamc totck,
rjprjsjatcmc ck p`j, ja uac sjr`j mj crbõa`eos.
=
F`d. =.4. Crbõa`eos. Eobpos`e`õa mj vcr`cs frjeujae`cs y
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
oamc totck (frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck< :7 Nz)
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
399
Ja kc prãet`ec jstos eãkeukos mj mjseobpos`e`õa jstãa prodrcbcmos ja jk
b`eroproejscmor mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y por tcato jk usucr`o ao mjij
rjck`zcrkos.
Aotc< Uj nc prjfjr`mo bcatjajr kcs jseckcs mj kcs m`st`atcs eobpoajatjs pcrc
bostrcr quj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kos crbõa`eos mjerjeja eoa jk ormja a.
=.:.9 Eãkeuko mj crbõa`eos< Mjscrrokko ja sjr`j mj Four`jr
(t))
Wcrc eckeukcr kcs eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs mj uac fuae`õa pjr`õm`ec euckqu`jrc f(t
kos vckorjs mj Ca y la soa kos quj sj `am`eca c eoat`auce`õa<
(=. 9)
(=. 5)
eoa a 2 3, 9, 5, ...
(=. =)
(=. :)
(=. 6)
=.:.5 Mja`e`oajs y pcrãbjtros mj bjm`mc rjkct`vos c crbõa`eos
Eoav`jaj mja`r ckduaos tàrb`aos cm`e`oackjs soirj crbõa`eos, üt`kjs pcrc ko
quj s`duj<
=
Frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck ( f3)< Frjeujae`c mj kc oamc pjr`õm`ec s`da`f`ect`vc, mj
frjeujae`c bãs iclc. Ja jk ecso mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs mj rjm, jstc frjeujae`c js
kc mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Uj jat`jamj quj kcs mjbãs frjeujae`cs mj crbõa`eos s`da`ect`vos
soa bükt`pkos mj àstc.
Eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj< Eobpoajatj s`auso`mck
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
395
mjk mjscrrokko ja sjr`j mj Four`jr, euyc frjeujae`c js kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck
(a 2 3 ). Jstc eobpoajatj pujmj jxprjscrsj ja vckor jecz ( Z3 y @3) o ja vckor
bãx`bo (Ø3 y Á3).
Eobpoajatj eoat`auc mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj ( Z7 y @ 7)< Eobpoajatj mj
ormja ejro (frjeujae`c ejro s`da`ec eorr`jatj eoat`auc) mj kc sjr`j mj crbõa`eos.
Cpcrjej soko s` kcs ãrjcs mj kos sjb`e`
sjb`e`ekos
ekos pos`t`
pos`t`vo
vo y ajdct`vo ao soa `duckjs y
su jx`stjae`c mjaotc kc prjsjae`c mj eobpoajatj eoat`auc.
Ormja mj ua crbõa`eo (a) < Yjkce`õa jatrj kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo, fa, y kc
frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, f3,
(=. 4)
Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj crbõa`ec ( Za y @a)< Vckor jecz mj kc eobpoajatj
mj frjeujae`c fa. Jk eoaejpto js vãk`mo tcato pcrc tjas`õa eobo pcrc eorr`jatj.
]csc `am`v`muck mj ua crbõa`eo ja % ( Za% y @ a%)< Jk vckor `am`v`muck mj kos
crbõa`eos sj sujkj mcr ja % mj vckor jf`ecz rjfjr`mo ck vckor jf`ecz mj kc
eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck ( Z 3 y @ 3) y sj mjaob`ac tcsc `am`v`muck mj m`eno
crbõa`eo. Wujmj ncejrsj tcbi`àa kc rjkce`õa jatrj vckorjs bãx`bos sjdüa (=.>)
(=. >)
Yjs`muo Crbõa`eo< Uj mjaj jk vckor `astcatãajo mjk ‛rjs`muo crbõa`eo‒ mj uac
oamc mj tjas`õa o mj eorr`jatj, eobo kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj
jatrj kc oamc mj tjas`õa o
eorr`jatj totck y kc eorrjspoam`jatj eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck.
r (t ) 2 u(t ) ∙ u (t )8
u
3
r (t ) 2 ` (t ) ∙ ` (t )
`
3
(=. 0)
Vckor jecz mjk Yjs`muo Crbõa`eo< Jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo crbõa`eo js jk
vckor jecz mj kc fuae`õa ru(t) o r`(t). Aorbckbjatj pcrc kc bjm`mc mj crbõa`eos
sj t`jaja ja eujatc tomcs kcs eobpoajatjs frjeujae`ckjs ncstc jk ormja =7, por
ko quj jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo pujmj eckeukcrsj cprox`bcmcbjatj eoa kcs
jeuce`oajs (=.37).
2
rbs
3] 9
∨ r (t ).mt
] 7 u
2
rbs
3] 9
∨ r` (t ).mt
] 7
Y (u )
Y(` )
=
≊
≊
=7
∓ Z `9
`29
Wcrc kc tjas`õa
(=. 37. c)
Wcrc kc eorr`jatj
(=. 37. i)
=7
∓ @ `9
`29
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
39=
Vckor jf`ecz totck < Uj jat`jamj por vckor jf`ecz totck mj uac oamc, eoa ua
eoatja`mo mj fuamcbjatck bãs uaos crbõa`eos, jk vckor jf`ecz mjk eoaluato
(fuamcbjatck + crbõa`eos). Jk vckor jecz totck pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kos
vckorjs jecejs mj sus eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs y v`jaj mcmo por<
(=. 33)
]csc mj m`stors`õa totck (]NM%) < Ujdüa X3R y X:R sj kkcbc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec
totck, djajrckbjatj ja %, c kc rjkce`õa jatrj jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo crbõa`eo
y jk vckor jecz mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck jxprjscmc ja %, sjdüa (=.39).
Aotc< Ja ckduacs aorbcs cat`ducs sj rjfjrâc jk ]NM ck vckor jecz totck ja vjz
mj kc eobpoajatj
e obpoajatj fuamcbjatck,
fuamcbjatck, pjro cetuckbjatj tomcs kcs aorbcs v`djatjs ko
mjaja eoa rjkce`õa c kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck.
(=. 39)
M`stors`õa crbõa`ec pcre`ck poamjrcmc, WTNM < Kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec pcre`ck
poamjrcmc, pcrc ua rcado mj crbõa`eos Nb`a - Nbãx, sj mjaj sjdüa (=.35). Jstj
pcrãbjtro sujkj jbpkjcrsj pcrc mja`r kâb`tjs mj m`stors`õa mj kc eorr`jatj ja X6R
c X>R, tobcamo kos rcados mjsmj 3= c =7.
(=. 35)
=.6 @atjrcrbõa`eos
Kkcbcbos `atjrcrbõa`eos c kcs eobpoajatjs mj uac tjas`õa o eorr`jatj mj
frjeujae`cs ao bükt`pkos mj kc fuamcbjatck X:R. Jstcs eobpoajatjs sujkja
cpcrjejr mji`mo c kc jx`stjae`c ja kc rjm mj eoavjrt`morjs quj `ayjetca
potjae`c, bjm`catj oamukcmorjs cutõaobos, euyc frjeujae`c pujmj tjajr k`djrcs
mjsv`ce`oajs eoa rjspjeto c kc frjeujae`c mj kc rjm o por kc jx`stjae`c mj sjóckjs
mj bomukce`õa pcrc tjkjbcamo u otrcs cpk`ece`oajs.
=.6.3 Mja`e`oajs y pcrãbjtros mj bjm`mc rjkct`vos c crbõa`eos
=
Jspjetro mj @atjrcrbõa`eos< Jk caãk`s`s mj Four`jr pujmj cpk`ecrsj mj forbc
eoat`auc, js mje`r eoas`mjrcamo quj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck vcrâc mj forbc
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
39:
eoat`auc, nce`jamo ua icrr`mo jatrj ejro y 9777 Nz õ 9=77 Nz (crbõa`eo =7 c
:7 Nz õ c 67 Nz). Kc aorbc mj bjm`mc X:R jspje`f`ec quj ncy quj cdrupcr kos
crbõa`eos ja vjatcacs mj : ja : Nz. Eoa jstj bàtomo mj caãk`s`s, sj djajrc
ko quj sj mjaob`ac ua jspjetro mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos, quj mc kcs
cbpk`tumjs mj kcs m`st`atcs eobpoajatjs frjeujae`ckjs, eoa uac rjsokue`õa h 2 : Nz
sjdüa sj `kustrc ja kc F`d. =.>
F`d. =.>. Jspjetro mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos
`atjrcrbõa`eos X:R
Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj crbõa`ec o `atjrcrbõa`ec Eh< Vckor jecz mj uac
eobpoajatj mjk jspjetro euyc frjeujae`c jstã eobprjam`mc jatrj mos crbõa`eos.
Aõtjsj quj Eh pujmj sjr jk vckor jecz mj uac tjas`õa o mj uac eorr`jatj, js
mje`r Zh o @ h.
Ujdüa X:R, kcs eobpoajatjs Eh sj eckeukca cdrupcamo kc jajrdâc mjk jspjetro
ja vjatcacs mj : Nz. Jsto mc ua totck mj 37 eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs Eh jatrj
crbõa`eos, pcrc uac frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj :7 Nz y mj 39 eobpoajatjs
jspjetrckjs Eh pcrc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj 67 Nz.
Drupo Crbõa`eo a< Uj mjaob`ac drupo crbõa`eo ck eoaluato mj eobpoajatjs
jspjetrckjs, Eh, euir`jamo kc b`tcm mjk `atjrvcko jatrj crbõa`eos por mjiclo y
por jae`bc mj kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo a (vjr kc F`d. =.>).
Vckor jecz mjk Drupo Crbõa`eo a, Dd,a< Jk vckor jecz mjk drupo crbõa`eo mj
ormja a sj oit`jaj mj kc rcâz eucmrcmc mj uac subc poamjrcmc mj kos eucmrcmos
mj kcs eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs, ejatrcmcs ja a, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (=.3=) ( a js
jk ormja mjk crbõa`eo y h js jk `atjrvcko mj frjeujae`cs).
D d ,a 2
D d ,a 2
E a9∙:h
9
E a9∙6 h
9
+
E a9+:h
+
E a9+6 h
=
+∓ E
9
a +`
` 2∙=
:
+∓ E
` 2∙:
9
a +`
9
9
:7 Nz
(=. 3=)
67 Nz
Drupo `atjrcrbõa`eo mj ormja a < Drupo mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs
eobprjam`mcs jatrj jk crbõa`eo a y jk a+3. (Vjr F`d. =.>)
=
Vckor jf`ecz mjk drupo `atjrcrbõa`eo mj ormja a, E `d,a< Vckor jf`ecz totck mjk
eoaluato mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs jatrj jk crbõa`eo a y jk a+3.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
396
]csc mj m`stors`õa crbõa`ec totck cdrupcmc, ]NMD < Js jk jqu`vckjatj c kc tcsc
mj m`stors`õa totck eckeukcmc eoa kos vckorjs jecejs mj kos drupos crbõa`eos
rjfjr`mos ck drupo fuamcbjatck. Ja djajrck sj eoas`mjrca kos drupos crbõa`eos
mjsmj ormja 9 ck =7.
(=. 3:)
Oisjrvce`oajs<
Oisàrvjsj quj kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj `atjràs ja kc bjm`mc mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos
sj rjf`jrja s`jbprj c kc cbpk`tum y ja ecbi`o ao sj m`ej acmc mj kc fcsj. Jsto t`jaj su
jxpk`ece`õa pujs, kos jfjetos mj m`encs pjrturice`oajs ao mjpjamja mj kc fcsj. Kc fcsj t`jaj
`atjràs s` sj trctc mj oitjajr kc forbc mj oamc o mj subcr eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja ua aumo, pjro
ao c jfjetos mj pàrm`mcs o mj m`bjas`õa mjk s`stjbc mj trcasportj.
Eoav`jaj eoaoejr kos õrmjajs mj bcda`tum mj kc m`stors`õa quj pujmj prjsjatcr uac rjm.
Aorbckbjatj kcs tcscs mj m`stors`õa ja tjas`õa sujkja sjr iclcs. Kc bcyor pcrtj mj aorbcs
eoas`mjrca quj por jae`bc mj ua : % mj ]NM(Z) js ua vckor `acmb`s`ikj ja rjmjs mj iclc
tjas`õa y quj ncy quj pjascr ja ktrcr. Ja ecbi`o kos porejatcljs mj m`stors`õa ja eorr`jatj
ja kcs b`sbcs rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pujmja sjr s`da`ect`vcbjatj bcyorjs. Ao js jxtrcóo
jaeoatrcr ]NM(@) supjr`orjs ck 57 %, s`a quj jkko s`da`quj quj kc `astckce`õa js mjfjetuosc.
Kos vckorjs cmb`s`ikjs pcrc rjmjs mj bjm`c y cktc soa s`da`ect`vcbjatj bjaorjs. Vàcsj kos
kâb`tjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm ja X9R.
=.4 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos
Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 sj jstum`croa kos eoaejptos iãs`eos soirj potjae`c jkàetr`ec
ja s`stjbcs eoa tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs s`auso`mckjs, tcato jqu`k`ircmos eobo
mjsjqu`k`ircmos. Kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos ja kcs rjmjs oik`dc c ua rjpkcatjo
mjk tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs ckkâ prjsjatcmo
prjsjatcmo,, tck eobo prjsjatcbos c eoat`auce`õa.
=.4.3 Wotjae`c ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos
Ncy buenos jstum`os y m`fjrjatjs forbcs mj jafoecr kcs mja`e`oajs mj potjae`c
cpcrjatj y potjae`c rjcet`vc, o ja djajrck mj kcs kkcbcmcs ‛potjae`cs ao
cet`vcs‒ pcrc kos ecsos mj ràd`bja ao s`auso`mck y mjsjqu`k`ircmo. Ao oistcatj
aosotros aos icscrjbos ja ua jstum`o rjkct`vcbjatj s`bpkj, quj fuj propujsto
`a`e`ckbjatj por Iumjcau mjatro mjk jafoquj mjaob`acmo ‛frjeujae`ck‒ yc
quj `atjatc m`v`m`r kos tàrb`aos mj kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec jatrj kc eobpoajatj
fuamcbjatck y kcs eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs.
=
Uupoadcbos ja pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa quj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mj
kc rjm js iclc. Ja tck ecso, c pjscr mj quj kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs eoasubja
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
394
eorr`jatjs ao s`auso`mckjs, ao sj promuej m`stors`õa s`da`ect`vc mj kc oamc mj
tjas`õa. Wor jkko, supoamrjbos pujs quj kc tjas`õa, u, ao t`jaj crbõa`eos, s`ao
sõko eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck, b`jatrcs quj kc eorr`jatj, `, jstã forbcmc por uac
eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y uac supjrpos`e`õa mj crbõa`eos, euyo vckor jecz
sj oitjamrâc eobo `am`ec kc jeuce`õa (=.33). Kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ja tck ecso
vjamrâc mcmc por kc jeuce`õa (=.36).
(=. 36)
Moamj, U3 js kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mji`mc c kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck, Z3,
@3 y M js kc kkcbcmc potjae`c mj m`stors`õa, quj sj oit`jaj mj bukt`pk`ecr kc
tjas`õa fuamcbjatck (mj :7 õ 67 Nz) por uac sjr`j mj eorr`jatjs, @a eoa a ≧ 3, mj
frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc fuamcbjatck (kos crbõa`eos mj eorr`jatj). Mj njeno
sj mjijrâc oitjajr jk tàrb`ao M eobo probjm`o mj kos promuetos `astcatãajos
u3 ´ `a eoa a ≧ 3, sjdüa (=.34).
=7
M2
3
t +]
∓ ] ∨u ` mt
(=.34)
3 a
a 29
t
7 bs
37b s
9 7b s
5 7 bs
=7b s
F`d. =.0. Wotjae`c `astcatãajc mji`mc c Z 3 ´ @:
Wujmj mjbostrcrsj quj jk probjm`o mj potjae`c murcatj ua pjrâomo mj
euckqu`jrc mj kos promuetos u3 ´ `a, eoa a ≧ 3, js auko, js mje`r quj jk tàrb`ao M
js tomo àk potjae`c uetucatj y ao eoatr`iuyj c kc potjae`c cet`vc. Kc durc =.0
bujstrc ua jljbpko drãeo mj potjae`c `astcatãajc eoa probjm`o auko, oitja`mc
mjk promueto mj kc tjas`õa fuamcbjatck y kc eorr`jatj mj qu`ato crbõa`eo.
Mj njeno, jk tàrb`ao M, sj sujkj oitjajr `am`rjetcbjatj mjspjlcamo mj kc jeuce`õa
(=.36), moamj sj eckeukc U3 c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs mj kcs eobpoajatjs
fuamcbjatckjs Z3, @3 y U c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs totckjs Z, @.
=
Cmjbãs, ja kc jeuce`õ
jeuce`õaa (=.36),
( =.36), kc potjae`
potjae`cc cpcrjatj
c pcrjatj fuamcbjat
fuamcbjatck,
ck, U3, sj pujmj
mjseobpoajr ja kos tàrb`aos ekãs`eos mj cet`vc, W3, y rjcet`vc, S3, y por tcato
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
39>
kc potjae`c cpcrjatj totck (kc quj ncy quj trcasportcr) qujmc m`v`m`mc ja trjs
tàrb`aos< Cet`vc fuamcbjatck, rjcet`vc fuamcbjatck y potjae`c mj m`stors`õa,
rjkce`oacmcs jatrj sâ por kc jeuce`õa (=.30).
(=. 3>)
(=. 30)
Oisàrvjsj quj ja jk ecso s`bpkj quj njbos jstum`cmo, jk vckor bjm`o mj
kc potjae`c `astcatãajc, (potjae`c cet`vc), prov`jaj sõko mj kcs eobpoajatjs
fuamcbjatckjs, mj cnâ quj sj ncyc pkcatjcmo ja (=.30) quj W y W 3 soa
cprox`bcmcbjatj `duckjs. Àstc js uac eoaekus`õa buy `bportcatj, yc quj aos
`am`ec quj kos crbõa`eos mj m`st`ato ormja ao promueja potjae`c cet`vc jatrj sâ y
por tcato, s` kc tjas`õa mj rjm ao jstã m`stors`oacmc pujmj eoas`mjrcrsj eoa drca
cprox`bce`õa quj kc üa`ec potjae`c cet`vc jx`stjatj prov`jaj mj kcs eobpoajatjs
fuamcbjatckjs.
Ao oistcatj ao pomjbos crbcr mj forbc jxcetc quj W 2 W 3 . U` csâ fujrc kos
crbõa`eos ao promue`râca pàrm`mcs y proicikjbjatj ao aos prjoeupcrâcbos mj
jkkos. Kc rjck`mcm js quj kc tjas`õa sj mjforbc mji`mo c kcs ecâmcs mj tjas`õa
ja kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kc rjm y por tcato kc oamc mj tjas`õa eoat`jaj tcbi`àa
crbõa`eos. Jatoaejs, kos promuetos mj kc forbc Za ´ @ a eoa `duck a pcrc kc tjas`õa
y kc eorr`jatj, mca potjae`c cet`vc, prje`scbjatj kc subc mj tomos kos Za ´ @ a soa
kcs pàrm`mcs mji`mcs c kos crbõa`eos.
(=. 97)
=.4.9 ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs y fcetor mj potjae`c ja rjmjs eoa crbõa`eos
Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 jstum`cbos kc rjprjsjatce`õa drãec mj kcs potjae`cs cpcrjatj,
cet`vc y rjcet`vc bjm`catj ua tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs. Mj forbc caãkodc, kcs
potjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõa`eos pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj drãf`ecbjatj
bjm`catj vcr`os tr`ãadukos, quj rjprjsjatca kcs jeuce`oajs mj kc (=.93) c kc
(=.9=), quj ja rjck`mcm ao soa bãs quj forbcs m`st`atcs mj kc (=.3>) y kc (=.30).
=
F`d. =.37. ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs ja ràd`bja ao s`auso`mck
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
390
Kc rjprjsjatce`õa drãf`ec eoaluatc mj tomos jstos tr`ãadukos mc kudcr c ua
tjtrcjmro mj potjae`cs quj sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc durc =.37. Ao oistcatj
tck vjz sjc bãs ekcrc kc rjprjsjatce`õa por sjpcrcmo, eobo sj nc njeno ja kc
F`d. =.33. Aõtjsj quj kos euctro tr`ãadukos sj eorrjspoamja eoa ecmc uac mj kcs
jeuce`oajs mj kc (=.93) c kc (=.9=)<
]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs fuamcbjatckjs, W3, S3, U3.
(=. 93)
]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs uetucatjs, S3, M, S.
(=. 99)
]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs totckjs, U, W, S.
(=. 95)
]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs cpcrjatjs, U, U3, M.
U
9
2U
9
9
+M
3
(=. 9=)
F`d. =.33. ]r`ãadukos
]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs ja ràd`bja ao s`auso`mck
=
Ja kos e`reu`tos eoa crbõa`eos sjdu`rjbos kkcbcamo fcetor mj potjae`c ( FW), c
kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc potjae`c cet`vc W y kc potjae`c cpcrjatj totck U. Oisàrvjsj,
s`a jbicrdo, quj eucamo jx`stja eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs jk FW yc ao eo`ae`mj eoa
jk eos l (eosjao mjk ãaduko quj forbca kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs Z3 j
@3). Csâ pujs, kc pr`bjrc eoaekus`õa `bportcatj js quj fcetor mj potjae`c y eos l
soa ja djajrck m`st`atos pcrc jk ecso mj rjmjs eoa m`stors`õa. Kcs rjkce`oajs ja
tck ecso soa kcs s`du`jatjs<
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
FW 2
W
U
2
W
W
W 9 + S39 + M 9
W
2 eos ε
357
(=. 9:)
(=. 96)
eos l
U3
W9
+ S39
Ck eobpcrcr
e obpcrcr kcs jeuce`oa
jeuce`oajs
js (=.9:)
( =.9:) y (=.96)
( =.96) sj oisjrvc quj jk
j k fcetor
f cetor mj potjae`c
pot jae`c
totck js s`jbprj bjaor quj jk eos l o fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc eobpoajatj
fuamcbjatck. Jk s`da`ecmo mj jsto js quj pcrc trcasb`t`r kc b`sbc potjae`c
cet`vc ja vct`os, ja ua e`reu`to eoa crbõa`eos, ajejs`tcbos m`bjas`oacr kc
`astckce`õa pcrc uac potjae`c cpcrjatj (ja hV´C) bcyor.
=.4.5 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos, eoa ajutro y eoa
crbõa`eos
Eoas`mjrjbos ja pr`bjr kudcr kos s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mj euctro n`kos, js mje`r,
eoa ajutro. Ja uac pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa, supoamrjbos quj kcs tjas`oajs
soa prãet`ecbjatj jqu`k`ircmcs y s`auso`mckjs, pjro kcs eorr`jatjs soa
mjsjqu`k`ircmcs, mji`mo ck eoasubo mjs`duck ja kcs fcsjs o `aekuso c eoasubos
boaofãs`eos jatrj fcsj y ajutro, y eoat`jaja crbõa`eos.
C jf
jfje
jeto
toss mj eã
eãke
keuk
ukoo mj kc pot
potja
jae`
e`cc cpc
cpcrj
rjat
atjj y mj kc
kcss eo
eobp
bpoaj
oajat
atjs
js ce
cet`t`vc
vc,,
rjcet`vc fuamcbjatck y m`stors`õa, jstj s`stjbc pujmj trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs
boaofãs`eos jatrj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs y jk ajutro. Mjs`dacamo kcs fcsjs eobo
K3, K9, K5, kc mja`e`õa mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js kc `am`ecmc ja kc jeuce`õa (=.94).
2
K3
+
K9
+
K5
2 Z K3 .@ K3 + Z K9 .@ K9 + ZK5 .@K5
(=. 94)
Oisàrvjsj quj ecmc uao mj kos tàrb`aos mj kc subc catjr`or cmb`tj kc b`sbc
mjseobpos`e`õa `am`ecmc ja kc jeuce`õa (=.36), quj ackbjatj eoamuej c kc
jeuce`õa (=.30). Jstc mjseobpos`e`õa, cpk`ecmc cquâ c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs
eoamuej c kc mjseobpos`e`õa mj potjae`cs sjdüa (=.9>).
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
U 9 2 W39K3 + S39K3 + M K3
+ W3 K9 + S3 K9 + M K9 + W3 K5 + S3K5 + MK5
=
(=. 9>)
Ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kcs potjae`cs ja ecmc fcsj pujmja mcr rjsuktcmos
buy m`st`atos, `aekuso pujmja tjajr s`dao m`st`ato s` uac fcsj js `amuet`vc y otrc
ecpce`t`vc. Wjro uac potjae`c ecpce`t`vc ja uac fcsj ao ecaejkc kc potjae`c
`amuet`vc mj otrc fcsj, ko euck trcj eobo eoasjeujae`c quj ao tjadc sjat`mo ncikcr
mj potjae`cs mjk s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo ja su eoaluato, s`ao quj ncy quj eoas`mjrcrko
fcsj c fcsj. Ja jfjeto, s` eoas`mjrcbos eobo jljbpko jk e`reu`to mj kc durc =.39, s`
subcbos tomcs kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs y tomcs kcs potjae`cs rjcet`vcs, rjsuktcrã quj
soko kc fcsj K3 t`jaj potjae`c cet`vc y kcs fcsjs K9 y K5 t`jaja rjcet`vcs `duckjs y
mj s`dao eoatrcr`o, eoa ko euck kc rjcet`vc ja eoaluato js aukc y jk fcetor mj potjae`c
sjrâc kc ua`mcm. Wjro jsto `amuej c jrror, porquj kcs fcsjs K9 y K5 t`jaja quj
trcasportcr ecmc uac su eorr`jatj rjcet`vc y kc supujstc ecaejkce`õa jatrj `amuet`vc
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
353
y ecpce`t`vc ao sj promuej bãs quj c a`vjk dkoick.
Kc eoaekus`õa js quj kos s`stjbcs eoa ajutro mjija trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs
boaofãs`eos `amjpjam`jatjs y quj ja ecso mjsjqu`k`ir`os ao t`jaj sjat`mo kc
potjae`c tr`fãs`ec, a` kc bjm`mc o kc eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c ja
tr`fãs`eo, s`ao quj mjijrâc eoas`mjrcrsj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj.
ZK3
Y
ZK3 2 ZK9 2 ZK5 2 377 V
K
ZK9
ZK5
E
Y 2 37Ω
^K 2 37Ω
^E 2 37Ω
F`d. =.39. Jljbpko mj e`reu`to mjsjqu`k`ircmo ja eorr`jatjs
=.4.= Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos, s`a ajutro y eoa
crbõa`eos
Ujdüa sj m`lo yc ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.33, ja jstj t`po mj s`stjbcs ao t`jaj
sjat`mo ncikcr mj kcs tjas`oajs fcsj-ajutro y por tcato jk eoaejpto mj potjae`c
por fcsj sõko pujmj cpk`ecrsj s` `avjatcbos ko quj ckkâ sj kkcbõ ua ajutro
crt`e`ck. U` tjajbos ua s`stjbc mj tjas`oajs, `aekuso mjsjqu`k`ircmo, pomjbos
rjprjsjatcrkcs ja ua tr`ãaduko eobo jk mj kc durc =.35. Ja tck ecso, jk ajutro
crt`e`ck sj oit`jaj ja jk puato jstrjkkc mj ua s`stjbc jqu`k`ircmo mj `bpjmcae`cs
y jstã s`tucmo ja jk ejatro mj kcs bjm`cacs mjk tr`ãaduko. C jfjetos mj bjm`mc,
jstj ajutro crt`e`ck sujkj oitjajrsj forbcamo uac jstrjkkc eoa trjs rjs`stjae`cs
`duckjs eoajetcmcs c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, ko euck pjrb`tj bjm`r kcs tjas`oajs
s`bpkjs mjk s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo, ZK3, ZK9 , Z K5 y cpk`ecr kos b`sbos eãkeukos
mjk cpcrtcmo catjr`or (=.94) y (=.9>).
F`d. =.35. Ajutro crt`e`ck
=
=.4.: M`v`s`õa mj potjae`c ja sus eobpoajatjs s`bàtr`ecs
Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.37 sj prjsjatõ uac mjseobpos`e`õa mj kos s`stjbcs
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
359
mjsjqu`k`ircmos ja trjs s`stjbcs eoa sjeujae`cs m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr.
Uj pujmj tcbi`àa m`v`m`r kc potjae`c ja jstos trjs eoaejptos, js mje`r, sj pujmj
pkcatjcr ua rjpcrto jatrj eobpoajatj m`rjetc, `avjrsc y nobopokcr, sjdüa sj
bujstrc ja (=.90).
U 2 U m + U ` + U 7 2 5.Z m .@ m + 5.Z ` .@ ` + 5.Z 7 .@ 7
(=. 90)
Cn
Cnor
orc,
c, ja ec
ecmc
mc tà
tàrb
rb`a
`aoo mj kc je
jeuc
uce`
e`õa
õa (=
(=.9
.90)
0) pu
pujm
jmja
ja nc
ncej
ejrs
rsjj kc
kcss b`
b`sb
sbcs
cs
eoas`mjrce`oajs quj sj n`e`jroa ja jk cpcrtcmo =.4.3 y pkcatjcr pcrc
ecmc tàrb`ao uac jeuce`õa s`b`kcr c kc (=.36). Jsto js, eoas`mjrcr quj kcs
tjas`oajs soa ja jsjae`c s`auso`mckjs y quj kcs eorr`jatjs jstãa forbcmcs
por uac subc mj crbõa`eos y por tcato, quj ecmc promueto mjk t`po Zx ´ @x
tjamrã su eobpoajatj W, su eobpoajatj S y su eobpoajatj M. Jsto aos kkjvcrâc
c kc jeuce`õa (=.57), moamj kcs potjae`cs sj nca m`v`m`mo ja cet`vc, rjcet`vc y
m`stors`õa, pcrc ecmc uao mj kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto, `avjrso y nobopokcr.
U 2 ( Wm + Sm + Mm ) + ( W` + S` + M` ) + ( W7 + S7 + M7 )
(=. 57)
Oisàrvjsj, quj ck suim`v`m`r kcs potjae`cs iclo m`st`atos eoaejptos, jk tjbc sj
eobpk`ec `aajejscr`cbjatj, pujs pujmja `avjatcrsj tcatcs m`v`s`oajs eobo sj
qu`jrc, pjro sj vc pjrm`jamo jk sjat`mo fâs`eo mj kos tàrb`aos ja quj vcbos
m`v`m`jamo kc potjae`c totck y por tcato rjsuktc `aüt`k bcajlcr jstcs suim`v`s`oajs.
Ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj trctcrjbos mj mcr kos eoaejptos prãet`eos bãs
`bportcatjs mj tomo jstj tjbc mj m`v`s`õa mj kc potjae`c jkàetr`ec eoa v`stcs c
opt`b`zcr jk s`stjbc mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj.
=.4.6 Wotjae`c cet`vc y potjae`c üt`k, potjae`c c trcasportcr ja s`stjbcs
mjsjqu`k`ircmos
Ja tomo jstj tjbc mj suim`v`m`r kc potjae`c totck ja m`st`atcs pcrtjs ncy ua soko
puato mj `atjràs. Jstj js< scijr euãk js kc potjae`c üt`k y euãk js kc potjae`c quj
mjijbos trcasportcr
trcasportcr..
Ncstc cnorc njbos jbpkjcmo jk eoaejpto mj potjae`c cet`vc eobo s`aõa`bo mj
potjae`c üt`k, pjro tcbi`àa jsto mjlc mj sjr e`jrto ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos
y eoa crbõa`eos. Womjbos eoaerjtcr jstj eoaejpto eobpcrcamo mos t`pos mj
rjejptorjs. Uupõadcsj ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`k`ircmo mj tjas`oajs, s`a ajutro
eoajetcmo, ck`bjatcamo ua norao eoa rjs`stjae`cs `duckjs jatrj ecmc pcr mj
fcsjs y ua botor (vàcsj kc durc =.3=).
=
Kc potjae`c üt`k pcrc jk norao rjs`st`vo js tomc kc potjae`c cet`vc, kc promuzec
qu`ja kc promuzec, jk s`stjbc m`rjeto, jk `avjrso, jk nobopokcr y jk crbõa`eo
quj sjc, c f`a mj eujatcs tomos eck`jatca. Wcrc jk botor ja ecbi`o, soko
kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc erjc ua pcr botor. Kc
eobpoajatj `avjrsc erjc ua ecbpo eoa sjat`mo mj d`ro eoatrcr`o y por tcato
rjsuktc ua pcr catcdõa`eo pukscatj y kos crbõa`eos erjca pcrjs puksctor`os quj
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
355
F`d. =.3=. Ecrdcs ja ua s`stjbc mj tjas`oajs mjsjqu`k`ircmo
ja
probjm`o
soaüt`k
aukos.
Eoa
sj t`jaj
v`s`õa
mj quj
ja ecmc
ecso
kc potjae`c
pujmj
sjrjstj
uac jljbpko
eosc m`st`atc.
Csâ uac
pujs,
mjijbos
cack`zcr
ja
ecmc ecso quà js ko quj rjsuktc üt`k y jsto mjpjamj mjk rjejptor.
Ja eucato c kc potjae`c quj ncy quj trcasportcr, kc rjspujstc js rjkct`vcbjatj
sjae`kkc, ncy quj trcasportcr tomc kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, sjc o ao üt`k ck ack. Wor
tcato kc potjae`c c trcasportcr js kc cpcrjatj eoa kc mjseobpos`e`õa fcsj c fcsj,
propujstc ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or, s`a quj sj pujmca subcr a` ecaejkcr potjae`cs
jatrj fcsjs c jfjetos mj trcasportj.
Mj tomcs forbcs, s` ko quj prjtjamjbos js jvckucr pàrm`mcs, àstcs ao s`jbprj
soa propore`oackjs c kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. Kcs pàrm`mcs soa ja djajrck
propore`oackjs ck eucmrcmo
eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj,
cpcrjatj, pjro ncy quj m`st`adu`r
jatrj pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro, kcs ükt`bcs mjpjamja cmjbãs
mj kc frjeujae`c, por tcato c `duckmcm mj eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, ao sj promueja kcs
b`sbcs pàrm`mcs s` àstc js mj :7 Nz õ mj 9:7 Nz, por jljbpko. Jstj cspjeto ko
trctcrjbos eoa bãs mjtckkj ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj.
=.> Jfjetos mj kos crbõa`eos
Kos pr`ae`pckjs jfjetos mj kos crbõa`eos soirj kc rjm pujmja rjsub`rsj m`e`jamo
quj àstos cubjatca `aajejscr`cbjatj kc potjae`c quj ncy quj trcasportcr
(potjae`c uetucatj, vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo =.4.9) y por eoas`du`jatj jbpjorc jk
fcetor mj potjae`c. Kos crbõa`eos soa kos rjspoascikjs mj quj kos ecikjs y
kos trcasforbcmorjs mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa rjsuktja `asuf`e`jatjs pcrc
trcasportcr uac mjtjrb`acmc potjae`c üt`k y mj quj sj promuzeca ja jkkos
pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs, quj sj trcmueja cmjbãs ja eckjatcb`jato mj kos ecikjs,
trcasforbcmorjs, `atjrruptorjs y otros bjm`os mj m`str`iue`õa. Wcrc pomjr
eucat`ecr tomo jkko pcrt`rjbos mj kc `mjc mj quj ja ua s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa
tjajbos mos t`pos mj pàrm`mcs< kcs mjk eoirj y kcs mjk n`jrro.
=.>.3 Wàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro
=
Kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj cfjetca c kos ecikjs, c kos mjvcacmos mj kos
trcasforbcmorjs, c kos eoatcetos mj kos eoatcetorjs j `atjrruptorjs y ja djajrck
c tomos kos jkjbjatos rjs`st`vos mj kc rjm. M`encs pàrm`mcs soa propore`oackjs
c kc rjs`stjae`c y ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj quj kc ctrcv`jsc, sjdüa
kc jeuce`õa (=.53). Wcrc bãs mjtckkjs mj eõbo eckeukcr kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecikjs
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
35=
vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo 5.:.5
W 2 Y.@ 9 2 Y .
∓
@ a9
(=. 53)
Ja eucato c kcs eoasjeujae`cs prãet`ecs mj àsto ja rjmjs eoa crbõa`eos,
mjijbos tjajr ja eujatc quj kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos ncej cubjatcr jk vckor
jecz totck mj kc eorr`jatj sjdüa kc fõrbukc quj sj m`o ja kc jeuce`õa (=.33). Ja
jk jljbpko ck ack mj jstj cpcrtcmo sj nceja ckduaos eãkeukos quj mca `mjc mj
quj kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj jsto c kc norc mj m`bjas`oacr kos ecikjs sujkja sjr
kjvjs.
Ja eucato c kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro, àstcs soa mji`mcs jsjae`ckbjatj c mos
ecuscs< Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s, W N, y pàrm`mcs por eorr`jatjs `amue`mcs o mj
Fouecukm, WF. Kcs pr`bjrcs soa propore`oackjs c kc frjeujae`c y ck eucmrcmo mj
kc eorr`jatj jecz totck, jeuce`õa (=.59) y kcs sjduamcs soa propore`oackjs c kc
frjeujae`c ck eucmrcmo y c kc eorr`jatj jecz ck eucmrcmo sjdüa (=.55), moamj a
rjprjsjatc jk ormja mj ecmc uao mj kos crbõa`eos y @a js kc eorr`jatj jecz mj
kos b`sbos.
Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s
WN 2 h n .∓ a.@ a9
(=. 59)
Wàrm`mcs mj Fouecukm
WF 2 h F .∓ a 9 .@ a9
(=. 55)
Kcs eorr`jatjs mj Fouecukm sujkja jstcr b`a`b`zcmcs por jk njeno mj quj
kos aüekjos mj n`jrro ao soa bce`zos s`ao mj encpcs, por ko quj kcs pàrm`mcs
mob`acatjs sujkja sjr kcs mj n`stàrjs`s. Jk rjsuktcmo js quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk
n`jrro ao soa a` propore`oackjs c kc frjeujae`c a` c su eucmrcmo, s`ao c quj jk
fcetor a sujkj cpcrjejr c uac potjae`c `atjrbjm`c eobo `am`ec kc jeuce`õa (=.5=),
moamj q sujkj tjajr ua vckor jatrj 3,4 y 3,>.
Wàrm`mcs totckjs ja jk n`jrro
WFj 2 h Fj .∓ a q .@ a9
(=. 5=)
Jljbpko< Uupõadcsj quj ja uac `astckce`õa eoa ecikjs y uac rjcetcae`c e`reukc
uac eorr`jatj eoa uac eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj 377 C y ua :· crbõa`eo mj 97 C.
@am`ecr euãkjs soa kcs propore`oajs mj pàrm`mcs quj djajrca kc fuamcbjatck y jk
crbõa`eo. Uokue`õa< Kos eãkeukos sj nca rjsub`mo ja kc tcikc =.3.
=
Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj provoecmcs por ua 97 % mj :· crbõa`eo soa
soko ua = % mj kcs promue`mcs por kc fuamcbjatck (vckor jecz ck eucmrcmo (379 C) 9
frjatj c (377 C)9 mj fuamcbjatck), tcbi`àa pujmj vjrsj eobpcrcamo kcs kcs = y :, moamj
(Y´=77) js jk = % mj (Y´37777). Ja eucato c kcs pàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s, eobpcrcamo kcs
kcs 6 y 4 sj oisjrvc quj ua 97 % mj eorr`jatj mj :· crbõa`eo promuej ua 97 % cm`e`oack
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
35:
mj pàrm`mcs y ja pàrm`mcs por Fouecukm, eobpcrcamo kcs kcs > y 0, sj vj quj ua 97 % mj
eorr`jatj mj :· promuej kcs b`sbcs pàrm`mcs quj jk 377 % mj fuamcbjatck.
]cikc =.3. Yjsuktcmos mj eãkeuko
3
Mctos
9
5
Eã k e u k o s
Eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck @3
377 C
E o r r ` j a t j : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o @ :
97 C
Eo r r ` j a t j j  e c z t o t c k
=
Wàrm`mcs ja eoirj fuamcbjatck
:
Wàrm`mcs Eu Wàrm`mcs ja eoirj :¼ crbõa`eo
Y@ 39 2 Y ´ 3779 2 Y ´ 37 777
Y@ :9 2 Y ´ 97 9 2 Y ´ =77
6
Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s fuamcbjatck
hN ´ a ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 3 ´ 3779 2 hN ´ 37 777
4
W à r m ` m c s p o r n ` s t à r j s ` s : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o
hN ´ a ´ @ 9 2 h ´ : ´ 979 2 hN ´ 9777
W à r m ` m c s p o r F o u e c u k m f u a m c bj a t c k
hF ´ a9 ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 3 ´ 3779 2 hF ´ 37 777
W à r m ` m c s p o r F o u e c u k m : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o
hF ´ a9 ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 9: ´ 979 2 hF ´ 37 777
Wàrm`mcs Fj
>
0
Kc eoaekus`õa js quj kos ecikjs mjija m`bjas`oacrsj por kc @ rb s totck , quj
aorbckbjatj pujmj bjm`rsj eoa euckqu`jr cack`zcmor mj rjmjs o eoa ua
`astrubjato quj b`mc vjrmcmjro vckor jf`ecz (vjr ecpâtuko :). Ja eucato ck
m`bjas`oacmo mj trcasforbcmorjs y rjcetcae`cs, quj eobi`aca n`jrro y eoirj,
kos eãkeukos ck eobi`acr vcr`os crbõa`eos sj nceja ut`k`zcamo ua fcetor H quj
jxpk`ecrjbos ja jk s`du`jatj cpcrtcmo.
=.>.9 Fcetor H mj rjmuee`õa mj potjae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs
Jk eckjatcb`jato por crbõa`eos cfjetc c buenos trcasforbcmorjs mj kc rjm
mj m`str`iue`õa. Wor jkko jk eob`tà mj aorbck`zce`õa juropjo EJAJKJE nc
mja`mo ja jk moeubjato NM=9>.=U3, ua fcetor mj rjmuee`õa mj kc potjae`c
mj trcasforbcmorjs o s` sj qu`jrj ua fcetor mj soirjm`bjas`oacb`jato mj kos
b`sbos, eoaoe`mo eobo fcetor H, quj v`jaj mcmo por (=.5:).
j  @3
H 2 3+
.
3 + j  @ jf
9
 =7 q  @ a 
 . a . 
@ 

3 

2
a
9

∓
9
(=. 5:)
Moamj j js ua fcetor quj rjprjsjatc kc rjkce`õa jatrj pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y
pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro mjk trcasforbcmor. Jstj fcetor pujmj oitjajrsj mj kos
mctos mj jascyo mjk trcasforbcmor, o ja su mjfjeto pujmj tobcrsj eobo vckor
cprox`bcmo j 2 7,5 y jk jxpoajatj q sujkj tobcrsj jatrj 3,4 y 3,>.
=
Buenos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm cetuckjs mca jk fcetor H mjspuàs mj jfjetucr ua
caãk`s`s mj crbõa`eos. M`eno fcetor js s`jbprj supjr`or c kc ua`mcm y pjrb`tj
eckeukcr euãk js jk fcetor mj mjdrcmce`õa mj potjae`c mj ua trcasforbcmor ja
prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos.
Jljbpko< Za trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hV´C soportc uac ecrdc eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c mj 7,> y ua
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
fcetor H mj crbõa`eos mj 3,5. ¿Euãk js kc ecrdc ja hT quj pujmj soportcr?
Uokue`õa<
W 2 U.
FW
hVC
2 3777 hVC
7 ,>
2 63:hT
356
H
3,5
Oisàrvjsj quj jk fcetor H cpcrjej m`v`m`jamo, ao bukt`pk`ecamo eobo ja jk ecso mjk fcetor mj potjae`c.
Ja Jstcmos Za`mos js frjeujatj jk uso mj ua fcetor, quj tcbi`àa kkcbca ‛ H
fcetor‒,
pjrofuj
qujpropujsto
js eobpkjtcbjatj
m`st`ato
mjkâam`ej
mja`mo
porm`sjóo
EJAJKJE.
fcetor
ja eujst`õa
por ZK pcrc
mcr ua
ja jk
mj kosJk
aüekjos
mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y sj icsc ja kcs pàrm`mcs por eorr`jatjs pcrãs`tcs
(Fouecukm). Jstj fcetor ck euck kkcbcrjbos H ZK ao mjij eoafuam`rsj eoa jk
fcetor H mj EJAJKJE y ao pujmj jbpkjcrsj eobo fcetor mj mjprje`ce`õa mj kc
potjae`c mjk trcasforbcmor, pujs t`jaj vckorjs rjkct`vcbjatj cktos.
a
HZK 2 ∓ n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 9
(=. 56)
9
C tât
tâtuko
uko mj jlj
jljbpk
bpkoo kc tci
tcikc
kc =.9 buj
bujstr
strcc ua eãk
eãkeuk
eukoo mj kos fce
fcetor
torjs
js HEJAJKJE y
HZK, luato eoa ua fcetor FU quj mc ua âam`ej mj kcs pàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s. Kos
vckorjs tobcmos ja m`enc tcikc soa vckorjs tâp`eos pcrc ua eoavjrt`mor mj 6
puksos eoa rjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo rjm mj ua = %.
]cikc =.3. Eãkeuko pàrm`mcs
Mctos
n
@n
n ´ (@n / @3)
n9 ´ (@n / @rbs)9
nq ´ (@n / @3)9
3
377,77
3, 7 7
7 ,0 9 : 9
:
97,77
3, 7 7
7, 0 9: 9
7, 6 34 7
:
4
3=,90
3 , 77
7, 0 9: 9
7 , :: 4 >
4
33
0,70
3 , 77
7, 0 9: 9
7 , => 4 3
33
35
4,60
3 , 77
7, 0 9: 9
7 , =6 5 5
35
34
:,>>
3 , 77
7, 0 9: 9
7 , =9 4 =
34
30
:,96
3 , 77
7, 0 9: 9
7 , =3 5 =
30
n
3
=
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
354
]cikc =.9. Fcetorjs HEJAJKJE, HZK y FU, quj `am`eca kc rjmuee`õa mj potjae`c ja
trcasforbcmorjs
Vckorjs ajejscr`os< (q 2 3,4),
3,4), ( j 2 7,5)
7,5)
a
9
∓ (n´@
@rbs 2 375,06
/ @ 3 ) 2 9,6:
9
n
n 23
n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 9 2
6,=>
n q ( @ n / @3 ) 9
2 9,066
∓
∓
H EJAJKJE 2 3 +
j
3 +j
9
.∓ n .( @ n / @ 3 )
q
n 29
9
2 3,5
 @ 
FU
FU 2 ∓  n n  2 9,6:
@3 
n 23 
∑
H Z K 2 ∓ n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 92
6,=>
n 23
=.0 Fk`ehjr
]ck
eobo sj ncmj`am`ecmo
ja kcs mja`e`oajs
`a`e`ckjs,
jk `ehjr js
uac
eoasjeujae`c
kcs uetuce`oajs
mj tjas`õa,
eoasjeujae`c
qujjasjrjck`mcm
bca`jstc
iãs`ecbjatj ja forbc mj uetuce`oajs mj `atjas`mcm kub`aosc (pcrpcmjo) mjk
ckubircmo. Kc ua`mcm mj bjm`mc kkcbcmc ‛âam`ej mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm‒, W, jstã
icscmc ja ua bomjko i`okõd`eo mj kc pjrejpt`i`k`mcm mjk olo nubcao catj kcs
uetuce`oajs mj kuz mj uac kãbpcrc jstãamcr mj `aecamjsejae`c mj 67 T.
Kc bjm`mc mjk `ehjr sj oit`jaj mj kc bjm`mc mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa
y mj ua proejscmo mj kc sjóck, quj sj `kustrc mj uac forbc jsqujbãt`ec ja
kcs durcs =.3:
=.3: y =.
=.36.
36. Uj b`mj jk vckor jecz mj ecmc bjm`o pjrâomo y sj
eobputca kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa jatrj sjb`e`ekos, rjr`àamokcs ck vckor
jecz probjm`o ∆Z/
Z/Z
Zjf-probjm . Mj jstj eãkeuko sj oit`jaj uac `aforbce`õa mj
kc vcr`ce`õa rjkct`vc mj kc tjas`õa. Ao oistcatj, ao tomcs kcs uetuce`oajs mj
tjas`õa soa `duckbjatj pjrejpt`ikjs por jk olo nubcao ja tàrb`aos mj vcr`ce`õa
mj `kub`ace`õa, por jkko m`encs uetuce`oajs sj mjseobpoaja ja ua jspjetro mj
frjeujae`cs quj vc mj 7,: Nz c 57 Nz y sj mc ua pjso m`st`ato c ecmc frjeujae`c.
Jk bãx`bo pjso eorrjspoamj c uac uetuce`õa mj tjas`õa mj >,> Nz.
Mj kos vckorjs mj uetuce`õa poamjrcmos sjdüa kc frjeujae`c sj oit`jaj ua aujvo
vckor jecz totck, quj uac vjz probjm`cmo c ko kcrdo mj 37 b`autos, `am`ec jk âam`ej
mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm pcrc t`jbpos eortos, kkcbcmo Wst.
=
Uj eoas`mjrc quj jk `ehjr js pjrejpt`ikj pcrc Wst 1 3. Wcrc pjrâomos kcrdos sj
usc ua probjm`cmo mj tjrejr ormja mj kos Wst murcatj mos norcs (39 vckorjs),
oitja`àamosj jk pcrãbjtro Wkt , mja`mo por kc jeuce`õa (=.54).
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
35>
F`d. =.3:. Eõbputo mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa c jfjetos mj `ehjr
F`d. =.36. Woamjrce`õa mj kcs m`st`atcs frjeujae`cs mj
uetuce`õa c jfjetos mj jvckuce`õa mjk `ehjr.
39
5
Wkt 2
∓
Wst`5
(=. 54)
` 23
39
U j e o a s ` m j r c p u j s q u j W st 2 3 j s j k u b i r c k m j p j r e j p t ` i ` k ` m c m
m j k o lo n u bc a o . W c rc t j a j r u a c `m j c m j k o rm j a m j bc d a `t u m q u j
j st o rj p rj sj a t c j a t à rb`a o s m j f ku et u c e`õ a m j kc t j a s`õ a m `rj bo s
quj c kc frjeujae`c mj bãx`bc pjrejpt`i`k`mcm, js mje`r c >,> Nz, uac
f ku et u c e`õ a eo bo kc m j kc f `d u rc = . : . m j 7 , 9 : % , m c râ c u a W s t 2 3 .
Eobo sj vj, sj trctc mj uetuce`oajs buy mài`kjs. Kc durc =.34 `am`ec kcs
uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa quj djajrca ua Wst 2 3, kâb`tj eoas`mjrcmo eobo ubirck
tokjrcikj, sjdüa su frjeujae`c mj rjpjt`e`õa.
=
Kc vjrmcm js quj soirj jk tjbc ‛`ehjr‒ y sus kâb`tjs ncy uac drca eoafus`õa
y, c aujstro jatjamjr, sj nca eobjt`mo jrrorjs mj aorbck`zce`õa `bportcatjs.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
350
F`d. =.34. Fkuetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa quj djajrca
Wst 2 3, sjdüa su frjeujae`c mj uetuce`õa
Ja pr`bjr kudcr porquj jk ckubircmo mj `aecamjsejae`c ao js prje`scbjatj jk
bãs ciuamcatj y ja sjduamo kudcr porquj c kc norc mj jstcikjejr kâb`tjs, sj
nc eoafuam`mo jk ubirck mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm, Wst 2 3, eoa jk kâb`tj mj tokjrcae`c y
kos eob`tàs mj rjdkcbjatce`õa nca lcmo jk vckor ua`mcm eobo kâb`tj pcrc rjmjs
`amustr`ckjs,
m`fâe`k jk eubpk`b`jato ja jk ecso mj mjtjrb`acmcs
kâajcs mj iclcnce`jamo
potjae`cbuy
mj eortoe`reu`to.
Wroicikjbjatj ncirâc tja`mo ua sjat`mo fâs`eo bãs ekcro s` sj ncikcrc mj
uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa c mjtjrb`acmcs frjeujae`cs o eoa mjtjrb`acmos pctroajs
mj bomukce`õa, pjro `aekuso kc ua`mcm jkjd`mc js ua tàrb`ao eoa ua s`da`ecmo
fâs`eo eoafuso y kos mctos oitja`mos mj bjm`e`oajs ao fce`k`tca jk eãkeuko mj
sokue`oajs ja ecso mj quj uac `astckce`õa ao eubpkc eoa kos kâb`tjs.
=.37 Aorbcs rjkct`vcs c pjrturice`oajs ja kc rjm
Vcr`os ordca`sbos ace`oackjs j `atjrace`oackjs nca jstcikje`mo aorbcs quj
`am`eca
kos a`vjkjs
cejptcikjs
pjrturice`oajs
mj iclc
frjeujae`c
ja rjmjsc
`amustr`ckjs
y mobàst`ecs.
Kcmjbcyorâc
mj aorbcs
Juropjcs
rjfjrjatjs
pjrturice`oajs mj rjm nca s`mo rjeod`mcs por EJAJKJE y t`jaja eobo icsj kcs
rjeobjamce`oajs mj @JE y mjk eob`tà E@UWY. Jstcs aorbcs sj nca cdrupcmo
ja kcs puik`ece`oajs crboa`zcmcs eoa rjfjrjae`c JA-63777, eoa m`st`atcs pcrtjs
mjm`ecmcs c kos s`du`jatjs tjbcs<
Wcrtj 3< Djajrck`mcmjs
• Eoas`mjrce`oajs djajrckjs (`atromuee`õa, pr`ae`p`os iãs`eos)
=
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
•
Mja`e`oajs, tjrb`aokodâc
Wcrtj 9< Jatorao
• Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao
• Ekcs`ece`õa mjk jatorao
• A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm
3=7
Wcrtj 5< Kâb`tjs
• Kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa
• Kâb`tjs mj `abua`mcm
Wcrtj =< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo y mj bjm`mc
• ]àea`ecs mj bjm`mc
• ]àea`ecs mj jascyo
Wcrtj :< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa
• Duâcs mj `astckce`õa
• Bàtomos y m`spos`t`vos mj ctjauce`õa
Wcrtj 6< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs
Wcrtj 0< Vcr`os
C eo
eoat`
at`auc
auce`
e`õa
õa pr
prjs
jsja
jatcb
tcbos
os ua eu
eucmr
cmroo rj
rjsu
subj
bjaa mj kc
kcss ao
aorb
rbcs
cs qu
qujj nj
njbo
boss
eoas`mjrcmo
bãsjstc
`bportcatjs,
tomo kcs
mj jxncust`vo,
ãbi`to juropjo
y jspcóok,
rjkce`oacmcs eoa
tjbãt`ec. soirj
Jk rjsubja
ao js
y sj nca
ob`t`mo
tomcs kcs aorbcs rjfjrjatjs c tjbcs mj JBE mj cktc frjeujae`c. ]àadcsj
ja eujatc cmjbãs quj jstj t`po mj mctos t`jaja uac v`djae`c rjkct`vcbjatj
eortc, y quj cüa s`jamo eorrjetos ja jk bobjato mj kc jm`e`õa mj jstj tjxto,
sj eoav`jrtja ja oisokjtos ck ecio mj ua cóo por kc eoastcatj m`aãb`ec mj
djajrce`õa y bom`ece`õa mj aorbcs. Wcrc tjajr `aforbce`õa cetuck`zcmc mjk
tjbc ceoasjlcbos ck kjetor quj eoasuktj kcs aorbcs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm mj kc
sjr`j 63.777 ja kcs wji mj EJAJKJE ( nttp<//www.ejajkje.ju ), @JE ( nttp<//
www.`je.en) o CJAOY ( nttp<//www.cjaor.js), moamj pujmj jaeoatrcr ua âam`ej
eoastcatjbjatj cetuck`zcmo mj kcs aorbcs v`djatjs.
C eo at
at`a
`a uc
uce`
e` õa sj mc ua
uacc k` st c rj su
subj
bj a mj kc
kcss pr
pr`a
`a e`
e`pc
pckj
kj s Ao
Aorb
rb cs so
soir
irjj
pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs, v`djatjs ja 977>.
Aorbcs
JA-@JE 63777-3-3< JBE< Djajrck`mcmjs y mja`e`oajs.
JA-@JE 63777-3-9< Bjtomokodâc pcrc ckecazcr kc sjdur`mcm fuae`oack frjatj c JBE.
JA-@JE 63777-3-= Jm. 3.7 J 9EM< Yce`oack`zce`õa pcrc k`b`tcr pjrturice`oajs crbõa`ecs j
`atjrcrbõa`ecs mj eorr`jatjs ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`c ncstc 0 hNz.
=
JA-@JE 63777-9-3< Jatorao. Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao jkjetrobcdaàt`eo pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs
eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c y trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kc rjm jkàetr`ec mj I].
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=3
JA-@JE 63777-9-9< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs mj
iclc frjeujae`c y kc trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj sub`a`stro püik`eo ja iclc tjas`õa.
JA-@JE 63777-9-5< Jatorao. Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao - Fjaõbjaos rcm`cmos y eoamue`mos c
frjeujae`cs m`st`atcs mj kcs mj kc rjm.
JA-@JE 63777-9-=< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs mj
iclc frjeujae`c ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs.
JA-@JE 63777-9-:< Jatorao. Ekcs`ece`õa mj kos jatoraos jkjetrobcdaàt`eos - Wuik`ece`õa
iãs`ec.
JA-@JE 63777-9-6< Jatorao. Jvckuce`õa mj a`vjkjs mj jb`s`õa mj pjrturice`oajs mj iclc
frjeujae`c ja kc rjm mj pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs.
JA-@JE/]Y 63777-9->< Jatorao. Iclcmcs mj tjas`õa j `atjrrupe`oajs eortcs ja kc rjm püik`ec.
Jstum`o jstcmâst`eo.
JA-@JE 63777-9-39< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpct`i`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs
mj iclc frjeujae`c y trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kc rjm jkàetr`ec mj B].
JA-@JE 63777-5-9< K`b`tjs. K`b`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj eorr`jatj pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj
jatrcmc ≭ 36 C por fcsj.
JA-@JE 63777-5-5< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa y mjk `ehjr ja rjmjs
mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc kos jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭36 C por fcsj.
JA-@JE 63777-5-5-cb3< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa, uetuce`oajs mj
tjas`õa y `ehjr ja kcs rjmjs püik`ecs mj sub`a`stro mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj
mj jatrcmc ≭ 36 C por fcsj y ao suljtos c uac eoajx`õa eoam`e`oack.
JA-@JE 63777-5-=< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs
mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj cs`dacmc supjr`or c 36 C.
JA-@JE 63777-5-:< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa y mjk `ehjr ja rjmjs
mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc kos jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc supjr`or c 36 C.
JA-@JE 63777-5-6< Kâb`tjs. Vckorce`õa mj kos kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa pcrc ecrdcs m`stors`oacatjs
ja B] y C]. Aorbc iãs`ec.
JA-@JE 63777-5-4< Kâb`tjs. Vckorce`õa mj kos kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa pcrc ecrdcs uetucatjs ja
B] y C]. Aorbc iãs`ec.
JA-@JE 63777-5->< Kâb`tjs. ]rcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja `astckce`oajs mj I]. A`vjkjs mj
jb`s`õa, icamcs mj frjeujae`c y a`vjkjs mj pjrturice`õa.
JA-@JE 63777-5-0 Jm. 3.7 J WT@< Kâb`tjs mj eorr`jatjs `atjrcrbõa`ecs ja jqu`pos eoa @ ≭ 36C.
JA-@JE 63777-5-37 Jm. 3.7 J WT@< Kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`cs mj 9 c 0 hNz.
JA-@JE 63777-5-3
63777-5-333< Kâb`tjs. Kâb`tjs mj kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa, uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa
yjatrcmc
`ehjr ≭ja4:kcs
C. rjmjs püik`ecs mj ck`bjatce`õa mj iclc tjas`õa. Jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj
JA-@JE 63777-5-39< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs
mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭ 4: C, suljtos c eoajx`õa rjstr`ad`mc.
JA-@JE 63777-=-3< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. V`s`õa mj eoaluato mj kc sjr`j EJ@ 63777-=.
JA-@JE 63777-=-=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kos trcas`tor`os jkàetr`eos
rãp`mos ja rãfcdcs.
JA-@JE 63777-=-:< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kcs oamcs mj enoquj.
=
JA-@JE 63777-=-6< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. @abua`mcm c pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs, `amue`mcs
por ecbpos mj rcm`ofrjeujae`c.
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=9
JA-@JE 63777-=-6 Cbm.3< Mjaj uac aujvc m`spos`e`õa pcrc jqu`pos mj drca vokubja.
JA-@JE 63777-=-4< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bjm`mc j `astrubjatce`õa pcrc bjm`mc mj crbõa`eos
j `atjrcrbõa`eos ja kc rjm.
JA-@JE 63777-=->< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyo mj `abua`mcm c kos ecbpos bcdaàt`eos c
frjeujae`c `amustr`ck.
JA-@JE 63777-=-33< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kos nujeos mj tjas`õa,
`atjrrupe`oajs irjvjs y vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa.
JA-@JE 63777-=-35< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c iclc frjeujae`c
mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos `aekuyjamo kcs sjóckjs trcasb`t`mcs ja kos ceejsos mj
ck`bjatce`õa ja eorr`jatj cktjrac.
JA-@JE 63777-=-3=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c uetuce`oajs mj tjas`õa.
JA-@JE 63777-=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bjm`mor mj Fk`ehjr. Jspje`ece`oajs fuae`oackjs y mj
m`sjóo.
JA-@JE 63777-=-36< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs
ja bomo eobüa, ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`cs mj 7 Nz c 3:7 hNz.
JA-@JE 63777-=-34< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kc oamukce`õa rjs`muck ja kc
jatrcmc mj potjae`c ja eorr`jatj eoat`auc.
JA-@JE 63777-=-94< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm frjatj c mjsjqu`k`ir`os.
JA-@JE 63777-=-9>< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kc vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c
mj ck`bjatce`õa.
JA-@JE 63777-=-90< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj `abua`mcm c kos nujeos mj tjas`õa,
`atjrrupe`oajs
irjvjs y vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa ja kos ceejsos mj ck`bjatce`õa ja eorr`jatj
eoat`auc.
JA-@JE 63777-=-57< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro.
JA-@JE 63777-=-55< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj trcas`tor`os mj cktc potjae`c.
JA-@JE 63777-=-5=< ]àea`ecs mj jascyo. Jascyo mj `abua`mcm c nujeos mj tjas`õa,
`atjrrupe`oajs eortcs y vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa @ 1 36 C. Wuik`ece`õa iãs`ec.
JA-@JE 63777-:-3< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Eoas`mjrce`oajs djajrckjs. Wuik`ece`õa
iãs`ec.
JA-@JE 63777-:-9< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Wujstc c t`jrrc y ecikjcmo.
JA-@JE 63777-:-6< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. B`t`dce`õa mj pjrturice`oajs JB@
jxtjracs.
JA-@JE 63777-:-4< Duâcs mj `astckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Drcmos mj protjee`õa propore`oacmos por
kcs javokvjatjs eoatrc kcs pjrturice`oajs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs (Eõm`do JB).
JA-@JE 63777-6-3< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. @abua`mcm ja jatoraos rjs`mjae`ckjs, eobjre`ckjs y mj
`amustr`c k`djrc.
JA-@JE 63777-6-9< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. @abua`mcm ja jatoraos `amustr`ckjs.
JA-@JE 63777-6-5< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. Aorbc mj jb`s`õa pcrc jatorao rjs`mjae`ck, eobjre`ck j
`amustr`c k`djrc.
JA-@JE 63777-6-=< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. Aorbc mj jb`s`õa pcrc jatoraos `amustr`ckjs.
JA-@JE 63777-6-:< Aorbcs djaàr`ecs. @abua`mcm pcrc kos jatoraos mj ejatrckjs jkàetr`ecs y
suijstce`oajs.
=
JA 679>0< Yjcetcae`cs pcrc ktros y k`b`tce`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj eortoe`reu`to
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=5
@JE 636=9< Yjmjs `amustr`ckjs cfjetcmcs por crbõa`eos< Cpk`ece`õa mj ktros y eoamjascmorjs
@JJJ Utm :30< Yjeobjamce`õa soirj kâb`tjs mj crbõa`eos
crbõa`eos ja ZUC
ZUC
@JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9< Aorbcs mj promueto mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y crrcaecmorjs
jstãt`eos.
M`rjet`vc 977=/37>< M`rjet`vc Juropjc mj Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec. M`cr`o Oe`ck mj
kcs Eobua`mcmjs Juropjcs mj 53/39/977=.
@JE 67>53-3 < Eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c cuto-rjdjajrcikjs ncstc 3777 V.
V. Duâc mj
`astckce`õa.
@JE 67>43< Eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c pcrc rjmjs mj tjas`õa supjr`or c 667 V. Wcrtj 3< Duâc
mj `astckce`õa8 Wcrtj 9< ]jst mj jamurcae`c.
ZAJ 97.:70->:/3, ZAJ 97.:70-07/9, ZAJ 97.:70-07/5, jqu`vckjatjs c E@UWY 3>-3, 3>-9 y
3>-5< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kcs kâajcs y cpcrcbjatc mj cktc tjas`õa rjkct`vcs c kcs pjrturice`oajs
rcm`ojkàetr`ecs.
Aotc< kos tjxtos ao rjjlca jk tâtuko oe`ck mj kc aorbc s`ao quj rjsubja su
eoatja`mo.
=.33 Yjsubja
Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos mcmo ua rjpcso c kos pr`ae`pckjs t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs
quj cfjetca c kc rjm jkàetr`ec. Njbos `am`ecmo euãk js su pos`ikj or`dja y ckduacs
`mjcs rjkct`vcs c kc forbc mj bjm`rkcs, quj sjrãa cbpk`cmcs ja jk ecpâtuko :.
Njbos `as`st`mo ja kc m`st`ae`õa jatrj pjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c y kcs
mj cktc frjeujae`c, mjaob`acmcs JB@, euyo jstum`o ao js jk oiljto pr`ae`pck
mj jstj tjxto. Wcrc pomjr m`st`adu`rkcs ja kc prãet`ec njbos mcmo uac sjr`j mj
`am`ece`oajs soirj kos jfjetos quj eciâc jspjrcr mj ecmc t`po mj pjrturice`õa y
njbos `atjatcmo eucat`ecr m`enos jfjetos.
Njbos
v`sto
kc potjae`c
mj m`stors`õa
kc prjsjae`c
mj
crbõa`eos
mjquj
eorr`jatj
jbpjorc
jk fcetor mjprovoecmc
potjae`c por
mj kcs
`astckce`oajs
mj forbc caãkodc c eobo suejmâc eoa kc potjae`c rjcet`vc. Kcs pr`ae`pckjs
eoasjeujae`cs mj jsto soa ua pjor cprovjencb`jato mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa
y trcasportj mj jajrdâc, ko euck oik`dc c soirjm`bjas`oacrko y eobportc tcbi`àa
pàrm`mcs cm`e`oackjs ja m`eno s`stjbc.
=
Sujmca tomcvâc uac sjr`j mj tjbcs por trctcr eobo soa kcs tàea`ecs mj bjm`mc,
quj sjrãa jstum`cmcs eoa e`jrto mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko : y kos tjbcs rjkce`oacmos
eoa kc pjajtrce`õa mj crbõa`eos ja kc rjm, kos jfjetos mj kcs rjsoacae`cs, kcs
forbcs mj ktrcr o ctjaucr mjtjrb`acmos crbõa`eos, eõbo trctcr kos crbõa`eos
bükt`pkos mj trjs ja rjmjs eoa eoasubos boaofãs`eos, jte. ]omo jkko sjrã
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3==
ciormcmo eoa bcyor mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko 0.
=.39 Yjfjrjae`cs
X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-:7367-73 y Eorr`djamub 977= 8 Eobpct`i`k`mcm
Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc por kcs rjmjs
djajrckjs mj m`str`iue`õa8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY).
Aorbcs
ZAJ-JA-63777
X9R
9-3 cja9-=)8Eobpct`i`k`mcm
Wcrtj
9< Jatorao.
EJAJKJE(Wcrtjs
(M`str`iuyj
Jspcóc CJAOY). Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec<
X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-578Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< ]àea`ecs mj
jascyo y bjm`mc< Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj kc eck`mcm mj kc ck`bjatce`õa8 EJAJKJE
(M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY).
X=R Ickejkks L., Mcurc F., Jspcrzc Y., Wckkãs Y., @atjrfjrjae`cs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs
ja s`stjbcs jkjetrõa`eos. Bcreobio (3009).
X:R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-4< Eobpct`i`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàt`ec (EJB). Wcrtj =<
]àea`ecs mj jascyo y mj bjm`mc. Ujee`õa 4< Duâc djajrck rjkct`vc c kcs bjm`mcs
mj crbõa`eos j `atjrcrbõa`eos, csâ eobo c kos cpcrctos mj bjm`mc, cpk`ecikj
c(M`str`iuyj
kcs rjmjsja
mjJspcóc
ck`bjatce`õa
y c kos cpcrctos eoajetcmos c àstcs8 EJAJKJE
CJAOY).
X6R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-98 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs
jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatj crbõa`ec (Jqu`pos pcrc @ ; 36 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj
ja Jspcóc CJAOY).
X4R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-=8 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< K`b`tce`õa mj
kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs mj I] pcrc jqu`pos eoa
eorr`jatj cs`dacmc @136 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj
(M `str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY).
X>R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-398 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc
kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs promue`mcs por kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kcs rjmjs
püik`ecs
mjja
I]Jspcóc
eoa eorr`jatj
mj jatrcmc 1 36 C y ; 4: C por fcsj8 EJAJKJE
(M`str`iuyj
CJAOY).
X0R Crr`kkcdc L., Jdu`kuz K.@., Crbõa`eos ja s`stjbcs mj potjae`c. Ujrv`e`o mj
Wuik`ece`oajs Za`vjrs`mcm mj Ecatcir`c.
=
WjrturIce`oajs ja kc rjm
: BJM@MC P YJD@U]YO MJ BCDA@]ZMJU JKÀE]Y@ECU
:.3 @atromuee`õa
Ja buencs oecs`oajs, kc fcktc mj `aforbce`õa `bp`mj rjsokvjr proikjbcs ja kc rjm
jkàetr`ec y opt`b`zcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec ja kos s`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kcs
eoasjeujae`cs quj sj sujkja mjr`vcr mj jstos proikjbcs ao mjtjetcmos c t`jbpo
soa pcros `atjbpjst`vos mj kc promuee`õa y uso `aje`jatj mj kc jajrdâc . Wcrc
jv`tcr
t`po mj proikjbcs,
usucr`o mjij
m`spoajr
soirj
jk jstcmo
mj susjstj
`astckce`oajs
(tjas`õa,jkeorr`jatjs,
potjae`c
üt`kmjy mctos
potjae`c
eoasub`mc,
jte.).
Csâ pujs, ua cspjeto jsjae`ck pcrc pomjr jstum`cr euckqu`jr rjm jkàetr`ec js jk mj
m`spoajr mj `astrubjatos ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjd`strcr kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros
mj kc b`sbc. Ja jfjeto kc bjm`mc js ajejscr`c pcrc quj jk opjrcmor eoaozec jk
jstcmo mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, pcrc pomjr eoatrokcr kc eck`mcm mjk sub`a`stro, pcrc
eucat`ecr kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, pcrc eoatrokcr kcs puatcs mj eoasubo, jte.
Cetuckbjatj, kc dcbc
dcb c mj `astrubjatos `amustr`ckjs m`spoa`ikjs pcrc rjck`zcr jstc
fuae`õa vc mjsmj kos ekãs`eos `am`ecmorjs mj cdulc, pcscamo por kos `am`ecmorjs
m`d`tckjs ncstc kkjdcr c kos cack`zcmorjs bãs sof`st`ecmos quj pjrb`tja ao
sõko
bjm`r, s`ao
rjd`strcr mctos
tjas`õamj, eorr`jatj
, eoasubo
mjtjrb`acmcs
pjrturice`oajs
eoa mj
s`stjbcs
m`spcro (‛tr`ddjr‒)
bãsy oecpturcr
bjaos
sof`st`ecmos. Kc pos`i`k`mcm mj rjd`strcr y ecpturcr mjtjrb`acmos jvjatos js
jsjae`ck pcrc pomjr m`spoajr mj mctos c kc norc mj m`cdaost`ecr ua proikjbc.
Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos ejatrcrjbos ja kc `astrubjatce`õa mj t`po jkjetrotàea`eo j
`amustr`ck, eoa ecrcetjrâst`ecs buy m`fjrjae`cmcs mj otros `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc
pcrc uso ja jkjetrõa`ec o pcrc kciorctor`os. Kcs ajejs`mcmjs jsjae`ckjs pcrc jstj
t`po mj `astrubjatos soa< bjm`r eoa uac prje`s`õa rczoacikj, eoa frjeujae`cs mj
bujstrjo rjkct`vcbjatj iclcs, pjro b`m`jamo s`buktãajcbjatj kos sj`s u oeno
ecackjs mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa `amustr`ck (trjs tjas`oajs y trjs eorr`jatjs
y jvjatuckbjatj kc tjas`õa ajutro-t`jrrc y kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro) y eckeukcr
pcrãbjtros iãs`eos eobo potjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc , fcetorjs mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o,
crbõa`eos
Ujvjrjbos
eoas`mjrcck quj
ja jkckduaos
s`stjbcmj
tr`fãs`eo
ncy bãs mjbcs
:7
pcrãbjtros, c`ehjr,
bjm`rjte.
eobo
jstum`cr
kos `astrubjatos
eobpkjtos quj sj prjsjatca ja jstj ecpâtuko ( EVB , CY.:, jte.).
:
Wor otro kcmo, js buy `bportcatj kc ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros.
Jsto pjrb`tj ducrmcr n`stõr`eos y vjr jk eobportcb`jato mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo c
postjr`or` , s`a jstcr pjam`jatj mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc. Wjro c kc vjz, jk
rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs pkcatjc jk proikjbc mj bcajlcr y prjsjatcr kc
drca ecat`mcm mj mctos quj ua `astrubjato pujmj mcr.
mcr. Wcrc jk trctcb`jato mj
jstos mctos js jsjae`ck quj kos `astrubjatos m`spoadca mj eobua`ece`õa eoa
ua ormjacmor ejatrck y pomjr eoatcr eoa ua soportj `aforbãt`eo eoas`stjatj ja
prodrcbcs UECMC quj pjrb`tca prjsjatcr kos mctos mj forbc bãs eoamjascmc
pcrc jk opjrcmor, bjm`catj drãeos, `am`ece`oajs mj ckcrbc, jte. y ao tca sõko
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=6
jsto, s`ao quj jk prop`o `astrubjato sjc ecpcz mj mcr õrmjajs mj eoajx`õa o
mjseoajx`õa mj mjtjrb`acmos `atjrruptorjs, iclo eoam`e`oajs mj ckcrbc o ja
mjtjrb`acmcs eoam`e`oajs mj fuae`oacb`jato. Kc durc :.3. bujstrc ua jsqujbc
mj ua s`stjbc bomjrao mj bjm`mc y eoatrok mj rjmjs `amustr`ckjs, motcmo mj kcs
prjstce`oajs `am`ecmcs catjr`orbjatj.
F`d. :.3.- U`stjbc mj bjm`mc
bjm`mc y eoatrok mj
mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec mj
mj m`str`iue`õa
Otro cspjeto quj buencs vjejs pcsc mjscpjre`i`mo js jk mj kos sjasorjs mj
bjm`mc, djajrckbjatj trcasforbcmorjs o m`v`sorjs mj tjas`õa, quj eoast`tuyja
jk `atjrfcz jatrj jk cpcrcto mj bjm`mc y jk s`stjbc c bjm`r. Wor poajr ua
jljbpko,
iuja ccpcrcto
mj ua
bjm`mc
pjrmjrã sus
bjm`mcWor
mj
eorr`jatj ua
sj ncej
trcvàs mj
trcasforbcmor
eoaprjstce`oajs
ua drca jrrors`mjkc ãaduko.
jkko mjm`ecrjbos ua cpcrtcmo ck jstum`o mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc mj
eorr`jatj.
C ko kcrdo mjk ecpâtuko, rjpcscrjbos kos cspjetos bãs `bportcatjs rjkce`oacmos
eoa kc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, icscmo ja jk jbpkjo mj
`astrubjatce`õa mj t`po jkjetrõa`eo m`d`tck. Kos ekãs`eos `astrubjatos mj cdulc,
qujmca cetuckbjatj rjkjdcmos c cpk`ece`oajs mj buy iclo eostj y ao pjrb`tja
fãe`kbjatj jk rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs, por ko quj sõko kjs mjm`ecrjbos ua pjqujóo
cpcrtcmo pcrc pomjr eobpcrcr sus `am`ece`oajs eoa rjspjeto c kcs mj kos
`astrubjatos m`d`tckjs bomjraos.
:.9 @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos
Ca tcóo
Catc
óo,, ja ko
koss eu
eucm
cmro
ross jk
jkàe
àetr
tr`e
`eos
os,, sj so
sokâkâca
ca `a
`ast
stck
ckcr
cr m`
m`vj
vjrs
rsos
os `a
`ast
stru
rubj
bjat
atos
os
(voktâbjtro, cbpjrâbjtro, vctâbjtro, jte.), quj bjmâca ecmc uao ua pcrãbjtro
jkàetr`eo (tjas`õa, eorr`jatj, potjae`c, jte.). Jstos jqu`pos tjaâca mos drcamjs
k`b`tce`oajs<
Ao soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r bãs quj vckorjs bjm`os o jecejs y por ko tcato ao
`am`eca acmc cejrec mj kc eck`mcm mj oamc
•
:
Ao soa ecpcejs mj rjd`strcr kos vckorjs bjm`mos y por tcato uac vjz trcaseurr`mo
ua fjaõbjao ao qujmc rjd`stro mj àk.
•
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=4
Kc rjspujstc jrc rjkct`vcbjatj kjatc por ko quj, `aekuso ja kos `astrubjatos eoa
`am`ece`õa mj bãx`bo, ao sj pomâc dcrcat`zcr quj àstj fujsj ecpturcmo s` su murce`õa
jrc buy eortc.
•
Ja kc cetuck`mcm sj pujmja m`st`adu`r mos drcamjs drupos mj `astrubjatce`õa
pcrc kc bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos< kc `astrubjatce`õa cackõd`ec y kc
`astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck, jstc ükt`bc icscmc ja e`reu`tos
e`r eu`tos jkjetrõa`eos, djajrckbjatj
motcmos mj uac pcrtj cackõd`ec mj cmcptce`õa mj sjóck y uac pcrtj m`d`tck mj
proejscmo y jvjatuckbjatj mj rjd`stro mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs. Mjatro mj kc
dcbc mj `astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck, jaeoatrcbos uac drca vcr`jmcm mj cack`zcmorjs,
quj
mjpjam`jamo
mj prjstce`oajs.
kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj bjm`mc, o mjk t`po mj cpk`ece`õa,
propore`oaca
m`st`atcs
:.9.3 @astrubjatce`õa cackõd`ec
Kos `astrubjatos cackõd`eos jstãa forbcmos por ua e`reu`to trcasmuetor, quj
eoav`jrtj kc bcda`tum c bjm`r ja uac eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec y ua `am`ecmor quj ja
tomos kos ecsos js ua dckvcaõbjtro (bjm`mor
(bjm`mor mj eorr`jatj). Jk dckvcaõbjtro jstã
jstã
icscmo ja kc mjsv`ce`õa mj uac cdulc por jfjeto mj ecbpo bcdaàt`eo erjcmo por
jk pcso mj eorr`jatj por ua ioi`acmo mjk b`sbo. Wcrc kc `am`ece`õa mj euckqu`jr
otrc bcda`tum quj ao sjc uac eorr`jatj, mjij eoavjrt`rsj m`enc bcda`tum ja uac
eorr`jatj propore`oack cmb`s`ikj pcrc jk dckvcaõbjtro. Csâ por jljbpko, ja jk ecso
mj ua voktâbjtro ncy quj eokoecr uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j mj vckor jkjvcmo y ja
jk
ecsopcrc
mj ua
cbpjrâbjtro
eorr`jatj jkjvcmc ncy quj eokoecr uac rjs`stjae`c
snuat
mjr`vcr
pcrtj mjeoa
kc eorr`jatj.
Womjbos m`st`adu`r vcr`os t`pos iãs`eos mj `astrubjatos cackõd`eos sjdüa su
pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato<
•
Mj n`jrro bõv`k.
•
Mj ioi`ac bõv`k.
•
I`bjtãk`eos
•
M`fjrjae`ckjs mj `amuee`õa
•
Mj kãb`acs.
Kos bãs iãs`eos soa kos mj n`jrro bõv`k y kos mj ioi`ac bõv`k y kos i`bjtãk`eos,
pjro
jx`stja
m`vjrscs mj
vcr`catjs
e`reu`to
eoa kos
`am`ecmorjs
ioi`aceobi`acamo
bõv`k.. Kc ckdüa
f`durc pjqujóo
:.9 bujstrc
kosjkjetrõa`eo
sâbiokos
jbpkjcmos ja kos `astrubjatos, sjdüa jk pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato.
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=>
F`d. :.9.- Uâbiokos mj cpcrctos
cpcrctos mj bjm`mc sjdüa su pr`ae`p`o
pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato.
@astrubjatos mj N`jrro bõv`k< Kos `astrubjatos mj n`jrro bõv`k jstãa icscmos
ja jk pr`ae`p`o mj `amuee`õa (eobo kos botorjs mj lcukc). Kc eorr`jatj c bjm`r
pcsc por uac ioi`ac, jstc `amuej otrc eorr`jatj soirj ua aüekjo mj n`jrro
sok`mcr`o c kc cdulc y kc fujrzc mj rjpuks`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj pr`ae`pck y kcs
eorr`jatjs `amue`mcs ncej mjsv`cr kc cdulc. Jstj t`po mj `astrubjato js cpto
sõko pcrc eorr`jatj cktjrac y b`mj su vckor jecz (YBU), pujsto quj kc fujrzc js
propore`oack ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj. ]`jaja jk `aeoavja`jatj mj su fcktc mj
k`ajck`mcm, eoa ua `a`e`o mj jseckc eobpr`b`mo.
@astrubjatos
mjmj
Ioi`ac
bõv`k<jaKos
mj ioi`ac
bõv`k jstãa
ja kc mjsv`ce`õa
uac ioi`ac
jk `astrubjatos
`atjr`or mjk ecbpo
bcdaàt`eo
erjcmoicscmos
por ua
`bãa. B`mja eorr`jatj eoat`auc y mca uac `am`ece`õa propore`oack ck vckor bjm`o
mj kc b`sbc, eoa uac jseckc icstcatj k`ajck
Mji`mo c kc e`tcmc k`ajck`mcm, jstos `astrubjatos pujmja ut`k`zcrsj y mj njeno
sj ut`k`zca pcrc bjm`r tjas`oajs o eorr`jatjs cktjracs, pjro àstcs mjija sjr
prjv`cbjatj rjet`ecmcs. Ao oistcatj, kc bjm`mc sjrã s`jbprj mj vckor bjm`o
y por tcato, pcrc `am`ecr vckor jecz mj bcda`tumjs cktjracs mjij cpk`ecrsj
ua e`jrto fcetor mj jseckc y kc bjm`mc sõko sjrã prje`sc s` àstj sj bcat`jaj
eoastcatj (djajrckbjatj sõko pcrc tjas`õa o eorr`jatj o tjas`õa purcbjatj
sjao`mckjs, moamj kc rjkce`õa jatrj vckor jecz y vckor bjm`o mj kc rjet`ecmc sj
bcat`jaj eoastcatj ja ua vckor mj 3,33). Ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs eoa ckto eoatja`mo
mj crbõa`eos, por jljbpko, kc `am`ece`õa mj vckor jecz sjrâc jrrõajc.
@astrubjatos I`bjtãk`eos< Kos `astrubjatos i`bjtck`kkos sj icsca ja kc
m`fjrjae`c mj m`kctce`õa mj mos t`pos mj bjtck ck eckjatcrsj por jfjeto Loukj
ck pcso mj kc eorr`jatj. (Wotjae`c eckorâec2 ). Uoa cptos tcato pcrc eorr`jatj
cktjrac eobo pcrc eorr`jatj eoat`auc o pcrc eobi`ace`õa mj cbics, `am`ecamo
jk vckor jecz, yc quj, eobo ja jk ecso mj kos mj n`jrro bõv`k, kc mjsv`ce`õa js
propore`oack ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj. Jstj t`po mj `astrubjatos t`jaja ckduaos
proikjbcs mj k`ajck`mcm y mj jrrorjs ck vcr`cr kc tjbpjrcturc cbi`jatj.
:
@astrubjatos mj @amuee`õa m`fjrjae`ckjs< Jk pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato js
`màat`eo c kos mj n`jrro bõv`k, pjro t`jaja mos ioi`acmos catcdõa`eos, mj forbc
quj jk ecbpo rjsuktcatj js kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cbios. Uj ut`k`zca iãs`ecbjatj ja
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3=0
voktâbjtros m`fjrjae`ckjs pcrc s`aeroaoseop`os o `astrubjatos s`b`kcrjs.
@astrubjatos mj kãb`acs< Uj jbpkjca jxekus`vcbjatj eobo frjeujaeâbjtros.
Uj icsca ja kc v`irce`õa por rjsoacae`c mj uac sjr`j mj kãb`acs mj bjtck.
@astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck< Kos `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs jstãa icscmos ja ua s`stjbc
b`eroproejscmor motcmo mj ua s`stjbc eoavjrsor C/M (cackõd`eo / m`d`tck) pcrc kc
cmqu`s`e`õa mj mctos. Jk m`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs djaàr`eo pcrc jstos `astrubjatos
js jk quj sj bujstrc ja kc durc :.5.
F`d. :.5.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs
ikoqujs djaàr`eo mj ua `astrubjato
`astrubjato mj bjm`mc m`d`tck
m`d`tck
Ckduaos mj kos ikoqujs quj sj nca rjprjs
rjprjsjatcmo
jatcmo ja m`enc durc pujmja jstcr
cusjatjs. Csâ pomrjbos m`st`adu`r iãs`ecbjatj trjs ectjdorâcs mj `astrubjatos<
@astrubjatos s`bpkjs. B`mja jk vckor mj uac üa`ec
üa`ec vcr`cikj jkàetr`ec y kc
bujstrca por m`spkcy. Ao t`jaja ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro a` mj eobua`ece`õa
@astrubjatos eoa rjd`stro. B`mja bãs mj uac vcr`cikj, oit`jaja otrcs
vcr`cikjs por eãkeuko y rjd`strca mjtjrb`acmos vckorjs, yc sjc pjr`õm`ecbjatj
o doijracmos por ua ‛tr`ddjr‒. Djajrckbjatj tomo jkko js prodrcbcikj por ua
tjekcmo. Kos vckorjs ecpturcmos sj sujkja ducrmcr ja uac bjbor`c `atjrac
sckvcducrmcmc por uac ictjrâc o ja ua m`seo o uac bjbor`c eoa `atjrfcsj ZUI
o mj otrc âamokj. Ao m`spoaja mj eobua`ece`oajs eoa jk jxtjr`or ja t`jbpo rjck,
pjro
sujkja m`spoajr mj ckdüa ecack mj eobua`ece`õa pcrc vce`cmo mj kos
mctossârjd`strcmos.
@astrubjatos eoa rjd`stro y eobua`ece`oajs. M`spoaja mj bjm`mc, eãkeukos
y rjd`stro mj vcr`cikjs y cmjbãs
cmjbãs m`spoaja mj ckdüa
ckdüa s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa,
eobua`ece`õa,
djajrckbjatj eoa ua ormjacmor. Jsto pjrb`tj jk proejscb`jato mj mctos ja
t`jbpo rjck (mjatro mj uaos
uaos kâb`tjs mj rcp`mjz) y su `aeorporce`õa ja s`stjbcs
s`stjbcs
mj eoatrok.
:
Kc forbc eobüa ja tomos jkkos mj ecpturcr y proejscr kos mctos eoas`stj
ja bujstrjcr kcs oamcs mj tjas`õa y/o mj eorr`jatj y oitjajr kos vckorjs
`astcatãajos ja ecmc uao mj kos puatos mj bujstrjo. Kc durc :.= bujstrc
jsqujbãt`ecbjatj
jsqujbãt`ecbja
tj eobo sj tobca kcs bujstrcs puatuckjs
puatuckjs mj uac oamc sjao`mck.
sjao`mck.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:7
Ja ecmc puato sj oit`jaj ua vckor aubàr`eo. Wostjr`orbjatj sj proejsca kos
vckorjs aubàr`eos mj uao c vcr`os e`ekos, oitja`àamosj kos vckorjs jecejs, kcs
potjae`cs j `aforbce`õa soirj
soirj pjrturice`oajs mj tomo t`po.
F`d. :.=.- Bujstrjo mj uac
uac oamc
Kos vckorjs `bportcatjs, quj mjf`aja kc rjsokue`õa y kc prje`s`õa mj ua
`astrubjato m`d`tck soa kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo fs y jk aübjro mj i`ts, I, mj
ecmc cmqu`s`e`õa puatuck. Ja kudcr mj kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo sj usc c vjejs
su `avjrso, jk pjrâomo mj bujstrjo ]s o ja jk ecso mj bjm`mcs ja kc rjm, jk
aübjro mj bujstrcs por e`eko, quj mjs`dacrjbos por A.
C tâtâtu
tuko
ko mj jl
jljb
jbpk
pko,
o, kc
kcss tc
tcik
ikcs
cs :.
:.33 y :.
:.99 bu
bujs
jstr
trca
ca kc
kcss pr
pr`a
`ae`
e`pc
pckj
kjss vc
vcr`r`ci
cikj
kjss
bjm`mcs
y kos
por kos cack`zcmorjs
mj rjm mj kc sjr`j
EVB
y kos
mj eãkeukos
kc fcb`k`ciãs`eos
CY.: yrjck`zcmos
SAC mj E@YEZ]OY
.
]cikc :.3.- Wr`ae`pckjs vcr`cikjs bjm`mcs y eckeukcmcs por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm
:
Vcr`cikj (s)
Uâbiokos
]`jbpo mj
probjm`o
Bjm`mc o Eãkeukos
Vckorjs `astcatãajos
mj tjas`õa
u`3, u`9, u`5
@astcatãajo
Vckorjs mj kcs tjas`oajs s`bpkjs.
(Bjm`mos por bujstrjo)
Vckorjs `astcatãajos
mj eorr`jatj
``3, ``9, ``5
@astcatãajo
Vckorjs mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj kâajc.
(Bjm`mos por bujstrjo)
Vckorjs jecejs
mj tjas`õa
Z3 , Z 9 , Z 5
]BW
ZF 2
Vckorjs jecejs
mj eorr`jatj
@ 3, @ 9, @ 5
]BW
@F 2
Wotjae`c cet`vc
mj ecmc fcsj
W3 , W 9 , W 5
]BW
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc
mj ecmc fcsj
WF 2
]BW
AW
3
AW
Υ u9
AW ` 2 3 `F
Υ `9
AW ` 2 3 `F
3 AW
Υ u `F ``F
AW ` 23
3 AW
∓ u .`
AW ` 23 `F ( `F A / = )
` (`-A/= ) 2 bujstrc tobcmc » mj
pjrâomo catjs
S
S3 , S 9 , S 5
2
3
F
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
WF
Fcetor mj potjae`c
mj ecmc fcsj
FW3 FW 9 FW 5
]BW
FWF
Frjeujae`c
f
]BW
Bjm`mc ja kc oamc mj
tjas`õa mj uac fcsj
2
3:3
ZF @F
Aotcs< Kos vckorjs aubàr`eos 3, 9 y 5 sj rjjrja c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs. Jk suiâam`ej
F sj rjjrj djaàr`ecbjatj c uac euckqu`jrc mj kcs fcsjs y jk suiâam`ej ` sj jbpkjc
pcrc mjs`dacr djaàr`ecbjatj kcs bujstrcs mj uac oamc. ]BW js jk pjrâomo bâa`bo mj
probjm`cmo (ao eoafuam`r eoa jk pjrâomo mj rjd`stro mj probjm`os). AW js jk aübjro
totck mj bujstrcs ja ]BW.
]cikc :.9.- Vcr`cikjs bjm`mcs y eckeuk
eckeukcmcs
cmcs por kos
cack`zcmorjs mj rjm ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos
Vcr`cikj (s)
Uâbiokos
]`jbpo mj
probjm`o
Bjm`mc o Eãkeukos
]jas`õa tr`fãs`ec
probjm`o
Zb
]BW
Zb 2
Eorr`jatj tr`fãs`ec
probjm`o
@b
]BW
Wotjae`c cet`vc
tr`fãs`ec
Wt
]BW
Wt 2 W3 + W 9 + W 5
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc
tr`fãs`ec
St
]BW
S t 2 S 3+ S 9+ S 5
Wotjae`c
cpcrjatj tr`fãs`ec
Ut
]BW
U t 2 U 3+ U 9+ U 5
Fcetor mj
potjae`c tr`fãs`eo
FWt
]BW
FWt 2
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc
`amuet`vc mj
ecmc fcsj
SK3, SK9, SK5
] BW
@duck c S3, S9 y S5 , soko s` t`jaja
s`dao pos`t`vo
SE3, SE9, SE5
] BW
@duck c S3, S9 y S5 , soko s` t`jaja
s`dao ajdct`vo
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc
ecpce`t`vc mj
ecmc fcsj
Jajrdâc cet`vc
por fcsj
:
@b 2
Z3 + Z9 + Z5
5
@ 3+@ 9 +@ 5
5
Wt
Ut
]C
T´n3, T´n9, T´n5 ]C
´n F 2 Υ WF ]B
]BW
W
7
Jajrdâc rjcet`vc
t`po K por fcsj
hvcr´n K3,
hvcr´n K9,
hvcr´n K5
Jajrdâc rjcet`vc
t`po E por fcsj
hvcr´n E3,
hvcr´n E9,
hvcr´n E5
]C
vcr K´
K´n
nF 2
]C
Υ vcr K
F
]BW
F
]BW
7
]C
vcr E´n
E´n F 2
]C
Υ vcr E
7
Aotcs< ]BW js jk pjrâomo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo (ao eoafuam`r eoa jk pjrâomo mj rjd`stro
mj probjm`os). ]C js jk t`jbpo mj ceubukce`õa mj jajrdâc, mjsmj kc pujstc c ejro mj
eoatcmorjs
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:9
¡@bportcatj! Oisàrvjsj quj kc bcyor pcrtj mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs ao pujmja
prjsjatcr ja m`spkcy a` rjd`strcr tomos kos vckorjs quj b`mja. Jatoaejs, tomos
jkkos prjsjatca probjm`os mj bjm`mc murcatj e`jrtos `atjrvckos. Js por jkko quj jk
pcrãbjtro ]BW (t`jbpo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo) t`jaj uac drca `bportcae`c pcrc
pomjr eobpcrcr kos rjsuktcmos mj mjtjrb`acmcs bjm`mcs o `aekuso pcrc pomjr
`atjrprjtcr m`enos rjsuktcmos, soirj tomo s` kc bcda`tum bjm`mc vcrâc murcatj jk
`atjrvcko mj bjm`mc. Wcrc eobprjamjr kc `mjc vàcsj jk s`du`jatj jljbpko.
Jljbpko< Uupoadcbos mos `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs< B3, eoa ua ]BW mj 3 sjduamo
y B9 eoa ua ]BW mj : sjduamos. Uupoadcbos quj mjsjcbos eobpcrcr kos
vckorjs jecejs mj uac tjas`õa bjm`mos por cbios `astrubjatos y quj m`enc
tjas`õa t`jaj vcr`ce`oajs eoa `atjrvckos mj vcr`ce`õa `afjr`orjs c ua sjduamo.
Js jv`mjatj quj kos vckorjs bostrcmos por cbios `astrubjatos ao soa
eobpcrcikjs, pujsto quj b`jatrcs B9 bostrcrã ua vckor, B3 ncirã bostrcmo
e`aeo. Womrâcbos pjascr quj jk probjm`o mj bjm`mcs mj B3 c ko kcrdo mj
: sjduamos mjij eo`ae`m`r eoa kc kjeturc mj B9. Wujs i`ja, jsto ao sjrã csâ
ja djajrck, pujsto quj jk vckor jecz ao pujmj probjm`crsj eoa uac bjm`c
cr`tbàt`ec. Jk vckor jecz js ua probjm`o mj uac subc mj eucmrcmos y ao js
ko b`sbo probjm`cr ecmc sjduamo quj ecmc : sjduamos. Ja jfjeto s` fs js jk
aübjro mj bujstrcs por sjduamo (frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo), quj supoamrjbos
`duck ja cbios `astrubjatos sj t`jaj
Wrobjm`o mj : sjduamos mj B3<
Z bjm

3 
2 
: 




s
3
9
u
Υ
f `23 ` 

s
3s
f


 3 fs

9
u
+ ... + 
Υ
 f s ` 2 3 ` 

:s





(:.3)
Vckor mj B9 murcatj kos : sjduamos<
Z bjm 2
3
: fs
: fs
` 23
9
Υ u`
(:.9)
Uõko ja jk ecso mj quj kc tjas`õa bjm`mc sjc eoastcatj rjsuktcrãa `duckjs kos
vckorjs bostrcmos por cbios `astrubjatos. Cüa bãs, s` kcs frjeujae`cs mj
bujstrjo mj cbios `astrubjatos ao soa `duckjs pujmj ncijr mjsv`ce`oajs ja
kcs `am`ece`oajs mj cbios. Ja mja`t`vc, jk njeno mj tjajr quj probjm`cr pcrc
pomjr eoamjascr kc ecat`mcm mj mctos ncej quj pjrmcbos mjtckkjs mj kc bjm`mc
y quj sõko sjca eobpcrcikjs kos vckorjs oitja`mos s` kc bcda`tum bjm`mc sj
bcat`jaj eoastcatj mjatro mjk `atjrvcko mj bjm`mc.
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:5
:.5 ]rcasmuetorjs mj bjm`mc
Ja jstj ecpâtuko, mjaob`acbos trcasmuetor ck ikoquj quj rjck`zc jk pcpjk mj
`atjrfcz jatrj jk e`reu`to jkàetr`eo c bjm`r y jk `astrubjato mj bjm`mc prop`cbjatj
m`eno. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo sj mjser`ija kos trcasmuetorjs jbpkjcmos ja kc bjm`mc
mj kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos pr`bcr`os. Mjaob`acbos ‛pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os‒,
cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja por bjm`mc, b`jatrcs quj ‛pcrãbjtros eckeukcmos‒ soa
cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja por bjm`mc, b`jatrcs quj pcrãbjtros eckeukcmos soa
cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja c pcrt`r mj eãkeukos, jbpkjcamo prje`scbjatj eobo
mctos kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os. Kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os ja uac rjm jkàetr`ec
soa iãs`ecbjatj kcs tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs `astcatãajcs ja ecmc uac mj kcs
fcsjs. C pcrt`r mj àstos y mjk pcrãbjtro t`jbpo, sj pujmja eckeukcr kos vckorjs
jf`ecejs, vckorjs bjm`os, kcs potjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc, kos eoasubos mj
jajrdâc, kos crbõa`eos, jte
:.5.3 ]rcasmuetorjs mj ]jas`õa
Zao mj kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcr`os quj mjija bjm`rsj pcrc jk eoaoe`b`jato mj
uac rjm jkàetr`ec js jk eoaluato mj tjas`oajs fcsj ajutro o jatrj fcsjs. Murcatj
bueno t`jbpo sõko sj eoas`mjrcic `bportcatj bjm`r jk vckor jecz mj m`encs
tjas`oajs, s`a `bportcr jk mjsfcsj, kc forbc mj oamc y otros pcrãbjtros quj
`afkuyja mj forbc jsjae`ck ja jk fuae`oacb`jato mj kc rjm. Cetuckbjatj, sj
eoas`mjrc `bportcatj kc bjm`mc mj vckorjs `astcatãajo
`astcatãajos,
s, vckorjs mj p`eo, mjsfcsjs
jatrj tjas`oajs, jte. ]omos jkkos ja su eoaluato mjaja kc eck`mcm mjk s`stjbc mj
ck`bjatce`õa tr`fãs`eo, quj js jk quj aos jaeoatrcbos ja kc ck`bjatce`õa tcato
mj `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs eobo mj `astckce`oajs rjs`mjae`ckjs o `aekuso mj kcs
jbicrecmcs (iuqujs, cv`oajs, jte.)
Wcrc kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos jbpkjcmos ja kcs bjm`mcs mj iclc tjas`õa (I])
kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa js m`rjetc, c trcvàs mj ckdüa t`po mj m`v`sor mj tjas`õa o
c trcvàs mj ckdüa ceopkcb`jato por trcasforbcmor. Eucamo sj trctc mj kc bjm`mc
mj tjas`oajs cktjracs, kc bjm`mc c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj tjas`õa js kc
prjfjr`mc, yc quj propore`oac ua c`skcb`jato dckvãa`eo jatrj kc jkjetrõa`ec mj kos
`astrubjatos y kc rjm.
Kos `astrubjatos pcrc bjm`mc ja iclc tjas`õa sujkja tjajr tjas`oajs mj jatrcmc
aorbck`zcmcs sj
mj pujmj
597 V fcsj-ajutro
V jatrj
Ao oistcatj,
ja ecsos
pcrt`eukcrjs
m`spoajr mjy :97
jseckcs
bãsfcsjs.
roiustcs
pcrc bjm`mc
mj
tjas`oajs fcsj ajutro ncstc :77 V y fcsj-fcsj ncstc uaos >:7 V jatrj fcsjs. Kc
tcikc :.3 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs tjas`oajs aorbck`zcmcs ja kos `astrubjatos
mj bjm`mc mj rjmjs `amustr`ckjs.
]cikc :.5.- ]jas`oajs aorbck`zcmcs ja kos `astrubjatos
U`s
`stj
tjb
bcs Boa
Boaof
ofããs`
s`eo
eoss
:
U`st
stjjbcs ]r`
]r`fãs`eos
Jstãamcr
Yjforzcmos
]ja
jas`
s`õõa Bãx
Bãx`b
`bcc (f
(fccsj
sj-a
-ajjutr
troo)
577 vokt`os E.C.
]ja
jas`
s`õa
õa Bãx`
x`b
bc (fc
(fcsj
sj-f
-fcs
csjj)
]jas`õa Bã
Bãx`bc (f(fcsj
sj--ajutr
troo)
577 vokt`os E.C.
:77 vokt`os E.C.
]jas`õa Bã
Bãx`bc (fc
(fcssj-fcsj)
:97 vokt`os E.C.
>:7 vokt`os E.C.
-
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:=
Wcrc bjm`mcs ja bjm`c o cktc tjas`õa (B] o C]), sujkja jbpkjcrsj
trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc jxtjraos o m`v`sorjs ecpce`t`vos, quj rjiclca
kc tjas`õa mjsmj kc B] o C] c 337 V. C pcrt`r mjk sjeuamcr`o mj m`enos
trcasforbcmorjs, pujmja jbpkjcrsj kos `astrubjatos mj iclc tjas`õa jstãamcr
pcrc rjck`zcr kcs bjm`mcs.
Csâ pujs
p ujs s` mjsjcbos kkjvcr c ecio uac bjm`mc
bj m`mc ja uac ejkmc mj bjm`c
bjm `c tjas`õa,
tj as`õa,
moamj kc tjas`õa aob`ack js mj 9:.777 vokt`os E.C., mjijrjbos ut`k`zcr ua
trcasforbcmor jxtjrao mj 9:.777/337 V y ua cpcrcto eoa foamo mj jseckc mj
577 V , por jljbpko. Kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs pjrb`tja jatoaejs
prodrcbcr ua fcetor mj jseckc (Yjkce`õa mj ]rcasforbce`õa), mj forbc quj kcs
`am`ece`oajs quj bujstrca y quj rjd`strca yc t`jaja ja eujatc jstj fcetor mj
rjmuee`õa mj 9:.777 V c 337 V y kos aübjros bostrcmos ja m`spkcy y rjd`strcmos
soa kc `am`ece`õa rjck ja kc jseckc mj 9:777 V
Kcs ükt`bcs djajrce`oajs mj cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs tr`fãs`eos, cmjbãs mj kc
eoajx`õa mj kcs fcsjs K3, K9, K5 y Ajutro, tcbi`àa m`spoaja mj uac jatrcmc mj
]`jrrc. Mj jstj bomo, y bjm`catj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa jatrj Ajutro y ]`jrrc
jk usucr`o pujmj eoaoejr ja t`jbpo rjck, jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mjk quj m`spoaj
ja su `astckce`õa.
Ja kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs pcrc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros
mj rjm, kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo js mj 39> bujstrcs por e`eko. Jsto pjrb`tj
ua caãk`s`s mj crbõa`eos ncstc jk mj ormja :7 y propore`oac uac bjm`mc ja
vjrmcmjro vckor jecz eoa uac prje`s`õa bjlor quj jk 7,3%. Jstj aübjro mj
bujstrcs js cmjbãs `mõajo pcrc pomjr bostrcr ja t`jbpo rjck jk vckor jecz y
kc forbc mj oamc mj kc tjas`õa (por ecack mj bjm`mc< K3, K9, K5 y A).
:.5.9 ]rcasmuetorjs mj Eorr`jatj
Otrc mj kcs bcda`tumjs pr`bcr`cs, sjdüa sj nc m`eno js kc eorr`jatj. Wcrc
bjm`rkc sj sujkja jbpkjcr vcr`os t`pos mj trcasmuetorjs. Iãs`ecbjatj pomjbos
m`st`adu`r<
:
•
]rcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs (cptos sõko pcrc E.C.)
•
]rcasforbcmorjs mj jfjeto Nckk (cptos pcrc E.C. eobi`acmc eoa E.E.)
•
Unuats (cptos pcrc euckqu`jr t`po mj eorr`jatj).
Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs t`jaja ua pr`bcr`o, forbcmo
djajrckbjatj por ua
ua ecikj pcscatj,
pcscatj, y ua sjeuamcr`o eoa
eoa vcr`cs jsp`rcs, sjdüa
jk jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o rjprjsjatcmo ja kc d.:.:. Jstj t`po mj trcasforbcmor
js jk bãs frjeujatj pcrc kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj cktjrac ja rjmjs `amustr`ckjs
y pjrb`tj sõko bjm`r kc eobpoajatj cktjrac. U` nui`jrc uac eobpoajatj
eoat`auc ao kc b`mj. Ja ckduaos ecsos, jk trcasforbcmor jstã `aeorporcmo ja jk
jqu`po mj bjm`mc bjm`catj Eoajx`õa Fcst, y ja otros ecsos, sjrã ajejscr`c kc
`astckce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj jxtjraos8 uao ja jk ecso mj kâajcs
boaofãs`ecs, y trjs o euctro ja jk ecso mj kâajcs tr`fãs`ecs (euctro s` sj mjsjc
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3::
bjm`r kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro y jk cack`zcmor mj rjm m`spoaj mj uac jatrcmc pcrc
jsj eobjt`mo)
F`d. :.:.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato
fuae`oacb`jato mj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj y mj ua snuat
Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj eobpoajatj cktjrac y eoat`auc supjrpujstcs mjijbos ut`k`zcr
trcasforbcmorjs kkcbcmos mj jfjeto Nckk, o ua snuat. Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj
jfjeto Nckk jstãa icscmos ja ua trcasforbcmor eoavjae`oack y uac eàkukc mj
sjb`eoamuetor mjaob`acmc eàkukc Nckk, eobi`acmc eoa ua e`reu`to jkjetrõa`eo.
:.= ]rca
]rcasforbcmorjs
sforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjae`oackjs
Ujdüa su ecbpo mj jbpkjo, jx`stja mos t`pos mj trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj
mj kos quj njbos kkcbcmo eoavjae`oackjs (ao jfjeto Nckk)<
• ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc
• ]rcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa
:.=.3 ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc
Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc t`jaja eobo b`s`õa pr`ae`pck mcr uac sjóck, ja
djajrck mài`k y prje`sc, propore`oack c kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o y mj a`vjk cmb`s`ikj
pcrc ck jqu`po mj bjm`mc.
Mcmo quj jk rcado mj kcs eorr`jatjs c bjm`r (eorr`jatjs mj pr`bcr`o) pujmj sjr
buy
cbpk`o, sjcmcptcrsj
aorbck`zca
ja djajrck
aübjro k`b`tcmo
vckorjs
mj pr`bcr`o,
quj pjrb`tja
c tomo
t`po mjua`astckce`oajs.
Kosmj
vckorjs
aob`ackjs
mj
pr`bcr`o bãs frjeujatjs soa< =7 C, :7 C, 4: C, 377 C, 39: C, 3:7 C, 977 C, 9:7
C, :77
: 77 C, 3777
377 7 C, jte.
jte .
:
Kos sjeuamcr`os jstãamcr pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc soa kos mj : C c
foamo mj jseckc. Js mje`r eucamo por jk pr`bcr`o e`reukc kc eorr`jatj aob`ack, jk
sjeuamcr`o mc : C. Jx`stja, pcrc ckduacs cpk`ece`oajs jspje`ckjs trcasforbcmorjs
mj bjm`mc eoa sjeuamcr`o aorbck`zcmo mj 3 C. Jstos t`jaja kc vjatclc mj rjqujr`r
bjaos potjae`c mj sjeuamcr`o c `duckmcm mj ecrdc mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc,
pjro ja ecbi`o soa bãs eostosos y rjqu`jrja bcyor aübjro mj jsp`rcs mj
sjeuamcr`o. Aõtjsj quj ja djajrck eucamo ncikcbos mj vckorjs aob`ackjs
aorbck`zcmos s`jbprj aos rjfjr`bos c vckorjs jecejs.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:6
Aõtjsj quj jk pr`ae`pck oiljt`vo mjk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc js oitjajr uac
iujac prje`s`õa (ja cbpk`tum y ja ãaduko mj fcsj) y jv`tcr quj ja ecso mj
eortoe`reu`to (eorr`jatjs mj pr`bcr`o buy cktcs) sj djajrja sjóckjs buy potjatjs
ja jk sjeuamcr`o, quj pomrâca mcócr jk `astrubjato mj bjm`mc. Wor jkko, kos
trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc jstãa
jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc quj fujrc mjk
mjk rcado mj bjm`mc
scturja y eobo eoasjeujae`c, eucamo kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o supjrc jk vckor
aob`ack sj p`jrmja rãp`mcbjatj kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj prje`s`õa.
Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkja mjs`dacr por kc ‛ekcsj mj prje`s`õa‒
y kc ‛potjae`c‒, jatjam`àamosj por ekcsj jk pcrãbjtro quj eucat`ec jk jrror mj
bjm`mc mj cbpk`tum ja tcato por e`ja. Eobo sj jxpk`ecrã bãs cmjkcatj, jk jrror
mj cbpk`tum ao js buencs vjejs jk bãs `bportcatj, s`ao quj ja kc bjm`mc mj
potjae`cs, ko quj sujkj provoecr bãs jrror ja kc bjm`mc js jk mjsfcsj `atromue`mo
por jk trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor..
:.=.9 ]rcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa
Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, sj jbpkjca pcrc provoecr jk m`spcro mj ckdüa
rjkà o m`spos`t`vo mj protjee`õa eucamo kc eorr`jatj supjrc ja vcr`cs vjejs kc
eorr`jatj aob`ack.
Eoastruet`vcbjatj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa rjspoamja ck b`sbo
pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato quj kos mj bjm`mc, pjro, c m`fjrjae`c mj cqujkkos,
mjija bcatjajr uac prje`s`õa cejptcikj mj cbpk`tum `aekuso ja eoam`e`oajs
mj fujrtj soirjecrdc, yc quj nci`tuckbjatj mjijrãa mcr õrmjajs mj m`spcro
eoa eorr`jatjs quj pujmja ckecazcr jatrj : y 97 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack mj
pr`bcr`o. Csâ pujs, ck eoatrcr`o mj ko quj sj m`lo pcrc kos trcasforbcmorjs mj
bjm`mc, kos mj protjee`õa ao mjija scturcr ja kcs e`tcmcs eoam`e`oajs ( @pr`bcr`o
2 97 @aob`ack)
:.=.5 Mjs`dace`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc y mj protjee`õa
Mjs`dace`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc
sj sujkja mjs`dacr por kc ‛ekcsj mj prje`s`õa‒ o cirjv`cmcbjatj ‛ekcsj‒ y kc
potjae`c o ‛ecrdc mj prje`s`õa‒. Kc ‛ekcsj‒ js ua pcrãbjtro quj eucat`ec jk jrror
mj bjm`mc eucamo sj ecrdc jk trcasforbcmor eoa kc ‛ecrdc mj prje`s`õa. (vàcasj
mja`e`oajs ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj).
:
Mjs`dace`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa< Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj
protjee`õa sj mjs`daca por uacs s`dkcs quj `mjat`eca kc prje`s`õa y jk rcado
mj bjm`mc . M`encs s`dkcs soa mjk t`po < jWb , moamj j `am`ec jk % mj jrror
jrror
eobpujsto (cbpk`tum
(cbpk`tum y fcsj , sjdüa tcikc
tcikc :.:), W `am`ec
`am`ec quj aos jstcbos
rjr`jamo c ua trcasforbcmor mj protjee`õa y b js jk ‛fcetor kâb`tj mj protjee`õa‒
(`am`ec jk bükt`pko mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack ck euck bcat`jaj jk jrror , vàcasj
mja`e`oajs ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj). Csâ por jljbpko ua :W37 `am`ecrâc ua
trcasforbcmor mj protjee`õa quj mc ua :% mj jrror eobpujsto c 37 vjejs kc
eorr`jatj aob`ack mj pr`bcr`o.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:4
:.=.= Mja`e`oajs y ecrcetjrâst`ecs fuamcbjatckjs mj kos trcasforbcmorjs
mj eorr`jatj
Kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs fuamcbjatckjs mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj quj njbos
kkcbcmo eoavjae`oackjs v`jaja mja`mcs ja kcs aorbcs ZAJ-JA 677==-3 y ja kc
rjeobjamce`õa ZAJUC =973 I, y soa kos s`du`jatjs<
Eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c cs`dacmc @p< Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o pcrc jk euck sj
mjaja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs aob`ackjs mjk trcasforbcmor.
Eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c cs`dacmc @ < Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcr`o pcrc jk
s
euck sj mjaja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs aob`ackjs
mjk trcasforbcmor.
Yjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa cs`dacmc, ha< Js kc rjkce`õa jatrj eorr`jatj mj
pr`bcr`o y eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcr`o. Js cprox`bcmcbjatj `duck c kc rjkce`õa jatrj
kcs jsp`rcs mj sjeuamcr`o y pr`bcr`o.
ha
2
@p
@s
2
As
(:.5)
Ap
Womjbos m`st`adu`r mos t`pos mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< Kos mj pr`bcr`o
pcscatj, A p23, y kos mj pr`bcr`o ioi`acmo A p13. Ko bãs nci`tuck js quj jk
pr`bcr`o sjc s`bpkjbjatj ua ecikj o pkjt`ac pcscatj, pjro por bot`vos mj
prje`s`õa y soirj tomo pcrc eorr`jatjs iclcs mj pr`bcr`o sj ut`k`zca c vjejs
pr`bcr`os ioi`acmos.
Ja eucato c kc eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcr`o, sjdüa sj nc m`eno, ko bãs nci`tuck js quj
sjc mj : C c kc aob`ack mj pr`bcr`o. Csâ kc rjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa sj sujkj
mcr mj kc forbc @a/:. Wor jljbpko 977/:, `am`ec quj eucamo por jk pr`bcr`o pcsca
977 C por jk sjeuamcr`o pcsca : C.
Ycado mj bjm`mc< Jatjamjbos por rcado mj bjm`mc jk eoaluato mj vckorjs mj
eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c mjatro mj kos euckjs jk `astrubjato bcat`jaj su jrror (ekcsj
mj prje`s`õa). Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkj eoatrokcr jk jrror jatrj
ua :% y ua 397% mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack. Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc ‛ekcsj
U‒ sj eoatrokc jatrj 3% y 397% mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack. Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs
mj protjee`õa, ja ecbi`o sj sujkj eoatrokcr c : vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack o c
37 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aob`ack.
Jrror mj eorr`jatj o mj rjkce`õa (Ekcsj mj prje`s`õa) κ%< Jk jrror mj eorr`jatj
o mj rjkce`õa `am`ec jk jrror mj bjm`mc mj kc rjkce`õa pr`bcr`o sjeuamcr`o ja tcato
por e`ja mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc o mj protjee`õa. C jstj jrror jxprjscmo ja
% sj kj mjaob`ac nci`tuckbjatj Ekcsj mj Wrje`s`õa.
Ekcsj 2 % 2
:
h a .@ p
@p
@s
(:.=)
. 377
Jrror mj fcsj< Mjsfcsj jatrj kc eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c y pr`bcr`c. Uj supoaj quj
pcrc ua trcasforbcmor pjrfjeto mjijrâc sjr 7¼. Ja kc prãet`ec sujkj cubjatcr
eoa kc eorr`jatj.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:>
Kcs tcikcs :.= y :.: `am`eca kos kâb`tjs mj jrror mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc o
mj protjee`õa, rjspjet`vcbjatj, sjdüa kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa
Jrror eobpujsto< Uj eoaoej eobo jrror eobpujsto jk vckor jf`ecz mj kc
m`fjrjae`c jatrj kcs eorr`jatjs `astcatãajcs mj sjeuamcr`o trcmue`mc c pr`bcr`o y
kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcr`o. Jk vckor v`jaj mcmo por (:.:)
]
E
2
377
3
(h
]∨
@p
`
a s
(:.:)
∙ ` p ) 9 mt
7
Ecrdc mj prje`s`õa (VC)< Vckor mj kc ecrdc mj sjeuamcr`o c kc euck sj mjaja
kos jrrorjs mj rjkce`õa y mj fcsj (js mje`r kc ekcsj). Ja djajrck kc prje`s`õa mjij
bcatjajrsj pcrc ecrdcs jatrj jk :% y jk 377% mj kc aob`ack. Wcrc ecrdcs fujrc
mj jstj rcado sj sujkj pjrmjr prje`s`õa.
]cikc :.=.- Jrrorjs ja trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sjdüa JA-677==-3
Mjsfcsj
Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³)
% @a
B ` au t os
E jat ` r r c m` c ajs
:
97
3 77
3 97
:
97
37 7
39 7
7 ,3
7, =
7, 9
7, 3
7 ,3
3:
>
:
:
7, =: 7, 9= 7, 3 : 7, 3:
7 ,9
7 , 4: 7, 5:
7, 9
7 ,9
57
3:
37
37
7, 0
7, =:
7, 5
7, 5
7 ,:
3, :
7, 4:
7, :
7, :
07
=:
57
57
9, 4
3, 5:
7, 0
7, 0
3
5
3, :
3
3
3 >7
07
67
67
:, =
9, 4
3, >
3, >
Ekcsj
:
377
3 97
B ` au t os
97 377 397
Ej a t ` r r c m ` c a j s
3
:
97 377 39
3 97
7, 9 U
7,4: 7,
7 , 5 : 7, 9 7, 9 7, 9 5 7
3:
37
37
37 7, 0 7, = : 7 , 5 7, 5 7, 5
7, :U
3, : 7, 4 : 7 , : 7, : 7, : 0 7
=:
57
57
57 9, 4 3, 5: 7 , 0 7 , 0 7, 0
Ekcsj
3
97
Mjsfcsj
Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³)
% @a
:
3
:
97 377 39
3 97
AO]C<
AO]
C< Jstc tcikc
t cikc js cpk`ecikj üa`ecbjatj c kos trcasforbcmorjs
euyc eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c cs`dacmc js : C
Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³)
Ekcsj
% @a
5
:7
39 7
5
5
:
:
Wcrc kcs ekcsjs 5 y : ao sj jspje`eca kâb`tjs mj mjsfcsj
:
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3:0
]cikc :.:.- Jrrorjs ja trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, sjdüa JA-677==-3
Mjsfcsj
Ekcsj mj
prje`s`õa
Jrror mj
rjkce`õa (%, ³)
Jrror eobpujsto
@kâb`tj (%, ³)
Ej a t ` r r c m ` c a j s
B ` aut os
:W
3
67
3, >
:
37 W
5
-
-
37
Fcetor mj sjdur`mcm, Fs< Js kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc bjm`ikj ja
jk pr`bcr`o, @ps, y kc eorr`jatj aob`ack
aob`ack mj pr`bcr`o, @pa. Jk fcetor mj sjdur`mcm sj
sujkj k`b`tcr c vckorjs `afjr`orjs c : ja jk ecso mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc,
eoa jk a mj ao mcócr kos `astrubjatos ck`bjatcmos por jk trcasforbcmor. Ja
ecbi`o pujmj tobcr vckorjs supjr`orjs c 97 pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa,
yc quj `atjrjsc quj ja ecso mj fujrtjs soirjecrdcs jk trcasforbcmor s`dc mcamo
uac bjm`mc rjkct`vcbjatj prje`sc.
Fs 2
@ ps
(:.5)
@ paob
paob
Eorr`jatj tàrb`ec y m`aãb`ec< Jstos pcrãbjtros mjaja jk eobportcb`jato
mjk trcasforbcmor ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to. Kc eorr`jatj tàrb`ec, @tn, `am`ec kc
bãx`bc eorr`jatj y jk t`jbpo cmb`s`ikjs pcrc jv`tcr mcócr ck trcasforbcmor por
eckjatcb`jato y kc eorr`jatj m`aãb`ec, @mya, js kc bãx`bc cmb`s`ikj pcrc jv`tcr
mcócr ck trcasforbcmor por kos jsfujrzos jkjetrobjeãa`eos promue`mos por kc
eorr`jatj.
C`skcb`jato< Uj mjaj por kc tjas`õa cmb`s`ikj
cmb`s`ikj jatrj kos e`reu`tos pr`bcr`o y
sjeuamcr`o. Ja djajrck pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj iclc ( Z;497 V), sj jascyc c
5hV, murcatj ua b`auto, jatrj pr`bcr`o y sjeuamcr`o.
Ekcsj tàrb`ec mjk c`skcb`jato< @am`ec kc tjbpjrcturc bãx`bc quj pujmj
ckecazcr jk puato bãs eck`jatj mjk trcasforbcmor. Kc tjbpjrcturc `atjr`or
bãx`bc sj oit`jaj subcamo jk `aerjbjato mj tjbpjrcturc mjk ioi`acmo, ] i, c
kc tjbpjrcturc cbi`jatj, ]c. Àstc mjij sjr `afjr`or c kc tjbpjrcturc mj ekcsj
tàrb`ec, quj mjpjamj mjk t`po mj bctjr`ckjs jbpkjcmos. Kc tcikc
tcikc :.6 `am`ec kcs
ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj ecmc uac mj kcs ekcsjs mj c`skcb`jato.
]cikc :.6.- ]jbpjrcturcs
]jbpjrcturcs cmb`s`ikjs sjdüa ekcsj tàrb`ec mjk c`skcb`jato
:
Ekcsj
] cbi`jatj
(bãx).
Ν] bjm`o
(soirj ]
cbi`jatj)
] bjm`c
(mj sjrv`e`o)
] bãx`bc
(puato bãs
eck`jatj)
P
= 7 ·E
= : ·E
> : ·E
0 7 ·E
C
=7 ·E
67 ·E
377 ·E
37: ·E
·E
J
= 7 ·E
4 : ·E
33: ·E
3 97 · E
I
= 7 ·E
> : ·E
397 · E
3 57 · E
F
= 7 ·E
337 ·E
3=7 · E
3 :: · E
N
= 7 ·E
35: · E
36: · E
3 >7 · E
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
367
Dcbc jxtjam`mc< @am`ec jk % por jae`bc mj kc eorr`jatj aob`ack c kc euck pujmj
trciclcr jk trcasforbcmor, bcatja`jamo kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa y rjspjtcamo kc ekcsj
tàrb`ec. Kos vckorjs tâp`eos soa mj 397,3:7 y 977%.
Zac vjz eoaoe`mo jk fuae`oacb`jato mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc,
jxpoamrjbos kos usos bãs frjeujatjs ja jk ecbpo mj kc bjm`mc jkàetr`ec.
Mcmo quj su kcior pr`ae`pck js kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj, yc sjc pcrc cpk`ece`oajs
mj bjm`mc o i`ja mj protjee`õa, jk aübjro mj jqu`pos c kos quj pujmja sjr
eoajetcmos, mjpjamj mj kc cpk`ece`õa u oiljt`vo quj sj mjsjj ckecazcr ja ecmc
ecso.
:.: ]r
]rcasforbcmorjs
casforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk
U` sj ncej e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj, @, jkàetr`ec por ua er`stck mj sjb`eoamuetor
y àstj sj sobjtj c ua ecbpo bcdaàt`eo, I, pjrpjam`eukcr
pjrpjam`eukcr c kc eorr`jatj, sj
djajrc uac tjas`õa ja kc m`rjee`õa pjrpjam`eukcr ck pkcao ( @, I ) , propore`oack ck
ecbpo bcdaàt`eo. Jstj fjaõbjao sj eoaoej eobo jfjeto Nckk y sj jbpkjc eobo
pr`ae`p`o pcrc kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj, yc sjc eoat`auc, cktjrac o supjrpos`e`õa
mj cbics.
@
VN2V
I
F`d. :.6.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato
fuae`oacb`jato mj kc eàkukc Nckk
:
Kc F`d. :.6 `kustrc jk pr`ae`p`o iãs`eo mj kc eàkukc Nckk. Ja jkkc sj bujstrc uac nolc
mjkdcmc mj bctjr`ck sjb`eoamuetor (jkjbjato Nckk) c trcvàs mj kc euck e`reukc uac
eorr`jatj. Kcs eoajx`oajs mj sck`mc sj ui`eca pjrpjam`eukcrbjatj c kc m`rjee`õa
mj m`enc eorr`jatj. Eucamo ao jx`stj ua ecbpo bcdaàt`eo, I, kc m`str`iue`õa mj
kc eorr`jatj sj bcat`jaj ua`forbj y kc m`fjrjae`c mj potjae`ck ja kcs eoajx`oajs
mj sck`mc js ejro. Eucamo cpcrjej ua ecbpo bcdaàt`eo pjrpjam`eukcr c kc
eorr`jatj, eobo bujstrc kc F`d. :.6, kc fujrzc mj Korjatz cetüc soirj m`enc
eorr`jatj, kc mjsvâc y erjc uac m`fjrjae`c mj potjae`ck ja kcs eoajx`oajs mj
sck`mc. Jstc tjas`õa djajrcmc sj eoaoej
eoaoej eobo tjas`õa Nckk (VN). Ja djajrck kc
tjas`õa Nckk js uac tjas`õa buy pjqujóc (λV) y rjqu`jrj ua ceoam`e`oacb`jato
mj sjóck pcrc kkjvcrko c a`vjkjs üt`kjs.
Kc tjas`õa Nckk js propore`oack c kc `atjas`mcm mjk ecbpo bcdaàt`eo. Wor jkko,
pcrc bjm`r uac mjtjrb`acmc eorr`jatj, @p, àstc sj ncej pcscr por jk `atjr`or mj ua
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
363
aüekjo eoa ua jatrjn`jrro, ja euyo `atjr`or sj eokoec kc eàkukc Nckk. Uj
Uj eokoec
jatoaejs ua
ua sjeuamcr`o
sjeuamcr`o eoa uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j y sj djajrc uac eorr`jatj
sjeuamcr`c quj caukj jk ecbpo bcdaàt`eo pr`bcr`o, sjdüa (:-4). Jk eoaluato,
eoast`tuyj ua trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor mj jfjeto Nckk
Nckk euyc sjóck mj sck`mc, ,sj rjeodj ja
iorajs mj kc rjs`stjae`c. Kc F`d. :.4 `kustrc jstj pr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato.
Aõtjsj quj jk trcasforbcmor Nckk ncy quj ck`bjatcrko, djajrckbjatj eoa ua pcr
mj tjas`oajs s`bàtr`ecs mj 7, ³3: V.
As @s
2 @p
(:.4)
+3: V
@e
Vnckk
C
As
@p
-3: V
@s
Vb
Ov
Yb
F`d. :.4.- Ujasor mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk
-3: V
@p
Yb
7V
Fujatj
Jxtjrac
Vb
+3: V
F`d. :.>.- Eoajx`õa mjk
mjk trcasforbcmor mj jfjeto Nckk
:.6 ]rcasforbcmor t`po Yodowsh`
Jk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj t`po Yodowsh` t`jaj uac jstrueturc toro`mck pjro eoa
ua mjvcacmo ioi`acmo soirj ua aüekjo ao bcdaàt`eo. C jstc ioi`ac csâ forbcmc
sj kj mjaob`ac ioi`ac mj Yodowsh` y su jstrueturc
jstrueturc pujmj sjr râd`mc
râd`mc o jx`ikj.
:
Kc eorr`jatj c bjm`r, quj e`reukc por jk eoamuetor quj ctrcv`jsc kc ioi`ac
Yodowsh`, djajrc ja kos jxtrjbos mj àstc uac tjas`õa propore`oack c kc mjr`vcmc
mj kc eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c y c kc `amuetcae`c butuc jatrj kc ioi`ac y jk eoamuetor.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
369
Wcrc oitjajr kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj js ajejscr`o motcr ck `astrubjato mj bjm`mc
mj ua e`reu`to `atjdrcmor
`atjdrcmor..
Kc vjatclcs mj kcs soamcs o p`azcs Yodowsh` soa iãs`ecbjatj mos<
c) Ao ncy
ncy pos`i`k`mcm mj scturce`õa
scturce`õa mjk e`reu`to bcdaàt`eo
bcdaàt`eo
i) Wjrb`tj ioi`acr soirj aüekjos jx`ikjs, ko quj ncej quj sjca cmcptcikjs
c bjm`r ja kudcrjs mj m`fâe`k ceejso.
F`d. :.0.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato
fuae`oacb`jato mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj
eorr`jatj t`po Yodowsh`
F`d. :.37.- Uoamc
Uoamc jx`ikj t`po Yodowsh`
Yodowsh`
:.4 @astrubjatce`õ
@astrubjatce`õa
a mj proejso
:
Ja kcs `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs, cmjbãs mjk `atjràs por eoaoejr kos pcrãbjtros
jkàetr`eos y jajrdàt`eos mj kc `astckce`õa, sj rjqu`jrj jk eoatrok mj otros
pcrãbjtros mjk proejso promuet`vo (ecumckjs, prjs`oajs, tjbpjrcturcs, vjkoe`mcm
mj botorjs, jte.). Ja djajrck kos sjasorjs quj b`mja tomos jstos pcrãbjtros sj
mjija `atjdrcr c ua eoatrokcmor y c ua s`stjbc UECMC c trcvàs mj ua trcasmuetor
cmjeucmo
]cato s` kc bcda`tum c bjm`r js jkàetr`ec eobo s` sj trctc mj euckqu`jr otrc
bcda`tum fâs`ec, kos eoatrokcmorjs y kos s`stjbcs UECMC sujkja cmb`t`r sõko
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
365
jatrcmcs cackõd`ecs o m`d`tckjs mj t`po jkàetr`eo y por tcato jx`stj kc ajejs`mcm
mj eoavjrt`r sjóckjs jkàetr`ecs mj mjtjrb`acmos sjasorjs c vckorjs jstãamcr
cejptcmos eobo jatrcmcs mj kos s`stjbcs mj eoatrok (Cutõbctcs, s`stjbcs
b`eroproejscmor mjm`ecmos o s`bpkjbjatj tcrljtcs mj cmqu`s`e`õa mj mctos pcrc
WE)
Wcrc kc cmcptce`õa mj kos sjasorjs c kos eoatrokcmorjs sj sujkja jbpkjcr
sjóckjs jstãamcr propore`oackjs c kcs bcda`tumjs fâs`ecs c bjm`r. Kcs sjóckjs
jstãamcr bãs nci`tuckjs soa< tjas`oajs mj 7 c 37 V õ ³37 V propore`oackjs c kc
bcda`tum (37 V sj ncrâc eorrjspoamjr ck foamo mj jseckc mj kc bcda`tum c bjm`r)
o eorr`jatjs mj 7 c 97 bC õ mj = c 97 bC. Ja oecs`oajs jspje`ckjs tcbi`àa
pujmja jbpkjcrsj otrcs jseckcs. Aorbckbjatj jk fcir`ecatj mjk ecptcmor mj
bjm`mc mjaj ja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk jqu`po, jk t`po mj sjóck propore`oack
quj nc ut`k`zcmo, eoa jk a quj m`enc soamc o ecptcmor, pujmc sjr kkjvcmo c ua
`am`ecmor mj proejso, c ua cutõbctc o c otro t`po mj eoatrokcmor.
Ja kos ükt`bos t`jbpos nca cpcrje`mo, cmjbãs, uac bukt`tum mj iusjs mj ecbpo
y js buy eobüa jaeoatrcr trcasmuetorjs mj m`fjrjatjs bcda`tumjs fâs`ecs quj
`aeorporca ua eoavjrsor C/M y ua ecack mj eobua`ece`õa (YU =>:, YU =99 u
otro) mj bcajrc quj c trcvàs mj ua protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa kc kjeturc sj
trcasb`tj ck eoatrokcmor m`rjetcbjatj ja forbcto m`d`tck. Csâ pujs ja jstos ecsos,
jk trcasmuetor jstã forbcmo por jk sjasor prop`cbjatj m`eno, ua cmcptcmor mj
sjóck y djajrckbjatj ua b`eroeoatrokcmor mj iclo eostj quj `aekuyj kcs jtcpcs
mj eoavjrs`õa C/M, ckdüa t`po mj proejscmo y jseckcmo mj kc sjóck y ua ecack mj
eobua`ece`õa quj jakczc m`rjetcbjatj eoa jk eoatrokcmor ejatrck o eoa jk s`stjbc
UECMC quj prjsjatc kos pcrãbjtros ja kc pcatckkc mj ua ormjacmor ejatrck o mj
ua tjrb`ack drãeo c p`j mj proejso.
:.4.3 Eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc
Ja oecs`oajs jk pcrãbjtro c `atromue`r ja ua cutõbctc o ua eoatrokcmor m`d`tck
js uac vcr`cikj jkàetr`ec, y mji`mo c su bcda`tum ao js pos`ikj `atromue`rkc mj
bcajrc m`rjetc. Za ecso pcrje`mo suejmj s` m`enc vcr`cikj qu`jrj kkjvcrsj c ua
`am`ecmor o v`suck`zcmor m`d`tck o cackõd`eo euyc jatrcmc ao pjrb`tj ua vckor
jkjvcmo mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj.
:
Wcrc jstcs cpk`ece`oajs jk bjrecmo ofrjej uac jxtjasc dcbc mj cmcptcmorjs,
eoaoe`mos eobo ‛eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc‒, euyc fuae`õa js kc mj eoavjrt`r uac
sjóck mj potjae`c ja uac sjóck mj mài`k potjae`c, quj pujmc sjr `atromue`mc
ja ua `am`ecmor cackõd`eo o m`d`tck. Eobo eobjatãicbos catjr`orbjatj jstos
m`spos`t`vos eoav`jrtja ua pcrãbjtro mj jatrcmc ja uac sjóck propore`oack
mj sck`mc, djajrckbjatj c`skcmc dckvãa`ecbjatj y eoa vckorjs mj tjas`õa y/o
eorr`jatj ja jk rcado mj ³37 V õ ³97 bC. Eobo jljbpko pomjbos bjae`oacr kos
eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc quj eoav`jrtja uac tjas`õa mj 7…577 V e.c. c 7…97 bC,
mj bcajrc quj jx`stc uac propore`oack`mcm jatrj kos bC mj sck`mc y kos V mj
jatrcmc (pcrc jk ecso bjae`oacmo por jljbpko c 3:7 V e.c eorrjspoamjrâc uac
eorr`jatj mj sck`mc mj 37 bC).
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
36=
Jx`stja eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc euyc bcda`tum mj jatrcmc js< tjas`õa, eorr`jatj,
potjae`c cet`vc, potjae`c rjcet`vc, fcetor mj potjae`c, jte. y kc sck`mc js uac sjóck
ja jk rcado mj ³37 V õ ³97 bC propore`oack ck vckor bjm`o o vckor jecz mj kc
jatrcmc.
F`d. :.3
:.33.3.- @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoavjrt`morjs
eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc
:.4.9 Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj `astrubjatos y eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc
Ja jstj cpcrtcmo mcbos kcs mja`e`oajs mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs ecrcetjrâst`ecs quj
sj sujkja jaeoatrcr ja kos ectãkodos pcrc mja`r kcs prjstce`oajs, tcato mj kos
`astrubjatos mj bjm`mc eobo mj kos eoavjrt`morjs mj proejso.
Ycado mj bjm`mc< Jatjamjbos por rcado mj bjm`mc, tomo jk eoaluato mj
vckorjs mj kcs bcda`tumjs c bjm`r, jatrj ua bãx`bo y ua bâa`bo, mjatro mj kos
euckjs jk `astrubjato bcat`jaj su prje`s`õa. Jk rcado sj nc mj jspje`ecr luato
eoa kcs eoam`e`oajs
eoam`e`oajs cbi`jatckjs jxtrjbcs (tjbpjrcturc, nubjmcm,
nubjmcm, jte.) ja kcs
quj js vãk`mc kc prje`s`õa.
Yjsokue`õa< Js kc bâa`bc m`fjrjae`c jatrj mos vckorjs quj jk `astrubjato js
ecpcz mj cprje`cr j `am`ecr eoa uacs mjtjrb`acmcs eoam`e`oajs cbi`jatckjs,
mjatro mj tomo jk ecbpo mj bjm`mc. Ja jk ecso mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs kc
rjsokue`õa vc k`dcmc ck aübjro mj i`ts mjk eoavjrt`mor C/M, c kc ioamcm mjk
cmcptcmor mj sjóck prjv`o y ck aübjro mj mâd`tos mjk m`spkcy. Kc jeuce`õa (:.>)
pjrb`tj eckeukcr kc rjsokue`õa mj ua `astrubjato mj a i`ts quj mjic bjm`r ja ua
rcado (Zbãx.- Zbâa.)
(:.>)
Jljbpko< Euãk js kc rjsokue`õa bãx`bc mj ua `astrubjato eoa ua rcado mj
bjm`mc mj :77 V y ua eoavjrt`mor C/M mj 37 i`ts.
:
Uokue`õa< Eoa ua eoavjrt`mor mj a i`ts sj pujmja oitjajr 9 a vckorjs o ‛puatos‒
m`st`atos. Wcrc 37 i`ts, 9372379= puatos. Js mje`r, sj pujmja bjm`r 379= vckorjs
m`st`atos mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc. Wujsto quj jk rcado js mj :77 V,
Yjsokue`õa 2 :77 V / 379= puatos 2 =>> bV / puato
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
36:
Oisàrvjsj quj s` jk b`sbo `astrubjato fujsj pcrc uac bjm`mc ja eorr`jatj
eoat`auc eoa s`dao ³:77 V, mjijrâcbos rjpcrt`r kos 379= puatos pcrc jk s`dao
pos`t`vo y ajdct`vo, js mje`r :39 puatos, y kc rjsokue`õa sjr`c mj 046 bV/puato.
Yjsokue`õa ja m`spkcy< Ja `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs jk m`spkcy pujmj `amue`r c jrror
ja eucato c kc rjsokue`õa mjk `astrubjato. Js nci`tuck jaeoatrcr `astrubjatos eoa
`am`ecmor mj : mâd`tos, js mje`r, quj pujmja bcrecr ncstc jk vckor foamo mj jseckc
00 000, icscmos ja ua eoavjrsor mj 37 i`ts (379= puatos). Cuaquj jk m`spkcy
pujmj mcr kc sjasce`õa mj quj kc rjsokue`õa js mj 3/377 777, ko e`jrto js quj
qu`ja bcrec kc bãx`bc rjsokue`õa js jk eoavjrt`mor C/M eoa kos 379= puatos, js
mje`r 3/379= mjk foamo mj jseckc.
Wrje`s`õa< Js kc prop`jmcm quj `am`ec jk bãx`bo jrror mj ua `astrubjato eoa
rjspjeto c ua `astrubjato pctrõa mji`mcbjatj eck`ircmo y ja uacs mjtjrb`acmcs
eoam`e`oajs cbi`jatckjs. Kc prje`s`õa sj `am`ec bjm`catj jk ‛âam`ej mj ekcsj‒ o
s`bpkjbjatj ‛ekcsj‒.
Âam`ej mj Ekcsj< Js jk aübjro eoa jk euck sj mjs`dac kc prje`s`õa. Jk vckor mjk
âam`ej mj ekcsj jqu`vckj ck jrror, ja tcato por e`jato, mjk `astrubjato ja euckqu`jr
puato mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc, js mje`r, jrror rjfjr`mo c kc bjm`mc, ao ck foamo
mj jseckc.
]cikc :.4.- Jrrorjs sjdüa âam`ej mj ekcsj
e kcsj
Âam`ej mj Ekcsj
7 ,3
7, 9
7 ,:
3
9
Kâb`tjs mj jrror
³ 7, 3 %
³7,9%
³ 7, :%
³ 3%
³9%
Jrror y forbcs mj `am`ecrko< Jk jrror sj sujkj jxprjscr ja %, pjro ncy quj
tjajr eu`mcmo ck jstcikjejr eobpcrce`oajs, pujs
pujs jstj porejatclj pujmj jstcr
jspje`ecmo rjspjeto ck foamo mj jseckc (FJ) o rjspjeto mj kc kjeturc (Kjet.) o
mj forbc eobi`acmc. Kcs `am`ece`oajs rjspjeto ck foamo mj jseckc sujkja sjr
jadcóoscs s` sj b`mja vckorjs iclos pujsto quj ja kc pcrtj iclc mj kc jseckc sj
p`jrmj prje`s`õa porejatuck. Wor jkko sj rjeob`jamc s`jbprj bjm`r ja jk ükt`bo
tjre`o mj kc jseckc pcrc oitjajr kcs bjlorjs prjstce`oajs mj ua `astrubjato.
Jljbpko< Uupoadcbos mos `astrubjatos eoa kcs s`du`jatjs forbcs mj `am`ecr
jk jrror<
@astrubjato B3< Jrror 2 7,9% FJ
@astrubjato B9< Jrror 2 7,30% Kjet. + 7,73%
7,73% FJ
:
Kcs mos fõrbukcs cpk`ecmcs pcrc jk 377% mjk vckor mj kc bjm`mc mca jxcetcbjatj
jk b`sbo jrror rjkct`vo c kc bjm`mc (7,9%), pjro ja kc pcrtj iclc mjk rcado kc
m`fjrjae`c mj jrrorjs rjfjr`mc ck vckor bjm`mo sj ncej buy aotcikj, eobo sj
bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.39.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
366
F`d. :.39.- Eobpcrce`õa mj jrrorjs rjfjr`mos
rjfjr`mos c foamo mj
jseckc o eobi`acamo foamo jseckc y kjeturc
Ecpce`mcm mj soirjecrdc mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc< Jstc prop`jmcm `am`ec kc
ecpce`mcm mjk `astrubjato o eoavjrt`mor pcrc pomjr soportcr, ja kc jatrcmc mj
bjm`mc, vckorjs supjr`orjs c kos aob`ackjs s`a quj sufrc jfjetos `rrjvjrs`ikjs.
Fujrc mjk rcado mj bjm`mc kc bjm`mc pujmj sjr `aeorrjetc.
Eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc< Jatjamjbos por eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc, jk
jrror cócm`mo quj sj promuej ja jk `astrubjato o eoavjrt`mor ck trciclcr fujrc mj
kc tjbpjrcturc mj rjfjrjae`c c kc quj fuj eck`ircmo. Aorbckbjatj jstj eoje`jatj
sj jxprjsc ja ppb /¼E (pcrtjs por b`kkõa por drcmo ejatâdrcmo).
Jljbpko< @bcd`ajbos ua `astrubjato eoa jatrcmc : C, ekcsj 7,9, y eoa ua
eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc mj 677 ppb/¼E. Uupoajbos eobo tjbpjrcturc mj
eck`irce`õa 95 ¼E 8 ja jk ecso mj quj jk jqu`po jstà trciclcamo c uac tjbpjrcturc
mj 5: ¼E, jk jrror cócm`mo js mj<
677
ppb
·E
.( 5: ∙ 95 )·E 2 4977 ppb 2 7 ,49%
Y`zcmo< Ja kos eoavjrt`morjs quj fce`k`tca uac sjóck cackõd`ec mj sck`mc, jx`stj
uac fujatj mj jrror mji`mc ck r`zcmo mj kc fujatj mj ck`bjatce`õa quj sj trcasb`tj
c kc sck`mc. Jatjamjbos por r`zcmo jk vckor mj kc eobpoajatj cktjrac supjrpujstc
c kc sjóck mj ua eoavjrt`mor.
:
Jljbpko< @bcd`ajbos ua eoavjrt`mor mj 7 - : C, sck`mc mj 7 - 37 V, ekcsj 7,9
eoa ua r`zcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa mj :77 bV. U` i`ja jk tàrb`ao bjm`o mj sck`mc
pujmj jstcr mjatro mj tokjrcae`c c jfjetos mj ekcsj, s` kc sjóck sj bujstrc por
ua s`stjbc m`d`tck (jatrcmc mj ua WKE, por jljbpko) jx`stj uac `aejrt`mubirj mj
jrror mjk :%. Wcrc sokue`oacr jstj proikjbc ckduaos eoavjrt`morjs `aeorporca
ecpce`mcmjs mj ktrcmo jkjvcmcs c kc sck`mc, pjro eoa jkko jbpjorc buenâs`bo
jk t`jbpo mj rjspujstc mjk eoavjrt`mor.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
364
]`jbpo mj rjspujstc< Jatjamjbos por t`jbpo mj rjspujstc, jk quj mjij
trcaseurr`r mjsmj quj sj cpk`ec ua jseckõa mj jatrcmc, mjsmj ejro c foamo mj
jseckc, ncstc quj jk `am`ecmor o eoavjrt`mor mc kc sck`mc eorrjetc mjatro mj kos
bãrdjajs mj jrror y pjrbcajej jstcikj.
]jas`õa o rjs`stjae`c mj C`skcb`jato< Zac mj kcs fuae`oajs iãs`ecs mj kos
eoavjrt`morjs mj proejso js c`skcr kc sjóck mj sck`mc rjspjeto c kc(s) mj jatrcmc
y rjspjeto mj kc ck`bjatce`õa cux`k`cr. Kc tjas`õa mj c`skcb`jato `am`ec kc tjas`õa
quj pujmj cpk`ecrsj jatrj e`reu`tos sjpcrcmos s`a quj sj promuzeca creos a`
fudcs s`da`ect`vcs. Uj eoas`mjrca e`reu`tos sjpcrcmos kos mj jatrcmc, sck`mc,
ck`bjatce`õa y t`jrrc mj protjee`õa.
Ekcsj mj sjdur`mcm< @am`ec kc ectjdorâc mj ua `astrubjato o ua eoavjrt`mor
mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj m`stcae`cs mj c`skcb`jato, tjas`oajs mj prujic jatrj
e`reu`tos y sjdur`mcm mj bca`pukce`õa.
bca`pukce`õa. Kos vckorjs mj
mj m`stcae`cs y tjas`oajs
tjas`oajs
mj prujic sjdüa kc ekcsj y kos jascyos c rjck`zcr pcrc su eobproice`õa sj
jspje`eca ja kc aorbc JA 63737.
Wotjae`c mj sck`mc< Jstj eoaejpto sj sujkj cpk`ecr c eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc.
@am`ec jk vckor aob`ack mj kc potjae`c (VC) eoa quj pujmj ecrdcrsj kc sck`mc,
bcatja`jamo kos kâb`tjs mj jrror.
:.> Ectjdor`cs mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`ece`õa mj sjdur`mcm
Zac mj kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs bãs `bportcatjs mj ua `astrubjato mj bjm`mc o mj
ua eoavjrt`mor mj proejso js su sjdur`mcm pcrc jk usucr`o y su ecpce`mcm mj
soportcr soirjtjas`oajs trcas`tor`cs.
Yjspjeto ck r`jsdo mj soirjtjas`oajs mj kcs `astckce`oajs, kc aorbc JA-@JE63737-3 jstcikjej m`st`atcs ectjdorâcs o zoacs mj uac `astckce`õa sjdüa jk a`vjk
mj soirjtjas`õa quj ecij jspjrcr ja jkkcs. Kcs ectjdorâcs eoatjbpkcmcs ja kc
aorbc sj rjsubja ja kc tcikc :.> y ja kc F`d. :.35 y kcs tjas`oajs mj jascyo mjk
cpcrjkkclj sjdüa JA-@JE-6766=-3 , sj mjtckkca ja kc tcikc :.0.
]cikc : >.- Ectjdorâcs mj `astckce`oajs ctjam`jamo c kcs
soirjtjas`oajs prjv`s`ikjs (JA-@JE-63737-3)
EC]JDOYÂC
\OAC MJ KC @AU]CKCE@ÕA
@V
Jxtjr`or< Kâajcs càrjcs
@atjr`or< ]obcs prõx`bcs c kc sck`mc
mjk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa (cktc
potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to)
Ceobjt`mc mj `astckce`o
`as tckce`oajs.
ajs. @atjr`
@atjr`or
or mj jm`e`
jm`e`oo
Wuatos mj ck`bjatce`õa `atjr`or mj jm`e`os,
rjkct`vcbjatj ckjlcmos mj kc ceobjt`mc
Ck`bjatce`oajs
Ck`bjatce
`oajs sjpcrcmcs por trcasfor
t rcasforbcmor,
bcmor,
eoa c`skcb`jato dckvãa`eo y tobc mj t`jrrc koeck
@@@
@@
:
@
Y @ JU DO MJ
UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU
Buy ckto
Ckto
Bomjrcmo
Iclo
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
36>
F`d. :.35.- \oacs mj
mj `astckce`õa y ectjdorâcs
ectjdorâcs mj r`jsdo
mj soirjtjas`õa (JA-@JE-63737-3)
]cikc : 0.- ]jas`oajs mj jascyo mjk cpcrjkkclj sjdüa
ectjdorâc mj kc `astckce`õa (JA-@JE-6766=-3)
EC]JDOYÂC
]jas`õa bãx`bc
mj sjrv`e`o
@V
@@@
@@
@
@bpjmcae`c
mj fujatj
67 7 V ( v ck or j e cz )
677 V (vckor jecz)
3777 V (vckor jecz)
]jas`õa mj jascyo
(@bpukso 3,9/:7 λs,
97 vjejs)
> 777 V ( p` e o)
6777 V (p`eo)
>777 V (p`eo)
677 V (vckor jecz)
3777 V (vckor jecz)
677 V (vckor jecz)
3777 V (vckor jecz)
=777 V (p`eo)
6777 V (p`eo)
9:77 V (p`eo)
=777 V (p`eo)
39 Π
39 Π
57 Π
57 Π
9Π
9Π
9Π
Yjspjeto c kcs ectjdorâcs mj sjdur`mcm mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc, àstcs
v`jaja mja`mcs tcbi`àa ja kc aorbc JA-@JE-63737-3
Ekcsj 7 . Kos `astrubjatos mj Ekcsj 7 soa kos bjaos protjd`mos. Ja jkkos,
pujmja jx`st`r pcrtjs bjtãk`ecs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa eoa m`stcae`cs bâa`bcs
mj c`skcb`jato y ao m`spoaja mj jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa. Jstos `astrubjatos,
ecrjeja mj tobc mj t`jrrc y su c`skcb`jato js fuae`oack, js mje`r, jk ajejscr`o
pcrc csjdurcr quj jk cpcrcto fuae`oaj. Wcrc `mjat`ecrkos, kos cpcrctos pujmja
kkjvcr `aser`to "Ekcsj 7" o ecrjejr mj `am`ece`õa.
Ekcsj @. Cmjbãs mjk c`skcb`jato fuae`oack, kcs javokvjatjs bjtãk`ecs jstãa
eoajetcmcs c ua ioraj mj t`jrrc, quj sj eoajetc c su vjz c t`jrrc por sjdur`mcm.
Uj m`st`aduja porquj ja kc pkcec mj ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk cpcrcto cpcrjej ua
sâbioko eobo jk `am`ecmo ja kc F`d. :.3=.
:
Ekcsj @@ . Kos `astrubjato
`astrubjatoss Ekcsj @@ m`spoaja mj ua moikj c`skcb`jato o
c`skcb`jato rjforzcmo jatrj pcrtjs iclo tjas`õa y pcrtjs ceejs`ikjs ck tceto. Jsto
kjs mc uac protjee`õa bãs sjdurc y murcmjrc. Uu `mjat`ece`õa js ua sâbioko
forbcmo por mos eucmrcmos (uao bãs pjqujóo ja jk `atjr`or mj otro bãs drcamj)
o "Ekcsj @@". Jstj t`po mj c`skcb`jato js jk bãs cmjeucmo pcrc `astrubjatce`õa
quj vcyc c sjr uscmc ja ua jatorao `amustr`ck.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
360
Ekcsj @@@. Kos m`spos`t`vos Ekcsj @@@ soa cqujkkos quj fuae`oaca eoa voktcljs mj
iclc tjas`õa, `afjr`orjs c :7 vokt`os. Js ua c`skcb`jato frjeujatj
frjeujatj ja kos ludujtjs,
pjro ao sj cpk`ec ja `astrubjatce`õa `amustr`ck. Jstos cpcrctos sj m`st`aduja
porquj kkjvca `aser`to " Ekcsj @@@" o jk vckor mj kc tjas`õa aob`ack mjatro mj ua
robio.
Ek csj mj k c pcr ct o
U â bi o k o
Ek c s j 7
A o j x ` s t j s â b iok o
Ekcsj @
Ekcsj @@
Ekcsj @@@
:7
F`d. :.3=.- Ectjdorâcs mj sjdur`mcm mj kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc
:.0 Jrrorjs ja kcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c
potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c
potjae`c
Js frjeujatj quj `astrubjatos mj m`st`atos t`pos, `aekuso mjk b`sbo fcir`ecatj,
`am`quja potjae`cs m`st`atcs ck bjm`r ja ua b`sbo e`reu`to. Kc jxpk`ece`õa mj
jstj njeno js quj ja s`stjbcs tr`fãs`eos mjsjqu`k`ircmos y eoa crbõa`eos,
`aekuso kc forbc mj bjm`r kc potjae`c cet`vc pujmj prjstcrsj c eoafus`õa, pujsto
quj mjpjamj mj s` sj b`mj sõko kc potjae`c mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs
o kc totck. Eoaerjtcbjatj kos eoatcmorjs Fjrrcr`s (mj m`seo) eoavjae`oackjs
b`mja sõko kc potjae`c mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs, pjro kc bcyorâc mj
kos eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos b`mja kc cet`vc totck. Wor tcato ck eobpcrcr cbics
kjeturcs pujmj ncijr pjqujóos jrrorjs. Kos jrrorjs ja kos eoatcmorjs mj rjcet`vc
r jcet`vc
soa caãkodos pujs sj icsca ja kos b`sbos pr`ae`p`os.
Ja jk ecso mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs kos jrrorjs ja kc potjae`c soa s`jbprj
bueno bãs drcamjs quj kos mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, por mos bot`vos<
:
Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sujkja mcr ua jrror mj ãaduko, quj sj bcat`jaj
prãet`ecbjatj eoastcatj ja tomc kc jseckc. Wcrc ãadukos quj ao sjca prõx`bos
c 7¼ o 07¼ kos jrrorjs ja W y S sujkja sjr bomjrcmos, pujsto quj tcato jk sjao
eobo jk eosjao vcrâca poeo. Wjro pcrc ãadukos prõx`bos c 7¼ kc fuae`õa sjao
vcrâc buy rãp`mcbjatj j `aekuso jrrorjs pjqujóos mj ãaduko pujmja eobportcr
ecbi`o mj s`dao. Wor jkko kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ( S2V´@´s`a φ) pujmj prjsjatcr
jrrorjs `bportcatjs. Mj `duck bomo pcrc ãadukos prõx`bos c 07¼, kc fuae`õa
eosjao vcrâc buy rãp`mcbjatj y ecbi`c mj s`dao, por ko quj kc potjae`c cet`vc
W2V´@´e
@´eos
os φ) pujmj prjsjatcr jrrorjs buy `bportcatjs. Cmjbãs mjk jrror mj
( W2V´
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
347
ãaduko, kos jrrorjs mj cbpk`tum mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj sj subca, pujsto quj
kc potjae`c sj oit`jaj por promueto mj cbics bcda`tumjs. Kc jeuce`õa (:.37)
`kustrc jstj njeno.
Oisàrvjsj, quj ck bukt`pk`ecr uac tjas`õa eoa ua jrror κZ y uac eorr`jatj eoa jrror
κ@, jk jrror rjsuktcatj ja kc potjae`c js cprox`bcmcbjatj kc subc ( κZ+κ@) , yc quj
jk tàrb`ao κZ´κ@ sujkj sjr buy pjqujóo y pujmj mjsprje`crsj.
mjsprje`crsj.
W W Z( 3 + Z ) @( 3 + @ ) Z @
W
W
2
%2
2
W
W
377 ≊
Z@
Z@
2(
Z
+
@
+
Z
@
)
% + @%
Z
(:.0)
(:.37)
Jljbpko< Euãk js jk jrror ja potjae`c cet`vc y ja potjae`c rjcet`vc mj ua
`astrubjato ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa y ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj, ck bjm`r ja ua puato
ckrjmjmor mj ua :% mj kc potjae`c aob`ack, eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c prõx`bo
c kc ua`mcm
Mjijbos subcr mos pcrtjs mjk jrror<
c) Mji`mo ck jrror mj ãaduko mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj. Za trcasforbcmor
mj eorr`jatj mj ekcsj 7,: pujmj tjajr ua jrror mj ãaduko, γ, mj 07‐ (3,:¼) ja kc
pcrtj iclc mj jseckc, sjdüa kos mctos mj kc ]cikc
]cikc :.9. Jsto supoaj kos s`du`jatjs
jrrorjs ja potjae`cs<
Jrror ja potjae`c cet`vc 2 | eos φ - eos (φ - γ ) | 2 5,=´37-= , js mje`r 7,75=%
Jrror ja potjae`c rjcet`vc 2 | s`a φ - s`a (φ - γ ) | 2 7,796
7,796 , js mje`r 9,6%
i) Mji`mo ck jrror mj cbpk`tum. ]cato pcrc kc potjae`c cet`vc eobo pcrc kc rjcet`vc
jk jrror mj tjas`õa js mjk 7,9%, pjro jk jrror mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj c :%
mj ecrdc js mj 3,:% , por tcato jk jrror totck ja potjae`cs js 3,779´3,73: 2 3,734,
js mje`r 3,4% mj jrror. Uj pomrâc ncijr oitja`mo mj forbc buy cprox`bcmc,
sci`jamo quj pcrc ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa κv%27,9%, y pcrc ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj
κ`%23,:%, por tcato kc subc κp% 3,4%.
Jk jrror totck ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js< 7,75=% + 3,4% 2 3,45=%
Jk jrror totck ja potjae`c rjcet`vc js< 9,6% + 3,4% 2 =,5%
Oisjrvce`õa < U` ja kudcr mj jfjetucr kcs bjm`mcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c
prõx`bo c 3, js mje`r φ
7¼, sj n`e`jrc eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c buy iclo,
js mje`r, φ 07¼, sj `avjrt`râca kos jrrorjs mj ãaduko, js mje`r, jk jrror bãx`bo
eorrjspoamjrâc c kc potjae`c cet`vc y jk bãs pjqujóo c kc rjcet`vc.
:
:.0.3 Jrrorjs ja kc potjae`c mji`mos c crbõa`eos
Kos vctâbjtros sj icsca ja pr`ae`p`os mj fuae`oacb`jato o mj eãkeuko m`st`atos,
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
343
por tcato, ao sj pujmja mcr mctos djajrckjs mj su eobportcb`jato eucamo
b`mja ja uac rjm jkàetr`ec eoa prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos. U` aos ejatrcbos ja
kos `astrubjatos mj t`po m`d`tck icscmos ja jk bujstrjo mj kcs oamcs mj tjas`õa
y eorr`jatj, kos jrrorjs ja kc bjm`mc mj potjae`cs, ecuscmos por kc prjsjae`c
mj crbõa`eos, ao sujkja sjr `bportcatjs s` sj trciclc ja jk foamo mj jseckc. Ao
oistcatj, jk jrror
jrror cisokuto ja kc bjm`mc, promue`mo
promue`mo por m`enos
m`enos crbõa`eos sj
bcat`jaj prãet`ecbjatj eoastcatj, mj forbc quj s` àstj js mjk ormja mj ua 7,:%
mjk foamo mj jseckc, pomjbos jaeoatrcraos quj eucamo kc potjae`c bjm`mc js
por jljbpko mj ua :% mjk foamo mj jseckc, jk jrror js mjk 37%. Ja rjsubja, kos
jrrorjs eoa rjspjeto c kc bjm`mc, mji`mos c crbõa`eos pujmja sjr drcamjs ja
kc pcrtj iclc mj kc jseckc.
:.0.9 Jrrorjs ja jk Fcetor mj Wotjae`c
Wcrc jk eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj potjae`c kc bcyorâc mj `astrubjatos m`d`tckjs pcrtja
mjk eãkeuko mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc,
rjcet`vc, sjdüa kcs fõrbukcs
`am`ecmcs ja kcs ]cikcs :.3 y :.9. Jk fcetor mj potjae`c sj oit`jaj jatoaejs por
jk eoe`jatj jatrj potjae`cs, y por tcato jstã suljto
suljto c kos jrrorjs `am`ecmos
`am`ecmos ja jk
cpcrtcmo catjr`or. Uoirj tomo, pcrc fcetorjs mj potjae`c iclos jk jrror mj ãaduko
pujmj sjr buy s`da`ect`vo.
Jljbpko< Bjm`e`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja uac `astckce`õa moamj kc eorr`jatj js
ua :% mj kc bãx`bc prjv`stc ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc, eoa uaos vckorjs
bjm`mos mj W 2 3 hT y U 2 37 hV´C , eoa ua `astrubjato ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa
y ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj, quj t`jaj ua jrror mj ãaduko γ 2 3,:¼ (eobo ja jk ecso
mjk jljbpko catjr`or)
Jk ãaduko φ tjõr`eo js < φ 2 creeos ( S/U) 2 >=,5¼
Jk jrror mji`mo ck ãaduko ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js< | eos φ - eos ( φ - γ ) | 2 7,796,
js mje`r 9,6%.
Jk jrror mji`mo c cbpk`tum ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js kc subc mj jrrorjs mj Z y mj
@ , js mje`r 7,9% mj Z + 3,:% mj @, c :% mj jseckc , totck 3,4%
Jrror totck ja kc potjae`c
potjae`c cet`vc js mj 9,6% + 3,4% 2 =,5%
Jk jrror ja kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js tcbi`àa kc subc mj jrrorjs mj Z j @ , js mje`r
3,4%
Jk fcetor mj potjae`c js jk eoe`jatj W/U, ja aujstro jljbpko< W 2 3 y U 2 37,
js mje`r 3/37 2 7,3, y ja ecbi`o, ja kc prãet`ec, bjm`bos W 2 3,7=5 hT y
U 2 37/3,734 2 0,>59 hV´C, eoa ko euck jk fcetor mj potjae`c oitja`mo js mj 7,376,
y jk jrror js mj ua 6%.
:
Oisàrvjsj quj jk jrror ja jk fcetor mj potjae`c vujkvj c sjr kc subc mj jrrorjs
mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
349
:.37 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs
Uj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj Cack`zcmor mj Yjm c kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc
quj mj bcajrc s`buktãajc soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r vcr`os pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos.
Ja djajrck sujkja cmqu`r`r y rjd`strcr ua aübjro rjmue`mo mj bujstrcs mj ecmc
pcrãbjtro ja ecmc e`eko mj rjm (ua vckor frjeujatj js 39> bujstrcs/e`eko), ko
euck kjs pjrb`tj ua eãkeuko buy prje`so mj kos vjrmcmjros vckorjs jecejs mj
eorr`jatjs y tjas`oajs, eãkeuko prje`so mj potjae`cs y eãkeuko mj kos crbõa`eos
ncstc jk ormja :7.
Uj trctc mj ua t`po mj `astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck icscmc ja proejscmorjs m`d`tckjs mj
sjóck (MUW), quj m`spoaja mj uac drca ecpce`mcm mj proejscb`jato, pum`jamo
rjck`zcr ja t`jbpo rjck ua drca aübjro mj eãkeukos bctjbãt`eos mcamo eobo
rjsuktcmo kc cmqu`s`e`õa y rjd`stro mj ua drca aübjro mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos.
Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs ja vjrs`õa tr`fãs`ec m`spoaja mj euctro ecackjs mj
tjas`õa (trjs fcsjs rjspjeto c ajutro y ajutro rjspjeto c t`jrrc< Z K3, Z K9, Z K5
y Z A). Cmjbãs mj kcs jatrcmcs mj tjas`õa, kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs m`spoaja
mj euctro jatrcmcs mj eorr`jatj (trjs fcsjs bãs ajutro, @ K3, @ K9, @ K5 j @ A).
Ja djajrck kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj
bjm`mc pcrc kos mj
mj t`po lo y p`azcs mj aüekjo prcet`ecikj pcrc kos portãt`kjs.
portãt`kjs.
Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs pujmja m`v`m`rsj ja mos drcamjs ectjdorâcs<
c) Cack`zcmorjs los o mj pcajk
i) Cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs
:.37.3 Cack`zcmorjs mj Yjmjs Wortãt`kjs
Ja buencs oecs`oajs, kos eucmros jkàetr`eos ecrjeja mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc
quj pujmca propore`oacr kos mctos quj pujmj mcr ua cack`zcmor mj rjmjs.
Cmjbãs s` jstãa jqu`pcmos eoa `astrubjatos ekãs`eos ao sujkja tjajr ecpce`mcm
mj rjd`strcr c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo kos pcrãbjtros bjm`mos. Ja tck ecso ao sj
m`spoamrã mj mctos mj m`st`atcs vcr`cikjs quj soa jsjae`ckjs pcrc jk eorrjeto
bcatja`b`jato mj kcs `astckce`oajs. Ja tckjs ecsos, eucamo sj ajejs`tc rjck`zcr
ckdüa t`po mj m`cdaõst`eo sjr`o mj kc `astckce`õa ncy quj rjeurr`r ck jbpkjo mj
cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs.
:
Kos cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs m`spoaja, ck `duck quj kos mj t`po lo, mj jatrcmcs
mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. C m`fjrjae`c mj kos jqu`pos los, kos trcasforbcmorjs mj
eorr`jatj soa sust`tu`mos por p`azcs cbpjr`bàtr`ecs, euyc sjóck mj sck`mc sj
cmcptc c kcs jseckcs mj bjm`mc mjk cack`zcmor. Kcs tobcs mj tjas`õa, mji`mo c
quj js ua jqu`po mj `astckce`õa tjbporck, sj rjck`zca bjm`catj p`azcs mj prjs`õa
(t`po eoeomr`ko). Kc `astckce`õa mj m`encs p`azcs
p`azcs mjijrã kkjvcrsj c ecio sjdüa kcs
aorbcs mj sjdur`mcm jkàetr`ec v`djatjs, ja djajrck eortcamo jk e`reu`to pcrc su
eokoece`õa o eokoeãamokcs eoa jk uso mj ducatjs c`skcatjs mj sjdur`mcm.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
345
Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs portãt`kjs m`spoaja mj uac bjbor`c `atjrac pcrc jk
rjd`stro mj kcs vcr`cikjs quj sj ncyca sjkjee`oacmo eoa catjr`or`mcm. Jk oiljt`vo,
js quj uac vjz rjck`zcmc kc bjm`mc, y uac vjz mjseoajetcmo jk jqu`po mj kc
`astckce`õa jkàetr`ec, kc `aforbce`õa sjc vokecmc c ua WE y cack`zcmc bjm`catj
ua softwcrj , quj pjrb`tj prjsjatcr kos rjsuktcmos j n`stõr`eos ja forbc aubàr`ec
y/o drãec. Ja jk ecso mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj E@YEZ]OY jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj
sj mjaob`ac WOTJY V@U@OA ®.
F`d. :.3:.- Cack`zcmor
Cack`zcmor portãt`k CY: y vokecmo mj mctos c WE
Eoa jk proejm`b`jato mjser`to catjr`orbjatj,
catjr`orbjatj, jk usucr`o pomrã kkjvcr c ecio ua
jstum`o mjtckkcmo mj kc `astckce`õa, cack`zcamo kos mctos cmqu`r`mos bjm`catj
jk softwcrj mj WE mj uac forbc fãe`k j `atu`t`vc. Jk softwcrj ut`k`zcmo pcrc kos
jqu`pos portãt`kjs sujkj sjr m`fjrjatjs ck ut`k`zcmo por kos jqu`pos los, yc quj jk
mj jqu`pos portãt`kjs t`jaj eobo b`s`õa kc jxpkotce`õa mj cren`vos proejmjatjs
mj kc bjbor`c mjk jqu`po8 por tcato, jk softwcrj jstã iãs`ecbjatj or`jatcmo c
kc jxpkorce`õa mj cren`vos prjv`cbjatj eoafjee`oacmos pcrc sjr trctcmos eoa kc
cpk`ece`õa mj WE.
Jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj WOTJY V@U@OA (®E@YEZ]OY ) fuae`oac iclo jatorao
T@AMOTU® y pjrb`tj kc rãp`mc koeck`zce`õa mj s`tuce`oajs mj bãx`bos y
bâa`bos y mj rjd`stros eoa mjtjrb`acmcs caobckâcs. Wujmja oitjajrsj cs`b`sbo
rjprjsjatce`oajs drãecs y/o aubàr`ecs mj m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturice`oajs.
C eoat`
e oat`auce`
auce`õa,
õa, sj prjs
prjsjatc
jatc ua rjsu
rjsubja
bja mj kos t`pos mj ecpt
ecpturcs
urcs quj pujmj
pujmjaa
rjprjsjatcrsj eoa m`eno softwcrj.
Bomo Jstãamcr< Jstj bomo pjrb`tj kc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj Z, @, potjae`cs W, S y
U, fcetor mj potjae`c, jteàtjrc. Wjrb`tj bjm`r tàrb`aos bjm`os y vckorjs bãx`bos
y bâa`bos c `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo rjdukcrjs. Kcs F`ds. :.36 y :.34 prjsjatca, c
tâtuko mj jljbpko uac tcikc mj vckorjs mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos y ua
drãeo mj kc eorr`jatj.
Kc tcikc eorrjspoamj, ja jstj ecso, c vckorjs mj tàrb`ao bjm`o mj 3 b`auto
(jstj pjrâomo pujmj sjkjee`oacrsj jatrj 3 sjduamo y vcr`cs norcs). Jk drãeo
bujstrc kc jvokue`õa c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo mj kc eorr`jatj mj tàrb`ao bjm`o y mj
kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc ja kc fcsj 3 mj uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa.
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
34=
F`d. :.36.-]cikc aubàr`ec mj vckorjs
F`d. :.34.- Drãeo eobi`acmo
eobi`acmo mj eorr`jatj mj tàrb`ao
bjm`o y eorr`jatj bãx`bc ja uac fcsj
:
Bomo Crbõa`eos< Ja jstj bomo jk cack`zcmor ecpturc kos b`sbos pcrãbjtros
quj ja bomo jstãamcr y cmjbãs ducrmc kcs forbcs mj oamc mj kcs trjs
tjas`oajs y kcs trjs eorr`jatjs mj ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo. Jsto pjrb`tj c postjr`or`
mjtjrb`acr kos crbõa`eos ja ua mjtjrb`acmo `astcatj y vjr kc jvokue`õa tjbporck
mjk ]NM. Jstj bomo js buy üt`k pcrc mjtjrb`acr kos crbõa`eos prjsjatjs
murcatj kcrdos `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo y pjrb`tj kc jkjee`õa mj ktros cmjeucmos,
m`bjas`oacmos pcrc kcs pjorjs eoam`e`oajs mj ecrdc. Kcs F`ds. :.3> y :.30
bujstrca rjspjet`vcbjatj kcs forbcs mj oamc ja kcs trjs fcsjs y uac tcikc
mj vckorjs aubàr`eos mj kos m`st`atos crbõa`eos ncstc jk mj ormja 3:, cbios
eorrjspoam`jatjs c ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo. Kc F`d. :.97 bujstrc kc jvokue`õa
tjbporck mj kos ]NM mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
34:
F`d. :.3>.- Forbc mj
mj oamc mj tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs ja
ja kcs trjs fcsjs
F`d. :.30.- ]cikc
]cikc mj crbõa`eos mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kc fcsj 3
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
346
F`d. :.97.- Drãeo mj vcr`ce`õa
vcr`ce`õa tjbporck mj ]NM(Z) y ]NM(@) mj kcs trjs fcsjs
Bomo rjd`stro eoat`auo< Jstj bomo pjrb`tj bjm`r kos vckorjs jecejs mj tomos
kos e`ekos mj rjm mj kcs trjs fcsjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj c pcrt`r mj uac eoam`e`õa
mj m`spcro (‛tr`ddjr‒). Js üt`k
üt`k pcrc ecpturcr trcas`tor`os mj crrcaquj mj eortc
murce`õa. Kc F`d. :.3= bujstrc, c tâtuko mj jljbpko, ua drãeo mj eorr`jatj mj uac
kâajc murcatj jk crrcaquj mj ua botor.
:
F`d. :.93.- Eorr`jatj ja kc kâajc murcatj
murcatj jk crrcaquj mj
mj ua botor
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
344
F`d. :.99.- Wjrturice`oajs ja kc oamc mj tjas`õa ja
kc kâajc mj ua eoavjrt`mor mj potjae`c
Bomo pjrturice`o
pjrturice`oajs<
ajs< Jstj bomo mj bjm`mc js jspje`ckbjatj `am`ecmo
pcrc ecpturcr mjforbce`oajs, erjstcs y nujeos supjrpujstos c kc tjas`õa mj
ck`bjatce`õa. Kc ecpturc sj `a`e`c c pcrt`r mj uac eoam`e`õa mj m`spcro, quj
sujkj sjr ua ecbi`o iruseo mj vckor jecz mj kc tjas`õa o ua ecbi`o ja jk
vckor `astcatãajo
`astcatãajo eoa uac pjam`jatj mu/m t mj vcr`cs vjejs jk vckor aob`ack.
Kc F`d. :.99 bujstrc ua jljbpko mj oamc mj tjas`õa moamj sj nca ecpturcmo
pjrturice`oajs mjk t`po catjs `am`ecmo.
:.37.9 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los
Ck `duc
`duckk quj kos jqu`
jqu`pos
pos port
portãt`k
ãt`kjs,
js, kos jqu`
jqu`pos
pos lo
loss m`s
m`spoaja
poaja mj jatr
jatrcmcs
cmcs mj
tjas`õa y eorr`jatj por fcsj.
Kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj sj ncej c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc los, euyc
prje`s`õa sujkj supjrcr c kc mj kcs p`azcs ut`k`zcmcs ja cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs.
Mjpjam`jamo mj kc cpk`ece`õa, jx`stja cack`zcmorjs quj b`mja sõko pcrãbjtros
iãs`eos y otros ecpcejs mj bjm`r bãs mj :77 pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos. Wor ko
tcato, mjpjam`jamo mj kcs ajejs`mcmjs mjk puato mj bjm`mc, jk usucr`o t`jaj, ja
djajrck, kc pos`i`k`mcm mj jseodjr jatrj uac cbpk`c dcbc mj pos`i`k`mcmjs.
:
Kc prje`s`õa mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm jstã buy eoam`e`oacmc c jbpkjcr
trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc mj uac prje`s`õa jkjvcmc. Mjij tjajrsj ja eujatc,
soirj tomo pcrc cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs, quj b`mca eoa p`azcs, quj jk jrror mj
ãaduko sujkj sjr `bportcatj y por tcato kcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c y fcetor mj
potjae`c pujmja jstcr suljtcs c jrrorjs `bportcatjs ja mjtjrb`acmcs zoacs mj kc
jseckc. Ja jstj cspjeto kos cack`zcmorjs los sujkja mcr bjlorjs prjstce`oajs.
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
34>
Kos jqu`pos los, c m`fjrjae`c mj kos jqu`pos portãt`kjs ao sujkja tjajr uac
bjbor`c bcs`vc pcrc rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros. Kos cack`zcmorjs los pujmja
ut`k`zcrsj eobo s`bpkjs `am`ecmorjs mj pcajk, o pujmja jstcr jqu`pcmos eoa
ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs y trcasb`t`r ja t`jbpo rjck kos pcrãbjtros quj vca
cmqu`r`jamo y proejscamo. Wcrc jkko jstãa eoajetcmos c ua s`stjbc UECMC
mj bcajrc pjrbcajatj, mj forbc quj jk WE moamj rjs`mj jk UECMC ncej kcs
fuae`oajs mj bjbor`c. Jk prodrcbc
prodrcbc UECMC rjeodj kc `aforbce`õa mj kos jqu`pos
jqu`pos
mj bjm`mc, y m`spoaj kc `aforbce`õa mj bcajrc ormjacmc pcrc quj pujmc sjr
jxpkotcmc c trcvàs mj su `atjrfcz drãec eoa jk WE.
:.37.5 Uoftwcrj pcrc cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los
Jk softwcrj pcrc cack`zcmorjs los o mj pcajk, c m`fjrjae`c mjk mj kos jqu`pos
portãt`kjs ao jstã or`jatcmo c kc djst`õa y jxpkotce`õa mj enjros, s`ao quj jstã
or`jatcmo c kc djst`õa mj m`spos`t`vos y mj puatos mj bjm`mc mj kc `astckce`õa
c trcvàs mj ua ius mj eobua`ece`oajs. Ja mja`t`vc sj trctc mj ua prodrcbc
UECMC quj pjrb`tj kc eobua`ece`õa eoa kos m`st`atos cpcrctos mj uac `astckce`õa
y m`spoaj mj uac icsj mj mctos pcrc rjd`strcr kos m`st`atos pcrãbjtros quj sj
prodrcbja.
Jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj WOTJY U]ZM@O UECMC® pjrb`tj kc eoajx`õa mj tomc
kc dcbc mj cack`zcmorjs los mj E@YEZ]OY. Jk softwcrj fuae`oac iclo jatorao
T@AMOTU® y pjrb`tj kc rãp`mc v`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj kos jqu`pos mj
ecbpo eoajetcmos ck s`stjbc.
F`d. :.95.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< M`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj kc `astckce`õa
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
340
F`d. :.9=.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< @aforbj mj eoasubo
Eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.95 jk usucr`o pujmj m`sjócr ua m`cdrcbc ua`kcr
mj kc `astckce`õa, bostrcamo kos pcrãbjtros bãs s`da`ect`vos o `bportcatjs ja
t`jbpo rjck. Wcrc euckqu`jr jqu`po eoajetcmo ck s`stjbc pujmj rjck`zcrsj ua
`aforbj mj eoasubo o mj euckqu`jr vcr`cikj, bostrcamo por pcatckkc kos eoasubos
ceoatje`mos ja ecmc uao mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los (F`d. :.9=).
:
F`d. :.9:.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< ]cikc
]cikc mj vcr`cikjs jkàetr`ecs
ecpturcmcs ja ua mjtjrb`acmo `astcatj
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>7
F`d. :.96.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Drãeo mj jvokue`õa tjbporck mj m`vjrscs vcr`cikjs
Bjm`catj kc sjkjee`õa mj uac vcr`cikj bostrcmc ja jk pcajk mj pcrãbjtros
jkàetr`eos ja t`jbpo rjck (F`d. :.9:), pujmj rjck`zcrsj uac drãf`ec eoa uac
rjsokue`õa mj tàrb`ao bjm`o mj ua b`auto, v`suck`zcamo por tcato ja ua soko
drãeo, tomc kc `aforbce`õa ecpturcmc por jk s`stjbc mj eoatrok ja forbcto tcikc
o drãeo (:.96).
F`d. :.94.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Crbõa`eos ja ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>3
F`d. :.9>.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Forbc mj oamc ja ua `astcatj mjtjrb`acmo
Mjpjam`jamo mjk jqu`po `astckcmo ja ecbpo, jk usucr`o pujmj `aekuso v`suck`zcr
kc mjseobpos`e`õa crbõa`ec mj kcs tjas`oajs y eorr`jatjs ja ecmc uac mj kcs
fcsjs (F`d. :.94). Cs`b`sbo, jk s`stjbc js ecpcz mj v`suck`zcr kc forbc mj oamc
ja tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja ecmc pjrâomo mj ecpturc mjk s`stjbc (F`d. :.9>).
Jk softwcrj pjrb`tj tcbi`àa prodrcbcr ckcrbcs y v`suck`zcrkcs, tck eobo sj
bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.90
:
F`d. :.90 - Uoftwcrj UECMC< Wrjsjatce`õa mj jstcmo mj ckcrbcs
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>9
:.33 Yjsubja
C ko kc r do mj js t j ec pâ tu k o nj b os mj s cr r ok k cm o ua c sj r ` j mj e oa ej pt os
rjkce`oacmos eoa kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, eoaejptos quj nca jvokue`oacmo mjsmj
jk `astrubjato cackõd`eo, ncstc cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, icscmos ja proejscmorjs
MUW, e`jrtcbjatj sost`ecmos, quj pjrb`tja ck usucr`o kc v`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo
rjck mjk eobportcb`jato mj su `astckce`õa.
Njbos v`sto quj kc tjamjae`c cetuck ja kcs `astckce`oajs mj e`jrtc javjrdcmurc
vc nce`c kc sust`tue`õa mj kos bükt`pkjs `astrubjatos (voktâbjtros, cbpjrâbjtros,
fcsâbjtros, jte.) por ua soko `astrubjato mj t`po
t`po m`d`tck mj pcajk,
pcajk, jk Cack`zcmor
mj Yjmjs, euyo eoaejpto njbos `atjatcmo pkcsbcr c ko kcrdo mj jstj ecpâtuko.
Jstj t`po mj `astrubjatos sujkja m`spoajr mj eobua`ece`oajs y por tcato soa
susejpt`ikjs mj sjr `atjdrcmos ja uac rjm mj eobua`ece`oajs luato eoa otros
`astrubjatos, cutõbctcs, eoatrokcmorjs, jte., pum`àamosj `atjdrcr por tcato ja
s`stjbcs mj eoatrok y supjrv`s`õa mj pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs, doijracmcs por uao o
vcr`os eobputcmorjs c trcvàs mj pcqujtjs mj softwcrj mjaob`acmos UECMC.
Wcrc mjscrrokkcr jstj t`po mj s`stjbcs, js ajejscr`o ua bâa`bo eoaoe`b`jato mj
topokodâcs mj `astckce`õa y protoeokos mj eobua`ece`õa, euyos eoaejptos jstãa
mjscrrokkcmos eoa bcyor mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko 4 mjk prjsjatj k`iro.
Ja otro ormja mj eoscs, kos `astrubjatos portãt`kjs nca jvokue`oacmo tcbi`àa
nce`c kc tjeaokodâc
tjeaokodâc m`d`tck y pjrb`tja tcbi`àa bjm`r y rjd`strcr ja bjbor`c vcr`os
pcrãbjtros mj bcajrc s`buktãajc, murcatj t`jbpos quj pujmja ose`kcr jatrj
kcs vj`at`euctro norcs o `aekuso ncstc ua bjs. Kos rjd`stros oitja`mos pujmja
trctcrsj bjm`catj pcqujtjs mj softwcrj mjm`ecmos, quj fce`k`tca kc rjprjsjatce`õa
ja forbc drãec y pjrb`tja vjr kc jvokue`õa mj m`vjrsos pcrãbjtros.
]omos jstos `astrubjatos t`jaja eobo oiljt`vo cbpk`cr kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj
supjrv`s`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj kâajcs j `astckce`oajs. Ja kc cetuck`mcm mjijbos
sjr eoase`jatjs mjk fujrtj `bpceto quj pujmj mjr`vcrsj mj caobckâcs ja kcs
`astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs y por jkko js subcbjatj ajejscr`o, ao soko ncejr
ua bcatja`b`jato orm`acr`o, s`ao quj jk oiljt`vo mj tomos jstos s`stjbcs js
ua eorrjeto bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo. Drce`cs c kos pcqujtjs mj softwcrj quj
opjrca luato c jstos jqu`pos, js subcbjatj sjae`kko rjck`zcr `aforbjs quj aos
cmv`jrtca mjk jstcmo mj aujstrcs `astckce`oajs. Womjbos cs`b`sbo tjajr ua
eoatrok mjk eoasubo ceoatje`mo ja ecmc uac mj kcs kâajcs moamj sj nc rjck`zcmo
kc bjm`mc.
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>5
:.39 Yjfjrjae`cs
X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 677==. ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc. Wcrtjs 3 c 4. CJAOY
X9R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 63737-3. Yjqu`s`tos mj sjdur`mcm mj jqu`pos jkàetr`eos mj
bjm`mc, eoatrok y uso ja kciorctor`o. Wcrtj 3< Yjqu`s`tos djajrckjs.
djajrckjs. CJAOY
X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 6766=-3. Eoorm`ace`õa mj c`skcb`jato ja s`stjbcs y rjmjs
mj iclc tjas`õa. CJAOY
:
bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetr`ecs
6 BJM@MC MJ JAJYDÂC P ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO
6.3 @atromuee`õa
Ja jk prjsjatj ecpâtuko sj trctcrãa tomos kos tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kos jqu`pos
nobokodcmos pcrc kc bjm`mc mj jajrdâc. Kos jqu`pos nobokodcmos soa kos
üa`eos cejptcmos oe`ckbjatj pcrc kc fceturce`õa mj jajrdâc, yc sjc `bportcmc
o jxportcmc. Jstos jqu`pos sj ui`eca ja kos mjaob`acmos puatos froatjrc jatrj
mos jbprjscs o jat`mcmjs, por jljbpko kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc y jk eoasub`mor
ack mj kc jajrdâc.
]cbi`àa sj trctcrãa tjbcs mj tcr`ece`õa y bjm`mc mj kc jajrdâc, y sj mcrã uac
mjser`pe`õa mj kos m`fjrjatjs cdjatjs mj bjrecmo y mj kos eoaejptos iãs`eos
quj eobprjamj euckqu`jr s`stjbc mj tcr`ece`õa mjatro mj ua bjrecmo jkàetr`eo
mj euckqu`jr pcâs.
Wor otro kcmo tcbi`àa sj eobjatcrãa tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc eck`mcm mj
sub`a`stro, tckjs eobo kos eoaejptos iãs`eos mj eck`mcm, kos pcrãbjtros c bjm`r,
csâ eobo kcs aorbcs `atjrace`oackjs quj kos rjdukca.
6.9 Bjrecmo jkàetr`eo
Uj mjaj eobo bjrecmo jkàetr`eo, jk kudcr ja jk quj sj jaeujatrca kc ofjrtc y
kc mjbcamc. Wcrc ua fuae`oacb`jato jqu`k`ircmo mj jstj bjrecmo, js ajejscr`c
kc jx`stjae`c mj uaos cdjatjs, quj eoatrokja y rjdukja su fuae`oacb`jato. Jstos
soa kos mjaob`acmos cdjatjs mjk bjrecmo.
Ja kc bcyorâc mj pcâsjs, jx`stja pr`ae`pckbjatj mos cdjatjs o jat`mcmjs, yc
sjca pr`vcmcs o duijracbjatckjs, quj sj jaecrdca mj opjrcr jk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
y mj opjrcr jk bjrecmo, js mje`r lcr jk prje`o mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc.
Ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, àstos mos cdjatjs soa jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo y jk
opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc<
Jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo sj jaecrdc mj kc jkciorce`õa mjk prodrcbc m`cr`o mj
fuae`oacb`jato mjk s`stjbc, ecscamo kcs ofjrtcs y kcs mjbcamcs quj kj kkjdca.
Cetuckbjatj, mjscrrokkc àstc
àst c fuae`õa OBJK, Opjrcmor
Opj rcmor mjk Bjrecmo @iàr`eo
@iàr` eo mj Jajrdâc
- Woko Jspcóok, U.C.
•
Jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc dcrcat`zc kc eoat`au`mcm y kc sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro.
Cetuckbjatj
Cetuck
bjatj,, sj jaecrdc mj jstc kcior YJJ, Yjm Jkàetr
Jkàetr`ec
`ec mj Jspcóc, quj sj fuamõ
pcrc ordca`zcr tomo ko rjkct`vo ck trcasportj mj jkjetr`e`mcm.
•
Ja su eoaejpto bãs cbpk`o, kc jbprjsc YJJ t`jaj trjs b`s`oajs fuamcbjatckjs<
6
Ujr jk trcasport`stc mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec mj rjfjrjae`c ja jk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
jspcóok.
•
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>6
Ujr jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, quj s`da`ec sjr jk rjspoascikj mj kc djst`õa
tàea`ec mjk s`stjbc pcrc dcrcat`zcr kc eoat`au`mcm y sjdur`mcm mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo,
y kc eorrjetc eoorm`ace`õa jatrj kc promuee`õa y jk trcasportj.
•
Ujr jk djstor mj kc rjm mj trcasportj, quj supoaj sjr jk rjspoascikj mjk mjscrrokko
y cbpk`ce`õa mj kc rjm mj trcasportj mj tck bcajrc quj sj dcrcat`ej jk bcatja`b`jato
y bjlorc mj uac rjm eoadurcmc iclo er`tjr`os nobodàajos y eonjrjatjs.
•
F`d. 6.3 - ]rcasportj mj jajrdâc
Ja jsjae`c, sus fuae`oajs eobo djstor mj kc rjm mj trcasportj eoas`stja ja
mjscrrokkcr y cbpk`cr kcs `astckce`oajs mj kc rjm, rjck`zcr su bcatja`b`jato
y bjlorc iclo er`tjr`os nobodàajos y eonjrjatjs, y djst`oacr jk trãas`to mj
jkjetr`e`mcm jatrj s`stjbcs jxtjr`orjs quj rjqu`jrc jk uso mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
jspcóok. Cmjbãs, Yjm Jkàetr`ec dcrcat`zc jk ceejso mj tjrejros c kc rjm, pcrc
quj tomos kos cdjatjs mjk sjetor pujmca ut`k`zcrkc ja ràd`bja mj `duckmcm.
Kc cet`v`mcm mj m`str`iue`õa js cqujkkc quj t`jaj por oiljto pr`ae`pck kc
trcasb`s`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec mjsmj kcs rjmjs mj trcasportj ncstc kos puatos
mj eoasubo, yc sjc ja bjm`c o ja iclc tjas`õa.
Kos m`str`iu`morjs t`jaja kc fuae`õa mj m`str`iu`r kc jajrdâc, csâ eobo, eoastru`r,
bcatjajr y opjrcr kcs `astckce`oajs mj m`str`iue`õa, cmjbãs sjrãa kos djstorjs
mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa quj opjrja. Eobo djstorjs mj kcs rjmjs sjrãa
rjspoascikjs mj kc jxpkotce`õa, jk bcatja`b`jato y, ja ecso ajejscr`o, jk
mjscrrokko mj su rjm mj m`str`iue`õa, csâ eobo, ja su ecso, mj sus `atjreoajx`oajs
eoa otrcs rjmjs, y mj dcrcat`zcr quj su rjm tjadc kc ecpce`mcm pcrc csub`r, c
kcrdo pkczo, uac mjbcamc rczoacikj mj m`str`iue`õa mj jkjetr`e`mcm.
6
Wor otro kcmo, ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jx`stj otrc jat`mcm rjkce`oacmc eoa jk
bjrecmo mj kc jajrdâc, euyc b`s`õa js kc mj protjdjr kos `atjrjsjs mj kos
eoasub`morjs y vjkcr por kc trcaspcrjae`c mj tomo jk s`stjbc. Jstc jat`mcm js
kc EAJ , Eob`s`õa Ace`oack mj Jajrdâc. Cpcrtj mj àstc ükt`bc, kcs m`fjrjatjs
eobua`mcmjs cutõaobcs, t`jaja ckduacs eobpjtjae`cs ja kc rjdukce`õa mjk
s`stjbc jkàetr`eo, ja ecmc uac mj sus rjd`oajs. Wor ükt`bo, kc Za`õa Juropjc, c
trcvàs mj M`rjet`vcs y aorbct`vcs kjdckjs, jstcikjej jk bcreo djajrck mjk s`stjbc
jkàetr`eo ja tomos kos pcâsjs mj kc Za`õa.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>4
Jk proejso pcrc kkjdcr c lcr jk prje`o mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc, eoas`stj ja quj
kcs jbprjscs quj djajrca jkjetr`e`mcm, promuetorjs, nceja ofjrtcs mj vjatc
mj mjtjrb`acmcs ecat`mcmjs mj jkjetr`e`mcm c mjtjrb`acmo prje`o, pcrc ecmc
uac mj kcs norcs mjk mâc. Ck b`sbo t`jbpo, ckduaos drcamjs eoasub`morjs,
o `am`rjetcbjatj, c trcvàs mj kcs jbprjscs jkàetr`ecs m`str`iu`morcs, nceja
ofjrtcs mj eobprc. Jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo (OBJK ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc) js jk
jaecrdcmo mj ecscr jstcs ofjrtcs eoa kcs mjbcamcs.
F`d. 6.9 - Eurvc mj ofjrtc y mjbcamc
Kc subc mj kcs ofjrtcs mj eobprc eoaf`durc uac eurvc mj mjbcamc. Wcrc
euir`rkc, sj jk`dja kcs ofjrtcs mj vjatc bãs icrctcs, ncstc sct`sfcejr tomc kc
mjbcamc. Jk prje`o mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm sjrã jk mj kc ükt`bc ofjrtc.
Wor ko tcato, jk prje`o mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm sj oit`jaj c pcrt`r mj ko quj sj kkcbc
kc ecsce`õa mj kc ofjrtc y kc mjbcamc. Wjro tcbi`àa t`jaj otros eobpoajatjs,
quj sj cócmja ck prje`o iãs`eo pcrc forbcr jk prje`o f`ack quj pcdca kos
eoasub`morjs. Za fcetor quj pujmj bom`f`ecr jk prje`o f`ack, js jk t`po mj
jajrdâc. Kcs jajrdâcs mjaob`acmcs k`bp`cs dozca mj pr`bcs quj `auyja ja jk
prje`o ack. Otro fcetor quj cfjetc ck prje`o ack soa kcs dcrcatâcs quj ofrjej ua
promuetor, ja eucato c kc eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o.
6
Js `bportcatj mjstcecr quj ja ckduaos pcâsjs, eobo js jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jk
bjrecmo jkàetr`eo sj nc k`ijrck`zcmo, mjscpcrje`jamo jk mjaob`acmo bjrecmo
rjdukcmo. Kc drca m`fjrjae`c jatrj kos mos t`pos mj bjrecmos, js quj ja ua
bjrecmo rjdukcmo jk doi`jrao o kc jat`mcm mjs`dacmc por jk doi`jrao, lc kos
prje`os mj vjatc mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm mj tomcs kcs m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc. Wor
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>>
jk eoatrcr`o ja ua bjrecmo k`irj, kos eoasub`morjs pujmja jkjd`r kc jbprjsc
sub`a`strcmorc quj mjsjja, ja fuae`õa mj kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro y jk prje`o
quj ofrjzeca. Jstj ecbi`o mj t`po mj bjrecmo, js ua proejso quj sj `bpkcatc
prodrjs`vcbjatj, jbpjzcamo por kcs jbprjscs bãs drcamjs mj bcyor eoasubo,
y tjrb`ac eoa kc `atjdrce`õa mj kos eoasub`morjs mj jajrdâc mj bjaor potjae`c.
6.9.3 Bjrecmo rjdukcmo
Ja ua bjrecmo rjdukcmo, mõamj jk doi`jrao, o jat`mcm mjs`dacmc por jk b`sbo,
lc kos prje`os mj vjatc mj kcs m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc, jk usucr`o ack mj
kc
jajrdâc, ao
t`jaj
rjbjm`ojaquj
jk sub`a`stro,
c kc
m`str`iu`morc
quj
jstãbãs
`bpkcatcmc
su eoatrctcr
zoac, y quj
js prop`jtcr`c
mjeobpcóâc
kcs rjmjs
mj m`str`iue`õa.
F`d. 6.5 - Jstrueturc mjk bjrecmo rjdukcmo
Jk m`str`iu`mor mjij pcdcr ck trcasport`stc, por jk uso mj sus rjmjs. Wor otro kcmo
k`qu`mc kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, ja jk mjaob`acmo WOOK, quj js jk kudcr ja jk quj
tomos kos promuetorjs mj jajrdâc vjamja kc jajrdâc promue`mc, y ja fuae`õa mj
kc mjbcamc, jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo, lc kos prje`os mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc.
Ja rjsubja, jk ulo mjk m`ajro, s`duj ja sjat`mo eoatrcr`o ck ulo mj kc jajrdâc.
Euckqu`jr t`po mj ek`jatj, pcrc pomjr m`spoajr mj sub`a`stro mj jajrdâc, t`jaj quj
eoatrctcrko eoa kc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc mj su zoac.
6.9.9 Bjrecmo k`irj
Ja ua bjrecmo k`irj, cpcrjej kc durc mjk eobjre`ck`zcmor , euyc fuae`õa js
kc vjatc mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec c kos eoasub`morjs o c otros suljtos mjk s`stjbc.
Àstj ao js jk prop`jtcr`o mj kcs kâajcs jkàetr`ecs mj m`str`iue`õa, su pr`ae`pckjs
b`s`oajs< soa kcs mj oitjajr eoatrctos mj usucr`os ackjs, ofrje`jamo prje`os
bãs iclos u otros sjrv`e`os mj vckor cócm`mo. Wor otro kcmo, eobprc kc jajrdâc
ja jk WOOK o m`rjetcbjatj ck promuetor (eoatrctos i`kctjrckjs) y ackbjatj pcdc
ck trcsport`stc o ck m`str`iu`mor, por jk uso mj sus rjmjs.
6
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
3>0
F`d. 6.= - Jstrueturc mjk bjrecmo k`irj
Kc cet`v`mcm mj jstcs jbprjscs eobjre`ck`zcmorcs, mjij mj jstcr rjdukcmc por
jk doi`jrao o jat`mcm eobpjtjatj.
Ja àstj ecso jk ulo mj kc jkjetr`e`mcm, quj s`duj s`jamo jk b`sbo quj ja ua
bjrecmo rjdukcmo, js m`fjrjatj ck ulo mjk m`ajro, mji`mo c kc cpcr`e`õa mj kc
durc mjk eobjre`ck`zcmor. Jk usucr`o ack mj kc jajrdâc, pujmj jkjd`r k`irjbjatj
qu`ja
sjrãmj
sukcs
provjjmor
jajrdâc, sjdu`rã
cuaqujs`jamo
kc m`str`iu`morc
prop`jtcr`c
kâajcs mj mj
m`str`iue`õa,
kc b`sbc. mj jajrdâc,
6.5 Bcreo kjdck
Kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc mjst`acmos c kc fceturce`õa mjija eubpk`r uaos
rjqu`s`tos buy jstr`etos csoe`cmos c su eorrjetc forbc mj bjm`r. Ncstc ncej poeo
jx`stâca uacs aorbct`vcs prop`cs mj ecmc pcâs, quj ecmc ejatro nobokodcmo
(ja Jspcóc por jljbpko jk EJB - Ejatro Jspcóok mj Bjtjorokodâc ) mjiâc
ejrt`ecr. Mjsmj ncej ckduaos cóos kc cpcr`e`õa mj kc M`rjet`vc Juropjc B@M, nc
pjrb`t`mo quj kc ejrt`ece`õa ja ua üa`eo pcâs mj kc EJJ, sjc vãk`mc pcrc jk rjsto,
s`bpk`ecamo mj forbc aotcikj kos proejsos ajejscr`os pcrc jstcr prjsjatjs
ja tomo jkkos. Jk oiljt`vo mj jstj puato js jxpk`ecr euãkjs soa kos puatos bãs
`bportcatjs mj kc M`rjet`vc B@M y mj quà forbc sj cpk`ec.
Kc M`rjet`vc mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc (B@M, Bjcsur`ad @astrubjats M`rjet`vj)
6
Kc m`rjet`vc mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc (B@M) 977=/99/JE jatrõ ja v`dor jk 57 mj
oetuirj mj 9776. Kc B@M js uac M`rjet`vc juropjc quj euirj ua aübjro mj m`fjrjatjs
`astrubjatos mj bjm`e`õa, `aekuyjamo `astrubjatos mj pjsclj cutobãt`eos, surt`morjs
mj eobiust`ikj, bjm`mcs mj bctjr`ckjs, y eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Jk oiljt`vo mj kc
B@M js erjcr ua bjrecmo mj `astrubjatos mj bjm`e`õa ja ijaje`o mj fcir`ecatjs y,
ja ükt`bc `astcae`c mj kos eoasub`morjs nobokodcmos ja tomc kc ZJ.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
307
Kc B@M kj pjrb`tj c ua fcir`ecatj oitjajr ua ejrt`ecmo mj cproice`õa vãk`mo
ja tomos kos pcâsjs mj kc Za`õa Juropjc (ZJ). Cmjbãs, kc B@M provjj c kos
fcir`ecatjs mj uac sjr`j mj rutcs mj jvckuce`õa mj eoaforb`mcm pcrc oitjajr kc
ejrt`ece`õa y, eoa jkko, jk ceejso ck bjrecmo juropjo.
6.5.3 Ãbi`to mj cpk`ece`õa
Jstc M`rjet`vc sj cpk`ecrã c kos m`spos`t`vos y s`stjbcs eoa fuae`oajs mj bjm`e`õa
eobo soa kos mj `astrubjatos rjkct`vos c kos eoatcmorjs mjk cduc, eoatcmorjs mj
dcs y m`spos`t`vos mj eoavjrs`õa vokubàtr`ec, eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
cet`vc
, eoatcmorjs
mjbcda`tumjs
jajrdâc tàrb`ec,
s`stjbcsm`st`atos
mj bjm`mc
mj forbc
eoat`auc
y m`aãb`ec
mj kâqu`mos
mjk pcrc
cduc,bjm`r
`astrubjatos
mj pjsclj mj fuae`oacb`jato cutobãt`eo, tcxâbjtros, bjm`mcs bctjr`ck`zcmcs,
`astrubjatos pcrc bjm`mcs m`bjas`oackjs y cack`zcmorjs mj dcsjs mj jsecpj.
6.5.9 Wrje`s`õa
Jk fcir`ecatj mjijrã jspje`ecr jk âam`ej mj ekcsj mjk eoatcmor. Kos âam`ejs mj
ekcsj sj mjaja eobo<
Ek c sj
W rje ` s` õ a
C
9.7
I
3 .7
E
7 .:
]cikc 6.3 - Âam`ejs mj ekcsj
Kos s`du`jatjs vckorjs mj tjas`õa, frjeujae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c eorrjspoamja
c kos `atjrvckos mjatro mj kos euckjs jk eoatcmor eubpkj kos rjqu`s`tos mj jrrorjs
bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos. Wor ko tcato soa kcs eoam`e`oajs mj fuae`oacb`jato mjk
eoatcmor ja jk quj kc ekcsj jstc mja`mc.
Kos `atjrvckos soa kos s`du`jatjs<
W c r ã bj t r o
@ at à rvc k o
]jas`õa
Za ((ttjas`õa aob`ack)
7,0 ´ Za ≭ Z ≭ 3,3 ´ Za
Frjeujae`c
fa ((ffrjeujae`c aob`ack)
7,0> ´ fa ≭ f ≭ 3,79 ´ fa
Jk `atjrvcko mj WF sjrã, eobo bâa`bo, mjsmj eos φ 2 7,: `amuet`vo ncstc eosφ 2 7,> ecpce`t`vo.
]cikc 6.9 - @atjrvcko mj fuae`oacb`jato
6.5.5 Jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos
6
Kos jfjetos mj kcs m`st`atcs bcda`tumjs sobjt`mcs c bjm`e`õa y mj kcs m`st`atcs
bcda`tumjs mj `afkujae`c (c, i, e, ...) sj jvcküca por sjpcrcmo, bcatja`jamo
rjkct`vcbjatj eoastcatjs ja sus vckorjs mj rjfjrjae`c tomcs kcs mjbãs bcda`tumjs
sobjt`mcs c bjm`e`õa y mj `aujae`c. Jk jrror mj bjm`e`õa ao supjrcrã jk jrror
bãx`bo pjrb`t`mo `am`ecmo ja jk s`du`jatj eucmro y sj eckeukcrã mj jstj bomo<
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
303
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Jrror mj bjm`e`õa 2
∜ (c9 + i9 + e9 ...)
Eucamo jk eoatcmor jstà fuae`oacamo iclo uac eorr`jatj mj ecrdc vcr`cikj, jk
porejatclj mj jrror ao supjrcrã kos kâb`tjs mj kc tcikc 6.5.
]jbpjrcturc mj fuae`oacb`jato
-37 ¼E ... +: ¼E
+: ¼E ... +57 ¼E
õ
+57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E
Ek c s j
C
I
E
C
I
E
-37 ¼E ... +: ¼E
õ
+57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E
C
I
E
-37 ¼E ... +: ¼E
õ
+57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E
C
I
E
Eoatcmorjs boaofãs`eos o pok`fãs`eos s` fuae`oaca eoa ecrdc jqu`k`ircmc
@b`a ≭ @ ≭ @tr 5,:
9
3
:
9 , : 3, 5
4
5 ,: 3 ,4
0
=
9
@tr ≭ @ ≭ @bãx
5, :
9
7, 4
= ,:
9 ,:
3
4
5 ,:
3 ,5
0
=
3 ,:
3 ,4
0
=, :
9
Eoatcmorjs pok`fãs`eos s` fuae`oaca eoa ecrdc boaofãs`ec
@tr ≭ @ ≭ @bãx
=
9, :
3
:
5
3, 5
4
=
]cikc 6.5 - Worejatcljs mj jrror pjrb`t`mos
Kc tcikc catjr`or t`jaj eobo oiljt`vo mja`r kos kâb`tjs mj jrror mjpjam`jamo mj
kc tjbpjrcturc mj fuae`oacb`jato.
Ja kc s`du`jatj durc sj rjprjsjatc jk jrror bãx`bo mj ua eoatcmor ekcsj I ja
fuae`õa mj kc tjbpjrcturc.
F`d. 6.: - Kâb`tjs mj jrror ekcsj I
6.5.= Mja`e`oajs
6
Eo aej pt o
Mj a` e` õa
Za eoatcmor mj
jajrdâc jkàetr`ec cet`vc
M`spos`t`vo quj b`mj kc jajrdâc cet`vc
quj sj eoasubj ja ua e`reu`to
@
@atjas`mcm mj eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec quj e`reukc c trcvàs mjk eoatcmor
@a
@atjas`mcm mj eorr`jatj mj rjfjrjae`c jspje`ecmc pcrc kc quj
nc s`mo eoaeji`mo jk eoatcmor eoajetcmo c trcasforbcmor.
@bâa
Vckor mj eorr`jatj por jae`bc mjk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror
sj s`tüc mjatro mj kos jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
309
@tr
Vckor mj eorr`jatj por jae`bc mjk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror
sj s`tüc mjatro mjk bãs pjqujóo jrror bãx`bo pjrb`t`mo
eorrjspoam`jatj ck âam`ej mj ekcsj mjk eoatcmor
e oatcmor..
@bãx
Vckor bãx`bo mj eorr`jatj pcrc jk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror
sj s`tüc mjatro mj kos jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos.
Z
]jas`õa jkàetr`ec sub`a`strcmc ck eoatcmor.
f
Frjeujae`c mj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc ck eoatcmor.
fa
Frjeujae`c mj rjfjrjae`c jspje`ecmc.
WF
WF, fcetor mj potjae`c 2 eosφ 2 jk eosjao
mjk caduko mj fcsj φ jatrj @ y Z.
]cikc 6.= - Mja`e`oajs
V`suck`zce`õa drcec mj kos eoaejptos csoe`cmos c kc eorr`jatj pcrc ua eoatcmor ekcsj I.
F`d. 6.6 - Eoaejptos csoe`cmos c kc eorr`jatj
6.5.: Jfjeto mj kcs pjrturice`oajs mj kcrdc murce`õa
Kcs pjrturice`oajs mj kcrdc murce`õa ao mjija cfjetcr c kc prje`s`õa bãs ckkã mj
kos vckorjs erât`eos mj ecbi`o quj sj mjaja ja kc tcikc 6.:, y quj pujmja kkjdcr
c provoecr uac mjdrcmce`õa tjbporck o pàrm`mc mj fuae`oacb`jato mj kos euckjs
jk eoatcmor sj rjeoircrã.
Ja jstj ecso kc tcikc mjf`aj kc vcr`ce`õa mjk jrror quj pjrb`tj kc B@
B@M
M eoa
rjspjeto mjk puato ck quj nc s`mo clustcmo y vjr`ecmo.
6
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
305
Wjrturice`õa
Vckorjs erât`eos mj vcr`ce`õa (%) pcrc kos eoatcmorjs mj kc ekcsj
C
I
E
3, :
3, :
7 ,5
Mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj tjas`õa (cpk`ecikj sõko
c kos eoatcmorjs pok`fãs`eos)
=
9
3
Eo a t j a ` m o c r bõ a ` e o j a k o s e ` r e u ` t o s m j e o r r ` j a t j
3
7, >
7 ,:
E. E . y c r bõ a ` e o s j a j k e ` r e u ` t o m j e o r r ` j a t j
6
5
3 ,:
Uj e u j a e ` c m j f c s j ` a v j r s c
Yã f c d c s t r c a s ` t o r ` c s m j e o r r ` j a t j
6
=
9
Ecbpos bcdaàt`eos, ecbpo
e cbpo jkjetrobcdaàt`eo NF,
pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs or`d`acmcs por ecbpos mj
rcm`ofrjeujae`c, j `abua`mcm c oamcs ose`kctor`cs
5
9
3
]cikc 6.: - Vcr`ce`õa (%) mjk jrror
6.= ]`pos mj eoatcmor
Catjs mj jatrcr
Catjs
jatrcr ja prof
profuam`
uam`mcm
mcm ja
ja kc mjser`p
mjser`pe`õa
e`õa mjk
mjk eoatcmo
eoatcmorr, js ajejsc
ajejscr`o
r`o mja`r
mja`r ko
quj sj mjaob`ac t`pos mj ek`jatj. Jstcs m`v`s`oajs js ajejscr`o rjck`zcrkcs, yc quj ja
fuae`õa mjk t`po mj ek`jatj, kj eorrjspoamj ua t`po mj eoatcmor u otro. Jstcs m`v`s`oajs,
icscmcs pr`ae`pckbjatj ja kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc, jstãa m`rjetcbjatj rjkce`oacmcs
eoa kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa y prjstce`oajs quj mjij tjajr jk jqu`po mj bjm`mc.
Kcs m`v`s`oajs por t`pos mj ek`jatj, quj sj pkcatjca c eoat`auce`õa, eorrjspoamja
ck bjrecmo jspcóok, rjdukcmo por jk Yjck Mjerjto 3337/9774, mj 9= mj cdosto
mjk 9774, por jk quj sj cprujic jk Yjdkcbjato ua`ecmo mj puatos mj bjm`mc mjk
s`stjbc jkàetr`eo jspcóok. Ja ecmc pcâs kcs m`v`s`oajs por potjae`cs quj pkcatjc
àstj Yjck Mjerjto, pujmja sjr m`fjrjatjs, cuaquj àstcs pujmja sjrv`r mj rjfjrjae`c.
Ek`jatjs t`po 3
• Eoasubo ≪ 37BT / Djajrce`õa ≪ 39 BVC / Otros ≪ : DTn/cóo
• Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ 7.9U / rjcet`vc ≭ 7.:
• Ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-959 y õpt`eo
•
M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc
• 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.)
Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja
eurvc mj ecrdc mj : b`a.)
•
Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a
y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujro mj kos kâb`tjs)
•
•
6
Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa 7.9 / Eorr`jatj 7.9U
Ek`jatjs t`po 9
• Eoasubo 1 =:7hT / Djajrce`õa ≪ =:7hVC / Otros ≪ 4:7 BTn/cóo
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
•
Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ E / rjcet`vc ≭ 3
•
Ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-959 y õpt`eo
•
M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc
•
6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.)
30=
Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja
eurvc mj ecrdc mj : b`a.)
•
Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a
y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs)
•
•
Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 7.: / Eorr`jatj ≭ 7.:U
Ek`jatjs t`po 5
• Eoasubo 1 :7 hT / Djajrce`õa ; =:7 hVC
• Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ I / rjcet`vc ≭ 9
• Ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-959 y õpt`eo (jxejpto froatjrcs ek`jatj)
• M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc (jxejpto froatjrcs ek`jatj)
• 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.)
• Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja
eurvc mj ecrdc mj : b`a.)
• Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a
y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs)
•
Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 3 / Eorr`jatj ≭ 3
Ek`jatjs t`po =
• Eoasubo ≭ :7 hT y 1 3: hT
• Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ I / rjcet`vc ≭ 9
• Wujrto õpt`eo mj eobua`ece`oajs
• 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.)
• Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs
• Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a
y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs)
• Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 3 / Eorr`jatj ≭ 3
•
6
Wos`i`k`mcm mj sjr `atjdrcmo ja jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa y tjkjbjm`mc
Ek`jatjs t`po :
• Eoasubo ≭ 3: hT / Djajrce`õa ≭ 3: hVC
• Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ C / rjcet`vc ≭ 5
• Wujrto õpt`eo mj eobua`ece`oajs
• 3 bcxâbjtro (pjrâomo mj 3: b`a.)
• Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc
• Eurvc mj ecrdc< Jajrdâc Cet`vc y Yjcet`vc b`a. 5 bjsjs
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
30:
Yjd`stro cm`e`oack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj `atjrrupe`oajs ≪ 5b`a
y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs)
•
@atjdrcmo ja ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa y tjkjbjm`mc (kjeturc, pcrcbjtr`zce`õa,
eoatrok mj potjae`c)
•
Ja rjsubja, ja euckqu`jr bjrecmo js ajejscr`o rjck`zcr m`v`s`oajs, yc sjc por t`pos
mj ek`jatj, por potjae`cs o ekcsjs mj prje`s`õa, eoa jk oiljt`vo mj pomjr jaeclcr kcs
prjstce`oajs mjk eoatcmor c kcs ajejs`mcmjs mjk usucr`o ack mj kc jajrdâc.
Ja kos m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj ek`jatjs quj sj nca mja`mo ja àstj cpcrtcmo, ja tomos
jkkos
jk eoatcmor
mj jajrdâc
ao pujmj
sjr otro
qujforbcs
ua eoatcmor
bukt`fuae`õa.
jk s`du`jatj
cpcrtcmo
sj mjtckkca
ckduacs
mj kcs
bãs nci`tuckjs
quj Ja
sj
ut`k`zca pcrc kc bjm`mc mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Ja jk cpcrtcmo 6.6, sj mjscrrokkc jk
eoaejpto mj ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa, ja eucato c euckjs soa sus ecrcetjrâst`ecs
y pr`ae`pckjs fuae`oack`mcmjs.
Yjspjeto c kos eoatcmorjs quj mjaob`acbos t`po :, ncejr bjae`õa ck `bportcatj
rjto quj t`jaja, pr`ae`pckbjatj kcs m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc, pjro tcbi`àa kos
fcir`ecatjs, soirj ck ecbi`o mj tomo jk pcrquj mj eoatcmorjs, pr`ae`pckbjatj
bjeãa`eos, por eoatcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos eoa ecpce`mcm mj tjkjdjst`õa. Jstj js
ua rjto quj ckduacs jkàetr`ecs mj m`fjrjatjs pcâsjs yc nca jbpjzcmo, y supoaj
ua drca ecbi`o tcato pcrc kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc eobo mjk usucr`o ack,
yc quj jk s`stjbc pujmj pjrb`t`r c kc m`str`iu`morc eoajetcrsj ck eoatcmor mjk
usucr`o
Wcrc tjajr
uac rjfjrjae`c
pujmj kc
tjajr
eoatrctcmos
=,= hT,
kjjr jk
eoatcmor,ack.
y djst`oacr
jk sub`a`stro,
rjmue`jamo
potjae`c
eoatrctcmc
o eortcamo
y rjeoajetcamo jk sub`a`stro. Wcrc eobpkjtcr kc `aforbce`õa soirj àstj s`stjbc
mj tjkjdjst`õa, vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo 6.>.
6.: Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc
Kos eoatcmorjs bjeãa`eos quj murcatj buenos cóos nca s`mo kos kâmjrjs
`am`seut`ikjs mj kc bjm`mc mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec, aos nca cportcmo uac
`aforbce`õa buy iãs`ec, cuaquj murcatj buenos cóos sue`jatj. Or`d`ackbjatj
bjm`catj eobpkjlos s`stjbcs bjeãa`eos, yc fujsja `am`ecmorjs e`reukcrjs, mâd`tos
sjeujae`ckjs o euckqu`jr otrc forbc, aos nca propore`oacmo `aforbce`õa soirj jk
eoasubo mj jajrdâc cet`vc y postjr`orbjatj, soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc.
6
F`d. 6.4 - Eoatcmorjs t`po Fjrrcr`s
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
306
Eoa kc kkjdcmc mj kos eoatcmorjs jstãt`eos, tcbi`àa kkcbcmos eoatcmorjs
jkjetrõa`eos, sj cirj kc pos`i`k`mcm mj mcr ua `bportcatj sckto ja eucato c kc
`aforbce`õa quj soa ecpcejs mj eckeukcr. Jk njeno mj `atromue`r ua s`stjbc mj
bjm`mc jkjetrõa`eo quj pjrb`tc bjm`catj kc ecpturc mj bujstrcs mj kcs sjóckjs
mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, eckeukcr ua cbpk`o drupo mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, js s`a
mumc ua sckto tjeaokõd`eo.
Catj s mj eobj
Catjs
eobjatcr
atcr euck
euckjs
js soa kcs vcr`
vcr`cikj
cikjss quj pujm
pujmjj bjm`
bjm`rr ua eoat
eoatcmor
cmor js
`bportcatj eoaoejr mj quj m`st`atcs forbcs sj pujmj bjm`r kc tjas`õa y kc
eorr`jatj, y quj vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs prjsjatc ecmc uac mj jkkcs.
6.:.3 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa
Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa, ja kc bcyorâc mj kcs oecs`oajs, jk oiljt`vo js m`v`m`r
kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm 957 Vce y rjmue`rkc c uac tjas`õa bueno bãs pjqujóc quj
sjc m`rjetcbjatj bjm`ikj por ua proejscmor. Ja kc bcyorâc mj kcs oecs`oajs mjk
ormja mj vokt`os.
F`d. 6.> - Eoatcmorjs cat`duos
Ja ckduac oecs`õa, mjpjam`jamo mj s` jk eoatcmor tcbi`àa m`spoaj mj ecackjs mj
eobua`ece`oajs, sj pujmj pkcatjcr kc ope`õa mj quj kc rjfjrjae`c mj kc bjm`mc
mj kc tjas`õa jstà c`skcmc mj kc rjm, ja jstj ecso ck m`v`sor sj kj pujmj cócm`r ua
trcasforbcmor mj c`skcb`jato.
Eoatcmor eoa kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa c`skcmc<
6
F`d. 6.0 - Eoa bjm`mc mj tjas`õa c`skcmc
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
304
6.:.9 Bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj
Kos eoatcmorjs ut`k`zca jkjbjatos mj bjm`mc quj eoav`jrtja kc eorr`jatj ja
uac tjas`õa propore`oack (pcrc bãs `aforbce`õa, vjr ecpâtuko :). C eoat`auce`õa
vjrjbos kos m`st`atos s`stjbcs quj ut`k`zca kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc y euckjs
soa kcs pr`ae`pckjs vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs.
6.:.9.3 ]rcasforbcmor
]rcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc
Js ua jkjbjato por jk euck sj ncej pcscr kc eorr`jatj mj kc fcsj. Bjeãa`ecbjatj
eoas`stj
ja ua
bcdaàt`eo
mjvcacmo
uac mj
eorr`jatj
propore`oack
c kcaüekjo
quj e`reukc
por kceoa
fcsjuaquj
bjm`catjquj
uacjatrjdc
rjs`stjae`c
ecrdc
sj trcasforbc ja uac tjas`õa.
F`d. 6.37 - ]rcasforbcm
]rcasforbcmorjs
orjs mj bjm`mc
6.:.9.9 U`stjbc mj bjm`mc eoa Unuat
Eoas`stj ja ua jkjbjato rjs`st`vo quj sj `atjreckc ja jk e`reu`to mj eorr`jatj y
quj aos mc uac tjas`õa propore`oack c kc eorr`jatj quj e`reukc por kc fcsj.
F`d. 6.33 - Bjm`mc eoa Unuat
6.:.9.5 Uoamcs mj jfjeto Nckk
6
Uoa pcrje`mcs c kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj pjro s`a auekjo, por ko tcato
uac mj kcs vjatclcs js quj jk eostj js bueno bãs eobpjt`t`vo.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
30>
6.:.9.= Uoamcs drcm`obàtr`ecs
Uoa ioi`acs quj sj `atjdrca ja jk e`reu`to `bprjso y quj djajrca uac pjqujóc
sjóck propore`oack c kc eorr`jatj. Kc pr`ae`pck vjatclc js quj c m`fjrjae`c mjk rjsto
mj ope`oajs, ao js ajejscr`c su `atjdrce`õa bjeãa`ec ja jk eoatcmor yc quj
pujmj forbcr pcrtj mjk prop`o e`reu`to ja jk quj sj boatc kc jkjetrõa`ec.
]cikc eobpcrct`vc
eobpcrct `vc
]`po mj soamc
Vjatclcs
@ a eoa vj a` j at j s
]rcasforbcmor
K c bj m ` m c j s t ã c ` s k c m c .
Jk eostj js jk bãs jkjvcmo
Js ecpcz mj bjm`r
eorr`jatjs buy iclcs.
mj kos m`st`atos s`stjbcs.
U nu at
Jk e o s t j j s b u y
eobpjt`t`vo. Js buy fãe`k
mj cmcptcr bjeãa`ecbjatj
Kc bjm`mc ao jstã c`skcmc.
Cuto-eckjatcb`jat
Cuto-eck
jatcb`jatoo c
eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs.
D r cm ` ob àt r ` e c s
Eo s t j bu y e o bp j t ` t ` v o
]rciclc eoa eorr`jatjs buy
pjqujócs quj ajejs`tca
buenc cbpk`ece`õa.
]cikc 6.6 - ]cikc eobpcrct`vc mj sokue`oajs ja kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj
Eoa kcs forbcs mj bjm`r kc tjas`õa y kc eorr`jatj quj njbos v`sto, jk eoatcmor
jkjetrõa`eo bujstrjc cbics sjóckjs y rjck`zc tomos kos eãkeukos ajejscr`os pcrc
oitjajr kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos.
F`d. 6.39 - Bujstrc mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj
Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj kcs potjae`cs js ajejscr`o ncejr opjrce`oajs eoa kcs bujstrcs
mj tjas`õa y mj eorr`jatj, ja jk ecso mj kc potjae`c cet`vc eoas`stj ja bukt`pk`ecr
kcs bujstrcs mj tjas`õa por kcs mj eorr`jatj.
6
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
300
F`d. 6.35 - Eãkeuko mj potjae`c
Ja jk ecso mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc js ajejscr`o mjspkczcr kc eorr`jatj 07¼ catjs
mj bukt`pk`ecr kcs bujstrcs. Wcrc jkko sj ut`k`zc kc trcasforbcmc mj ‛N`kijrt‒ quj
js ua ckdor`tbo bctjbãt`eo quj pjrb`tj mjspkczcr kcs bujstrcs bcatja`jamo kc
`aujae`c mj kos crbõa`eos.
F`d. 6.3= - ]rcasforbcm
]rcasforbcmor
or mj N`kijrt
Kos pr`ae`pckjs pcrãbjtros quj b`mj jk eoatcmor soa kos s`du`jatjs<
Dr u p o
Wc r ãb jt r os
Ja j r d â c s
Ce t ` v c ( h T n ) , Yj c e t ` v c ( h v c r n )
Wo t j a e ` c s
Cet`vc (hTn), Yjcet`vc (hvcrn), Cpcrjatj (hVC)
Wcrãbjtro
Wcrã
bjtross jkàetr`eos
jkàetr`eos
]jas`õ
jas`õaa (V), Eorr`j
Eorr`jatj
atj (C),
(C), Frjeujae
Frjeujae`c
`c (Nz),
(Nz), Fcetor
Fcetor mj potjae
potjae`c
`c
6
]cikc 6.4 - Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj jk eoatcmor
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
977
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
6.6 Eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`oa
C m`fjrja
m`fjrjae`c
e`c mj kos eoatcmo
eoatcmorjs
rjs bjeãa`eos,
bjeãa`eos, kos
kos eoatcmorjs
eoatcmorjs jstãt`eo
jstãt`eos,
s, o popukcrbja
popukcrbjatj
tj
mjaob`acmos jkjetrõa`eos, soa eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, quj eobo su prop`o
aobirj `am`ec, soa ua jqu`pos eobpcetos quj `atjdrca m`fjrjatjs fuae`oajs<
eoatcmor, rjd`strcmor, tcr`ecmor, bcxâbjtro y bõmuko mj eobua`ece`oajs.
Ja kos s`du`jatjs cpcrtcmos, sj mjtckkc ecmc uac mj kcs fuae`oajs quj pujmj
rjck`zcr ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa.
6.6.3 Eoatcmor mj jajrdâc
Kc fuae`õa mj eoatcmor, js kc ajejs`mcm iãs`ec quj sj rjqu`jrj mj ua eoatcmor
mj jajrdâc. Bjm`catj kc bjm`mc mj tjas`õa j `atjas`mcm, jk jqu`po js ecpcz mj
bjm`r kc jajrdâc. Kc bcyorâc mj kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, soa eoatcmorjs
eobi`acmos, ko quj s`da`ec js quj b`mja tcato jajrdâc cet`vc eobo jajrdâc
rjcet`vc. Kc jajrdâc cet`vc, mjij sjr ceubukcmc ja mos totck`zcmorjs m`fjrjatjs
sjdüa su sjat`mo, js mje`r, ua eoatcmor pcrc kc jajrdâc cet`vc `bportcmc
(eoasub`mc) y otro eoatcmor pcrc kc jajrdâc cet`vc jxportcmc (djajrcmc).
Uoirj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc, jk eoatcmor, ao sokcbjatj t`jaj quj sjr ecpcz
mj sjpcrcr kc `bportce`õa mj kc jxportce`õa, s`ao quj t`jaj quj m`v`m`rkc por
eucmrcatjs. Ja kc f`durc quj s`duj, sj pujmja `mjat`f`ecr ecmc uao mj kos
eucmrcatjs, y t`pos mj jajrdâcs rjcet`vcs quj mjij sjpcrcr jk eoatcmor.
F`d. 6.3: - Eucmrcatjs mj jajrdâc
Ja rjsubja, ua eoatcmor eobi`acmo bukt`fuae`õa, mjij mj sjr ecpcz mj bjm`r
eobo bâa`bo sj`s t`pos mj jajrdâc<
6
•
Jajrdâc cet`vc jatrcmc (ua`mcmjs< hTn)
•
Jajrdâc cet`vc sck`mc (ua`mcmjs< hTn)
•
Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S3 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn)
•
Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S9 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn)
•
Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S5 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn)
•
Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S= (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn)
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
973
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Vàcsj cpcrtcmo 6.: y jk ecpâtuko :, pcrc eoaoejr eobo jk eoatcmor b`mj kos
pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, pcrc kkjdcr c eoatcr y rjd`strcr kos m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj jajrdâc.
6.6.9 Yjd`strcmor
Murcatj buenos cóos, jk rjd`strcmor, jrc ua m`spos`t`vo sjpcrcmo mjk eoatcmor mj
jajrdâc, euyc fuae`õa jrc kc mj rjd`strcr kos mctos norcr`os mj kcs jajrdâcs bjm`mcs
por jk eoatcmor. Ja kc cetuck`mcm kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa `atjdrca jk rjd`strcmor.
Kc b`s`õa mj ua rjd`strcmor, js kc mj ckbcejacr rjd`stros mj jajrdâc eoa uac
pjr`om`e`mcm mj
lcmc.
Ja jk
Jspcóc,
kos rjd`stros.
rjd`strcmorjs
quj pujmj
tjajr uac
profuam`mcm
rjd`stro
mjecso
eõbomjbâa`bo
=.777
Àstc t`jaja
ecpce`mcm
sjr
mupk`ecmc, mjpjam`jamo mjk t`po mj sub`a`stro o ek`jatj. Cetuckbjatj kos eoatcmorjs
bukt`fuae`õa, sj prodrcbca eoa pjrâomos mj 67 b`autos, ko quj ko eoav`jrtj ja kc
mjaob`acmc eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c. U` jk jqu`po t`jaj quj m`spoajr mj ua sjduamo
rjd`stro mj jajrdâcs, àstj sj prodrcbc eoa uac pjr`om`e`mcm mj 3: b`autos, y js kc
eurvc eucrto-norcr`c.
Kcs jajrdâcs quj sj rjd`strca ja àstcs eurvcs mj ecrdc, soa kcs 6 jajrdâcs
mjser`tcs ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or (6.6.3). C eoat`auce`õa, sj bujstrc c bomo mj
jljbpko, uac eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c mjsecrdcmc mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc.
Jt ` quj t c t ` jb po
h Tn +
hT n -
hvc rn
S3
hvcrn
S9
hvcrn
S5
hvcrn
S=
73 < 77 94 / 79 / 70
79 < 77 94 / 79 / 70
@ av ` jr a o
@ av ` jr a o
3= 53: :
3= 565 0
7
7
4 34=
4 935
7
7
7
7
0 63 6
063 6
75 < 77 94 / 79 / 70
@ av ` jr a o
3= =39 5
7
4 94 7
7
7
063 6
7 =< 77 9 4/ 79 / 70
@ av ` jr a o
3= == 9=
7
459 6
7
7
063 6
7 :< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0
@ av ` jr a o
3= =: =6
7
454 >
7
7
063 0
7 6< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0
@ av ` jr ao
3 ==0 35
7
45> >
7
7
06 53
7 4< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0
@ a v ` jr ao
3 =:5 03
7
45> >
7
7
06 6=
7 >< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0
@ a v ` jr ao
3 =:> =9
7
45 09
7
7
04 7=
7 0< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0
@ a v ` j r ao
3 =: >=6
7
45 05
7
7
04 36
37< 77 94/ 79/ 70
@ a v ` j r ao
3 =: >:7
7
45 04
7
7
04 95
]cikc 6.> - Eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c
Ja àstj jljbpko mj eurvc mj ecrdc, sj pujmj oisjrvcr quj ao ncy vckorjs ja kcs
eokubacs mj hTn -, S9 y S5. Jsto js porquj jk puato mj bjm`mc sokcbjatj js
mj `bportce`õa, js mje`r soko ncy eoasubo mj jajrdâc.
6
Jk rjd`strcmor mj ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa, tcbi`àa pujmj tjajr kc ecpce`mcm mj
ckbcejacr, jvjatos y e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa . Kos jvjatos, soa suejsos quj
t`jaj jk eoatcmor, tckjs eobo ecbi`os ja kc prodrcbce`õa, fckkos mj tjas`õa,
`ae`mjae`cs ja eobua`ece`oajs, jte. Wor otro kcmo, kos mjaob`acmos e`jrrjs mj
fceturce`õa, soa rjd`stros bjasuckjs mj kcs jajrdâcs y bcxâbjtros tcr`ecmos,
rjd`strcmos murcatj ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo (mjs mjk catjr`or e`jrrj mj fceturce`õa)
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
979
6.6.5 ]cr`ecmor
Kc fuae`õa mj tcr`ecmor, js kc ecpce`mcm mj m`ser`b`acr por tcr`fcs, ua üa`eo
eoasubo mj jajrdâc. Kos eoatcmorjs eoa kc fuae`õa mj tcr`ecmor, t`jaja kc
ecpce`mcm mj prodrcbcr ua eckjamcr`o eoa uac m`ser`b`ace`õa tcr`fcr`c. Ja
jstj eckjamcr`o sj mjf`aja uacs tjbporcmcs, quj pujmja sjr por jljbpko
`av`jrao y vjrcao. ]cbi`àa sj mjaja uaos pjrkjs m`cr`os, quj sj cs`daca c
kcs tjbporcmcs mja`mcs. Mj àstc forbc jk eoatcmor js ecpcz mj m`ser`b`acr kc
jajrdâc por tcr`fcs, vcr`camo kc m`ser`b`ace`õa, ja fuae`õa mjk mâc mjk cóo y mj kc
frcalc norcr`c mjatro mj ecmc pjrk mj mâc.
Ja jk bjrecmo jkàetr`eo jspcóok, js mj oik`dctor`o eubpk`b`jato quj kos
eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc m`spoadca mj ncstc 5 eckjamcr`os prodrcbcmos, o ko quj
ja jk eoatcmor sj mjaob`ac eoatrctos. Jk rjsuktcmo ack js quj kc b`sbc jajrdâc
bjm`mc ja ua puato, sj pujmj tcr`ecr mj trjs forbcs m`fjrjatjs.
6.6.= Bcxâbjtro
Jk bcxâbjtro js jk pcrãbjtro quj ut`k`zc kc eobpcóâc jkàetr`ec pcrc kc fceturce`õa
mjk tàrb`ao mj potjae`c. Jk bcxâbjtro mc kc potjae`c `astcatãajc probjm`cmc
murcatj ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo. Kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, js ua vckor prodrcbcikj ja
eucato c su pjrâomo mj `atjdrce`õa, y cuaquj aorbckbjatj jk pcrãbjtro jkàetr`eo
quj sj cs`dac ck eãkeuko mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, js kc potjae`c cet`vc (hT), ja
ckduaos ecsos kc vcr`cikj cs`dacmc js kc potjae`c cpcrjatj (hVC).
Ja kc s`du`jatj drãec, sj rjprjsjatc, pcrc ua pjrâomo mj 3: b`autos, kc potjae`c
`astcatãajc ja hT. Jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, murcatj jstos 3: b`autos, ckbcejac
tjbporckbjatj kos vckorjs mj kcs potjae`cs `astcatãajcs mj jstj pjrâomo. Ck
ack mjk b`sbo, rjck`zc ua probjm`o mj kos vckorjs rjd`strcmos. Jstj probjm`o
js jk vckor mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc pcrc àstj pjrâomo, quj ja àstj ecso sjrâc
cprox`bcmcbjatj mj 577 hT.
6
F`d. 6.36 - Drãec mj potjae`c
U` jk eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa js tcr`ecmor y bcxâbjtro, m`spoamrã mj tcatos vckorjs
mj bãx`bcs mjbcamcs eobo tcr`fcs prodrcbcmcs, yc quj m`spoaj mj rjd`stros
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
975
mj bcx`bjtros `amjpjam`jatjs pcrc ecmc frcalc tcr`fcr`c, csâ eobo ua vckor totck
quj sjrã jk bcyor mj tomcs kcs bãx`bcs tcr`ecmcs.
6.6.: Bõmuko mj eobua`ece`oajs
]omos kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, m`spoaja mj eõbo bâa`bo ua pujrto õpt`eo,
por jk quj sj pujmj cmjbãs mj prodrcbcr, mjsecrdcr tomc kc `aforbce`õa quj
ckbcejaca. Cmjbãs, y sjdüa kos bomjkos y vcr`catjs mj ecmc fcir`ecatj, pujmj
`aeorporcr pujrtos sjr`j jkàetr`eos.
Ja jk ecso mjk bjrecmo jspcóok, kos eoatcmorjs tr`fãs`eos, mjija m`spoajr mj
eõbo bâa`bo, ua pujrto õpt`eo y ua sjr`j, cm`e`oackbjatj sj pujmj cbpk`cr eoa
ua sjduamo pujrto sjr`j o Jtnjrajt, pcrc quj jk usucr`o ack pujmc mjsecrdcr
kos mctos, o i`ja por `atjdrcrko mjatro mj ua s`stjbc mj eoatrok jajrdàt`eo t`po
UECMC. Ja ckduacs oecs`oajs, jk soportj fâs`eo mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs js kc
prop`c rjm, mcamo kudcr c kos eobua`ece`oajs WKE Wowjr K`aj Eobbua`ect`oas).
6.4 Eobua`ece`oajs y protoeokos
Murcatj buenos cóos kc üa`ec forbc pos`ikj mj oitjajr `aforbce`õa mj kos
eoatcmorjs fuj kc kjeturc bcauck mjk `am`ecmor bjeãa`eo. Eoa kc `atromuee`õa
mj kos eoatcmorjs jstãt`eos icscmos ja jk m`sjóo jkjetrõa`eo, cpcrje`õ kc
pos`i`k`mcm
mj `atromue`r
ua mj
`atjrfcej
quj pjrb`tâc
eoa ykc ackbjatj,
cyumc mj ua
ecijzck jxtjrao,
kc kjeturc
ckduaosõpt`eo
pcrãbjtros
jkàetr`eos,
kc
m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj ecackjs YU959, YU=>: j `aekuso Jtnjrajt nca njeno quj kos
eoatcmorjs mjlja mj sjr ua jkjbjato c`skcmo y pcsja c sjr ua aomo bãs mj uac
rjm mj eobua`ece`oajs.
F`d. 6.34 - Eobua`ece`õa eoa jk eoatcmor
Eoa kc cpcr`e`õa mj kc pos`i`k`mcm mj ecptcr `aforbce`õa mjk eoatcmor bjm`catj
ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs ecmc fcir`ecatj jbpjzõ c trciclcr eoa protoeokos
prop`os yc quj ja kc fcsj `a`e`ck ao jx`stâc a`adüa jstãamcr cpk`ecikj.
6
Eoa jk pcso mjk t`jbpo jbpjzcroa c cpcrjejr protoeokos jstãamcr quj
pjrb`t`jroa quj eoatcmorjs mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs pum`jrca ut`k`zcr ua b`sbo
kjaduclj mj eobua`ece`õa.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
97=
C eoat`auce`õa eobjatcrjbos kos protoeokos bãs `bportcatjs quj sj jstãa
ut`k`zcamo ja kc cetuck`mcm, cpk`ecmos ja kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc.
6.4.3 @JE 63374
Catjr `orbjatj
Catjr`orb
jatj kkcb
kkcbcmo
cmo @JE3374 , js ua moeubjato `atjrace`oack jstãamcr quj
mjser`ij ua protoeoko jxtjascbjatj uscmo pcrc kjjr eoatcmorjs mj fceturce`õa
ja kc Za`õa Juropjc. Jk @JE 63374 sj eoas`mjrc rjjbpkczcmo por jk @JE 697:6,
pjro sj s`duj ut`k`zcamo porquj js s`bpkj y buy cejptcmo. Javâc mctos ja
CUE@@ ut`k
ut`k`zcam
`zcamoo ua pujrt
pujrtoo sjr`
sjr`j.
j. Kos bjm`o
bjm`oss mj eobua
eobua`ece
`ece`õa
`õa fâs`
fâs`eos
eos soa eoa
bomukce`õa mj kc kuz, jav`cmos eoa ua m`omo KJM y rje`i`mos eoa ua fotom`omo,
o ua pcr mj ecikjs, por ko djajrck ua YU-=>:. Jk protoeoko sõko pjrb`tj jav`cr o
rje`i`r, y ao pujmj trciclcr mj forbc s`buktãajc.
Jstc aorbc js kc quj mjaj eobo nc mj sjr jk ncrmwcrj mj kc eoajx`õa õpt`ec.
6.4.9 @JE 67>47-:-379
Jk @JE 67>47-:-379 js ua protoeoko jstãamcr `atjrace`oack,
`atjrace`oack, puik`ecmo por jk @JE
ck pr`ae`p`o mj kos cóos 07. Wjrb`tj kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj uac ua`mcm ejatrck
ejatrck y
vcr`os eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc.
Jk protoeoko jstã icscmo ja kc crqu`tjeturc JWC (Jancaejm Wjrforbcaej
Cre
Cren`t
n`tjet
jeturj
urj))Jky @JE
mjaj
mj
aj sõk
sõkoo kc ecp
ecpc
fâs`e
fâs
`ec,
c, kc mj jak
jakcej
cej
y kc mj mj
cpk`ec
cpk
`ece`õ
e`õaa mj
bomjko
OU@.
67>47-:-379
sjcusc
iãs`ecbjatj,
eoa bjm`os
trcasb`s`õa
kjatos.
Eucamo ja jk bjrecmo jspcóok jbpjzcroa c cpcrjejr eoatcmorjs tr`fãs`eos
jkjetrõa`eos, ecmc fcir`ecatj mje`m`õ `aeorporcr ck jqu`po jk protoeoko quj ja
cqujk bobjato eoas`mjrõ cmjeucmo, ckduaos mj jkkos `aekuso prop`jtcr`os mjk
fcir`ecatj. Frjatj c jstc e`reuastcae`c, YJJ eobo rjspoascikj mj kc kjeturc
rjbotc mj kos eoatcmorjs mjst`acmos c kos drcamjs eoasub`morjs, mje`m`õ
`atjatcr eorrjd`r jstc s`tuce`õa y propuso jstj jstãamcr pcrc kc kjeturc mj kos
eoatcmorjs. Eobo rjsuktcmo mj cqujkkc propujstc cpcrje`jroa m`fjrjatjs fcsjs<
Ja uac pr`bjrc fcsj sj `aeorporõ c tomos kos eoatcmorjs tr`fãs`eos `astckcikjs
ja Jspcóc jk protoeoko @JE >47-:-379 pcrc kc kjeturc mj cqujkkos pcrãbjtros quj
•
ajejs`tcic YJJ pcrc eoatrokcr jk ickcaej jajrdàt`eo.
• Ja uac sjduamc fcsj kc eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs, trciclcamo mj forbc eoaluatc
mja`jroa uac sjduamc pcrtj quj kjs pjrb`t`jrc eoadurcr tomos kos jqu`pos mj kc
b`sbc forbc. Jk rjsuktcmo fuj quj sj mja`jroa kos eobcamos ajejscr`os pcrc quj kcs
tcr`fcs, jk eoatrok mj kos e`jrrjs, kcs potjae`cs eoatrctcmcs, jte, sj pum`jrca prodrcbcr
mj kc b`sbc forbc.
Ja uac tjrejrc fcsj sj mja`jroa uac sjr`j mj pcrãbjtros csoe`cmos c kc eck`mcm
mj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm y kos eobcamos ajejscr`os pcrc su eoadurce`õa y kjeturc.
•
6
6.4.5 MKBU
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
97:
Jk MKBU (Mjv`ej Kcaducdj Bjsscdj spje`ect`oa) js ua kjaduclj cistrceto
ua`vjrsck pcrc kc jstcamcr`zce`õa mj kc eobua`ece`õa mj bjm`mc mjatro mj @JE.
MKBU js ua jstãamcr ci`jrto y nc s`mo puik`ecmo eobo @JE 6355=-=-=3. MKBU
jstc ci`jrto c otros t`pos mj eoatcmorjs m`fjrjatjs c kos mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
eobo kos mj dcs, eckor, cduc jte.
Oiljt`vos mjk MKBU
• Eobpct`ikj<
Zao mj kos oiljt`vos js dcrcat`zcr kc `atjropjrci`k`mcm mj kos jqu`pos mj
m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs.
•
@amjpjam`jatj<
MKBU js `amjpjam`jatj mjk bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa ut`k`zcmo y dcrcat`zc kc
`atjropjrci`k`mcm mj eoatcmorjs mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs ja s`stjbcs mj
eobua`ece`õa bukt`bjm`c y cpk`ece`oajs bukt`fuae`oackjs.
• Jxpcam`ikj<
MKBU fce`k`tc kc cbpk`ce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs jx`stjatjs. Ao js ajejscr`o cmoptcr
postjr`orjs jqu`pos mj eobua`ece`õa. Jsto sj trcmuej ja bjaorjs eostjs
djajrckjs y eoadurce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs bãs s`bpkj.
Jk MKBU js uao mj kos protoeokos euyo uso sj jstã jxtjam`jamo ao sõko por tomc
Juropc, s`ao por jk rjsto mjk buamo. Jk njeno mj quj sj ncyc puik`ecmo uac @JE
eobo jstãamcr ci`jrto nc fce`k`tcmo quj buencs eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs ncyca
icscmo ja jk sus proyjetos mj tjkjdjst`õa.
6.> Djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc
Kos eoatcmorjs quj eubpkja eoa kc jspje`ece`õa mj s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa
cetuckbjatj `atjdrca ko quj sj eoaoej eobo ua jkjbjato mj eortj. Jstj m`spos`t`vo pjrb`tj mj forbc rjbotc eoatrokcr jk sub`a`stro.
6
F`d. 6.3> - Jkjbjato mj eortj `atjdrcmo
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
976
Jx`stja mos drcamjs fuae`oajs csoe`cmcs c jstj jkjbjato<
Kc pr`bjrc eoas`stj ja kc pos`i`k`mcm mj quj mj forbc rjbotc (ut`k`zcamo kc prop`c
rjm jkàetr`ec eobo bjm`o mj eobua`ece`oajs), jk eoatcmor rje`ic kc ormja mj
eortcr jk sub`a`stro mj usucr`o ack y postjr`orbjatj mj rjpoajrko.
F`d. 6.30 - Djst`õa rjbotc mj kc mjbcamc
Jstc pos`i`k`mcm pjrb`t`rã c kcs eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs eortcr jk sub`a`stro mj forbc
rjbotc ja kos s`du`jatjs ecsos<
Wor `bpcdo< Ja ecso mj quj jk usucr`o ack ao cioaj kos rje`ios eorrjspoam`jatjs,
y mjspuàs mj sjdu`r tomos kos pcsos quj kjdckbjatj jstãa mja`mos, sjrã pos`ikj
•
eortcr jk sub`a`stro y rjpoajrko postjr`orbjatj s`a ajejs`mcm mj mjspkczcrsj ck
mob`e`k`o.
Wor sjdur`mcm< U` sj supjrc jk fcetor mj s`buktcaj`mcm mj ecrdc eoa jk quj jstãa
m`bjas`oacmos kos trcasforbcmorjs mj kos ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, sjrã pos`ikj
mjseoajetcr ckduaos cioacmos catjs mj quj sj promuzec uac s`tuce`õa erât`ec.
•
6
F`d. 6.97 - Eoatrok totck mj kc mjbcamc
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
974
Otrc pos`ikj s`tuce`õa sjrâc quj frjatj c kc `bpos`i`k`mcm mj cubjatcr kc
ecpce`mcm mj djajrce`õa frjatj c ua p`eo mj mjbcamc, kc üa`ec pos`i`k`mcm por
pcrtj mj kc eobpcóâc jkàetr`ec sjc mjseoajetcr ecrdcs mobàst`ecs mj forbc
eoatrokcmc jv`tcamo mj jstc forbc jk eokcpso jkàetr`eo.
Kc otrc fuae`õa mjk jkjbjato mj eortj js k`b`tcr kc potjae`c eoasub`mc por jk
usucr`o. Ja kc bcyorâc mj kos jatoraos mobàst`eos jx`stja m`spos`t`vos bjeãa`eos
euyc fuae`õa js k`b`tcr kc potjae`c eoasub`mc. Ja jk futuro sjrãa kos prop`os
eoatcmorjs kos quj `atjdrja jstc fuae`õa cportcamo kcs s`du`jatjs vjatclcs<
•
Ja jk ecso mj quj sj supjrj kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc jk eoatcmor mjseoajetcrã jk
sub`a`stro y jk usucr`o mjijrã mjseoajetcr ckduacs ecrdcs ncstc jstcr por mjiclo
mjk bãx`bo eoatrctcmo. Ja jstj ecso jk eoatcmor ut`k`zc su ‛U`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa
por mjtjee`õa mj e`reu`to ci`jrto‒ y ja eucato mjtjetj quj jk usucr`o nc ci`jrto y nc
vujkto c ejrrcr jk `atjrruptor djajrck, mj forbc cutobãt`ec rjpoamrã jk sub`a`stro. Ja
jk ecso mj quj ao ncyca mjseoajetcmo kcs ecrdcs soircatjs, mjspuàs mj jljeutcr kc
bca`oirc mj sjdur`mcm, jk eoatcmor vokvjrã c cir`r jk e`reu`to, eortcamo jk sub`a`stro.
F`d. 6.93 - U`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa
Otrc mj kcs vjatclcs quj cportc jstj s`stjbc js quj kc potjae`c bãx`bc js
eoadurcikj rjbotcbjatj ja jk ecso mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, ko quj pjrb`tj mcr
rjspujstc c uac pjt`e`õa mj cbpk`ce`õa mj potjae`c s`a ajejs`mcm mj mjspkczcrsj
ncstc jk mob`e`k`o.
•
Wor ükt`bo tjajbos kc pos`i`k`mcm mj prodrcbcr uac eoas`dac mjk kâb`tj mj potjae`c
pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs tcr`fcs, por ko tcato, jstj bjeca`sbo aos pujmj pjrb`t`r cmjeucr
kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj djajrce`õa eoa kos kâb`tjs mj eoasubo.
•
F`d. 6.99 - Eoatrok mj potjae`c por tcr`fcs
6
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
97>
6.>.3 Djst`õa pcs`vc mj kc mjbcamc
Kc `mjc mj kc djst`õa pcs`vc js mcr `aforbce`õa ck usucr`o ack cejrec mj euãk
js su eoasubo rjck ja euckqu`jr bobjato y su `aujae`c ja kcs jb`s`oajs mj
EO9. Otrc pos`i`k`mcm js mcr `aforbce`õa c kos usucr`os cejrec mj tcr`fcs bãs
jeoaõb`ecs eoa kc `mjc mj djst`oacr bjlor su mjbcamc.
F`d. 6.95 - Djst`õa pcs`vc mj kc mjbcamc
6.>.9 Djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc
Womjbos `atromue`r ua m`spos`t`vo ecpcz mj eoajetcr y mjseoajetcr kcs ecrdcs
mobàst`ecs ao erât`ecs, por jljbpko kc kcvcmorc, jk kcvcvcl`kkcs, jte. Wor ko tcato
mjpjam`jamo mj kc tcr`fc o mjpjam`jamo mj kc ecpce`mcm mj djajrce`õa mj
jajrdâc sjrã pos`ikj mje`m`r mj forbc cutobãt`ec eobo m`str`iu`r jk eoasubo mj
jajrdâc.
F`d. 6.9= - Djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc
6.0 Fuae`oajs cm`e`oackjs
Kos eoatcmorjs bjeãa`eos nca tja`mo murcatj buencs màecmcs eobo üa`ec
b`s`õa propore`oacr uac bjm`mc f`cikj mj kc jajrdâc. Cetuckbjatj eoa kc
`aeorporce`õa mj kc jkjetrõa`ec js pos`ikj m`spoajr mj uac sjr`j mj fuae`oajs quj
cportca ua vckor cócm`mo c kc djst`õa mjk eoatcmor.
6
Jstcs fuae`oajs cm`e`oackjs jstãa csoe`cmcs c kc pos`i`k`mcm por pcrtj mjk
eoatcmor mj djst`oacr bõmukos mj jatrcmcs y mj sck`mcs.
C eoat`auce`õa
eoat`auce` õa vjrjbos
vjr jbos ckduacs
c kduacs mj kcs fuae`oajs bãs tâp`ecs
t âp`ecs csoe`cmcs c jstos
jsto s
bõmukos jspje`ckjs.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
970
6.0.3 Bõmukos mj jatrcmcs
Jx`stja ckduacs `astckce`oajs ja kcs quj jstãa boatcmos jkjbjatos bjeãa`eos
quj `am`eca por jljbpko kc tcr`fc cet`vc (rjkol tcr`fcr`o), o i`ja jk s`aeroa`sbo pcrc
jk pjr`omo mj eãkeuko mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, jte. Wcrc pomjr sjdu`r uscamo
jstos m`spos`t`vos jxtjraos, ja kos eoatcmorjs jstãt`eos pomjbos jaeoatrcr
jatrcmcs m`d`tckjs pcrc su djst`õa.
F`d. 6.9: - Bõmukos mj jatrcmcs
Jx`stja eoatcmorjs mj dcs y cduc quj jb`tja puksos propore`oackjs ck eoasubo. Jk
eoatcmor pujmj m`spoajr mj jatrcmcs quj pjrb`tca eoatci`k`zcr jstos `bpuksos, mj
forbc quj jk eoatcmor sj pujmj eoavjrt`r ja ua eoaejatrcmor mj bjm`mcs mjk jatorao
mobàst`eo y ceubukcr `aforbce`õa soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc, dcs y cduc.
6.0.9 Bõmukos mj sck`mcs
Jk eoatcmor pujmj `aeorporcr sck`mcs quj mja `bpuksos propore`oackjs ck
eoasubo mj jajrdâc. Js pos`ikj csoe`cr c ecmc uac mj kcs jajrdâcs quj
ceubukc jk eoatcmor uac sck`mc `amjpjam`jatj mj `bpuksos. Zac mj kcs pos`ikjs
cpk`ece`oajs mj jstos puksos js kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj kc `aforbce`õa provja`jatj mj
vcr`os jqu`pos, y kujdo bjm`catj ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs js pos`ikj ncejr
uac kjeturc rjbotc mj jstc `aforbce`õa.
6
F`d. 6.96 - Bõmukos mj sck`mcs
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
937
Otrc pos`ikj cpk`ece`õa mj kcs sck`mcs soa eobo `am`ecmorjs mj kcs tcr`fcs. Uj
pujmj csoe`cr jk jstcmo mj kos rjkàs mj sck`mc c kc eoajx`õa mj e`reu`tos quj
sõko mjija fuae`oacr eucamo mjtjrb`acmcs tcr`fcs jstãa cet`vcs, por jljbpko,
pomjbos jspjrcr c uac tcr`fc t`po vckkj pcrc eoajetcr ecrdcs quj ao soa erât`ecs.
6.37 Eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
6.37.3 @atromuee`õa c kc bjm`mc mj eck`mcm
Jk eoasubo jkàetr`eo jx`stj drce`cs c ua eoaluato mj cdjatjs quj `atjrv`jaja
c ko kcrdo mj tomo ua proejso. Jbpjzcamo por kc djajrce`õa, pcscamo por jk
trcasportj y kc m`str`iue`õa, ncstc kkjdcr ck eoasubo ack, kc jkjetr`e`mcm sufrj
uac sjr`j mj cktjrce`oajs quj ja oecs`oajs cfjetca mj forbc eoas`mjrcikj. Kcs
eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs jaecrdcmcs mj rjck`zcr kc m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
sj jaecrdca mj dcrcat`zcr quj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc eubpkc eoa uac sjr`j
mj pcrãbjtros, kos euckjs pujmja vcr`cr ja fuae`õa mj kc zoac djodrãec. Kcs
ecrdcs eoajetcmcs c kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa soa buy m`st`atcs, y c bjm`mc quj
jvokue`oac kc tjeaokodâc, buencs mj kcs ecrdcs tcbi`àa vcrâca y cfjetca c kc
jstci`k`mcm mjk eoaluato mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa.
Kcs `amustr`cs ut`k`zca ecmc vjz proejsos bãs sof`st`ecmos ja kos quj ncy
bãs jkjbjatos mj eoatrok, cutobct`zce`õa y rjdukce`õa, quj pjrb`tja rjck`zcr
proejsos mj forbc bãs cutobãt`ec y sjr bãs eobpjt`t`vos. Djajrckbjatj, jstcs
ecrdcs t`jaja uac drca sjas`i`k`mcm c kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa, catj kcs euckjs
provoeca bckos fuae`oacb`jatos y proikjbcs erât`eos ja kos proejsos. Wor otro
kcmo, ecmc vjz bãs kcs jbprjscs `av`jrtja ja bjm`r y eoatrokcr kc eck`mcm mjk
sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo pcrc jv`tcr uaos eostjs csoe`cmos djajrckbjatj c proejsos
promuet`vos.
Uj ncej `bprjse`am`ikj eoatrokcr ao soko kos eostjs csoe`cmos c kcs fcktcs mj
eoat`au`mcm mjk sub`a`stro, s`ao tcbi`àa kos csoe`cmos c kc fcktc mj eck`mcm mjk
sub`a`stro. Js mj v`tck `bportcae`c supjrv`scr jk iuja fuae`oacb`jato mj kc
`astckce`õa y mj kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c jstc, csâ eobo rjck`zcr uac eorrjetc
djst`õa jajrdàt`ec pcrc jv`tcr jxejsos mj eoasubo `aajejscr`os.
Kc dkoick`zce`õa mj kos bjrecmos, ncej tcbi`àa quj kos m`fjrjatjs `atjrkoeutorjs
`bpk`ecmos ja kos proejsos mj kc djajrce`õa, jk trcasportj y jk eoasubo mj
jajrdâc jkàetr`ec, tjadca kc ajejs`mcm mj ncikcr ja kos b`sbos tàrb`aos pcrc
cfroatcr kos aujvos rjtos futuros quj `bpk`eca uac opt`b`zce`õa tcato mj kcs
rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa eobo mj kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs. Wor jstj bot`vo,
kcs aorbct`vcs cetuckjs nceja bueno àafcs`s ja ut`k`zcr jkjbjatos quj b`mca
eoaforbj c uac sjr`j mj er`tjr`os mjtjrb`acmos pcrc fce`k`tcr csâ kc `atjrprjtce`õa
mj tomc kc `aforbce`õa.
6
Kc bjm`mc ja m`st`atos puatos mj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa ncej `am`spjascikj
m`spoajr mj jqu`pos quj csjdurja por ua kcmo uac vck`mjz cisokutc ja kc bjm`mc,
y por otro kcmo uac roiustjz eoatrcstcmc, ck jaeoatrcrsj ja jatoraos eobpkjlos.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
933
Jstos jqu`pos soa kos jqu`pos mj rjfjrjae`c pcrc eobpcóâcs jkàetr`ecs mj tomo
jk buamo ja jatoraos y rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa buy m`st`atcs. Ck b`sbo t`jbpo,
kcs jbprjscs opjrca ecmc vjz mj forbc bãs nci`tuck ja ua jatorao dkoick, quj
oik`dc c quj sjca bãs eobpjt`t`vcs y opt`b`eja sus proejsos. Wcrc jkko sj ncej
`am`spjascikj cack`zcr y jstum`cr kcs pjrturice`oajs jkàetr`ecs quj cfjetca c kos
proejsos promuet`vos mj kcs jbprjscs eoa jk oiljt`vo mj bjlorcr j `abua`zcr kcs
`astckce`oajs.
6.37.9 Aorbct`vc
Yjkct`vo c kos cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, tcato ja eobo t`jaja quj
bjm`r eobo ja quj t`jaja quj rjd`strcr, jx`stja pr`ae`pckbjatj 9 aorbct`vcs c
a`vjk juropjo, y soa< @JE-63777-=-57 y JA :7367
Wor otro kcmo, ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jx`stja mjerjtos quj puik`ec jk doi`jrao y
quj rjdukca, jatrj otros tjbcs, kos âam`ejs mj eck`mcm zoack o kos t`jbpos bjm`os
mj `atjrrupe`õa. ]omos
]omos àstos pcrãbjtros sj mjija rjd`strcr
rjd`strcr,, yc ao por jk usucr`o
ack, s` ao quj kc rjspoasci`k`mcm rjecj soirj kc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc, quj
mjij mj prjsjatcr sus âam`ejs mj eck`mcm ck mjpcrtcbjato mj @amustr`c.
Jk Yjck Mjerjto 30::/9777, ncikc jstcikjej uac sjr`j mj er`tjr`os k`djrcbjatj
m`st`atos mj kos quj jstcikjej kc aorbc JA :7367.
Wor jljbpko kc JA :7367, jat`jamj por `atjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa eucamo kc
tjas`õa ja kos puatos mj sub`a`stro ao supjrc jk 37% mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc.
]cbi`àa mjaj eobo `atjrrupe`õa mj kcrdc murce`õa, eucamo àstc js supjr`or c
5 b`autos y irjvj eucamo js `duck o `afjr`or c 5 b`autos.
Ja jk YM 30::/9777, mjaj quj kos kâb`tjs bãx`bos pcrc vcr`ce`oajs mj tjas`õa
mj ck`bjatce`õa c kos eoasub`morjs ackjs mjijrãa sjr `afjr`orjs ck 4% mj kc
tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ja kudcr mjk +/- 37% quj js ko quj jstcikjej
kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367.
6.37.9.3 @JE-63777-=-57
Zac mj kcs aorbct`vcs `atjrace`oackjs bãs jx`djatjs quj jx`stja cetuckbjatj
js kc aorbct`vc @JE-63777-=-57, quj jspje`ec eõbo kos cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm
mj sub`a`stro mjija rjck`zcr kcs bjm`mcs mj tomo ua eoaluato mj pcrãbjtros.
6
Mjatro mj jstc aorbct`vc, sj m`fjrjae`ca 5 ekcsjs< C, I y U. Ekcsj C sj rjsjrvc
c cqujkkos jqu`pos mj bãs prje`s`õa y bãs prjstce`oajs, kos euckjs mjija
eubpk`r mj forbc buy r`durosc eoa uac bjtomokodâc mj bjm`mc, y mjija tjajr
uac jkjvcmc prje`s`õa ja tomos kos pcrãbjtros quj b`mja. Cqujkkos jqu`pos
ejrt`ecmos eoa kc prje`s`õa ekcsj C mj jstc aorbct`vc, soa ut`k`zcmos eobo
jkjbjatos pctroajs y pujmja sjr uscmos kkjdcmo jk ecso c rjsokvjr euckqu`jr
t`po mj m`sputc. E@YEZ]OY, m`spoaj mj kc dcbc mj cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm SAC
sjr`j =77, quj eubpkja eoa jstcs jx`djatjs aorbct`vcs, s`jamo ja `astckce`oajs
buy m`vjrscs kos pctroajs mj bjm`mc ut`k`zcmos.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
939
Jk rjd`stro mj vckorjs n`stõr`eos pjrb`tj eoaoejr kc jvokue`õa y kc tjamjae`c
mj kc tjas`õa sub`a`strcmc y kc potjae`c eoasub`mc ja kc `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec,
pjrb`t`jamo cmjbãs `mjat`ecr caobckâcs quj `atjrjrca ja jk õpt`bo rjam`b`jato
mj kcs bãqu`acs y s`stjbcs eoajetcmos c kc rjm.
Cmjb ãs mjk rjd
Cmjbãs
rjd`st
`stro
ro mj kos m`f
m`fjrj
jrjatjs
atjs pcr
pcrãbj
ãbjtro
tross mj eck
eck`mc
`mcmm ja tja
tjas`õ
s`õa,
a, ncy
bomjkos mj cack`zcmorjs quj soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r eorr`jatj, por ko quj
m`spoaja mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos, tckjs eobo potjae`cs, jajrdâcs,
fcetorjs mj potjae`c, ]NM ja eorr`jatj, jte.
Euckqu`jr jvjato mj tjas`õa js pjrejpt`ikj mj oecs`oacr fuae`oacb`jatos
`acmjeucmos ja e`jrto t`po mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos. Yjd`strcamo jstcs `ae`mjae`cs
sjdüa kc aorbct`vc mj eck`mcm mj rjm @JE-63777-=-57 Ekcsj C, pjrb`tj `mjat`ecr
eoa jxcet`tum kcs ecuscs mj kcs cvjrâcs y tobcr csâ kcs bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs
ajejscr`cs pcrc b`a`b`zcr kos eostjs csoe`cmos c kc promuet`v`mcm.
6.37.9.9 JA-:7367
Kc aorbct`vc mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro c a`vjk juropjo sj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj
mj JA :7367. Kc cmcptce`õa c a`vjk jspcóok js kc aorbc ZAJ-JA:7367 .
Kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367 jstcikjej uacs eoam`e`oajs pcrc kos rjd`stros
cack`zcmos mj tjas`õa jecz, `ehjr y crbõa`eos. Ja eucato c tjas`õa jecz,
àstos rjd`stros sjrãa probjm`os mj 37 b`autos rjd`strcmos c ko kcrdo mj uac
sjbcac. Mj jstos rjd`stros, ua 0:% mjija jstcr jatrj jk +/- 37% mj kc tjas`õa
aob`ack.
Zac soirjtjas`õa ao jstã mja`mc eoa bãrdjajs ja kc aorbc ZAJ-JA:7367
y ja eucato ck t`jbpo mj murce`õa tca soko sj eobjatc quj kc murce`õa js
rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdc eucamo sj trctc mj uac soirjtjas`õa tjbporck c frjeujae`c
`amustr`ck.
Za nujeo mj tjas`õa sj jat`jamj eobo uac rjmuee`õa mj kc tjas`õa jatrj jk 07%
y jk 3% mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc murcatj ua t`jbpo eobprjam`mo jatrj 37 bs y 3
b`auto. Wor ükt`bo, sj eoas`mjrc `atjrrupe`õa eucamo kc tjas`õa iclc mjk 3% mjk
vckor aob`ack. Cmjbãs jx`stja vcr`os t`pos mj `atjrrupe`oajs<
Wrodrcbcmcs< eucamo jk usucr`o js `aforbcmo catjs quj sj promuzec
Cee`mjatck< ecuscmc por fckkos trcas`tor`os
t rcas`tor`os aorbckbjatj oecs`oacmos por jvjatos
jxtjraos. Kcs `atjrrupe`oajs cee`mjatckjs sj ekcs`eca ja<
6
•
Mj kcrdc murce`õa< 1 mj 5 b`autos
•
Mj eortc murce`õa< ≭ mj 5 b`autos
Ja eucato c `ehjr,
`ehjr, jx`stja mos tàrb`aos, jk pst y jk
jk pkt. Jk probjm`o murcatj 37
b`autos mj jstos vckorjs jecejs js jk eoaoe`mo eobo Wst. Uj eoas`mjrc quj jk
`ehjr js pjrejpt`ikj por jk olo nubcao eucamo jk Wst 1 3.
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
935
Wor otro kcmo tjajbos jk Wkt, quj ao js bãs quj jk ‛Âam`ej mj pjrejpt`i`k`mcm pcrc
t`jbpos kcrdos‒. Jstj vckor sj oit`jaj mj probjm`cr murcatj 9 norcs (js mje`r 39
vckorjs) mj Wst. Kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367 jstcikjej quj jk Wkt mjij sjr ≭ 3 pcrc
jk 0:% mj t`jbpo mj rjd`stro (3 sjbcac).
Ja ko quj c crbõa`eos sj rjjrj, c eoat`auce`õa sj bujstrc uac tcikc ja kc quj
sj jstcikjeja kos vckorjs bãx`bos pcrc ecmc ormja mj crbõa`eo ja tjas`õa ncstc
jk crbõa`eo 9: quj js ncstc moamj jstcikjej kc aorbc. Cmjbãs jk 0:% mj kos
vckorjs probjm`o mj ecmc tcsc `am`v`muck mjij jstcr por mjiclo mj kos vckorjs
jspje`ecmos ja kc tcikc.
C r bõ a ` e o s ` bp c r j s
C r bõ a ` e o s p c r j s
Ao b ük t ` pk o s m j 5
B ük t ` pk os mj 5
O r mj a
]jas`õa
rjkct`vc
Or m j a
]jas`õa
rjkct`vc
Or m j a
]jas`õa
rjkct`vc
:
6%
5
:%
9
9%
4
:%
0
3, : %
=
3%
33
5 ,: %
3:
7, : %
6 ...9 =
7 ,: %
35
5%
93
7, : %
34
9%
30
3 ,: %
95
3 ,: %
9:
3 ,: %
]cikc 6.0 - Vckorjs bãx`bos pcrc ecmc ormja mj crbõa`eo.
Ja eucato ck ]NM, àstj mjij sjr `afjr`or o `duck ck >% `aekuyjamo kos crbõa`eos
ncstc ormja =7.
6.33 Yjsubja
Ja jk prjsjatj ecpâtuko soirj kc bjm`mc jkàetr`ec sj nca ciormcmo tjbcs
rjkce`oacmos eoa kos eoatcmorjs nobokodcmos y kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. Uj
nca eobjatcmo tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa jk bjrecmo jkàetr`eo y jk bcreo kjdck
quj ko rjdukc, csâ eobo mjk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, mjsmj eobo b`mj kc jajrdâc
`atjracbjatj ncstc kos pcrãbjtros quj ckbcejac ja bjbor`c y kos mjsecrdc
bjm`catj m`fjrjatjs protoeokos mj eobua`ece`oajs. Wor ükt`bo tcbi`àa sj
nca eobjatcmo tjbcs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, tcato mj kos
pcrãbjtros quj pjrs`duj kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, eobo mj kc aorbct`vc juropjc
quj ko rjdukc.
6
Eobo eoaekus`oajs c àstj ecpâtuko, pomrâcbos mje`r quj jk eoatcmor js ua jqu`po
quj murcatj buenos cóos ao nciâc jvokue`oacmo, pjro mjatro mj kos 3: ükt`bos
cóos, nc jxpjr`bjatcmo jk ecbi`o mj kos eoatcmorjs bjeãa`eos c kos eoatcmorjs
jstãt`eos o jkjetrõa`eos. Kos eoatcmorjs cetuckjs soa jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos, quj
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
93=
`aeorporca ua b`eroproejscmor quj pjrb`tj eoavjrt`rkos ja jqu`pos bukt`fuae`õa,
eoa m`fjrjatjs pos`i`k`mcmjs
pos`i`k`mcmjs ja eobua`ece`oajs, quj ncej quj pujmc kkjdcr c
sjr ua cack`zcmor mj rjm bãs, mjatro mj ua s`stjbc mj djst`õa jajrdàt`eo, njeno
quj ncej ckduaos cóos, jrc totckbjatj `bpjascikj.
6.39 Yjfjrjae`cs
nttp<//www.uajsc.ajt
nttp<//www.objk.js
nttp<//www.rjj.js
nttp<//www.jajrd`cysoe`jmcm.js
nttp<//www.b`tye.js/
nttp<//www.eaj.js
nttp<//www.mkbs.eob
Moe< M`rjet`vc Juropjc 977=-99-EJ
Moe< ZAJ-JA :7=47-5-9774.pmf
Moe< ZAJ-JA :7=47-3-9774.pmf
Moe< Yjck Mjerjto 3337/9774
6
bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro
4 NJYYCB@JA]
NJYYCB@JA]CU
CU MJ BJM@MC P CAÃK@U@U MJ KC YJM
JKÀE]Y@EC
4.3 @atromuee`õa
Eobo yc cmjkcatãicbos ja jk ecpâtuko :, kc `astckce`õa mj cack`zcmorjs mj
rjmjs jkàetr`ecs mj t`po lo js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj. M`enos cack`zcmorjs
sj jaeujatrca prjsjatjs mjsmj kcs ejkmcs mj bjm`c tjas`õa ja suijstce`oajs
y ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, pcscamo por kos eucmros djajrckjs mj ceobjt`mc
y eucmros mj m`str`iue`õa ja iclc tjas`õa. Jk prop`o eoatcmor mj jajrdâc sujkj
`aeku`r ua cack`zcmor mj rjm, cpcrtj mj kcs fuae`oajs prop`cs pcrc kc bjm`mc y
tcr`ece`õa mj kc jajrdâc.
Kos ijajf`e`os quj ecmc usucr`o iusec oitjajr eoa kc `astckce`õa mj kos
cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs soa mj m`fjrjatj âamokj, cuaquj kos oiljt`vos mj tomos
jkkos sujkja sjr mj mos t`pos<
• Ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj mctos mj jxpkotce`õa mj uac bcajrc rjdukcr ja
jk t`jbpo. Jstos mctos soa mjk t`po pjrk mj eoasubo mj potjae`c cet`vc,
eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, eoasubos por sjee`oajs, jte.
• Ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj mctos rjd`strcmos ja ecso mj promue`rsj ckduac
`ae`mjae`c ja jk sub`a`stro. Jstos mctos soa ekcvj ja jk m`cdaõst`eo mj cvjrâcs
y ja kc pkca`ece`õa mj bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo
Ncstc jk prjsjatj, eucamo nc tja`mo kudcr kc prok`fjrce`õa mj `astrubjatos
jkjetrõa`eos icscmos ja b`eroproejscmor, kc rjeop`kce`õa mj mctos mj jxpkotce`õa
mj kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs `amustr`ckjs y/o eobjre`ckjs sj rjck`zcic mj
bcajrc bcauck, j `aekuso pomrâcbos mje`r quj ecs` crtjscack. Kos mctos quj bãs
frjeujatjbjatj sj rjeodâca jrca buy iãs`eos, tckjs eobo< Vckorjs mj kc tjas`õa,
jajrdâcs cet`vc y rjcet`vc y eos φ. ]omo jkko eoa jk a mj eoatrokcr iãs`ecbjatj
trjs eoscs< Kc eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro, kos eoasubos y pos`ikjs pjack`zce`oajs por
rjcet`vc. Kõd`ecbjatj kc rjeop`kce`õa bcauck mj m`enos mctos js eostosc, poeo
s`stjbãt`ec y propjasc c jrror y cmjbãs kc eck`mcm mj kc `aforbce`õa js poirj,
poeo prje`sc y bueno bjaos `astcatãajc.
Wrje`scbjatj, mj kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj `aforbce`õa cetuck y prje`sc,
ace`jroa kos pr`bjros cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs eoa eobua`ece`õa `aeorporcmc,
pum`àamosj eoajetcr ja rjm, moamj pujmja cetucr eobo s`stjbcs ‛bcstjr‒ eoa
rjeod`mc mj mctos o eobo jsekcvos mjatro mj ua ius mj eobua`ece`õa y s`jamo
kjâikjs (tjkj-kjeturc) mjsmj ua s`stjbc bcjstro quj eobpcrtj jk b`sbo ‛kjaduclj‒,
o bjlor m`eno, jk b`sbo protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa.
4
Kcs rjmjs `a`e`ckjs jrca buy rum`bjatcr`cs y rjkct`vcbjatj c`skcmcs por jk njeno
mj quj ecmc fcir`ecatj tjaâc su prop`o protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa. Jsto nc
jvokue`oacmo nce`c m`fjrjatjs s`stjbcs mj eobua`ece`õa jstãamcr, eobua`ecikjs
‛tomos eoa tomos‒, moamj ecmc `astrubjato o drupo mj `astrubjatos cportc
m`fjrjatjs vckorjs , sjdüa kcs ajejs`mcmjs(vjkoe`mcm mj ecpturc, ecpce`mcm
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
936
mj ckbcejaclj mj mctos, vjkoe`mcm mj eobua`ece`õa, jte.), cuaquj jk eoaejpto
iãs`eo s`duj s`jamo jk b`sbo, `astrubjatce`õa y tobc mj mje`s`oajs pr`bcr`cs
m`str`iu`mcs y rjeod`mc mj mctos y djst`õa c a`vjk mj s`stjbc ejatrck`zcmc.
Zao mj kos `aeoavja`jatjs quj pujmja prjsjatcrsj ja jk ecso mj `astrubjatce`õa
m`str`iu`mc ja pkcatcs buy jxtjascs, eoa ua s`stjbc ejatrck mj rjeod`mc y djst`õa
mj mctos, js prje`scbjatj kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj m`enc `aforbce`õa. Ja jk ecso
`mjck ja quj kos jqu`pos sj jaeujatrja tomos ui`ecmos ja uac ãrjc prõx`bc
eoa m`stcae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj eortcs jatrj jkkos, kc eobua`ece`õa c a`vjk koeck
js subcbjatj sjae`kkc c trcvàs mj ua s`bpkj ius mj ecbpo. Jk jakcej eoa ua
s`stjbc ejatrck (ormjacmor o WKE) pujmj rjqujr`r s`stjbcs mj eobua`ece`õa bãs
sost`ecmos c a`vjk mj ko quj sj mjaob`ac rjm mj ãrjc koeck (KCA). Ja otros
ecsos y mji`mo c kc m`spjrs`õa mj kos m`fjrjatjs eucmros jkàetr`eos c ko kcrdo mj
uac pkcatc o ja m`st`atos jm`e`os, kc eobua`ece`õa mjij ncejr uso eobi`acmo mj
iusjs mj ecbpo y KCA y rjqu`jrj, por supujsto, mj protoeokos bãs sost`ecmos.
Jk a`vjk mj jakcej pujmj kkjdcr `aekuso c jakczcr m`vjrscs pkcatcs s`tucmcs c
buenos h`kõbjtros mj m`stcae`c. Wcrc jstos ecsos kc rjm yc ao js ua s`bpkj ius
mj ecbpo o uac KCA mjm`ecmc, s`ao quj ncy quj rjeurr`r c kc rjm püik`ec mj
tjkjeobua`ece`oajs. Jstc jstrueturc js kc quj sj eoaoej nci`tuckbjatj eobo
TCA (mjk `adkàs T`mj Crjc Ajtworh, rjm mj ãrjc cbpk`c)
Jstj ecpâtuko mjk k`iro ao prjtjamj sjr ua trctcmo jxncust`vo soirj iusjs mj
eobua`ece`õa y soirj s`stjbcs mj jakcej KCA o TCA. Jk oiljt`vo iãs`eo js
mcr ua rjsubja mjser`pt`vo, eoa kos pr`ae`pckjs tàrb`aos k`adûâst`eos y kos mctos
tàea`eos jsjae`ckjs mj kc tjeaokodâc cetuck mj iusjs mj `astrubjatce`õa y eoatrok.
Uj mjser`i`rã kc jstrueturc fâs`ec (ecikjcmo) y kcs pr`ae`pckjs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj
kos m`fjrjatjs s`stjbcs mj trcasb`s`õa mj mctos y kos protoeokos mj eobua`ece`õa
(sj pujmj mja`r c ua protoeoko eobo jk `m`obc, kjaduclj o jstãamcr quj ut`k`zca
mos o bãs m`spos`t`vos jkjetrõa`eos pcrc ‛jatjamjrsj‒ y eobua`ecrsj jatrj sâ).
4
F`d. 4.3 - Drãeo ― Eurvc mj Ecrdc E`reutor
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
934
4.9 Eoaejptos iãs`eos soirj `astrubjatos ja rjm
Kc drca bcyorâc mj s`stjbcs eoa `astrubjatce`õa y eoatrok m`str`iu`mo eobi`aca
m`st`atos t`pos mj puatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrokcmorjs eoa bcyor o bjaor drcmo mj
`atjk`djae`c (proejscmorjs bãs o bjaos potjatjs). Ja eoaerjto, kos cack`zcmorjs
cack`zcmorjs
mj rjmjs, sujkja jstcr cdrupcmos ja uac rjm koeck mj iclo a`vjk, y mj pjqujóc
jxtjas`õa, eobua`ecmc ja ua bomo quj sj mjaob`ac ‛bcjstro-jsekcvo‒.
Wor ko djajrck, kos `astrubjatos mj kc rjm ‛bcjstro-jsekcvo‒ jstãa
`atjreoajetcmos bjm`catj jakcejs sjae`kkos y protoeokos buy s`bpkjs, forbcamo
ko quj sj mjaob`ac ua ‛ius mj ecbpo‒ mj iclo a`vjk. Ja jstj t`po mj iusjs,
sujkj ncijr ua aomo o `astrubjato ckdo bãs potjatj j ‛`atjk`djatj‒ quj jk rjsto,
quj sj mjaob`ac ‛Bcjstro‒ (Bcstjr) y quj s`rvj mj jakcej c otros proejscmorjs
mj a`vjk supjr`or ja kc rjm. Jk ‛bcjstro‒ pujmj sjr ua `astrubjato eoa proejscmor
bãs potjatj, ua cutõbctc prodrcbcikj (CW) o ua ormjacmor.
Jk jakcej kõd`eo jatrj jk ‛bcjstro‒ y jk rjsto mj aomos mjk ius koeck (‛jsekcvos‒)
js `amjpjam`jatjbjatj mj euck sjc jk ecikjcmo mj kc rjm (jakcej fâs`eo) y sj
rjck`zc mj forbc quj kos jsekcvos sõko rjspoamja c pjt`e`oajs mj `aforbce`õa
mjk bcjstro. Js mje`r jk protoeoko js s`jbprj prjduatc-rj
prjduatc-rjspujstc,
spujstc, `a`e`cmc por jk
bcjstro y jk jsekcvo ao trcasb`tj c bjaos quj sjc `atjrrodcmo. Csâ sj jv`tc kc
eok`s`õa ja kc rjm mj m`st`atos pjr`fàr`eos ncikcamo ck b`sbo t`jbpo. Ja ecbi`o,
oisàrvjsj quj tomos kos `astrubjatos mj kc rjm rje`ija tomc kc `aforbce`õa
quj e`reukc por kc rjm. C vjejs, ja jk crdot mj eobua`ece`oajs, kos tàrb`aos
trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r sj sust`tuyja por ‛ncikcr‒ y ‛jseuencr‒. M`râcbos jatoaejs
quj jk ‛bcjstro‒ pujmj ncikcr s`jbprj y kos ‛jsekcvos‒ ncikca sõko eucamo soa
`atjrrodcmos. C jstc tàea`ec sj kc eoaoej c vjejs eobo ‛pokk`ad‒.
Otro cspjeto c eoas`mjrcr js ¿eõbo sj `mjat`ec ecmc `astrubjato ja kc rjm?
Wujs i`ja, pcrc `mjat`ecr kos m`st`atos `astrubjatos mj kc rjm, ecmc uao mjijrã
tjajr ua aübjro mj pjr`fàr`eo cs`dacmo, quj ko `mjat`f`ec mjatro mjk ius mj
forbc uaâvoec. Kc cs`dace`õa mj jstj aübjro, csâ eobo kc eoadurce`õa mj
otros pcrãbjtros mj kc eobua`ece`õa sj pujmj ncejr, i`ja por jk prop`o tjekcmo
mjk `astrubjato, o eoajetcamo puato c puato jk `astrubjato c ua ormjacmor y
bjm`catj ua softwcrj m`sjócmo pcrc jsj a. Mjpjam`jamo mjk protoeoko mj
eobua`ece`õa y mjk t`po mj rjm, jk aübjro mj pjr`fàr`eo pomrã sjr s`bpkjbjatj
ua aübjro, djajrckbjatj jatrj 3 y 9:: pcrc iusjs mj ecbpo, o uac m`rjee`õa
@W pcrc rjmjs TCA.
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
93>
F`d. 4.9 - Eoadurce`õa por tjekcmo mj ua `astrubjato EVB-B@A@
Kc `aforbce`õa quj js ecpcz mj mcr ua `astrubjato y jk forbcto mj kc b`sbc
mjpjamj mjk t`po mj `astrubjato. Ecmc t`po ja pcrt`eukcr js ecpcz mj bjm`r ua
mjtjrb`acmo aübjro mj pcrãbjtros, eoa uac mjtjrb`acmc frjeujae`c mj bjm`mc,
ja boaofãs`eo o ja tr`fãs`eo y m`spoaj mj uac e`jrtc ecat`mcm mj bjbor`c pcrc
ckbcejacr mctos. Mj njeno, ctjam`jamo c su bjbor`c `atjrac y c kc forbc mj
mjsecrdcr kos mctos pomjbos m`st`adu`r mos t`pos mj `astrubjatos<
@astrubjatos f`los eoajetcmos pjrbcajatjbjatj ja rjm. Jstos sujkja tjajr
poec ecpce`mcm mj bjbor`c y ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs potjatj, quj kjs
pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r mctos c drca vjkoe`mcm y ducrmcrkos ja ua ormjacmor ejatrck.
Djajrckbjatj kos mctos sj ckbcejaja tjbporckbjatj ja rjd`stros y jk bcjstro
mj kc rjm `atjrrodc ck `astrubjato c `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo rjdukcrjs
@astrubjatos portãt`kjs o los eoa eoajx`õa tjbporck c rjm (por jljbpko c trcvàs
mj kkcbcmc tjkjfõa`ec) . Jstos sujkja tjajr drca ecpce`mcm mj bjbor`c y ducrmca
kos mctos mj pjrâomos rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdos ja enjros. Kos enjros pujmja
vce`crsj ck ack mj ua pjrâomo, s`a ajejs`mcm mj uac rjm, eoa uac eoajx`õa puato
c puato c ua ormjacmor, o ja ecso mj `astrubjatos eoa eoajx`õa tjbporck c rjm,
pujmja mjsecrdcrsj pjr`õm`ecbjatj kos enjros c ua ormjacmor ejatrck.
Wcrc kos `astrubjatos mjk pr`bjr t`po, kos fcir`ecatjs `am`eca ja jk bcauck mj
`astruee`oajs eõbo sj ckbcejaca kos m`st`atos mctos ja kos rjd`stros `atjraos
mjk cpcrcto, mj forbc quj jk s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs mjijrã `r c kjjr jstos
rjd`stros mj uac forbc bãs o bjaos rjdukcr pcrc oitjajr jk n`stõr`eo mj mctos.
C tâtuko
tâ tuko mj jljbpk
jljbpkoo kc F`d. 4-5 bujstr
bujstrcc jk bcpc mj rjd`s
rjd`stros
tros mj ua `astr
`astrubjato
ubjato
JMBh mj E@YEZ]OY, `am`ecamo jk pcrãbjtro quj eoat`jaj ecmc rjd`stro.
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
F`d. 4.5 - Bcpc mj rjd`stros mj ua `astrubjato JMBh mj E@YEZ]OY.
930
Kc pos`i`k`mcm mj eoajx`õa mj `astrubjatos ja rjm fce`k`tc quj kos `atjdrcmorjs
mj s`stjbcs pujmca rjeodjr j `atjdrcr ja uac sokc icsj mj mctos kos pcrãbjtros
jkàetr`eos y otros mctos mj proejso, rjd`stros mj ek`bct`zce`õa, jte., ut`k`zcamo uac
üa`ec pkctcforbc mj v`suck`zce`õa y eoatrok UECMC. Kc ua`ece`õa mj forbctos j
`atjrprjtce`õa mj mctos ja uao mj jstos s`stjbcs quj `atjdrca mctos mj m`fjrjatjs
`astrubjatos j `aekuso mj m`fjrjatjs fcir`ecatjs sujkj rjqujr`r mj ckdüa t`po mj
prodrcbc mj `atjrfcz, kkcbcmos c vjejs ‛mr`vjrs‒.
4.5 A`vjkjs OU@ mj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa
Ja 3044, kc @atjrace`oack Utcamcrms Ordca`sct`oa (@UO), erjõ ua suieob`tà
pcrc mjscrrokkcr jstãamcrjs mj eobua`ece`õa mj mctos quj probov`jrca kc
ceejs`i`k`mcm ua`vjrsck y uac `atjropjrci`k`mcm jatrj promuetos mj m`fjrjatjs
fcir`ecatjs. Jk rjsuktcmo mj jstos jsfujrzos fuj jk bomjko mjaob`acmo OU@
(Opja Uystjbs @atjreoaajet`oa).
Jk bomjko OU@ ao jspje`ec ua jstãamcr mj eobua`ece`õa, pjro jstcikjej uac
m`v`s`õa fuae`oack mj kcs tcrjcs mj eobua`ece`oajs y sj nc eoavjrt`mo ja ua
jstãamcr sjdu`mo buam`ckbjatj.
Kos jqu`pos prjsjatca m`fjrjae`cs mj eoadurce`õa< EWZ, vjkoe`mcm, bjbor`c,
`atjrfcejs pcrc eobua`ece`oajs, eõm`dos mj ecrcetjrjs, jte. Jstcs m`fjrjae`cs
nceja quj ciormcr jk proikjbc mj eobua`ece`õa eobo ua tomo sjc eobpkjlo. Wor
jkko OU@ propoaj m`v`m`r jk proikjbc dkoick mj kc eobua`ece`õa, ja tcrjcs bãs
s`bpkjs fce`k`tcamo csâ kc sokue`õa. Kc m`v`s`õa mj tcrjcs mjij eoatjbpkcr mjsmj
kos ecikjs, kos eoajetorjs y kos i`ts ncstc jk eoaejpto cpk`ece`õa.
Kc m`v`s`õa propujstc ja jk bomjko OU@, jstcikjej uac jstrueturc quj prjsjatc
kcs s`du`jatjs pcrt`eukcr`mcmjs<
• Jstrueturc bukt`a`vjk< Ecmc a`vjk sj mjm`ec c rjsokvjr uac pcrtj mjk proikjbc
mj eobua`ece`õa. Jsto js, ecmc a`vjk jljeutc fuae`oajs jspje`ecs m`sjócmcs
pcrc ctjamjr c kc ecpc supjr`or.
• Ecmc a`vjk supjr`or ut`k`zc kos sjrv`e`os mj kos a`vjkjs `afjr`orjs< Ecmc a`vjk sj
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
•
•
997
eobua`ec eoa su s`b`kcr ja otrcs eobputcmorcs, pjro mjij ncejrko jav`camo
ua bjasclj c trcvàs mj kos a`vjkjs `afjr`orjs ja kc b`sbc eobputcmorc.
Kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj a`vjkjs jstã i`ja mja`mc. Jk a`vjk A ut`k`zc kos sjrv`e`os
mjk a`vjk A-3 y propore`oac sjrv`e`os ck a`vjk A+3. Jatrj kos m`fjrjatjs a`vjkjs
jx`stja `atjrfcejs kkcbcmcs ‛puatos mj ceejso‒ c kos sjrv`e`os.
Jaecijzcmos< Ja ecmc a`vjk, sj cócmj ck bjasclj uac `aforbce`õa mj eoatrok.
Jstj jkjbjato mj eoatrok pjrb`tj quj ua a`vjk ja kc eobputcmorc rjejptorc
sj jatjrj mj quj su s`b`kcr ja kc eobputcmorc jb`sorc jstc jav`ãamokj
`aforbce`õa. Euckqu`jr a`vjk mcmo, pujmj `aeorporcr ua jaecijzcmo ck
bjasclj. Wor jstc rczõa, sj eoas`mjrc quj ua bjasclj jstc eoast`tu`mo
mj mos pcrtjs< Jaecijzcmo j @aforbce`õa. Jatoaejs, kc `aeorporce`õa mj
jaecijzcmos js ajejscr`c cuaquj rjprjsjatc ua kotj jxtrc mj `aforbce`õa, ko
•
quj `bpk`ec quj ua bjasclj eorto pujmc sjr vokub`aoso. U`a jbicrdo, eobo
kc eobputcmorc mjst`ao rjt`rc kos jaecijzcmos ja ormja `avjrso c eobo fujroa
`aeorporcmos ja kc eobputcmorc or`dja, ackbjatj jk usucr`o sõko rje`ij jk
bjasclj or`d`ack.
Za`mcmjs o ikoqujs mj `aforbce`õa< Ja ecmc a`vjk, kc ua`mcm mj `aforbce`õa
t`jaj m`fjrjatj aobirj y jstrueturc<
Kc F`d. 4.= bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj kos a`vjkjs mjk bomjko OU@ y ja kos pãrrcfos
s`du`jatjs sj mc uac irjvj mjser`pe`õa mj ecmc uao mj jkkos.
4
F`d. 4.= - W`kc o p`rãb`mj OU@
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
993
A`vjk Fâs`eo< Mjaj jk bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa ut`k`zcmo pcrc kc trcasfjrjae`c mj
`aforbce`õa, m`spoaj mjk eoatrok mj jstj bjm`o y jspje`ec i`ts mj eoatrok. Jstj
a`vjk euirj kos s`du`jatjs cspjetos<
• Eoajx`oajs fâs`ecs jatrj eobputcmorcs
• Mjtckkjs bjeãa`eos mj kc `atjrfcz (eoajetorjs)
• A`vjkjs jkàetr`eos mj tjas`õa mj sjóck.
• Cspjetos fuae`oackjs
fuae`oack js mj kc
k c `atjrfcz fâs`ec. Kâajcs mj protoeoko ncrmwcrj (E]U,
(E] U,
Y]U, jte.)
• ]àea`ec mj trcasb`s`õa y t`po mj trcasb`s`õa< Ujr`j o pcrckjko
•
•
Mjaj kc eom`ece`õa mj kâajc. Eom`ece`õa mj i`ts.
Mjaj kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasb`s`õa< ‛Icum Yctj‒
•
Mjaj jk bomo mj opjrce`õa mj kc kâajc mj mctos.
A`vjk Jakcej< Jstj a`vjk propore`oac fce`k`mcmjs pcrc kc trcasb`s`õa mj ikoqujs
mj mctos jatrj mos jstce`oajs mj rjm. Jsto js, ordca`zc kos 3‐s y kos 7‐s mjk
A`vjk Fâs`eo ja forbctos o drupos kõd`eos mj `aforbce`õa. Jstj a`vjk euirj kos
s`du`jatjs cspjetos<
• Mjtjetcr jrrorjs ja jk a`vjk fâs`eo.
• Jstcikjej jk bàtomo mj ceejso c kc rjm.
• Jstcikjej kcs rjdkcs mjk jakcej kõd`eo.
• Yjck`zc kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos c trcvàs mjk jakcej fâs`eo.
• Jav`c ikoqujs mj mctos eoa jk eoatrok ajejscr`o pcrc jk s`aeroa`sbo.
• Eoatrokc jk a`vjk y js kc `atjrfcejs eoa jk a`vjk mj rjm.
A`vjk mj Yjm < Jstj a`vjk mjaj jk jarutcb`jato y jk javâo mj pcqujtjs jatrj
rjmjs. Kcs fuae`oajs mj jstj a`vjk soa<
• Jstcikjejr, bcatjajr y tjrb`acr kcs eoajx`oajs
• Wropore`oacr jk jarutcb`jato mj bjascljs, mjtjrb`acamo s` ua bjasclj ja
pcrt`eukcr mjijrã jav`crsj ck a`vjk = (A`vjk mj ]rcasportj) o i`ja ck a`vjk 9
(Jakcej mj mctos).
• Eoabutc, jarutc y eoatrokc kc eoadjst`õa mj kos pcqujtjs mj `aforbce`õa ja
uac sui-rjm.
• Mjaj jk jstcmo mj kos bjascljs quj sj javâca c aomos mj kc rjm.
A`vjk mj ]rcasportj < Jstj a`vjk cetüc eobo ua pujatj jatrj kos trjs a`vjkjs
`afjr`orjs totckbjatj or`jatcmos c kcs eobua`ece`oajs y kos trjs a`vjkjs
supjr`orjs totckbjatj or`jatcmos c jk proejscb`jato mj mctos. Kcs fuae`oajs mj
jstj a`vjk soa<
• Csjdurcr kc kkjdcmc
k kjdcmc c a`vjk ‛sjs`õ
‛sjs`õa‒
a‒ mj
m j mctos
mcto s mjk a`vjk mj rjm.
rj m.
• Jstcikjejr eobo m`rjee`oacr kos m`spos`t`vos mj kc rjm. Cs`dac uac m`rjee`õa
üa`ec mj trcasportj c ecmc usucr`o.
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
•
•
•
•
999
Mja`r uac pos`ikj jstrueturc bukt`ecack. Jsto js, pujmj soportcr bükt`pkjs
eoajx`oajs.
Mja`r kc bcajrc mj nci`k`tcr y mjsnci`k`tcr kcs eoajx`oajs jatrj aomos.
Mjtjrb`acr jk protoeoko quj dcrcat`zc jk javâo mjk bjasclj.
Jstcikjejr kc trcaspcrjae`c mj mctos csâ eobo kc eoaf`ci`k`mcm ja kc
trcasfjrjae`c mj `aforbce`õa jatrj mos s`stjbcs.
A`vjk Ujs`õa< Uj jaecrdc mj provjjr kos sjrv`e`os ut`k`zcmos pcrc kc ordca`zce`õa
y s`aeroa`zce`õa mjk m`ãkodo jatrj usucr`os y jk bcajlo j `atjrecbi`o mj mctos.
• Jstcikjejr jk `a`e`o y tjrb`ao mj kc sjs`õa y kc rjeupjrce`õa mj kc sjs`õa.
•
Eoatrokcr
usucr`os. jk m`ãkodo8 jstcikjejr jk ormja ja quj kos bjascljs mjija u`r jatrj
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yjfjrjae`cr c kos m`spos`t`vos por aobirj y ao por m`rjee`õa.
Wjrb`tj jser`i`r prodrcbcs quj eorrjrãa ja euckqu`jr `astckce`õa mj rjm.
A`vjk Wrjsjatce`õa< ]rcmuej jk forbcto y cs`dac uac s`atcx`s c kos mctos pcrc
su trcasb`s`õa ja kc rjm.
Mjtjrb`ac kc forbc mj prjsjatce`õa mj kos mctos s`a prjoeupcrsj mj su
s`da`ecmo.
Jstcikjej `amjpjamjae`c c kos proejsos mj cpk`ece`õa eoas`mjrcamo kcs
m`fjrjae`cs ja kc rjprjsjatce`õa mj mctos.
Wropore`oac sjrv`e`os pcrc jk a`vjk mj cpk`ece`oajs ck `atjrprjtcr jk s`da`ecmo
mj kos mctos `atjrecbi`cmos.
Eoatrokc jk `atjrecbi`o y kc v`suck`zce`õa.
A`vjk Cpk`ece`õa< Wropore`oac sjrv`e`os ck usucr`o mjk Bomjko OU@.
• Wropore`oac eobua`ece`õa jatrj mos proejsos mj cpk`ece`õa, tckjs eobo<
prodrcbcs mj cpk`ece`õa, cpk`ece`oajs mj rjm, jte.
• Wropore`oac cspjetos mj eobua`ece`oajs pcrc cpk`ece`oajs jspje`ecs jatrj
usucr`os mj rjmjs< bcajlo mj kc rjm, protoeokos mj trcasfjrjae`cs mj cren`vos
(ftp), jte.
• Ja buenos iusjs `amustr`ckjs c a`vjk koeck jk bomjko ao js eobpkjto y kcs
ecpcs Yjm, ]rcasportj, Ujs`õa y Wrjsjatce`õa, sj jadkoica ja uac sokc,
ua`jamo jk a`vjk rjm ck a`vjk cpk`ece`õa.
4.= Jakcejs fâs`eos
Ja jstj cpcrtcmo sj ncrã ua irjvj rjpcso mj kos pr`ae`pckjs t`pos mj jakcejs
fâs`eos ut`k`zcmos ja eobua`ece`oajs `amustr`ckjs.
4.=.3 Jakcej YU959
4
Jstj t`po mj jakcej jstã m`sjócmo pcrc kc eoajx`õa puato c puato jatrj ua
s`stjbc bcjstro y uac jstce`õa o jsekcvo. Jk jakcej YU959 jstã m`sjócmo pcrc
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
995
m`stcae`cs eortcs y pujmj eoas`mjrcrsj roiusto pcrc koad`tumjs mj ecikj ao
supjr`orjs c 3: bjtros.
Kc eoajx`õa YU-959 jstã rjdukcmo por kc Aorbc J@C YU959E y ja pr`ae`p`o sj
erjõ pcrc rjdukcr kc eoajx`õa mj ua ormjacmor (M]J, Mctc ]jrb`ack Jqu`pbjat)
c ua BOMJB (MEJ, Mctc Eobbua`ect`oas Jqu`pbjat). Ujdüa kc Aorbc, jstc
eoajx`õa uscic
uscic ua eoajetor mj 9: pct`kkcs (‛p`as‒) (MI-9:). Ao oistcatj jstc
eoajx`õa sj eoav`rt`õ ja ua jstãamcr pcrc ua`r puato c puato ormjacmorjs jatrj
sâ u ormjacmorjs eoa `astrubjatos (eoajx`õa M]J-M]J), uscamo ua eoajetor mj
0 pct`kkcs (MI-0) , vjr kc F`d. 4-:.
F`d. 4.: - Eoajetorjs y tjrb`ackjs mj kc eoajx`õa YU959 ja ua WE (M]J)
C a`vjk fâs`eo, kc eoajx`õa
e oajx`õa eobpkjt
eobpkjtcc sj rjck`z
rjck`zcc bjm`catj
b jm`catj : n`kos,
n` kos, bãs kc pcatckkc
pcatckkc,,
vjr F`d. 4-6, pjro ja ckduaos ecsos sj prjse`amj mj kcs sjóckjs mj protoeoko
ncrmwcrj, E]U-Y]U, y sj rjmuej jk s`stjbc c 5 n`kos (]xM, YxM y DAM).
F`d. 4.6 - Eoajx`oajs
Eoajx`oajs YU-959 mj : n`kos y mj 5 n`kos
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
99=
Ja jk jakcej YU-959 kos mctos sj trcasb`tja ja sjr`j, js mje`r, kos i`ts mj ua
pcqujtj mj `aforbce`õa sj javâca uao trcs otro mjatro mj uaos mjtjrb`acmos
‛skot‒ mj t`jbpo, vjr F`d. 4.4. Jk aübjro mj i`ts por sjduamo quj sj trcasb`tj,
js uac bjm`mc mj kc vjkoe`mcm quj sj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj ‛ icum rctj‒.
F`d. 4.4 - Eom`ece`õa mj mctos ja sjr`j
Kos a`vjkjs kõd`eos sj eorrjspoamja eoa sjóckjs jkàetr`ecs euyc eom`ece`õa
js < ‛3‒ eucamo kc tjas`õa kâajc-DAM jstã jatrj -5 y -3: vokt`os, y ‛7‒ eucamo
kc tjas`õa kâajc-DAM jstã jatrj +5 y +3: vokt`os, vjr F`d. 4.>. Jk bjasclj
eobpkjto eoat`jaj, cmjbãs mjk pcqujtj mj i`ts eoa kos mctos c jav`cr
jav`cr,, uaos i`ts
cm`e`oackjs mj eoatrok. Kos
Kos i`ts mj eoatrok soa, iãs`ecbjatj, ua i`t mj `a`e`o
(stcrt) ua i`t mj pcr`mcm y uao o bãs i`ts mj ack ( stop), vjr F`d. 4.>.
F`d. 4.> - Eom`ece`õa mj i`ts ja kc eoajx`õa YU-959
4
Ja kcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatce`õa `amustr`ck, jk jakcej YU-959 sj usc pcrc cqujkkcs
cpk`ece`oajs moamj sj mjij eoajetcr ua bcjstro, djajrckbjatj ua ormjacmor
WE c ua soko jsekcvo (cack`zcmor mj rjm u otro m`spos`t`vo), por jkko sj mjaob`ac
tcbi`àa ‛eoajx`õa puato c puato. Otro ecso ja jk quj sj sujkj cpk`ecr js pcrc
ua`r jk ormjacmor c ua eoavjrsor YU-959 c YU-=>: ja jk aomo bcjstro. Ao
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
99:
oistcatj jstj ükt`bo ecso js ecmc vjz bjaos frjeujatj porquj kos ormjacmorjs
WE ao sujkja kkjvcr yc sck`mcs YU-959, s`ao quj ja su kudcr sujkja kkjvcr sck`mcs
mj t`po pujrto ZUI quj sj usca pcrc kc eoajx`õa puato c puato mj `duck forbc
quj sj nc njeno ja jk pcscmo eoa kcs sck`mcs YU-959.
4.=.9 Wujrtos ZUI
Cetuckbjatj, kc sck`mc
sck`m c sjr`j nci`tuck ja ormjacmorjs WE, js mjk t`po pujrto ZUI.
Uj trctc tcbi`àa mj uac sck`mc mj mctos t`po sjr`j, pjro mj t`po m`fjrjae`ck.
Jsto qu`jrj mje`r quj ao ncy uac sokc kâajc mj mctos s`ao mos, (Mcto+ y Mcto-),
eoa a`vjkjs kõd`eos eobpkjbjatcr`os, ja djajrck +:V y -:V, tck eobo bujstrc
kc F`d. 4.0. Jstj t`po mj eom`ece`õa mj kos i`ts js buy roiustc frjatj c ru`mos
y trcas`tor`os jxtjraos, yc quj ja ecso mj quj kc kâajc ecptj uac `atjrfjrjae`c,
àstc sj supjrpoaj c ecmc sjóck ja jk b`sbo sjat`mo y ck ncejr kc m`fjrjae`c mj
sjóckjs ja jk rjejptor mjscpcrjej (mj cnâ jk aobirj mj s`stjbc m`fjrjae`ck)
Kc eom`ece`õa mj i`ts ja jk ecso mjk ZUI ao js por a`vjkjs kõd`eos s`ao quj
sj cs`dac ua ‛3‒ s` ao ncy ecbi`o mj vckor kõd`eo y ua ‛3‒ s` ncy ecbi`o. Jstc
eom`f`ece`õa sj kkcbc AY\@. Kc F`d. 4.0 bujstrc uac sjóck eoa eom`f`ece`õa
AY\@ y kc F`d. 4.37 bujstrc kc forbc fâs`ec mj kos eoajetorjs y kcs sjóckjs quj
eorrjspoamja c ecmc pct`kkc pcrc kos pujrtos ZUI.
F`d. 4.0 - Ujóckjs mj ua ius m`fjrjae`ck t`po ZUI
F`d. 4.37 - Wujrtos ZUI mjk ormjacmor
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
996
4.=.5 Jakcej eoa ius YU-=>:
Jk jakcej YU-=>: js ua jakcej bukt`puato, ja eoatrcstj eoa jk jakcej YU-959,
quj ko njbos mja`mo eobo ua jakcej puato c puato. Jsto qu`jrj mje`r quj ua
b`sbo lujdo mj ecikjs pujmj jakczcr ua bcjstro eoa vcr`os jsekcvos. Jk lujdo
mj ecikjs quj jakczca bcjstro y jsekcvos sj mjaob`ac ‛ ius ‒. Kc jstrueturc mj
ius js uac jstrueturc moamj sj eoajetca ja pcrckjko tomos kos `astrubjatos,
bcjstro y jsekcvos, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 4.33.c. Aõtjsj quj jk ius ao pujmj
tjajr uac eoadurce`õa ja jstrjkkc eobo kc quj bujstrc kc F`d. 4.33.i, pujs jsto
provoec jrrorjs mj eobua`ece`õa.
c) Eoajx`õa ja ius< Eorrjetc
i) Eoajx`õa ja jstrjkkc< Jrrõajc
F`d. 4.33 - Eoajx`õa ius YU-=>: y eoajx`õa jrrõajc ja jstrjkkc
Jk ius YU-=>: sj icsc ja uac eoajx`õa fâs`ec bjm`catj trjs n`kos. Kcs sjóckjs
jkàetr`ecs, soa mj t`po m`fjrjae`ck (`duck quj mja`bos pcrc kos pujrtos ZUI) y sj
`mjat`eca eobo< C+ kc sjóck pos`t`vc, , I- kc sjóck ajdct`vc, y DAM jk eobüa).
Kos ecikjs mj kcs kâajcs cet`vcs, C+ y I- mjija `r trjazcmos y jk DAM pujmj `r
trjazcmo o ao. Ja jk ius, jk eoaluato mj ecikjs mjij `r cpcatckkcmo. Kos a`vjkjs
jstãamcr mj tjas`õa mj C+ y I- rjspjeto ck eobüa (DAM) soa mj +: vokt`os y
-: vokt`os rjspjet`vcbjatj. Ja eucato ck eoajetor ao ncy jstãamcr mja`mo,
cuaquj ckduacs vjejs sj sujkj uscr ua eoajetor MI0, moamj kcs pct`kkcs soa kcs
`am`ecmcs ja kc F`d. 4.39.
4
F`d. 4.39 - Ujóckjs y eoajx`õa mjk ius YU-=>:
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
994
Js jv`mjatj quj ja jk ius YU-=>: ao pujmja trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r tomos kos
pjr`fàr`eos c kc vjz, s`ao quj ck ncijr uac sokc kâajc pcrc trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r,
sõko ua pjr`fàr`eo pujmj jstcr oeupcamo kc kâajc. C jstj t`po mj trcasb`s`õa sj kj
kkcbc ‛nckf mupkjx‒ por eoatrcpos`e`õa c ko quj oeurrj ja ua YU-959, quj ck tjajr
kâajcs sjpcrcmcs pcrc trcasb`t`r y rje`i`r c kc vjz, pujmj jstcr trcasb`t`jamo y
rje`i`jamo c kc vjz , ko euck sj mjs`dac eobo ‛ fukk mupkjx‒
Jk jakcej YU-=>: js uao mj kos bãs ut`k`zcmos eobo ius mj ecbpo mj iclo
a`vjk. Uus pr`ae`pckjs vjatclcs soa su s`bpk`e`mcm mj `astckce`õa, kc roiustjz
frjatj c ru`mo y kc vjrsct`k`mcm ja eucato c aübjro mj jstce`oajs. Uj trctc mj ua
s`stjbc `mjck pcrc trcasb`t`r `aforbce`õa c kcs m`stcae`cs nci`tuckjs mjatro mj
uac pkcatc, pujs pjrb`tj ncstc 3.977 bjtros mj kâajc s`a rjpjt`morjs. Jk jstãamcr
YU-=>: bcrec quj jk ius sõko pujmj tjajr 59 jstce`oajs (bcjstro + jsekcvos),
pjro ja rjck`mcm pujmj eoatrokcr ncstc 9:: jstce`oajs, ecmc uac `mjat`ecmc
eoa uac m`rjee`õa o aübjro mj pjr`fàr`eo. Djajrckbjatj kc m`rjee`õa mj kos
pjr`fàr`eos sj sujkj mcr por ua aübjro ja njxcmje`bck jatrj 7 y 9:: (77N c
FFN). Kc m`rjee`õa 77N ao sj cs`dac c a`adüa pjr`fàr`eo y eucamo ua bjasclj sj
m`r`dj c jstc m`rjee`õa sj kkcbc bjasclj mj m`fus`õa y sj jat`jamj quj ko mjija
rje`i`r tomos kos jkjbjatos mj kc rjm. Js mje`r, euckqu`jr m`spos`t`vo eoajetcikj
c ua ius YU-=>: sj `mjat`ecrã por uac m`rjee`õa prop`c mjatro mjk ius, quj
aorbckbjatj sjrã eoadurcikj, pjro cmjbãs ctjamjrã c kos bjascljs jav`cmos
c kc m`rjee`õa 77N.
4.=.= Eoavjrsorjs mj jakcej
Ja ckduacs oecs`oajs jx`stja icrrjrcs fâs`ecs o cbi`jatjs buy ru`mosos
jkàetr`ecbjatj quj m`euktca jk ecikjcmo aorbck, mjser`to catjr`orbjatj, mj
ua ius YU-=>:. Otrcs vjejs kos puatos c jakczcr jstãa buy m`stcatjs jatrj sâ,
nce`jamo `bpos`ikj jk ecikjcmo jatrj jstce`oajs. Ja jstos ecsos jk jakcej fâs`eo
pujmj rjck`zcrsj bjm`catj eoavjrsorjs mj sjóck tckjs eobo ceopkcmorjs mj irc
õpt`ec, jakcejs rcm`o, jakcej por WKE (Wowjr K`aj Eobbua`ect`oas), jte.
Jk jakcej rcm`o js uao mj kos prjfjr`mos eucamo mjija eobua`ecrsj trcasmuetorjs
quj tobca sjóck mj cktc tjas`õa por jljbpko. Cetuckbjatj jx`stja pcrjs mj
trcasb`sor ― rjejptor jstãamcr eoa tjeaokodâc T` o Ikujtootn, quj fce`k`tca
jstj t`po mj jakcejs. Wcrc puatos buy m`stcatjs pujmj pjascrsj ja jakcejs eoa
sjóckjs mj rcm`ofrjeujae`c (YF) bomukcmc mj ckduac forbc y trcasb`t`mc c trcvàs
mj ua pcr mj catjacs mj ZNF ua`mcs c bomjbs rcm`o.
4
Aõtjsj quj jstj t`po mj eoavjrsorjs propore`oaca ua jakcej ja jk euck jk
bjm`o fâs`eo pcsc mj ecikj c sjóck rcm`o y v`ejvjrsc, pjro kc eobua`ece`õa
js totckbjatj `amjpjam`jatj mjk t`po mj jakcej. Uj m`ej quj jk jakcej js
trcaspcrjatj , js mje`r, mc ko b`sbo tjajr ua ecikj quj jk jakcej rcm`o quj uac
irc õpt`ec. U` kos i`ts pcsca, jk protoeoko mj eobua`ece`õa ao m`st`adu`rã euck
js jk bjm`o. Kcs m`stcae`cs quj pujmja kkjdcr c ckecazcrsj eoa jakcejs rcm`o,
mjpjamjrãa ja ecmc ecso mj kc frjeujae`c mj trcasb`s`õa, y por supujsto, mj kc
potjae`c mj jb`s`õa mj kos bomjbs.
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
99>
F`d. 4.35 - Yjm ormjacmor - YU-959 - bomjb rcm`o - Ius YU-=>:
4.: Jakcej Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W
Jtnjrajt js ua jstãamcr c a`vjk 9 mj OU@, js mje`r c a`vjk mj jakcej. Jstj
jstãamcr luato eoa ua protoeoko c a`vjk mj rjm mjaob`acmo protoeoko @W (@atjrajt
Wrotoeok) sj nc eoavjrt`mo ja ua jstãamcr pcrc rjmjs mj eobputcmorcs tcato c
a`vjk KCA (ãrjc koeck) eobo c a`vjk TCA (rjmjs mj ãrjc jxtjam`mc). Jk ceejso
ck bjm`o (A`vjk OU@ 9) sj rjck`zc por mjtjee`õa mj eok`s`õa EUBC/EM. Jtnjrajt
mjaj cmjbãs kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj ecikjcmo y sjóck`zce`õa mj a`vjk fâs`eo y kos
forbctos mj trcbcs mj mctos mjk a`vjk mj jakcej mjk bomjko OU@.
Jk protoeoko mj Jtnjrajt sj tobõ eobo icsj pcrc kc rjmcee`õa mjk jstãamcr
`atjrace`oack @JJJ >79.5. Zsuckbjatj sj tobca Jtnjrajt j @JJJ >79.5 eobo
s`aõa`bos. Cbics sj m`fjrjae`ca ja uao mj kos ecbpos mj kc trcbc mj mctos,
pjro kcs trcbcs Jtnjrajt y @JJJ >79.5 pujmja eojx`st`r ja kc b`sbc rjm.
Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W js ua bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa quj pjrb`tj eoadurcr
s`stjbcs bukt`-sjrv`e`o, js mje`r, s`stjbcs quj soportca ja jk b`sbo bjm`o
vcr`os ecackjs, por jljbpko pcrc trcasb`t`r s`buktãajcbjatj cum`o, v`mjo,
cpk`ece`oajs wji y ua kcrdo jteàtjrc, soportcamo ua drca ulo mj mctos eoat`auo
y opjrcamo ja kc b`sbc rjm eobpcrt`mc.
4
Mji`mo c kcs jaorbjs pos`i`k`mcmjs mj `bpkcatce`õa mj s`stjbcs mj eobua`ece`õa
eobpcrt`mc c trcvàs mjk protoeoko Jtnjrajt @W, àstj sj nc eoavjrt`mo tcbi`àa ja
ua jstãamcr mj cpk`ece`õa, ja rjmjs mj `astrubjatce`õa `amustr`ck, eobo ko js ja
jk sjetor mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs. Jsto pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r c trcvàs mj uac b`sbc
rjm mj eobua`ece`õa eobpcrt`mc, m`vjrsos t`pos mj mctos, tcato mj s`stjbcs mj
djst`õa jbprjscr`ck, eobo mj djst`õa opjrct`vc.
Eoa jk f`a mj pomjr `atjdrcr ja jk eoaluato mj mctos mj djst`õa opjrct`vc
kos pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm mj rjm, eoasubos mj jajrdâc y otros pcrãbjtros
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
990
jkàetr`eos, buenos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs cetuckjs m`spoaja yc mj ua pujrto mj
eoajx`õa m`rjeto c Jtnjrajt.
4.:.3 Bjm`o fâs`eo mjk jakcej Jtnjrajt
Yjeormjbos quj jk a`vjk fâs`eo lc kos a`vjkjs mj sjóck jkàetr`eos y jk t`po mj
ecikjs y eoajetorjs jbpkjcmos por ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa. Jk ecack mj
eobua`ece`oajs js ua ecack ‛fukk mupkjx‒ eoa mos pcrjs m`fjrjae`ckjs, Jk ecikj
aorbck`zcmo por J@C js ua ecikj mj > n`kos euycs sjóckjs y eokorjs soa kos quj
`am`ec kc F`d. 4.3=.
F`d. 4.3= - Ecikjs mjk ius Jtnjrajt< Eokorjs y sjóckjs
Ncy mos t`pos mj ecikjs, mjaob`acmos t`po :6>C o t`po :6>I, eoa eokorjs
m`st`atos.
Ecikj m`rjeto
Jk ecikj m`rjeto s`rvj pcrc eoajetcr m`spos`t`vos m`st`atos, quj pomjbos kkcbcr
M]J (]jrb`ack) y MEJ (Jqu`po mj Eobua`ece`oajs). Ja jstj ecso sjrâc por
jljbpko jakcej mj ua ormjacmor (M]J) eoa ua ‛nui‒ o eoa ua ‛sw`ten‒ (MEJ).
Ja jstj ecso cbios jxtrjbos mjk ecikj mjija tjajr kc b`sbc m`str`iue`õa C o I
. Ao jx`stj m`fjrjae`c ckduac ja kc eoajet`v`mcm jatrj kc eoadurce`õa :6>C y kc
:6>I, s`jbprj y eucamo ja
ja cbios jxtrjbos sj usj kc b`sbc.
Ecikj eruzcmo
4
Jk ecikj eruzcmo s`rvj pcrc eoajetcr mos m`spos`t`vos `duckjs, js mje`r mos M]J (9
ormjacmorjs) o mos MEJ (9 nui) jatrj sâ (vjr cpcrtcmo 4.6). Womrâc sjr tcbi`àa
kc eoajx`õa m`rjetc WE c aomo mj uac KCA s`a pcscr por ua ‛nui‒. Cetuckbjatj
kc bcyorâc mj nuis o sw`tenjs soportca ecikjs eruzcmos pcrc eoajetcrsj jatrj
sâ. Wor otro kcmo, c ckduacs tcrljtcs mj rjm kjs js `am`fjrjatj quj sj kjs eoajetj
ua ecikj eruzcmo o aorbck, jkkcs b`sbcs sj eoadurca pcrc pomjr ut`k`zcrko WEWE o WE-Nui/sw`ten.
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
957
F`d. 4.3: Eoajetorjs Jtnjrajt
4.:.9 A`vjk Yjm Jtnjrajt
Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, ck `duck quj euckqu`jr otro m`spos`t`vo eoajetcmo c
uac rjm Jtnjrajt, mjija m`spoajr mj uac m`rjee`õa mj ceejso ck bjm`o (BCE
cmmrjss). Ja icsj c jstj aübjro sj cs`dac ua aübjro mj `mjat`ece`õa c ecmc
pjr`fàr`eo, quj ja jk ecso mj rjmjs Jtnjrajt sj mjaob`ac m`rjee`õa @W. Jstc
m`rjee`õa pjrb`tj ck cack`zcmor `mjat`ecrsj ja kc rjm y opjrcr mjatro mj kc b`sbc
`duck quj ko ncrâc ua ormjacmor, uac `bprjsorc u otro m`spos`t`vo. Ja ckduaos
ecsos, sõko ua `astrubjato o ua aomo mj kc rjm mj `astrubjatos t`jaj `atjrfcz
Jtnjrajt y àstj sj usc mj pcscrjkc pcrc ua ius koeck mjk t`po YU-=>: por jljbpko
(vjr F`d. 4.36)
F`d. 4.36 - Yjm Ormjacmor-Uw`ten-KCA-Ius mj @astrubjatce`õa
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
953
4.6 Yjmjs mj ãrjc
ãrjc koeck
koeck (KCA) ICUCMCU JA jtnjrajt
Zac Yjm mj Ãrjc Koeck sj mjaj eobo kc `atjreoajx`õa mj vcr`os ormjacmorjs
o pjr`fàr`eos ua`mos por ua mjtjrb`acmo jakcej fâs`eo. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos
rjfjr`rjbos jspjeâecbjatj c jakcejs icscmos ja protoeoko @W. Jk protoeoko @W
jstã prjpcrcmo pcrc kc trcasb`s`õa mj pcqujtjs mj mctos por ecackjs m`vjrsos
j `bpkjbjatc tomcs kcs ecpcs mj kc jstrueturc OU@ mjser`tc catjr`orbjatj ja jk
cpcrtcmo 4.5
Jk ãbi`to mj cpk`ece`õa mj kcs rjmjs icscmcs ja Jtnjrajt js kc eobua`ece`õa
jatrj ‛a‒ pjr`fàr`eos ja uac b`sbc rjm eobpcrt`mc. Mjpjam`jamo mj kc m`bjas`õa
mj kc rjm y mj kc topokodâc, jk bjm`o fâs`eo ut`k`zcmo pujmj sjr mj m`fjrjatjs
acturckjzcs (ecikj, irc õpt`ec, T@F@, jte.).
4.6.3 Jqu`pos uscmos ja rjmjs Jtnjrajt
Ja uac rjm Jtnjrajt pujmja jaeoatrcrsj kos s`du`jatjs t`pos mj jqu`pos
djst`oacamo kcs eobua`ece`oajs mj kc rjm<
•
]crljtcs mj rjm,
•
Yjpjt`morjs
•
Eoaejatrcmorjs (Nuis)
•
Wujatjs (Ir`mdjs)
•
Eoabutcmorjs (Uw`ten)
•
Jarutcmorjs (Youtjrs)
Kos aomos mj rjm pujmja ekcs`ecrsj ja mos drcamjs drupos< jqu`pos tjrb`ackjs
mj mctos (M]J) y jqu`pos mj eobua`ece`õa mj mctos (MEJ).
Kos M]J soa m`spos`t`vos mj rjm quj sujkja sjr jk or`dja y/o mjst`ao mj
kos mctos< kos WE, kcs jstce`oajs mj trciclo, kos sjrv`morjs mj cren`vos, kos
sjrv`morjs mj `bprjs`õa8 tomos soa M]J. Kos MEJ soa kos m`spos`t`vos mj rjm
`atjrbjm`cr`os, quj s`rvja pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk jakcej. Jstos m`spos`t`vos rje`ija kcs
trcbcs y kcs rjtrcasb`tja c kc rjm, ecbi`camo ckduacs vjejs kc eom`ece`õa. Kos
MEJ bãs eobuajs
eobuajs soa kos routjrs, kos eoabutcmorjs,
eoabutcmorjs, kos nui, kos rjpjt`morjs,
rjpjt`morjs,
kos pujatjs y kos bomjbs.
• ]crljtc mj @atjrfcz mj Yjm - Wjrb`tj quj ua ormjacmor ceejmc c uac rjm
koeck. Ecmc tcrljtc t`jaj uac üa`ec m`rjee`õa BCE quj kc `mjat`ec ja kc rjm. Za
ormjacmor eoajetcmo c uac rjm sj mjaob`ac aomo.
•
Yjpjt`mor - Jstj m`spos`t`vo cubjatc jk ckecaej mj uac eoajx`õa fâs`ec, rje`i`jamo
kcs sjóckjs y rjtrcasb`t`àamokcs, pcrc jv`tcr su mjdrcmce`õa, c trcvàs mjk bjm`o mj
trcasb`s`õa, kodrãamosj ua ckecaej bcyor. Zsuckbjatj sj usc pcrc ua`r mos ãrjcs koeckjs
mj `duck tjeaokodâc y sõko t`jaj mos pujrtos. Opjrc ja kc ecpc fâs`ec mjk bomjko OU@.
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
•
•
•
959
Eoaejatrcmor o nui - Fuae`oac eobo ua rjpjt`mor pjro pjrb`tj kc `atjreoajx`õa
mj bükt`pkjs aomos. Uu fuae`oacb`jato js rjkct`vcbjatj s`bpkj pujs rje`ij uac
trcbc mj jtnjrajt, por uao mj sus pujrtos, y kc rjp`tj por tomos sus pujrtos
rjstcatjs s`a jljeutcr a`adüa proejso soirj kcs b`sbcs.
Wujatj o ir`mdj - Jstj m`spos`t`vo `atjreoajetc sjdbjatos mj rjm nce`jamo jk
ecbi`o mj trcbcs jatrj kcs rjmjs mj ceujrmo eoa uac tcikc mj m`rjee`oajs quj kj
m`ej ja quà sjdbjato jstã ui`ecmc uac m`rjee`õa BCE mcmc. Uj m`sjóca pcrc uso
jatrj KCA‐s quj usca protoeokos `màat`eos ja kc ecpc fâs`ec y BCE (mj ceejso ck
bjm`o). Jx`stja ir`mdjs bãs sost`ecmos quj pjrb`tja kc eoavjrs`õa mj forbctos
BCE m`fjrjatjs (Jtnjrajt-]ohja Y`ad por jljbpko).
Eoabutcmor o Uw`ten - Jstj m`spos`t`vo fuae`oac eobo ua pujatj, pjro pjrb`tj
kc `atjreoajx`õa mj bükt`pkjs sjdbjatos mj rjm, fuae`oac ja vjkoe`mcmjs bãs
rãp`mcs y js bãs sost`ecmo. Kos sw`tenjs pujmja tjajr otrcs fuae`oack`mcmjs,
eobo Yjmjs v`rtuckjs , y pjrb`tja su eoadurce`õa c trcvàs mj kc prop`c rjm.
Djst`oaca iãs`ecbjatj kc ecpc 9 mjk bomjko OU@ (jakcej mj mctos). Kos
eoabutcmorjs soa ecpcejs mj proejscr kc `aforbce`õa mj kcs trcbcs y djst`oacr
kcs tcikcs mj m`rjee`oajs.
•
•
4
Youtjr - Jk routjr, c m`fjrjae`c mjk nui y jk sw`ten, js ua m`spos`t`vo euyc fuae`õa
js kc eobua`ece`õa eruzcmc nce`c otrcs rjmjs mj eobua`ece`õa sjpcrcmcs
djodrãf`ecbjatj o c @atjrajt (TCA ― T`mj Crjc Ajtworh). Jkko `bpk`ec quj
bjm`catj m`eno m`spos`t`vo jk usucr`o pujmj jakczcr uac eoajx`õa eoa otrcs Yjmjs
mj Ãrjc Koeck mj bcajrc pr`vcmc y eoa ua jaer`ptcb`jato mj kc `aforbce`õa,
jv`tcamo csâ kc vukajrce`õa mj kc `aforbce`õa por pcrtj mj tjrejros (VWA - Yjm
Wr`vcmc V`rtuck), o i`ja, pujmja ut`k`zcrsj pcrc mcr ceejso c ua usucr`o mjsmj jk
jxtjr`or erjcamo ja jk rutcs mj m`rjee`oacb`jato.
Bomjb - Jk bomjb js ua m`spos`t`vo quj ecbi`c kc eom`f`ece`õa mj i`ts. Ja
djajrck sj eom`eca kos i`ts eoa m`st`atcs frjeujae`cs.
F`d. 4.34 - Yjm KCA eoatrokcmc mjsmj uac rjm TCA
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
955
4.6.9 Otros bjm`os mj jakcej fâs`eo pcrc Jtnjrajt
Cpcrtj mj kc eoajx`õa por ecikj, js frjeujatj jaeoatrcr jakcejs c trcvàs mj otros
bjm`os tckjs eobo< F`irc õpt`ec, @afrc-rolos, jakcejs rcm`o (T`-F` por jljbpko),
jakcejs tjkjfõa`eos, jte. Kc tcikc 4.3 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kos t`pos mj jakcej
y vjkoe`mcmjs ut`k`zcmos ja rjmjs Jtnjrajt
F`irc Õpt`ec
Wcrc m`stcae`cs supjr`orjs c kos 377 bjtros, kc irc õpt`ec motc c kc rjm mj
eobua`ece`õa mj bcyorjs m`stcae`cs mj eobua`ece`õa. Kc irc õpt`ec js ua
eoamuetor mj v`mr`o (o bctjr`ckjs pkãst`eos), quj pjrb`tj ja javâo mj drca
ecat`mcm mj `aforbce`õa c drca vjkoe`mcm y ja bcyorjs m`stcae`cs. Mjpjam`jamo
mj kc m`stcae`c quj sj mjsjj cicrecr, pujmja `bpkjbjatcrsj m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj
irc õpt`ec< kc irc bukt`bomo o boaobomo.
Eoa kc irc õpt`ec bukt`bomo sj pujmja ckecazcr koad`tumjs mj kâajc ncstc 9 hb,
b`jatrcs quj eoa kc irc õpt`ec bukt`bomo sõko sj pujmja ckecazcr m`stcae`cs
ncstc 377hb eoa ua kcsjr mj cktc `atjas`mcm.
T`-
Ja oecs`oajs js prje`so pcscr eobua`ece`oajs c trcvàs mj icrrjrcs fâs`ecs
(buros, eclcs, jte.) o sjpcrcr e`reu`tos jatrj rjmjs mj cktc o bjm`c tjas`õa (C],
B]) y kos jqu`pos mj proejso mj mctos. Ja jstos ecsos kc `astckce`õa mj ua ius
mj eobua`ece`õa eoa ecikjs pujmj sjr buy m`fâe`k o `aekuso `av`cikj. Wor jkko, kcs
eobua`ece`oajs vâc jakcejs mj rcm`ofrjeujae`c (YF) pujmja sjr uac sokue`õa. Jk
t`po mj jakcej YF bãs eoaoe`mo ja aujstros mâcs js jk T`-. Àstj t`po mj jakcej
pjrb`tj kc eoastruee`õa mj rjmjs jtnjrajt mj cktc vjkoe`mcm, drce`cs c su drca
caeno mj icamc.
Kos jakcejs T`- sujkja m`spoajr mj protoeokos mj e`frcmo quj jv`tca kc `atrus`õa
ja kos b`sbos mj usucr`os
usucr`os cljaos c kc rjm. Kcs m`stcae`cs bãx`bcs quj pomrãa
kkjdcr c ckecazcrsj, mjpjamjrãa ja ecmc ecso mj kc potjae`c mjk jb`sor y
rjejptor mj sjóck.
]jkjfoaâc lc y bõv`k
Wcrc rjmjs mj ãrjc jxtjam`mc, TCA, kos jakcejs sj sujkja rjck`zcr c trcvàs mj
kâajcs mj tjkjfoaâc lc o bõv`k.
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
95=
]cikc 4.3 - Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kos jakcejs Jtnjrajt soirj m`st`atos bjm`os fâs`eos
Vjkoe`mcm mj
trcasb`s`õa
]`po mj ecikj
M`stcae`c
bãx`bc
]opokodâc
3 7I cs j 9
3 7 B ips
E oc x ` ck
3> : b
Iu s ( Eo a j e t o r ] )
3 7I cs j ]
3 7 B ips
Wcr ]rjazcmo
3 77 b
Jstrjkkc
(Nui o Uw`ten)
3 7I cs j F
3 7 B ip s
F ` ir c õp t ` e c
9 77 7 b
Jstrjkkc
(Nui o Uw`ten)
3 77B ip s
Wcr ]rjazcmo
(ectjdorâc 5Z]W)
377 b
Jstrjkkc. Nckf
Mupkjx (nui) y Fukk
Mupkjx(sw`ten)
3 7 7 Bi p s
Wcr ]rjazcmo
(ectjdorâc :Z]W)
377 b
Jstrjkkc. Nckf
Mupkjx (nui) y Fukk
]jeaokodâc
3 7 7 Ic s j ] =
3 7 7 Ic s j ] ^
Mupkjx(sw`ten)
3 7 7 Ic s j F ^
3 7 7 Bi p s
F ` ir c õ pt ` e c
977 7 b
Ao pjrb`tj jk
uso mj nuis
377 7I cs j ]
37 77B ips
= pcrjs trjazcmo
(ectjdorâc :Z]W)
377 b
Jstrjkkc. Fukk
Mupkjx (sw`ten)
3 7 7 7 I c s j U^
37 77B ip s
F`irc õpt`ec
(bukt`bomo)
::7 b
Jstrjkkc. Fukk
Mupkjx (sw`ten)
37 77I cs j K^
37 77B ip s
F`irc õpt`ec
(boaobomo)
:777 b
Jstrjkkc. Fukk
Mupkjx (sw`ten)
4.4
Djst`õa jajrdàt`ec, eoatrok mj eck`mcm
eck`mcm y djst`õa
mj kc Cpk`ece`oajs<
mjbcamc
Zac vjz eobjatcmos kos cspjetos bãs `bportcatjs rjkce`oacmos eoa kc
tjeaokodâc mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs y su uso ja kcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatce`õa
`amustr`ck pcscbos c eoat`auce`õa c mjser`i`r eoa ua e`jrto mjtckkj tomo jk cspjeto
mj cpk`ece`õa mj jstcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatos c kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj mctos mj
cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs y jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro. Jstos
jqu`pos jstãa nci`tuckbjatj mjst`acmos c eoatrok jajrdàt`eo, eoatrok mj eck`mcm
mj sub`a`stro y djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc. Ja ko quj s`duj kkcbcrjbos c jsto ja
eoaluato djst`õa mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec
4.4.3 Uoftwcrj pcrc kc djst`õa mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec
4
Kc jxpkotce`õa mj kos mctos bjm`mos y trcasb`t`mos por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs,
aorbckbjatj rjqu`jrj uac `atjrfcz mj prjsjatce`õa `atjk`d`ikj pcrc jk usucr`o, c
sjr pos`ikj eoa ecpce`mcm drãec y eoa e`jrtc `atjk`djae`c pcrc jk proejscmo mj
mctos. Wor jkko, cmjbãs mj kos `astrubjatos mj ecbpo, jk s`stjbc mj djst`õa
mj kc rjm rjqu`jrj ua ormjacmor ejatrck mj rjeod`mc mj mctos y c kc vjz `atjrfcz
nobirj-proejso, cmb`t`jamo jatrcmcs. Jk ormjacmor ejatrck mj kc rjm sujkj
cetucr eobo bcjstro mj kc b`sbc, ecpturcamo y ckbcejacamo tomc kc `aforbce`õa
sub`a`strcmc por kos `astrubjatos mj bjm`mc.
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
95:
Kc jxpkotce`õa mj kos mctos sj eobpkjtc eoa ua softwcrj UECMC quj fce`k`tj
ck usucr`o kc prjsjatce`õa y kc `atjrprjtce`õa mj kos mctos mj ua bomo fãe`k
j `atu`t`vo. Zac vjz proejscmos kos mctos sj pujmj proejmjr c kc tobc mj
mje`s`oajs pcrc kc bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàt`ec, bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mj
sub`a`stro o djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc
Wcrc pomjr eoaerjtcr ua poeo bãs kcs fuae`oajs mj kcs rjmjs mj `astrubjatos
motcmos eoa m`enos pcqujtjs mj softwcrj UECMC, ja ko quj s`duj aos
rjfjr`rjbos c uac rjm t`po, eoa `astrubjatos E@YEZ]OY, UC, eoatrokcmc por jk
softwcrj prop`o mjaob`acmo WowjrUtum`o Uecmc®. Kc rjm t`po ja jstj ecso
t`jaj kc jstrueturc bostrcmc ja kc F`d. 4.3>. Uj trctc mj uac rjm mj t`po bcjstrojsekcvo, eoa uac jstce`õa quj csubj jk pcpjk mj bcstjr o eoatrokcmor mjk ius
(djajrckbjatj ua WE) c trcvàs mj m`fjrjatjs jakcejs mj eobua`ece`õa.
TCA
KCA
KCA
F`d. 4.3> - ]opokodâc bujstrc pcrc uac rjm mj cack`zcmorjs
4.> Wrjstce`oajs mj uac rjm eoatrokcmc eoa Wowjrstum`o
Wowjrstum`o
Kos pr`ae`pckjs ijajf`e`os quj pujmj oitjajr jk usucr`o mj kc jxpkotce`õa
mj ua eoaluato
eoaluato mj `astrubjatos,
`astrubjatos, cack`zcmorjs mj rjm, bjm`morjs mj
mj eck`mcm,
eoatcmorjs, jte, eoatrokcmos por jk s`stjbc WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® soa kos
s`du`jatjs<
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
956
4.>.3 Eoadurce`õa rjbotc mj kos jqu`pos
Kc rjm mj eobua`ece`õa, uac vjz eoaf`durcmc y cs`dacmos kos aübjros mj
pjr`fàr`eo, pjrb`tj eoadurcr
eoadurcr mj forbc rjbotc,
rjbotc, mjsmj kc jstce`õa ejatrck, tomos
y ecmc uao kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kc rjm. Jstc eoaf`durce`õa eobprjamj
aorbckbjatj kos s`du`jatjs âtjbs< clustj mj kcs rjkce`oajs mj trcasforbce`õa
mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, clustj mj kcs eoas`dacs csoe`cmcs c sck`mcs m`d`tckjs o
cackõd`ecs, cs`dace`õa mjk aobirj o kâajc ck quj vc csoe`cmo jk jqu`po, y ua
kcrdo jteàtjrc.
4.>.9 V`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos
Ja fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa mj kc rjm mj cack`zcmorjs, jk softwcrj UECMC pjrb`t`rã ck
usucr`o v`suck`zcr ja kc pcatckkc mjk ormjacmor ejatrck tomos kos mctos mj tomos kos
cack`zcmorjs. Cmjbãs, jstos mctos pujmja sjr ckbcejacmos ja m`seo o euckqu`jr
bjbor`c bcs`vc, mj forbc quj jk softwcrj UECMC pjrb`t`rã, cpcrtj mj prjsjatcr
kos mctos ja t`jbpo rjck, kc rjck`zce`õa mj drãeos mj n`stõr`eos, pjrkjs mj ecrdc
y otros t`pos mj pcatckkcs mj cdrjdce`õa mj mctos.
Jk aübjro mj vcr`cikjs quj js pos`ikj v`suck`zcr mjpjamj mjk t`po mj cack`zcmor
`astckcmo. Ja kc bcyorâc mj jkkos pomjbos vjr y rjd`strcr jatrj 977 y :77
pcrãbjtros m`st`atos. Kcs vcr`cikjs m`spoa`ikjs soa mj m`st`atc âamokj y vca mjsmj
kos vckorjs `astcatãajos, vckorjs jecejs, vckorjs jecejs bãx`bos y bâa`bos,
pcscamo por kos jvjatos mj eck`mcm mj sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo, mctos mj totck`zcmorjs
mj jajrdâc, jte. ]omo jkko pjrb`tj ck usucr`o ua eoaoe`b`jato jxncust`vo mjk
eobportcb`jato mj su `astckce`õa y mjk jstcmo mj kcs kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa
jkàetr`ec y pkca`ecr sus proejsos promuet`vos eoa v`stcs c uac bcyor je`jae`c
jajrdàt`ec.
4.>.5 Wcatckkcs mjk s`stjbc WowjrUtum`o Uecmc®
Js frjeujatj quj uac rjm mj bjm`mc mj uac pkcatc `amustr`ck `aekuyc uac drca
ecat`mcm mj cack`zcmorjs `astckcmos ja ecbpo (mjejacs o ejatjacrjs). Wor jkko,
y pcrc quj kc `aforbce`õa sjc ekcrc j `atjk`d`ikj mj forbc rãp`mc por jk usucr`o, js
ajejscr`c kc erjce`õa mj s`aõpt`eos icscmos ja jsqujbcs ua`kcrjs, quj cyumja
ck usucr`o c `mjat`ecr rãp`mcbjatj kc proejmjae`c mj kc `aforbce`õa quj jstã
v`jamo y kj pjrb`tc vjr ja jk s`aõpt`eo, mjsmj kc `aforbce`õa bãs rjkjvcatj mj kc
`astckce`õa ncstc jk mjtckkj quj qu`jrc vjr, s`bpkjbjatj sjóckcamo jk `astrubjato
quj qu`jrj v`suck`zcr.
Cm jbãs
Cmjb
ãs,, jk so
softftwc
wcrj
rj pu
pujm
jmjj pr
prop
opor
ore`
e`oa
oacr
cr ck us
usuc
ucr`r`oo `a
`afo
forb
rbce
ce`õ
`õaa n`
n`st
stõr
õr`e
`ecc y
cdrjdcmc quj kj cyumja ja kc tobc mj mje`s`oajs c kc norc mj eoatrokcr vcr`cikjs
tàea`ecs y jeoaõb`ecs mjk proejso .
4
Kcs pcatckkcs UECMC soa âatjdrcbjatj eoadurcikjs por jk usucr`o pcrc bostrcr
kos mctos quj sj prjjrc y ja kc forbc mjsjcmc. Cüa csâ, jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
954
provjj ck usucr`o mj ua drca aübjro mj njrrcb`jatcs pcrc kc jkciorce`õa mj
pcatckkcs mj m`sjóo prop`o, mj ua bomo fãe`k y sjae`kko.
4.>.= Yjd`stro mj n`stõr`eos
Ja jk WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® , jk rjd`stro mj n`stõr`eos sj rjck`zc mj bcajrc
cutobãt`ec. Jk usucr`o ao mjij eoadurcr ope`õa ckduac pcrc `a`e`cr jk rjd`stro
yc quj jk bcstjr mj eobua`ece`õa rjck`zc m`enc djst`õa uac vjz cócm`mo ua
pjr`fàr`eo c kc rjm. Zac vjz mjtjetcmo jk jqu`po, jk softwcrj jkciorc uac icsj mj
mctos quj eoat`jaj tomos kos mctos bjm`mos por jk cack`zcmor eoa uac ecmjae`c
mj t`jbpo prjmjtjrb`acmc.
4
F`d. 4.30 - Mctos rjd`strcmos y mctos ja t`jbpo rjck
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
95>
4.>.: V`suck`zce`õa mj n`stõr`eos bjm`catj tcikcs y drãeos
Zac vjz rjd`strcmos kos mctos ja kc icsj mj mctos, jk softwcrj WowjrUtum`o
Uecmc® propore`oac njrrcb`jatcs pcrc pomjrkos prjsjatcr ja forbc mj drãeos
mj m`st`atos t`pos (k`ajckjs, icrrcs, jte.). Js jk prop`o usucr`o qu`ja pujmj jkjd`r kc
forbc mj prjsjatce`õa y jk pjrâomo mj t`jbpo mjk drãeo. Wostjr`orbjatj jx`stja
fuae`oajs mj zoob, quj pjrb`tja vjr kos mjtckkjs mj pjrâomos bãs eortos.
Eoa tomc jstc `aforbce`õa pujmj cack`zcrsj eõbomcbjatj kc jvokue`õa mj
uao o bãs pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos o mj proejso c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo. Wjrb`tj
tcbi`àa v`suck`zcr kc jvokue`õa mj vcr`cikjs cdrjdcmcs c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo
(jajrdâcs
cet`vc,
rjcet`vc
`amuet`vc,
rjcet`vc
ecpce`t`vc,
eoatcmorjs
cduc oo
dcs, jvjatos,
jte.).
]omc jstc
`aforbce`õa
pujmj
sjr prjsjatcmc
por mj
pcatckkc
pujmj `bpr`b`rsj pcrc kc jkciorce`õa mj `aforbjs pcrc cum`tor`cs jajrdàt`ecs.
4.>.6 Jkciorce`õa mj `aforbjs
Bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® , jk usucr`o t`jaj kc pos`i`k`mcm
mj jkciorcr `aforbjs `aekuyjamo drãeos rjkct`vos c kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos
bjm`mos y rjd`strcmos ja kc icsj mj mctos. Kc `aforbce`õa ckbcejacmc pjrb`tj
rjck`zcr `aforbjs mj eoasubo `am`v`muck`zcmo por jqu`pos, `aforbjs dkoickjs
j `aekuso s`bukce`oajs mj eostj por sjee`oajs o s`bukce`õa mjk totck mj kc
fceturc jkàetr`ec. Uj pujmja `atromue`r y cetuck`zcr kcs tcr`fcs, eoatjbpkcamo kc
m`ser`b`ace`õa norcr`c por trcbos y por tàrb`aos mj potjae`c quj eorrjspoamca
c ecmc frcalc norcr`c y c ecmc mâc mjk eckjamcr`o.
Jk softwcrj fce`k`tc jaorbjbjatj ck usucr`o jk eoaoejr jk eoasubo mj ecmc puato
mj bjm`mc, pum`jamo eckeukcr eostjs pcre`ckjs por mjpcrtcbjatos, por kâajcs mj
promuee`õa, por pcrejkcs, jte.
4.>.4 Ckcrbcs y v`suck`zce`õa mj jvjatos
Jk WowjrUtum`o Uecmc® m`spoaj mj ua bõmuko mj eoatrok y ckcrbcs quj pjrb`tj
cv`scr ck usucr`o mj euckqu`jr `ae`mjae`c quj oeurrc ja kc `astckce`õa. Kcs ckcrbcs
pujmja csoe`crsj mj uac forbc sjae`kkc c euckqu`jr pcrãbjtro `atjdrcmo ja jk
UECMC, yc sjc ua pcrãbjtro jkàetr`eo o mj proejso, eoa kc ack`mcm mj kkjvcr
c ecio uac v`d`kcae`c mj kc `astckce`õa. Wujmj tcbi`àa uscrsj kcs ckcrbcs pcrc
mjtjetcr kâb`tjs mj tokjrcae`c mj ckduaos pcrãbjtros eoa v`stcs c bcatja`b`jato
prjvjat`vo.
4.>.> Uoftwcrj bukt`pujsto (sjrv`mor Tji)
4
WowjrUtum`o Uecmc®, kkjvc `atjdrcmo ua sjrv`mor wji `atjrao8 mj jstc bcajrc,
jk rjsto mj usucr`os eoajetcmos c kc rjm eorporct`vc mj kc jbprjsc (KCA o TCA),
pujmja v`suck`zcr kos mctos n`stõr`eos o mj t`jbpo rjck, proejmjatjs mjk sjrv`mor
bcstjr. Kcs pcatckkcs sjrãa m`aãb`ecs, y por tcato, jk ek`jatj wji tjamrã kc
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
950
pos`i`k`mcm mj v`suck`zcr tomos kos mctos ja t`jbpo rjck, ck `duck quj jk sjrv`mor
bcstjr.. Jk ceejso mj usucr`os rjbotos jstã rjstr`ad`mo bjm`catj uac ekcvj pcrc
bcstjr
ecmc usucr`o rjd`strcmo. Jk aübjro mj usucr`os wji quj pujmja eoajetcrsj ck
sjrv`mor js `k`b`tcmo y pcrc kc ecmc uao mj jkkos sj pujmj kkjvcr c ecio ua ktro
mj ceejso, k`b`tcamo jk ceejso c mjtjrb`acmo t`po mj mctos.
4.0 U`stjbcs mj tjkjdjst`õa
Uj mjf`aj eobo s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc, motcmo mj
eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack, jatrj ua ormjacmor ejatrck y uac rjm forbcmc
por
cack`zcmorjs,
bjm`morjs
mj eck`mcm
y eoatcmorjs
mj jajrdâc,
quj `aekuyj
tcbi`àa
jkjbjatos
mj bca`oirc
eoatrokcikjs
rjbotcbjatj
(`atjrruptorjs,
rjkàs, cutõbctcs, jte.). Jk s`stjbc t`jaj por oiljto motcr c kcs eobpcóâcs
m`str`iu`morcs mj jajrdâc mj uac njrrcb`jatc mj v`d`kcae`c y eoatrok rjboto. Jk
s`stjbc mjij pjrb`t`r, eoa kcs bãx`bcs dcrcatâcs mj `atjdr`mcm y sjdur`mcm, jk
ceejso rjboto c kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc, eoa m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj kjeturc, djst`õa
mj kc jajrdâc, eoatrok mj kc potjae`c mjbcamcmc y eoatrctcmc, djst`õa mj kc
eoajx`õa/mjseoajx`õa mj sub`a`stros, jatrj otrcs fuae`oack`mcmjs, pos`i`k`tcamo
jk `atjrecbi`o mj `aforbce`õa y cetuce`õa jatrj kos s`stjbcs mj kcs jbprjscs y
kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc.
4.0.3 Jkjbjatos iãs`eos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa
Za s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa sujkj jstcr eobpujsto por<
Jqu`pos mj bjm`mc< Jk ecso bãs frjeujatj js quj sjca eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc
cet`vc y rjcet`vc, s`tucmos ja kos puatos froatjrc jatrj jk ek`jatj y kc jbprjsc
m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc. Jk oiljt`vo mj kc tjkjdjst`õa sujkj sjr kc m`ser`b`ace`õa
norcr`c mj kc jajrdâc y jk eoatrok mj kc potjae`c mjbcamcmc, eoa pos`i`k`mcm mj
eoajx`õa / mjseoajx`õa rjbotc mjk totck o pcrtj mjk sub`a`stro.
Eoaejatrcmor `atjrbjm`o< Jstj js ua jkjbjato `atjrbjm`o jatrj jk s`stjbc
`aforbãt`eo mj djst`õa y eoatrok y kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, quj pjrb`tj kc
cdrjdce`õa y djst`õa koeck mj ua aübjro k`b`tcmo mj jqu`pos mj bjm`mc.
M`spoaj mj eobua`ece`oajs eoa jk s`stjbc `aforbãt`eo y eoa kos jqu`pos mj
bjm`mc. Nci`tuckbjatj sj sujkj `astckcr ua eoaejatrcmor por ecmc ejatro
mj trcasforbce`õa, eoa fuae`oajs mj tjkjdjst`õa mj otros eoaejatrcmorjs
sjeuamcr`os o m`rjetcbjatj mj kos eoatcmorjs, djst`oacamo kcs eobua`ece`oajs
jatrj tomos jkkos.
4
U`stjbc `aforbãt`eo mj djst`õa y eoatrok < Uj trctc mj ua jqu`po tjrb`ack
mj mctos (M]J) eoa ua softwcrj quj djst`oac kos ulos mj `aforbce`õa jatrj
kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc (eoatcmorjs) y kc rjm mj ormjacmorjs mj kc jbprjsc
m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc, mj forbc m`rjetc o c trcvàs mj eoaejatrcmorjs
`atjrbjm`os. Jstc njrrcb`jatc `aforbãt`ec mjij pomjr kjjr kos pcrãbjtros mj
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=7
kos eoatcmorjs, tckjs eobo eurvcs mj jajrdâcs, jvjatos, e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa,
ckcrbcs mj `atrus`sbo. Mj kc b`sbc forbc pujmj cetucr soirj jk eoatcmor,
por jljbpko rjck`zcamo ua e`jrrj mj fceturce`õa rjboto, o i`ja mjseoajetcr jk
sub`a`stro.
U`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor < Jstj s`stjbc
eobprjamj jk bjm`o fâs`eo y jk protoeoko quj sj ut`k`zca pcrc jk `atjrecbi`o mj
`aforbce`õa jatrj kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc y jk eoaejatrcmor. M`eno s`stjbc mjij
mj pjrb`t`r uac eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack, eoa uac vjkoe`mcm ao ajejscr`cbjatj
jkjvcmc, yc quj kos rjqu`s`tos, tcato kjdckjs eobo mjk prop`o s`stjbc ao ko
mjbcamca.
Yjqu`s`tos iãs`eos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa < Kos jkjbjatos iãs`eos
mj quj mjij
mjij m`spoajr ua
ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa soa< U`aeroa`zce`õa norcr`c y
Eoatrok mj sjdur`mcm y pr`vce`mcm mj mctos.
U`aeroa`zce`õa norcr`c< Jstc prjstce`õa js `am`spjascikj pcrc kc djst`õa mj kcs
m`st`atcs frcalcs mj kc tcr`fc jkàetr`ec. Jk s`stjbc pujmj jstcr icscmo ja sjóckjs
rje`i`mcs vâc DWU o DWYU (pcrc s`stjbcs cutõaobos) o ja sjóckjs rje`i`mcs mj
kos a`vjkjs supjr`orjs, bjm`catj uac jstrueturc ljrcrqu`zcmc mj s`aeroa`zce`õa,
quj propcdc kc sjóck c trcvàs mj kos eoaejatrcmorjs `atjrbjm`os y eoatcmorjs,
bjm`catj õrmjajs mj supjrv`s`õa y pujstc ja norc.
Wr`vce`mcm y sjdur`mcm mj mctos< Jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa mjijrã m`spoajr mj
bjeca`sbos
mj eoatrok
mj ceejso
dcrcat`eja
kc pr`vce`mcm
mj`aforbce`õa
mctos y mj
s`stjbcs mj eoatrok
mj jrrorjs
qujquj
dcrcat`eja
kc `atjdr`mcm
mj kc
trcasb`t`mc. Djajrckbjatj jstc ükt`bc pcrtj sj eobpkjtc eoa s`stjbcs mj
eoarbce`õa mj rjejpe`õa mj bjascljs, jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmorjs y
jatrj jstos y jk ormjacmor ejatrck.
4.0.9 U`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa pcrc tjkjdjst`õa
Jx`stja bükt`pkjs bjm`os fâs`eos pcrc jstcikjejr uac eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack
pcrc ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa. Eobo jljbpkos pomjbos e`tcr kc tjkjfoaâc lc
(Y]E), tjkjfoaâc bõv`k (DUB, DWYU) , Jakcejs Ycm`o o eobua`ece`õa por kc
kâajc jkàetr`ec (WKE).
4
Kc tjeaokodâc c uscr mjij mj sjr f`cikj, roiustc y eoa ua eostj soirj kcs
eobua`ece`oajs buy iclo, yc quj ao pujmj sjr bcs eostoso jk jqu`po/bomuko
mj tjkjeobua`ece`õa quj jk prop`o jqu`po mj bjm`mc (eoatcmor). Otrc mj kcs
prjb`scs c tjajr ja eujatc js quj mjij mj sjr ua s`stjbc cuto-eoadurcikj, mj
forbc quj ao sjc ajejscr`o mcr mj cktc ja kc rjm c ecmc uao mj kos eoatcmorjs
o eoaejatrcmorjs `atjrbjm`os mj forbc bcauck mjatro mjk s`stjbc mj djst`õa
dkoick. Mjij mj sjr ua s`stjbc Wkud&Wkcy , moamj kc eoajx`õa mj ua aujvo aomo
ja uac rjm `bpk`quj su rjeoaoe`b`jato cutobãt`eo.
Cetuckbjatj jk s`stjbc bãs
b ãs jxtjam`mo quj cicrec tomos àstos rjqu`s`tos, y otros
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=3
quj sj mjtckkcrãa bãs cmjkcatj, js jk WKE ( Wowjr K`aj Eobbua`ect`oas). Àstj
sj nc cmoptcmo eobo jk s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs `mõajo jatrj eoatcmorjs
mj cioacmos y kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc, yc quj js mj kos poeos s`stjbcs quj
ofrjej uacs prjstce`oajs y fuae`oack`mcmjs, eoa uac ci`k`mcm quj otros s`stjbcs
ao soa ecpcejs mj ofrjejr, cpcrtj mj euir`r tomcs kcs ajejs`mcmjs catjr`orbjatj
eobjatcmcs y otrcs quj bãs cmjkcatjs sj mjtckkcrãa.
4.37 Yjmjs mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE< Crqu`tjeturc
Zac vjz mjf`a`mo quj jk bjm`o mj eobua`ece`õa bãs eoavja`jatj jatrj kos
jqu`pos
mj pujmj
bjm`mcmja`r
y jk eoaejatrcmor
mjkkc ejatro
mjmj
trcasforbce`õa
(E]) js jk
WKE, yc sj
kc jstrueturc mj
rjm koeck
jakcej jatrj eoatcmorjs
y eoaejatrcmor ja ua s`stjbc iãs`eo mj tjkjdjst`õa. Ja kc F`d. 4.97, sj pujmj
oisjrvcr kc jstrueturc iãs`ec mj jstc rjm koeck.
Kc eobua`ece`õa mjk eoatcmor eoa jk eoaejatrcmor sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj kos
ecikjs mj potjae`c mj kc rjm mj m`str`iue`õa, bjm`catj eobua`ece`oajs WKE. C
a`vjk supjr`or, jk eoaejatrcmor WKE jstã jakczcmo eoa jk tjrb`ack mj mctos mj
kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc bjm`catj ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`õa, quj pomrâc sjr
tcbi`àa WKE. Ao oistcatj kos jakcejs WKE ja kâajcs mj B] prjsjatca ua bcyor
drcmo mj m`euktcm ja kos ceopkcb`jatos, mji`mo c kcs jx`djae`cs mj c`skcb`jato.
Ja djajrck jk jakcej eoaejatrcmor - tjrb`ack mj eobpcóâc sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj
ua jakcej @W (@atjrajt) c trcvàs mj kâajc tjkjfõa`ec Y]E , DUB o DWYU.
F`d. 4.97 - Jstrueturc iãs`ec mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa eoa WKE
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=9
Ja jk jljbpko catjr`or sj tjaâc ua jakcej mj ua soko E] eoa ua eoaejatrcmor,
pjro jv`mjatjbjatj kcs rjmjs mj m`str`iue`õa mj kcs jbprjscs jkàetr`ecs sujkja
sjr bueno bãs eobpkjlcs y ecmc ejatro mj m`str`iue`õa o suijstce`õa (UJ) t`jaj
vcr`cs kâajcs mj sck`mc c E] y ecmc uac mj jkkcs eoa bukt`tum mj mjr`vce`oajs.
Za jljbpko mj uac pos`ikj crqu`tjeturc mjk s`stjbc dkoick mj tjkjdjst`õa icscmo
ja WKE, pomrâc sjr jk quj sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 4.93. Ja àstj jsqujbc sj
pujmja vjr m`fjrjatjs eoaejatrcmorjs eoajetcmos ecmc uao c kc rjm mj I] mj
ua E]. C su vjz tomos kos eoaejatrcmorjs jstãa eoajetcmos, yc sjc vâc DUB/
DWYU o Jtnjrajt ck tjrb`ack mj kjeturcs mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc.
Oisàrvjsj quj jk tjrb`ack mj eobpcóâc pujmj sjr c su vjz ua WE eoaejatrcmo
eoaejatrcmorr
quj jakczc eoa bãqu`acs bãs potjatjs ja ejatros mj fceturce`õa o ejatros mj
m`spcten`ad.
F`d. 4.93 - Crqu`tjeturc djajrck mj uac rjm mj eoaejatrcmorjs WKE
Kos jascyos mj rjmjs forbcmcs por eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmorjs E@YEZ]OY,
motcmos mj eobua`ece`õa WKE, jakczcmos eoa tjrb`ackjs mj m`vjrscs eobpcóâcs
m`str`iu`morcs c trcvàs mj kc rjm tjkjfõa`ec, nca mjbostrcmo quj jk s`stjbc
mj eobua`ece`oajs mjser`to js totckbjatj fuae`oack y pjrb`tj uac djst`õa
ejatrck`zcmc mj fceturce`õa y eoatrok mj ecrdcs.
4.333 Ecrcetjrâst`ecs djajrckjs mj uac rjm mj
4.3
mj eobua`ece`õa
eobua`ece`õa WKE
4
Kos eoatcmorjs eoajetcmos c kcs kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa mj ua ejatro mj
trcasforbce`õa eoaforbca uac rjm koeck mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE, pum`jamo
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=5
eobua`ecr ncstc ua bãx`bo mj 34>: eoatcmorjs. Jstc rjm koeck jstã djst`oacmc,
eobo sj nc m`eno bãs crr`ic, por ua eoaejatrcmor, quj javâc tomos kos mctos c
kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc.
Ja oecs`oajs kcs eobua`ece`oajs c trcvàs mj kc kâajc jkàetr`ec (WKE) prjsjatca
uac sjr`j mj proikjbcs mji`mo c kc supjrpos`e`õa mj ru`mo c kc sjóck WKE o
c ctjauce`õa mj àstc mji`mo c kcs kcrdcs m`stcae`cs y c kcs vcr`ce`oajs mj kc
`bpjmcae`c totck mj kc rjm. ]omo jkko m`euktc kc eobua`ece`õa y jx`dj provjjr
bjm`mcs pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk jakcej jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor, c pjscr mjk
ru`mo y mj kc ctjauce`õa catjs e`tcmcs.
E@YEZ]OY
Kos
s`stjbcs
WKE `aeorporcmos
kos eoatcmorjs
m`spoaja
mj mj
uaceobua`ece`õa
sjr`j mj eoatrokjs
icscmos jac ncrmwcrj
y softwcrj
pcrc
ncejr frjatj c tomos jstcs eoat`adjae`cs. Kos eoatrokjs bãs mjstcecmos soa<
Jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo, Yoiustjz ja kc bomukce`õa, ]rcasb`s`õa bukt`ecack y
jkjee`õa mjk ecack bãs eoavja`jatj, jte.
Icamcs mj frjeujae`cs
Jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa mj E@YEZ]OY, eoa eobua`ece`oajs WKE eubpkj eoa
kc aorbct`vc juropjc JA :776:-3, ja kc euck sj mjaja kos a`vjkjs bãx`bos mj
sjóck c `ayjetcr y kcs icamcs mj frjeujae`c aorbck`zcmcs, pcrc kc eobua`ece`õa
WKE c trcvàs mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec. Kc F`d. 4.99 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs
m`st`atcs icamcs aorbck`zcmcs y kos bãx`bos a`vjkjs mj sjóck ja mIλV quj
jstã pjrb`t`mo `ayjetcr.
F`d. 4.99 - Icamc mj frjeujae`cs WKE sjdüa JA :776:-3
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
I c a m c F r j q u ja e` c
C
5 - 0: hNz
hN z
W r o t o e o ko J l j bp k o
ao
I
ao
E
M
Z so
Yjsjrvcmo
Yjsjrvc
mo eobpcóâcs
eob pcóâcs
jkàetr`ecs
0 : - 3 9: h N z
E ob u a ` e ce ` õa
`atjrac s`a protoeoko
mj ceejso
39 : - 3= 7 h N z
E ob u a ` e ce ` õa
`atjrac eoa protoeoko
mj ceejso
3 = 7 - 3 = > . : h N z Wc r c s ` s t j b c s m j
9==
B jd cf o aâ c
`atjrac
EUBC/EM Mobõ
bõtt`ec
ao
ckcrbcs y sjdur`mcm
]ck y eobo sj pujmj oisjrvcr ja kc tcikc mj kc F`d. 4.99, kc icamc C, mj 5 c
0:hNz, js kc icamc rjsjrvcmc pcrc kcs eobua`ece`oajs WKE ja kâajcs prop`jmcm
mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc mj jajrdâc. Wcrc otrcs cpk`ece`oajs, eobo pomrâc sjr
kc mobõt`ec, mjija ut`k`zcrsj kcs icamcs mj frjeujae`cs I, E o M o bomukce`õa
mj icamc caenc (WKE Jtnjrajt). Kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c ja jstos s`stjbcs
mj icamc caenc pujmj kkjdcr c kos 35: Bips y sj rjck`zc por bjm`o mj rjmjs mj
trcasportj D`dci`t Jtnjrajt (3777 Bips) o UMN/Uoajt (rjm mj tjkjfõa`ec mj irc
õpt`ec mj ncstc =7 Dips).
4.33.3 Bomukce`õa y vjkoe`mcm mjk WKE aorbc JA :776:-3
Wcrc
ncejr
bãs roiustcs
eobua`ece`oajs
c trcvàs
mj kcMj
rjmjstc
jkàetr`ec,
sj
jbpkjc
bomukce`õa
MEUHkcs
(M`ffjrjat`ck
Eomj Un`ft
Hjy`ad).
forbc sj
eoas`duj uac vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos mj ncstc 4,: hips cktcbjatj
cikj. Kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c js vcr`cikj yc quj jk proejscmor jaecrdcmo
mj kc djst`õa mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs WKE, pjrb`tj vcr`cr ja fuae`õa mj kc eck`mcm
mj sjóck, kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c, oitja`jamo uac iujac rjkce`õa jatrj
roiustjz y vjkoe`mcm. C eoat`auce`õa sj bujstrc uac tcikc , c bomo mj rjfjrjae`c
quj rjkce`oac roiustjz eoa vjkoe`mcm<
]cikc 4.9 - Vjkoe`mcmjs mjk s`stjbc WKE eoa bomukce`õa MEUH
Bo mo
B o m o U t ca mc r m
B o m o Y o iu s t o
Vjkoe`mcm
4. : h i ps
: h ip s 1 9. : h i ps
B o m o b u y r oi us t o
3. 9 : h ip s 1 7. 6 9: h i ps
Cm`e`oa ckbjatj, sj jbpkjc jk protoeok
Cm`e`oackbjatj,
protoeokoo EUBC/EM pcrc mjtjetcr s` jk bjm`o mj
eobua`ece`õa jstã o ao m`spoa`ikj y jv`tcr eok`s`oajs ja kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos.
Jsto sj rjck`zc erjcamo trjs ecackjs mj eobua`ece`oajs, js mje`r trjs icamcs mj
frjeujae`cs, por kcs quj sj jb`tj kc b`sbc sjóck, rjmue`jamo csâ kcs pos`i`k`mcmjs
mj fckko ja kcs eobua`ece`oajs.
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=:
4.33.9 U`stjbc mj rjpjt`morjs
Ja kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj jk eoaejatrcmor WKE y ua eoatcmor, js pos`ikj quj,
mji`mo c kc vcr`ci`k`mcm ja kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj kc rjm jkàetr`ec, sjc `bpos`ikj
kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos (jxejso mj ru`mo jkàetr`eo, m`stcae`c o ctjauce`õa mj
kc sjóck). Ja jstj ecso, jatrc ja cee`õa kc fuae`õa mj rjpjt`mor. Kc fuae`õa mj
rjpjt`mor ncej pos`ikj ut`k`zcr uao o bãs eoatcmorjs quj ncdca mj rjpjt`morjs
mj kc sjóck mjk ükt`bo eoatcmor mj kc ecmjac. Ja kc F`d. 4.95 sj pujmj vjr ua
jljbpko, moamj sj ut`k`zca mos eoatcmorjs eobo rjpjt`morjs pcrc ncejr pos`ikj
kc eobua`ece`õa jatrj jk eoaejatrcmor WKE y ua tjrejr eoatcmor.
F`d. 4.95 - Eoatcmor eobo rjpjt`mor mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE
E@YEZ]OY
Jk
protoeoko
mj eobua`ece`oajs
ofrjej
, cs`dac ut`k`zcrã
c ecmc
eoatcmor
ua a`vjk,
y ja fuae`õa mjk WKE
a`vjk quj
moamj
sj jaeujatrj,
jk eoatcmor
bãs o bjaos rjpjt`morjs pcrc eobua`ecrsj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE. Kos
eoatcmorjs quj sj eobua`eca m`rjetcbjatj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE pjrtjajeja
ck a`vjk 3, kos mj a`vjk 9 ajejs`tcrãa ua rjpjt`mor y csâ ncstc kos eoatcmorjs mj
a`vjk 4 quj pujmja ut`k`zcr ncstc 6 rjpjt`morjs `atjrbjm`os. Mj jstc forbc sj
eoas`duj eobua`ecr eoa eoatcmorjs c m`stcae`cs quj, `a`e`ckbjatj ao sjrâca
pos`ikjs s` jk jakcej jatrj eoatcmor y eoaejatrcmor WKE fujrc m`rjeto.
4.33.5 U`stjbc Wkud & Wkcy
Kos m`fjrjatjs eoatcmorjs quj eoaforbca uac rjm mj eobua`ece`õa, sj
jaeujatrca rjd`strcmos ja jk eoaejatrcmor WKE. Jstc `aforbce`õa pujmj sjr
kjâmc
por kc jbprjsc
m`str`iu`morc,
pomjrmjsok`e`tcr
mctos c ja
ecmc
uao mj jstos
eoatcmorjs.
Kos eoatcmorjs
ao sj pcrc
rjd`strca
forbc bcauck
jk eoaejatrcmor
WKE, s`ao quj jk s`stjbc WKE mj E@YEZ]OY, ofrjej kc fuae`oack`mcm kkcbcmc
Wkud&Wkcy, quj pjrb`tj quj mj forbc cutobãt`ec y cutõaobc por pcrtj mjk
eoaejatrcmor y mjk eoatcmor
eoatcmor,, jk eoatcmor iusquj
iusquj jk bjlor ecb`ao (bjlor sjóck
sjóck
mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE) pcrc kkjdcr ck eoaejatrcmor, yc sjc mj forbc m`rjetc o
c trcvàs mj otros eoatcmorjs (rjpjt`morjs).
4
Jk proejso pcrc jk rjd`stro ja kc icsj mj mctos mj ua eoaejatrcmor js jk
s`du`jatj. M`spoajbos mj ua eoaejatrcmor WKE yc `astckcmo ja kc rjm, y sj
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=6
`astckc ua aujvo eoatcmor. Àstj ükt`bo iusecrã ja jk bobjato mj ck`bjatcrsj, ua
eoaejatrcmor WKE. U` kc eobua`ece`õa, m`stcae`c y otros fcetorjs ko pjrb`tja, àstj
sj eoajetcrã ck eoaejatrcmor y sj cócm`rã c kc icsj mj mctos mjk eoaejatrcmor
WKE cutobãt`ecbjatj, y tcbi`àa mj forbc cutobãt`ec jk eoaejatrcmor WKE
jbpjzcrã kc rut`ac mj mjsecrdc y jxportce`õa mj mctos. U` ao js csâ, jk aujvo
eoatcmor eoajetcmo c kc rjm, iusecrã otros eoatcmorjs ejrecaos c àk, pcrc
mja`rkos eobo rjpjt`morjs mj su sjóck, pcrc quj c trcvàs mj àstos pujmc kkjdcr
c eoajetcr eoa jk eoaejatrcmor.
Jk proejso cutobãt`eo mj eoajx`õa c kc rjm (cktc ja kc icsj mj mctos mjk
eoaejatrcmor WKE) jstcikjej c quà a`vjk pjrtjajejrã ua aujvo eoatcmor, csâ
eobo
aübjrojvcküc
mj rjpjt`morjs
sj ut`k`zcrã pcrc
ceejmjr
àk. Wcrc jkko, jk
aujvo jkeoatcmor
uac sjr`jquj
mj pcrãbjtros
mj
mj eck`mcm
mjkc jakcej.
4.33.= Jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo
Eucamo kcs eobua`ece`oajs eoa ua eoatcmor fckkca, jk eoaejatrcmor WKE o jk
prop`o eoatcmor ko mjtjetc, `a`e`ãamosj kc iüsqujmc mj uac aujvc rutc. Jsto js
ko quj ja jk s`stjbc WKE mj E@YEZ]OY, mjaob`acbos jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo.
Jk s`stjbc js ecpcz mj iusecr mj forbc m`aãb`ec y cutobãt`ec ua aujvo ecb`ao
pcrc ceejmjr c ua eoatcmor ja jk ecso mj quj jk jarutcb`jato jstcikje`mo
`a`e`ckbjatj ao sjc jk eorrjeto.
Jk jarutcb`jato eoa bjlor eck`mcm, sjrã jk quj sj jstcikjzec eobo eobua`ece`õa
eoa
jk eoaejatrcmor.
kc rutc quj
`a`e`ckbjatj
mjtjrb`aj
pcrc
eobua`ecr,
ao s`da`ecYjsub`jamo,
quj sjc kc mja`t`vc,
yc quj
jk s`stjbcsjpjrb`tj
jk ecbi`o
mjk jarutcb`jato mji`mo c ecbi`os ja kc eck`mcm mj kcs eobua`ece`oajs WKE.
Wor jljbpko ja kc s`du`jatj F`d. 4.9=, pomjbos vjr quj cuaquj aorbckbjatj
kc forbc mj ceejmjr ck eoatcmor C js vâc jk eoatcmor I, ja ecso mj fckkcr jstj
ecb`ao, sjrã pos`ikj jstcikjejr uac aujvc rutc eoa jk eoatcmor E.
F`d. 4.9= - Jarutcb`jato m`aãb`eo
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=4
4.39 Jspje`ece`oajs fuae`oackjs mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`oa
Ja àstj cpcrtcmo sjr trctcrãa ckduaos mj kos cspjetos bãs fuae`oackjs mj kc
eobua`ece`õa WKE, js mje`r, jk fuae`oacb`jato dkoick mj tomos kos eobpoajatjs
mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa< jqu`po mj bjm`mc, eoaejatrcmor WKE y softwcrj
mj djst`õa.
4.39.3 U`stjbc cutobãt`eo
Zac mj kos rjqujr`b`jatos iãs`eos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa js quj sjc ua
s`stjbc mj bjm`mc y eobua`ece`õa i`m`rjee`oack. Cmjbãs mjij sjr ua s`stjbc
cutobãt`eo,
quj ao sjc
kc `atjrvjae`õa
mj a`adüa trãb`tjs
cdjatj,
pcrc jk cktc js
mj mje`r,
ua eoatcmor,
bãsajejscr`c
quj kos ajejscr`os
y oik`dctor`os
cmb`a`strct`vos mj kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc, ja jk cktc mj u aujvo sub`a`stro. Kos
jqu`pos mj bjm`mc pcrc sub`a`stros `afjr`orjs c kos 3: hT , t`po mj ek`jatj quj
cdrupc jk bcyor aubjro mj sub`a`stros, ja tomo jk pcrquj mj eoatcmorjs, mjija
sct`sfcejr oik`dctor`cbjatj kcs mos eoam`e`oajs catjs e`tcmcs.
Jk s`stjbc E@YEZ]OY icscmo ja jk eoaejatrcmor WKE->77 js ua s`stjbc
totckbjatj cutobãt`eo, yc quj ja jk bobjato mj kc `astckce`õa mj ua aujvo
eoatcmor ja kc rjm, àstj sj eoajetc cutobãt`ecbjatj ck eoaejatrcmor, quj sj
jaecrdc mj<
•
Mjsecrdcr `aforbce`õa rjkct`vc ck prop`o jqu`po mj bjm`mc.
•
Cetuc k`zcr kc eurvc mj jajr
Cetuck`zcr
jajrdâc
dâc norcr
norcr`c
`c ncst
ncstcc kc fjenc cetu
cetuck,
ck, mj forb
forbcc quj ja kc
prõx`bc jxportce`õa, quj sj rjck`zc mj forbc m`cr`c c kos sjrv`e`os ejatrckjs mj kc
jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc, sj jav`crãa kos aujvos mctos mjk aujvo eoatcmor `astckcmo
ja kc rjm.
Kc eobproice`õa mj quj ua jqu`po sj nc eoajetcmo y eobua`ec eorrjetcbjatj
eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE->77, sj pujmj ncejr bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrWKE®
o i`ja mjs mjk prop`o eoaejatrcmor WKE->77, oisjrvcamo kc k`stc mj eoatcmorjs
eoajetcmos, y b`rcamo kc ükt`bc fjenc mj eobua`ece`õa.
4.39.9 Eoatrok mj potjae`c `atjdrcmo ja jk eoatcmor
Ecij mjstcecr, por su rjkjvcae`c, jk s`stjbc mj eortj y rjeoajx`õa ofrje`mo por
E@YEZ]OY ja sus eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Àstj eoatrok mj potjae`c pjrb`tj
prodrcbcr
kc potjae`c
eoatrctcmc
ja ecmc
sub`a`stro, kc
mj eorr`jatj
forbc qujeoatrctcmc,
cetüc eobojsuamje`r,
k`b`tcmor
mj eorr`jatj.
Jk k`b`tcmor
mj
eorr`jatj, `atjdrcmo mjatro mjk eoatcmor, ao sust`tuyj, ck @DC a` ck @EW, quj sj
jstcikjeja eobo oik`dctor`os ja ecmc puato mj sub`a`stro.
4
Àstj eoatrok mj kc potjae`c, pjrb`tj sjr prodrcbcmo y bca`oircmo (eortj y
rjeoajx`õa) c trcvàs mj eobua`ece`oajs WKE, cuaquj jk cioacmo mjij scijr jk
fuae`oacb`jato ja kc rjeoajx`õa, yc quj mjij sjdu`r uaos pcsos pcrc rjstcikjejr
jk sub`a`stro.
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=>
Wcsos ja kc rjeoajx`õa<
Ja jk ecso mj quj jk cioacmo sj qujmj s`a sub`a`stro, àstj mjij scijr quj ao
vokvjrã c tjajr eorr`jatj, ncstc quj ao circ jk e`reu`to, js mje`r, ncstc quj ao
circ jk bcdajtotàrb`eo
bcdajtotàrb`eo djajrck (@EW o @DC). Ja jk bobjato
bobjato mj cir`r jk e`reu`to,
jk eoatrok mj potjae`c `atjdrcmo ja jk eoatcmor mjvokvjrã jk sub`a`stro, yc quj
mjtjetc kc cpjrturc mjk e`reu`to, mj forbc quj eucamo e`jrrj jk bcdajtotàrb`eo
(@EW o @DC), yc tjamrã rjstcikje`mo jk sub`a`stro.
Wujmj mcrsj jk ecso quj kc eobpcóâc m`str`iu`morc mje`mc, por jk bot`vo quj erjc
oportuao, eortcr jk sub`a`stro mj ua cioacmo, jatoaejs, àstj ao tjamrã tjas`õa,
cuaquj
ncdc kc bca`oirc
cir`rmj
y ejrrcr
jk bcdajtotàrb`eo
djajrck,
ncstc
quj kc m`str`iu`morc,
ao mj kcmjormja
rjstcikjejr
jk sub`a`stro, por
tjkjbjm`mc.
Ja àstj bobjato jk cioacmo yc pujmj rjck`zcr kc bca`oirc mj cir`r y ejrrcr jk
bcdajtotàrb`eo djajrck (@EW o @DC).
Jk jkjbjato mj eortj tjamrã trjs fuae`oajs pr`ae`pckjs<
Eortj prodrcbcmo< Ja àstj ecso jk jkjbjato mj eortj, eortcrã jk sub`a`stro, por
ua eobcamo jav`cmo por eobua`ece`oajs WKE, mjsmj jk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa
(Eoaejatrcmor WKE->77), c trcvàs mjk pujrto õpt`eo, o i`ja mjsmj kcs oe`acs mj
kc jbprjsc m`str`iu`morc (WowjrWKE ))
Yjeoajx`õa prodrcbcmc/cutobãt`ec < Jk rjcrbj mjspuàs mj ua eortj
prodrcbcmo,
sjrã `am`ecmo
mjsmj
jk ejatro
mj trcasforbce`õa,
por
eobcamo.
WowjrWKE
WKE (Eoaejatrcmor
WKE->77),
c trcvàs
mjk pujrto
õpt`eo, o mjsmj jk
Jk eoatcmor ao rjeoajetcrã ja jk b`sbo `astcatj mjk eobcamo por tjbcs mj
sjdur`mcm. Uõko sj rjcrbcrã ja jk bobjato ja jk quj jk cioacmo, circ jk e`reu`to
(cir`jamo jk tàrb`eo pr`ae`pck), y ko vujkvc c ejrrcr. Ja jk bobjato ja quj sj kj
`am`ec ck eoatcmor quj pujmj ejrrcr jk jkjbjato mj eortj, àstj b`mj kc potjae`c
quj sj jstã eoasub`jamo, mj forbc quj mjtjetc s` jk e`reu`to jstã ci`jrto o ao.
Ja jk bobjato ja jk quj jk cioacmo cirj jk e`reu`to, jk eoatcmor ko mjtjetc, àstj
e`jrrj jk jkjbjato mj eortj, y eucamo sj e`jrrj jk bcdajtotàrb`eo, yc vujkvj c
tjajr sub`a`stro.
Eortj por soirjeorr`jatj < Jk jkjbjato mj eortj jstcrã prodrcbcmo eoa uac
eorr`jatj bãx`bc, quj mjijrâc eorrjspoamjr eoa kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc. Jx`stj kc
pos`i`k`mcm
mj quj jkmjeoatcmor
tjadc
tcr`fcs, prodrcbcmcs
por ko tcato jx`stj
mj quj jk jkjbjato
eortj tjadc
mosmos
eorr`jatjs
(p.jl. kc
3:pos`i`k`mcm
C murcatj
jk mâc y =7 C murcatj kc aoenj). Wcrc kc rjeoajx`õa, sj trctc mj sjdu`r jk b`sbo
proejm`b`jato mjser`to catjr`orbjatj.
4.35 Ecpce`mcm mj djst`õa mj ecrdcs
4
Bjm`catj jk jkjbjato mj eortj y kc njrrcb`jatc mj `aforbãt`ec WowjrWKE, js
pos`ikj ncejr uac djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc, cetucamo soirj ua drupo mj
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9=0
eoatcmorjs, rjmue`jamo jk eoasubo dkoick c icsj mj eortjs prodrcbcmos mj
sub`a`stro c e`jrtcs sjee`oajs o pcrtjs mj uac pkcatc, proejso, kâajc o sjetor.
sjetor.
Ja mja`t`vc sj trctc mj eoatrokcr kcs puatcs mj eoasubo y mj eoasjdu`r uac
eurvc mj ecrdc ko bãs pkcac pos`ikj
Jk s`stjbc ofrjej bukt`tum mj pos`i`k`mcmjs, yc quj kc `astckce`õa mj ua eoatcmor
tr`fãs`eo ja kc ecijejrc mj uac `astckce`õa, eobo totck`zcmor mj kc `astckce`õa
(o ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa) aos pjrb`t`rã eoaoejr ja tomo bobjato jk a`vjk
mj ecrdc mjk trcasforbcmor, y ja ecso mj s`tuce`õa erât`ec, cetucr, bjm`catj jk
softwcrj WowjrWKE, eoa jk a mj mjseoajetcr ecrdcs ao erât`ecs, rjmue`jamo
eoasubos ncstc eoasjdu`r sck`r mj kc s`tuce`õa pjk`dro potjae`ck por jxejso mj
ecrdc mjk trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor..
Otro mj kos ijaje`os pos`ikjs quj aos ofrjejrâc kc `astckce`õa mj ua eoatcmor ja
ecijejrc, sjrâc jk eoaoejr jk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs mj kcs ecrdcs mj ua mjtjrb`acmo
ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, s`bpkjbjatj eobpcrcamo kcs bjm`mcs mjk totck`zcmor
y kc subc mj tomos kos eoasubos pcre`ckjs.
4.3= Yjsubja
C ko kcr
kcrdo
do mjk ecpâ
ecpâtuk
tuko,
o, njbo
njboss mjsc
mjscrro
rrokkc
kkcmo
mo uac sjr
sjr`j
`j mj eoa
eoaejpt
ejptos
os ecm
ecmcc vjz
bãs k`dcmos ck buamo mj kc m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. Njbos pujsto jk
àafcs`s ja mjbostrcr kos ijaje`os quj pujmj cportcr ck usucr`o ua s`stjbc
mj
`astrubjatos
y eoajetcmos
ja rjm. Iãs`ecbjatj
pjrb`tj mj
jk
eoatrok
mj ulos m`str`iu`mos
jajrdâc ja kcs
pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs,
jk eoatrok mjjsto
kc eck`mcm
sub`a`stro y kc djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc.
Eoaejptos eobo jk mj promuet`v`mcm y eoatrok mj eostjs, jstãa jstrjencbjatj
k`dcmos c kc `astckce`õa mj s`stjbcs quj dcrcat`eja ua iuja fuae`oacb`jato
mj kcs `astckce`oajs y quj s`rvc eobo uac njrrcb`jatc mj djst`õa jajrdàt`ec
pcrc eoaoejr ja tomo bobjato jk eoasubo dkoick y jspjeâeo (por p`jzc o por
toajkcmc, jte).
Csâ pujs kcs quj njbos mjaob`acmo njrrcb`jatcs pcrc kc djst`õa jajrdàt`ec soa
fuamcbjatckjs pcrc vckorcr kc promuet`v`mcm y pcrc vckorcr jk
jk `bpceto mjk eostj
jajrdàt`eo soirj jk eostj totck mj ua mjtjrb`acmo i`ja o sjrv`e`o.
C ko
k o kcrdo mjk ecpâtu
ecpâtuko
ko sj nca mjser
mjser`to
`to euckjs jrca jstcs njrrc
njrrcb`jatc
b`jatcss y sj nc
v`sto quj pcrc kc rjeod`mc y proejscmo mj mctos js fuamcbjatck m`spoajr mj trjs
jkjbjatos< @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrok, ua s`stjbc mj eobua`ece`oajs quj
pjrb`tc kc kjeturc mj mctos ja euckqu`jr puato mj uac pkcatc y ua softwcrj quj
pjrb`tc kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj jstos mctos y su proejscmo.
4
eobua`ece`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetr`eo
> UJDZY@MCM JA KC YJM< WYO]JEE@ÕA M@FJYJAE@CK
>.3 @atromuee`õa
Zac mj kcs pr`ae`pckjs prjoeupce`oajs ja jk fuae`oacb`jato mj uac `astckce`õa
jkàetr`ec js s`a mumc kc sjdur`mcm, tcato mj kc prop`c `astckce`õa eobo mj kcs
pjrsoacs y i`jajs rjkce`oacmos eoa m`enc `astckce`õa .
Jk tàrb`ao sjdur`mcm eobprjamj iãs`ecbjatj mos cspjetos<
•
Kc protjee`õa eoatrc mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato ja eoam`e`oajs aorbckjs mj uso mj
kc `astckce`õa.
• Kc protjee`õa ja ecso mj eoam`e`oajs cee`mjatckjs o caõbckcs< Iãs`ecbjatj
soirjtjas`oajs y eortoe`reu`tos.
Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos ejatrcrjbos iãs`ecbjatj ja jk pr`bjro mj jstos cspjetos,
js mje`r, jk cspjeto mj c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac `astckce`õa
sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa mj fcsjs m`st`atcs o jatrj àstcs, bcsc y t`jrrc. Ja jstj k`iro
ao trctcrjbos mj kos tjbcs mj protjee`õa mj soirjtjas`oajs o protjee`õa mj
eortoe`reu`tos.
Kos mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato pujmja promue`r mos t`pos mj proikjbcs<
•
Wjk`dro mj jkjetroeue`õa pcrc kcs pjrsoacs, por eoatceto m`rjeto eoa pcrtjs
eoamuetorcs mjk prop`o s`stjbc jkàetr`eo o por eoatceto `am`rjeto c trcvàs mj
kcs javokvjatjs. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj : c 37 bC pujmja sjr sue`jatjs pcrc
provoecr uac ir`kce`õa ecrmâcec s` ja jk ecb`ao mj pcso mj kc eorr`jatj sj vja
cfjetcmos kos büseukos mjk eorczõa. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 57 bC sj eoas`mjrca
pjk`droscs ja euckqu`jr ecso.
•
Wjk`dro mj `aejam`o ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj fudc `bportcatjs c trcvàs mj ecb`aos
rjs`st`vos eoa rjs`stjae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj drcamjs o por eortoe`reu`to c trcvàs mjk
eoamuetor mj t`jrrc. Mj njeno, sj nc eobproicmo quj eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 577
bC, e`reukcamo jatrj p`jzcs eoamuetorcs eoa jkjvcmc rjs`st`v`mcm, eobo pujmj sjr
jk ecso mj n`jrro ox`mcmo, pujmja kkjdcr c promue`r pàrm`mcs sue`jatjs pcrc poajr
jk õx`mo `aecamjsejatj j `a`e`cr ua `aejam`o.
Kcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj proikjbcs soa jsjae`ckbjatj
mj mos t`pos<
>
•
C`skcb `jato jatrj pcrtjs javokv
C`skcb`jato
javokvjatjs
jatjs y pcrtjs sobjt
sobjt`mcs
`mcs c tjas`
tjas`õa.
õa. Jsto s`da`
s`da`ec
ec
quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos mjija m`sjócrsj mj tck forbc quj
euckqu`jr pcrtj eoamuetorc ceejs`ikj ck tceto jstà mji`mcbjatj c`skcmc mj kcs
pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa.
•
Eoajx`õa mj kcs javokvjatjs c t`jrrc y protjee`õa mj kcs `astckce`oajs ja ecso mj
fudc bjm`catj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o rjkàs mj v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9:9
Ja jstj ecpâtuko, mcrjbos uac irjvj mjser`pe`õa mj kcs ecuscs quj pujmja
provoecr pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`f`ecrjbos kcs javokvjatjs sjdüa
su ecpce`mcm mj bcatjajr jk c`skcb`jato catj mjtjrb`acmcs eoam`e`oajs
cbi`jatckjs jxtjracs. Wor otro kcmo sj ncrã uac mjser`pe`õa mj kos m`st`atos
rjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro c t`jrrc y mj kcs vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs mj
ecmc uao, mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj kc sjdur`mcm y mj kc fce`k`mcm mj protjee`õa.
Wor ükt`bo, ncrjbos uac mjser`pe`õa bãs mjtckkcmc mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
ja `astckce`oajs eoa m`st`atos rjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro y mj kcs bcscs.
>.9 Mja`e`oajs
Catjs mj prosjdu`
prosjdu`rr eoa kc mjser`
mjser`pe`õa
pe`õa mj kos
k os bàtomos mj protjee`
p rotjee`õa
õa m`fjrja
m`fjrjae`ck
e`ck
vcbos c mcr uac sjr`j mj mjf`a`e`oajs rjkct`vcs c c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs
eoamuetorcs mj uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec.
Kc bcyorâc mj kcs mjf`a`e`oajs jstãa icscmcs ja kcs aorbcs @JE-6377> j
@JE-6756= , cuaquj ao sj nc njeno uac trcmuee`õa k`tjrck.
•
Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs< Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs m`rjetcbjatj eoajetcmcs c uao mj
kos eoamuetorjs mj fcsj o ck ajutro.
•
Bcsc< Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs javokvjatjs mj ua jqu`po jkàetr`eo quj cee`mjatckbjatj
pujmja tjajr eoatceto eoa pcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs.
•
Ekcsj mj protjee`õa @W mj uac javokvjatj< Kc ekcsj mj protjee`õa sj mjaj por kc
ecpce`mcm mj kc javokvjatj mj protjdjr kcs pcrtjs `atjr`orjs eoatrc kc pjajtrce`õa
mj pcrtâeukcs sõk`mcs mj m`vjrso tcbcóo o eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos ja
m`fjrjatjs e`reuastcae`cs.
•
]`jrrc< Wcrtj o eoaluato mj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs ja eoatceto eoa jk sujko, mjst`acmcs
c sjr ut`k`zcmcs eobo potjae`ck ejro mj rjfjrjae`c mj euckqu`jr `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec.
•
Eoamuetor mj t`jrrc< Eoamuetor ua`mo ck potjae`ck mj t`jrrc, eoa uac rjs`stjae`c
sue`jatjbjatj iclc pcrc quj ao jx`stca m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck s`da`ect`vcs,
`aekuso ja ecso mj e`reukcr kcs eorr`jatjs mj mjfjeto prjv`stcs ja kc `astckce`õa.
•
Yàd`bja mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro c t`jrrc (@JE 6756=-5)< @am`ec kc eoadurce`õa mj
uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa por ko quj sj rjjrj c kc eoajx`õa c t`jrrc mjk ajutro
•
•
y mj kcs bcscs. (Vàcsj cpcrtcmo >.=)
Eoatceto m`rjeto< Eoatceto mj uac pjrsoac m`rjetcbjatj eoa uac pcrtj cet`vc
sobjt`mc c tjas`õa. (Vjr kc F`d. >.3)
Eoatceto `am`rjeto< Eoatceto mj uac pjrsoac eoa uac pcrtj eoamuetorc ao cet`vc
sobjt`mc c tjas`õa soko ja ecso mj mjfjeto. (Vjr kc F`d. >.9)
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
K3
K3
K9
K9
K5
K5
A
F`d. >.3 - Jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto m`rjeto
K3
K3
9:5
K9
K9
K5
K5
A
Fckko mj
C`skcb`jato
Ecrdc
jkàetr`ec
F`d. >.9 - Jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto `am`rjeto
>
•
Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc< Eorr`jatj quj e`reukc mjsmj kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs nce`c
jk t`jrrc mji`mc c ua mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato.
•
Eorr`jatj mj fudc< Eorr`jatj quj e`reukc mjsmj kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs nce`c jk t`jrrc ja
cusjae`c mj euckqu`jr mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato.
•
Eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck, @∆< Vckor jecz mj kc eorr`jatj rjsuktcatj mj kc subc
vjetor`ck mj kos vckorjs `astcatãajos mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj tomos kos eoamuetorjs
cet`vos.
•
@atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck @M (Ja kc mjaob`ace`õa `adkjsc YEEI, Yjs`muck Eurrjat
E`reu`t Irjchjr). M`spos`t`vo jkjetrobjeãa`eo mjst`acmo c eortcr kc eorr`jatj mj ua
mjtjrb`acmo e`reu`to, ja ecso mj quj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck supjrj ua mjtjrb`acmo
vckor ubirck mj m`spcro. U` jk m`spos`t`vo, cmjbãs, propore`oac protjee`õa eoatrc
eortoe`reu`tos, sj mjaob`ac `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck eoa protjee`õa mj soirjecrdc
(YEIO, ja `adkàs).
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9:=
•
Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck< Yjkà quj mjtjetc kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck. Ja rjck`mcm js uac pcrtj
mjk `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck, s`a jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj.
•
Eorr`jatj rjs`muck, mj fuae`oacb`jato< Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck quj
ecusc jk m`spcro mj ua @M.
•
Eorr`jatj rjs`muck, mj ao fuae`oacb`jato < Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck
por mjiclo mj kc euck ua @M ao m`spcrc.
•
@atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck `amjpjam`jatj mj kc tjas`õa < @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj AO
AJEJU@]C
AJEJU@]
C tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc fuae`oacr..
•
@atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck mjpjam`jatj mj kc tjas`õa < @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj
AJEJU@]C
AJEJU@]
C tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc fuae`oacr.
•
@atjrruptor eoa sjdur`mcm pos`t`vc < Uj m`ej mj cqujk quj `aekuso ja cusjae`c mj
ck`bjatce`õa (fcktc mj uac fcsj) eoat`aüc s`jamo ecpcz mj m`spcrcr kc protjee`õa.
Ja ecso mj @M quj rjqu`jrja ck`bjatce`õa pcrc su fuae`oacb`jato, mjija cir`r
cutobãt`ecbjatj eucamo fcktc kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc quj pujmca sjr
eoas`mjrcmos mj sjdur`mcm pos`t`vc.
•
@atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck t`po CE< @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj fuae`oac eorrjetcbjatj
eucamo mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs rjs`muckjs cktjracs s`auso`mckjs, yc sjca
cpk`ecmcs irusecbjatj o mj forbc drcmuck.
•
@atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck t`po C< @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj fuae`oac eorrjetcbjatj
tcato s` mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs rjs`muckjs cktjracs s`auso`mckjs eobo
eucamo mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs eoat`aucs pukscmcs, yc sjca cpk`ecmcs
irusecbjatj o mj forbc drcmuck.
>.5 Jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj
eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec ja kcs
kcs pjrsoacs
pjrsoacs
Ja jk jstum`o tàea`eo puik`ecmo ja kc aorbc @JE-=40-3 sj `am`eca kos jfjetos
mj kc eorr`jatj jkàetr`ec ja jk nobirj y kos ca`bckjs mobàst`eos ja kc dcbc
mj frjeujae`cs mj 3: Nz c 377 Nz, y quj s`rvja mj duâc pcrc jstcikjejr kcs
prjser`pe`oajs mj sjdur`mcm jkàetr`ec. Ja ecso mj ua eoatceto m`rjeto, jk pjk`dro
pcrc kc pjrsoac, mj kc eorr`jatj quj pcsc c trcvàs mj su eujrpo, mjpjamj
jsjae`ckbjatj mjk vckor mj m`enc eorr`jatj y mjk t`jbpo quj murc.
Wr`ae`pckbjatj, jk r`jsdo mj ir`kce`õa vjatr`eukcr mjk eorczõa sj eoas`mjrc uac
mj kcs ecuscs bcyorjs mj cee`mjatjs bortckjs por enoquj jkàetr`eo.
Ja kc F`d. >.5 sj rjsubja kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj cktjrac ja jk eujrpo nubcao
ja fuae`õa mjk vckor mj eorr`jatj (vckor jecz ja bC) y su murce`õa ja t`jbpo
(bs).
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9::
F`d. >.5 - \oacs t`jbpo/eorr`jatj mj kos jfjetos eorr`jatj cktjrac mj 3: Nz c 377 Nz
Jk rjsubja mj kcs m`st`atcs zoacs js jk s`du`jatj<
•
\oac 3< Ao sj promuej a`aduac rjcee`õa. Uj eoas`mjrc jk ubirck mj pjrejpe`õa y
rjcee`õa c ua vckor mj 7,: bC.
•
\oac 9 < Mj 7,: bC ncstc jk kâb`tj mj kc eurvc I, ncy pjrejpe`õa, pjro ao sj
promuej a`adüa jfjeto pjk`droso. Kc eurvc I jbp`jzc c uaos 37 bC, y eorrjspoamj
ck ubirck mj ao soktcr, mj eoatrcee`õa buseukcr.
•
\oac 5 < Js kc zoac k`b`tcmc por kc eurvc I ncstc E3. Uj promuej eoatrcee`õa
buseukcr
y m`euktcmjs
mj mj
rjsp`rce`õa,
ao sujkj
mcóo ordãa`eo.
Kc eurvc E3
js jk ubirck
ir`kce`õacuaquj
vjatr`eukcr.
Jstjpromue`rsj
ubirck mjpjamj
tcato mj
kos pcrãbjtros (cactobâc mjk eujrpo, jstcmo mj kcs fuae`oajs ecrmâcecs) eobo mj
kos pcrãbjtros jkàetr`eos (murce`õa, rjeorr`mo mj kc eorr`jatj, vckor mj eorr`jatj,
jte.). Kos 57 bC jstãa lusto por mjiclo mj jstj ubirck.
•
\oac =< C pcrtj mj kos jfjetos mj kc zoac 5 sj pujmj promue`r pcrcmc mjk eorczõa,
pcrcmc mj kc rjsp`rce`õa y qujbcmurcs drcvjs. Kc proici`k`mcm mj f`ir`kce`õa
vjatr`eukcr js mj ua : % jatrj E3-E9, mj ua :7 % jatrj E9-E5 y mj bãs mj ua :7
% por jae`bc mj kc eurvc E5.
Jstos vckorjs soa kos quj pjrb`tja jstcikjejr jk ubirck mj kcs m`st`atcs
protjee`oajs m`fjrjae`ckjs aorbck`zcmcs.
>.= ]jas`oajs mj sjdur`mcm
Jk vckor kâb`tj mj kc tjas`õa mj sjdur`mcm mjij sjr tck quj cpk`ecmc ck eujrpo
nubcao jk vckor mj eorr`jatj quj sj mjr`vc por kc rjs`stjae`c quj prjsjatc ao
supoadc r`jsdos pcrc jk `am`v`muo.
Kc aorbc ZAJ 97=67 mjaj uaos vckorjs mj sjdur`mcm pcrc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs
quj ja fuae`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto Ze aos mca jk t`jbpo bãx`bo mj eortj ja ecso
mj mjfjeto. Jstos t`jbpos tcbi`àa soa fuae`õa mjk t`po mj cbi`jatj< sjeo o nübjmo.
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9:6
Kc aorbc ZAJ 97=67-=-=3 jstcikjej kos s`du`jatjs vckorjs mj tjas`õa kâb`tj
eoavjae`oack mj eoatceto, eoa rjspjeto c t`jrrc<
•
ZK ≭ :7 V pcrc koeckjs sjeos
•
ZK ≭ 9: V pcrc koeckjs nübjmos
C jstos vckorjs mj tjas`õa, kc rjs`s
rjs`stjae`c
tjae`c quj prjsjatc jk eujrpo nubcao js tck
quj ja jk ecso mj eoatceto kcs eorr`jatjs quj sj mjr`vca jstãa por mjiclo mj kos
ubirckjs quj prjsjatca pjk`dro.
>.: Javokvjatjs y drcmos mj protjee`õa mj jqu`pos mj I]
Kcs fuae`oajs iãs`ecs mj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos soa kcs
s`du`jatjs<
•
@bpjm`r jk eoatceto m`rjeto mj pjrsoacs eoa kcs pcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs.
•
@bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj eujrpos sõk`mos jxtrcóos (crjac, pokvo, `asjetos,
rojmorjs, jte.)
•
@bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos.
•
@bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj dcsjs eorros`vos o mj rcm`ce`oajs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs o
auekjcrjs (kuz, pcrtâeukcs auekjcrjs, jte.)
•
Wrotjdjr eoatrc enoqujs.
>.:.3 Drcmos mj protjee`õa @W
Wcrc ecrcetjr`zcr jk eobportcb`jato mj kcs javokvjatjs ja jqu`pos mj iclc
tjas`õa sj eom`f`eca bjm`catj uac s`dkcs quj sj eoaoeja eobo ‛drcmo mj
protjee`õa @W‒ o ‛eõm`do @W‒ , mja`mo ja kcs aorbcs JA-67.:90 y JA 670=4-3.
Jk drcmo mj protjee`õa sj ecrcetjr`zc bjm`catj mos e`frcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs< Kc
pr`bjrc (c vjejs sjdu`mc mj uac kjtrc) mjs`dac kc jstcaquj`mcm mj kc javokvjatj
frjatj c pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos o pcrtâeukcs sõk`mcs. Kc sjduamc mjf`aj kc
jstcaquj`mcm mj kc javokvjatj catj kc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos. Kcs ]cikcs >.3 y
>.9 mjtckkca kos s`da`ecmos mj ecmc uac mj kcs e`tcmcs e`frcs.
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9:4
]cikc >.3. U`da`ecmo mj kc pr`bjrc e`frc mjk eõm`do @W
(*) Kc s`dkc ‛x‒ mjs`dac uac sjduamc e`frc euckqu`jrc, vjr ]cikc >.9
E õ m` d o ( * ) M j s e r ` p e ` õ a c i r j v ` c m c
@W 3x
Wrotjee`õa eoatrc
pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos
sõk`mos mj Þ 1 :7 bb
@W 9x
@W 9Kx õ
@W 9xI
Oi s jr v ce ` o a j s
@bp`mj jk eoatceto m`rjeto
mj uac drca supjre`j mjk
eujrpo nubcao, tck eobo kc
bcao, eoa kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs
y p`jzcs ja bov`b`jato
Wrotjee`õa eoatrc
pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos
sõk`mos
mj Þ
1 39,:
bb
Wrotjee`õa
eoatrc
pjajtrce`õa
Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc
mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj
pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛I‒ ck ack
Þ 1 39,: bb y eoatrc eoatcetos `am`ec quj sj m`st`aduj jatrj
@W 5x
@W 5Kx õ
@W5xE
@W =x
@W =Kx õ
@W=xM
eoa jk mjmo mj prujic jstãamcr pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa ua
mjmo crt`eukcmo jstãamcr
jstãamcr mj >7
bb mj koad`tum,
Þ 239 bb y eoa puatc
i`sjkcmc. (Forbc
mja`mc ja kc aorbc)
Wrotjee`õa eoatrc
pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos
sõk`mos mj Þ 1 9,: bb
Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa
Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc
mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj
pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛E‒ ck ack,
Þ 1 39,: bb y eoatrc
`am`ec quj sj m`st`aduj jatrj
eoatcetos c trcvàs mj uac
pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa
vcr`kkc mj Þ 2 9,: bb y
kc vcr`kkc, s`bukcamo ko quj
koad`tum `afjr`or c 377 bb
pomrâc sjr ua mjstora`kkcmor
mjstora`kkcmor..
Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa
mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 3 bb
Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa
Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc
mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 3
pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛M‒ ck ack,
bb y eoatrc eoatcetos c trcvàs `am`ec quj sj m`st`aduj jatrj
mj uac vcr`kkc
vcr`kkc mj Þ 2 3 bb y
pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa kc
koad`tum `afjr`or c 377 bb
>
@W :x
Wrotjee`õa eoatrc jk pokvo
@W 6x
Jstcaquj`mcm totck
eoatrc jk pokvo
vcr`kkc, s`bukcamo ko quj pomrâc
sjr ua ckcbirj o ecikj râd`mo.
Wjrb`tj su pjajtrce`õa ja
tcato quj ao sj mjpos`tj
soirj pcrtjs moamj sj
eobprobjtc jk c`skcb`jato.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
]cikc >.9.- U`da`ecmo mj kc sjduamc e`frc
e` frc mjk eõm`do @W
(*) Kc s`dkc ‛x‒ mjs`dac uac pr`bjrc e`frc euckqu`jrc, vjr ]cikc >.3
Eõm`do
Eõm`
do (*
(*)) Mjse
Mjser`
r`pe
pe`õ
`õa
a
@W x3
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc dotjo mj cduc ja m`rjee`õa vjrt`eck
@W x9
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc ecâmc mj cduc eoa uac
`aek`ace`õa bãx`bc mj 3:¼
@W x5
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc ecâmc mj cduc eoa uac
`aek`ace`õa bãx`bc mj 67¼
@W x=
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc proyjee`õa mj cduc ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa
@W x:
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc enorro mj cduc proyjetcmo
c prjs`õa ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa
@W x6
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc dokpjs mj bcr. Cduc
proyjetcmc ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa
9:>
@W x4
@W x>
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc kos jfjetos mj kc `abjrs`õa.
(Wrjs`õa y t`jbpo k`b`tcmos)
Wrotjd`mo eoatrc kos jfjetos mj kc `abjrs`õa.
(Wrjs`õa y t`jbpo jspje`ckjs)
>.6 Yjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mj ajutro y t`jrrc
Wcrc csjdurcr kc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs y i`jajs eoatrc kos pos`ikjs fckkos mj
c`skcb`jato ja uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec , js eoavja`jatj quj kcs javokvjatjs mj
kos jqu`pos jkàetr`eos jstàa eoajetcmos c ua potjae`ck mj t`jrrc mj rjfjrjae`c.
Wor otro kcmo, kc eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o y kc sjdur`mcm mj `astckce`oajs eoa
pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c mjsecrdcs ctbosfàr`ecs, nceja ceoasjlcikj quj kc `astckce`õa
jkàetr`ec jstà protjd`mc eoatrc pos`ikjs m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck jxejs`vcs jatrj
kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos y t`jrrc.
]omcs kcs eoas`mjrce`oajs catjr`orjs nceja pkcatjcr kc prjduatc mj eõbo
mjija rjfjr`rsj c t`jrrc kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs y kcs javokvjatjs mj kos s`stjbcs mj
m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec. Wcrc jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs mj iclc tjas`õa ,
ck`bjatcmcs s`jbprj c trcvàs mj ua trcasforbcmor B]/I] , kos puatos mj `atjràs
soa mos<
>
•
¿Ncy o ao ajutro ja jk sjeuamcr`o mjk trcasforbcmor?, y ja ecso mj jx`st`r, ¿eõbo
sj rjjrj jk eoamuetor ajutro c t`jrrc?
•
¿Eõbo sj eoajetca kcs bcscs mj kc `astckce`õa mj I] c t`jrrc?
Kc rjspujstc c jstcs prjduatcs ao js üa`ec y mjpjam`jamo mj euck sjc jk `atjràs
pr`ae`pck (protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs, protjee`õa mj r`jsdo mj `aejam`o, protjee`õa
eoatrc mjsecrdcs ctbosfàr`ecs, jte.) pujmj mcr kudcr c m`st`atos jsqujbcs mj
eoajx`õa, quj nca s`mo mjser`tos por kc aorbc @JE 6756= y quj rjsub`bos ja
kcs tcikcs >.5 y >.=. Kc mjs`dace`õa jstãamcr mj kcs m`st`atcs forbcs mj eoajx`õa
sj eom`ec bjm`catj mos kjtrcs iãs`ecs sjdüa @JE 6756=.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9:0
Ckd uacss aor
Ckduac
aorbcs
bcs ( AFE35-377) cócmja uac kjtrc supkjbjatcr`c pcrc mjs`dacr
eobo jstãa rjkce`oacmos jk t`jrrc mj I] eoa kos njrrcljs mj B]. Kos s`da`ecmos
mj kc kjtrc supkjbjatcr`c
supkjbjatcr`c sj mjtckkca ja kc ]cikc
]cikc >.:.
]cikc >.5.- U`da`ecmo mj kcs mos kjtrcs mj mjs`dace`õa mj ràd`bja mj ajutro
sjdüa @JE 6756=
Eõm`do
U ` d a `  ec m o
@am`ec eobo sj ncej kc
Wr`bjrc kjtrc
eoajx`õa
mjk sjeuamcr`o
mjk trcasforbcmor
B]/I] c t`jrrc.
Vcr`catjs
]< ajutro ua`mo
m`rjetcbjatj c t`jrrc
@< Ajutro c`skcmo mj t`jrrc.
Jx`stja
quj kcmj
eoajx`õavcr`catjs
sj ncej ja
c trcvàs
uac `bpjmcae`c, otrcs ja quj
jk c`skcb`jato js totck o `aekuso
pujmj ao jx`st`r jk ajutro
]< Bcscs ua`mcs
m`rjetcbjatj c t`jrrc.
@am`ec kc forbc mj
Ujduamc Kjtrc eoajx`õa mj kcs
A< Bcscs eoajetcmcs c
bcscs c t`jrrc
ajutro. (Uoko t`jaj sjat`mo
s` kc pr`bjrc kjtrc js ])
Aotcs< Kc pr`bjrc kjtrc @ sõko cmb`tj eobo sjduamc kjtrc ].
Csâ pujs kcs eoadurc
eoadurce`oajs
e`oajs pos`ikj
pos`ikjss soa ]]
]],, ]A , @].
Kc eoadurce`õa ]A t`jaj m`vjrscs vcr`catjs (vjr ]cikc >.=)
Mjser`pe`õa mj kos s`stjbcs pos`ikjs<
>
•
]]< Ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ua`mo c t`jrrc mj kc J] (Jstce`õa ]rcasforbcmorc)
y bcscs mj kc `astckce`õa ua`mcs ck t`jrrc koeck. Ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to fcsj c
bcsc, kcs rjs`stjae`cs mj kcs tobcs mj t`jrrc k`b`tca kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to,
pjro pujmja cpcrjejr tjas`oajs pjk`droscs jatrj kcs bcscs y t`jrrc. Wor jkko, sj
rjqu`jrj uac protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck eoa cetuce`õa `astcatãajc. Jsto ecusc c vjejs
proikjbcs mj poec sjkjet`v`mcm y mj `atjrrupe`oajs mj pcrtjs mj kc `astckce`õa buy
ckjlcmcs mjk mjfjeto.
•
]A< Ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ua`mo c t`jrrc mj kc J] y bcscs mj kc `astckce`õa
ua`mcs ck b`sbo puato c trcvàs mj ua eoamuetor (ecso mj ]AE) o mj mos
eoamuetorjs (ecso mj ]AU). Ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to fcsj ― bcsc kcs eorr`jatjs mj
mjfjeto soa buy drcamjs y pujmja cpcrjejr tcbi`àa tjas`oajs pjk`droscs jatrj
kcs bcscs y jk t`jrrc koeck mj kc `astckce`õa.
•
@]< Ja kc eoajx`õa @] , jk ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ao sj
@]<
sj poaj c t`jrrc
m`rjetcbjatj. Ckduacs vjejs sj bcat`jaj totckbjatj c`skcmo y otrcs vjejs sj
uaj c t`jrrc c trcvàs mj uac `bpjmcae`c mj vckor rjkct`vcbjatj ckto (eoajx`õa
eoaoe`mc eobo ajutro `bpjmcatj). Jstj t`po mj eoajx`õa mjij protjdjrsj eoa ua
rjkà v`d`kcatj mj c`skcb`jato y js bãs roiustc ja eucato c quj ao djajrc m`spcros
`atjbpjst`vos mj kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs. Ja ecso mj pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato por ua
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
967
puato ao jx`stj m`spcro, s`ao soko cv`so mj pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato. Uoko ja ecso
mj mjfjeto moikj m`spcrc kc protjee`õa mj soirjecrdc.
]cikc >.=.- Eoadurce`oajs pos`ikjs mjk ràd`bja mj ajutro ja I]
E o a j x ` õ a / Js q u j bc
]]
@]
E c r c e t j r â s t `e c s
•
Ja tjorâc ua soko m`fjrjae`ck ja ecijejrc
protjdj euckqu`jr fudc ja euckqu`jr puato.
•
Jk bàtomo js poeo sjkjet`vo. Ja ecso mj fudc
ja uac mjr`vce`õa pujmj m`spcrcr jk totck.
•
Wcrc uac iujac eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o
mjija jseckoacrsj kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro..
•
Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto bomjrcmc ja ecso
mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj - bcsc,
•
Kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs ja kcs mjr`vce`oajs
m`spcrca soko s` ncy ua moikj mjfjeto
•
C vjejs sj rjqu`jr
r jqu`jrjj ua eoatro
eoatrokcmor
kcmor
pjrbcajatj mj c`skcb`jato
(EWC)
(EW
C) ja jk trcasforbcmor.
•
Js bãs roiusto mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc
mj kc m`spoa`i`k`mcm mj jajrdâc. Za
pjqujóo mjfjeto ao ecusc `atjrrupe`õa
•
Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cktc ja ecso mj
eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj ― bcsc
•
]jas`oajs pjk`droscs ja ecso
mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto.
•
Wron`i`mo sjee`oacr jk ajutro
ja jstj t`po mj eoajx`õa
•
Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cktc ja ecso mj
eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj ― bcsc
•
]jas`oajs pjk`droscs ja ecso
mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto.
•
Wjk`dro mj pàrm`mc mj protjee`õa
s` sj eortc jk eoamuetor WJ
•
Jstj s`stjbc eoas`stj ja ut`k`zcr jk
s`stjbc ]AU cducs mjiclo mj ua ]AE.
]A-E
]A-U
>
]A-E-U< ]AE sjdu`mo mj ]AU
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
963
]cikc >.:.- U`da`ecmo mj kc tjrejrc kjtrc ja kc mjs`dace`õa mjk ràd`bja mj ajutro
sjdüa aorbc frcaejsc AFE35-377 .
]jrejrc
kjtrc
Y
A
U
]`jrrc mj njrrcljs
mj kc J]
E o aj e t cm o
E o aj e t cm o
C`skcmo
]`jrrc mj I] mjk
trcasforbcmor
E o aj e t cm o
E o aj e t cm o
C`skcmo
Bcscs mj I]
E oa je t c mo
C ` s k cm o
C`skcmoo
C`skcm
>.4 Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Kc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs eoatrc jk r`jsdo mj jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto m`rjeto
y kc protjee`õa eoatrc `aejam`os ja ecso mj mjr`vce`oajs fortu`tcs c bcsc , jx`dja
jk jbpkjo mj m`spos`t`vos mj mjseoajx`õa quj cetüca eucamo sj promuej uac
eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc.
t`jrrc. Jstos m`spos`t`vos sj mjaob`aca
mjaob`aca djajrckbjatj rjkàs
m`fjrjae`ckjs o `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs. Kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cbios jstã ja jk
njeno mj quj tjadca o ao `aeorporcmo jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj, tck eobo sj nc
`am`ecmo ja jk cpcrtcmo mj mja`e`oajs (Vàcsj kc mja`e`õa mj rjkà m`fjrjae`ck).
Kos a`vjkjs mj eorr`jatj mj m`spcro cmb`t`mos, soa m`st`atos sjdüa sj trctj
mj protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs o mj i`jajs (djajrckbjatj 57 bC pcrc protjee`õa
mj pjrsoacs y 577 bC o bãs pcrc jk ecso mj protjee`õa mj `astckce`oajs
`amustr`ckjs).
Jk jbpkjo mj m`spos`t`vos m`fjrjae`ckjs mj vckor `duck o `afjr`or c 57 bC soa
s`jbprj uac bjm`mc mj protjee`õa eobpkjbjatcr`c c otrcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa
eoatrc kos eoatcetos m`rjetos. Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sj usca eobo protjee`õa cm`e`oack
pjro auaec eobo üa`ec protjee`õa eoatrc kos eoatcetos m`rjetos.
>.4.3 Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato
Jk jbpkjo mj kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs jstã pjascmo
iãs`ecbjatj pcrc `astckce`oajs eoa ràd`bja mj ajutro ]] o eoa e`jrtcs
eoam`e`oajs jk ràd`bja ]A (soko t`po ]A-U). Kc mjtjee`õa mj kc eorr`jatj
m`fjrjae`ck sj rjck`zc bjm`catj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj , djajrckbjatj
eoa aüekjo toro`mck mj iclc m`spjrs`õa y cktc sjas`i`k`mcm. C trcvàs mjk nujeo mjk
aüekjo sj nceja pcscr tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos, sjdüa bujstrc jk jsqujbc
mj pr`ae`p`o mj kc F`d. >.=.
>
U` kc subc mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos (fcsjs y ajutro) js
ejro jk ulo erjcmo ja jk trcasforbcmor sjrã auko y por tcato kc sjóck quj àstj
mcrã ja jk sjeuamcr`o sjrã tcbi`àa aukc. Jsto s`da`ec quj kcs eorr`jatjs quj
jatrca por ckduao mj kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos rjtoraca por otro eoamuetor cet`vo,
mj tck forbc quj kc subc js ejro ja tomo bobjato y por tcato ao ncy rjtorao mj
eorr`jatj por otros ecb`aos, js mje`r ao ncy fudc.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
969
Ja ecso mj fudc, kc subc mj eorr`jatjs ja kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos ao js ejro,
mji`mo c kc eorr`jatj mj fudc quj rjtorac por jk t`jrrc. Jsto ecusc uac tjas`õa
ja jk sjeuamcr`o mjk trcasforbcmor m`fjrjae`ck, quj mji`mcbjatj cbpk`ecmc y
trctcmc ncej m`spcrcr jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck y àstj c su vjz cet`vc jk m`spos`t`vo mj
eortj.
F`d. >.=.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato mj ua `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck
>.4.9 ]`pos mj m`spos`t`vos m`fjrjae`ckjs
Kcs trjs pcrtjs iãs`ecs mj tomo `atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck pujmja jstcr luatcs ja ua
soko m`spos`t`vo o pujmja sjr pcrtjs sjpcrcmcs. Ujdüa jsto pomjbos m`st`adu`r
vcr`os t`pos mj `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs<
•
@atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck eobpkjto. @aekuyj jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc, jk rjkà mj
mjtjee`õa y jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj. Jstc eoaf`durce`õa sujkj jbpkjcrsj pcrc
pjqujócs potjae`cs o ja `atjrruptorjs mobàst`eos.
•
Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck + `atjrruptor< Jk rjkà `aekuyj jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc y jk rjkà
mj mjtjee`õa, eoa ua eoatceto mj sck`mc mj iclc potjae`c. Jstj eoatceto jstã
pjascmo pcrc cetucr soirj ua `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoavjae`oack, yc sjc c trcvàs
mj kc ioi`ac mj bâa`bc o mj kc ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa..
•
]rcasforbcmor + rjkà mjtjetor + `atjrruptor< Jstc bomck`mcm js caãkodc c kc
catjr`or, pjro jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc js uac p`jzc cpcrtj mjk rjkà mj
mjtjee`õa.
>
F`d. >.:.- M`st`atcs jljeue`oajs mjk eoaluato trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc y rjkà m`fjrjae`ck
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
965
>.4.5 Cpk`ece`õa mj `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos y eoatcetorjs eobo
m`spos`t`vos mj eortj mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck.
Ja `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs mj potjae`c bjm`c y cktc, jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck
ao pujmj eortcr
eortcr kc potjae`c totck.
totck. Wor jkko sj sujkja
sujkja jbpkjcr `atjrruptorjs
cutobãt`eos o eoatcetorjs, eoa jk pomjr mj eortj cmjeucmo pcrc rjck`zcr m`enc
fuae`õa mj eortj. Ck ut`k`zcr `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos
cutobãt`eos eobo m`spos`t`vos
m`spos`t`vos mj eortj
por eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto , pomjbos cmoptcr mos t`pos mj jsqujbc mj m`spcro,
ecmc uao eoa e`jrtcs vjatclcs j `aeoavja`jatjs quj
quj sj eobjatca c eoat`auce`õa<
eoat`auce`õa<
•
M`spcro por ioi`ac mj bâa`bc< Za `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoa ioi`ac mj bâa`bc,
m`spcrc ja jk ecso mj quj m`enc ioi`ac sj qujmj s`a ck`bjatce`õa. Kc cpk`ece`õa
eobo
jkjbjato
mj eortj
mj ua
s`stjbc
m`fjrjae`ck
mj
mos forbcs
m`st`atcs,
sjdüa
pujmj
vjrsjmjjaprotjee`õa
kos jsqujbcs
mj kcspujmj
durcsncejrsj
>.6 y >.4.
Ja kc F`d. >.6, kc ck`bjatce`õa mjk rjkà sj tobc cducs crr`ic mjk `atjrruptor y jsto
pjrb`tj ua rjcrbj jkàetr`eo mjk s`stjbc. Ckduacs vjejs sj jbpkjc ua eoatcetor
ja vjz mj ua `atjrruptor eoa ioi`ac mj bâa`bc, mj forbc quj ck rjcrbcr jk rjkà
m`fjrjae`ck cutobãt`ecbjatj vujkvj c ck`bjatcrsj jk s`stjbc. Ja tck ecso, s` jk
mjfjeto pjrs`stj, jk rjkà vujkvj c m`spcrcr `abjm`ctcbjatj ck `atjatcr rjcrbcrko.
Ja kc F`d. >.4, kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs ciclo mjk `atjrruptor, ko euck qu`jrj
mje`r quj jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck sj qujmc s`a ck`bjatce`õa ck m`spcrcr y aorbckbjatj
jsto supoaj ua rjcrbj cutobãt`eo.
>
F`d. >.6.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj bâa`bc eoa rjcrbj bcauck
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
96=
F`d. >.4.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj bâa`bc eoa rjcrbj cutobãt`eo.
•
M`spcro por ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa< Za `atjrruptor cutobãt`eo eoa ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa,
m`spcrc ja jk ecso mj quj m`enc ioi`ac rje`ic tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kc
cpk`ece`õa mj jstj t`po mj m`spcro pcrc jk eortj mj ua s`stjbc mj protjee`õa
m`fjrjae`ck pujmj ncejrsj tcbi`àa mj mos forbcs m`st`atcs, sjdüa pujmj vjrsj ja
kos jsqujbcs mj kcs durcs >.> y >.0.
Ja kc F`d. >.>. kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs crr`ic mjk `atjrruptor, eoa ko euck, ck
promue`rsj jk m`spcro qujmc jaekcvcmo jk s`stjbc y ao js pos`ikj jk rjcrbj mjk
`atjrruptor ncstc ncijr rjcrbcmo jk rjkà. Mjij tjajrsj prjecue`õa ck ut`k`zcr jstj
bàtomo, pujs ckduaos `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos ao cmb`tja tjajr kc ioi`ac mj
jb`s`õa ck`bjatcmc murcatj kcrdo t`jbpo.
Ja kc F`d. >.0, kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs ciclo, eoa ko euck jk rjcrbj mjk rjkà
m`fjrjae`ck js cutobãt`eo, pjro ncy quj rjcrbcr jk `atjrruptor mj forbc bcauck.
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
96:
F`d. >.>.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa eoa rjcrbj bcauck.
F`d. >.0.- M`spcro por ioi`ac mj jb`s`õa eoa rjcrbj cutobãt`eo.
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
966
>.4.= Ekcs`ece`oa mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sjdüa jk t`po mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto
c t`jrrc
Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sj ekcs`eca ja m`fjrjatjs t`pos, sjdüa su ecpce`mcm pcrc
dcrcat`zcr kc protjee`õa eoatrc vcr`os t`pos mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc.
c) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po CE
Uoa kos m`fjrjae`ckjs quj dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro pcrc eorr`jatjs mj fudc cktjracs
s`auso`mckjs, tcato cpk`ecmcs irusecbjatj eobo mj cubjato prodrjs`vo.
Uj bcreca eoa jk sâbioko
i) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po C
Jstos m`fjrjae`ckjs dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro pcrc kcs s`du`jatjs eorr`jatjs mj fudc<
•
Eorr`jatjs cktjracs s`auso`mckjs
•
Eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs pukscatjs
•
Eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs pukscatjs, supjrpujstcs soirj eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs k`scs mj
7,776 C, eoa o s`a eoatrok mj ãaduko mj fcsj, `amjpjam`jatj mj kc pokcr`mcm, tcato
cpk`ecmcs irusecbjatj eobo mj cubjato prodrjs`vo.
Uj bcreca eoa jk sâbioko
e) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po I
Jstos m`fjrjae`ckjs jstãa mj ceujrmo eoa kc aorbc @JE-69=95. Uoa m`fjrjae`ckjs
quj dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro eobo jk t`po C, y cmjbãs pcrc jstcs eorr`jatjs mj fudc<
•
Eorr`jatjs s`auso`mck cktjrac ncstc 3777 Nz.
•
Eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs k`scs mj 7,= vjejs kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck cs`dacmc o 37 bC,
jk quj sjc jk vckor bãs jkjvcmo mj kos mos supjrpujstos c uac eorr`jatj cktjrac.
•
Eorr`jatj eoat`aucs k`scs mj 7,= vjejs kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck cs`dacmc o 37 bC, jk
quj sjc jk vckor bãs jkjvcmo mj kos mos supjrpujstos c uac eorr`jatj eoat`auc
pukscatj.
•
Wcrc eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs pukscatjs rjet`ecmcs provja`jatjs mj mos o bãs fcsjs.
•
Wcrc eorr`jatjs eoat`aucs k`scs provja`jatjs mj e`reu`tos bukt`fcsj.
Uj bcreca eoa jk moikj sâbioko
o cktjract`vcbjatj
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
964
>.> Ujkjet`v`mcm mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Zao mj kos cspjetos `bportcatjs ja uac `astckce`õa jkàetr`ec js quj kos
jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa mjija `atjrrubp`r jk sjrv`e`o soko ja kcs sjee`oajs o
pcrtjs mjfjetuoscs, bcatja`jamo kc ck`bjatce`õa ja kcs pcrtjs quj ao tjadca
a`adüa mjfjeto. Wcrc jkko, sj sujkj suim`v`m`r kc `astckce`õa ja pcrtjs o kâajcs
`amjpjam`jatjs y sj ut`k`zc ua rjkà m`fjrjae`ck `am`v`muck pcrc ecmc kâajc. Cua csâ,
pcrc protjdjr kcs kâajcs quj jakczca kc ceobjt`mc eoa kos eucmros mj m`str`iue`õa,
sj sujkj poajr ua m`fjrjae`ck ja ecijejrc. Mjij dcrcat`zcrsj, s`a jbicrdo, quj jk
s`stjbc tjadc kc sue`jatj sjkjet`v`mcm pcrc quj ua mjfjeto ja uac kâajc `am`v`muck
ao provoquj jk m`spcro mjk m`fjrjae`ck djajrck (vàcsj F`d. >.37)
F`d. >.37.- Jsqujbc ua`kcr mj protjee`õa mj vcr`cs kâajcs
>.>.3 Bàtomos pcrc oitjajr sjkjet`v`mcm mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs
Eucamo sj `astckc ua m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic mj otros ncy quj proeurcr quj
uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto ja ua suie`reu`to mà kudcr ck m`spcro mjk m`fjrjae`ck quj
protjdj jstj suie`reu`to, y ao m`spcrj jk m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic c bjaos quj
pjrs`stc jk mjfjeto.
Kos bàtomos pcrc csjdurcr kc sjkjet`v`mcm ja ua jsqujbc mj protjee`õa eobo jk
mj kc F`d. >.37. sj icsca djajrckbjatj ja kos s`du`jatjs pr`ae`p`os<
•
Yjtcrmo mjk m`spcro cducs crr`ic.
•
M`sb`aue`õa mj kc sjas`i`k`mcm cducs crr`ic.
•
F`ktrcmo mj pjrturice`oajs cducs crr`ic.
•
Eobi`ace`õa mj kos catjr`orjs
Ja djajrck, jk s`stjbc bãs sjduro js uac eobi`ace`õa mj kc sjas`i`k`mcm y mjk
rjtcrmo mj m`spcro.
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
96>
Ujdüa kc duâc @JE/]Y 695:7, kc rjdkc djajrck pcrc csjdurcr kc sjkjet`v`mcm sj
icsc ja mos clustjs<
•
Kc eorr`jatj mj m`spcro cs`dacmc ck m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic mjij sjr ck bjaos
uacs 5 vjejs kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cs`dacmc ck m`fjrjae`ck cducs ciclo.
Aorbckbjatj jstc rjkce`õa js jatrj mos y trjs vjejs.
•
Jk t`jbpo bâa`bo mj ao cetuce`õa mjk m`fjrjae`ck cducs crr`ic mjij sjr supjr`or ck
t`jbpo mj m`spcro bãx`bo mjk eoaluato m`fjrjae`ck `astckcmo cducs ciclo.
Otrc mj kcs prop`jmcmjs quj mjij jx`d`rsj ck m`fjrjae`ck djajrck js quj sjc
rjkct`vcbjatj `asjas`ikj c kcs pjrturice`oajs, js mje`r quj tjadc ua ktrcmo
cmjeucmo mj kcs sjóckjs jspürjcs djajrcmcs por fudcs c trcvàs mj ecpce`mcmjs
pcrãs`tcs murcatj kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs pjscmcs.
>.>.9 Clustj mj kos rjtcrmos mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs
Wcrc mjtjrb`acr kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro y csjdurcr kc protjee`õa por m`fjrjae`ck
sj t`jaja ja eujatc kos jstum`os rjck`zcmos y pkcsbcmos ja kc aorbc @JE 67=40,
quj nceja rjfjrjae`c c kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj ja jk nobirj.
Kc cpjrturc cutobãt`ec mj kc `astckce`õa sj rjck`zc ja icsj c ua ubirck mj
eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto y uaos t`jbpos mj rjspujstc o fuae`oacb`jato.
c) Wcrc kos `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs mobàst`eos o usos caãkodos, kc aorbc
ZAJ-JA-6377> / @JE-6377> mjf`aj kos t`jbpos mj fuae`oacb`jato y mj ao
cetuce`õa pcrc mos t`pos<
•
M`fjrjae`ckjs `astcatãajos (t`po Djajrck)
•
M`fjrjae`ckjs sjkjet`vos (t`po U)
]cikc >.6 < Vckorjs sjdüa ZAJ JA-6377> pcrc kos t`po CE.
]@WO
@AU]CA]ÃAJO
UJKJE]@VO
@a ((C
C)
EZCKSZ@JY
VCKOY
1 9:
@Νa (C)
]OMOU KOU
VCKOYJU
1 7,75
VCKOYJU AOYBCK@\CMOU MJ ]@JBWO MJ
FZAE@OACB@JA]O(s) EOA ZAC EOYY@JA]J
M@FJYJAE@CK (@Ν)<
@Νa
9@Νa
:@Νa
:77 C
7,5
7,3:
7,7=
7,7=
7,:
7,9
7,3:
7,3:
]@JBWO MJ
FZAE@OACB@JA]O
7,7=
BÃ^@BO
]@JBWO MJ AO
CE]ZCE@ÕA
CE]ZCE@Õ
A BÂA@BO
7,35
7,76
7,7:
]@JBWO MJ
FZAE@OACB@JA]O
BÃ^@BO
Wcrc kodrcr uac sjkjet`v`mcm pujmja `astckcrsj m`fjrjae`ckjs sjkjet`vos cducs
crr`ic mj m`fjrjae`ckjs mj t`po djajrck `astcatãajos.
>
i) Wcrc kos `atjrruptorjs cutobãt`eos eoa protjee`õa por eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck
`aeorporcmc mj potjae`c js kc aorbc ZAJ-JA 670=4-9 / @JE-670=4-9 kc quj
mjaj kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
960
]`po ao tjbpor`zcmo (`astcatãajo)<
]cikc >.4< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj fuae`oacb`jato pcrc jk t`po ao tjbpor`zcmo.
Wcrc 57 bC s`jbprj t`jaja quj sjr mjk t`po ao tjbpor`zcmo.
]`po tjbpor`zcmo (sjkjet`vo)<
Wcrc ua t`po tjbpor`zcmo, kc aorbc `am`ec quj jk t`jbpo kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc sj
mjaj c 9 @∆a,s`jamo 7,76 s jk t`jbpo bâa`bo mj ao rjspujstc pjrb`t`mo.
]cikc >.>< Ecrcetjrâst`ecs mj ao fuae`oacb`jato pcrc jk t`po tjbpor`zcmo quj
t`jaj ua kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc mj 7,76 s.
Otros t`jbpos kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc rjeobjamcmos por kc aorbc soa 7,3 s ― 7,9
s ― 7,5 s ― 7,= s ― 7,: s ― 3 s.
Wcrc jstos t`jbpos kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc supjr`orjs c 7,76 s jk fcir`ecatj t`jaj
quj mjekcrcr kos t`jbpos mj fuae`oacb`jato.
Ja jk ecso mj quj mj ua `atjrruptor mj ecrcetjrâst`ec t`jbpo/eorr`jatj `avjrsc jk
fcir`ecatj t`jaj quj `am`ecr kc rjkce`õa eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck/ t`jbpo mj
eortj.
e) Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs jkjetrõa`eos csoe`cmos c `atjrruptorjs soa aorbckbjatj
rjdukcikjs ja t`jbpo y sjas`i`k`mcm, y jstãa suljtos c kos vckorjs catjr`orjs,
sjdüa kc aorbc @JE-670=4-9 .
Cmjbãs pcrc pjrb`t
pjrb`t`r`r kc sjkjet`
s jkjet`v`mcm,
v`mcm, kc aorbc
a orbc @JE-6756=-=-=3 mj `astckce`oajs
jkàetr`ecs mj iclc tjas`õa mjaja pcrc kc protjee`õa eoatrc eoatcetos `am`rjetos
kos t`jbpos bãx`bos mj mjseoajx`õa mjk m`spos`t`vo mj protjee`õa. Cmb`tj pcrc
e`reu`tos mj m`str`iue`õa (quj ao sjca e`reu`tos ackjs)<
•
Ja s`stjbcs ]] ua t`jbpo mj mjseoajx`õa ncstc 3 s.
•
Ja s`stjbcs ]A jstj t`jbpo cubjatc ncstc : s.
>.0 M`spcros `atjbpjst`vos ja kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs
Mjtjrb`acmcs pjrturice`oajs y/o mjtjrb`acmos v`e`os mj `astckce`õa provoeca c
vjejs m`spcros `atjbpjst`vos mj kos m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck. Kcs
ecuscs pr`ae`pckjs mj m`spcro pujmja cdrupcrsj ja mos drcamjs drupos<
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
•
M`spos`e`õa mj ecikjs buy cs`bàtr`ec ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc.
•
Wrjsjae`c mj pjrturice`oajs ja kc rjm.
947
Kc m`spos`e`õa buy cs`bàtr`ec mj ecikjs o pkjt`acs ja ua trcasforbcmor mj
bjm`mc m`fjrjae`ck, ecusc fkulos mj m`spjrs`õa quj provoeca mjtjee`õa mj
mjfjeto `aekuso ja ecso mj quj kcs eorr`jatjs subja ejro. Jstj fjaõbjao js
bãs frjeujatj ja tcbcóos drcamjs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc y pujmj
sokvjatcrsj eoa kc ut`k`zce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs eoa ua m`ãbjtro bãs drcamj
mjk ajejscr`o , proeurcamo ejatrcr kos eoamuetorjs , o pujmj tcbi`àa bjlorcrsj
eoa jk jbpkjo mj ua ceejsor`o ja forbc mj tuio mj n`jrro mukej eobo `am`ec kc
F`d. >.33
F`d. >.33.>.33.- ]rcasforbcmor
]rcasforbcmor toro`mck mj bjm`mc eoa tuio mj eobpjasce`õa mj m`spjrs`õa
Ja eucato ck m`spcro por pjrturice`oajs, pomjbos m`st`adu`r mos pos`ikjs ecuscs
mj m`enos m`spcros<
•
Wjrturice`oajs quj or`d`aca fudc trcas`tor`c.
•
Wjrturice`oajs quj `atjrjrja ja jk s`stjbc jkjetrõa`eo mj mjtjee`õa.
Jk pr`bjr drupo mj pjrturice`oajs ecusca uac eorr`jatj mj fudc mj eortc
murce`õa c pjscr mj quj jk s`stjbc ao t`jaj a`adüa mjfjeto pjrbcajatj c t`jrrc.
Djajrckbjatj jstj t`po mj fudcs sj promueja c trcvàs mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj
ktro, ja bomo eobüa pcrc pjrturice`oajs JB@ o c trcvàs mj kcs ecpce`mcmjs
pcrãs`tcs mjk prop`o s`stjbc (ecikjs jatjrrcmos o m`str`iu`mos c trcvàs mj
icamjlcs bjtãk`ecs eoa rjeorr`mos kcrdos).
Jk sjduamo drupo mj ecuscs mj m`spcro `atjbpjst`vo, js mje`r, kos m`spcros
promue`mos por `atjrfjrjae`c mjk s`stjbc jkjetrõa`eo mj mjtjee`õa sj jv`tca
ut`k`zcamo rjkàs quj ncyca supjrcmo kcs prujics mj `abua`mcm, sjdüa jascyos mj
Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec,
Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec, jx`d`mos por kc m`rjet`vc Juropjc y kcs aorbcs
jspjeâecs mj promueto (por jljbpko sjdüa aorbc @JE 63:=5 / ZAJ-JA63:=5 ).
Kc ]cikc
]cikc >.0 mc uac sjr`j mj pos`ikjs ecuscs mj m`spcro `atjbpjst`vo y ckduaos
eoasjlos pcrc jv`tcr m`enos
m`enos m`spcros.
m`spcros.
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
943
]cikc >.0.- Wos`ikjs ecuscs mj m`spcro `atjbpjst`vo mj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs
E cu sc s m j m ` s p cr o
C) Ecikjs
E cikjs o icrrcs
icr rcs buy mjsejatr
mjsejatrcmos
cmos
ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc
I) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj jqu`pos
mj t`r`storjs eoabutcamo por
eoatrok mj fcsj (crrcaecmorjs
jstãt`eos, rjet`ecmorjs
eoatrokcmos) ecuscamo cktos mZ/mt
E) Eoajx`õa por crrcaquj
W o s ` i k j s s o k u e `o a j s
Eokoecr tuio mj duâc pcrc
jv`tcr kc m`spjrs`õa.
Eokoecr rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j
eoa jk jqu`po quj `atjrjrj.
m`rjeto
mj cktos
drcamjs
ecuscamo
mZ/mbotorjs,
t
M) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj ckduac
ecrdc protjd`mc eoa ktro JB@
mj drca potjae`c (drcamjs
( drcamjs
crrcaecmor
eoa rjcetcae`c
mj enoquj cjstãt`eo
kc jatrcmc.
Uui`r jk a`vjk mj m`spcro mjk
rjkà m`fjrjae`ck ja kc kâajc quj
`aekuyj m`encs ecrdcs.
Wrjvjr crrcaquj jseckoacmo o
crrcaecmorjs o drcamjs jqu`pos
mj t`r`storjs). Kos ktros mj
JB@ `aeorporca eoamjascmorjs
jatrj fcsjs y t`jrrc.
J) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj bükt`pkjs
ecrdcs mj pjqujóc potjae`c eoa
ktro JB@ `aeorporcmo (ickcstos
jkjetrõa`eos, ormjacmorjs,
`bprjsorcs, fcx, jte.). Kos ktros
mj JB@ `aeorporca eoamjascmorjs
jatrj fcsjs y t`jrrc.
F) Ecuscs jaubjrcmcs ja E) o
M) cdrcvcmcs por kc prjsjae`c
mj cktos a`vjkjs mj crbõa`eos
y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa kcrdcs
y buy ceopkcmcs c t`jrrc.
D) Za`õa jatrj ajutro y t`jrrc
por jrror ja ckduac pcrtj
mj kc `astckce`õa.
Uuim`v`m`r kc kâajc ja vcr`cs.
Uuim`v`m`r jk eoasubo mj kc kâajc
ja vcr`cs kâajcs eoa protjee`õa
m`fjrjae`ck `am`v`muck.
F`ktrcr crbõa`eos ja kcs ecrdcs
o rjmue`r su eoatja`mo eoa
rjcetcae`cs o trcasforbcmorjs
mj c`skcb`jato ]UC .
Mjij iusecrsj y jk`b`acrsj tomc
ua`õa mj ajutro c t`jrrc quj ao sjc
kc mjk trcasforbcmor ja s`stjbcs ]].
>.37 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs mj cktc `abua`mcm c kcs pjrturice`oajs
>
Zac mj kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs bãs `bportcatjs mj euckqu`jr s`stjbc mj protjee`õa
js quj soko mjij m`spcrcr s` jx`stj rjckbjatj mjfjeto y cmjbãs mjij `atjrrubp`r
soko kc pcrtj mjfjetuosc, o jk bâa`bo mj pcrtjs ao mjfjetuoscs , dcrcat`zcamo
por tcato uac bãx`bc eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o. Wcrc dcrcat`zcr jstcs prjstce`oajs
pujmj optcrsj por mos sokue`oajs o por uac eobi`ace`õa mj cbics< Jk uso
mj rjkàs mj cktc `abua`mcm c pjrturice`oajs y jk uso mj rjkàs eoa rjeoajx`õa
cutobãt`ec.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
949
>.37.3 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs `abua`zcmos
Kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs `abua`zcmos eoas`stja iãs`ecbjatj ja rjkàs quj ktrca kcs
pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c y soko soa sjas`ikjs c kc fudc mj :7 õ 67 Nz.
Jstj t`po mj rjkàs `daorca kcs fudcs mj cktc frjeujae`c y por tcato pujmja rjsuktcr
cmjeucmos ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eobo vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c, noraos mj
`amuee`õa c cktc frjeujae`c, UC@, jte. Mj njeno, jstos rjkàs mjtjetca kc pàrm`mc mj
c`skcb`jato pjro soa prãet`ecbjatj `asjas`ikjs c kcs fudcs provoecmcs c trcvàs
mj kcs ecpce`mcmjs pcrãs`tcs.
F`d. >.39.- Yjkà supjr`abua`zcmo
Ckduacs mj kcs
k cs ecrcetjr
ec rcetjrâst`ecs
âst`ecs mj jstos
jst os m`fjrjae`
m` fjrjae`ckjs
ckjs `abua`z
`abua`zcmos
cmos soa <
•
Eobportcb`jato mj ao m`spcro frjatj c pjrturice`oajs trcas`tor`cs. ]`jaja quj
supjrcr kcs prujics mj eobpct`i`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàt`ec quj sj `am`eca ja kc
aorbc ZAJ JA 63:=5 / @JE 63:=5 ja jk ecso mj `atjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs, o kc
@JE 0=4-9.
•
F`ktrcmo mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs y fudcs mj cktc frjeujae`c, eorr`jatjs ao
pjk`droscs.
•
Bjm`mc mj sjóckjs aorbckbjatj ao s`auso`mckjs. Bjm`mc mj kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto
ja vjrmcmjro vckor jecz, cua eoa m`stors`oajs `bportcatjs.
•
Ormja mj mjseoajx`õa c pcrt`r, por jljbpko, mjk >7 % mjk ubirck mj m`spcro
•
clustcmo (kc aorbc `am`ec quj t`jaja quj m`spcrcr jatrj jk :7 y jk 377 %).
Eurvcs mj m`spcro sjkjee`oacikjs t`po `astcatãajcs, sjkjet`vcs o `avjrscs.
>.37.9 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec
>
Otrc pos`ikj sokue`õa pcrc dcrcat`zcr uac iujac eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o y c
kc vjz tjajr uac protjee`õa eoatrc tomo t`po mj fudcs js kc ut`k`zce`õa mj rjkàs
`atjk`djatjs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec. Jstos rjkàs m`spcrca eucamo jx`stj uac
fudc, pjro sj rjcrbca cutobãt`ecbjatj ck ecio mj uaos sjduamos. Uj `atjatc jk
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
945
rjcrbj vcr`cs vjejs y s` pjrs`stj kc fcktc c ecmc `atjato mj rjcrbj jk rjkà qujmc
mja`t`vcbjatj mjseoajetcmo. Kc F`d. >.35 bujstrc ua eoaluato mj rjkà eoa
rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec y ua `atjrruptor eoa bcamo jkàetr`eo.
F`d. >.35.- Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec eoa `atjrruptor eoa bcamo jkàetr`eo
Kc rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec js uac iujac sokue`õa pcrc cqujk t`po mj `astckce`oajs
ja quj js ajejscr`o ua sub`a`stro eoat`aucmo mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec s`a pjrsoack
mj bcatja`b`jato<
•
@astckce`oajs rurckjs
•
Eãbcrcs fr`dorâecs
•
Ckubircmo
Ckubir
cmo püik`e
püik`eoo
•
Yjpjt`morjs mj tjkjfoaâc bõv`k
•
Eucmros mj sjbãforos
•
@kub`ace`õa tüajkjs
•
Ecljros cutobãt`eos
Ja tomo s`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa cutobãt`ec ncy quj eoaoejr quj t`po mj
protjee`oajs ncy `astckcmcs, quj protjee`oajs pujmja rjeoajetcrsj y ja quj
eoam`e`oajs.
>.33 Ujdur`mcm ja ejatrckjs,
>.33
ejatrckjs, pcrqujs
pcrqujs mj cktc tjas`õa
tjas`õa y jstce`oajs
trcasforbcmorcs
>
Kc sjdur`mcm ja `astckce`oajs
`astckce`oajs mj cktc tjas`õa
tjas`õa mjpjamj ja drca
drca bjm`mc mj
quj kcs pujstcs c t`jrrc mj kos djajrcmorjs , trcasforbcmorjs y njrrcljs sjca
eorrjetcs. Jk rjdkcbjato mj cktc tjas`õa jstcikjej kc oik`dctor`jmcm mj uac sjr`j
mj jascyos eobo kos mj tjas`õa mj pcso y eoatceto (vàcsj cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj)
csâ eobo, kc ajejs`mcm mj jfjetucr rjv`s`oajs pjr`õm`ecs mj kc pujstc c t`jrrc
ecmc 5 cóos eobo bãx`bo. C eoat`auce`õa mja`rjbos kos pr`ae`pckjs jascyos
y pcrãbjtros c eoatrokcr. Jk t`po mj `astrubjato c ut`k`zcr pcrc rjck`zcr m`enos
jascyos mjij pjrb`t`r kc `ayjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs ja kc `astckce`õa mj
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
94=
t`jrrc, ao s`jamo vãk`mos kos ekãs`eos `astrubjatos quj eobprujica rjs`stjae`cs
mj t`jrrcs bjm`catj kc `ayjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mài`kjs.
>.33.3 ]jas`õa mj pcso
Js kc tjas`õa quj pujmj rjsuktcr cpk`ecmc jatrj kos p`js mj uac pjrsoac, c kc
m`stcae`c mj ua pcso, murcatj jk fuae`oacb`jato mj uac `astckce`õa y ja ecso mj
uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto.
Jk bot`vo por jk euck `atjrjsc kc bjm`mc mj jstc tjas`õa js jk mj vjkcr por kc
sjdur`mcm mj uac pjrsoac quj pum`jrc jstcr ecb`acamo ja kcs prox`b`mcmjs
mjk jkjetromo mj pujstc c t`jrrc, ja jk bobjato mj promue`rsj uac eorr`jatj
mj mjfjeto jkjvcmc. Kc bjm`mc jstãamcr sj rjck`zc eoa mos jkjetromos mj uac
supjre`j mj 977 eb9, sjpcrcmos 3 b, pcrc s`bukcr kos p`js. Jk pjso mj ecmc
jkjetromo sjdüa aorbc js mj 9:7 A (cprox`bcmcbjatj 9: hd)
>.33.9 ]jas`õa mj eoatceto
Js kc tjas`õa c kc euck pujmj jstcr sobjt`mo jk eujrpo nubcao jstcamo ja
eoatceto eoa kcs ecrecscs y kcs jstrueturcs bjtãk`ecs mj bãqu`acs y cpcrjkkcljs
quj aorbckbjatj ao jstãa iclo tjas`õa.
Jk bot`vo por jk euck `atjrjsc kc bjm`mc mj jstc tjas`õa js jk mj prjvja`r kc
jkjetroeue`õa mj uac pjrsoac quj eoa kc bcao jstuv`jrc toecamo uac pcrtj
bjtãk`ec mj kc `astckce`õa, quj pum`jrc rje`i`r tjas`õa ja ecso mj mjfjeto mj
c`skcb`jato, tja`jamo por otrc pcrtj kos p`js ja eoatceto eoa jk sujko.
Kc F`d. >.3= bujstrc jk BWE-DJ]JU] , cpcrcto jspje`ckbjatj m`sjócmo pcrc kc
bjm`mc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto y pcrc kc bjm`e`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c
mjk tjrrjao eoa eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs.
>
F`d. >.3=.- Bjm`mor BWE-DJ]JU]
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
94:
>.39 Bjm`mc mj kcs
kcs tjas`oajs
tjas`oajs mj pcso
pcso y eoatceto
Kc @astruee`õa ]àea`ec Eobpkjbjatcr`c B@J-YC]-35 puik`ecmc ja jk IOJ 3>5
mj 3 mj cdosto mj 30>=, ja su cpcrtcmo 3.3. mjtjrb`ac kcs tjas`oajs bãx`bcs
mj pcso y eoatceto cmb`s`ikjs pcrc `astckce`oajs mj pujstc c t`jrrc ja ejatrckjs,
pcrqujs mj C] y jstce`oajs mj trcasforbce`õa. Eoaerjtcbjatj ja kos cpcrtcmos
>.3 y >.9 jstcikjej kc oik`dctor`jmcm mj vjr`ecr m`encs tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj
eoatceto.
>.39.3 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso
Wcrc jfjetucr eorrjetcbjatj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso mjij s`tucrsj jk
bjm`mor (DJ]JU] por jljbpko) c uac m`stcae`c sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmc mjk t`jrrc
c bjm`r (97 õ bãs bjtros), proeurcamo ao eokoecrko jae`bc mj kc zoac oeupcmc
por kos jkjetromos quj eobpoaja jk t`jrrc. Kc F`d. >.3: bujstrc kc m`spos`e`õa mj
kos jkjetromos y mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr.
F`d. >.3:.- Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso
Kc prujic eoas`stj ja ncejr
ncejr e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto
mjfjeto c trcvàs mjk t`jrrc
y bjm`r kc tjas`õa jatrj kcs mos pjscs mj 9: hd. Wcrc pomjr `ayjetcr kc eorr`jatj
mj mjfjeto c trcvàs mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r, js ajejscr`o m`spoajr mj ua jkjetromo
cux`k`cr mj t`jrrc sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmo mjk quj sj mjsjc bjm`r, mj forbc quj
kos drcm`jatjs mj tjas`õa quj sj promueja ckrjmjmor mj kos jkjetromos ao sj
`auyca butucbjatj. Ja kc prãet`ec sj ceoasjlc uac sjpcrce`õa bâa`bc jatrj jk
jkjetromo cux`k`cr y jk quj sj b`mj, mj uaos 97 bjtros. Jstc m`stcae`c mjij sjr
bcyor ja propore`õa c kc profuam`mcm mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc y c kc jxtjas`õa mj su
zoac mj `aujae`c. Kc rjs`stjae`c mjk t`jrrc cux`k`cr, subcmc c kc mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r
ao mjij soirjpcscr jk vckor mj 377 T.
>
Wcrc jfjetucr jk jascyo sj `ayjetc uac eorr`jatj mj : C pcrc jstce`oajs
trcasforbcmorcs (:7 C, pcrc pcrqujs mj C] o ejatrckjs) c trcvàs mjk e`reu`to
pr`ae`pck forbcmo por jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y jk t`jrrc cux`k`cr y sj b`mj kc tjas`õa jatrj
kcs pjscs mj 9: hd, s`tucmcs c 3b.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
946
>.39.9 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto
Ck `duck quj pcrc kc tjas`õa mj pcso, pcrc jfjetucr eorrjetcbjatj kc bjm`mc mj kc
tjas`õa mj eoatceto mjij s`tucrsj jk bjm`mor c uac m`stcae`c mj uaos 97 õ bãs
bjtros mjk puato mj bjm`mc. Kc F`d. >.36 bujstrc kc m`spos`e`õa mj kos jkjetromos
y mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr.
F`d. >.36.- Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto
Kcs pjscs sj eokoeca luatcs, ua`mcs jkàetr`ecbjatj bjm`catj ua ecikj pujatj
(s`bukca kos p`js mj kc pjrsoac quj pujmj jstcr sobjt`mo c kc tjas`õa mj
eoatceto). Uj eoajetca c ua soko ioraj mj jatrcmc mjk bjm`mor mj tjas`õa. Jk
otro ioraj mj jatrcmc mjk voktâbjtro sj eoajetc ck WZA]O MJ EOA]CE]O c
jascycr (pcrtj bjtãk`ec, vckkc, cpcrjkkclj, ecrecsc, jte.). Kc m`stcae`c jatrj kos
mos jkjetromos y m`eno puato mj eoatceto, oiljto mj bjm`mc, js mj ua bjtro. Jstc
bjm`mc mjij jfjetucrsj ja ecmc uac mj kcs pcrtjs bjtãk`ecs quj eoatjadc kc
`astckce`õa, cuaquj jstàa ua`mcs tomcs jkkcs c t`jrrc por uac rjm jqu`potjae`ck,
yc quj pujmj oeurr`r quj jk t`jrrc tjadc drcm`jatjs mj potjae`ck `bportcatjs c ko
kcrdo y caeno mj tomo jk bckkcmo, prjsjatcamo por tcato m`st`atcs m`fjrjae`cs mj
potjae`ck frjatj c ecmc pcrtj bjtãk`ec.
>.39.5 Vckorjs cmb`s`ikjs mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto
Kc `astruee`õa tàea`ec eobpkjbjatcr`c B@J-YC]-35, IOJ.3>5 mj 3-7>-30>=,
ja su cpcrtcmo 3.3 `am`ec kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto cmb`s`ikjs pcrc
`astckce`oajs mj pujstc c t`jrrc.
Kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto bãx`bcs cmb`s`ikjs sjdüa kcs @astruee`oajs
eobpkjbjatcr`cs mjk B`a`stjr`o mj @amustr`c IOJ. 903 MJ :-39->4 v`jaja
mjtjrb`acmcs por kcs s`du`jatjs fõrbukcs cprox`bcmcs<
Vp 2
>
37.H
ta
(>.3)
H
Ve 2 a
t
(>.9)
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
944
Moamj<
H249 y a23 pcrc t`jbpos `afjr`orjs c 7.0 s.
H24>.: y a27.3> pcrc t`jbpos jatrj 7.0 y 5 s.
t 2 murce`õa mj kc fcktc, ja sjduamos.
Jk rjdkcbjato jstcikjej, cmjbãs quj pcrc t`jbpos eobprjam`mos jatrj 5 y :
sjduamos, kc tjas`õa mj pcso ao mjij soirjpcscr kos 6=7 V y kc mj eoatceto
kos 6= V y pcrc t`jbpos supjr`orjs c : sjduamos, kc tjas`õa mj pcso ao mjij
soirjpcscr kos :77 V y kc mj eoatceto kos :7 V. Kc ]cikc >.4 bujstrc ua rjsubja
mj kcs tjas`oajs bãx`bcs cmb`s`ikjs.
]cikc >.37.- Bãx`bcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto cmb`s`ikjs sjdüa
rjdkcbjato
rjdkcb
jato mj C].
C].
Kc bjm`e`õa mj tjas`oajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto pujmj rjsuktcr fcksjcmc mji`mo
c kc jx`stjae`c mj eorr`jatjs jrrãt`ecs, vcdciuamcs o pcrãs`tcs e`reukcatjs por jk
tjrrjao. Jk IOJ 903, mj : mj m`e`jbirj mj 30>4, jstcikjej kc forbc mj eorrjd`r
kcs bjm`mcs ja ecso mj quj m`encs eorr`jatjs jrrãt`ecs sjca s`da`ect`vcs.
>.35
Bjm`mc mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj uac tobc mj t`jrrc
Ja buenos ecsos js ajejscr`c kc bjm`e`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj kcs eoajx`oajs
c t`jrrc, `aekuyjamo kcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs mjk tjrrjao moamj jstã `bpkcatcmc.
Jstc bjm`mc mjij ncejrsj eoa eorr`jatjs rjkct`vcbjatj cktcs pcrc oitjajr kos
rjsuktcmos ja eoam`e`oajs rjckjs mj mjfjeto. Wcrc jkko, sj ut`k`zc jk b`sbo t`po
mj `astrubjatos jbpkjcmos pcrc kc bjm`mc mj kcs tjas`oajs mj pcso y eoatceto,
yc quj jstos pjrb`tja `ayjetcr eorr`jatjs cktcs. Uj jv`tca csâ kos jrrorjs mj kos
bjm`morjs quj fuae`oaca eoa eorr`jatjs buy mài`kjs mji`mos, por jljbpko, c
]`jbpo
]jas`oa pcso bãx`bc
]jas`oa eoatceto bãx`bc
B ã s mj : s
: 77 V
:7 V
Mj 5 c : s
6 =7 V
6= V
9s
6 07 V
60 V
3s
4 >: V
4> . : V
7. 0 s
> 77 V
>7 V
7. 4 s
3 79 7 V
37 9 V
7. : s
3 == 7 V
3= = V
7. 9 s
5 67 7 V
56 7 V
77..3 s õ bjaos 4977 V
49 7 V
>
kc nubjmcm supjre`ck mjk tjrrjao o c ua ecikj mj t`jrrc buy cfjetcmo por kc
eorros`õa o por uac eoajx`õa mjfjetuosc.
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
94>
Jk bàtomo mj bjm`mc eoas`stj ja ncejr e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj mj : C clustcikj
jatrj jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y ua jkjetromo mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr, sjpcrcmos eobo bâa`bo
97 bjtros. Ckrjmjmor mj ecmc t`jrrc cpcrjej uac zoac mj drcm`jatj mj potjae`ck
y mjij proeurcrsj quj kcs zoacs mj cbios t`jrrcs ao sj sokcpja. U` jsto js csâ,
cpcrjej ja kc zoac b`tcm mj m`stcae`c, jatrj cbics t`jrrcs, uac zoac ajutrc mj
potjae`ck ejro ja kc euck eoajetcrjbos ua jkjetromo mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr. B`m`jamo
kc tjas`õa jatrj jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y jk t`jrrc cux`k`cr y m`v`m`àamokc por kc eorr`jatj
`ayjetcmc oitjajbos uac bjm`mc rjck mj kc rjs`stjae`c mjk t`jrrc, `aekuyjamo kc
`aujae`c mjk tjrrjao. Kc F`d. >.34 bujstrc ua jsqujbc mjk bàtomo mj bjm`mc.
F`d. >.34.- Bjm`e`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc, `aekuyjamo kc mjk tjrrjao
>.3= Yjsubja
Ja jstj ecpâtuko sj nca rjv`scmo ckduaos cspjetos rjkce`oacmos eoa kc sjdur`mcm
ja kcs `astckce`oajs jkàetr`ecs. E`jrtcbjatj jstc sjdur`mcm js ua cspjeto
`bportcatj, pujsto quj kcs `astckce`oajs jatrcóca r`jsdos, tcato pcrc kcs
pjrsoacs quj ut`k`zca o bca`pukca m`encs `astckce`oajs, eobo r`jsdos mj mcóos
bctjr`ckjs (soirj tomo por `aejam`o).
Njbos v`sto kcs forbcs mj protjdjr m`enos r`jsdos, c icsj mj m`spos`t`vos mj
protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck y c icsj mj eoatrokcr kcs tobcs mj t`jrrc ja `astckce`oajs
mj C].
Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj ckduaos fjaõbjaos trcas`tor`os o ckduaos rjejptorjs
eoa ktros JB@ pujmja provoecr m`spcros `atjbpjst`vos, djajrcamo jsto ua
eobprob`so jatrj sjdur`mcm y protjee`õa por ua kcmo y eoat`au`mcm mj sjrv`e`o
por otro. Ja tckjs ecsos njbos v`sto quj sj m`spoaj mj ckduacs sokue`oajs quj
pjrb`tja pck`cr jk proikjbc. Ja euckqu`jr ecso kc bãx`bc ack mjij sjr quj
auaec mjij scer`ecrsj kc sjdur`mcm c ecbi`o mj a`aduac otrc jx`djae`c.
>
sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck
0 ]ÀEA@ECU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA P F@K]YCMO MJ
WJY]ZYICE@OAJU
0.3 @atromuee`õa
Ja jk ecpâtuko 5 sj n`zo uac cbpk`c mjser`pe`õa mj kcs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa
mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja rjmjs eoa iclc m`stors`õa por crbõa`eos. Kc prjsjae`c
mj crbõa`eos y mj mjsjqu`k`ir`os, mjser`tc ja jk ecpâtuko =, ncej quj kc
eobpjasce`õa eoavjae`oack c icsj mj s`bpkjs eoamjascmorjs, ao sjc cprop`cmc
ja buenos ecsos c ecusc mj kos fjaõbjaos mj rjsoacae`c quj oeurrja ja kcs
rjmjs `amustr`ckjs y quj sj mjser`i`rãa bãs cmjkcatj.
Ja jstj ecpâtuko mjm`ecrjbos kc ctjae`õa fuamcbjatckbjatj c mos tjbcs<
c) Eobpjasce` õa mj jajrdâcs fkuetucatjs ja rjmjs m`stors `oacmcs por
kos crbõa`eos. Js mje`r, eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y f`ktrcmo mj m`enos
crbõa`eos.
i) Jstum`o mj pjajtrce`õa
pjajtrce`õa mj crbõa`eos y otrcs pjrturice`oajs ja rjmjs mj iclc
iclc
y bjm`c tjas`õa.
Ja jk ecpâtuko = njbos mjser`to jk or`dja mj kcs pjrturice`oajs y ckduacs mj sus
eoasjeujae`cs c a`vjk mj soirjecrdcs ja kc rjm, pjro ao njbos mjser`to eobo sj
propcdca c trcvàs mj kc rjm a` eobo pujmja jv`tcrsj kos jfjetos mj pokue`õa quj
promueja soirj m`enc rjm kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs. Jstj vc c sjr jk tjbc ejatrck
mj jstj ecpâtuko, ja jk quj `atjatcrjbos mcr ckduaos er`tjr`os mj jkjee`õa mj
ktros pcrc `astckce`oajs c a`vjk dkoick. Jk ecpâtuko prõx`bo sj vc c mjm`ecr bãs
jspjeâecbjatj c ktros pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ckduacs ecrdcs,
pr`ae`pckbjatj ecrdcs ck`bjatcmcs por eoavjrt`morjs eoajetcmos c rjm c trcvàs
mj ua rjet`ecmor.
0.9 Bomjko mj kc rjm< crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa
Ja jk ecpâtuko = njbos lust`ecmo jk or`dja mj kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs por kc
ao k`ajck`mcm mj e`jrtos rjejptorjs. Ecij prjduatcrsj cnorc, eobo cfjetcrãa
jstcs eorr`jatjs c otros rjejptorjs eoajetcmos ja pcrckjko ja kc b`sbc rjm.
Eoas`mjrcamo ja pr`ae`p`o sõko s`stjbcs jqu`k`ircmos, pomjbos rczoacr kc
rjspujstc eoas`mjrcamo quj ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa eobüa mj vcr`os rjejptorjs,
WEE , ecmc fcsj sj pujmj rjprjsjatcr por ua jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj eobo
jk mj kc F`d. 0.3, forbcmo por uac fujatj `mjck mj tjas`õa sjao`mck ( Z:7) , mj :7
Nz (o 67 Nz ja rjmjs euyc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck sjc jstc), jatrj fcsj y ajutro
eoa uac `bpjmcae`c `atjrac \ 2 Y + l^ .
`
`
`
0
Wcrc jk jstum`o mj pjajtrce`õa mj crbõa`eos, ut`k`zcrjbos jstj jsqujbc
jqu`vckjatj, pjro mjijrjbos tjajr ja eujatc quj tjamrjbos quj bom`ecr m`eno
jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs frjeujae`cs crbõa`ecs quj qujrcbo
s
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>7
jstum`cr. Eoaerjtcbjatj, pcrc kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos, kc fujatj mj
tjas`õa quj rjprjsjatc kc rjm sj mjij caukcr (eortoe`reu`tcr) y ja ecbi`o kc fujatj
mj eorr`jatj @a js kc quj ck`bjatc jk e`reu`to. Jk eãkeuko mj pjajtrce`õa eoas`st`rã
ja mjtjrb`acr eobo sj rjpcrtj m`enc eorr`jatj ja jk aumo WEE.
FCUJ
\` 2 Y` + l^`
WEE
\K 2 YK + l^K
WEE
@da
@da
Otros
cioacmos
Z:7
(:7 Nz)
B
5
@a
@a
@ra
AJZ]YO
F`d. 0.3.- E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja WEE
\r
Cack `zcamo
Cack`zc
amo jk jsq
jsqujb
ujbcc jqu`
jqu`vck
vckjat
jatjj vjb
vjbos
os quj eoa
eoajet
jetcmc
cmcss ck pua
puato
to WEE sj
jaeujatrca ecrdcs k`ajckjs rjprjsjatcmcs por kc `bpjmcae`c \r y ecrdcs ao
k`ajckjs rjprjsjatcmcs ja pcrtj por \r y ja pcrtj por kc fujatj mj eorr`jatjs
crbõa`ecs @a y quj prjsjatca uac `bpjmcae`c `atjrac \ K 2 YK + l^ K. Aõtjsj
quj \ ` `aekuyj tcato jk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa eobo kcs ecrdcs mj otros
cioacmos.
Ja jk aumo WEE ncirã ua rjpcrto mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs jatrj kc rjm y kcs
ecrdcs quj sj pomrã eckeukcr c pcrt`r mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj. Yjeormcamo quj
kc fujatj Z:7 `atjrv`jaj sõko c :7 Nz y quj mjij sust`tu`rsj por ua eortoe`reu`to
c kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos. Kc frcee`õa mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs quj sj
mjr`vcrã nce`c kc rjm vjamrã mcmc por kc jeuce`õa (0.3)
\
r
@
2
@
(0.3)
da
a \ +\
r
`
Kc tjas`õa mj rjm ja jk puato WEE yc ao sjrã por tcato sjao`mck, s`ao quj
rjsuktcrã m`stors`oacmc por kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa quj kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs
promuzeca soirj kc `bpjmcae`c `atjrac mj kc rjm.
\ .\
Z x 2 Z :7 ∙ \` .@ da 2 Z ∙ @ a ` r
(0.9)
\ +\
`
r
0
Csâ pujs kc tjas`õa ja jk puato WEE eoat`jaj e`jrtcs eobpoajatjs crbõa`ecs,
tcato bãs eucato bcyor sjc kc `bpjmcae`c `atjrac mj kc rjm eobpcrcmc eoa
kc mjk rjsto mj ecrdc. Ncy quj rjeormcr uac vjz bãs, quj euckqu`jrc mj kcs
`bpjmcae`cs quj bcajlcbos ja jk eãkeuko mj crbõa`eos, \`, \K y \r, mjija
eckeukcrsj o bjm`rsj c kc frjeujae`c mj m`eno crbõa`eo pcrc cpk`ecrkcs c kc
jeuce`õa (0.9), tja`jamo ja eujatc kcs oisjrvce`oajs quj sj mca c eoat`auce`õa.
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>3
0.9.3 Oisjrvce`oajs `bportcatjs soirj jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj<
Kc rjm prjsjatcrã, ja djajrck, uac jstrueturc bãs eobpkjlc quj kc quj njbos
eoas`mjrcmo,, eoa `amuetcae`cs (m`spjrs`õa mj trcasforbcmo
eoas`mjrcmo
trcasforbcmorjs)
rjs) y eoamjascm
eoamjascmorjs
orjs
(eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc), mcamo kudcr c rjsoacae`cs jatrj jstos jkjbjatos.
Jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj m`enc rjm ao sjrã por tcato
tcato tca s`bpkj eobo ko njbos
eoas`mjrcmo.
• Mj njeno, jk eoaoe`b`jato mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj kc rjm y kcs ecrdcs
js uao mj kos puatos ekcvj pcrc eoaoejr kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa y c kc vjz
uao mj kos mctos bãs m`fâe`kjs mj oitjajr
oitjajr.. ]àadcsj ja eujatc quj
quj ncy ecrdcs
y eoamjascmorjs quj sj eoajetca y sj mjseoajetca y bckkcs quj ecbi`ca
mj eoadurce`õa, ko euck ncej quj m`eno e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sjc ecbi`catj,
•
mji`àamosj
`bpjmcae`cs.eoas`mjrcr ck bjaos kos vckorjs jxtrjbos mj ecmc uac mj kcs
• Kcs rjs`stjae`cs Y mj euckqu`jrc mj kos e`reu`tos cubjatca eoa kc frjeujae`c
mji`mo ck jfjeto mj rjs`stjae`c jqu`vckjatj mj pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro y ja bjaor
eucatâc por jfjeto pjk`eukcr o jfjeto "sh`a".
Kcs `amuetcae`cs eoa aüekjo pujmja cubjatcr su `bpjmcae`c ja propore`õa
ao k`ajck eoa kc frjeujae`c, mji`mo c fjaõbjaos mj scturce`õa y pàrm`mcs
(Yjeuàrmjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro soa cprox`bcmcbjatj propore`oackjs
c f 3,> ).
• Kos eoamjascmorjs pujmja ao vcr`cr k`ajckbjatj su `bpjmcae`c eoa kc
frjeujae`c mji`mo c pàrm`mcs ja kos m`jkàetr`eos y c su forbc eoastruet`vc
ja forbc mj kãb`acs jarokkcmcs, quj ncej quj prjsjatja uac `amuet`v`mcm
pcrãs`tc.
• Wcrc eoaoejr jk vckor mj kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ja ua puato euckqu`jrc mj kc
rjm mjija eoaoejrsj kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj àstc y mj kcs ecrdcs c kc frjeujae`c mj
ecmc crbõa`eo y jstos mctos sujkja sjr m`fâe`kjs mj oitjajr por eãkeuko o c trcvàs
mj bomjkos. Jsto ncej quj sjc m`fâe`k ncejr prjm`ee`oajs eoa prje`s`õa y quj jk
proikjbc eobpkjto mjic ciormcrsj ja mos fcsjs< Za m`sjóo prjv`o cprox`bcmo,
bjm`e`oajs eoa ua cack`zcmor
cack`zcmor mj rjm y rjclustj mjk m`sjóo ack.
• Jx`stja prodrcbcs mj s`bukce`õa pcrc bomjkcr mj forbc bãs prje`sc jk
eobportcb`jato mj kc rjm, eobo kos icscmos ja JB]W X3R o kos icscmos ja
Bctkci ― U`buk`ah ut`k`zcamo kc k`irjrâc Wowjr Uystjbs ]ookiox X9R
• Oisàrvjsj quj eobo eoasjeujae`c mj kos m`st`atos vckorjs mj `bpjmcae`c c
ecmc frjeujae`c, jk jspjetro mj crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ja ua mjtjrb`acmo puato mj
kc rjm pujmj rjsuktcr buy m`st`ato mjk jspjetro mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs djajrcmcs
por kcs ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs mj kc rjm. Jstc m`fjrjae`c pujmj sjr jspje`ckbjatj
`bportcatj s` cpcrjeja rjsoacae`cs pcrckjko c ckduac mj kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos
crbõa`eos, tck eobo sj vjrã c eoat`auce`õa.
0.5 Yjsoacae`cs ja kcs `astckce`oajs `amustr`ckjs
0
Ja kc durc 0.9 njbos rjprjsjatcmo jk jsqujbc ua`kcr y jk jqu`vckjatj mj
uac rjm `amustr`ck eoa jstce`õa trcasforbcmorc prop`c. Ja m`eno jsqujbc
cpcrjeja uac ioi`ac y ua eoamjascmor ja pcrckjko. Ujdüa jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=,
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>9
ja jstj t`po mj e`reu`tos y c mjtjrb`acmcs frjeujae`cs pujmj promue`rsj uac
rjsoacae`c ja pcrckjko. Csâ pujs, ja kc e`tcmc `astckce`õa pujmj prjsjatcrsj
m`enc rjsoacae`c y eobo sj nc v`sto ja jk e`tcmo cpcrtcmo 9.3=, jsto pomrâc
djajrcr fujrtjs soirjecrdcs, tcato ja kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs eobo ja jk
prop`o trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor..
Js pos`ikj tcbi`àa quj sj promuzeca rjsoacae`cs sjr`j s` jk or`dja mj kos
crbõa`eos js kc rjm mj bjm`c tjas`õa, ao oistcatj jstos ecsos ao kos trctcrjbos
ja mjtckkj, por eucato rjqu`jrja bomjkos mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs bãs potjatjs
quj kos quj vja`bos ut`k`zcamo ja jstj tjxto.
Ja ko quj s`duj mcrjbos ckduaos jljbpkos mj eãkeuko mj kos pcrãbjtros
ja e`reu`tos jqu`vckjatjs s`bpkjs y bostrcrjbos kos pos`ikjs jfjetos mj kc
rjsoacae`c ja kos b`sbos.
0.5.3 Eãkeukos cprox`bcmos mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko ja ecso mj ecrdc mài`k
Eoas`mjrjbos aujvcbjatj ua jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj pcrje`mo ck quj sj
propuso eobo jsqujbc t`po ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=. Wcrc s`tuce`oajs ja quj kc
ecrdc js buy mài`k (Yp y ^S mj vckor jkjvcmo), pujmj mcrsj uac rjsoacae`c ja
pcrckjko jatrj kc rjcetcae`c mjk trcasforbcmor, ^t ja pcrckjko eoa kc prop`c mj
kc ecrdc ^S, y jk eoamjascmor mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc, ^E (eoas`mjrcbos
^EE;; ^t).
Uee 2˛ ∑
^t ]rcasforbcmor
U
Zp(hVC)
/ Zs
uee
^ee 2˛ 7
^E
YW
^S
@a
B
YJM
W y S jqu`pos
eoa y s`a m`stors`õa
M`stors`õa
Ictjrâcs mj
Crbõa`eos
eoamjascmorjs
Jqu`pos eoa Ictjrâcs mj
Jqu`pos s`a
M`stors`õa
eoamjascmorjs M`stors`õa
W3 (hT)
SE (hvcr)
W9 (hT)
S3 (hvcr)
S9 (hvcr)
F`d. 0.9.- E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj
jqu`vckjatj y pos`ikj rjsoacae`c
rjsoacae`c ja
uac rjm eoa eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc.
0
Jk vckor ^tπ (rjcetcae`c c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck (:7 Nz õ 67 Nz) pujmj
eckeukcrsj sjdüa sj `am`eõ ja (9.==) , cuaquj djajrckbjatj sj supoaj quj ja
vceâo kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc mj kc `bpjmcae`c mjk trcasforbcmor js mjsprje`cikj eoa
ko quj ^tπ vjamrâc mcmc por (0.5) , quj sj mjmuej m`rjetcbjatj mj (9.=>). Jk
vckor mj ^Eπ, tcbi`àa c frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, v`jaj mcmo por (0.=) y kc rjkce`õa
jatrj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c y kc fuamcbjatck pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj
kcs jeuce`oajs catjr`orjs, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (0.:).
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
Z9
^
t

e
U ee
Z 9 .u

e
%
ee
377 .U
Z9
^
E
Y

2
9>5
(0.5)
(0.=)
e
S
^
E
/ ^
t
2 Uee / S
(0.:)
moamj Uee js kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor (vjr ecpâtuko 9) y
S kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs.
Ja ecso mj quj πY / π eo`ae`mc eoa jk ormja mj ckdüa crbõa`eo djajrcmo por jk
jqu`po pjrturicmor
pjrturicmor,, sj prjsjatcrâca fujrtjs soirj`atjas`mcmjs ja kc ictjrâc mj
eoamjascmorjs y ja jk trcasforbcmor
trcasforbcmor mji`mcs c kc rjsoacae`c, tck eobo sj m`lo
ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=.9. Kc protjee`õa mj jstj t`po mj soirj`atjas`mcmjs bjrjej
uac ctjae`õa jspje`ck y sj m`seut`rã ja ua cpcrtcmo postjr`or.
Jljbpko< Uupõadcsj ua trcasforbcmor mj U 2 3777 hV´C eoa uac tjas`õa
porejatuck mj eortoe`reu`to uee% 2 :%. Uupõadcsj quj pcrc eobpjascr rjcet`vc
sj eokoecsj uac ictjrâc mj S 2 >77 hvcr. Kc frjeujae`c c kc euck pomrâc jatrcr
ja rjsoacae`c, s` sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc eobpkjtc, sjrâc mj<
377.U 377.777
U 2
2
2 97.777 hV
hVC
C
ee
u %
:
ee
Y
2
U
ee
/S2
97777
>77
2:8
f Y 2 :.:7 Nz 2 9:7 Nz
Vjbos quj kc rjsoacae`c sj promuej lusto ja jk :· crbõa`eo, quj sujkj sjr uao
mj kos ecrcetjrâst`eos. Wjro aorbckbjatj kc ictjrâc eoajetcrã por jseckoajs, por
ko euck jk pjk`dro mj rjsoacae`c jx`stj c otrcs frjeujae`cs. Wor jljbpko, s` sõko sj
jaeujatrca eoajetcmos =77 hvcr mj kc ictjrâc y rjpjt`bos jk eãkeuko , sj oit`jaj
uac rjsoacae`c prõx`bc ck 4· crbõa`eo , quj js otro mj kos bãs s`da`ect`vos quj
sujkja cpcrjejr ja kcs rjmjs `amustr`ckjs.
Y
2
U
ee
/S2
97777
=77
2 4 ,74 8
f Y 2 4 ,74.:7 Nz 2 5:5 Nz
0.5.9 Ecsos prãet`eos mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko
Ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or njbos supujsto uac s`tuce`õa ckdo caõbckc ja quj kc
rjsoacae`c sj promueâc s` kos eoamjascmorjs jstcica eoajetcmos `aekuso ja
cusjae`c mj ecrdc. Jsto sõko pujmj oeurr`r ja ecso mj uac bckc rjdukce`õa mj
kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc o ja s`tuce`oajs trcas`tor`cs. Ja ecsos prãet`eos
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>=
ko quj sujkj oeurr`r js quj kc rjm ck`bjatc, mj forbc pjrbcajatj, ecrdcs quj
t`jaja ua fcetor mj potjae`c buy iclo, tck js jk ecso ja cee`oacb`jatos moamj
ncy botorjs quj vca crrcstrcmos y por tcato mjvujkvja potjae`c cet`vc c kc
rjm, pjro ja ecbi`o eoasubja potjae`c rjcet`vc o jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs eoa
eodjajrce`õa eoa bãqu`acs csâaeroacs. Za jljbpko js jk quj bujstrc kc durc
0.5.c, euyo e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc durc 0.5.i.
U, ^ee
uee%
@a
Se
B
Frjao
-W3 , +S3
@a
B
Jst`rclj
+W9 , +S9
Stot
^jq
+S3
+S9
+W9
Wtot
-W3
M`cdrcbc Vjetor`ck
c ) C e e ` o a c b` j a t o
^E
YW
Ictjrâc mj
eoamjascmorjs
]rcasforbcmor +
rjcet`vc ecrdcs
@a
M`stors`õa
Crbõa`eos
W cet`vc totck
i) E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj
F`d. 0.5.- Cee`oacb`jato
Cee`oacb`jato eoa iclo fcetor mj potjae`c,
potjae`c, propjaso c rjsoacae`c
rjsoacae`c
Ja eoaluato kc `astckce`õa mj kc durc 0.5 tjamrâc uac potjae`c cet`vc buy iclc y
ja ecbi`o uac potjae`c rjcet`vc buy cktc. Kc pcrtj `amuet`vc prov`jaj, por tcato,
mj kc ^t ja pcrckjko eoa uac ^S mji`mc c kc rjcet`vc eoasub`mc por kcs ecrdcs. Yp,
por otro kcmo, js kc rjs`stjae`c jqu`vckjatj mji`mc c kc potjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc.
Kos eãkeukos mj uac y otrc sj mca ja kcs jeuce`oajs s`du`jatjs.
^
Z 9 Z 9 .u %
2 e 2 e ee
U
377.U
ee
t
^
Z9
2 e
S
S
^
^
(0.6)
jq
2
^
t
(0.4)
t
.^
S
+^
(0.>)
S
Z9
Y 2 e
W
W
0
^
(0.0)
Z9
2 e
S
E
(0.37)
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>:
Kc `bpjmcae`c jqu`vckjatj v`stc por kc fujatj mj crbõa`eos js<
a^
\
a
2
Y9( 3 ∙ a9 ^
jq
Y
P
jq E
)9
+ a9 ^
9
(0.33)
jq
Oisàrvjsj quj sj trctc mj ua e`reu`to K-E pcrckjko, moamj Yp t`jaj ua pcpjk mj
cbort`duce`õa. Wor tcato, eucato bcyor sjc kc potjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc (bjaor
vckor mj Yp) bãs cbort`ducmo js jk e`reu`to y kc rjsoacae`c ao js tca fujrtj, pjro
cüa csâ, pujmja mcrsj s`tuce`oajs eoa rjsoacae`cs cbort`ducmcs quj djajrca
fujrtjs ose`kce`oajs ja jk s`stjbc. Za jljbpko prãet`eo mj rjsoacae`c pomjbos
vjrko ja kc durc 0.=. Ja kc F`d. 0.=.c vjbos kcs forbcs mj oamc mjk s`stjbc
eucamo ao sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor
mj potjae`c. Eucamo sj vca eoajetcamo pcsos y prõx`bo ck eos 2 3 sj promuej
uac rjsoacae`c c kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo 33, tck eobo pujmj vjrsj ja kc
F`d.0.=.i y ja kc tcikc 0.3.
FOYBC MJ OAMC (rjsoacae`c.U]M)
35/79/9774 36<54<56
Va F3< 994 (V)
]NM< 9.6 %
Bãx< 59= (V)
Bâa< -595 (V)
Va F5< 99> (V)
]NM< 9.6 %
Bãx< 59: (V)
Bâa< -599 (V)
Va F9< 996 (V)
]NM< 9.9 %
Bãx< 595 (V)
Bâa< -593 (V)
7.7
7.7
@a F3< 536.60> (C)
]NM< 6.6 %
Bãx< =64.677 (C)
Bâa< -=6>.>77 (C)
@a F9< 5:9.>90 (C)
]NM< 4.0 %
Bãx< :97.>77 (C)
Bâa< -:35.977 (C)
Cet< -9>> (V)
@a F5< 5==.=70 (C)
]NM< :.6 %
Bãx< =06.>77 (C)
Bâa< -:7=.=77 (C)
Bãx< 59= (V)
Bâa< -595 (V)
c) ]jas`oajs
]jas`oajs y eorr`jatjs s`a kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs
FOYBC MJ OAMC (rjsoacae`c.U]M)
35/79/9774 36<=7<36
Va F3< 990 (V)
]NM< 34.5 %
Bãx< 56: (V)
Bâa< -544 (V)
Va F5< 957 (V)
]NM< 99.> %
Bãx< 50: (V)
Bâa< -5>0 (V)
Va F9< 990 (V)
]NM< 97.: %
Bãx< 505 (V)
Bâa< -545 (V)
7.7
7.7
@a F3< 939.=34 (C)
]NM< >3.0 %
Bãx< 490.677 (C)
Bâa< -46>.=77 (C)
@a F9< 394.053 (C)
]NM< >5.0 %
Bãx< =:6.=77 (C)
Bâa< -549.777 (C)
Cet< -305 (V)
@a F5< 395.:64 (C)
]NM< >:.0 %
Bãx< =:=.777 (C)
Bâa< -==7.777 (C)
Bãx< 56: (V)
Bâa< -544 (V)
i) ]jas`oajs
]jas`oajs y eorr`jatjs eoa kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs
0
F`d. 0.=.- ]jas`õa
]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja uac `astckce`õa eoa iclo eoasubo mj potjae`c
cet`vc. Wrovoec rjsoacae`c ck crbõa`eo 33 ck eoajetcr jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa
(Bjm`mc jfjetucmc eoa CY.: mj E@YEZ]OY y softwcrj WOTJYV@U@OA)
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>6
]cikc 0.3.- Vckorjs aubàr`eos mj kos crbõa`eos eorrjspoam`jatjs c kc F`d. 0.=.i, fcsj 3.
]cikc mj crbõa`eos fcsj 3 (rjsoacae`c.U]M)
( rjsoacae`c.U]M)
Fjenc 35/79/9774 36<=7<36
]jas`õa fcsj 3
Eorr`jatj fcsj 3
Vrbs (V)<959
]NM (%)<34.5
Mjsfcsj (¼)<7.7
Fuamcbjatck (V)<990
@rbs (C)<5600:4.94:
Fuamcbjatck (C)<939.=34
Crbõa`eo
9(+)
5(-)
Cbpk`tum (%)
7.76:
7.935
Mjsfcsj (¼)
950.3
5:>.=
=(+)
:(-)
6(+)
4(-)
7.977
7.5>5
7.943
7.976
94:.0
5:5.3
30:.6
36.>
>(+)
9.5=3
0(-)
37(-)
33(+)
3.697
=.636
36.670
7.=34
3.9>3
7.960
7.:75
7.55>
360.3
9>:.:
9=5.7
=>.3
349.0
96>.6
394.=
940.4
5=.>
39(-)
35(+)
3=(+)
3:(-)
36(+)
]NM (%)<>3.0
Mjsfcsj (¼)<53:.>
Cbpk`tum (%)
3.950
7.457
Mjsfcsj (¼)
595.9
::.:
>(+)
3.3=4
7.>69
9.67>
9.4>>
37.506
9=7.3
>>.5
309.=
63.7
9==.4
0(-)
37(-)
33(+)
37.4>4
59.360
354.33:
59.=
=0.4
9:4.=
39(-)
35(+)
3=(+)
3:(-)
36(+)
5.549
35.=44
3.>:4
9.:0=
3.454
66.=
939.5
37>.3
907.0
374.:
Crbõa`eo
9(+)
5(-)
=(+)
:(-)
6(+)
4(-)
0.5.5 Ecsos prãet`eos mj rjsoacae`c sjr`j
Wujmj mcrsj jk ecso mj `astckce`oajs eoa trcasforbcmor y uac mjtjrb`acmc
eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc f`lc ja jk sjeuamcr`o mjk b`sbo. Jstc s`tuce`õa,
rjprjsjatcmc ja kc durc 0.: , pujmj mcr kudcr c rjsoacae`c sjr`j jatrj kc ^t
mjk trcasforbcmor y ^E mjk eoamjascmor s` kc tjas`õa ja jk kcmo mj cktc prjsjatc
crbõa`eos s`da`ect`vos.
Oisàrvjsj quj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c ja jk ecso `mjck pujmj eckeukcrsj por
kc b`sbc jeuce`õa 0.:. Ao oistcatj js bueno bãs m`fâe`k mj prjmje`r jstj t`po mj
rjsoacae`cs, pujsto quj ao sj m`spoaj nci`tuckbjatj mj vckorjs quj pjrb`tca
bomjkcr kc rjm mj C]
C] eoa tomos sus trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs. Ja euckqu`jr ecso
pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj
mj rjsoacae`cs sj rjeob`jamc
rjeob`jamc jk jbpkjo mj f`ktros mj
rjenczo, sjdüa aorbc @JE-63.6=9, quj sj mjser`ija c eoat`auce`õa.
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
@a
]Y3
@a
Za
C]
]Y9
I]
E
B
Eoamjascmorjs
f`los
]rcasforbcmor
]rcasf
orbcmor ]Y9
^t
U`a ecrdcs
9>4
~7
^ee 2
Za
^E
Eoamjascmorjs
f`los
F`d. 0.:.- Yjsoacae`c sjr`j mji`mc
mji`mc c kc prjsjae`c mj crbõa`eos
crbõa`eos ja C]
C]
0.5.= Uokue`õa c kos proikjbcs mj rjsoacae`c
Kc sokue`õa prãet`ec, tcato pcrc jk ecso mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko, eobo pcrc
rjsoacae`c sjr`j, rjeobjamcmc por kc aorbc JA-636=9, js ut`k`zcr f`ktros
mjs`atoa`zcmos, tcbi`àa kkcbcmos mj rjenczo. Jsto eoas`stj ja `aeorporcr
rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa ecmc uao mj kos eoamjascmorjs, forbcamo ua eoaluato
K-E sjr`j euyc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c sjc `afjr`or y jstà sue`jatjbjatj
ckjlcmc mj kc mjk crbõa`eo quj or`d`ac kc pjrturice`õa.
0
Ja ckduaos bcauckjs o ectãkodos mj eoamjascmorjs sj propoaj eobo sokue`õa
jk jbpkjo mj eoamjascmorjs quj sj mjaob`aca jrrõajcbjatj rjs`stjatjs c
crbõa`eos. Jstc sokue`õa js `ajecz y ao jv`tc kc rjsoacae`c c bjaos quj sj
`aerjbjatja s`da`ect`vcbjatj kcs pàrm`mcs mj kos eoamjascmorjs, js mje`r,
c bjaos quj sj ut`k`eja eoamjascmorjs eoa uac drca rjs`stjae`c mj pàrm`mcs
Ys (vjr cpcrtcmo 9.3=, F`d. 9.53). Ja tck ecso jk cubjato mj pàrm`mcs provoec
drcamjs eckjatcb`jatos y caukc kos ijaje`os mj kc eobpjasce`õa. Kc sokue`õa
`mjck, sjdüa kc aorbc JA-636=9 js jk jbpkjo mj ktros eobo kos quj sj mjser`ija
ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj.
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
9>>
0.= F`ktros
Kc bcyor pcrtj mj kos proikjbcs mj pjrturice`oajs quj njbos `am`ecmo
catjr`orbjatj pujmja sjr eorrjd`mos bjm`catj ktros. Kõd`ecbjatj, ecmc t`po
mj proikjbc rjqu`jrj ua jstum`o mj kcs ecrdcs quj pujmja sjr jk or`dja mj kcs
pjrturice`oajss y, ja kc bjm`mc mj ko pos`ikj, bjm`e`oajs mj eorr`jatjs y tjas`oajs
pjrturice`oaj
eoa caãk`s`s mj crbõa`eos pcrc pomjr jkjd`r jk ktro cmjeucmo. Kc tcikc 0.9 mc ua
rjsubja mj kcs pos`ikjs sokue`oajs c m`st`atos t`pos mj proikjbcs quj pujmja
prjsjatcrsj ja kcs rjmjs `amustr`ckjs.
]cikc 0.9 - ]`pos mj ktros y su cpk`ece`õa
WY OI K JB C
]@WO MJ F@K]YO
Eorrjee`õa mj proikjbcs mj rjsoacae`c F`ktros mj rjenczo o "mjs`atoa`zcmos"
ja jqu`pos mj eorrjee`õa mj FW
Cisore` õa mj crbõa`eos pcrc rjmue`r jk F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck, t`po FCY-S o mj
Cisore`õa
]NM mj kc `astckce`õa.
cisore`õa s`atoa`zcmos, t`po FCY-N
F`ktros cet`vos CF y CWF
Eorr`jatj mj kâajc mj eoavjrt`morjs eoa Yjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa kc jatrcmc mj rjm
ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos
F`ktros KEK
Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj eoat`auc.
W j rtu ri c e`o a j s J B @ ja kc rjm mj F`ktros JB@ ja jk kcmo mj rjm
eoavjrt`morjs EC/EE y EC/EC eoa
bomukce`õa WTB
Wjrturice`oajs JB@ ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc F`ktros mu/mt ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc
mj
eoavjrt`morjs
bomukce`õa
WTB EE/EC y EC/EC eoa F`ktros ‛U`aus ‒ ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc
Yjenczo
Yjenc
zo mj
mj frjeuja
frjeujae`cs
e`cs mj tjkje
tjkjeoatro
oatrok.k.
F`ktross mj rjenc
F`ktro
rjenczo
zo mj
mj icamc
icamc
0.: F`ktros mj rjenczo o mjs`atoa`zcmos
Jk oiljt`vo mjk f`ktro mj rjenczo js jv`tcr kc cbpk`f`ece`õa mj crbõa`eos
ecuscmc por kcs rjsoacae`cs jatrj trcasforbcmor y eoamjascmorjs y jv`tcr
kc soirjecrdc mj crbõa`eos ja kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Ja rjck`mcm,
mjijrâc ut`k`zcrsj ua ktro mj rjenczo ja kudcr mj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs
eoavjae`oack, s`jbprj quj jk ]NM mj kc tjas`õa mj rjm supjrj ua 9,: c 5%.
0
Jk ktro jstã eobpujsto
eobpujsto mj vcr`cs rcbcs K-E eoa uac eoadurce`õa eobo
kc `am`ecmc ja jk ua`kcr mj kc durc
durc 0.6. (]catcs
(]catcs rcbcs eobo sjca ajejscr`cs
pcrc eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj kc `astckce`õa). Kcs e`tcmcs rcbcs sj
pomrãa eoajetcr y mjseoajetcr ja fuae`õa mj kc mjbcamc mj eobpjasce`õa
mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Csâ pujs sj trctc mj ua s`stjbc euyc pr`ae`pck fuae`õa
js kc eorrjee`õa mjk eos y quj `aeorporc kcs rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa kos
eoamjascmorjs pcrc jv`tcr kcs rjsoacae`cs
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
YJM
ECYDCU
Yjdukcmor
mj FW
E3
E9
E`
Ea
F`d. 0.6.- Eoadurce`õa mj
ua ktro mj rjenczo
F`d. 0.4.- F`ktro mj rjenczo
rjenczo FY
mj =>7 hvcr (E@YEZ]OY, UC)
9>0
Kos ktros mj rjenczo sj jspje`eca nce`jamo rjfjrjae`c ck kkcbcmo fcetor mj
soirjtjas`õa, p% , quj mc kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjcetcae`c y kc mjk
eoamjascmor y lc kc frjeujae`c prop`c mj rjsoacae`c mjk eoaluato, sjdüa kc
s`du`jatj jeuce`õa.

2 377.
p% 2 377.
ZE

ZK


Y

9
(0.39)
Kc eokoece`õa mj ktros mj rjenczo ja uac mjtjrb`acmc `astckce`õa, ncej quj iclj
kc `bpjmcae`c jqu`vckjatj ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa c kc rjm, WEE, eoa ko euck, s`
kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to
eortoe`reu`to mj kc prop`c
prop`c rjm js yc rczoacikjbjatj iclc, sj
rjmueja kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa ja m`eno puato.
0.:.3 Jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj rjenczo
Kc jkjee`õa mj ua f`ktro mj rjenczo sj ncej ja icsj c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc
ajejscr`c. Csâ pujs, jk mcto ekcvj pcrc jkjd`rko soa kos hvcr ajejscr`os ja kc
`astckce`õa, eckeukcmos eoa kos b`sbos er`tjr`os quj sj m`jroa ja jk ecpâtuko 5.
0
Ja eucato c kc jkjee`õa mjk fcetor p % mjk f`ktro, ko bãs frjeujatj ja rjmjs
`amustr`ckjs tr`fãs`ecs js quj jk crbõa`eo mob`acatj sjc jk :·, por ko quj sj
sujkja jkjd`r f`ktros eoa p 24%, (rjsoacae`c mjk f`ktro c 3>0 Nz pcrc rjm mj
:7 Nz o 996,4 Nz pcrc rjm mj 67 Nz) . Ja ecso mj rjmjs eoa fujrtj prjsjae`c mj
ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs, kos ktros mj 4% pujmja ao `bpjm`r totckbjatj kc rjsoacae`c
y pujmja cbpk`ecr jk tjrejr crbõa`eo. Ja tck ecso kc prop`c aorbc @JE-636=9
ceoasjlc jkjd`r frjeujae`cs prop`cs bãs iclcs. Ko tâp`eo js jkjd`r f`ktros mj
p23=% (rjsoacae`c mjk ktro c 355,6 Nz pcrc rjm mj :7 Nz y 367,5 Nz pcrc rjm mj
67 Nz)
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
907
]àadcsj ja eujatc, ja jk ecso mj rjmjs ck`bjatcmcs por djajrcmorjs c`skcmos
(drupos jkjetrõdjaos) eoa vckorjs mj ^ee buy cktos (mj 37% c 3:%) , kkcbcmcs
rjmjs ikcamcs, quj kc eokoece`õa mj ktros mj rjenczo pujmj ecuscr soirjecrdcs
ja jk ktro, quj t`jamj c cisorijr ecat`mcmjs buy s`da`ect`vcs mj crbõa`eos. Ja
tck ecso js bjlor m`bjas`oacr jk ktro eobo ktro mj cisore`õa o ncejr ua m`sjóo
jspje`ck mjk ktro. Ja euckqu`jr ecso jk ktro mj rjenczo eoat`aüc `bp`m`jamo kc
rjsoacae`c y bjlorc sjas`ikjbjatj kc `bpjmcae`c ja jk jbicrrcmo djajrck.
0.6 F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck FCY-S
Kos ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck, t`po FCY-S, soa ktros rjdukcmos por jseckoajs,
forbcmos
pcsos
KE eobpujstos
ecmc uao
mjcisorijr
mos pcrtjs,
uac
prjpcrcmc por
pcrcvcr`os
cisorijr
crbõa`eo
:¼ y otrc prjpcrcmc
pcrc
crbõa`eo
4¼. Jk propõs`to pr`ae`pck mj kos ktros FCY-S js eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc, y
sj eoatrokca eoa ua rjdukcmor mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc aorbck, eoa e`jrtcs fuae`oajs
jspje`ckjs mj eoatrok pcrc jv`tcr rjsoacae`cs. Jstcs fuae`oajs soa jxekus`vcs
mj ckduaos rjdukcmorjs cvcazcmos, eobo js jk ecso mjk eobputjr WKZU mj
E@YEZ]OY. Kos eoamjascmorjs mj uac FCY-S jstãa soirjm`bjas`oacmos pcrc
quj, cpcrtj mj kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc, pujmca cisorijr crbõa`eos
crbõa`eos mj ormja : y
4.
Ecmc pcso mj jstos f`ktros eoas`stj ja mos drupos KE, quj sj bca`oirca
s`buktãajcbjatj, uao pcrc cisorijr eorr`jatj mjk :¼ crbõa`eo y otro pcrc
cisorijr eorr`jatj mjk 4¼. Kcs propore`oajs mj eorr`jatj mj ecmc uao sj m`sjóca
pcrc cmcptcrsj c kos eoavjrt`morjs bãs jstãamcr mj 6 puksos, cuaquj pujmja
ncejrsj m`sjóos jspje`ckjs cmcptcmos c otros t`pos mj ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj quj
kc s`atoaâc mj kos drupos KE ao pujmj ncejrsj mj euckqu`jr forbc, s`ao quj
mjija rjspjtcrsj e`jrtcs propore`oajs mj cisore`õa mj :¼ y mj 4¼ crbõa`eo. Mj
jstc forbc sj jv`tca pos`ikjs rjsoacae`cs quj pomrâca oeurr`r s` kc propore`õa mj
ktrcmo mj 4¼ fujsj supjr`or c kc mj :¼.
Kos ktros mjk t`po FCY-S pujmja jstcr doijracmos tcbi`àa por t`r`storjs eoa
ua rjdukcmor mj t`po eobputjr+ F. Kcs fuae`oajs mj `atjk`djae`c cat`-rjsoacae`c
mjk eobputjr+ pjrb`tja jv`tcr kcs rjsoacae`cs, yc quj ja ecso mj `atjatcr
promue`rsj jk rjdukcmor k`b`tcrâc jk aübjro mj pcsos quj sj eoajetca y m`spcrcrâc
uac ckcrbc
Jk jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj ua pcso mj ua f`ktro FCY-S ja jljeue`õa eoa
eoatcetorjs js eobo kos quj bujstrc kc d 0.>.
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
CF3
Z3
V3
T3
Z3
V3
T3
K3
E3
6 iorajs
K9
Z9
V9
T9
Z33
V33
T33
Z9
V9
T9
Z39
V39
T39
903
c) ]`pos jstãamcr c =77V/:7Nz, eoajx`õa tr`ãaduko
CF3
Z3
V3
T3
Z3
V3
T3
K3
K9
Z9
V9
T9
Z9
V9
T9
Z33
V33
T33
Z39
V 39
T39
E3
6 iorajs
i) ]`pos jstãamcr pcrc =>7V/67Nz, eoajx`õa jstrjkkc
F`d. 0.> .- Jsqujbc
Jsqujbc mj ua pcso mj FCY-S
0.4 F`ktros mj cisore`õa
0
Kos ktros mj cisore`õa prjtjamja mjr`vcr uac pcrtj `bportcatj mj kc eorr`jatj
mj crbõa`eos djajrcmc por uac mjtjrb`acmc ecrdc nce`c jk ktro mj forbc quj
àstc ao vcyc nce`c kc rjm y ao cfjetj c otrcs ecrdcs vje`acs. Nci`tuckbjatj sj
eokoeca ja jk kcmo mj iclc tjas`õa o ja euckqu`jr ecso ko bãs prõx`bos pos`ikj
c kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca drca ecat`mcm mj crbõa`eos. Womjbos m`st`adu`r mos
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
909
t`pos mj ktros, kos pcs`vos, forbcmos por vcr`cs rcbcs K-E y kos cet`vos icscmos
ja oamukcmorjs jkjetrõa`eos. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos ejatrcrjbos ja kos pcs`vos.
0.4.3 F`ktros pcs`vos mj cisore`õa
Eoastruet`vcbjatj kos ktros pcs`vos mj cisore`õa soa s`b`kcrjs
Eoastruet`vcbjatj
s`b`kcrjs c kos mj rjenczo.
Jstãa forbcmos por vcr`cs rcbcs K-E, mj forbc quj uac o vcr`cs mj jkkcs
forbca ua drupo mjm`ecmo c ktrcr ua mjtjrb`acmo crbõa`eo. Kos vckorjs mj K y E
jstãa m`bjas`oacmos sjdüa kc eorr`jatj crbõa`ec quj mjica cisorijr. Kos pcsos
aorbck`zcmos m`spoaja mj eoamjascmorj
eoamjascmorjss soirjm`bjas`oac
soirjm`bjas`oacmos,
mos, aorbckbjatj
eoajetcmos ja jstrjkkc, pcrc tjajr ua bcrdja sue`jatj mj sjdur`mcm ja eucato c
eorr`jatj quj àstos pujmja cisorijr. Kc rjcetcae`c eorrjspoam`jatj mj ecmc pcso
sj eckeukc pcrc quj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c mjk KE sjr`j sjc kc mjsjcmc.
Ja djajrck, kos pcsos mj ua ktro pcs`vo mj cisore`õa ao pujmja eoajetcrsj y
mjseoajetcrsj pcre`ckbjatj mj forbc `am`ser`b`acmc. Wor otro kcmo ecmc uao
mj m`enos pcsos cportc uac eobpjasce`õa pjrbcajatj mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj
s`dao ecpce`t`vo c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck.
fuamcbjatck. Ckduacs vjejs jsto provoec soirj-
eobpjasce`õa mjk eos , soirj tomo eucamo kc `astckce`õa vc rjkct`vcbjatj
mjsecrdcmc, pjro ncy buenc mjbcamc mj ktrcmo. Wcrc jv`tcr jsto sj mjija
mjseoajetcr drupos K-E eucamo iclc jk a`vjk mj ecrdc, pjro mjij tjajrsj ja
eujatc quj kos pr`bjros pcsos c mjseoajetcr mjija sjr s`jbprj kos pcsos quj
ktrca kos crbõa`eos mj ormja bãs ckto. Wor jkko, kc rjdukce`õa mj jstos ktros
mjij ncejrsj eoa rjdukcmorjs `atjk`djatjs, quj m`spoadca mj prodrcbc k`ajck.
(Wrodrcbc k`ajck s`da`ec eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa K@FO, quj s`da`ec ‛Kcst `a
rst out‒ , jk ükt`bo ja jatrcr js jk pr`bjro ja sck`r. Ao s`rvj pcrc jstos ecsos jk
prodrcbc FEW).
Eobo jljbpko mj rjdukcmor `atjk`djatj tjajbos jk eobputjr+, quj m`spoaj mj
m`eno prodrcbc mj eoajx`õa k`ajck y quj cmjbãs protjdj jk ktro, pujs pjrb`tj
mjtjetcr soirjecrdcs mj crbõa`eos ja kos m`st`atos pcsos KE.
Kos f`ktros mj cisore`õa pujmja tcbi`àa eoatrokcrsj mj forbc sjae`kkc,
s`bpkjbjatj por jk a`vjk mj eorr`jatj mj kc ecrdc. Ja tck ecso jk eoatrokcmor
pujmj sjr ua rjkà mj eorr`jatj t`po EVB o s`b`kcr.
0.4.9 Yjcetcae`c sjr`j pcrc ktros mj cisore`õa
Wcrc quj jk ktro mj cisore`õa sjc jfjet`vo mjij jstcr sjpcrcmo mjk rjsto mj
ecrdcs por uac rjcetcae`c mj enoquj euyc `bpjmcae`c c kos crbõa`eos \enoquj nc
mj sjr buy supjr`or c kc mjk ktro \ktro. (Vjr durcs 0.0 y 0.37).
0
Kc rjcetcae`c sjr`j, ja ecso mj cpk`ecr ua ktro mj cisore`õa c uac eoadurce`õa
eobo kc mj kc d. 0.0, sj m`bjas`oac pcrc kc eorr`jatj
eorr`jatj bãx`bc prjv`s`ikj y pcrc
uac ecâmc mj tjas`õa, c kc frjeujae`c
frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck,
fuamcbjatck, ja torao ck =%. Ja jk ecso
mj ktros cpk`ecmos c ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, d. 0.37, ao ncej fcktc eokoecr kc
rjcetcae`c yc quj jk prop`o trcasforbcmor ncej jk pcpjk mj kc \enoquj.
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
]YCAUFOYBCMOY
@k`bp`c
@k`bp`c
@k`bp`c
O]YOU CIOACMOU
@k`bp`c
\ENOSZJ
@crbõa`eos
O]YCU ECYDCU
\f`ktro
ECYDC C
F@K]YCY
B
F@K]YO MJ
CIUOYE@ÕA
F`d. 0.0.- F`ktro mj cisore`õa pcrc uac
uac sjee`õa mj I],
I], sjpcrcmc
mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por uac rjcetcae`c mj enoquj
905
]YCAUFOYBCMOY
\ENOSZJ
@crbõa`eos
\f`ktro
ECYDC C
F@K]YCY
B
O]YOU CIOACMOU
F@K]YO MJ
CIUOYE@ÕA
F`d. 0.37.- F`ktro mj cisore`õa
cisore`õa pcrc ua ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa,
trcasforbce`õa,
sjpcrcmo mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por jk prop`o trcasforbcmor
0.4.5 ¿Mõamj mjij cpk`ecrsj ua ktro mj cisore`õa?
Za f`ktro mj cisore`õa ao pujmj cpk`ecrsj c euckqu`jr `astckce`õa mj forbc
`am`ser`b`acmc. Zacs vjejs jsto ao js pos`ikj tàea`ecbjatj s` kc `bpjmcae`c
0
prop`c mj kc rjm js yc buy cktc y ao js pos`ikj cócm`r jk enoquj cm`e`oack ja sjr`j
quj njbos bjae`oacmo ja jk cpcrtcmo 0.4.9. Otrcs vjejs jk ktro mj cisore`õa
ao js `atjrjscatj jeoaõb`ecbjatj, soirj tomo pcrc pjqujócs potjae`cs mj
ecrdc. Wcrc pjascr ja cpk`ecr ua ktro mj cisore`õa mjij trctcrsj mj ktrcr uac
ecrdc mj potjae`c eoas`mjrcikj. Ao js `atjrjscatj ktrcr ecrdcs mj buy poeos
cbpjr`os, yc quj m`fâe`kbjatj ecusca pjrturice`oajs `bportcatjs soirj otrcs
ecrdcs vje`acs y propore`oackbjatj c su potjae`c t`jaja ua eostj jkjvcmo. Ja
ecbi`o jk ktro mj cisore`õa pcs`vo sujkj sjr uac iujac sokue`õa pcrc ejatros
mj trcasforbce`õa ecrdcmos pr`ae`pckbjatj eoa eoavjrt`morjs jkjetrõa`eos
(djajrckbjatj rjet`ecmorjs mj 6 puksos).
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
90=
0.4.= Jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa ja I]
Kos ktros mj cisore`õa sj pomrãa eobpoajr mj vcr`os drupos K-E, uao pcrc
ecmc crbõa`eo c ktrcr. C su vjz ecmc drupo pujmj frcee`oacrsj ja drupos K-E
bãs pjqujóos, djajrckbjatj kkcbcmos ‛pcsos‒ Ecmc pcso sj ecrcetjr`zc por
mos pcrãbjtros< Ormja mjk crbõa`eo c ktrcr (:, 4, 33, jte.) y eorr`jatj bãx`bc
mj crbõa`eo quj js ecpcz mj cmb`t`r.
Za ktro mj cisore`õa mjij m`bjas`oacrsj pcrc kc eorr`jatj totck c ktrcr mj ecmc
uao mj kos crbõa`eos. Djajrckbjatj sj ktrca sõko crbõa`eos `bpcrjs.
Ao pujmja ktrcrsj crbõa`eos `bpcrjs mj ormja ckto s`a ktrcr kos `bpcrjs mj
ormja
bãst`jaja
iclo, cuaquj
pcrjzeca
kosjkko,
crbõa`eos
mj
ormja ckto
vckorjs bãs
iclosao
qujjx`st`r.
kos mjNci`tuckbjatj
ormja iclo. Wor
ko nci`tuck
js mjm`ecr bãs pcsos ck ktrcmo mj kos crbõa`eos mj ormja iclo y bjaos c kos
mj ormja ckto.
Kc durc 0.33 bujstrc kc `bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c mj ua pcso
s`atoa`zcmo ck :· crbõa`eo, y kc durc 0.39, kc `bpjmcae`c dkoick mj ua ktro eoa
pcsos mj :·, 4· y 33· crbõa`eo. Oisàrvjsj quj c kc frjeujae`c mj ecmc uao mj
kos pcsos, kc `bpjmcae`c pcsc por ua
ua bâa`bo, pjro jatrj ecmc uac mj m`encs
frjeujae`cs sj promuej ua bãx`bo mj `bpjmcae`c. Jstj njeno js jk quj `bp`mj
mjseoajetcr ua mjtjrb`acmo drupo mj ua crbõa`eo `atjrbjm`o (por jljbpko jk
mj 4· crbõa`eo) tja`jamo eoajetcmos uao catjr`or y uao postjr`or (por jljbpko
pcrc jk :· y jk 33·).
97
37
7
-37
)-97
b
n-57
O
/
I-=7
m
(
-:7
\
-67
-47
->7
377
3777
frjeujae`c (Nz)
F`d. 0.3
0.33.-Yjspujstc
3.-Yjspujstc ja frjeujae`cs
frjeujae`cs mj ua pcso
pcso a2:
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
=7
57
97
37
) 7
b
n-37
O
/
I-97
m
(
-57
\
-=7
-:7
-67
377
3777
frjeujae`c (Nz)
F`d. 0.39.- Yjspu
Yjspujstc
jstc ja frjeujae`c mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa
tâp`eo mj trjs drupos eoa a2:, a24, a233
0.4.: ¿Eõbo jkjd`r kos pcsos?<
90:
Kos pcsos mj ua jqu`po mj cisore`õa sj jk`dja por kc eorr`jatj quj sj mjsjc
ktrcr. Wcrc ecmc crbõa`eo, mjijrãa eokoecrsj tcatos pcsos (tomos `duckjs) eobo
sjca ajejscr`os pcrc quj kc eorr`jatj totck cmb`s`ikj sjc bcyor o `duck c kc
eorr`jatj totck mj m`eno crbõa`eo c ktrcr ja jk pjor ecso.
Ja
djajrck,
sj m`spoaj
mj ckduaos
jstãamcr
y ja
ecsos`atoa`zcmos
mj ajejs`tcr
eorr`jatjs
supjr`orjs
sj pujmja
poajrpcsos
ja pcrckjko
vcr`os
drupos
ck
b`sbo crbõa`eo. Csâ por jljbpko, kc tcikc 0.5 bujstrc kos jqu`pos m`spoa`ikjs
mj kc sjr`j FCY-N mj E@YEZ]OY. Oisàrvjsj quj iãs`ecbjatj sj ut`k`zca mos
t`pos mj pcsos<
• Wcsos quj pjrb`tja cisorijr 55 C mj crbõa`eo y mca uaos 34 hvcr mj
eobpjasce`õa c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck.
• Wcsos quj pjrb`tja cisorijr >7 C mj crbõa`eo y mca uaos =7 hvcr mj
eobpjasce`õa c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck.
Mj kos pãrrcfos catjr`orjs sj mjmuej quj< cpcrtj mj su fuae`õa mj f`ktrcmo,
ua f`ktro mj cisore`õa cportc s`jbprj uac potjae`c rjcet`vc c kc frjeujae`c
fuamcbjatck, mjk ormja mj 7,: hvcr por ecmc cbpjr`o mj eorr`jatj ktrcmc (c
=77 V, :7 Nz). Mcmo quj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc y jk a`vjk mj crbõa`eos ao t`jaja
porquj `r m`rjetcbjatj k`dcmos, pujmj mcrsj jk ecso mj quj pcrc sct`sfcejr kcs
ajejs`mcmjs mj ktrcmo sj tjadc uac soirj-eobpjasce`õa. Jstc s`tuce`õa mjij
jv`tcrsj prodrcbcamo kc ckcrbc eorrjspoam`jatj ja jk rjdukcmor.
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
906
]cikc 0.5 - F`ktros jstãamcr t`po FCY-N
Aotc< Mjij `am`ecrsj euãatos pcsos sj mjm`eca c ktrcr ecmc crbõa`eo
FCY-N -CW:4 =77 V / :7 Nz
:¼
(C)
4¼
(C)
E o bp o s ` e ` õ a
hvc r
@YBU
]`po
55
55
55(:¼) + 55(4¼)
5=
6>
FCY:-NW-CW:4-66-=77
66
55
55(:¼) + (55(:¼) + 55(4¼))
:3
07
FCY:-NW-CW:4-00-=77
66
66
9 x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼))
6>
33:
FCY:-NW-CW:4-359-=77
00
66
55(:¼) + 9 x (55 (:¼) + 55(4¼))
>:
3 =6
FCY:-NW-CW:4-36:-=77
00
00
5 x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼))
3 79
3 45
FCY:-N6-CW:4-30>-=77
3 59
3 59
00
35 9
55(:¼) + 5 x (55 (:¼) + 55(4¼))
= x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼))
330
3 56
9 75
9 53
FCY:-N>-CW:4-953-=77
FCY:-N>-CW:4-96=-=77
3 67
36 7
9 x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼))
3 6=
9 40
FCY:-N6-CW:4-597-=77
9 =7
36 7
>7(:¼) + 9 x (>7 (:¼) + >7(4¼))
9 7:
5 :=
FCY:-N6-CW:4-=77-=77
9 =7
9= 7
5 x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼))
9 =6
= 30
FCY:-N6-CW:4-=>7-=77
5 97
9= 7
>7(:¼) + 5 x (>7 (:¼) + >7(4¼))
9 >4
= 09
FCY:-N>-CW:4-:67-=77
5 97
59 7
= x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼))
5 9>
FCY:-N>-CW:4-6=7-=77
: :0
0.4.6 Jljbpko mj jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa
Uupõadcsj jk ecso mj ua vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm mj ua botor quj eoasubj
:77
C, eoajetcmo
rjmmjmj
y quj djajrc
kos s`du`jatjs
crbõa`eos<
9>% mj c:¼8uac
36%
4¼,=77
0% V,
mj :7
33¼Nz
y ecat`mcmjs
`afjr`orjs
ck :% mj
crbõa`eos mj ormja supjr`or.
Eãkeuko mj eorr`jatjs mj crbõa`eos<
]cikc 0.= - Eorr`jatjs c ktrcr
CYBÕA@EO
% @]O]CK
@ CYBÕA@EO
:¼
9> % m j : 77 C
3= 7 C
4¼
36 % m j : 77 C
>7 C
33¼
0% mj :7 7 C
=: C
Ujdüa
vjrsj
tcikc mj mj
t`pos
0.5, sj m`spoaj
mj pcsos
quj pujmja
ktrcr >7pujmj
C ecmc
uao,jaaokc `bportc,
bobjato,
mj quà ormja
mj crbõa`eo
sj
trctj. Jatoaejs, m`v`m`jamo kos 3=7 C mj :¼ por >7 y rjmoamjcamo por jxejso mc
9 pcsos pcrc jk :¼ crbõa`eo. Jk 4¼ mc >7 C , pujmj cejptcrsj ua soko pcso (jstã
ja jk kâb`tj) y pcrc kos =: C mj 33¼ poamrjbos otro pcso. Csâ pujs jk ktro c jkjd`r
sjrâc ua ktro quj tjamrâc kc eoadurce`õa quj `am`ecbos ja kc ]cikc 0.:
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
904
]cikc 0 :. - Eoadurce`õa mjk
mjk ktro
Crbõa`eo
Eorr`jatj
Eorr`ja
tj
:¼
3= 7 C
4¼
>7 C
33¼
=: C
YJCE]@VC ]O]CK
A¼ mj pcsos
9
3
3
Eorr`jat j bãx.
Eorr`jatj
bãx .
36 7 C
>7 C
>7 C
Yjcet`v c
Yjcet`vc
>7 h v c r
=7 h v c r
=7 h v c r
36 7 h v cr
C pcrt`r
pcrt` r mj jstos mctos, mjijbos jkjd`r ua ktro, quj mj njeno ao jstã ja tcikc
mj t`pos 0.5, pjro quj pomjbos eoadurcr eoa = pcsos mj >7 C. Jk t`po sjrâc
FCY:-N6-=77-=x>7. Mjijrã `am`ecrsj cmjbãs quj kc eoadurce`õa mjsjcmc js
9 pcsos pcrc :ª crbõa`eo, 3 pcso pcrc 4¼ y 3 pcso pcrc 33¼.
0.> Crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj 5
Js frjeujatj jaeoatrcr `astckce`oajs eoa bukt`tum mj rjejptorjs boaofãs`eos
eoa rjet`ecmor mj jatrcmc. ]ck js jk ecso mj jm`e`os mj oe`acs, icaeos,
jstum`os mj tjkjv`s`õa jte., moamj sj eoajetca kub`acr`cs, jqu`pos `aforbãt`eos,
eãbcrcs, tjrb`ackjs, fcx, jte. Cetuckbjatj jx`stja buenos rjejptorjs quj
rjet`eca kc tjas`õa mj rjm
r jm pcrc oitjajr tjas`õa eoat`auc y kujdo àstc sj oamukc
c m`fjrjatj tjas`õa o frjeujae`c. Jbpjzcamo por kos uorjsejatjs quj usca
rjcetcae`cs jkjetrõa`ecs, kos s`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa mj kãbpcrcs mj mjsecrdc y
ack`zcamo por tomo t`po mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos, js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj quj
kos rjejptorjs boaofãs`eos djajrja crbõa`eos. Kcs `astckce`oajs eoa jstj t`po
mj rjejptorjs prjsjatca uac proikjbãt`ec pjeuk`cr, yc quj sj djajrca crbõa`eos
mj
ormja mj
trjseorr`jatj
y sus bükt`pkos,
quj
subcmos
ja jk
eoamuetor
ajutro
ja forbc
nobopokcr,
tckcpcrjeja
eobo bujstrc
kc durc
0.35
(Vjr cpcrtcmo
9.37).
crbõa`eos eoa a 2 h.5
:7 Nz y crbõa`eos eoa a ≧ h.5
]rcasforbcmor
]rcasfo
rbcmor mj m`str`iue`õa
997 V fcsj - ajutro
K3
K9
K5
A
WJ
0
F`d. 0.35.- Uubc mj eorr`jatjs
eorr`jatjs mj ormja trjs y bükt`pkos, ja jk eoamuetor ajutro
ajutro
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
90>
Ja kcs e`tcmcs `astckce`oajs pujmj mcrsj jk ecso pcrcmõl`eo mj quj kc eorr`jatj
ja jk ajutro sjc `aekuso supjr`or c kc mj kcs fcsjs, `aekuso ja jk ecso mj
ua rjpcrto pjrfjeto mj ecrdcs jatrj
jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. Jsto sujkj oecs`oacr
oecs`oacr
m`spcros `atjbpjst`vos mj m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa bcdajtotàrb`eos y
soirjeckjatcb`jato
soirjeckjatcb
`jato mjk eoamuetor ajutro mj m`encs `astckce`oajs. Kc durc 6.30
bujstrc uac bjm`mc tâp`ec ja uac fcsj mj uac mj jstcs `astckce`oajs. Wujmj
oisjrvcrsj kc jkjvcmc propore`õa mj tjrejr crbõa`eo ja kc eorr`jatj.
]jas`õa F3< 99: (V)
]NM< 9.7>%
533
7
-533
Vrbs< 996 (V)
]NM< 9.7>%
9 7.70%
5 3.34%
= 7.7:%
: 3.:9%
V3< 99: (V)
6
4
>
35 7.3>%
3= 7.76%
3: 7.30%
7.7=%
7.65%
7.7=%
0
37
33
39
7.94%
7.75%
7.96%
7.70%
Eorr`jatj
Eorr`ja
tj F3< 37> (C)
(C )
]NM< 5:.=5%
97>
7
-933
@rbs< 336 (C) @3< 37> (C)
]NM< 5:.=5%
9 3.96%
0 7.33%
5 54.4=%
37 7.33%
= 7.60%
33 7.9=%
: 9.>=%
39 7.7>%
6
4
>
7.95%
7.>:%
7.3>%
35 7.79%
3= 7.36%
3: 7.93%
F`d. 0.3=.- ]jas`õa
]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja uac `astckce`õa eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj 5r crbõa`eo
Eoa ua ktro mj cisore`õa, eobo kos mjser`tos ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or, sj pujmja
ktrcr kos crbõa`eos ecrcetjrâst`eos
ecrcetjrâst`eos djajrcmos
djajrcmos por ecrdcs tr`fãs`ecs jqu`k`ircmcs
jqu`k`ircmcs
(:¼, 4¼, 33¼,
33¼, jte.). Ao oistcatj jstos ktros ao soa buy rjeobjamcikjs
rjeobjamcikjs pcrc
ktrcmo mjk tjrejr crbõa`eo , yc quj su or`dja, cpcrtj mj kcs ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs,
pujmj sjr kc scturce`õa mj ckdüa trcasforbcmor mj ck`bjatce`õa y jk njeno
mj f`ktrcrko supoamrâc ua eortoe`reu`to c kc frjeujae`c mj m`eno crbõa`eo ,
jbpjorcamo por tcato kc s`tuce`õa. Kc jk`b`ace`õa mj crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj trjs
sj
sujkj kkjvcr
c ecio
bjm`catj trcasforbcmorjs
mj c`skcb`jato
ja eoajx`õa
eoaoe`mos
eobo
trcasforbcmorjs
‛M-y sjpcrcmorjs‒,
tcbi`àa bjm`catj
ktrosM-y,
mj
ikoqujo, o bjm`catj trcasforbcmorjs ja eoajx`õa z`d-zcd.
0.0 ]rcasforbcmorjs M-y sjpcrcmor
sjpcrcmorjs
js
E@YEZ]OY m`spoaj, por jljbpko, mj kos f`ktros ]UC forbcmos por ua
trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor M-y eoa ua f`ktro cm`e`oack quj cbort`duc jk qu`ato
crbõa`eo. Za jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o pujmj vjrsj ja kc durc 0.3:.
997 V fcsj - fcsj
K3
K9
K5
A
F@K]YO
AE
WJ
0
]UC trcasforbcmor mj c`skcb`jato
(`bpjmcae`c `af`a`tc c kos crbõa`eos h.5)
F`d. 0.3:.- Jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o mj ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor
sjpcrcmor M-y
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
900
0.0.3 Jbpkczcb`jato y eãkeuko mj potjae`c
Js `bportcatj quj jk sjpcrcmor M-y jstà ui`ecmo ko bãs prõx`bo pos`ikj c
kcs ecrdcs, por ko quj ao sj rjeob`jamca ktros ejatrck`zcmos pcrc potjae`cs
drcamjs, s`ao bãs i`ja ktros
ktros mj bjaor potjae`c
potjae`c prõx`bos c kos ejatros
ejatros mj
eoasubo ja boaofãs`eo.
Ja eucato c su m`bjas`oacmo, kos trcasforbcmorjs M-y v`jaja ecrcetjr`zcmos por
su potjae`c ja hVC. Wcrc eoaoejr kc eorr`jatj quj soa ecpcejs mj sub`a`strcr,
mjij cpk`ecrsj ua fcetor mj eorrjee`õa quj mjpjamj mjk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc
ecrdc , `aekuyjamo kos crbõa`eos.
Wcrc
`kustrcr
jk eãkeukoWcrc
tobcrjbos
jljbpko
ua trcasforbcmor
]UC mj
E@YEZ]OY.
eckeukcr eobo
kc potjae`c
aob`ack
eoaoe`jamo kcsjpcrcmor
eorr`jatj
fuamcbjatck y kos porejatcljs mj crbõa`eos prjv`stos mjij cpk`ecrsj kc s`du`jatj
fõrbukc<
U
2
a
5 Z
@
E 3
∓ (a
a23
%@
a )9
377
2
5Z
@ FU
E 3
(0.35)
Moamj ZE js kc tjas`õa jatrj fcsjs mj sjeuamcr`o (nci`tuckbjatj 957 V) ,
@ 3 js kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck , a js jk ormja mjk crbõa`eo, %@a js jk % mj
crbõa`eo a (@aekuyjamo kos
kos bükt`pkos mj 5 quj sj vca c ktrcr) y FU js jk fcetor
mj soirjecrdc.
FU
2
a
%@
(0.3=)
a )9
∓ (a
a23
377
]cikc 0.6.- Mctos
Jljbpko <
Mj i j bo s m `bj a s`o a c r u a ]U C p c rc
ck`bjatcr ua eoaluato mj ormjacmorjs
rjpcrt`mos ja vcr`cs fcsjs c 997V.
Njbos bjm`mo kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj eoa ua
CY: ja bomo .c:` y njbos oitja`mo kc tcikc
quj sj `am`ec ck bcrdja pcrc uac mj kcs
fcsjs. Ja ecso mj ràd`bja mjsjqu`k`ircmo
9
5
=
:
6
4
>
@rbs<:>.= (C) @3< :6.9
:6.9 (C)
(C)
]NM< 56.46%
5.96%
0
9.=0%
57.>=%
37
3.74%
33
3.::%
7.0=%
95.69%
39
9.95%
3.77%
35
3.5:%
=.:4%
3=
3.94%
3:
3.77%
7.47%
sj tobcrã kc mj bcyor eorr`jatj.
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
577
0.0.9 Eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj soirjecrdc<
Kc tcikc 0.4 bujstrc kos eãkeukos icscmos ja kos mctos mj kc tcikc 0.6.
]cikc 0.4.- Eãkeukos
% @a
a
377
 %@a 
a

 377 
9
3
3
3
9
7. 7 59 6
7 . 77 =9 :37 =
5
7. 5 7>=
7 . >: :00 :7 =
=
7. 7 70=
7 . 77 3=3 54 6
:
6
7. 9 569
7 . 73
3 . 50 =46 3
7 . 77 56
4
7 . 7= :4
7. 379 55 673
>
7 . 77 4
7. 775 35 6
0
7 . 79 =0
7. 7:7 997 >3
37
7 . 73 74
7.733==0
33
7 . 73 ::
7. 790 747 9:
39
7 . 79 95
7. 743 670 46
35
7 . 73 5:
7. 757 >77 9:
3=
7 . 73 94
7. 753 639 >=
3:
7 . 73
7. 799 :
a
FCE]OY MJ
UOIYJECYDC
%@ a
∓ ( a 377 )
9
3,07
3
Jk rjsuktcmo js ua fcetor mj soirjecrdc mj 3,0. Jstj fcetor `am`ecrâc quj kc
potjae`c ajejscr`c ja hVC sjrã 3,0 vjejs bcyor quj s` kc eorr`jatj fujsj sõko kc
fuamcbjatck. Kc potjae`c ajejscr`c ja aujstro ecso sjrâc <
U(hVC)2 5 Z
a
@
E 3
∓ (a
3
%@
a )9
377
2 3,459 ´ 997 ´:6 ,9 ´3,0 ≊ =7,6 hVC
0.0.5 Eãkeuko mj kc eorr`jatj cmb`s`ikj ja ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor
Jstj
eãkeuko
ao js bãs
quj jk ja
`avjrso
mjk ecso catjr`or.
Uj trctc
eoaoejr
euãk js
kc eorr`jatj
cmb`s`ikj
ua trcasforbcmor
sjpcrcmor
mj mj
potjae`c
U
eoaoe`mc, nci`jamo cack`zcmo jk eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos mj kc eorr`jatj quj mjij
sub`a`strcr. Uj rjsujkvj cpk`ecamo kc jeuce`õa (0.3:)<
@
0
3
U
2
(0.3:)
5 Ze FU
Moamj ZE js kc tjas`õa jatrj fcsjs mj sjeuamcr`o (nci`tuckbjatj 9577 V), @3
js kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck y FU js jk fcetor mj soirjecrdc, eckeukcmo sjdüa sj
nc v`sto ja jk cpcrtcmo catjr`or.
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
573
Jljbpko<
¿Suà eorr`jatj js ecpcz mj mcr ua ]UC mj =7 hVC euyc ecrdc t`jaj ua eoatja`mo
mj crbõa`eos eobo jk `am`ecmo ja kc tcikc 0.6?
Eckeukcrâcbos jk FU `duck quj ko njbos njeno ja jk jljbpko catjr`or (tcikc 0.4).
]obcbos por tcato jk rjsuktcmo mj 3,0 oitja`mo ckkâ y cpk`ecbos kc jeuce`õa
(0.3:)
@
3
2
U
5 Z FU
e
2
=7.777
3,459 ´ 997 ´ 3,0
2 ::,9 C
0.37 F`ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro
Kos ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro pcrc jk tjrejr crbõa`eo, soa ktros KE m`sjócmos
pcrc kc rjmuee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj tjrejr crbõa`eo y crbõa`eos bükt`pkos mj 5 ja
djajrck quj rjtoraca por jk ajutro mj kcs `astckce`oajs tr`fãs`ecs.
Jk ktro jstã icscmo ja ua e`reu`to KE pcrckjko, eobo jk quj bujstrc kc d. 0.36.
Uj trctc mj ua KE pcrckjko s`atoa`zcmo c frjeujae`c prõx`bc ck tjrejr crbõa`eo,
eoa ko euck su `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bãx`bc c kcs frjeujae`cs prõx`bcs c m`eno
crbõa`eo.
A9
A3
FI5
F`d. 0.36.- Jsqujbc mj pr`ae`p`o
pr`ae`p`o mj ua ktro mj ikoqujo ja ajutro
Jk jsqujbc mj cpk`ece`õa js jk quj bujstrc kc d 0.34. Oisàrvjsj quj jk ktro
sj `atjreckc ja jk eoamuetor ajutro.
Wcajk mj m`str`iue`õa
@ecrdc
K3
K9
K5
A
A3
FI5]
A9
F`d. 0.34.- Jsqujbc mj cpk`ece`õa
cpk`ece`õa mj ua ktro mj ikoqujo ja ajutro
0
Eobo ijaje`o cm`e`oack sj t`jaj quj pcrc kos crbõa`eos mj ormja supjr`or c
5, jk ktro sj cócmj uac pjqujóc `bpjmcae`c. Kcs vjatclcs mj jbpkjo mjk kos
ktros mj ikoqujo soa<
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
579
•
Yjmuee`õa mjk tjrejr crbõa`eo ncstc ua 07%
• Yjmuee`õa cprje`cikj mj otros crbõa`eos
•
Yjmuee`õa mj kc eorr`jatj mjk ajutro cisori`mc
•
M`sb`aue`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja kc `astckce`õa.
•
Yjmuee`õa mj `atjrfjrjae`cs
•
Bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c
Ao oistcatj, jstj t`po mj ktros prjsjatc ua `aeoavja`jatj< ja ecso mj eoasubos
mjsjqu`k`ircmos pujmj mcr tjas`oajs fcsj-ajutro mjsjqu`k`ircmcs y oecs`oacr
soirjtjas`oajs ja ckduac fcsj y, cmjbãs, sujkj djajrcr m`stors`õa mj kc tjas`õa
c c kc jatrcmc mj kos rjejptorjs.
0.33 F`ktros cet`vos
Kos ktros cet`vos soa jqu`pos icscmos ja eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c eoabutcmos,
eoa bomukce`õa mj caeno mj pukso WTB y quj t`jaja por b`s`õa kc mj ecaejkcr
kos crbõa`eos mj tjas`õa y / o eorr`jatj prjsjatjs ja uac mjtjrb`acmc kâajc.
Wujmja m`st`adu`rsj mos t`pos<
c) F`ktros sjr`j
i) F`ktros pcrckjko
Jk oiljt`vo mjk ktro sjr`j js jk mj bjlorcr jk sub`a`stro mj tjas`õa quj rje`ij
kc ecrdc, eorr`d`jamo kcs pjrturice`oajs proejmjatjs mjk kcmo mj rjm. Kos ktros
sjr`j
pjrb`tja
eorrjd`r
iclcs
tjas`oajs
y ose`kce`oajs
mj tjas`õa
(fk`ehjr) y
ckduaos
crbõa`eos
mj ormja
iclo,
cuaquj ja
cpk`ece`oajs tckjs
eobo sokmcmurcs,
drücs, noraos mj `amuee`õa eoa ràd`bja buy uetucatj, jte. , jk `ehjr pujmj
sjr jk`b`acmo, tcbi`àa, bjm`catj drupos jstãt`eos mj eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor
mj potjae`c doijracmos por t`r`storjs. Kc durc 0.3> bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj
pr`ae`p`o mj ua ktro cet`vo sjr`j. Eobo pujmj vjrsj sj icsc ja kc subc o rjstc
mj tjas`õa ja sjr`j eoa kc mj rjm, ck oiljto mj eorrjd`r kcs pjrturice`oajs catjs
`am`ecmcs.
YJM MJ
CK@BJA]CE@ÕA
CK@BJA]CE@ÕA
ECYDCU
CWKE
EOA]YOK
0
EOA]YOK
MJ ]JAU@ÕA
F`d. 0.3>.- F`ktro cet`vo sjr`j
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
575
Kc fuae`õa mj ua ktro pcrckjko js m`sb`au`r kos crbõa`eos mj eorr`jatj quj sj
v`jrtja c kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa mji`mos c ecrdcs ao k`ajckjs. Uu pr`ae`p`o mj
fuae`oacb`jato sj icsc ja `ayjetcr c kc rjm uac eorr`jatj tck quj subcmc c kc
mj kc ecrdc promuzec ua totck ja rjm, k`irj mj pjrturice`oajs y ja fcsj eoa kc
tjas`õa. Ja mja`t`vc, uac eorr`jatj quj v`stc mjsmj rjm mà ua fcetor mj potjae`c
ua`mcm. Wcrc opt`b`zcr su tcbcóo kos ktros pcrckjko sujkja eobi`acrsj eoa
ictjrâcs jstãt`ecs, tck eobo bujstrc jk jsqujbc s`bpk`ecmo mj kc durc 0.30.
Ja m`enc eobi`ace`õa kc ictjrâc jstãt`ec eobpjasc jk mjsfcsj mj kc eobpoajatj
fuamcbjatck y jk ktro pcrckjko eobpjasc kc m`stors`õa crbõa`ec, `ayjetcamo uac
oamc eobo kc quj
quj bujstrc kc durc 0.97, c tâtuko mj jljbpko.
jljbpko.
YJM MJ CK@BJA]
CK@BJA]CE@ÕA
CE@ÕA
ECYDCU
CWKE
]UE MJ a WCUOU
EOA]YOK
EOA]YOK
EOA]YOK MJ
EOYY@JA]J
YJDZKCMOY MJ
FCE]OY MJ WO]JAE@C
F`d. 0.30.- F`ktro cet`vo pcrckjko eobi`acmo
eobi`acmo eoa
eoa eobpjascmor
eobpjascmor jstãt`eo mj rjcet`vc
35:
Eorr`jatj mjsjcmc ja rjm
Eorr`jatj mj ecrdc
-35:
35:
0
Eorr`jatj mjk f`ktro
-35:
377 bs
337 bs
397 bs
357 bs
3=7 bs
F`d. 0.97.- Wr`ae`p`o mj fuae`oacb`jato mj ua ktro cet`vo pcrckjko.
pcrckjko.
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
57=
0.39 Eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos eoa ktro
Ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.37 sj jxpk`ecroa yc kcs vjatclcs mj kos jqu`pos jstãt`eos pcrc
eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja ecrdcs eoa ua eoasubo buy uetucatj. Ja
buenos ecsos, kos eobpjascmorjs
eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos eoas`duja m`sb`au`r
m`sb`au`r mrãst`ecbjatj
kcs puatcs mj eoasubo mji`mcs c bãqu`acs mj sokmcr, drücs, noraos mj
`amuee`õa, o `aekuso kcs mji`mcs ck crrcaquj mj botorjs csâaeroaos, kodrcamo eoa
jkko uac rjmuee`õa mrãst`ec mjk `ehjr ja kc rjm quj mjij soportcr jstcs puatcs
mj eoasubo.
]ck eobo sj m`lo ja jk cpcrtcmo 0.:, s` kc rjm ja kc quj mjij `astckcrsj ua jqu`po
jstãt`eo t`jaj ua ]NM ja tjas`õa supjr`or c 9,: c 5%, mjijbos pjascr ja kc
eokoece`õa
mj uapujmja
ktro mjjqu`pcrsj
rjenczo. Kos
mj rjsuktcamo
fcetor mj potjae`c
eoa
ktro
mj rjenczo
eoa eobpjascmorjs
bca`oirc jstãt`ec,
kos jqu`pos
jstãt`eos eoa ktro t`po FYJ (E@YEZ]OY) o s`b`kcrjs.
Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc jkàetr`eo, kos eobpjascmorjs jstãt`eos eoa ktro soa
`màat`eos c ua jqu`po eoavjae`oack mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, eoa
mos pcrt`eukcr`mcmjs<
•
Kos `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos
•
Kcs rjcetcae`cs mj ktro
Jk jsqujbc mj kc durc 0.93, bujstrc kos jkjbjatos jsjae`ckjs mj ua pcso mj ua
jqu`po jstãt`eo. Wcrc bcyor aübjro mj pcsos, sj tjamrãa jsqujbcs caãkodos c
kos bostrcmos, ecmc uao mj jkkos doijracmo por uac sck`mc m`st`atc mjk rjdukcmor
EOBWZ]JY.
Ecmc ikoquj mj `atjrruptorjs jstãt`eo eoastc mj mos pcrtjs < (Vàcsj kc durc
0.99 )
•
Ikoquj mj potjae`c jstãt`eo, IWJ
•
Wkcec mj eoatrok EWEb o EWE5`
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
57:
]
U
C
F
Y
O
M
C
K
Z
D
J
Y
0
F`d. 0.93.- Jsqujbc mj ua jqu`po
jqu`po jstãt`eo eoa ktros
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
576
0.39.3 Ikoquj mj Wotjae`c Jstãt`eo (IWJ)
Jstj ikoquj eoat`jaj mos t`r`storjs por fcsj y jk rcm`cmor mj rjfr`djrce`õa.
Jk eck`irj mj kos eobpoajatjs mj potjae`c js jk cmjeucmo c kc potjae`c mjk
eoamjascmor quj mjija bca`oircr.
K3
K9
K5
eobputjr...f
Eob
CE] EOB
Ck`bjatce`õa C3
Cux`k`cr
C9
WKCEC MJ
EOA]YOK
Z3
V3
T3
EWE
Z9
V9
T9
Y
Y
Y
V3
Z9
Z3
V9
IWJ
T3 T9
EOAMJAUCMOYJU
F`d. 0.99.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs mj
mj ua pcso tr`fãs`eo eoa `atjrruptor jstãt`eo
0.39.9 Wkcec mj Eoatrok mj Wcso por Ejro t`po EWEb
Ecmc `atjrruptor jstãt`eo t`jaj uac pkcec mj eoatrok EWEB o EWE5` quj eoatrokc
kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa c pcso por ejro mj ua drupo mjk ktro (K-E) . Kc pkcec
jxtrcj mj rjm kcs sjóckjs mj s`aeroa`sbo
s`aeroa`sbo pcrc eoatrokcr kc eoajx`õa
eoajx`õa mj ecmc fcsj
fcsj
ck pcso por ejro mj tjas`õa y rje`ij kc ormja mj eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa c trcvàs
mj kos tjrb`ackjs EOB y CE] , eoajetcmos c uac mj kcs sck`mcs jstãt`ecs mjk
rjdukcmor
EOBWZ]JY
FCU]EOB.
]cato
kcs sjóckjs
mj s`aeroa`sbo
eobo
kcs mj ejicmo
, jatrj kct`po
pkcec
EWEb y kos
t`r`storjs
, sj trcasb`tja
c trcvàs
mj
optoceopkcmorjs o c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj `bpuksos, mj forbc quj kos
e`reu`tos jkjetrõa`eos mj eoatrok jstãa c`skcmos dckvãa`ecbjatj mjk e`reu`to mj
potjae`c.
0
Jx`stj tcbi`àa kc pos`i`k`mcm mj bcamo fcsj-fcsj o tr`fãs`eo doijracamo kc EWE
c trcvàs mj ua ecack YU-=>:. Ja jstj ecso mjij uscrsj kc EWE5` y ua rjdukcmor
mj kc sjr`j eobputjr +.
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
574
K3
K9
K5
A
=77 V CE UZWWKP
B
O
E
3 9 5
E E E
3H9
3D9
3H3
3D3
9H9
9D9
9H3
9D3
5H9
5D9
5H3
5D3
Uck`mcs
`am`v`muckjs
(a+3) ecikjs
]
U
J
]
EOB
Ea
M
J
F
D
EOB
CE]
EOB
CK3
=77V
9D9
3D9
9D3
9H3
3H3
5H9
9H9
3H9
3D3
3H9
3D9
3H3
3D3
9H9
9D9
9H3
9D3
5H9
5D9
5H3
5D3
5D9
5D3
5H3
]
U
J
]
EOB
K
EOB
Ea
CK3
E
957V
M
J
F
D
EOB
CE]
EOB
CK3
=77V
5D9
9D9
3D9
9D3
9H3
3H3
5H9
9H9
3H9
3D3
3H9
3D9
3H3
3D3
9H9
9D9
9H3
9D3
5H9
5D9
5H3
5D3
5D3
5H3
]
U
J
]
EOB
K
EOB
Ea
CK3
E
957V
M
J
F
D
EOB
CE]
EOB
CK3
=77V
9D3
9H3
5D3
5H3
EOB
K
CK3
E
957V
7V
7V
7V
EWE5`-xB]
Bcamo
]r`fãs`eo
EWE5`-xB]
Bcamo
]r`fãs`eo
EWE5`-xB]
Bcamo
]r`fãs`eo
Ikoquj mj potjae`c
5D9
9D9
3D9
3H3
5H9
9H9
3H9
3D3
Ikoquj mj potjae`c
Ikoquj mj potjae`c
F`d. 0.95 - M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs
ikoqujs mj uac ictjrâc mj
mj 5 pcsos eoa `atjrruptor jstãt`eo
eoa bcamo por rjdukcmor eoa sck`mcs jstãt`ecs y bjm`mc mj ua soko FE
0.39.5 Wkcec mj Eoatrok mj Wcso por Ejro t`po EWE5`
Jstc js uac pkcec mj mjscrrokko bãs cvcazcmo, prjpcrcmc pcrc opjrcr
eoaluatcbjatj eoa rjdukcmorjs mj FW quj pujmca trcasb`t`r kcs ormjajs mj
eoajx`õa c trcvàs mj ua ecack mj eobua`ece`oajs YU-=>: y bjm`catj ua
protoeoko BOMIZU. Za jljbpko mj jstj t`po mj eoatrok ko vjbos ja kc d. 0.9=.
Jstj t`po mj eoatrok cmb`tj cmjbãs jk eoatrok `amjpjam`jatj fcsj-fcsj.
K3
K9
K5
=77 V CE UZWWKP
eosφ27,>
+ NUU
U YY
eobputjr+
YU-=>:
(5 ecikjs)
3H9
3D9
3H3
3D3
9H9
9D9
9H3
9D3
5H9
5D9
5H3
5D3
UN
YU+
YU-
UN
YU+
YUEOB
CK3
=77 V
957 V
7V
EWE5`-xYU
0
9H9
3D9
9D9
5H9
5D9
3D3
9D3
5D3
3H3
9H3
5H3
EOB
CML
C
I
E
M
J
3H9
K
CK3
E
Ikoquj mj potjae`c
F`d. 0.9=.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs
ikoqujs mj ua pcso tr`fãs`eo eoa `atjrruptor
`atjrruptor
jstãt`eo eoa bcamo YU-=>: y protoeoko BOMIZU
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
57>
0.39.= Yjs`stjae`cs mj mjsecrdc ja jqu`pos jstãt`eos eoa ktro
Ja ua jqu`po jstãt`eo eoa ktro, kc tjas`õa c kc euck sj ecrdc jk eoamjascmor js
bcyor quj kc prop`c tjas`õa mj rjm mji`mo c kc rjcetcae`c sjr`j. Eoaerjtcbjatj
ja ktros eoa p24% , jk vckor mj erjstc ck euck sj ecrdc jk eoamjascmor mjspuàs
mj kc mjseoajx`õa js mjk ormja mj ua 4% supjr`or ck vckor mj erjstc mj kc prop`c
rjm. Jsto ncej quj s` sj prjtjamj uac rjeoajx`õa buy `abjm`ctc mjspuàs mj
kc mjseoajx`õa , mjic mjsecrdcrsj jstj 4% cm`e`oack, pujs ja ecso eoatrcr`o kc
eoatrokcmorc EWEb `bpjm`rã kc rjeoajx`õa ncstc vjr quj sj `duckca kc tjas`õa
mj rjm y kc mjk eoamjascmor, pcrc rjspjtcr kc eoajx`õa c pcso por ejro.
Kcs pkcecs EWE5` nca s`mo m`sjócmcs prje`scbjatj pcrc jk`b`acr jstj proikjbc,
yc quj sj nca motcmo mj ua s`stjbc `atjk`djatj mj eoatrok quj b`mj jk `astcatj
mj bâa`bc tjas`õa.
0.39.: Jqu`pos mj ktros boaofãs`eos
Ckduacs ecrdcs boaofãs`
boaofãs`ecs
ecs eobo jqu`pos mj sokmcmur
sokmcmurcc y otros, cisorija uac
eorr`jatj uetucatj sõko jatrj mos fcsjs. Kc eobpjasce`õa mj jstos jqu`pos ao
pujmj sjr dkoick , s`ao quj sj rjqu`jrj jk jbpkjo mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa
jstãt`eos, eoa ktro, boaofãs`eos. Jstos jqu`pos pujmja doijracrsj eoa ua
rjdukcmor EOBWZ]JY quj cmb`tc fuae`oacb`jato ja boaofãs`eo o m`rjetcbjatj
eoa ua eoatceto mjk eoatrokcmor mj kc ecrdc. Ja ecso mj bãqu`acs mj sokmcr,
sokmcr,
por jljbpko, sj tobc ua eoatceto k`irj mj tjas`õa mjk jqu`po mj sokmcmurc , quj
e`jrrj ecmc vjz quj ncy quj sokmcr. Kc ecmjae`c pujmj sjr tca rãp`mc eobo
rjqu`jrc kc ecrdc,
pjro ncymj
quj
tjajr
ja eujatc
quj kc prjsjae`c
mj ,ktro
rjqu`jrj
rjs`stjae`cs
mj mjsecrdc
iclo
vckor,
pcrc cpk`ece`oajs
rãp`mcs
tck eobo
sj
nc jxpk`ecmo catjr`orbjatj.
Kcs pkcecs EWE5` nca s`mo m`sjócmcs prje`scbjatj pcrc jk`b`acr jstj proikjbc,
yc quj sj nca motcmo mj ua s`stjbc `atjk`djatj mj eoatrok quj jadcaenc kc
pr`bjrc vjz cüa eoa m`fjrjae`cs mj tjas`õa mjk ormja mj 377V. ]ja`jamo ja
eujatc quj jk e`reu`to kkjvc uac rjcetcae`c jsto ao ecusc a`adüa t`po mj trcas`tor`o
caorbck.
0.35 Eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos
Ja
kcs rjmjs
`atjracs
mj kcsfujrtjbjatj
`astckce`oajs
`amustr`ckjs Eoatr`iuyja
js ecmc vjz
bãs
frjeujatj
jaeoatrcr
eoasubos
mjsjqu`k`ircmos.
c m`eno
mjsjqu`k`ir`o mos t`pos mj ecrdcs< Wor ua kcmo kcs ecrdcs jatrj fcsj y ajutro y
por otro kcmo ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj.
Kos jfjetos bãs `bportcatjs mj m`enos mjsjqu`k`ir`os soa mj mos t`pos<
0
c) Eorr`jatjs mj ajutro jkjvcmcs (Eorr`jatj nobopokcr)
i) Eorr`jatjs ja kcs fcsjs mjs`duckjs, eoa mjsfcsjs mjs`duckjs (Eobpoajatj
`avjrsc)
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
570
Jk cubjato mj kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro por mjsjqu`k`ir`o js ua tjbc buy eoaoe`mo,
pjro kos jfjetos mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj nca s`mo bjaos
jstum`cmos. M`eno mjsjqu`k`ir`o m`sb`auyj s`da`ect`vcbjatj kc je`jae`c mj
kos s`stjbcs mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, eoas`mjrjbos
ua trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hVC. Jk m`sjóo sj nc njeno eoas`mjrcamo quj jstc
potjae`c jstcrã rjpcrt`mc jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. U` prjtjam`àrcbos ck`bjatcr eoa
àk ua s`stjbc euycs ecrdcs jstuv`jrca tomcs jkkcs jatrj uac fcsj y ajutro o
ecrdcs jatrj mos fcsjs, jv`mjatjbjatj ao pomrâcbos oitjajr 3777 hT, cuaquj
jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kcs ecrdcs fujsj kc ua`mcm (`aekuyjamo eosφ + rjmuee`õa
por crbõa`eos). Csâ pujs kc potjae`c quj pomjbos oitjajr mj ua trcasforbcmor
mjpjamj mj ckduac forbc mjk drcmo mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj
quj jk proikjbc t`jaj ua e`jrto pcrckjk`sbo eoa jk mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja
jfjeto, s` eoajetcbos c ua trcasforbcmor, eobo jk mjk jljbpko catjr`or, mj
3777 hVC, ecrdcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm, tcbpoeo
pomjbos oitjajr kos 3777 hT.
Jk jljbpko catjr`or s`rvj pcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj quj jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs
eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc, ck `duck quj ua fcetor mj potjae`c `afjr`or c kc ua`mcm,
eobportca ua uso `aje`jatj mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa y trcasportj.
Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.37 sj jxpk`ecroa kos pr`ae`p`os tjõr`eos mj kos s`stjbcs
mjsjqu`k`ircmos, sj mja`jroa kos eoje`jatjs mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o y mj cs`bjtrâc.
Icsãamoaos ja jsto, c eoat`auce`õa sj propoaja sokue`oajs pcrc bjlorcr kc
je`jae`c mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetr`ec bjlorcamo jk jqu`k`ir`o
mj eoasubos y jk rjpcrto mj rjcet`vc ja kcs fcsjs.
Kos mjsjqu`k`ir`os mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc t`jaja mos jfjetos<
c) Yjmueja kc ecpce`mcm mj ecrdc y kc je`jae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`str`iue`õa.
i) Djajrca mjsjqu`k`ir`os mj kcs tjas`oajs ja jk puato mj ceopko mj kos cioacmos. Wor
tcato, mji`mo c jstj jfjeto kos mjsjqu`k`ir`os mj uac `astckce`õa propcdca sus jfjetos
c otrcs `astckce`oajs vje`acs.
Yjspjeto ck pr`bjr puato, quj js jk quj bãs aos `atjrjsc ja jstj pãrrcfo, ecij
mje`r quj ja buencs `astckce`oajs cetuckjs sj cejatüc jk a`vjk mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o
mji`mo c kc prjsjae`c mj mjtjrb`acmcs ecrdcs quj tobca ck`bjatce`õa jatrj
fcsj y ajutro (ecso eobüa ja jm`f`e`os eobjre`ckjs o mj of`e`acs) o ecrdcs
quj jstãa eoajetcmcs jatrj mos fcsjs (jk ecso bãs tâp`eo soa kcs bãqu`acs mj
sokmcmurc y ckduaos t`pos mj noraos, cbios eoa potjae`cs buy s`da`ect`vcs).
Kc
eoasjeujae`c
mjm`bjas`oacmos,
jsto js quj kâajcs
y trcasforbcmorjs
mj m`str`iue`õa,
cpcrjatjbjatj
i`ja
soa `aecpcejs
mj sub`a`strcr
kc potjae`c
`astckcmc s`a ecuscr proikjbcs mj soirjeckjatcb`jato, iclo rjam`b`jato,
scturce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs, jte.
0
Ja rjsubja, jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc nc mj sjr eoas`mjrcmo
eobo uac ecusc bãs mj `aje`jae`c mjk s`stjbc mj m`str`iue`õa jajrdàt`ec. Ja
ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`os `bportcatjs, sj rjqu`jrja `astckce`oajs (trcasforbcmorjs
y ecikjs) bãs soirjm`bjas`oacmcs y sj djajrca bcyorjs pàrm`mcs quj ja uac
`astckce`õa mj `duck potjae`c eoa eoasubos jqu`k`ircmos.
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
537
0.35.3 Aujvcs tàea`ecs mj eobpjasce`õa mj FW pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos
Eobo njbos vja`mo jstum`camo ja ecpâtukos catjr`orjs, jk s`stjbc ekãs`eo
mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y ktrcmo mj crbõa`eos sj icsc ja jqu`pos quj
eoajetca pcsos tr`fãs`eos jqu`k`ircmos. Js frjeujatj `aekuso quj jk rjdukcmor mj
FW b`mc eorr`jatj sõko ja uac fcsj y rjdukj kc eobpjasce`õa supoa`jamo
supoa`jamo quj jk
s`stjbc js jqu`k`ircmo. Kc eoajx`õa mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c sj ncej bjm`catj
eoatcetorjs (ictjrâcs eoavjae`oackjs) o bjm`catj t`r`storjs (ictjrâcs jstãt`ecs) ja
jk ecso mj ecrdcs eoa ua pjrk mj eorr`jatj buy vcr`cikj eoa jk t`jbpo (drcamjs
vcr`ce`oajs ja eortos `atjrvckos mj t`jbpo). Kc d.0.95 bujstrc ua jsqujbc
tâp`eo mj eoajx`õa mj ua rjdukcmor pcrc eoatrok mj eos φ, b`m`jamo tjas`õa jatrj
mos fcsjs y eorr`jatj mj uac sokc fcsj. Uj bujstrc sõko ua pcso mjk e`reu`to
mj potjae`c, cuaquj jk jqu`po sj eobpoaj nci`tuckbjatj mj vcr`os pcsos quj
pjrb`t`râca kc rjdukce`õa ja ua s`stjbc jqu`k`ircmo.
Wcrc s`stjbcs eoa ecrdcs buy mjsjqu`k`ircmcs jk jsqujbc mj kc d. 0.95 ao
eoas`duj uac iujac rjdukce`õa mjk eos φ y pujmj promue`r uac eobpjasce`õa
jrrõajc por vcr`os bot`vos< Jk pr`bjro y bãs `bportcatj js quj kc eobpjasce`õa
mjpjamj mj kc fcsj moamj sj b`mj kc eorr`jatj. Ujdüa sjc kc bãs ecrdcmc
o kc bjaos ecrdcmc jk s`stjbc pujmj erjcr soirj-eobpjasce`õa o fcktc mj
eobpjasce`õa c a`vjk dkoick, djajrcamo ja cbios ecsos pàrm`mcs `aajejscr`cs y
ecuscamo ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj kujdo sjrã bot`vo mj ua rjecrdo
ja kc fceturc mjk sub`a`stro jkàetr`eo.
Uupujsto quj sj b`mc ja trjs fcsjs y sj eobpjasj sjdüa ua vckor probjm`o mj
kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs (F`d. 0.9=, sj eoas`duj uac aotcikj
bjlorc, pjro jk s`stjbc mj eobpjasce`õa s`duj s`jamo `bpjrfjeto, yc quj sj
ecrdc eoa uac rjcet`vc `aajejscr`c ckduacs fcsjs y ao sj kkjdc c eobpjascr
eobpkjtcbjatj otrcs.
Wcrc sokue`oacr jstos proikjbcs y cubjatcr kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj
eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac aujvc
sjr`j mj rjdukcmorjs, mjaob`acmc eobputjr pkus, ecpcejs mj bjm`r y
rjck`zcr kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj, tcato pcrc s`stjbcs moamj
mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja jstrjkkc (fcsj ― ajutro) eobo pcrc s`stjbcs ja kos quj
mob`aca kcs ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko (tr`fãs`ecs o boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj).
Kc f`d. 0.9= bujstrc ua jsqujbc pcrc ua pcso mj ua f`ktro, eoatrokcmo por
t`r`storjs,
t`r`stor
js, ja eoadurce`õa tr`ãaduko, mj forbc quj pujmj eobpjascrsj ecmc
fcsj `am`v`muckbjatj. Aõtjsj quj jstc eobpjasce`õa mjij ncejrsj s`jbprj eoa
`atjrruptorjs jstãt`eos. Ao pomrâc ncejrsj eoa eoatcetorjs, pujsto quj àstos
eoajetca kcs trjs fcsjs c kc vjz.
0
Wcrc `astckce`oajs moamj mob`aca kcs ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y ajutro,
kos pcsos pomrâca eoadurcrsj ja jstrjkkc y jk rjdukcmor b`m`jamo kc tjas`õa y
eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs y eobpjascamo ecmc uac `amjpjam`jatjbjatj. Ao
oistcatj jstj s`stjbc rjsuktc uacs 5 vjejs bãs ecro quj uac eobpjasce`õa
eoavjae`oack ja tr`ãaduko. Wor jkko jk s`stjbc eobputjr pkus pjrb`tj rjck`zcr
kc eo
eobp
bpjj asc
asce`
e`õõ a j a t r`ã
r`ãaa du
du ko
ko y c pk`
pk`ec
ec u a c kd
kd or`
or`tt
p cz
cz mj
mj jse
jseoo dj
dj r kc
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
533
eoajx`õa õpt`bc quj b`a`b`zc kc eorr`jatj mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs,
rjjqu`k`irc pcrtj mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs y eoas`duj jk bâa`bo mj pàrm`mcs y ja
eoasjeujae`c kc bãx`bc je`jae`c ja kc `astckce`õa.
0.3= @ae`mjae`c mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o
mjsjqu`k`ir`o ja kos eostjs mj
mj uac `astckce`õa
mj sub`a`stro
Kos eostjs mj uac `astckce`õa pcrc ck`bjatcr uac pkcatc `amustr`ck, ua jm`e`o
eobjre`ck, ua jm`f`e`o mj of`e`acs o mj v`v`jamcs, pomjbos m`v`m`rkos ja mos
drcamjs eoaejptos<
c) Eostj mj kc `afrcjstrueturc pcrc ck`bjatce`õa, iãs`ecbjatj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs
mj m`str`iue`õa.
i) Eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc.
Jk mjsjqu`k`ir`o mj ecrdcs `aerjbjatc kos eostjs por cbios eoaejptos. Ja
jfjeto, c ecusc mjk mjsjqu`k`ir`o sj mjij cubjatcr kc potjae`c aob`ack mj
kos trcasforbcmorjs y kc sjee`õa mj kos ecikjs, pujs kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc quj
e`reukcrã por ckduac mj kcs fcsjs ja ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o sjrã bcyor quj kc quj
e`reukcrâc ja ecso mj ck`bjatcr ecrdcs jqu`k`ircmcs.
C tâtuko mj jljbpko
jljb pko ncdcbos
ncdc bos ua sjae`kko eãkeuko pcrc uac
ua c ecrdc mj 3 hVC ja mos
ecsos<
Ecso 3< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãs`eo jqu`k`ircmo c =77 V. Jk eoasubo
js mj 3,== C por fcsj, ja kcs trjs fcsjs.
Ecso 9< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc jatrj mos fcsjs. Jk eoasubo mj eorr`jatj js mj 9,: C ja
mos fcsjs y ejro ja kc tjrejrc.
Wor tcato ja jstj ecso mj mjsjqu`k`ir`o jxtrjbo pomjbos tjajr quj
soirjm`bjas`oacr kos ecikjs y jk trcasforbcmor ncstc ua 45%.
Ja eucato ck eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, àstj tcbi`àa sj `aerjbjatc ja kos
s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos, mji`mo c kcs pàrm`mcs. U` tobcbos eobo jljbpko jk
b`sbo ecso catjr`or y kkcbcbos Y c kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs,
rjsuktcrãa uacs pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj quj sjrãa<
Ecso 3< Wàrm`m
Wàrm`mcs
cs por hVC
9
5 fcsjs x (Y@ )2 5xYx3,==926,99 x Y wct`os por hVC
Ecso 9< Wàrm`m
Wàrm`mcs
cs por hVC
9
9 fcsjs x (Y@ )2 9xYx9,:9239,: x Y wct`os por hVC
Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs soa prãet`ecbjatj jk moikj pcrc jk ecso jxtrjbo
eoas`mjrcmo.
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
539
0.3=.3 Jljbpkos tâp`eos
Wcrc poajr mj bca`jsto kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa `am`v`muck fcsj-fcsj
sj nc njeno ua jstum`o mj mos ecsos tâp`eos. Jk ecso 3 js uac `astckce`õa
eoa ua eoaluato mj ecrdcs `amuet`vcs jqu`k`ircmcs ja tr`ãaduko y otrcs ecrdcs
boaofãs`ecs jatrj fcsj y fcsj, tcbi`àa `amuet`vcs, ck`bjatcmcs c =77 V /
:7 Nz. Kos mctos mj potjae`cs, eorr`jatjs y pàrm`mcs catjs y mjspuàs mj kc
eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj pujmja vjrsj ja kc tcikc 3.
]cikc 3.- Ecrdc ecso 3< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj
Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr
Catjs mj eobpjascr
Fcsj-Fcsj
Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT)
Fcsj 3 Fcsj
Fcsj
Fcsj 9 Fcsj
Fcsj 5 ]ot
otck
ck Fcsj
Fcsj 3 Fcsj
Fcsj 9 Fcsj
Fcsj 5 ]ot
otck
ck
40,5
,5:
: =>
=>,7
,76
6 47,
7,0
06 30>
30>,5
,54
4 49,
9,4
45 :4,70
,70 6>
6>,:
,:=
= 30>,
>,5
54
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr)
40,5:
47,06
Eorr`jatj (C)
=>4,0
549,6: 549,6:
Wàrm`mcs T
(Y23 bΠ por fcsj)
95>,
95
>,7:
7: 35
35>,
>,>4
>4 35
35>,
>,>4
>4 :3
:3:,
:,4>
4> 37
377,
7,>=
>=
=>,76
30>,54
30
-
6,63
9,=9
-0,75
534,:: 9=>,=: 577,:0
63,4
63
,45
5
07,5
07
,5:
:
7
9:9,
9:
9,09
09
Kc ]cikc 9 bujstrc kos rjsuktcmos mj eobpjasce`õa mj kc b`sbc ecrdc (ecso 3)
ut`k`zcamo uac eobpjasce`õa icscmc ja kc potjae`c probjm`o mj kcs trjs fcsjs.
]cikc 9.- Ecrdc ecso
e cso 3< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa
por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjm`o
Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr
Catjs mj eobpjascr
Fcsj
Fc
sj 3 Fc
Fcsj
sj 9 Fc
Fcsj
sj 5
Bàtomo probjm`cmo
Fcsj
Fc
sj 3 Fc
Fcsj
sj 9 Fc
Fcsj
sj 5 ]ot
otck
ck
]ot
otck
ck
Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT)
40,5
,5:
:
=>,7
=>
,76
6
47,
7,0
06
30>
30
>,5
,54
4
40,
0,5
5:
=>,7
,76
6
47,0
47
,06
6
30>,
>,5
54
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr)
40
4
0,5:
47,06
=>,76
30>,54
35,99
=,>=
-3>,76
7
Eorr`jatj (C)
=>4,0
549,6: 549,6:
5=0,4: 937,73 53>,5>
-
Wàrm`mcs T
(Y23 bΠ por fcsj)
95>,
95
>,7:
7: 35>,
35>,>4
>4 35>,
35>,>4
>4 :3:,
:3:,4>
4> 399,
399,59
59
-
==,3
==
,37
7
373,
37
3,56
56 964,
964,40
40
Aõtjsj quj kc eobpjasce`õa mj FW fcsj c fcsj (tcikc 3), cpcrtj mj caukcr kc
potjae`c rjcet`vc, eoas`duj ua jqu`k`ircmo mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs eoasub`mcs
por ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs y uac
uac rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs, ecs` c kc b`tcm.
Ja jk ecso mj eobpjasce`õa por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjm`cmc (tcikc 5),
eoa kc b`sbc
ecrdcpjro
mjk s`duj
ecso 3,
vjbos uac
quj rjmuee`õa
sj p`jrmj jk
jfjeto mj jqu`k`ircmo
mj
potjae`cs
cet`vcs,
nci`jamo
eoas`mjrcikj
mj eorr`jatjs
y mj pàrm`mcs. Ao oistcatj jk ecso 3 js ua ecso jspje`ckbjatj fcvorcikj
pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa por probjm`o. C eoat`auce`õa prjsjatcbos otro ecso
(ecso 9) ja jk euck ncy uac ecrdc rjs`st`vc jatrj mos fcsjs, quj provoec uac
soirjeobpjasce`õa ja uac mj kcs fcsjs.
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
535
]cikc 5.- Ecrdc ecso 9< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj
Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr
Catjs mj eobpjascr
Fcsj
Fc
sj 3 Fc
Fcsj
sj 9 Fc
Fcsj
sj 5
Fcsj-Fcsj
]ot
otck
ck
Fcsj
Fc
sj 3 Fc
Fcsj
sj 9 Fc
Fcsj
sj 5
]ot
otck
ck
Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT)
>4,4
>4
,45
5
337
37,6
,6=
=
50,6
50
,64
4
95>,
95
>,7:
7:
>=,3
>=
,30
0
377,
37
7,0:
0:
:9,0
:9
,07
7
95>,
95
>,7:
7:
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr)
-3=,:9
:=,30
50,64
40,5:
-94,4=
3>,76
0,6>
7
Eorr`jatj (C)
5>6,6= :5:,6: 9=5,0:
Wàrm`mcs T
(Y23 bΠ por fcsj)
3=0,
3=
0,:7
:7 9>
9>6,
6,09
09
:0,:
:0
,:3
3
-
5>:,=3 ==:,09 955,>9
=0:,
=0
:,05
05 3=
3=>,
>,:=
:= 30
30>,
>,>=
>=
:=,6
:=
,64
4
=79,
=7
9,7:
7:
Ck `duck quj ja jk ecso 3, kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj-fcsj eoas`duj
e oas`duj caukcr kc potjae`c
potjae` c
rjcet`vc totck y cmjbãs t`jaj ua jfjeto mj jqu`k`ircmo mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs
(vjr tcikc 5).
Kc eobpjasce`õa por potjae`c probjm`o, cpk`ecmc c jstj ecso t`jaj ua jfjeto
eoatrcr`o ck mjsjcmo, pujs kc eorr`jatj mj uac mj kcs fcsjs cubjatc ja kudcr mj
m`sb`au`r (vjr tcikc =).
]cikc =.- Ecrdc ecso 9< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa
por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjm`o
Catjs mj eobpjascr
Fcsj
Fc
sj 3 Fc
Fcsj
sj 9 Fc
Fcsj
sj 5
]ot
otck
ck
Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr
Bàtomo probjm`cmo
Fcsj
Fc
sj 3 Fc
Fcsj
sj 9 Fc
Fcsj
sj 5
]ot
otck
ck
Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT)
>4,4
>4
,45
5
337
37,6
,6=
=
50,6
50
,64
4
95>,
95
>,7:
7:
>4,4
>4
,45
5
337
37,6
,6=
=
50,6
50
,64
4
95>,
95
>,7:
7:
Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr)
-3=,:9
:=,30
50,64
40,5:
-=7,04
94,4=
35,99
7
Eorr`jatj (C)
Wàrm`mcs T
(Y23 bΠ por fcsj)
5>6,6= :5:,6: 9=5,0:
3=0,
3=
0,:7
:7 9>
9>6,
6,09
09
:0,:
:0
,:3
3
=93,7
,77
7 =0:,0= 3>3,>5
=0:,
=0
:,05
05 34
344,
4,9=
9= 9=
9=:,
:,0:
0:
55,7
55
,76
6
=:6,
=:
6,9:
9:
Kos ecsos jstum`cmos pomjbos eoas`mjrcrkos tâp`eos ja pkcatcs `amustr`ckjs,
mõamj ko eobüa js kc eoajx`õa mj ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko o ecrdcs boaofãs`ecs
jatrj fcsj y fcsj (ecso mj kcs bãqu`acs mj sokmcmurc, eoavjrt`morjs boaofãs`eos,
jte.).
Wcrc jm`e`os mj oe`acs jk ecso sujkj sjr m`st`ato, yc quj kcs ecrdcs sujkja jstcr
jatrj fcsj y ajutro y kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj fcsj nc mj ncejrsj eoajetcamo kos
eoamjascmorjs ja jstrjkkc. Jstc sokue`õa sujkj sjr bãs ecrc por kc ajejs`mcm mj
cubjatcr jk tcbcóo mj kos eoamjascmorjs ck trciclcr jstos c bjaor tjas`õa.
0.3: Yjsubja
C ko kcr
kcrdo
do mj jst
jstjj ecpâ
ecpâtuk
tukoo njb
njbos
os jst
jstum`
um`cmo
cmo jk fjaõ
fjaõbjao
bjao mj pro
propcdc
pcdce`õ
e`õaa mj
pjrturice`oajs ja kcs rjmjs jkàetr`ecs y kcs pr`ae`pckjs tàea`ecs pcrc rjmue`rkcs.
0
Njbos v`sto quj ckduaos t`pos mj proikjbcs eobo jk mj cbpk`ece`õa mj kos
crbõa`eos por jfjeto mj kc rjsoacae`c soa pjrfjetcbjatj jv`tcikjs eoa ictjrâcs
mj ktros mj rjenczo. Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj s` mj ko quj sj trctc js mj jk`b`acr
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
53=
kos crbõa`eos mj eorr`jatj, kc pr`bjrc pcrtj mj kc sokue`õa eoas`stj ja rjmue`r
kos crbõa`eos promue`mos por mjtjrb`acmos jqu`pos eoavjrt`morjs, c icsj mj
rjcetcae`cs y ja uac sjduamc fcsj pujmj pjascrsj ja jk jbpkjo mj ktros mj
cisore`õa, yc sjca pcs`vos o cet`vos.
Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa kc eoavja`jae`c mj cpk`ecr jqu`pos jstãt`eos pcrc rjmue`r
jk `ehjr y quj buencs vjejs jstos jqu`pos nca mj `r ceobpcócmos mj ktros.
Uj nca eobjatcmo tcbi`àa kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa eoa bjm`mc
ja kcs trjs fcsjs pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`k`ircmos o `aekuso kcs vjatclcs mj kc
eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj eoa kc quj sj eoas`duj, cmjbãs, ua rjjqu`k`ir`o mj
eoasubo.
Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj mjtjrb`acmos t`pos mj ecrdcs provoeca bãs mj ua t`po
mj pjrturice`õa. Csâ kos eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c sujkja promue`r crbõa`eos,
pjro tcbi`àa pjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c, pcrc kcs euckjs mjijbos pjascr
ja jk jbpkjo mj ktros JB@.
@as`st`bos uac vjz bãs ja ko `bportcatj quj js ncejr ua iuja m`cdaõst`eo mjk
proikjbc quj sj mjsjc sokue`oacr pcrc eoaoejr jk t`po o t`pos mj ktro `mõajo
pcrc jk`b`acr o pck`cr kcs pjrturice`oajs quj sj mjsjj. Wcrc jkko js prje`so
cportcr mctos ko bãs jxncust`vos pos`ikj mj kc `astckce`õa y s`jbprj quj sjc
pos`ikj jfjetucr bjm`e`oajs prjv`cs eoa kos `astrubjatos cmjeucmos, mjser`tos
ja jk ecpâtuko catjr`or
catjr`or..
Yjfjrjae`cs<
X3R JB]W
JB]W,, Jkjetrobcdajt`e ]rcas`jats Wrodrcb 8 nttp<//www.jbtp.eob/
X9R ]nj BctnTorhs - BC]KCI cam U`buk`ah for ]jena`eck
]jena`eck Eobput`ad8 www.bctnworhs.
eob
X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-636=9, Yjmjs `amustr`ckjs mj eorr`jatj cktjrac cfjetcmcs por
crbõa`eos< Jbpkjo mj ktros y mj eoamjascmorjs c `astckcr ja pcrckjko, M`str`iuyj ja
Jspcóc CJAOY
0
tàea`ecs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIce`oajs
37 F@K
F@K]YOU
]YOU WCYC
WCYC EOAVJY]@MOYJU JU]Ã]@EOU
37.3 @atromuee`oa
Jk tàrb`ao eoavjrt`mor jstãt`eo mj jajrdâc o eoavjrt`mor mj potjae`c sj usc pcrc
mjs`dacr euckqu`jr jqu`po icscmo ja sjb`eoamuetorjs mj potjae`c quj t`jaj
eobo fuae`õa eoavjrt`r jajrdâc jkàetr`ec eoa uacs mjtjrb`acmcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs
mj forbc mj oamc, tjas`õa y frjeujae`c c otrc forbc moamj jstcs ecrcetjrâst`ecs
vcrâca.
Jk uso mj eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c sj nc djajrck`zcmo ükt`bcbjatj ja kos
s`stjbcs jkàetr`eos, tcato
tcato ja cpk`ece`oajs `amustr`ckjs
`amustr`ckjs eobo mobjst`ecs,
mobjst`ecs, mji`mo
c kc fce`k`mcm eoa quj kc potjae`c sj pujmj bca`pukcr c cktc frjeujae`c. Ao
oistcatj, kos jfjetos sjeuamcr`os mj kc eoajx`õa mj m`enos eoavjrt`morjs c kc rjm,
rjkce`oacmos eoa kc djajrce`õa mj crbõa`eos y JB@ c vjejs sj nca mjsjst`bcmo.
Kc pokue`õa djajrcmc mc proikjbcs `bportcatjs mj mos t`pos<
Wjrturice`oajs mj iclc frjeujae`c< Fk`ehjr (mj 7,: c 57 Nz) y crbõa`eos (:7 Nz c
9:77 Nz)
•
•
Wjrturice`oajs mj cktc frjeujae`c< icamc C (0 hNz c 3:7 hNz) y icamc I (3:7 hNz
c 57 BNz)
Kc forbc bãs nci`tuck mj m`str`iue`õa mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec js kc eorr`jatj
cktjrac (E.C.) eoa tjas`oajs m`vjrscs y frjeujae`cs mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Ao oistcatj
kos eoasubos pujmja sjr ja eorr`jatj eoat`auc (E.E.) o ja forbc mj eorr`jatj
cktjrac eoa m`st`atc tjas`õa y frjeujae`c. Wcrc eoavjrt`r kc jajrdâc c kc forbc
rjqujr`mc por kcs m`st`atcs ecrdcs o `aekuso pcrc jakczcr m`st`atcs fujatjs
eoa m`st`atos vckorjs mj tjas`õa y/o frjeujae`c sj jbpkjca kos eoavjrt`morjs
jstãt`eos mj jajrdâc. Za rjsubja mj kos t`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs, sjdüa jk t`po mj
eoavjrs`õa mjsjcmo ko pomjbos vjr ja kc F`d. 37.3.
F`d. 37.3- ]`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
536
Cetu
ckbj
bjat
atjj js
jstã
tãaa pr
prok
ok`f`f jr
jrca
camo
mo ko
koss rj
rjej
ejpt
ptor
orjs
js qu
qujj jb
jbpk
pkjc
jcaa ck
ckdü
düaa t`t`po
po mj
Ce tuck
eoavjrt`mor ja su ecmjac mj ck`bjatce`õa. Jbpjzcamo por kcs kub`acr`cs mj
cktc jf`e`jae`c, djajrckbjatj icscmcs ja uac kãbpcrc mj dcs ck`bjatcmc c
cktc frjeujae`c, eoat`aucamo por kos rjdukcmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm mj botorjs y kcs
fujatjs mj ck`bjatce`õa `a`atjrrubp`mcs (UC@), jte. ]omos jstos eoavjrt`morjs
soa propjasos c djajrcr crbõa`eos y pjrturice`oajs JB@ y rjqu`jrja ckdüa t`po
mj ktrcmo, tcato ja jk kcmo mj rjm o kcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa ja djajrck eobo ja jk
kcmo mj ecrdc. Jstj ecpâtuko ko mjm`ecrjbos
mjm`ecrjbos ck jstum`o mj jstj t`po mj ktros, quj
mjaob`acbos djaàr`ecbjatj ‛ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs‒.
Iãs`ecbjatj, por ko quj sj rjjrj c kc ui`ece`õa mj kos ktros pomjbos m`st`adu`r
mos t`pos<
•
•
F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa
F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo mj ecrdc
Wcrc eobprjamjr kc fuae`õa mj kos m`st`atos t`pos mj ktros mjijbos eoaoejr
kcs jstrueturcs tâp`ecs mj kos eoavjrt`morjs. Jstcs jstrueturcs eobprjamja por
ko djajrck uac jtcpc mj eoavjrt`mor E.C.-E.E. (rjet`f`ecmor) y otrc jtcpc mj
eoavjrt`mor E.E.-E.C. (oamukcmor). U` kc ecrdc js ja E.E., kc jtcpc mjk oamukcmor
ao jx`stj y kos ktros ja jk kcmo mj eoat`auc mjpjamja mj s` kc ecrdc js `amuet`vc
(botor) o mj t`po f.j.b. (ecrdcmor mj ictjrâcs), o mj otrc âamokj.
F`d. 37.9 Eoavjrt`mor tâp`eo E.C./E.C.< Vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm pcrc botor mj E.C.
Kcs F`durcs 37.9 c 37.6 bujstrca m`st`atos t`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs pcrc kcs
cpk`ece`oajs bãs tâp`ecs.
37
F`d. 37.5- Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.C. eoa rjet`ecmor cet`vo (CFJ, cet`vj froat jam)
jam)
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
F`d. 37.=- Eoavjrt`mor
Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.E. eoa ecrdc `amuet`vc<
Vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm pcrc botor mj E.E.
534
F`d. 37.:- Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.E. eoa ecrdc `amuet`vc
`amuet`vc eoa rjet`ecmor cet`vo (CFJ)
(CFJ)
F`d. 37.6- Eoavjrt`mor E.C.-E.E.
E.C.-E.E. eoa ecrdc f.j.b. < Ecrdcmor mj ictjrâcs
37
Kos t`pos iãs`eos mj f`ktros quj jstum`crjbos pcrc kcs jstrueturcs mj
eoavjrt`morjs mjser`tcs catjr`orbjatj sjrãa kos s`du`jatjs<
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
53>
•
F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj crbõa`eos ja jk kcmo mj rjm mj rjet`ecmorjs (Yjcetcae`cs
E.C., ktros KEK y Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj E.E.)
•
F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj JB@ ja jk kcmo rjm.
•
F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj r`zcmo ja jk kcmo ecrdc mj E.E (Yjcetcae`cs y ktros KE)
JB@@ kcmo
F`ktros pcrc kcmo ecrdc ja E.C (F`ktros U`aus, F`ktros mv/mt y F`ktros JB
ecrdc)
•
37.9 F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj crbõa`eos ja jk kcmo rjm mj
37.9
rjet`ecmorjs
Za drupo buy `bportcatj mj eoavjrt`morjs sj ceopkca c kc rjm bjm`catj ua
rjet`f`ecmor ao eoatrokcmo, icscmo ja m`omos. Ja jk ecso mj rjm tr`fãs`ec kc
jstrueturc mjk rjet`ecmor js kc tâp`ec mj 6 m`omos quj vjbos ja kcs F`durcs 37.9
y 37.=. Jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs djajrca kc tâp`ec forbc mj oamc mj kc F`d.
37.4, quj t`jaj ua ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos `bpcrjs y ao bükt`pkos mj 5. Kos
crbõa`eos mob`acatjs
mob`acatjs pcrc jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs
eoavjrt`morjs soa, eobo yc sj m`lo, kos
mj ormja (h*6³3), js mje`r< ormja :, 4, 33, 35…. jte.
F`d. 37.4.- Forbc mj
mj oamc tâp`ec mj
mj ua rjet`ecmor mj
6 puksos eoajetcmo m`rjetcbjatj c rjm
Kcs aorbcs X9R ― X5R k`b`tca jk bãx`bo eoatja`mo mj crbõa`eos quj kcs ecrdcs
mj uac `astckce`õa pujmja vjrtjr ja kc rjm y por tcato oik`dca c kc eokoece`õa
mj ktros ja kcs ecrdcs catjs bjae`oacmcs. Kos t`pos mj ktros pcrc jstc fuae`õa
soa iãs`ecbjatj trjs<
37
•
Yjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.C.
•
F`ktros KEK
•
Yjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.E.
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
530
37.9.3 Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj rjm
Kc rjcetcae`c mjk kcmo mj rjm sj ut`k`zc pcrc rjmue`r kos crbõa`eos, pjro
t`jaj cmjbãs jk jfjeto mj ctjaucr kos nujeos y kos p`eos mji`mos c kc
eoabutce`õa y c kc ecrdc `a`e`ck mjk eoamjascmor mjk kcmo mj E.E. Nci`tuckbjatj
sj trctc mj rjcetcae`cs quj mca jatrj ua 5,:% y ua =% mj ecâmc mj tjas`õa c kc
eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck aob`ack. Eoastruet`vcbjatj mjija jstcr cmcptcmcs pcrc
b`a`b`zcr kcs pàrm`mcs por jfjeto Fouecukm y por n`stàrjs`s.
Ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj rjm buy r`zcmcs eoa ]NM ja torao ck =7% o bãs, kcs
rjcetcae`cs pjrb`tja fãe`kbjatj rjmue`r
rjmue`r jstc tcsc c ua 9:%. Kc F`d. 37.> mc
mc kc
eobpcrce`õa mj kcs forbcs mj oamc mj ua rjet`ecmor eoajetcmo m`rjetcbjatj c
rjm y jk b`sbo rjet`ecmor eoa uac rjcetcae`c mj =%
c) U`a rjcetcae`c
i) Eoa rjcetcae`c
F`d. 37.>.- Forbc mmjj oamc mj kc eorr`jatj s`a y eoa rjcetcae`c
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
597
37.9.9 F`ktros KEK
Kos ktros KEK jstãa jspje`ckbjatj m`sjócmos pcrc jk`b`acr kos crbõa`eos mj
kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por
por eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c.
potjae`c. Uj trctc mj ktros pcs`vos
pcs`vos
c icsj mj uac eobi`ace`õa sjr`j-pcrckjko mj `amuetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs tck
eobo bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjat
jsqujbãt`ecbjatjj kc F`d.4. Csâ pujs, kos ktros KEK soa ua pcso
bãs cmjkcatj mj kc s`bpkj rjcetcae`c mj rjmuee`õa mj r`zcmo y jstãa m`sjócmos
pcrc rjmue`r jk ]NM( @) c vckorjs `afjr`orjs c ua 37%, mj forbc quj pjrb`tca
eubpk`r eoa kcs aorbcs @JE-63777-5.= y @JJJ-:30
F`d. 37.0.- Jstrueturc
Jstrueturc mj kos ktros KEK
Eorr`jatj mj rjm s`a jk ktro KEK (]NM(@) 2 =7%)
Eorr`jatj mj rjm eoa jk ktro KEK (]NM(@ ); =%)
37
F`d. 37.37- Forbcs mj oamc
oamc ja ua eoavjrt`mor,
eoavjrt`mor, eoa y s`a ktro KEK
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
593
( Kee)
37.9.5 Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj E.E. (K
Ja jk ecso mj rjdukcmorjs c t`r`storjs pcrc botorjs mj E.E. (F`d.37.=), js
prjfjr`ikj eokoecr kc `amuetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.E. , pujs jsto bjlorc buy
sjas`ikjbjatj jk ]NM mj kc eorr`jatj y jv`tc kcs en`spcs mj eoabutce`õa ja
jk eokjetor mjk botor. Jstj t`po mj proikjbcs, csâ eobo jk mj jxejso mj r`zcmo
ja ckduaos eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c o UC@, pujmja rjsokvjrsj bjm`catj
rjcetcae`cs boaofãs`ecs mj ktrcmo ja jk kcmo mj eoat`auc. Kc fõrbukc pcrc jk
eãkeuko mj jstcs rjcetcae`cs js kc `am`ecmc ja (37.3)
K
2
b`a
9,4.Z
s
.@
.( p ∙ 3). F
mbjm
o
(37.3)
Moamj Zs js kc tjas`õa jecz jatrj fcsj y ajutro , @mbjm js kc eorr`jatj bjm`c ja
jk kcmo mj eoat`auc , p js jk aübjro mj puksos mjk rjet`ecmor (9 ja jk ecso mj
boaofãs`eos y djajrckbjatj 6 ja jk ecso mj pujatjs tr`fãs`eos) y Fo js jk fcetor
mj oamukce`õa mjsjcmo ja kc eorr`jatj eoat`auc ktrcmc.
@
∙@
m b`a
F 2 m bcx
o
(37.9)
9. @
mbjm
Aotc< Ja ecso mj quj jk rjet`ecmor ck`bjatj ua botor mj eorr`jatj eoat`auc
mjijrã mjseoatcrsj mj Kb`a kc prop`c `amuetcae`c mj `amue`mo mjk botor. Wcrc
sjkjee`oacr kc rjcetcae`c ajejscr`c pcrc uac mjtjrb`acmc cpk`ece`õa mjija
tjajrsj ja eujatc jk vckor mj K ja bN y kos vckorjs bjm`o y bãx`bo mj eorr`jatj
eoat`auc (@mbjm , @mbcx) pcrc prjvjr su fuae`oacb`jato s`a scturce`õa.
c ) Y j ce t c ae ` c m j r j m
i ) Y j c e tc a e ` c k c m o E . E .
e) F`ktro KEK
F`d. 37.3
37.333- Yjcetcae`cs
Yjcetcae`cs y ktro KEK
37.5 F`ktros JB@ pcrc rjm mj vcr`cmorjs
vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@
37
Kos eoavjrt`morjs jkjetrõa`eos (vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@) djajrca
`atjrfjrjae`cs jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs
jkjetrobcdaàt`ecs (JB@), mji`mo c kos caeos ciruptos mj tjas`õa
or`d`acmos por kos caeos ciruptos mj eoabutce`õa mj kos sjb`eoamuetorjs.
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
599
Eobo sj nc m`eno, kc propcdce`õa c trcvàs mj ecikjs (JB@ eoamue`mcs) sujkja
cicrecr frjeujae`cs quj vca mjsmj 37 hNz c uaos 57 BNz.
Jx`stja mos forbcs iãs`ecs mj propcdce`õa mj kcs JB@< Kc propcdce`õa ja
bomo m`fjrjae`ck y kc propcdce`õa ja bomo eobüa, tcbi`àa kkcbcmcs s`bàtr`ec
y cs`bàtr`ec (F`d. 37.39). Ja kc propcdce`õa m`fjrjae`ck, kc `mc y rjtorao mj
kcs eorr`jatjs pjrturicmorcs mj cktc frjeujae`c sj rjck`zc por kos eoamuetorjs
cet`vos (fcsjs y ajutro ja ecso mj jx`st`r). Ja kc propcdce`õa ja bomo eobüa
kcs eorr`jatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c e`reukca ja ua sjat`mo por kcs fcsjs y ajutro y
jk rjtorao sj rjck`zc por jk eoamuetor mj protjee`õa (WJ, kkcbcmo c vjejs t`jrrc).
Kc F`durc 37.39 bujstrc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj kos eoaejptos mj bomo m`fjrjae`ck
y bomo eobüa.
F`d. 37.39 - Wjrturice`oajs JB@ ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck y bomo eobüa
Kcs `atjrfjrjae`cs djajrcmcs por kos eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c sujkja tjajr
uac eobpoajatj buy `bportcatj mj "Bomo Eobüa" y sujkja ecuscr bck
fuae`oacb`jato mj ormjacmorjs ,cutõbctcs prodrcbcikjs, jqu`pos mj eoatrok
aubàr`eo, y ja djajrck mj jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos quj opjrca eoa sjóckjs mj
a`vjkjs buy iclos.
iclos. Wor jkko kc M`rjet`vc Juropjc 977=/37>/EJ jstcikjeja kc
oik`dctor`jmcm
oik`dctor`jm
cm mj eubpk`r e`jrtos k`b`tjs mj jb`s`õa lcmos ja uac sjr`j mj
Aorbcs tckjs eobo<
•
ZAJ- JA 63777-6-= Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jatorao `amustr`ck
ZAJ- JA 63777-6-5 Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jatorao rjs`mjae`ck
j `amustr`c k`djrc
•
JA ::799 (E@UWY 99) Kâb`tjs mj pjrturice`oajs eoamue`mcs y rcm`cmcs
• @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9 . Aorbcs mj promueto mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y
crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos.
•
37
Wcrc ktrcr kcs pjrturice`oajs JB@ mjija ut`k`zcrsj enoqujs eoa aüekjos mj
fjrr`tc eoa ua iuja eobportcb`jato c cktcs frjeujae`cs. Kc eck`mcm mj m`enc
rjspujstc sj sujkj bjm`r por jk pcrãbjtro mjaob`acmo pàrm`mcs mj `asjre`õa ,
(@K) , mja`mcs eobo sj `am`ec ja kc jeuce`õa (37.5) .
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
595
( 37 5)
W
(U`a f`ktro)
:7
Ω
@K 2
(Eoa f`ktro)
W
:7Ω
Kc prujic aorbct`vc mj pàrm`mcs mj `asjre`õa sj ncej eoa uac `bpjmcae`c
mj fujatj y uac `bpjmcae`c mj ecrdc, `duckjs cbics c :7 Π. Ao oistcatj ja
jk jatorao rjck, kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj rjm y ecrdc m`stca bueno mjk vckor :7 Π
y cmjbãs vcrâca buenâs`bo ja jk rcado mj 37 hNz c 57 BNz, y por tcato, jk
eobportcb`jato rjck mjk ktro pujmj sjr buy m`st`ato mjk quj sj oit`jaj eoa
jk jascyo aorbct`vo. Wcrc eoasjdu`r vckorjs eoavja`jatjs mj pàrm`mcs mj
`asjre`õa ja jk jatorao rjck mj fuae`oacb`jato mjk ktro mjij rjeurr`rsj c ktros
mj mos jtcpcs, tck eobo jk quj sj bujstrc ja kcs F`durc 37.35 euycs eurvcs mj
rjspujstc ja bomo eobüa y ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck, sjdüa jascyo aorbct`vo, sj
bujstrca ja kc F`durc 37.3=.
F`d. 37.35- F`ktro JB@ mj moikj jtcpc pcrc ecrdcs tr`fãs`ecs s`a ajutro
F`d. 37.3=- Wàrm`mcs mj `asjre`õa mj
mj ua ktro JB@
ja bomo eobüa y ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck
37
Uj m`spoaj mj mos t`pos mj ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c< Mj trjs y mj
euctro n`kos. Kos mj trjs n`kos (s`a ajutro) jstãa pjascmos iãs`ecbjatj pcrc ktrcr
kc pjrturice`õa mj kos vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c y crrcaecmorjs jstãt`eos, pcrc
quj jstos pujmca eubpk`r kcs aorbcs @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9. Kos ktros mj
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
59=
euctro n`kos `aekuyja ktrcmo ja jk eoamuetor ajutro8 jstãa pjascmos pcrc cpk`ecr
c kc sck`mc mj UC@ (U`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa `a`atjrrubp`mc). Kc F`durc 37.3:
bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj ua ktro mj moikj jtcpc pcrc jstc cpk`ece`õa.
F`d. 37.3:- F`ktro JB@ mj moikj jtcpc pcrc ecrdcs tr`fãs`ecs eoa ajutro
37.=
F`ktros KEK pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos
Ja kcs F`ds. 37.5, 37.: y 37.6 sj nca rjprjsjatcmo eoavjrt`morjs jakczcmos c
rjm bjm`catj ua rjet`ecmor cet`vo. Jstj t`po mj rjet`ecmorjs ao js tomcvâc buy
eobüa ja kcs ecrdcs aorbckjs, pjro rjsuktc ecmc vjz bãs usuck ja kos s`stjbcs
quj ut`k`zca ck`bjatce`õa b`xtc mj rjm y mj uac fujatj rjaovcikj (fotovoktc`ec o
pjqujóos djajrcmorjs jõk`eos).
Jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs sujkj rjdukcr kc eorr`jatj quj tobc mj rjm bjm`catj
ua s`stjbc mj bomukce`õa mjaob`acmo WTB (Wuksj T`mtn Bomukct`oa), quj
eoas`stj ja eoabutcr uac tjas`õa eoatâauc mcamo cktjract`vcbjatj vckorjs +J y
―J , rjdukcamo kc caenurc
cae nurc mj kos puksos,
pu ksos, , mj forbc quj ck ktrcr kc sjóck
sjóc k rjsuktj
rjs uktj
uac sjao`mj. Jstj t`po mj oamcs sj rjprjsjatc jsqujbãt`ecbjatj ja kc F`d.37.36
y ja jk mjtckkj mj kc F`d.37.34. Kc oamc ja czuk js kc tjas`õa, forbcmc por trcbos
mj oamc eucmrcmc, b`jatrcs quj kc oamc ja rolo rjprjsjatc kc eobpoajatj mj
iclc frjeujae`c quj sj jxtrcj ck ktrcr kc catjr`or.
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
F`d. 37.36- Oamc sjao`mck oitja`mc por bomukce`õa WTB
59:
F`d. 37.34- Mjtckkj mj kc bomukce`õa WTB
37
U` ncejbos ua jstum`o frjeujae`ck mj jstj t`po mj oamcs, vjbos quj, cpcrtj mj
kc eobpoajatj mj iclc frjeujae`c (sjao`mj ja rolo) sj oit`jaja uac sjr`j mj
frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa, f s 2 3 / ] , tck y eobo sj
nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 37.3>. Ja jk ecso jstum`cmo, kc sjóck oitja`mc eoa
kc bomukce`õa WTB (rolo) js uac oamc mj :7 Nz y pcrc oitjajrkc sj nc uscmo
uac frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mj : hNz, eoa ko quj kos crbõa`eos oitja`mos
ja jk jspjetro jstãa ja torao c kos bükt`pkos mj jstc frjeujae`c.
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
596
F`d. 37.3>- Jspjetro mj kcs oamcs rjprjsjatcmcs ja kc F`d. 37.36
Jk t`po mj ktro cmjeucmo pcrc kos eoavjrt`morjs quj opjrca eoa jstj t`po mj
oamcs WTB js ua f`ktro KEK cmcptcmo
cmcptcmo c kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mjk
eoavjrt`mor. M`enc frjeujae`c sujkj jstcr jatrj 37 hNz y 97 hNz ja eoavjrt`morjs
mj iclc potjae`c y js mjk ormja mj 3 c 5 hNz pcrc eoavjrt`morjs bãs potjatjs
y jk oiljt`vo mjk ktro js `bpjm`r quj kcs eobpoajatjs mj jstc frjeujae`c y sus
bükt`pkos sj propcduja por kc rjm.
37.:
F`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs E.C.- E.C.
Kos eoavjrt`morjs E.C.-E.C. bãs eobüabjatj jbpkjcmos ja jqu`pos `amustr`ckjs
eoastca mj ua rjet`ecmor ao eoatrokcmo y ua oamukcmor, eoa uac jstrueturc eobo
kc `am`ecmc ja kc F`d.37.9. Bãs rje`jatjbjatj jbp`jzca c prok`fjrcr kos quj t`jaja
ua rjet`ecmor cet`vo (F`d. 37.5) y kos icscmos ja eoavjrt`morjs bctr`e`ckjs, quj
ao vcbos c mjser`i`r cquâ.
Mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj rjm, jstos eoavjrt`morjs ut`k`zca kos b`sbos ktros
mjser`tos ja kos cpcrtcmos 37.5 y 37.=. Wor ko quj ncej rjfjrjae`c ck kcmo mj
ecrdc, jstos eoavjrt`morjs jbpkjca uac bomukce`õa WTB eobo kc mjser`tc pcrc
rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos y jsto djajrc trjs t`pos mj proikjbcs<
•
Wroikjbc mj JB@ ja kos ecikjs mj kc ecrdc (djajrckbjatj ua botor)
Wroikjbc mj rjjx`oajs ja kâajcs kcrdcs jatrj eoavjrt`mor y ecrdc. (Djajrca cktos
mv/mt y soirjtjas`oajs)
•
•
Wroikjbc mj r`zcmo jxejs`vo y pàrm`mcs ja kc ecrdc
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
594
Wcrc rjsokvjr jstos proikjbcs sj jbpkjca trjs t`pos mj ktros<
•
Enoqujs mj cktc frjeujae`c (NF) pcrc JB@
F`ktros mj k`b`tce`õa mj mZ/mt o cat`-rjjx`õa, pcrc jv`tcr soirjtjas`oajs ja ecikjs
kcrdos.
•
•
F`ktros ‛s`aus‒ pcrc rjmuee`õa mjk r`zcmo ja kc ecrdc
37.:.3 Enoqujs mj cktc frjeujae`c pcrc rjmuee`õa mj JB@
Eobo sj nc m`eno, kos ecikjs mj sck`mc mj kos vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c
trcasportca eorr`jatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c (frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc mj
eoabutce`õa). Wcrc jv`tcr kc propcdce`õa mj `atjrfjrjae`cs ja bomo eobüa
quj jsto djajrc, sj sujkj rjeobjamcr quj kos ecikjs c botor sjca ecikjs
cpcatckkcmos. Wjro mjatro mjk crbcr`o mj eoatrok s`jbprj sujkj qujmcr ua trcbo
mj ecikj ao cpcatckkcmo, quj pujmj rcm`cr nce`c kos m`spos`t`vos mj eoatrok
vje`aos. Wcrc jv`tcr quj jstc rcm`ce`õa cfjetj c kos jqu`pos jkjetrõa`eos prõx`bos
ck eoavjrt`mor mjija jbpkjcrsj enoqujs mj fjrr`tc eokoecmos lusto c kc sck`mc mj
ecikjs mjk eoavjrt`mor. E@YEZ]OY m`spoaj mj kos enoqujs t`po EJB-xx. , pcrc
ctjaucr jstj t`po mj pjrturice`oajs.
37.:.9 F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo ecrdc mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm
Eobo njbos m`eno catjr`orbjatj kc bomukce`õa WTB sj jbpkjc pcrc djajrcr
oamcs sjao`mckjs mj frjeujae`c vcr`cikj pcrc rjdukcr kc vjkoe`mcm mj kos botorjs
jkàetr`eos mj `amuee`õa. Eobo sj m`lo catjr`orbjatj jstcs oamcs eoat`jaja uac
frjeujae`c bomukcmorc (iclc frjeujae`c) quj js cqujkkc eoa kc quj qujrjbos
ck`bjatcr jk botor, pjro eoat`jaja tcbi`àa uac sjr`j mj cktcs frjeujae`cs,
quj soa kc fuamcbjatck mj eoabutce`õa f s y sus crbõa`eos. Ja jstj t`po mj
cpk`ece`õa (vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm mj botor) kc prop`c `amuetcae`c mjk botor
ncej jk pcpjk mj ktro. Wor jkko, c pjscr mj quj kc tjas`õa quj propore`oac jk
eoavjrt`mor eoas`stj ja uac sjr`j mj puksos, kc eorr`jatj t`jaj forbc sjao`mck
eobo sj v`o ja kc F`d. 37.36.
Ao oistcatj, ja ecso mj quj jk ecikj jatrj eoavjrt`mor y botor sjc mj koad`tum
eoas`mjrcikj, kc propcdce`õa mj kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos y kc prop`c
frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa, pujmja oecs`oacr kc mjdrcmce`õa mj kc forbc mj oamc
y djajrcr soirjtjas`oajs (Vp`eo13577 V pcrc botorjs ck`bjatcmos c =77 V) quj
eobprobjtja kos c`skcb`jatos mjk botor. Cs`b`sbo jsto provoec sckto mj en`spc
y p`ecmo mj eol`ajtjs, eckjatcb`jatos `aajejscr`os y jb`s`õa mj `atjrfjrjae`cs
rcm`cmcs c trcvàs mj kos ecikjs. Jstos fjaõbjaos sj mjija c kc rjjx`õa mj
oamcs quj sj promuej ja kos ecikjs eucamo sj propcdca por jkkos frjeujae`cs
supjr`orjs c ua e`jrto kâb`tj.
37
Kc F`d. 37.30c bujstrc uac oamc mj tjas`õa eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj cktcs
frjeujae`cs moamj sj promueja p`eos mji`mos c kc rjjx`õa ja jk jxtrjbo mj
botor. Kc F`d.37.30i bujstrc kc oamc ja jk jxtrjbo mjk b`sbo ecikj, s` sj jv`tc
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
59>
kc propcdce`õa mj kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs bjm`catj ua ktro pcsc iclos, quj ikoqujc
kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs (ktro s`aus).
c) Oamc ja jk jxtrjbo mj
ua ecikj eoa rjjx`õa
i) Oamc
Oamc ktrcmc, s`a rjjx`õa
rjjx`õa
F`d. 37.30- Oamcs mj cktc frjeujae`c propcdcmcs
propcdcmcs ja ecikjs mj drca koad`tum
37.:.37.3 Jk fjaõbjao mj rjjx`õa ja ecikjs
Kos pr`ae`p`os tjõr`eos quj jxpk`eca kos fjaõbjaos mjser`tos catjr`orbjatj soa
kos s`du`jatjs<
U` eoajetcbos ua djajrcmor eoa tjas`õa sjao`mck, mj uac frjeujae`c f ,
c ua ecikj eoa rjs`stjae`c mjsprje`cikj y eoa uac `amuetcae`c y ecpce`mcm
m`str`iu`mcs K ja Njar`os/b y E ja Fcrcm`os/b , sj mjbujstrc quj kc vjkoe`mcm
mj propcdce`õa mj kc oamc c ko kcrdo mjk ecikj v`jaj mcmc por (37.=)
v2
3
(37.=)
KE
sj mjaj kc koad`tum mj oamc eobo kc m`stcae`c rjeorr`mc por jstc oamc ja ua
pjrâomo ] 2 3 / f . Csâ pujs kc koad`tum mj oamc sjrã (37.:)
2 v] 2
v
(37.:)
f
sj mjaj tcbi`àa ua pcrãbjtro mjaob`acmo `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâst`ec mjk ecikj,
\ 7 , eobo<
\7 2
37
K
(37.6)
E
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
590
Yjeuàrmjsj quj K y E soa pcrãbjtros por ua`mcm mj koad`tum. C tâtuko mj jljbpko
kc tcikc 37.3 mc kos vckorjs mj K y E por ua`mcm mj koad`tum pcrc ecikjs tâp`eos
ut`k`zcmos ja kc eoajx`õa mj botorjs c vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm.
Wcrc ua ecikj mj `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâst`ec \ 7 quj ua`jsj ua eoavjrt`mor WTB
eoa ua botor, euyc `bpjmcae`c fujsj \ b , sj promue`râc uac rjjx`õa mj kcs
oamcs jk eoje`jatj mj rjjx`õa sjrâc<
Ε2
\b ∙ \7
(37.4)
\b + \7
Kc s`tuce`õa `mjck sjr`c tjajr ua eoje`jatj mj rjjx`õa Ε 2 7 o ko quj js ko
b`sbo, kc `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâst`ec mj kc kâajc mjijrâc sjr `duck c kc `bpjmcae`c
mjk botor ja tomo
tomo jk rcado mj
mj frjeujae`cs. Ja jstj ecso ao ncirâc rjjx`õa
a` sj promue`râca kcs soirjtjas`oajs catjs mjser`tcs. Ao oistcatj jsto js
prãet`ecbjatj `bpos`ikj y por jkko, pcrc jv`tcr jstos fjaõbjaos, mjija eokoecrsj
ktros jatrj jk vcr`cmor y jk botor. Aorbckbjatj pomjbos optcr por mos t`pos mj
sokue`oajs<
• 3)
F`ktro mZ/m t. Js ua ktro KE eoa kc frjeujae`c mj eortj lustc pcrc jv`tcr kc
rjjx`õa y kcs soirjtjas`oajs
9)
F`ktro ‛s`aus‒. Js ua ktro KE eoa uac frjeujae`c mj eortj bueno bãs iclc
quj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa
•
Ja djajrck jk ktro ‛s`aus‒ rjsujkvj totckbjatj jk proikjbc, pujs ctjaüc tomcs
kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs, b`jatrcs quj kos ktros mZ/mt , mjlca pcscr frjeujae`cs bãs
cktcs y ktrca ko lusto pcrc jv`tcr kc rjjx`õa.
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
]cikc 37.3 Vckorjs tâp`eos mj K y E por hb mj ua ecikj tr`kcr
(Fujatj< Yjhc Ecikjs)
E ci k j
E X bF / h b R
K Xb N / h b R
5x 3 6/ 3 6
7 , 5:
7, 5 7
5x 9 :/ 3 6
7 , =:
7, 9 6
5x 5 :/ 3 6
7 , :7
7, 9 =
5x : 7/ 9 :
7 , 67
7, 9 9
5x 4 7/ 5 :
7 , 6:
7, 9 7
5x 0 :/ : 7
5x 3 97 / 47
7 , 47
7 , 4:
7, 3 >
7, 3 4
5x 3 :7 / 47
7 , 4:
7, 3 6
5x 3 >: / 0:
7 4:
7, 3 :
5x 9 =7 / 39 7
7 , 4:
7, 3 :
=x 3 6/ 3 6
7 , 57
7, 5 7
557
=x 9 :/ 3 6
7 , 5:
7, 9 4
=x 5 :/ 3 6
7 , =:
7, 9 6
=x : 7/ 9 :
7 , :7
7, 9 =
=x 4 7/ 5 :
=x 0 :/ : 7
7 , ::
7 , 6:
7, 9 =
7, 9 5
=x 3 97 / 47
7 , 47
7, 9 5
=x 3 :7 / 47
7 , 4:
7, 9 5
=x 3 >: / 0:
7 , >7
7, 9 9
=x 9 =7 / 39 7
7 , >:
7, 9 9
37.:.5 M`stcae`c erât`ec y frjeujae`c mj eortj mj kos ktros m Z/mt y s`aus
Kos proikjbcs mj soirjtjas`oajs mji`mos c kc rjjx`õa mj oamcs jbp`jzca
c promue`rsj eucamo kc koad`tum mjk ecikj quj uaj jk eoavjrt`mor y jk botor js
supjr`or c / 9 . Csâ pujs kc koad`tum erât`ec mjk ecikj pcrc uac oamc euyc
frjeujae`c bãx`bc fujsj f bcx, sjrâc<
Ker`t`ec 2
37
9
2
3
9 f bcx
KE
( 37.>)
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
553
Wcrc uac tjas`õa djajrcmc eoa puksos WTB, pujmj jx`st`r rjjx`õa c ckduac mj
kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõa`eos. Uujkj eoas`mjrcrsj quj kc frjeujae`c f bcx js kc
frjeujae`c mjk crbõa`eo 33 mj kc oamc, eoa ko euck pcrc jk eãkeuko mj Ker`t`ec sj
tobcrâc f bcx 2 33 f s , moamj f s js kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mjk eoavjrt`mor.
Womjbos pkcatjcr jk proikjbc c kc `avjrsc, mcmc uac koad`tum mj ecikj, kc
frjeujae`c bãx`bc quj pujmj propcdcrsj s`a tjajr proikjbcs mj rjfkjx`õa
sjrâc<
3
f bcx 2
( 37.0)
9 Kecikj KE
Jsto aos pjrb`tj m`bjas`oacr kc frjeujae`c mj eortj mjk ktro m Z/mt. Jstj ktro
mjij sjr ua ktro pcsc iclos quj mjijrã m`bjas`oacrsj pcrc ikoqujcr c kc sck`mc
mjk eoavjrt`mor kcs frjeujae`cs `duckjs o supjr`orjs c f bcx . Wcrc jstj eãkeuko
sj sujkj tobcr f eortj 2 f s / 37 , js mje`r, quj jk ktro mj sck`mc mjij eortcr eobo
bâa`bo uac màecmc por mjiclo mj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa. Eobo jstos
ktros sujkja sjr ktros KE (9¼ ormja) c kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa sj tjamrã
uac ctjauce`õa mj =7 mI, js mje`r sj ctjaüc kc frjeujae`c f s c 3/377 pcrtj.
37.:.= Jkjee`õa mj ktros U@AZU y m Z/mt
Kos ktros ‛s`aus‒ sj eoajetca lusto c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor, b`jatrcs quj kos
ktros mZ/mt sj sujkja eoajetcr ja jk kcmo mjk botor.
Ja djajrck sj prjjrj sokue`oacr kos proikjbcs mj rjjx`õa bjm`catj ktros
‛ s`aus‒ pujs jstos ofrjeja kc vjatclc cócm`mc mj ck`bjatcr jk botor eoa uac
oamc prãet`ecbjatj
prãet`ecbjatj sjao`mck (vjr F`d.37.30) y jv`tcr kcs pàrm`mcs mjk n`jrro ja kc
bãqu`ac promue`mcs por kcs eobpoajatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c ao ktrcmcs.
F`d. 37.30 - Eoajx`õa mj ua ktro s`aus
Kc F`d.37.97 bujstrc kc eoajx`õa mj ua ktro s`aus c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor.
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
559
F`d. 37.97 - Eoajx`õa mj ua ktro s`aus
37.6 Yjsubja
Ujdüa jstum`os mj Yjm Jkàetr`ec, prãet`ecbjatj ua 47% mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc
ja kc cetuck`mcm sufrj ckdüa t`po mj trcasforbce`õa c trcvàs mj ua eoavjrt`mor,
por jkko, jstj ecpâtuko ko njbos mjm`ecmo jspjeâf`ecbjatj c kos f`ktros pcrc
eoavjrt`morjs.
Ujdüa njbos m`eno kc ecrcetjrâst`ec eobüa c tomos jkkos js quj sujkja eoasub`r
eorr`jatjs mj cktcs frjeujae`cs quj ncy quj ktrcr pcrc jv`tcr quj pokue`oaja kc
rjm o quj promuzeca fjaõbjaos trcas`tor`os ja kcs ecrdcs. Kc drca vcr`jmcm mj
eoaF`durce`oajs y kc m`vjrs`mcm mj frjeujae`cs y forbcs mj oamc nceja quj ao
sj pujmc ncikcr mj uaos t`pos aorbck`zcmos mj ktros, s`ao quj buencs vjejs
soa ktros quj ncy quj m`sjócr c bjm`mc o ncy quj cmcptcr c ecmc cpk`ece`õa.
Ao oistcatj njbos proeurcmo ck bjaos mjser`i`r kos m`st`atos proikjbcs quj sj
promueja y mjser`i`r ja kâajcs djajrckjs kcs jspje`ece`oajs quj mjija eubpk`r
kos ktros quj rjsujkvja jk proikjbc.
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
Jf`e`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetr`ec
555
37.4 Yjfjrjae`cs
X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-98 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc
kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatj crbõa`ec (Jqu`pos pcrc @;36 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj
ja Jspcóc CJAOY)
X9R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-= 8 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< K`b`tce`õa
mj kcs jb`s`oajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs ja kcs rjmjs mj I] pcrc jqu`pos eoa
eorr`jatj cs`dacmc @136 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY)
X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-398 Eobpct`i`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàt`ec< Kâb`tjs pcrc
kcs eorr`jatjs crbõa`ecs promue`mcs por kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kcs rjmjs
püik`ecs mj I] eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc 136 C y ;4: C por fcsj8 EJAJKJE
(M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY)
X=R Aorbc ZAJ- JA 63777-6-= Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj JB@ ja
jatorao `amustr`ck8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY)
X:R Aorbc ZAJ- JA 63777-6-5 Aorbc djaàr`ec mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj JB@ ja
jatorao rjs`mjae`ck j `amustr`c k`djrc8 EJAJKJE (M`str`iuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY)
37
f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃt`eos
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