Eficiencia en el Uso de la Energía Eléctrica - Libro de Texto

Lorm` Cutoajkk Losjp Ickejkks Vèjatj Icrrc Loca Irossc Frcaejse Fora`jkjs Ijract Dcre`c Loca Yos Lorm` jrrc M`sjóo y bcqujtce`õa< Mjpto. Eobuaèce`õa j `bcdja E@YEZ]OY U.C. Mctos ectckodrãfèos Ickejkks, Losjp8 jt ckk. Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Wr`bjrc Jmè`õa Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V E.V., ., Bàxèo @UIA< 04>-674-474-506-5 Forbcto< 34 x 95 eb Wãdàcs< 556 Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Losjp Ickejkks Ujamrc (eoorm.) Lorm` Cutoajkk, Vèjatj Vèjatj Icrrc, Loca Irossc, Ir ossc, Frcaejse Fora`jkjs, Ijract Dcreâc, Loca Yos, Lorm` Ujrrc. @UIA< 04>->=-964-360:->, jmè`õa ja jspcóok puikècmc por BCYEOBIO, U.C. Mjrjenos rjsjrvcmos © 9733 BCYEOBIO, U.C., Icrejkoac, Jspcóc © 9733 E@YEZ]OY, U.C., V`ck Ucat Lorm` s/a, 7>959, V` V`kcmjecvckks kcmjecvckks (Icrejkoac, Jspcóc) Wr`bjrc jmè`õa< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, Bàxèo, fjirjro 9736 © 9736 Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V. W`tãdorcs 3350, Eok. Mjk Vckkj, Vckkj, 75377, Bàxèo M.F. B`jbiro mj kc Eãbcrc Aceòack mj kc @amustr`c Jm`tor`ck Bjxècac Yjd`stro Ao. 9534 Wãd. Tji< nttp<//www.ckfcobjdc.eob.bx J-bc`k< ctjaeòackek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.bx @UIA< 04>-674-474-506-5 Mjrjenos rjsjrvcmos< Jstc oirc js prop`jmcm àtjkjetuck mj su cutor y kos mjrjenos mj puikèce`õa ja kjaduc jspcóokc nca s`mo kjdckbjatj trcasfjr`mos ck jm`tor. Wronì`mc su rjpromuee`õa pcre`ck o totck por euckqu`jr bjmò sà pjrb`so por jser`to mjk prop`jtcrò mj kos mjrjenos mjk eopyr`dnt. Aotc `bportcatj< Kc àforbce`õa eoatja`mc ja jstc oirc t`jaj ua fà jxekus`vcbjatj m`mãetèo y, por ko tcato, ao jstã prjv`sto su cprovjencb`jato c a`vjk profjsòack o àmustr`ck. Kcs àmèceòajs tàeaècs y prodrcbcs àeku`mos, nca s`mo jkciorcmos eoa drca eu`mcmo por jk cutor y rjpromue`mos iclo jstrètcs aorbcs mj eoatrok. CKFCOBJDC DYZWO JM@]OY, U.C. mj E.V. ao sjrã lurâmècbjatj rjspoascikj por< jrrorjs u ob`sòajs8 mcóos y pjrluèòs quj sj pum`jrca ctrìu`r ck uso mj kc àforbce`õa eobprjam`mc ja jstj kìro, a` por kc ut`k`zce`õa àmji`mc quj pum`jrc mãrsjkj. Jmè`õa cutor`zcmc pcrc vjatc ja Bàxèo y tomo jk eoatàjatj cbjrècao. @bprjso ja Bàxèo. Wràtjm à Bjxèo. Jbprjscs mjk drupo< Bàxèo< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. mj E.V. ― W`tãdorcs 3350, Eok. Mjk Vckkj, Bàxèo, M.F. ― E.W. 75377. ]jk.< (:9-::) ::4:-:799 ― Fcx< (:9-::) ::4:-9=97 / 9=07. Uà eosto< 73->77-797-=506 J-bc`k< ctjaeòackek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.bx Eokobi`c< Ckfcobjdc Eokobi`cac U.C. ― Eckkj 69 Ao. 97-=6, Icrrò Uca Ku`s, Iodotã, Eokobi`c, ]jks.< (:4-3) 4=6 7379 / 937 7=3: ― J-bc`k< ek`jatjGckfcobjdc.eob.eo Cv. Wrov`mjae`c 3==5. Ofèàc 9=, Ucat`cdo, En`kj En`kj< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor, U.C. ― Cv. ]jk.< (:6-9) 995:-=9=> ― Fcx< (:6-9) 995:-:4>6 ― J-bc`k< cdjen`kjGckfcobjdc.ek Crdjatàc< Ckfcobjdc Drupo Jm`tor Crdjatào, U.C. ― Wcrcducy 3574 W.I. Of. 33, E.W. 37:4, Iujaos C`rjs, Crdjatàc, ― ]jk./Fcx< ]jk./Fcx< (:=-33) =>33-7>>4 y =>33 43>5 ― J-bc`k< vjatcsGckfcobjdcjm`tor.eob.cr vjatcsGckfcobjdcj m`tor.eob.cr C aujstros ek`jat ek`jatjs, js, Jstj kìro sj nc rjmcetcmo ja torao c kc "]jeaokodâc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc jkàetrèc", jspje`ecamo mjaèòajs mj ecrcetjrâstècs, aorbcs, eãkeukos j àstrubjatos eoa kos euckjs bjm`r y, s` js prje`so, eobpkjbjatjcr euckqu`jr jstumò mj jstc jspje`ck`mcm, quj js kc aujstrc. Jspjrcbos quj kjs sjc mj àtjràs y ut`k`mcm. Àstj nc s`mo aujstro propõs`to, eoa aujstrc bjlor vokuatcm. WYÕKODO Mjsmj ncej kcrdo t`jbpo, t`jbpo, E@YEZ]OY nc s`mo uac jbprjsc mjmècmc mjmècmc c kc fcirèce`õa mj jqu`pos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, eoatrok y bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc ja jk sjetor jkàetrèo y eobprobjt`mc eoa kc sjdur`mcm y eck`mcm mjk subà`stro. Eobo rjsuktcmo mj jsto, aujstrc jbprjsc sj nc dcacmo ua prjst`dò mj soe`jmcm eoa tjeaokodâc puatjrc jatrj kos profjsòackjs mj kos sjetorjs àmustr`ck y mj m`strìue`õa y eobjre`ck`zce`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc. Ja jk cóo 9777, c rcâz mj kcs bükt`pkjs eoasuktcs mj aujstros ek`jatjs sj n`zo kc pr`bjrc jmè`õa mjk kìro t`tukcmo ECK@MCM P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC, quj trctcic mj kos proikjbcs mj eck`mcm y je`jae`c jajrdàtèc eoa ua puato mj v`stc prãetèo y mjsmj kc pjrspjet`vc mjk ek`jatj o usucrò ack. Ja kos ükt`bos m`jz cóos, àstj nc s`mo ua tjxto mj rjfjrjae`c pcrc buenos profjsòackjs mjk sjetor, quj ja kos ükt`bos cóos aos ca`bcica c ncejr uac aujvc jmè`õa mj cqujkkc puikèce`õa. Mcmc kc profuamc trcasforbce`õa quj nc sufr`mo jk sjetor jkàetrèo ja jstos ükt`bos m`jz cóos, E@YEZ]OY pjasõ quj ao jrc sue`jatj eoa uac rjjmè`õa mj cqujkkc puikèce`õa, àekuso rjck`zcamo uac rjv`s`õa c foamo. Ja jstos cóos kos bèroproejscmorjs nca bukt`pkècmo su potjae`c mj eãkeuko por ua fcetor cprox`bcmcbjatj mj 3777. Jstj sckto tjeaokõdèo nc pjrb`t`mo àeorporcr aujvcs fuaeòajs c kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrok mj kc rjm jkàetrèc, c kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc y c kos jqu`pos mj bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc. Ja pcrtèukcr tomos jstos jqu`pos yc ao pujmja vjrsj eobo jqu`pos c`skcmos, sào quj jstãa ua`mos por rjmjs mj eobuaèce`õa, quj kjs pjrb`tja ua eoatrok dkoick mj kc rjm c trcvàs mj potjatjs prodrcbcs UECMC, quj sj jaecrdca mj djstòacr kc je`jae`c mjk s`stjbc eobpkjto. Csâ pujs, puj s, jk jqu`po tàeaèo mj E@YEZ]OY E@Y EZ]OY mje`m`õ rjeop`k rjeop`kcr cr ja jstc puikèce` p uikèce`õa õa ua rjsubja mj kcs tàeaècs mj bjm`mc, eoatrok, opt`b`zce`õa y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc. ]omo jkko ja ua tjxto quj eobiàc eoaejptos mj jkjetrotjea`c, mj eobuaèceòajs y mj eoatrok mj kc je`jae`c y kc eck`mcm mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc. Su`s`àrcbos cprovjencr kc oportua`mcm ja jstj prõkodo pcrc mcr kcs drce`cs ck jm`tor y eocutor mjk kìro, Wrof. Losjp Ickejkks, profjsor mj kc Za`vjrs`tct Wok`tîeaèc mj Ectckuayc, y eokciorcmor nci`tuck ja kos proyjetos mj bjlorc mj je`jae`c jajrdàtèc mjscrrokkcmos por E@YEZ]OY. Jk Wrof. Ickejkks nc eoormàcmo c ua jqu`po mj tàeaèos mj kcs m`stàtcs m`v`sòajs mj E@YEZ]OY, quj nca vokecmo ja jk kìro su m`kctcmc jxpjr`jae`c ja ecmc uao mj kos cspjetos `bpkècmos ja kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc. Iãsècbjatj kos s`du`jatjs< Bjm`mc, Eoatrok y Wrotjee`õa, Eck`mcm y Djst`õa mj kc Jajrdâc y Bjlorc mj Je`jae`c (eorrjee`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c y ktrcmo mj pjrturiceòajs) Njbos àtjatcmo quj jk tjxto rjsuktcatj m`jrc rjspujstc mj forbc sjae`kkc c kos proikjbcs nci`tuckjs mj aujstros ek`jatjs mjmècmos c proyjetos mj bjlorc mj tomos y ecmc uao mj kos cspjetos àmècmos bãs crrìc. Njbos erjâmo quj jk oiljt`vo eobüa mj tomos jkkos js kc bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc y por jkko jk tâtuko jkjd`mo pcrc jstc aujvc puikèce`õa nc s`mo < JF@E@JAE@C JA JK ZUO MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC Aujstros kjetorjs y cb`dos sjrãa kos quj aos m`dca s` njbos cejrtcmo ja jk jafoquj mj kcs m`stàtcs bctjr`cs y s` njbos eoasjdu`mo jk oiljt`vo mj erjcr uac oirc cbjac y üt`k. E@YEZ]OY UC ÂAM@EJ 3 JF@E@ JF@E@JAE@C JAE@C JAJYDÀ] JAJYDÀ]@EC @EC P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC 3.3 @atromueeòa..........................................................................................................................35 3.9 Ceeòajs iãsècs iãsècs pcrc ckecazcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc jajrdàtèc ........................ ................................................. .............................. ..... 36 3.5 3.= 3.: 3.6 3.4 Kc eobo pcrtj jsjae`ck mjk eoatrok jajrdàtèo ......................... ................................................... ............................... ..... 30 Kc bjm`mc eck`mcm mj subà`stro ................................................ ...................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ...99 99 Wrotjee`õa y sjdur`mcm mjk subà`stro jkàetrèo ....................... ................................................. ............................................ .................. 9= Yjsubja....................... ................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................................................... .......................... 9: Yjfjrjae`cs ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 96 9 EOAEJW]OU IÃU@EOU IÃU@EOU MJ KOU E@YEZ@]OU MJ E.C. 9.3 9.9 9.5 9.= 9.: @atromuee`õa..........................................................................................................................94 Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck ......................... .................................................. ................................................... .............................................. .................... 94 Mjaèòajs mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 9> Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs ....................................................... ..................................... .................. 53 Ecrdcs kàjckjs y ao kàjckjs kàjckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj E.C. E.C. ....................... ................................................ ....................................... .............. 55 9.6 9.4 9.> 9.0 9.37 9.333 9.3 9.39 9.35 9.3= 9.3: 9.36 Eorr`jatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc rjcet`vcmjja jaE.C. ràd`bja sàuso`mck ................................................ ....................... ....................................... .............. 5> 56 Wotjae`cs ja kos e`reu`tos sàuso`mck ................................................ ....................... ................................................ ....................... Wotjae`cs ja kos s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos ........................ .................................................. ........................................ .............. =3 U`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos ....................... ................................................. ................................................... .................................... ........... == Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos ....................... ................................................ ....................................... .............. =4 Wotjae`cs `bportcmcs y jxportcmcs< eucmrcatjs ........................ .................................................. ........................................ .............. => U`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa< jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj ......................... .................................................. .............................. ..... =0 Yjsoacae`cs sjr`j y pcrckjko ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................................. .................... :: Njrrcb`jatcs mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ................................ ...... :> Yjsubja ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... 63 Yjfjrjae`cs .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ........................................... ................. 69 5 EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ WO]JAE@C YJCE]@VC JA YJMJU AO M@U]OYU@OACMCU 5.3 5.9 5.5 5.= 5.: 5.6 5.4 5.> 5.0 5.37 5.333 5.3 5.39 5.35 5.3= @atromuee`õa..........................................................................................................................65 Eorr`jatjs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 65 Eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 6= Eãkeuko mj ajejs`mcmjs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ............................. ...6: 6: Vjatclcs Vja tclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa........................ ................................................. ................................................... .............................................. .................... 47 Eoaejptos y mjaèòajs mjaèòajs rjkct`vcs c kc eobpjasce`õa mjk FW FW ........................ ............................................. ..................... 43 Jkjee`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ack ....................... ................................................. ................................................... .................................... ........... 4= Jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ................................ ...... 4: Yjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc .......................... .................................................... ................................................... .................................... ........... 40 Eobpjascmorjs jstãtèos ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................. ........................ >9 Eobpjasce`õa fcsj-fcsj mjk FW...................... ................................................ .................................................... ......................................... ............... >= Eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck mj ecrdcs ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ................................ ...... >4 Ijajeòs mj kc eobpjasce`õa ja B] .......................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................ ..03 03 ¿Mõamj y euãamo eobpjascr ja B]? .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ........................... ..09 09 5.3: 5.36 5.34 5.3> 5.30 5.97 5.93 Mjaèòajs mj tàrbàos jbpkjcmos ja B] ........................ .................................................. ............................................... ..................... 09 Yjdukce`õa mjk FW FW ja ja rjmjs rjmjs mj bjm`c tjas`õa ......................... ................................................... .......................................... ................ 0= Eoamjascmorjss pcrc B] .................................................. Eoamjascmorj ........................ .................................................... .............................................. .................... 377 Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj enoquj pcrc ictjrâcs ictjrâcs mj B] ....................... ................................................ ............................................ ................... 379 Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs B] ..................................................... ............................ ................................................... ................................. ....... 375 Wrotjee`õa mj kcs ictjrâcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs ja B]..................................... B]....................................................... .................. 37> Yjsubja ....................... ................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ ...................... 337 = WJY]ZYICE@OAJU JA KC YJM =.3 =.9 =.5 =.= =.6 =.4 =.> =.0 =.37 =.333 =.3 @atromuee`õa.........................................................................................................................333 Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturiceòajs mj rjm ........................ .................................................. ................................................. ....................... 339 Vcr`ceòajs mj frjeujae`c ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .............................................. .................... 33> Wjrturiceòajs mj kc cbpk`tum ......................... .................................................. ................................................... .......................................... ................ 330 @atjrcrbõaèos ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ....................................... ............. 39= Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõaèos ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 396 Jfjetos mj kos crbõaèos ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 355 Fkèhjr ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................ 354 Aorbcs rjkct`vcs c pjrturiceòajs ja kc rjm ....................... ................................................. ............................................. ................... 350 Yjsubja ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... 3=5 =.39 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ........................................... ................. 3== : BJM@MC P YJD@U]YO YJD@U]YO MJ BCDA@]ZMJU JKÀE]Y@ECU :.3 :.9 :.5 :.= :.: :.6 :.4 :.> :.0 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................3=: @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos ......................... ................................................... .................................... .......... 3=6 ]rcasmuetorjss mj bjm`mc ....................... ]rcasmuetorj ................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 3:5 ]rcasforbcmorjs ]rcasforbcm orjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjaeòackjs ....................... ................................................ ............................................ ................... 3:: ]rcasforbcmorjs ]rcasforbcm orjs mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk ........................ .................................................. ............................................. ................... 367 ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasforbcm or t`po Yodowsh` .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ......................................... ................ 363 @astrubjatce`õa mj proejso ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .............................................. .................... 369 Ectjdor`cs mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`ece`õa mj sjdur`mcm ...................... ................................................ ............................... ..... 364 Jrrorjs ja kcs bjm`mcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c......................... .................................................. ........................... 360 :.37 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs .......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 349 :.333 Yjsubja ....................... :.3 ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... 3>9 :.39 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................................... ................. 3>5 6 BJM@MC MJ JAJYDÂC P ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO 6.3 6.9 6.5 6.= 6.: 6.6 6.4 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................3>: Bjrecmo jkàetrèo .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................. ........ 3>: Bcreo kjdck .......................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................................... ........................................... ................. 3>0 ]`pos mj eoatcmor.................................. eoatcmor............................................................ .................................................... ................................................... ......................... 305 Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc ....................... ................................................ ............................................ ................... 30: Eoatcmorjs bukt`fuaeòa......................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................................. ......................... 977 Eobuaèceòajs y protoeokos.......................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................................... ................ 975 6.> Djstòa mj kc mjbcamc .......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 97: 6.0 6.37 6.333 6.3 6.39 Fuaeòajs cmèòackjs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 97> Eck`mcm mj subà`stro .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 937 Yjsubja ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ................................................ ...................... 935 Yjfjrjae`cs ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ........................................... .................. 93= 4 NJYYCB@ NJYYCB@JA]CU JA]CU MJ BJM@MC P CAÃK@U@ CAÃK@U@U U MJ KC YJM JKÀE]Y@EC JKÀE]Y@E C 4.3 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................93: 4.9 Eoaejptos iãsèos soirj àstrubjatos ja rjm rjm...................................................................934 ...................................................................934 4.5 A`vjkjs OU@ mj ua s`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa ........................ ................................................. ............................................. .................... 930 4.= Jakcejs fâsèos ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ....................................... .............. 999 4.: Jakcej Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ...................................... ............ 99> 4.6 Yjmjs mj ãrjc koeck (KCA) (KCA) ICUCMCU ICUCMCU JA jtnjrajt ....................... ................................................. .................................... .......... 953 4.4 Cpkèceòajs< Djst`õa Djst`õa jajrdàtèc, jajrdàtèc, eoatrok mj eck`mcm eck`mcm y djst`õa djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc.................. mjbcamc.................. 95= 4.> Wrjstceòajs mj uac rjm eoatrokcmc eoa Wowjrstumò ........................ ................................................. ............................... ...... 95: 4.0 U`stjbcs mj tjkjdjst`õa ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 950 4.37 Yjmjs mj eobuaèceòajs WKE< Crqu`tjeturc................................... Crqu`tjeturc............................................................. ................................ ...... 9=3 4.333 Ecrcetjrâstècs djajrckjs 4.3 djajrckjs mj mj uac rjm mj eobuaèce`õa WKE ......................... ........................................... .................. 9=9 4.39 Jspje`eceòajs fuaeòackjs mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjstòa ...................... ................................................ ............................ 9=4 4.35 Ecpce`mcm mj djst`õa mj ecrdcs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ...................................... ............ 9=> 4.3= Yjsubja ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ................................................ ...................... 9=0 > UJDZY@MCM JA KC YJM < WYO]JEE@ÕA M@FJYJAE@CK >.3 >.9 >.5 >.= >.: >.6 >.4 >.> >.0 @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................9:3 Mjaèòajs......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................................ .................. 9:9 Jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj jkàetrèc ja kcs pjrsoacs .............................................................. ........................................... ................... 9:= ]jasòajs mj sjdur`mcm ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ......................... 9:: Javokvjatjs y drcmos mj protjee`õa mj mj jqu`pos jqu`pos mj I]....................... ................................................ ............................... ...... 9:6 Yjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mj ajutro y t`jrrc............................ t`jrrc...................................................... ............................................. ................... 9:> Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 963 Ujkjet`v`mcm mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................ ... 964 M`spcros àtjbpjst`vos ja kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs .......................... .................................................... .................................... .......... 960 >.37 >.333 >.3 >.39 >.35 >.3= Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs mj cktc àbua`mcm àbua`mcm c kcs kcs pjrturiceòajs.......................... ............................................ .................. 943 Ujdur`mcm ja ejatrckjs, pcrqujs mj cktc tjas`õa y jstceòajs trcasforbcmorcs trcasforbcmorcs .............. 945 Bjm`mc mj kcs tjasòajs mj pcso y eoatceto................................ eoatceto......................................................... .................................... ........... 94: Bjm`mc mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj uac tobc mj t`jrrc .......................... ................................................... .................................... ........... 944 Yjsubja ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .................................................... ................................................ ...................... 94> 0 ]ÀEA@ECU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA P F@K]YCMO F@K]YCMO MJ WJY]ZYICE@OAJU WJY]ZYICE@OAJU 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.= 0.: @atromuee`õa........................................................................................................................940 Bomjko mj kc rjm< crbõaèos mj tjas`õa ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................ ... 940 Yjsoacae`cs ja kcs àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs .......................... ................................................... ........................................ ............... 9>3 F`ktros ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................................... ............................ 9>> F`ktros mj rjenczo o mjsàtoa`zcmos ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................. ........ 9>> 0.6 F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck FCY-S ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ................................. ....... 907 0.4 F`ktros mj cisore`õa...................... ................................................ .................................................... ................................................... .................................. ......... 903 0.> Crbõaèos bükt`pkos mj 5 ....................... ................................................. ................................................... .................................................. ......................... 904 0.0 ]rcasforbcm ]rcasforbcmorjs orjs M-y sjpcrcmorjs ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ..................................... ........... 90> 0.37 F`ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................................... ................ 573 0.333 F`ktros cet`vos ......................... 0.3 ................................................... .................................................... ................................................... ...................................... ............. 579 0.39 Eobpjascmorj Eobpjascmorjss jstãtèos eoa ktro ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 57= 0.35 Eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos ....................... ................................................. .......................... 57> 0.3= @ae`mjae`c mjk mjk mjsjqu`kìrò ja kos eostjs mj uac àstckce`õa àstckce`õa mj subà`stro .................... 53 5333 0.3: Yjsubja ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 535 37 F@K]YOU WCYC EOAVJY]@ EOAVJY]@MOYJU MOYJU JU]Ã]@ JU]Ã]@EOU EOU 37.3 37.9 37.5 37.= 37.: 37.6 37.4 @atromueeòa......................................................................................................................53: @atromueeòa ......................................................................................................................53: F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj mj crbõaèos crbõaèos ja jk kcmo rjm mj rjet`ecmorjs ...................... .............................. ........ 53> F`ktros JB@ pcrc rjm mj vcr`cmorjs vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@ .......................... .................................................... .......................... 593 F`ktros KEK pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ............................ .. 59= F`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs E.C.- E.C........................... .................................................... ................................................... ........................... .. 596 Yjsubja ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 559 Yjfjrjae`cs ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................................... .......................................... ................. 555 3 JF@E@JAE@C JAJYDÀ]@EC P ZUO YCE@OACK MJ KC JAJYDÂC JKÀE]Y@EC 3.3 @atromuee`õa Kc Cdjae`c @atjraceòack mj kc Jajrdâc (C@J) cmv`jrtj mj quj s` ao ecbi`ca kcs pokâtècs jajrdàtècs mj kos pcâsjs eoasub`morjs kcs ajejs`mcmjs jajrdàtècs erjejrca c ua r`tbo mj ua 3,:% cauck jatrj 9774 y 9757 X3R. Eoaerjtcbjatj kcs prjv`sòajs àmèca quj jk eoasubo jajrdàtèo erjejrã ua =7% jatrj jstos cóos. Kcs proporeòajs cetuckjs ja eucato c fujatjs mj jajrdâc sj m`strìuyja mj kc s`du`jatj forbc< • >7% eobiustìkjs fõs`kjs • 37% iòbcsc • 6% jajrdâc auekjcr • 9% jajrdâc n`mrãukèc • 9% jajrdâcs rjaovcikjs Wor jkko, kc C@J, ordca`sbo mjpjam`jatj mj kc Ordca`zce`õa pcrc kc Eoopjrce`õa y jk Mjscrrokko Jeoaõbèo (OEMJ) rjekcbõ uac "ut`k`zce`õa bãs rceòack mj kc jajrdâc" y kc sust`tue`õa mj kos eobiustìkjs fõs`kjs por otros t`pos mj jajrdâc. Wor otrc pcrtj, ja eucato eucato ck eoasubo, kc jkjetrè`mcm jkjetrè`mcm js uac mj kcs forbcs mj jajrdâc mj bcyor uso, mj tck forbc quj su eostj drcvc soirj tomos y ecmc uao mj kos sjetorjs mj kc àmustr`c, sjrvèòs y c kc prop`c jeoaobâc mobàstèc. C pcrt`r mj jstj njeno, js fãe`k mjmue`r quj euckqu`jr cee`õa quj t`jamc c bjlorcr kc "Je`jae`c Jajrdàtèc" mj aujstrcs ecrdcs y bjmòs mj kc Jajrdâc" Jajrdâc" m`strìue`õa y tomo ko quj rjprjsjatj ua "Zso Yceòack mj kc uacs rjpjreusòajs rjpjreusòajs `bportcatjs `bportcatjs soirj kc jeoaobâc mj tomos y ecmc uao uao mj kos sjetorjs `bpkècmos. Ecij prjduatcrsj, sà jbicrdo, quà mjij jatjamjrsj por Jajrdàtèc y Zso Yceòack mj kc Jajrdâc Jkàetrèc rcsdos , jstos tàrbàos qu`jrja mje`r oitjajr jk bãx`bo rjam`b`jato mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc y mj kcs àstckceòajs ajejscr`cs pcrc su djajrce`õa, trcasportj y ut`k`zce`õa, dcrcat`zcamo ua fuaeòacb`jato sà àtjrfjrjae`cs mj tomos kos rjejptorjs eoajetcmos c kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa. Kc jkjetrè`mcm t`jaj, eobo sj scij, ua drcvj àeoavja`jatj eoa rjspjeto c otros t`pos mj jajrdâc y js quj ao pjrb`tj su ckbcejacb`jato ja ecat`mcmjs s`da`ect`vcs, ko euck `bpkèc quj ncy quj djajrcrkc y trcasportcrkc ja jk prje`so bobjato mj su ut`k`zce`õa. Jsto oik`dc c m`bjasòacr kcs àstckceòajs 3 pcrc prjvjr kc mjbcamc bãx`bc y por eoas`du`jatj `bpkèc kc àfrcut`k`zce`õa mj tckjs àstckceòajs ja kos bobjatos mj bjaor mjbcamc. Csâ pujs, uao jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3= mj kos cspjetos fuamcbjatckjs pcrc jk uso rceòack jstrìc ja djajrcr y trcasportcr ja tomo bobjato sõko kc jajrdâc üt`k (cet`vc), eobpjascamo ja kcs ecrdcs otros t`pos mj jajrdâc uetucatjs eobo soa kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc y kc kc jajrdâc mj m`stors`õa, quj sj jxpkèca bãs cmjkcatj. cmjkcatj. Cmjbãs, mjija rjpcrt`rsj kos eoasubos ja jk t`jbpo, jv`tcamo puatcs àajejscr`cs y cprovjencamo ck bãx`bo kc àfrcjstrueturc mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj ja pjrâomos vckkj. Kc d. 3 bujstrc ua pjrk mjk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc ja Jspcóc oitja`mo mj X9R. Wujmj oisjrvcrsj ekcrcbjatj kc eèkè`mcm mjk eoasubo y jk bck cprovjencb`jato quj rjprjsjatca pcrc kcs àfrcjstrueturcs mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj kcs drcamjs m`fjrjae`cs jx`stjatjs jatrj kos pjrâomos puatc y vckkj. F`d. 3.3 Wjrk mj mjbcamc mj jkjetrè`mcm sjdüa YJJ X9R Otro cspjeto c eoas`mjrcr js quj bãs mj ua :7% mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc eoasub`mc js proejscmc por ckdüa t`po mj eoavjrt`mor jkjetrõaèo (eoavjrt`morjs CE-M CE -ME, E, ME ME-M -ME E o CE CE-C -CE) E).. Js Jsto toss jq jqu` u`po poss pj pjrb rb`t`tja ja bo bom` m`f`fèc ecrr kc tj tjas as`õ `õa, a, kc frjeujae`c y otros pcrãbjtros mj kcs fujatjs mj ck`bjatce`õa, pjro sujkja provoecr m`stors`õa y e`jrtcs pjrturiceòajs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj. Jstcs pjrturiceòajs, pjrturiceòajs, mjaobàcmcs mjaobàcmcs djaàrècbjatj djaàrècbjatj JB@, (Jkjetrobcdajtè @atjrfjrjaejs), oecsòaca uac pàrm`mc mj rjam`b`jato ja kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecrdcs, uac pàrm`mc mj je`jae`c ja jk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc (soirjecrdc àajejscr`c mj kcs rjmjs), ua mjtjròro mj kc eck`mcm mj kc oamc mj tjas`õa y kc posì`k`mcm mj fckko mj ckduaos jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos mji`mc c kcs eobpoajatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c. 3 Lustcbjatj kcs pjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c, eoaoe`mcs c vjejs eobo "pcrãs`tos" poaja buencs vjejs ja pjk`dro jk iuja fuaeòacb`jato mj uac sjr`j mj jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos, jk jetrõaèos, àforbãtèos àf orbãtèos y mj eobuaèceòajs, eobuaèceòajs , or`dàcamo ua proikjbc mjaobàcmo mj "EOBW "EOBWC C]@I@K@MCM" jatrj kos a`vjkjs mj pjrturice`õa djajrcmos por uaos uaos y kos a`vjkjs mj àbua`mcm mj otros. jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3: Kc durc 3.9. Bujstrc jsqujbãtècbjatj kos fcetorjs quj eoatrìuyja ck eostj totck mjk subà`stro mj jajrdâc y mjlc jatrjvjr euckjs soa kos eoaejptos soirj kos quj ncirã quj cetucr pcrc eoasjdu`r ua uso rceòack. DJAJYCE@ÕA P ]YCAUWOY]J ]ÀYB@AO MJ WO]JAE@C JAJYDÂC CE]@VC ]ÀYB@AO MJ JAJYDÂC JAJYDÂC YJCE]@VC WÀYM@MCU P YJECYDOU JAJYDÂC MJ M@U]YOU@ÕA ICLC ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO EOU]JU MJ KC @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC + EOU]JU MJ KC JAJYDÂC + EOU]JU MJ KC AO ECK@MCM WYOIKJBCU MJ EOBWC]@I@K@MCM F`d. 3.9 Eostj totck mjk subà`stro mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3 jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 36 3.9 Ceeòajs iãsècs pcrc ckecazcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc Kc opt`b`zce`õa mjk subà`stro mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc frjatj c tomc kc proikjbãtèc eobjatcmc ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr catjròr rjqu`jrj vcr`cs ceeòajs ceeòajs y m`stàtcs fcsjs mj jljeue`õa, quj sj rjsubja ja kc durc 3.5. UOF]TCYJ FCUJ MJ WYOPJE]O U@BZKCMOYJU @ADJA@JYÂC WKCA@F@ECE@ÕA JSZ@WOU MJ BJM@MC WOY]Ã]@KJU OW]@B@\CY KC EOA]YC]CE@ÕA JSZ@WOU MJ BJM@MC EOBZA@ECE@OAJU UECMC DJU]@ÕA MJ KC MJBCAMC JSZ@WOU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ JAJYDÂC FKZE]ZCA]J YJMZEE@ÕA MJ EOAUZBO P WÀYM@MCU WÀ YM@MCU FCUJ MJ J^WKO]CE@ÕA F`d. 3.5 Fcsjs mj opt`b`zce`õa mjk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc Wcrc àstckceòajs mj aujvc erjce`õa, jk proejso jbp`jzc ja kc fcsj mj proyjeto, moamj bjm`catj softwcrj mj s`bukce`õa y eãkeukos mj àdja`jrâc pujmja prjvjrsj yc kos jqu`pos ajejscròs mj bjm`mc y kos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc uetucatj quj mjijrãa eokoecrsj ja kc àstckce`õa. Ja jstc fcsj pomrã rjck`zcrsj sõko uac pr`bjrc vckorce`õa, pjro ja euckqu`jr ecso pujmj prjvjrsj yc kc eokoece`õa mj mjtjrbàcmos jqu`pos y ncejr kcs prjv`sòajs mj jspceò, ecikjcmo jte. Jstc fcsj pujmj cnorrcr quj postjròrbjatj sj tjadca m`euktcmjs mj eokoece`õa mj e`jrtos jqu`pos o ajejs`mcmjs mj cbpk`ce`õa mj ecikjcmo o mj sjpcrce`õa mj kâajcs, jte. Wostjròrbjatj sj rjqu`jrj uac fcsj mj pkca`ece`õa quj pjrb`t`rã opt`b`zcr kc eoatrctce`õa bãs eoavja`jatj eoavja`jatj y prjvjr kos puatos mj bjm`mc pcrc pomjr rjck`zcr postjròrbjatj uac djst`õa mjk eoasubo. Fàckbjatj, uac vjz eoastru`mo jk s`stjbc sj pcsc c uac jtcpc mj opt`b`zce`õa, icscmc ja kc bjm`mc mj kos m`stàtos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos mj kc àstckce`õa. Euckqu`jr cee`õa quj t`jamc c opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo mjij pcrt`r mj ua eoaoe`b`jato c foamo mjk pjrf`k mj ecrdcs y mjk fcetor mj ut`k`zce`õa mj kcs àstckceòajs. 3 Ja àstckceòajs yc jx`stjatjs, kcs mos pr`bjrcs fcsjs mjija supk`rsj por uac fcsj mj caãk`s`s y bjm`mc. Djajrckbjatj kc pr`bjrc fcsj mj bjm`mc sj rjck`zc jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 34 eoa cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs portãt`kjs, ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjd`strcr m`stàtos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos y m`stàtos t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs o mjfjetos mj eck`mcm. Zac vjz mjtjetcmos kos ejatros mj eoasubo y pkca`ecmcs kcs ceeòajs pcrc su eoatrok y djst`õa, sj pomrãa eokoecr àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc los y eoatrokcr jk eoaluato bjm`catj ua prodrcbc UECMC. ]cato ja jk ecso mj àstckceòajs aujvcs eobo ja jk ecso mj kcs yc jx`stjatjs, uac vjz quj sj m`spoadc rjdukcrbjatj mj rjsuktcmos mj kc bjm`mc, mjijrã ncejrsj uac pkca`ece`õa mj eoasubos y , ja ecso ajejscrò , mjijrãa cpkècrsj uac sjr`j mj bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs, quj ja djajrck t`jamja c eobpjascr kcs jajrdâcs uetucatjs y jv`tcr kos proikjbcs mj eobpctì`k`mcm. Fàckbjatj mjij pomjrsj eoatrokcr mj forbc cutobãtèc quj kc pkca`ece`õa mj eoasubos sj eubpkj y cetucr soirj jk s`stjbc pcrc opt`b`zcrkc s` fujsj ajejscrò. Jsto rjqu`jrj uac vjz bãs jqu`pos mj bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj kcs vcr`cikjs jkàetrècs y eoatrokcmorjs prodrcbcikjs, ecpcejs mj eoajetcr o eoabutcr e`reu`tos ja ecso ajejscrò pcrc opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo. Wcrc jkko sjrãa fuamcbjatckjs kos àstrubjatos mj pcajk y jk supjrv`sor UECMC. Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc mj djst`õa àtjdrck mj kc jajrdâc, js `bportcatj quj kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc m`spoadca mj ecackjs mj bjm`mc cmèòackjs, bjm`catj eoavjrsorjs mj proejso, eoatcmorjs mj puksos u otros bjmòs quj kjs pjrb`tca ejatrck`zcr tcbi`àa kos mctos mj eoasubos mj cduc y dcs por jljbpko. Ejatrãamoaos ja kc djst`õa mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc, ncy mos drcamjs ikoqujs soirj kos euckjs pomjbos àe`m`r pcrc opt`b`zcr jk s`stjbc y oitjajr kc bãx`bc je`jae`c< c) Djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc Ja jstj ikoquj sj àekuyja tomcs kcs ceeòajs m`r`d`mcs c sucv`zcr jk pjrk mj kc eurvc mj mjbcamc. Aorbckbjatj jsto sj eoas`duj cutobct`zcr eoa kc eokoece`õa mj jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc (bcxâbjtros), quj eoatrokca kc àtjrrupe`õa mj ecrdcs ao erâtècs. Ja eoaluato js ko quj sj kkcbc djst`õa mj kc àtjrrubpì`k`mcm i) Yjmuee`õa mj eoasubos y pàrm`mcs Jstj ikoquj sj icsc ja kc eokoece`õa mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, mj crbõaèos y jqu`pos mj ktrcmo pcrc jv`tcr kcs pjrturiceòajs JB@ y csjdurcr kc eoatàu`mcm mj subà`stro 3 Ja eucato c kos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa, jstos t`jaja eobo b`s`õa dkoick kc bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Aõtjsj quj jk eoaejpto mj fcetor mj potjae`c ck quj aos rjfjr`bos cquâ, t`jaj ua sjat`mo bãs djajrck y bãs cbpkò quj jk quj nci`tuckbjatj sj mjaj ja kos tjxtos mj jkjetrotjea`c. Ja eoaerjto jk eoaejpto fcetor mj potjae`c (FW) ko jatjamjbos cquâ eobo kc rjkce`õa< jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc JAJYDÂC CE]@VC BJM@MC ]YCICLO Ü]@K + + JAJYDÂC EOAUZB@MC - WÀYM@MCU JAJYDÂC YJCE]@VC EOU]JU JAJYDÂC + JAJYDÂC MJ M@U]OYU@ÕA WKCA@F@ECE@ÕA P EOYYJEE@OAJU JAJYDÂC + 3> - + YJECYDOU FKZE]ZCA]J ]YCAU@]OY@OU @A]JYFJYJAE@CU WYOIKJBCU MJ JB@ / JBE EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ YJCE]@VC YJMZEE@ÕA MJ WÀYM@MCU @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC WCYOU AO MJUJCMOU CNOYYO MJ JAJYDÂC CNOYYO F@K]YCMO MJ CYBÕA@EOU JAJYDÂC + @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC DJU]@ÕA MJ KC MJBCAMC BC^ÂBJ]YO @A]JYYZBW@I@K@MCM CNOYYO JA @AFYCJU]YZE]ZYC F`d. 3.= Fcetorjs quj àuyja soirj jk eostj y jk cnorro mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc FW 2 Wotjae`c üt`k Wotjae`c t rcasportcm c Oisàrvjsj quj jstc mjaè`õa js bãs cbpk`c quj kc ekãsèc mjaè`õa mcmc ja jkjetrotjea`c quj jqu`pcrcic jk fcetor mj potjae`c ck eosφ mj uac àstckce`õa. Mjatro mj kc potjae`c trcasportcmc àeku`rjbos euckqu`jr t`po mj jajrdâc uetucatj8 js mje`r, jajrdâc quj sj trcasportc y ao sj ut`k`zc. Eoaerjtcbjatj kos t`pos bãs frjeujatjs mj jajrdâc uetucatj quj jaeoatrcbos ja kcs àstckceòajs jkàetrècs soa kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc y kc mji`mc c kc m`stors`õa crbõaèc. Kc eobpjasce`õa mj àstcs pjrb`t`rã bjlorcr jk rjam`b`jato y ncejr ua uso bãs rceòack mj kos bjmòs mj djajrce`õa djajrce`õa y trcasportj. Jstos jqu`pos pujmja pujmja eubpk`r cmjbãs uac fuae`õa mj ktrcmo mj mjtjrbàcmcs pjrturiceòajs, soirj tomo crbõaèos y ckduaos trcas`toròs mj eoabutce`õa promue`mos por kos eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c, eoatrìuyjamo csâ c uac bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa. 3 C k o k cr d o mj k t jx to mc r jb os c bp k ` c ` a fo r b ce ` õa mj t om os k os s ` s t jb cs bjaeòacmos catjròrbjatj, àe`m`jamo ja kos cspjetos prãetèos y cack`zcamo kos eoaejptos iãsèos quj ua tàeaèo mjij eoaoejr pcrc m`sjócr kcs àstckceòajs y eoatrctcr jk subà`stro iclo jk er`tjrò mj ko quj njbos mcmo ja kkcbcr uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc o bãx`bc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc . Kc durc 3.= bujstrc ua jsqujbc moamj sj rjsubja kos eoaejptos jxpkècmos catjròrbjatj y moamj sj rjjlc kc àe`mjae`c mj m`stàtos fcetorjs soirj ck cnorro jajrdàtèo. jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 30 3.5 Kc bjm`mc eobo pcrtj jsjae`ck mjk eoatrok jajrdàtèo Ja kos cpcrtcmos catjròrjs njbos njeno nàecp`à ja kos cspjetos tàeaèos quj àe`mja ja jk eostj mj kc jajrdâc y ja kcs posìkjs vâcs mj cnorro. Mjk caãk`s`s jfjetucmo ja mènos cpcrtcmos mjmue`bos quj kc bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos ja kc àstckce`õa js uao mj kos puatos ekcvj pcrc pomjr rjck`zcr ua postjròr caãk`s`s y uac pkca`ece`õa mj kcs ceeòajs c rjck`zcr pcrc opt`b`zcr jk eoasubo. Jk s`stjbc mj bjm`mc mj ua cioacmo jbp`jzc por jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc quj euckqu`jr àstckce`õa t`jaj c kc jatrcmc mj subà`stro. Wcrc pomjr cprovjencr tomcs kcs vjatclcs mj kc djst`õa jajrdàtèc yc ao icstc eoa kos ekãsèos eoatcmorjs Fjrrcr`s, pujsto quj jstos ao pjrb`tja rjck`zcr kcs fuaeòajs mj eoatrok mj mjbcamc a` t`jaja posì`k`mcm mj eobuaèceòajs y ofrjeja uac ecpce`mcm buy k`b`tcmc mj djst`õa y eoatrok mj àstckceòajs quj pujmca `bportcr y jxportcr jajrdâc ja m`stàtcs frcalcs norcr`cs y eoa m`stàtcs tcr`fcs. Wcrc pomjr rjck`zcr uac eorrjetc djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc y cprovjencr kcs vjatclcs tcr`fcr`cs quj sj mjr`vca mj kc aujvc kjd`skce`õa pcrc eoatrctce`õa ja jk bjrecmo kìrj ncej fcktc ua ecbiò ja profuam`mcm mj kcs fuaeòajs rjck`zcmcs por jk eoatcmor. Ja eoaerjto kcs fuaeòajs quj sj rjqu`jrja ja kos eoatcmorjs bomjraos soa< • Bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj jajrdâc cet`vc, tcato `bportcmc eobo jxportcmc • Bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, tcato `bportcmc eobo jxportcmc • Yjd`stro mjk pjrk mj ecrdc< M`crò, sjbcack, bjasuck • Djst`õa mj m`fjrjatjs frcalcs tcr`fcr`cs • Djst`õa mj àtjrrubpì`k`mcm ja vcròs e`reu`tos • Eobuaèce`õa vâc WKE • Boa`tor`zce`õa mj pcrãbjtros c trcvàs mj ua prodrcbc UECMC • @aeorporcr ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro 3 jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 97 Bõmjb Y]E Jtnjrajt E@YTC]] I Jtnjrajt Bõmjb DUB YU959 E@YTC]] E@YTC ]] M eoavjrsor 959/=>: @atjrajt Bõmjb DUB E@YTC]] I YU=>: E@YTC]] I E@YTC]] E@YTC ]] M E@YTC]] I F`durc 3.:.- Eoatcmorjs jkjetrõaèos< Wosì`k`mcmjs mj eobuaèce`õa Kc d. 3.: bujstrc uac rjm mj m`strìue`õa eoa eoatcmorjs jkjetrõaèos j `kustrc kcs posì`k`mcmjs mj eobuaèce`õa. Ja pkcatcs àmustr`ckjs buy drcamjs, eoa bükt`pkjs proejsos, kos pcrãbjtros oitja`mos mjk eoatcmor, s`jamo `bportcatjs y tck vjz kos bãs rjkjvcatjs, ao pjrb`tja ua jstumò mjtckkcmo mj kos eoasubos àm`v`muckjs mj ecmc proejso. 5x 5x c suieucmro mj oeàcs c suieucmro mj promuee`õa c suieucmro mj ek`bc c suieucmro mj sck`mc UC@ =x 5x 5x UC@ c NZI 3 5x Uuieucmro mj oeàcs c NZI 5x 5x Uuieucmro mj promuee`õa Uuieucmro mj ek`bct`zce`õa c NZI c NZI F`d. 3.6 Jsqujbc djajrck mj kc bjm`mc ja uac pkcatc àmustr`ck jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 93 Wor tcato kcs posìkjs fcktcs mj je`jae`c pujmja qujmcr m`ku`mcs ja ua probjmò mj eoasubos y rjsuktcr àmjtjetcikjs. Csâ pujs, cpcrtj mjk eoatcmor djajrck, kc djst`õa jajrdàtèc eobpkjtc rjqu`jrj otros buenos puatos mj bjmè`õa y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros, quj mjijrãa jkjd`rsj eoavja`jatjbjatj ja kc fcsj mj pkca`ece`õa, pcrc pomjr kujdo oitjajr eoasubos pcre`ckjs, v`d`kcae`c mj e`jrtos proejsos y ja mja`t`vc pcrc pomjr ncejr uac djst`õa jajrdàtèc c a`vjk mj sjeeòajs mj ua proejso promuet`vo. Kc d. 3.6 bujstrc ua m`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj uac drca àstckce`õa j `kustrc jstj eoaejpto. Ja ecso mj rjqujr`r, mj forbc puatuck, bjm`mcs y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros mj ckduac kâajc ja pcrtèukcr, pomjbos rjeurr`r c àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc portãt`kjs, quj ofrjeja prjstceòajs s`b`kcrjs c kos àstrubjatos mj pcajk y pjrb`tja su eokoece`õa tjbporck pcrc ncejr jk sjdu`b`jato mj mjtjrbàcmos proejsos. Kc d. 3.4 bujstrc uao mj jstos àstrubjatos portãt`kjs F`d. 3.4.- @astrubjato @astrubjato mj bjm`mc portãt`k eoa ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro mj bãs mj 3 bjs Ja kos jsqujbcs catjròrjs pomjbos oisjrvcr quj kos cat`duos àstrubjatos mj cdulc nca s`mo suist`tu`mos por bomjraos àstrubjatos jkjetrõaèos, eoa posì`k`mcm mj bostrcr ja uac b`sbc pcatckkc y eoa ua soko àstrubjato kcs eorr`jatjs, tjasòajs, potjae`cs, crbõaèos, jte., tcato ja forbc aubàrèc eobo ja forbc drãec. Cmjbãs, tomos jkkos soa ecpcejs mj rjd`strcr ja bjbor`c jstos pcrãbjtros mj forbc pjr`õmèc. Oisàrvjsj quj jsto `bpkèc quj ua àstrubjato jkjetrõaèo js ecpcz mj proporeòacr uac drca ecat`mcm mj mctos, pjro pcrc scecrkj pcrt`mo c jsto sj rjqu`jrj ua s`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa ecpcz mj jakczcr jstos àstrubjatos c ua ormjacmor, quj rjeodjrã kos mctos mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj kcs kâajcs y pjrb`t`rã vjr kc jvokue`õa mj euckqu`jrc mj kcs bcda`tumjs bjm`mcs. Jstj ormjacmor ejatrck sujkj jstcr jqu`pcmo eoa ua prodrcbc UECMC (Uupjrv`sory Eoatrok cam Mctc Cequ`s`tòa), quj sj jaecrdc mj àtjrrodcr pjr`õmècbjatj c kos àstrubjatos y mj bostrcr ja forbc drãec o aubàrèc kos m`stàtos pcrãbjtros y sus drãeos mj jvokue`õa ja jk t`jbpo. Kc d. 3.> bujstrc ua jljbpko mj pcatckkcs oitja`mcs eoa jk prodrcbc UECMC 3 jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 99 F`d. 3.>.- M`stàtcs pcatckkcs oitja`mcs eoa jk softwcrj UECMC 3.= Kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro 3 Zao mj kos cspjetos quj sj nca bjaeòacmo c ko kcrdo mj jstj ecpâtuko y quj prjoeupc c buenos usucròs y c kcs prop`cs eobpcóâcs subà`strcmorcs js jk eoaejpto mj ‛eck`mcm mj subà`stro mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc‒. Jk tàrbào ‛eck`mcm‒ js jatjam`mo jatjam`mo mj buy m`stàtc m`stàtc bcajrc por m`stàtos usucròs usucròs y por kcs prop`cs prop`cs eobpcóâcs subà`strcmorcs. jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 95 Kos proikjbcs mj ‛ao eck`mcm‒ soa ua fcetor bãs mjatro mjk eostj mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc ("eostjs oeuktos") y eobo tck mjija sjr eoas`mjrcmos mjatro mjk eoaejpto mj je`jae`c y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc quj aos oeupc. Js frjeujatj eucat`ecr jk cnorro oitja`mo eoa uac bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o eoa ua ecbiò mj tcr`fc, pjro aos okv`mcbos c vjejs mj `bputcr eobo fcetor mj eostj jk mjr`vcmo mj uac àtjrrupe`õa mj sjrvèò, o jk oecsòacmo por ua m`spcro àtjbpjst`vo mj ckduacs protjeeòajs. Wcrc pomjr luzdcr soirj mènc eck`mcm mjijbos mja`r prjv`cbjatj ua bomjko `mjck mj rjm. Ja jk ecso mj kcs rjmjs àmustr`ckjs tr`fãsècs eoa ajutro, jstj VCY@CE@OAJU MJ FYJEZJAE@C Djajrcmorjs c`skcmos =9,: ... :4,: Nz VCY@CE@OAJU KJA]CU MJ Z UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU NZJEOU -37 ... 37% +37 ... 9:% -37 ... 37% WJY@ÕM@ECU FKZE]ZCEOAJU FK@EHJY bomukce`õa 7,: c 57 Nz ]YCAU@]OY@CU VCY@CE@OAJU YÃW@MCU MJ Z ]YCAU@]OY@OU Wèos y nujeos Jseckõa ckto mZ/mt Wukso(s) Ckto mZ/mt FYJEZJAE@C ]YCAU@]OY@CU MZYCE@ÕA 1 3 E@EKO CBWK@]ZM MZYCE@ÕA ; 3 E@EKO WJY@ÕM@ECU U@BJ]Y@C EOAMZE@MCU CK]C FYJEZJAE@C JB@ YCM@CMCU CYBÕA@EOU cbpk`tum ; 377% 3777 ... 9:77 Nz MJUJSZ@K@IY@OU FZDCU sjeujae`c àvjrsc nobopokcr 57 bC, :77 bC ICAMC ICAMC C I ... 3:7 hN\ 3:737hNz ... 57 BNz 57 ... >7 BNz >7 BNz ... 9 DNz F`d. 3.0.- Ekcs`eèce`õa mj kcs pràe`pckjs AO `mjck`mcmjs mj kc rjm bomjko `mjck eoas`st`râc ja trjs fujatjs mj tjas`õa cktjrac, pjrfjetcbjatj sjao`mck, sà `bpjmcae`c àtjrac, pjrfjetcbjatj `duckjs y mjsfcscmcs jatrj sâ 397¼. Kcs pràe`pckjs mjsv`ceòajs mjsv`ceòajs mj jstj bomjko bomjko pujmja ekcs`ecrsj ja trjs drcamjs drupos, sjdüa cfjetja c kc frjeujae`c, c kc cbpk`tum o c kc s`bjtrâc mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo. Kc durc 3.0 bujstrc uac ekcs`ece`õa mj mèncs mjsv`ceòajs. 3 jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9= Oisàrvjsj quj kcs posìkjs pjrturiceòajs pujmja sjr trcas`tor`cs o pjr`õmècs y ja jstj ükt`bo ecso pujmja tjajr vcr`ce`õa buy kjatc o buy rãp`mc. Za iuja m`cdaõstèo mjk t`po mj pjrturice`õa quj sj mjsjc eorrjd`r js iãsèo pcrc cejrtcr ja kc sokue`õa bãs `mõajc mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc jajrdàtèo y mj Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc (JBE). Ja jk ecpâtuko = sj ncrã ua jstumò jxncust`vo mj jstj tjbc y ja jk ecpâtuko 0 sj àmècrãa kos bjmòs mj eobpjasce`õa bãs nci`tuckjs 3.: Wrotjee`õa y sjdur`mcm mjk subà`stro jkàetrèo Zac mj kcs pràe`pckjs prjoeupceòajs quj cpcrjeja murcatj jk fuaeòacb`jato mj uac àstckce`õa jkàetrèc js sà mumc kc sjdur`mcm, tcato mj kc prop`c àstckce`õa eobo mj kcs pjrsoacs y i`jajs rjkceòacmos eoa mènc àstckce`õa. Kc sjdur`mcm mj uac àstckce`õa js ua fcetor mj eck`mcm mj kc b`sbc y eobo tck ncy quj prjvjrkc ja kc fcsj mj proyjeto, `bpkjbjatcrkc ja kc fcsj mj eoastruee`õa y eoatrokcrkc ja kc fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa. Jstj eoatrok ja kc fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa rjqu`jrj kc àstckce`õa mj jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa, quj uac vjz bãs sj icsca ja s`stjbcs mj bjm`mc csoe`cmos ck m`spcro mj e`jrtos rjkàs o sck`mcs m`d`tckjs, quj cetüca soirj jk s`stjbc c`skcamo jk mjfjeto. Kos mjfjetos bãs eobuajs quj sj eoatrokca mjatro mjk eoaejpto mj sjdur`mcm y protjee`õa soa kos s`du`jatjs< c) Wrotjee`õa eoatrc mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato ja eoamèòajs aorbckjs mj uso mj kc àstckce`õa. (Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck, v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato) i) Wrotjee`õa ja ecso mj eoamèòajs cee`mjatckjs o caõbckcs< Iãsècbjatj soirjtjasòajs y eortoe`reu`tos. (M`spos`t`vos mj eortj csoe`cmos c bjm`mc mj bãx`bc o bâa`bc tjas`õa, bãx`bc eorr`jatj, jte.) Ja jk ecpâtuko > sj ncrã ua jstumò jxncust`vo mj jstj tjbc ejatrãamosj iãsècbjatj ja jk pr`bjro mj jstos cspjetos, js mje`r, jk cspjeto mj c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac àstckce`õa sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa mj fcsjs m`stàtcs o jatrj àstcs , bcsc y t`jrrc. Jstos mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato pujmja promue`r mos t`pos mj proikjbcs< Wjk`dro mj jkjetroeue`õa pcrc kcs pjrsoacs, por eoatceto m`rjeto eoa pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mjk propò s`stjbc jkàetrèo o por eoatceto àm`rjeto c trcvàs mj kcs javokvjatjs. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj : c 37 bC pujmja sjr sue`jatjs pcrc provoecr uac ir`kce`õa ecrm`cec s` ja jk ecbào mj pcso mj kc eorr`jatj sj vja cfjetcmos kos büseukos mjk eorczõa. • Wjk`dro mj àejamò ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj fudc `bportcatjs c trcvàs mj ecbàos rjs`st`vos eoa rjs`stjae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj drcamjs o por eortoe`reu`to c trcvàs mjk • 3 eoamuetor mj t`jrrc. Mj njeno, sj nc eobproicmo quj eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 577 bC, jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9: e`reukcamo jatrj p`jzcs eoamuetorcs eoa jkjvcmc rjs`st`v`mcm, eobo pujmj sjr jk ecso mj n`jrro ox`mcmo, pujmja kkjdcr c promue`r pàrm`mcs sue`jatjs pcrc poajr jk õx`mo àecamjsejatj j àè`cr ua àejamò. Kcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj proikjbcs soa jsjae`ckbjatj mj mos t`pos< C`skc b`jatoo jatrj pcrtj C`skcb`jat pcrtjss javokv javokvjatjs jatjs y pcrtj pcrtjss sobjt sobjt`mcs `mcs c tjas` tjas`õa. õa. Jsto s`da` s`da`ec ec quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetrèos mjija m`sjócrsj mj tck forbc quj euckqu`jr pcrtj eoamuetorc ceejsìkj ck tceto jstà mji`mcbjatj c`skcmc mj kcs pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa. • Eoajx`õa mj kcs javokvjatjs c t`jrrc y protjee`õa mj kcs àstckceòajs ja ecso mj fudc bjm`catj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o rjkàs mj v`d`kcae`c v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato. • Ja kos ecpâtukos suejs`vos sj mc uac mjser`pe`õa bãs mjtckkcmc mj tomos jstos fjaõbjaos y mj kos jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr kos mcóos soirj kcs pjrsoacs, kc àstckce`õa jkàetrèc o àe`mjae`cs mj subà`stro. 3.6 Yjsubja Ja jstc àtromuee`õa njbos àmècmo euckjs soa kcs icsjs pcrc pomjr jfjetucr uac iujac pkca`ece`õa y djst`õa mj uac àstckce`õa jkàetrèc, eoa v`stcs c kc oitjae`õa mj kc bãx`bc "Je`jae`c "Je`jae`c Jajrdàtèc" y c kc jk`bàce`õa mj proikjbcs mj "Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc" (JBE). Njbos àmècmo tcbi`àa kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj jqu`pos ecpcejs mj jv`tcr jk trcasportj mj jajrdâc uetucatj y njbos cauae`cmo kos posìkjs bàtomos pcrc jk`bàcr mjtjrbàcmcs pjrturiceòajs quj pjack`zca kc je`jae`c y nceja pjk`drcr kc sjdur`mcm mj kcs àstckceòajs. Zac vjz bãs mjijbos mjstcecr kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj jkjbjatos mj bjm`mc y rjd`stro, eoajetcmos c jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa y eoatrok y djstòacmos por ua s`stjbc UECMC àtjk`djatj. Jk eoaluato mj jstcs trjs eoscs pjrb`tj oitjajr kc bãx`bc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc y pjrb`tj dcrcat`zcr kc bãx`bc eck`mcm mj sjrvèò. 3 Wujmj pcrjejr quj ckduacs mj kcs sokueòajs eobjatcmcs eoatrìuyja sõko c uac rjmuee`õa mj kc tcr`fc y quj ao cportca ua vjrmcmjro cnorro mj jajrdâc. Ja ko quj sj rjjrj c rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs, js jv`mjatj quj jsto ao js csâ y quj sj oit`jaj ua vjrmcmjro cnorro. Ja otros cspjetos eobo kcs pjack`zceòajs por eoasubo mj rjcet`vc, bcxâbjtro, pjrâomos puatc puatc y jstceòack`mcm js jv`mjatj quj jk pràe`pck ijajeò pcrc jk usucrò js kc rjmuee`õa mj tcr`fc. Ja buenos ecsos ko quj sj oit`jaj js ua bjlor cprovjencb`jato mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj jx`stjatj, ko euck jv`tc tjajr quj ncejr cbpk`ceòajs y por tcato rjprjsjatc ua cnorro ja eostj mj àfrcjstrueturc. Za tjrejr cspjeto quj ao mjijbos okv`mcr, quj soa kos proikjbcs mj "eobpctì`k`mcm". U` i`ja js e`jrto quj jk ktrcmo mj crbõaèos y kc jk`bàce`õa mj otrcs pjrturiceòajs ao rjpjreutj jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 96 ja uac m`sbàue`õa m`sbàue`õa mj kc tcr`fc, sâ eoatrìuyj c jk`bàcr uac uac sjr`j mj proikjbcs proikjbcs mjr`vcmos mj kc m`stors`õa, quj t`jaja ua jkjvcmo eostj ja àtjrrupeòajs, bcatja`b`jato, mjdrcmce`õa prjbcturc mj eobpoajatjs y bckc ut`k`zce`õa mj kos bjmòs mj trcasportj. 3.4 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Torkm Jajrdy Outkooh 9770, Cdjae`c @atjraceòack mj kc Jajrdâc8 nttp<// www.`jc.ord/ X9R Yjm Jkàetrèc Jspcóokc. Mjbcamc mj jajrdâc ja t`jbpo rjck, nttp<//www. rjj.js/opjrceòa/eurvcs_mjbcamc.csp 3 jfè`jae`c jajrdàtèc y uso rceòack mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9 EOAEJW]OU IÃU@EOU MJ KOU E@YEZ@]OU MJ E.C. 9.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jstj ecpâtuko sj mca uac sjr`j mj eoaejptos soirj e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac (E.C.). Ao prjtjamjbos quj àstj sjc ua tjxto mj tjorâc mj e`reu`tos, sào uac àtromuee`õa quj s`rvc pcrc ejatrcr kos tjbcs mj cpkèce`õa quj sj vjrãa ja ecpâtukos suejs`vos. Wcrc cbpk`cr eoaoe`b`jatos soirj jstj tjbc rjeobjamcbos ck kjetor quj eoasuktj kcs rjfjrjae`cs X3R y X9R. Ja jstj ecpâtuko eoas`mjrcrjbos jk ecso bãs aorbck mj rjmjs mj E.C. mj iclc y bjm`c tjas`õa, ecs` `mjckjs, js mje`r, eoa iclo a`vjk mj m`stors`õa. Ja ecpâtukos suejs`vos sj `rãa àtromue`jamo kos proikjbcs mj kcs rjmjs m`storsòacmcs y kcs posìkjs forbcs mj sokueòacrkos. 9.9 Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck Ko quj mjaobàcbos ‛rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa àmustr`ck‒ o s`bpkjbjatj ‛rjm àmustr`ck‒, ja jk ecso `mjck jstã eoast`tu`mc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãsèo mj eoamuetorjs, ck`bjatcmos por tjasòajs sàuso`mckjs mjsfcscmcs 397¼ jatrj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs. Kc F`d. 9.3. bujstrc kc forbc mj oamc mj kcs tjasòajs Z3, Z9, Z5, mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs rjspjeto ck ajutro. Zac rjm ao `mjck sjrâc cqujkkc quj tuv`jrc ckduac mjsv`ce`õa eoa rjspjeto c jstj bomjko (fcsjs mj m`stàtc cbpk`tum, forbc mj oamc ao sàuso`mck, jte.) F`d. 9.3 - U`stjbc tr`fãsèo mj tjasòajs Csâ pujs, ja eoamè eoamèòajs òajs `mjckj `mjckjss kc rjm tr`fã tr`fãsèc sèc mjijrâc eobpor eobportcrsj tcrsj eobo ua eoaluato mj trjs fujatjs mj tjas`õa pjrfjetcbjatj sàuso`mckjs, sà `bpjmcae`c àtjrac (por tcato sà ecâmcs mj tjas`õa), eoa frjeujae`c eoastcatj y eoa jqu`kìrò pjrfjeto mj kcs trjs fcsjs (397¼ mj mjsfcsj jatrj fcsj y fcsj). Ja kc prãetèc, vjrjbos quj jstcs eoamèòajs ao s`jbprj sj eubpkja, mji`mo iãsècbjatj c 9 mos t`pos mj ecuscs, c scijr< eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9> • Kos djajrcm djajrcmorjs orjs y jk s`stjbc s`stjbc mj m`strìu m`strìue`õa e`õa t`jaja t`jaja uac e`jrtc e`jrtc `bpjmcae` `bpjmcae`cc àtjrac. àtjrac. Jsto or`dàc ecâmcs mj tjas`õa y pàrm`mcs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa. • Kcs ecrdcs ecrdcs cisorija cisorija eorr`ja eorr`jatjs tjs trcas`tor`cs trcas`tor`cs (soirj tomo ja crrcaqu crrcaqujs) js) y ckduacs mj jkkcs eoasubja eorr`jatjs ao sàuso`mckjs y mjsjqu`kìrcmcs, pjrturicamo kc forbc mj oamc y jk jqu`kìrò mjk s`stjbc. Catjs mj jatrcr c mjser` mjserì`r i`r kcs posìk posìkjs js mjsv`ce mjsv`ceòajs òajs mj kc rjm eoa rjspjet rjspjetoo ck eobportcb`jato `mjck,ja mjmècbos ck jstumò mj kos jeuceòajs quj r`dja mènc rjm jstj `mjckecpâtuko y pcrc jbpjzcr mcbos kcspcrãbjtros mjaèòajsy mj kos pràe`pckjs pcrãbjtros quj kc mjaja. 9.5 Mjaèòajs mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs C eoat` e oatàuce` auce`õa õa sj mca kcs mja` mjaèòa eòajs js mj uac sjr` sjr`jj mj pcrã pcrãbjtr bjtros os jkàe jkàetrè trèos os quj nci`tuckbjatj bcajlcbos pcrc ecrcetjr`zcr kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa. Mcrjbos tcbi`àa ja jstj cpcrtcmo kcs jeuceòajs iãsècs quj kos rjkceòaca y quj aos pjrb`t`rãa rjck`zcr eãkeukos sjae`kkos ja àstckceòajs mj I]. 9.5.3 Mjaèòajs mj bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs Euckqu`jr bcda`tum mj t`po sàuso`mck, tjas`õa o eorr`jatj, qujmc ecrcetjr`zcmc por kos pcrãbjtros àmècmos ja kc tcikc 9.3. Ja kc F`d. 9.9 sj `kustrca mj forbc drãec ckduaos mj jstos pcrãbjtros pcrc uac tjas`õa y uac eorr`jatj sàuso`mckjs. ]cikc 9. 3.- Wcrãbjtros iãsèos mj bcda`tumjs cktjracs Vckor àstcatãajo Vckor ja ua àstcatj mjtjrbàcmo mj t`jbpo, u(t) pcrc kc tjas`õa j `(t) pcrc kc eorr`jatj Cbpk`tum Cbpk`t um ( C) Bãx`bo vcko korr àstcatãajo mj tjas`õ `õaa o eorr rr``jatj Zo, @o Wjròmo (]) M u r c e ` õ a m j u a e ` e k o e o b pk jt o , ] Frjeujae`c (f) Aübjro mj eèkos por sjduamo. f 2 3/ ] Wuksceòa (π) Uj mjaj eobo Mjsfcsj (l) Jk mjsfcsj jatrj mos bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs js jk rjtrcso mj uac rjspjeto c kc otrc. (Vjr F`d. 9.9) 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac π 2 9pf Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 90 F`d. 9.9 - ]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja ua s`stjbc boaofãsèo< Wcrãbjtros fuamcbjatckjs. Kcs jxprjsòajs cackâtècs mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj mj ua e`reu`to euckqu`jrc eoa oamc sàuso`mck, eobo kcs mìulcmcs ja kc F`d. 9.9 soa kcs s`du`jatjs< u (t ) 2 Z 7 . sà s` a ( t) (t ) 2 @ 7 . sà( t + ) (9.3) (9.9) 9.5.9 Bjm`mc mj bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs sàuso`mckjs sj ut`k`zc aorbckbjatj jk vckor jecz. Eucamo mje`bos quj ja uac rjm ncy 957 V õ =77 V aos rjfjr`bos s`jbprj c ua vckor jfècz. Jk vckor jfècz sj oit`jaj c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs àstcatãajos tck eobo sj jxpkèc c eoatàuce`õa< VCKOY JF@EC\< Jk vckor jecz mj uac fuae`õa pjr`õmèc js kc bjm`c eucmrãtèc mj kc fuae`õa c ko kcrdo mj ua pjrâomo. (Ycâz eucmrcmc mjk probjmò mj eucmrcmos mj kos vckorjs àstcatãajos). Kc jeuce`õa js kc (9.5). Kc F`d. 9.5. mc uac rjprjsjatce`õa djobàtrèc mj (u(t))9. Jk vckor jecz sj oit`jaj subcamo kcs ãrjcs U3 y U9, m`v`m`jamo por jk pjrâomo y jxtrcyjamo rcâz eucmrcmc. (9.5) 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 57 F`d. 9.5 - Vckor jecz mj uac oamc mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj Kc `bportcae`c mjk vckor jecz rcmèc ja jk njeno mj quj kc potjae`c m`s`pcmc soirj uac ecrdc mjpjamj prje`scbjat prje`scbjatjj mjk eucmrcmo mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj. Wor tcato pomjbos mje`r quj ja probjmò kc potjae`c jatrjdcmc c uac ecrdc rjsuktc proporeòack c kos vckorjs jecejs mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj quj e`reukc por mènc ecrdc. WY 2 Z jf9 Y 2 Y@ jf9 (9.=) VCKOY BJM@O< Ja e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj eoatàuc o rjet`fècmc eoav`jaj c vjejs bjm`r jk vckor bjmò. Àstj sj eckeukc eobo kc bjm`c cr`tbàtèc mj kos vckorjs àstcatãajos c ko kcrdo mj ua pjrâomo, eobo àmèc kc jeuce`õa (9.:). Kc rjprjsjatce`õa djobàtrèc pcrc uac oamc rjet`ecmc js kc àmècmc ja kc F`d. 9.=. Jk vckor bjmò sj oit`jaj subcamo kcs supjre`js àmècmcs y m`v`m`jamo por jk pjrâomo, sjdüa àmèc kc prop`c jeuce`õa (9.:). (9.:) Aõtjsj quj sjdüa jsto kc oamc sàuso`mck sà rjet`ecr t`jaj vckor bjmò auko, yc quj jk sjbèèko pos`t`vo t`jaj kc b`sbc ãrjc quj jk ajdct`vo 8 ja ecbiò kc oamc quj rjsuktc mj rjet`ecr uac tjas`õa sàuso`mck sâ t`jaj ua vckor bjmò ao auko. Jstj vckor aos mc prje`scbjatj kc eobpoajatj eoatàuc oitja`mc mj kc rjet`ece`õa. Ja djajrck, eucamo jk vckor bjmò mj uac oamc ao js auko àmèc quj mènc oamc t`jaj uac e`jrtc eobpoajatj eoatàuc. 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 53 F`d. 9.= - Vckor bjmò mj uac oamc sàuso`mck rjet`ecmc @AU]YZBJA]OU MJ BJM@MC< Jk t`po mj àstrubjatos cmjeucmos pcrc bjm`r vckorjs jecejs soa kos jkjetrobcdaàtèos mj n`jrro bõv`k o kos jkjetrõaèos mjaobàcmos mj ‛vjrmcmjro vckor jecz‒. Kos àstrubjatos mj ioiàc bõv`k y ckduaos mj t`po jkjetrõaèo eoa rjet`ecmor mj jatrcmc, b`mja ja rjck`mcm jk vckor bjmò mj kc oamc rjet`ecmc, cuaquj su jseckc pujmj jstcr drcmucmc ja vckor jecz. Ja tckjs àstrubjatos, kc àmèce`õa mj vckor jecz sõko sjrã eorrjetc pcrc oamc purcbjatj sàuso`mck, pujs ja àstc kc rjkce`õa vckor jecz/vckor bjmò, mjaobàcmc ‛fcetor mj mj forbc‒, js lc j `duck c 3,3. 3,3. Wcrc oamcs m`storsòacmcs jstc rjkce`õa ao sj bcat`jaj y por tcato kc àmèce`õa mj vckor jecz mj kos àstrubjatos quj b`mja ja vckor bjmò sjrâc jrrõajc. 9.= Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Js frjeujatj rjprjsjatcr kcs bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs bjm`catj vjetorjs d`rctoròs. Jstj t`po mj rjprjsjatce`õa sj mjmuej mjk njeno mj quj ua vjetor mj bõmuko Zo, d`rcamo eoa uac vjkoe`mcm cadukcr π proyjetc soirj jk jlj vjrtèck ua sjdbjato euyc koad`tum js< u 2 Z 7 sà( t ), sjdüa sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 9.:. Jk pjrâomo mj kc sjóck sàuso`mck rjsuktcatj js ] 2 9p / π y por tcato kc rjkce`õa jatrj frjeujae`c y puksce`õa mj kc bcda`tum sàuso`mck js kc àmècmc ja (9.6)< 2 9 ] 29 f 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac (9.6) Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 59 F`d. 9.: - Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj uac bcda`tum cktjrac Wor eoavjaò sj jk`dj jk jlj x eobo or`dja mj ãadukos pcrc kc rjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck y sj eoas`mjrc sjat`mo mj rotce`õa pos`t`vo jk eoatrcrò c kcs cdulcs mjk rjkol. Mj jstc forbc, jk vckor àstcatãajo u(t) mjk vjetor mj bõmuko Zo y fcsj àè`ck 2 t 7, rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.:, v`jaj mcmo por kc jxprjs`õa (9.4)< (t ) 2 Z o sà( t + ) (9.4) Mos bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs rjtrcscmcs uac rjspjeto c otrc ja jk t`jbpo, por jljbpko uac eorr`jatj, pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj eobo vjetorjs d`rctoròsuac eoa tjas`õa ua e`jrtoy ãaduko mj mjsfcsj jatrj jkkos, tck eobo sj nc njeno ja kc F`d. 9.6. F`d. 9.6 - Yjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj mos bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs mjsfcscmcs Ja jk ecso mj rjmjs àmustr`ckjs sj sujkj trciclcr eoa bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs mj `duck frjeujae`c (ao eoas`mjrcbos por por jk bobjato kos crbõaèos) y ao sj jstã àtjrjscmo ja kos vckorjs àstcatãajos sào ja kc cbpk`tum y fcsj mj kcs b`sbcs. Ja tck ecso ecso sj sujkja rjprjsjatcr mèncs mèncs bcda`tumjs ja ja m`cdrcbcs vjetor`ckjs, eoas`mjrcamo kos vjetorjs los ja vjz mj d`rctoròs, d`rctoròs, oitja`àamosj oitja`àamosj ko quj mjaobàcbos m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj ‛fcsorjs‒ Kc F`d. 9.4.c bujstrc uao mj tckjs m`cdrcbcs pcrc rjprjsjatcr uac tjas`õa u , quj sj tobc eobo or`dja mj fcsjs y uac eorr`jatj `, rjtrcscmc ua ãaduko l (mjsfcsj) . Ncy quj rjscktcr quj ja ua m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj fcsorjs soko sj pujmja rjprjsjatcr bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs mj `duck frjeujae`c y quj por ko tcato bcat`jaja kc b`sbc 9 posè`õa rjkct`vc ja tomo bobjato. Ja eoasjeujae`c jk eoaejpto mj mjsfcsj soko js eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 55 cpkècikj c bcda`tumjs mj `duck frjeujae`c. Wor eoavjaò sj tobc eobo or`dja mj fcsjs jk jlj x, mjaobàcmo tcbi`àa jlj rjck y sj eoas`mjrca pos`t`vos kos mjsfcsjs ja sjat`mo cat`norcrò y ajdct`vos kos mj sjat`mo norcrò. u ` ` u c) Mjsfcsj ajdct`vo mj @7 rjspjeto c Z7 i) Mjsfcsj pos`t`vo mj @7 rjspjeto c Z7 F`d. 9.4 - M`cdrcbc mj fcsorjs rjprjsjatcamo uac tjas`õa y uac eorr`jatj eoa mjsfcsj l Kc F`d. 9.4 bujstrc mos m`cdrcbcs mj fcsorjs, jk c), moamj kc eorr`jatj t`jaj ua mjsfcsj ajdct`vo rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa (sj mèj tcbi`àa quj kc eorr`jatj vc rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa) y jk i), ja jk quj kc eorr`jatj t`jaj ua mjsfcsj pos`t`vo rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa (sj mèj quj kc eorr`jatj vc cmjkcatcmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa). 9.: Ecrdcs kàjckjs y ao kàjckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj E.C. Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc buy djajrck pomjbos m`stàdu`r mos t`pos mj ecrdcs susejptìkjs mj sjr ck`bjatcmcs por uac rjm mj E.C.< ecrdcs kàjckjs y ecrdcs ao kàjckjs. Ja tàrbàos buy s`bpkjs, m`rjbos quj uac ecrdc js kàjck s` ck ck`bjatcrkc eoa uac tjas`õa sàuso`mck mc kudcr c uac eorr`jatj sàuso`mck mj `duck frjeujae`c, cuaquj sj cmb`tj quj pujmc jx`st`r ua mjsfcsj jatrj kc eorr`jatj mj ecrdc y kc tjas`õa quj kc nc promue`mo. Csâ pujs, ja uac ecrdc kàjck, kc tjas`õa cpkècmc y kc eorr`jatj jstãa rjkceòacmcs por ua fcetor eoastcatj, i`ja jatjam`mo quj, mèno fcetor pujmj sjr ua aübjro rjck o ua aübjro eobpkjlo, mjpjam`jatj mj kc frjeujae`c. Js mje`r, kcs àmuetcae`cs y kos eoamjascmorjs sj eoas`mjrca jkjbjatos kàjckjs, cuaquj provoeca ua mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Wor eoatrc, m`rjbos quj uac ecrdc js ao kàjck eucamo kc rjkce`õa tjas`õa/ eorr`jatj ao js uac eoastcatj rjck a` eobpkjlc, sào quj mjpjamj mjk puato mj trciclo (u,`). U` pcrc uac ecrdc mjtjrbàcmc ck`bjatcmc por uac fujatj mj E.E. o mj buy iclc frjeujae`c, rjprjsjatcbos kos pcrjs mj vckorjs àstcatãajos (u,`) ja ua drãeo, kos jkjbjatos kàjckjs qujmca rjprjsjatcmos por uac rjetc, b`jatrcs quj kos ao kàjckjs prjsjatca uac rjkce`õa eurv`kâajc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko kc F`d. 9.> bujstrc kos drãeos ( u,`) pcrc ua jkjbjato kàjck y uao ao kàjck. 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 5= c) Kàjck i) Ao kàjck F`d. 9.> - Eurvcs ( Z,@ ) pcrc ua jkjbjato kàjck y uao ao kàjck Kcs ecrdcs kàjckjs jstãa forbcmcs por eobiàceòajs mj trjs t`pos mj jkjbjatos iãsèos, quj sj mjserìja c eoatàuce`õa< • Fu Fuja jatj tjss mj tj tjas as`õ `õa. a. • Fu Fuja jatj tjss mj mj eor eorr` r`ja jatj tj.. • Jk Jkjb jbja jato toss pc pcs` s`vo voss Y, K, E. (Yjs`stjae`cs, àmuetcae`cs o eoamjascmorjs) Zac fujatj mj tjas`õa js ua m`spos`t`vo euyc tjas`õa ja iorajs sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj eoa àmjpjamjae`c mj kc eorr`jatj quj ko ctrcv`jsc. Za jkjbjato sj eobportc eobo fujatj mj tjas`õa mjk eucamo su `bpjmcae`c àtjrac js mjsprje`cikj frjatj ck rjsto mj `bpjmcae`cs e`reu`to. Zac fujatj mj eorr`jatj js ua m`spos`t`vo quj subà`strc o cisorij uac eorr`jatj eoastcatj, eoa àmjpjamjae`c mj kc tjas`õa quj tjadc ja iorajs. Za jkjbjato sj eobportc eobo fujatj mj eorr`jatj eucamo su `bpjmcae`c àtjrac js bueno bcyor quj jk rjsto mj `bpjmcae`cs mjk e`reu`to. Oisàrvjsj quj kos eoaejptos mj fujatj mj tjas`õa y fujatj mj eorr`jatj soa cpkècikjs tcato c djajrcmorjs eobo c rjejptorjs. Ja eucato c kos jkjbjatos pcs`vos Y, K, E , bcat`jaja uac rjkce`õa eoastcatj jatrj su tjas`õa ja iorajs (Z) y kc eorr`jatj (@) quj kos ctrcv`jsc. Ecmc uao mj jstos jkjbjatos sj ecrcetjr`zc por su rjkce`õa Z/@ , eoaoe`mc eobo `bpjmcae`c, mjs`dacmc por \. Kos vckorjs mj `bpjmcae`c pcrc ecmc uao mj kos e`tcmos jkjbjatos soa< Y, πK y 3/πE , rjspjet`vcbjatj. Ja kc F`d. 9.0 njbos rjprjsjatcmo kc rjkce`õa Z - @ , pcrc ecmc uao mj kos eobpoajatjs mj kos e`reu`tos kàjckjs catjs bjaeòacmos. 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 5: c) Fujatj mj tjas`õa i) Fujatj mj eorr`jatj e) Ecrdc Y-K-E F`d. 9.0 - Ecrcetjrâstèc Z-@ mj kos m`vjrsos eobpoajatjs kàjckjs 9.:.3 @bpjmcae`cs mj kcs ecrdcs kàjckjs Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.=. njbos v`sto quj kcs bcda`tumjs sàuso`mckjs pomâca rjprjsjatcrsj bjm`catj vjetorjs y jsto pjrb`tâc bcajlcr s`buktãajcbjatj kc cbpk`tum y fcsj mj mèncs bcda`tumjs. Kcs kjyjs iãsècs mj Onb y kjyjs mj H`renoff soa cpkècikjs ck e`reu`to mj eorr`jatj cktjrac s`jbprj quj jstà forbcmo por jkjbjatos kàjckjs. Ao oistcatj kc eorr`jatj ja mènos e`reu`tos ao t`jaj ja djajrck kc b`sbc fcsj quj kc tjas`õa, sào quj mjpjam`jamo mjk t`po mj ecrdc jx`stj ua mjsfcsj jatrj cbics bcda`tumjs. Csâ pujs kc `bpjmcae`c, eobo rjkce`õa jatrj mos vjetorjs, sjrã otro vjetor, eoa su bõmuko y su fcsj. Wcrc ua e`reu`to sjr`j djaàrèo forbcmo por Y, K, y E (vjr kc F`d. 9.37) kc rjkce`õa jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj js kc quj àmèca kcs jeuceòajs (9.>) c (9.3=). Jstcs jeuceòajs pjrb`tja eckeukcr jk bõmuko (bcda`tum) y kc fcsj mj kc `bpjmcae`c y ja eoasjeujae`c jk bõmuko mj kc eorr`jatj y su mjsfcsj eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. c) E`reu`to Y-K-E< M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck 9 i) M`cdrcbc mj `bpjmcae`cs F`d. 9.37 - @bpjmcae`c mj ua e`reu`to sjr`j y sus eobpoajatjs eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 56 @bpjmcae`c< \ 2 Y + l( K Forbc ecrtjs`cac Bõmuko Fcsj 3 E ) \ 2 Y 9 + ( K 3/ E ) 9 \ 2 cretca (9.>) (9.0) ( K 3/ E) (9.37) Y  Forbc fcsor`ck (9.33) \2\ Eorr`jatj<   Forbc fcsor`ck Bõmuko Fcsj @ 2 Z  \ 2 Z \ ( Z \ ) @ 2 Z /\ @ 2 Z (9.39) (9.35) (9.3=) \ Kcs rjdkcs pcrc oitjajr kc `bpjmcae`c mj eobpoajatjs ja sjr`j y pcrckjko, trciclcamo eoa sus jxprjsòajs vjetor`ckjs, soa kcs ekãsècs, cuaquj kcs opjrceòajs mjija rjck`zcrsj cnorc eoa vjetorjs, o s` sj prjf`jrj ja bomo cackâtèo, eoa aübjros eobpkjlos, sjdüa kcs jeuceòajs (9.3:) y (9.36). (9.3:) Ujr`j   Wcrckjko \p 2  \3 \ 9 \3 + \ 9   (9.36) 9.6 Eorr`jatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc ja ràd`bja sàuso`mck Ujdüa sj mjsprjamj mj kos cpcrtcmos catjròrjs, kc eorr`jatj ja ua e`reu`to kàjck ck`bjatcmo por uac tjas`õa cktjrac sàuso`mck, js uac eorr`jatj tcbi`àa 9 sàuso`mck, mj `duck frjeujae`c quj kc tjas`õa y eoa ua e`jrto ãaduko mj rjtrcso eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 54 o cmjkcato eoa rjspjeto c mènc tjas`õa, mjpjam`jamo mj quj prjmobàja kcs ecrdcs mj t`po àmuet`vo o ecpce`t`vo. Ja kc F`d. 9.33, sj rjprjsjatca kos m`cdrcbcs vjetor`ckjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, tobcamo eobo or`dja mj fcsjs kc tjas`õa, pcrc mos ecsos< • Eoa ecrdc àmuet`vc (Y-K) • Eoa ecrdc ecpce`t`vc (Y-E) c) E`reu`to àmuet`vo i) E`reu`to ecpce`t`vo F`d. 9.33 - Eorr`jatj totck y sus eobpoajatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc Ja euckqu`jrc mj kos ecsos jk vjetor eorr`jatj pujmj mjseobpoajrsj ja mos eobpoajatjs< • Eo Eorr rr`j `jat atjj ce cet` t`vc vc,, @ c , ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa. • Eo Eorr rr`j `jat atjj rj rjce cet`t`vc vc,, @ r , mjsfcscmc 07¼ eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Ujdüa jk eoavjaò mj s`daos cmoptcmo ja kc F`d. 9.4, jk mjsfcsj js ajdct`vo (rjtrcso) pcrc ecrdcs àmuet`vcs y pos`t`vo (cmjkcato) pcrc ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs. Kcs rjkceòajs jatrj kc eorr`jatj totck @ , kkcbcmc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj y sus eobpoajatjs soa kcs s`du`jatjs< @ c 2 @ . eos Eobpoajatjj Cet`vc Eobpoajat (9.34) @ r 2 @ . sà Eobpoajatj Yjcet`vc (9.3>) @ 2 @ c + l@ r @ 2 @ c9 + @ r9 Eorr`jatj Cpcrjatj, forbc vjetor`ck (9.30) Eorr`jatj Cpcrjatj Cpcrjatj,, bõmuko (9.97) Js àtjrjscatj eobjatcr kos s`da`ecmos fâsèos mj ecmc uac mj jstcs eorr`jatjs< Wor ua kcmo kc eorr`jatj totck, mjaobàcmc cpcrjatj, js kc quj bjm`râcbos ja jk e`reu`to eoa ua cbpjrâbjtro. Ja mjfà`t`vc js js jk vckor quj quj mjij tobcrsj tobcrsj pcrc m`bjasòacr kos eoamuetorjs. Uà jbicrdo, eobo sj vjrã bãs cmjkcatj, 9 kc eobpoajatj cet`vc js kc üaèc quj promuej trciclo üt`k, b`jatrcs quj kc eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 5> eobpoajatj rjcet`vc sj eoasubj tca soko ja kc erjce`õa mj ecbpos jkàetrèos y bcdaàtèos. Uj pujmj rjmue`r kc eorr`jatj totck, sà pàrm`mc mj prjstceòajs, s` sj eobpjasc kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc tck eobo sj jstum`crã ja jk ecpâtuko s`du`jatj. 9.4 Wotjae`cs ja kos e`reu`tos mj E.C. sàuso`mck Njbos rjeckecmo jk eoaejpto mj e`reu`tos mj E.C. sàuso`mck tjbc mj potjae`cs ja e`reu`tos pjrturicmos por crbõaèos js m`stàtoporquj y sjrã jkjstum`cmo bãs cmjkcatj, ja jk ecpâtuko =. Kc potjae`c jkàetrèc mj ua e`reu`to sj oit`jaj mjk promueto mj kc tjas`õa por kc eorr`jatj. Jstc jxprjs`õa rjsuktc s`bpkj mj cpkècr c kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj eoatàuc, yc quj kos vckorjs mj Z j @ soa eoastcatjs, pjro ja kos e`reu`tos mj cktjrac Z j @ vcrâca ja ecmc àstcatj y por tcato kc potjae`c vcrâc tcbi`àa. Kc jxprjs`õa mj kc potjae`c àstcatãajc pcrc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj sàuso`mckjs js< (9.93) 2 Z 7 sà t. @ 7 sà( t + ) Mjscrrokkcamo jstc jxprjs`õa, pujmj poajrsj ja uac forbc bãs eoavja`jatj< 2 Z@ eos + Z@ eos(9 t + ) (9.99) moamj Z j @ soa kos vckorjs jecejs jecejs mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj rjspjet`vcbjatj< Z 2 Z7 / 9 8 @ 2 @7 / 9 (9.95) Oisàrvjsj quj kc jxprjs`õa (9.99) t`jaj ua tàrbào eoastcatj o vckor bjmò mj kc potjae`c Z@eosl, quj sj mjaobàc potjae`c cet`vc (W ) y otro tàrbào vcr`cikj ja forbc pjr`õmèc, mj cbpk`tum Z@ y puksce`õa 9π, moikj mj kc fuamcbjatck. Jstj tàrbào pukscatj Z@eos(9πt+l), t`jaj àtjrvckos pos`t`vos, quj rjprjsjatca ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc y otros ajdct`vos, quj rjprjsjatca uac mjvokue`õa mj jajrdâc mj ecrdc c rjm. Uu vckor bjmò js auko, eobo eorrjspoamj c euckqu`jr fuae`õa sjao eoasub`mc o eosjao, ko euck s`da`fèc quj ck ecioUà mjjbicrdo ua pjrâomo eobpkjtomjkct`po jajrdâc y kc mjvujktc soa `duckjs. js jajrdâc quj e`reukc por kc rjm y eobo tck promuej pàrm`mcs ja kcs kâajcs y ja kos trcasforbcmorjs y ncy quj tjajrkc ja eujatc pcrc jk m`bjasòacmo mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa. C kc cbpk`tum Z@ mj kc potjae`c àstcatãajc sj kj mjaobàc potjae`c cpcrjatj (U) y jstã rjkceòacmc eoa kc potjae`c cet`vc por kc s`du`jatj jxprjs`õa< W 2 Z@ eos 2 U eos Yjsuktc àtjrjscatj rjprjsjatcr drãecbjatj kc potjae`c àstcatãajc pcrc m`stàtos t`pos mj ecrdc, tck eobo sj nc njeno ja kcs durcs 9.39 c 9.3=. Wcrc 9 ecrdc rjs`st`vc, Z j @ jstãa ja fcsj. Uus vckorjs àstcatãajos eoàe`mja s`jbprj eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 50 ja s`dao (cbios soa pos`t`vos o cbios ajdct`vos) y por tcato kc potjae`c àstcatãajc js s`jbprj pos`t`vc eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.39, cuaquj kkjdc c caukcrsj. Jk vckor bjmò o potjae`c cet`vc js, ja jstj ecso, `duck c kc potjae`c cpcrjatj Z@, yc quj jk fcetor eos l js `duck c kc ua`mcm. ]ck eobo pujmj vjrsj ja kcs f`durcs 9.35 y 9.3=, pcrc ecrdcs àmuet`vcs o ecpce`t`vcs purcs, kc potjae`c àstcatãajc js pukscatj y mj vckor bjmò auko. φ Wor tcato,o ja tckjs ecsos, kc potjae`c cet`vc cbpk`tum js aukc (eos 2 7 ), pjro jk tàrbào pukscatj potjae`c cpcrjatj, s`duj tja`jamo cmjbãs quj Z@. Oisàrvjsj kos vckorjs àstcatãajos mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc soa mj s`dao eoatrcrò sjdüa sj trctj mj ecrdc àmuet`vc o ecpce`t`vc. F`d. 9.39 - Wotjae`c àstcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc Y F`d. 9.35 - Wotjae`c àstcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc K purc 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =7 F`d. 9.3= - Wotjae`c àstcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc E purc Ja kc F`d. 9.3: sj nc rjprjsjatcmo otro ecso mj potjae`c àstcatãajc eoa ecrdc Y-K, quj js jk ecso bãs frjeujatj ja ecrdcs àmustr`ckjs. Ujdüa pujmj oisjrvcrsj, pcrc jstj ecso, kos vckorjs àstcatãajos t`jaja àtjrvckos pos`t`vos y otros ajdct`vos. Kc cbpk`tum mjk tàrbào pukscatj js s`jbprj Z@ , pjro jk vckor bjmò mjpjamj mjk mjsfcsj jatrj Z j @. c) Wotjae`c àstcatãajc y potjae`c bjm`c ja jk ecso mj ecrdc Y-K i) Fkulos mj potjae`c jatrj djajrcmor y rjejptor F`d. 9.3: - Wotjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc ja ecrdcs Y-K 9.4.3 ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs Yjeormcamo kc mjseobposè`õa mj eorr`jatj jstum`cmc ja jk cpcrtcmo cpcrtcmo 9.6, vjbos quj kc potjae`c cet`vc js prje`scbjatj kc quj sj promuej eobo eoasjeujae`c 9 mj kc eorr`jatj cet`vc ( @ eo eoss l , ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa). Womjbos por tcato eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =3 mjseobpoajr kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ja mos eobpoajatjs, ck `duck quj sj n`zo pcrc kc eorr`jatj y eoastru`r ua tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs, sjpcrcamo kcs potjae`cs promue`mcs por kc eobpoajatj cet`vc y kc rjcet`vc, eobo sj àmèc ja kc F`d. 9.36. Kcs rjkceòajs quj sj mjsprjamja mj mèno tr`ãaduko soa kcs s`du`jatjs< W 2 U eos 2 Z@ c S 2 U sja 2 Z@ r U 2 W9 + S 9 2 Z@ (9. 9:) (9. 96) (9. 94) F`d. 9.36 - ]r`ãadu ]r`ãaduko ko mj potjae`cs C kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc potjae`c cet`vc y kc potjae`c cpcrjatj sj kj mjaobàc fcetor mj potjae`c (FW) y ja ràd`bja sàuso`mck sà crbõaèos, eoàe`mj eoa jk eosjao mjk ãaduko mj mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ( FW2eosl). Eobo sj nc mèno, kc potjae`c cet`vc js kc üaèc eobpoajatj quj promuej trciclo üt`k, b`jatrcs quj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc js pukscatj, eoa vckor bjmò auko y sj ut`k`zc sõko ja kc erjce`õa mj ecbpos jkàetrèos y bcdaàtèos ja ckduaos rjejptorjs. Csâ por jljbpk jljbpko, o, kc erjce` erjce`õa õa mj ecbpos bcdaàt` bcdaàtèos eos js `bprj `bprjseàm seàmìkj ìkj pcrc jk fuaeòacb`jato mj m`vjrsos rjejptorjs àmustr`ckjs eobo< botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs y otros. Jsto jx`dj quj ncyc uac mjtjrbàcmc potjae`c rjcet`vc, quj ncirã quj trcasportcr y quj eoatrìu`rã por tcato c jbpjorcr jk fcetor mj potjae`c. Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc t`jaj m`stàto s`dao sjdüa kc eorr`jatj vcyc rjtrcscmc o cmjkcatcmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc ecrdcs àmuet`vcs (botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, jte.), sàl js ajdct`vo, ko euck sj sujkj àtjrprjtcr eobo ua eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc (cuaquj por ko quj njbos mèno jk eoasubo bjmò js auko). Wcrc ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs ja ecbiò, sàl js pos`t`vo, ko euck s`da`ec quj jk eoamjascmor js ua djajrcmor mj potjae`c rjcet`vc, por ko euck sj jbpkjc pcrc eobpjascr kc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc por m`vjrsos rjejptorjs àmustr`ckjs, quj sujkja sjr mj t`po àmuet`vo. Wcrc m`stàdu`r kcs trjs eobpoajatjs mj kc potjae`c, sj b`mja eoa ua`mcmjs m`stàtcs. Kc potjae`c cpcrjatj sj b`mj ja VĆ (voktcbpjròs), kc cet`vc ja T (vctòs) y kc rjcet`vc ja vcr (voktcbpàròs rjcet`vos). Jx`stja tcbi`àa kos bükt`pkos o suibükt`pkos, mj forbc quj ja àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs sj sujkja bcajlcr kos hVĆ, hT y hvcr. 9.> Wotjae`cs ja kos s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos rjfjr`rjbos c s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos ja djajrck mj trjs o euctro n`kos, js mje`r sà ajutro o eoa ajutro y s`jbprj eoa tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs 9 jqu`kìrcmcs. Jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck mj tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs pcrc jstj ecso js eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =9 jk rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.34. Ja cpcrtcmos postjròrjs eoas`mjrcrjbos jk ecso mj tjasòajs y/o eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`kìrcmcs. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo, sjdu`rjbos eoas`mjrcamo quj kcs tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs jstãa poeo m`storsòacmcs, js mje`r soa prãetècbjatj sàuso`mckjs. F`d. 9.34 - ]jasòajs y eorr`jatjs mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo jqu`kìrcmo C jf jfje jeto toss mj eã eãke keuk ukoo mj kc po potj tjae ae`c `c cp cpcr crja jatj tj y mj kc kcss eo eobp bpoa oaja jatj tjss ce cet`t`vc vc y rjcet`vc, kos s`stjbcs jqu`kìrcmos pujmja trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãsèos. Mjs`dacamo kcs fcsjs eobo K3, K9, K5, kc mjaè`õa mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js kc àmècmc ja kc jeuce`õa (9.9>). U 2 U K3+ U K9+ UK5 2 ZK3 @ K3+ ZK9 @ K9+ ZK5 @ K5 (9.9>) Ja kc jeuce`õa catjròr, U, t`jaj ecrãetjr jseckcr y por tcato kcs subcs soa s`jbprj subcs jatrj jseckcrjs. Ao oistcatj, `bcdàjbos uac àstckce`õa moamj pujmca jx`st`r djajrcmorjs y rjejptorjs y moamj ncyc ecrdcs àmuet`vcs y ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs. Ao pcrjej kõdèo subcr kcs eobpoajatjs cet`vc y rjcet`vc mj kcs potjae`cs eobo jseckcrjs, sào quj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs mj ua djajrcmor y mj ua rjejptor sj y por tcato, jfjetos mj potjae`c cpcrjatj, potjae`c c trcasportcr jsrjstca kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cjkkcs. Mj `duck forbc kcs potjae`cskc rjcet`vcs mj uac àmuetcae`c y mj ua eoamjascmor sj rjstca y ncy quj trcasportcr soko kc m`fjrjae`c. Wor otro kcmo uac potjae`c cet`vc ao pujmj eobpjascr uac rjcet`vc y vèjvjrsc. Jsto sud`jrj pujs quj ja jk eobputo mj potjae`cs cpcrjatjs, cet`vcs y rjcet`vcs, kcs subcs y rjstcs mjija ncejrsj c a`vjk mj ecmc fcsj, eoa ko euck kcs eobpoajatjs cet`vcs y rjcet`vcs mj kos s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos sj trctca eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãsèos mj forbc caãkodc c ko jxpkècmo ja kos cpcrtcmos catjròrjs. Csâ pujs, kcs jeuceòajs pcrc kc potjae`c cet`vc y kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo totck soa< W 2 WY 9 + WU + W] 2 Z Y @ Y eosl Y + Z U @ U eosl U + Z ] @ ] eosl] eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac (9.90) Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc S 2 SY + SU + S] 2 Z Y @ Y sjal Y + Z U @ U sjal U + Z ] @ ] sjal] =5 (9.57) Wcrc s`stjbcs jqu`kìrcmos, eobo jk ecso quj trctcbos ja jstj cpcrtcmo, sj pujmj mjbostrcr quj kcs potjae`cs U, W y S mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo sj pujmja eckeukcr tcbi`àa c pcrt`r mjk bõmuko mj kcs tjasòajs eobpujstcs ZK y mj kc eorr`jatj mj kâajc @K. Kcs jeuceòajs quj mca kc potjae`c tr`fãsèc totck ja jstj ecso soa (9.53) c (9.55)< (9.53) (9.59) (9.55) moamj ZE js jk bõmuko mj kc tjas`õa eobpujstc (jatrj fcsjs), (9.5=) Z E 2 ZK3K9 2 ZK9K5 2 ZK5K3 (9. 5=) @K js jk bõmuko mj kc eorr`jatj mj kâajc (9.5:) @ K 2 @K3 2 @K9 2 @K5 (9. 5:) l js jk mjsfcsj mj kcs eorr`jatjs eoa rjspjeto c kcs tjasòajs fcsj-ajutro ZK3, ZK9, ZK5 9.>.3 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos sà ajutro Ja kcs rjmjs tr`fãsècs jqu`kìrcmcs y sà ajutro, ao t`jaj sjat`mo ncikcr mj kcs potjae`cs àm`v`muckjs mj ecmc fcsj, yc quj ck ao m`spoajr mj ajutro, kcs tjasòajs jatrj fcsj y ajutro ao soa bjmìkjs y por tcato jk eãkeuko mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãsèos, ja pràe`pò, ao js fcetìkj. Wcrc jstj ecso, mjijbos trctcr eoa kc potjae`c mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo eobpkjto y kcs jeuceòajs quj mca kcs potjae`cs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc soa rjspjet`vcbjatj kcs (9.53) c (9.55). Kc prjduatc quj pomjbos ncejraos js< ¿eõbo pomjbos bjm`r jk mjsfcsj, s` kcs tjasòajs s`bpkjs ao soa ceejsìkjs? o s` sj qu`jrj, ¿eõbo ncrã jk àstrubjato mj bjm`mc pcrc bjm`r ja jstc eoamè`õa? Wujs i`ja, mj njeno kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ao mjpjamj mjk ãaduko y sj pujmj mjbostrcr quj kcs potjae`cs totckjs, cet`vc y rjcet`vc sj pujmja eckeukcr eobo s` sj trctcsj mj trjs s`stjbcs boaofãsèos, jk`d`jamo ua ajutro cri`trcrò y jbpkjcamo (9.90) y (9.57). 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc == F`d. 9.3> - M`stàtcs mjseobposèòajs mj ua s`stjbc mj tjasòajs eobpujstcs ja tjasòajs s`bpkjs Ja mja`t`vc, ko quj jstcbos mè`jamo js quj pcrc jk eãkeuko pomjbos jbpkjcr uacs tjasòajs s`bpkjs cri`trcr`cs, eoa kc üaèc eoamè`õa mj quj tjadca sus jxtrjbos ja vàrtèjs mjk s`stjbc mj vjetorjs tjasòajs eobo bujstrc kc F`d.kos 9.3>. Mj njeno kos àstrubjatos mjmj bjm`mc ko qujeobpujstcs, nceja js erjcr àtjracbjatj ua ajutro crt`fè`ck, bjm`r kcs tjasòajs eoa rjspjeto c jstj ajutro y ncejr jk eobputo totck subcamo potjae`cs mj kos trjs s`stjbcs boaofãsèos jbpkjcamo kcs jeuceòajs (9.90) y (9.57). Ja tck ecso, ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kcs potjae`cs por fcsj ao t`jaja sjat`mo, pjro kc potjae`c tr`fãsèc totck js kc b`sbc sjc euck sjc jk ajutro crt`e`ck, A3 õ A9 ja jk ecso mjk s`stjbc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.3>. Kcs rjkceòajs jatrj potjae`c cet`vc, rjcet`vc y cpcrjatj, jeuceòajs (9.9:) c (9.94), csâ eobo jk tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs mj kc F`d. 9.36, s`duja s`jamo vãk`mos pcrc s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos ja ràd`bja sàuso`mck. C eoatà e oatàuce` uce`õa õa vjrj vjrjbos bos quj pcrc s`st s`stjbcs jbcs mjsjq mjsjqu`k` u`kìrcmo ircmoss tcbi tcbi`àa `àa js vãk` vãk`mo mo jk eãkeuko fcsj fcsj, pjro Zac ja ecbiò pcrcbãs s`stjbcs eoamjcrbõaèos jstcs jxprjsòajs ao csoa vãk`mcs. jxpkèce`õa mjtckkcmc kcs potjae`cs ja ecso mj jx`stjae`c mj crbõaèos sj mcrã ja jk ecpâtuko =. 9.0 U`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.9 njbos mjfà`mo kc rjm tr`fãsèc `mjck eobo ua s`stjbc ck`bjatcmo por trjs tjasòajs mj `duck bõmuko y mjsfcscmcs jatrj sâ 397¼. Jstj s`stjbc pjrfjetcbjatj jqu`kìrcmo, pujmj rjprjsjatcrsj por trjs fcsorjs, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.30 c). U` kcs ecrdcs soa tcbi`àa jqu`kìrcmcs, jsto mcrâc kudcr c ua s`stjbc mj trjs eorr`jatjs, tcbi`àa mjsfcscmcs 397¼, `duckbjatj rjprjsjatcikjs por ua trâo mj fcsorjs caãkodo ck mj kc F`d. 9.30 c). 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =: Ja or`dja, kcs tjasòajs mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa tr`fãsèo pujmja eoas`mjrcrsj jqu`kìrcmcs, pjro mji`mo c ua rjpcrto mjs`duck mj ecrdcs ja kcs m`stàtcs fcsjs (`bpjmcae`cs mjsjqu`kìrcmcs), sj djajrca eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`kìrcmcs y mji`mo c kcs ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja jk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa, sj or`dàca mjsjqu`kìròs, tcbi`àa ja kcs tjasòajs mjk puato mj rjejpe`õa. U` ncejbos kc rjprjsjatce`õa vjetor`ck mj ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`kìrcmo mj tjasòajs o mj eorr`jatjs, jaeoatrcrjbos trjs fcsorjs quj pujmja tjajr bõmukos m`stàtos y mjsfcsjs m`stàtos mj 397·, eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 9.30.i. c) U`stjbc jqu`kìrcmo i) U`stjbc mjsjqu`kìrcmo F`d. 9.30 - U`stjbcs mj tjasòajs jqu`kìrcmo y mjsjqu`kìrcmo Wcrc jk caãk`s`s s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos, Fortjseuj y Utohv`s, `mjcroa ua bàtomo eoaoe`momjeobo bàtomo mj kcs eobpoajatjs s`bàtrècs. Mèno bàtomo mèj jsjae`ckbjatj quj euckqu`jr s`stjbc tr`fãsèo mjsjqu`kìrcmo pujmj sjr mjseobpujsto ja subc mj trjs s`stjbcs< Zao mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc, otro mj sjeujae`c àvjrsc y otro mj sjeujae`c ejro, kkcbcmo tcbi`àa nobopokcr. Jatjamjbos por s`stjbc mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc ua s`stjbc s`bàtrèo mj vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ, mjsfcscmos 397·, ja jk quj kc suejs`õa mj fcsjs js K3-K9-K5, por sjeujae`c àvjrsc cqujk s`stjbc mj vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ, eoa mjsfcsj mj 397· y sjeujae`c Y ] U y por sjeujae`c ejro cqujk s`stjbc forbcmo por trjs vjetorjs `duckjs jatrj sâ y ja fcsj. Kc F`d. 9.97 bujstrc kos trjs s`stjbcs. F`d. 9.97 - U`stjbcs mj sjeujae`cs m`rjetc, àvjrsc y nobopokcr Jk bàtomo mj mjseobposè`õa js vãk`mo pcrc s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos euckjsqu`jrc, mj trjs n`kos o mj euctro n`kos, js mje`r eoa o sà ajutro y s`rvj tcato pcrc jk jstumò mj tjasòajs eobo pcrc eorr`jatjs. 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =6 Ja kc mjseobposè`õa mj Fortjseuj, kcs eobpoajatjs m`rjetc, àvjrsc y nobopokcr soa vckorjs quj mjija eckeukcrsj bjm`catj ua eãkeuko vjetor`ck c pcrt`r mj kos vjetorjs, Vc , Vi ,Ve, mjk s`stjbc or`dàck mjsjqu`kìrcmo (vjr F`d. 9.30.i), tck eobo sj àmèc ja kcs jeuceòajs s`du`jatjs<  3  3    9 Z m 2 ( Zc + c .Zi + c .Ze ) 5     (9.56)  9 Z m 2 ( Zc + c .Zi + c .Ze ) 5 (9.54) 3 Z 7 2 ( Zc + Zi + Ze ) 5 (9.5>)              moamj c js ua vjetor mj bõmuko ua`mcm y fcsj 397· y Z m ,Z ` ,Z 7 , soa kos ‛vjetorjs icsj‒ (mj kc fcsj K3) mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc, àvjrsc y nobopokcr. Kos vjetorjs mj kcs otrcs fcsjs, ck trctcrsj mj s`stjbcs s`bàtrèos, sj mjr`vca mj kos ‛vjetorjs icsj‒ mjsfcscamo rjtrcso ojaja pcrc kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto j àvjrso397¼ y sàjamjsfcscr jk cvcaej ecso mjkrjspjet`vcbjatj s`stjbc nobopokcr. Ja kc F`d. 9.93 njbos rjprjsjatcmo kos vjetorjs ua`tcròs mj kc mjseobposè`õa 9 mj Fortjseuj-Utohv`s, jk vjetor ua`mcm, jk vjetor c y jk vjetor c . Wcrc jk 9 trctcb`jato cackâtèo mj kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos, kos vjetorjs c y c sj jxprjsca ja forbc mj aübjros eobpkjlos eoa kos vckorjs àmècmos ja kcs jeuceòajs (9.50) y (9.=7).     c 2∙ 3 9 + l 5 9 23 |397· c 9 2 ∙ 3 ∙ l 5 2 3|9=7· 9 9  9 F`d. 9.93 - Vjetorjs ua`tcròs mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac  (9.50) (9.=7) Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =4 Oisàrvjsj por kc jeuce`õa (9.5>) quj s` kos bõmukos mj kcs trjs tjasòajs subca ejro ao ncy eobpoajatj nobopokcr. ]ck js jk ecso mj kos s`stjbcs mj trjs n`kos, sà ajutro, moamj kc subc vjetor`ck mj kcs trjs tjasòajs eobpujstcs y kc mj kcs trjs eorr`jatjs js s`jbprj ejro. Ja tck ecso jk s`stjbc sj mjseobpoaj soko ja uao mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc y uao mj sjeujae`c àvjrsc y jk s`stjbc nobopokcr js auko. F`d. 9.99 - Eobposè`õa mj kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto, àvjrso y nobopokcr y s`stjbc mjsjqu`kìrcmo rjsuktcatj Kc F`d. 9.99 bujstrc kc eobposè`õa mj eorr`jatjs ja ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`kìrcmo y ja jkkc pomjbos vjr ekcrcbjatj kos trjs s`stjbcs m`rjeto, àvjrso y nobopokcr y su subc, quj rjsuktc sjr ua s`stjbc mj vjetorjs mjsjqu`kìrcmo (mj trczo bãs drujso). Wcrc àmècr jk drcmo mj mjsjqu`kìrò mj ua s`stjbc sj usca mos eoje`jatjs< • Eoje` Eoje`jat jatjj mj mjs mjsjqu jqu`k` `kìr` irò, o, Hm< Yjkce`õa jatrj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs eobpoajatjs àvjrsc y m`rjetc (9.=3). • Eoj Eoje` e`ja jatj tj mj cs cs`bj `bjtr trâc âc Hc< Yjkce`õa jatrj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs eobpoajatjs nobopokcr y m`rjetc (9.=9). Hm % 2 Z` .377 Zm (9. =3) Hc% 2 Z7 .377 (9. =9) Zm C tâtuko mjajutro) jljb pko,y kc jljbpko, rjm mj m`mèno strìue`õa ja B] js djajrckbjatj rjm mjaukc. trjs n`kos (sà sjdüa ko m`strìue`õa kc eobpoajatj nobopokcr jsuac s`jbprj Wor jkko, kc s`bjtrâc mj kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa sujkj bjm`rsj üaècbjatj por jk eoje`jatj mj mjsjqu`kìrò. Ujdüa kc aorbc JA-:7.367, pcrc kcs trjs tjasòajs mj rjm, mèno eoje`jatj bjm`mo ja probjmòs mj 37 sjduamos, mjij sjr bjaor mjk 9% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo. 9.37 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos Ja pr`bjr kudcr pomrâcbos m`stàdu`r jatrj s`stjbcs eoa ajutro y s`stjbcs sà ajutro, y ja ecmc uao mj jstos pomjbos m`stàdu`r< • ]`po C. U`stjbcs U`stjbcs eoa tjasòa tjasòajs js jqu`kìrcmc jqu`kìrcmcss y eorr`jatjs eorr`jatjs mjsjqu`k` mjsjqu`kìrcmc ircmcss 9 • ]`po I. U`stjbcs U`stjbcs eoa tjasò tjasòajs ajs y eorr` eorr`jatjs jatjs mjsjqu mjsjqu`kìrc `kìrcmcs. mcs. eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc => 9.37.3 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos eoa ajutro Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj potjae`cs, tcato ja s`stjbcs t`po C) eobo ja s`stjbcs t`po I) pomjbos sjdu`r jbpkjcamo kcs jeuceòajs (9.9>) (9.90) y (9.57), tobcamo eobo rjfjrjae`c ja ajutro mj kc àstckce`õa. Wujsto quj sj m`spoaj mj kcs tjasòajs y mj kcs eorr`jatjs àm`v`muckjs mj ecmc fcsj, sj eobputc kc potjae`c àm`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj y por tcato jk njeno mj quj jk s`stjbc sjc mjsjqu`kìrcmo o ao, ao t`jaj `bportcae`c. F`d. 9.95 - M`stàtcs mjseobposèòajs mj ua s`stjbc mj tjasòajs eobpujstcs mjsjqu`kìrcmcs ja tjasòajs s`bpkjs 9.37.9 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos sà ajutro Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj potjae`cs ja s`stjbcs sà ajutro, tcato mjk t`po C) eobo mjk t`po I) pomjbos sjdu`r jbpkjcamo kcs jeuceòajs (9.9>) (9.90) y (9.57), tobcamo ua ajutro euckqu`jrc cri`trcrò. Mj njeno, sj mjbujstrc quj kcs potjae`cs totckjs W, S y U ao mjpjamja mjk puato moamj sj tobj jk ajutro, b`jatrcs kos jxtrjbos mj kos vjetorjs s`bpkjs eoàe`mca eoaCsâ kospujs vàrtèjs K3, K9, K5uacs mjk s`stjbc eobpujsto, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 9.95. sj eobputca potjae`cs àm`v`muckjs por fcsj, quj ao t`jaja vck`mjz, pjro su subc js kc b`sbc sjc euck sjc jk ajutro mj rjfjrjae`c. Csâ pujs, kc bjm`mc sj pujmj ncejr erjcamo ua ajutro crt`e`ck ja jk àstrubjato y kcs potjae`cs tr`fãsècs sjrãa eorrjetcs. 9.333 Wotjae`cs `bportcmcs y jxportcmcs< eucmrcatjs 9.3 Ck ncejr jk eobputo mj potjae`c potjae`css trcasfj trcasfjr`mcs r`mcs jatrj rjmjs pomjbos eoatjbp eoatjbpkcr kcr mos sjat`mos mj ulo< mj fujatj c ecrdc o mj ecrdc c fujatj. Ao oistcatj, eoa jk cubjato mj kos s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa m`strìu`mc, eobiàcamo ejatrckjs eoavjaeòackjs eoa s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa icscmos ja fujatjs mj jajrdâc 9 rjaovcikjs, kos eoaejptos mj fujatj y ecrdc sj mjija eoas`mjrcr rjvjrsìkjs. eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =0 Csâ pujs, ua eoaluato mj mos rjmjs, 3 y 9 (vjr F`d. 9.9=), pujmja àtjre àtjrecbi`cr cbi`cr jajrdâc ja kos mos sjat`mos, js mje`r, cetucamo 3 mj fujatj y 9 mj ecrdc o cetucamo 9 mj fujatj y 3 mj ecrdc. Jstj eoaejpto mj rjvjrsì`k`mcm pujmj cpkècrsj cmjbãs tcato c kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs eobo c kcs rjcet`vcs, mcamo kudcr c = posìkjs forbcs mj fuaeòacb`jato, sjdüa sj `bportj o sj jxportj potjae`c cet`vc y sjdüa sj `bportj o jxportj potjae`c rjcet`vc. Kcs euctro posìkjs eobiàceòajs sj rjprjsjatca por kos mjaobàcmos = eucmrcatjs mjk drãeo mj potjae`cs. Ja kc F`d. 9.9=.i, sj nca rjprjsjatcmo jstos = eucmrcatjs, àmècamo kcs mjaobàceòajs y kos s`daos mj kcs potjae`cs, sjdüa @JE-63::4-39, X5R. c) Jstrueturc mj kcs rjmjs i) U`daos mj kcs potjae`cs ja kos = eucmrcatjs F`d. 9.9= - Eucmrcatjs y s`daos mj kcs potjae`cs 9.39 U`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa< jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj Wcrc mjtjrbàcmos jstumòs m`strìue`õa, eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc, eãkeuko mj ktros, jte.,mj js e`reu`tos ajejscròmj eoaoejr ua jsqujbc mj kc rjm eoa mjtjrbàcmos mctos. Ja tckjs ecsos, sujkj eoas`mjrcrsj quj kc rjm tr`fãsèc js jqu`kìrcmc y sj rjprjsjatc üaècbjatj ua eoamuetor. Kos m`cdrcbcs rjsuktcatjs sj mjaobàca jsqujbcs ua`f`kcrjs. Kc F`d. 9.9:, bujstrc uao mj mènos mènos m`cdrcbcs y jk eorrjspoam`jatj e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj c jfjetos mj propcdce`õa mj crbõaèos. 9 Ja jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sj rjprjsjatca iãsècbjatj trjs t`pos mj jkjbjatos< kâajcs, trcasforbcmorjs y ecrdcs (o drupos mj ecrdcs). Ecmc uao mj kos drupos sj sust`tuyj por su `bpjmcae`c y sj oit`jaj por tcato ua e`reu`to boaofãsèo jqu`vckjatj, quj pjrb`tj jstum`cr kc rjm jqu`kìrcmc. eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :7 F`d. 9.9: - Jsqujbc ua`kcr y e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj uac rjm Ck trc trctcr tcrsj sj mj jsqu jsqujbcs jbcs ua` ua`kcr kcrjs js sj supo supoaj aj quj jk e`r e`reu` eu`to to rjpr rjprjsja jsjatcmo tcmo js jk mj uac fcsj y kcs `bpjmcae`cs soa `bpjmcae`cs fcsj ― ajutro. Ja djajrck, djajrck, uac ecrdc euckqu`jrc eoa m`stors`õa sj mjsmoikc ja uac pcrtj rjs`st`vc YW proporeòack c kc potjae`c cet`vc, uac pcrtj ^S, proporeòack c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mji`mc ck mjsfcsj Z-@ y uac sjr`j mj fujatjs mj eorr`jatj @n, quj rjprjsjatca kos crbõaèos djajrcmos por kcs ecrdcs ao kàjckjs. C jfjetos mj eãkeuko mjij eoas`mjrcrsj ua e`reu`to m`stàto pcrc ecmc crbõaèo (pcrc ecmc frjeujae`c). Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj àmèc kc forbc mj eckeukcr `bpjmcae`cs mj djajrcmorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, ecikjs y ecrdcs ja djajrck, eoa tck mj eoaoejr kos vckorjs mjk jsqujbc ua`kcr c pcrt`r mj kcs potjae`cs mj kcs ecrdcs. 9.39.3 E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja ua puato mj kc ceobjt`mc< @bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to. Ck puato mj eoajx`õ eoajx`õaa mj uac àstckc àstckce`õa e`õa c kc rjm püikèc sj kj mjaobàc puato mj eoajx`õa eobüa, sâbioko WEE. Js prãetècbjatj `bposìkj eoaoejr euãk js kc eoadurce`õa jxcetc mj kc rjm quj ck`bjatc jk WEE, pjro cüa csâ sj pujmj oitjajr e`reu`to ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj mj `bpjmcae`c kc b`sbc, forbcmo ua`bpjmcae`c djajrcmor `mjck (eoauavckor aobàck mj kc tjas`õa y sà àtjrac) por y uac sjr`j (vjr kc F`d. 9.96). Kc `bpjmcae`c sjr`j pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, Uee , mj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, \ee , o mj kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to, uee% . 9 F`d. 9.96 - E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja WEE eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :3 Kcs jeuceòajs quj rjkceòaca kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to y otros pcrãbjtros mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj soa kcs s`du`jatjs< U ee 2 377.U A (9.=5) u ee % 9 Yee9 + ^ ee9 2 Z e 2 Z e .u ee % U ee 377.U A \ ee 2 @ ee 2 u ee 2 9 Ze (9.==) (9.=:) \ ee u ee 377 9 9 2 u Yee + u êe (9.=6) 9 Z e .u Yee ee Y 2 ^ ee 2 (9.=4) UA Z e9 .u êe (9.=>) UA moamj Z E rjprjsjatc kc tjas`õa eobpujstc ja e`reu`tos tr`fãsèos (kcs fõrbukcs soa vãk`mcs tcbi`àa pcrc e`reu`tos boaofãsèos tobcamo Z E kc tjas`õa mjk e`reu`to boaofãsèo), \ ee kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, Yee y ^ ee kc rjs`stjae`c y rjcetcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to, U ee kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to U A kc potjae`c cpcrjatj aobàck, @ ee kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to, uee % kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to jxprjscmc ja tcato por e`jato y uee kc b`sbc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to ja tcato por uao. Aotc< ]omcs jstcs bcda`tumjs sj jvcküca c kc frjeujae`c aobàck (:7 õ 67 Nz). Wcrc ncejr eãkeukos eoa crbõaèos ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj êen 2 êe ´ n, s`jamo n jk ormja mjk crbõaèo. Ja pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa sj sujkj supoajr quj tomc kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to js àmuet`vc, kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc sujkj eoas`mjrcrsj mjsprje`cikj, js mje`r Yee ≊ 7, o ko quj js ko b`sbo \ ee ≊ ^ ee . 9 Jljbpko< Zac rjm c =77 V t`jaj uac potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to ja jk puato mj ceobjt`mc mj 9 BVĆ. Eckeukcr kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to y kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to. eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :9 Uokue`õa< \ ee ≊ ^ ee 2 Z e9 2 =779 6 2 7,7>Ω 8 @ ee 2 U ee 9.37 9.39.9 E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj ua trcasforbcmor Ze \ ee 2 =77 7 ,7> 2 :777 C Kcs `bpjmcae`cs bãs s`da`ect`vcs mj ua trcasforbcmor soa mos< Kc rjcetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj, ^b, ja pcrckjko eoa kc rjm y kc rjcetcae`c mj m`spjrs`õa, ^m, ja sjr`j eoa kc rjm (vàcsj kc F`d. 9.94). Jx`stj cs`b`sbo uac eobpoajatj mj `bpjmcae`c mj t`po rjs`st`vo ja sjr`j, mji`mc c kc rjs`stjae`c mj kos crrokkcb`jatos pr`bcrò y sjeuamcrò, pjro sujkj mjsprje`crsj pcrc jk t`po mj eãkeukos cprox`bcmos quj aos propoajbos ja jstj tjxto. F`d. 9.94. Jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj mjk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Kcs jeuceòajs quj sj jbpkjca pcrc jk eãkeuko mj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor soa kcs b`sbcs quj njbos mcmo ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr, (9.=5) c (9.=>). Nci`tuckbjatj jk mcto uee % sujkj jaeoatrcrsj ja kc prop`c pkcec mj ecrcetjrâstècs mjk trcasforbcmor. Ja eucato c kc àmuetcae`c ` amuetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj, àstc sujkj tobcrsj mjk ormja mj 3,>% c 9% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. Ja rjck`mcm s` sj m`spoaj mj mctos mjk jascyo mj vceâo mjk trcasforbcmor, kc eorr`jatj mj vceâo js prãetècbjatj kc eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj, @b, jatoaejs ^b sj pujmj eckeukcr por kc jeuce`õa (9.=0), moamj (@b)pu js jk tcato por uao mj eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj. ^b 2 Ze / 5 @b Ze / 2 ( @ b ) pu .U A / 5 2 5Z e Z e9 ( @ b )pu .U A (9.=0) Jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj pujmj tobcrsj mjsmj sjeuamcrò o mjsmj pr`bcrò. Wcrc kos jstumòs mj rjsoacae`cs y ulos mj ecrdc ja iclc tjas`õa, s`jbprj tobcrjbos jk jqu`vckjatj v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcrò. Jljbpko< Za trcasforbcmor mj 657 hVĆ, eoa uac rjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa 3: hV / =77 V, eoa uee % 2 6%, eorr`jatj mj vceâo mj 3,>% mj kc aobàck, sj ck`bjatc mj uac rjm mj pr`bcrò eoa > BVĆ mj potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to. Eckeukcr jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj mjk eoaluato v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcrò. 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :5 Jk jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj js jk rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 9.97, moamj sj nc supujsto quj tomcs kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj eortoe`reu`to soa àmuet`vcs, tcato ja jk djajrcmor eobo ja jk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. F`d. 9.9>. Jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj v`sto mjsmj sjeuamcrò. ^ eed 2 ^ eet 2 Ze U ee Z e9 U ee 2 2 =77 9 2 7 ,7:Ω 8 >.37 6 Z e9 .uee % 377.U A 2 =779.6 377.657.37 9 ^b 2 Ze ( @ b ) pu .U A 2 5 =77 9 7 ,73>.657.37 5 2 7,73:9Ω8 2 3= ,3Ω Oisàrvjsj quj s` nui`jrc ulo mj crbõaèos mjk kcmo ecrdc nce`c rjm, sj pomrâc jstum`cr eoa jstj e`reu`to, sust`tuyjamo jk djajrcmor por ua eortoe`reu`to eobo yc sj n`zo ja kc F`d. 9.9:. (sj trctc mj ua djajrcmor `mjck). Ja tck ecso kc eorr`jatj quj e`reukcrâc por kc rjcetcae`c ^b sjrâc mjsprje`cikj eobpcrcmc eoa kc quj vc c rjm, yc quj ^b 11 êed , por jkko, ja jstumòs mj crbõaèos sj sujkj prjseàm`r mj ^b ja jk jsqujbc ua`kcr. 9.39.5 @bpjmcae`c mj kos ecikjs Ja àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kos ecikjs pujmja sjr s`da`fèct`vcs, por jkko mjija tobcrsj ja eoas`mjrce`õa ja kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs. Mèncs `bpjmcae`cs mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa djobàtrèc mj kos ecikjs mj `mc y rjtorao y mjk bctjr`ck eoastruet`vo. Kos mctos bãs cikjs sj jaeujatrca ja kos ectãkodos mj kos propòs fcirècatjs. 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc := C tâtuko mj jljbpko, kc tcikc 9.9 bujstrc kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj ckduaos ecikjs e cikjs mj = eoamuetorjs, mj m`stàtcs sjeeòajs, c m`stàtcs frjeujae`cs. Oisàrvjsj quj c :7 Nz mobàc kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc mj kc `bpjmcae`c, sckvo ja sjeeòajs buy drcamjs, pjro pcrc frjeujae`cs erje`jatjs (crbõaèos 33 y 35 por jljbpko, mj frjeujae`cs ::7 Nz y 6:7 Nz) kc pcrtj àmuet`vc t`jaj ua pjso `bportcatj. ]cikc 9. 9. @bpjmcae`cs mj ecikjs mj = eoamuetorjs t`po ‛Wrotomur‒ pcrc tjas`õa ncstc 3hV. Aübjro y sjee`õa mj kos eoamuetorjs 9 Y c 47·E Ω / hb ^ c :7 Nz Ω / hb \ c :7 Nz \ c 9:7 Nz \ c 5:7 Nz \ c ::7 Nz \ c 6:7 Nz Ω / hb Ω / hb Ω / hb Ω / hb Ω / hb =x3,: bb9 3 = .= 4 7.33: 3 = .= 4 3=. => 3 = .= 0 3=. :5 3 = .: : =x9,: bb9 > .4 3 7.33 > .4 3 >. 45 > .4 = >. 40 > .> 5 =x= bb9 : .= : 7. 374 : .= : :. => : .: 7 :. :> : .6 9 =x6 bb9 5 .6 9 7. 3 5 .6 9 5. 6: 5 .6 0 5. 4> 5 .> : =x37 bb9 9 .3 6 7. 70= 9 .3 6 9. 93 9 .9 6 9. 50 9 .= > =x36 bb9 3 .5 6 7. 70 3 .5 6 3. =5 3 .: 7 3. 6> 3 .4 0 =x9: bb9 7 .> 6 5 7. 7>6 7 .> 4 7. 06 3 .7 : 3. 9> 3 .= 3 =x5: bb9 7 .6 9 4 7. 7>5 7 .6 5 7. 4: 7 .> : 3.33 3 .9 : =x:7 bb9 7 .= 6 5 7. 7>5 7 .= 4 7. 69 7 .4 = 3. 79 3 .3 4 =x47 bb9 7 .5 9 3 7. 7>9 7 .5 5 7. :9 7 .6 6 7. 06 3.33 =x0: bb9 7 .9 5 3 7. 7>9 7 .9 : 7. =4 7 .6 9 7. 05 3 .7 0 =x397 bb9 7 .3 > 5 7. 7> 7 .9 7 7. == 7 .: 0 7. 07 3 .7 6 =x3:7 bb9 7 .3 = 0 7. 7> 7 .3 4 7. =5 7 .: > 7. >0 3 .7 : =x3>: bb9 7.33> 7. 7> 7 .3 = 7. =9 7 .: 4 7. >0 3 .7 : =x9=7 bb9 7 .7 0 7. 740 7 .3 9 7. =3 7 .: 6 7. >4 3 .7 5 =x577 bb9 7 .7 4 3 7. 740 7.33 7. =7 7 .: 6 7. >4 3 .7 5 ]àadcsj ja eujatc cmjbãs, quj kc eobpoajatj àmuet`vc mjpjamj mj kc m`sposè`õa djobàtrèc mj kos ecikjs. U` kos ecikjs mj kcs m`stàtcs fcsjs sj jaeujatrca buy sjpcrcmos jatrj sâ, kc pcrtj àmuet`vc cubjatc buy eoas`mjrcikjbjatj. Eoaerjtcbjatj pcrc kâajcs kcrdcs, tjam`mcs eoa ecikjs ua`pokcrjs, c vjejs ecikjs bükt`pkjs por fcsj, y m`seurr`jamo por icamjlcs bjtãkècs, mjij proeurcrsj trjazcr kos ecikjs mj kcs trjs fcsjs, mj forbc quj jk ãrjc jatrj `mc y rjtorao sjc kc bâa`bc posìkj. Ecso mj ao rjspjtcr jstc forbc mj tjam`mo, kc àmuetcae`c mjk ecikj ckecazc fãe`kbjatj vckorjs jatrj 7,> y 3 ºN /b, eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :: F`d. 9. 90. M`sposè`õa mj ecikjs pcrc bà`b`zcr kc àmuetcae`c por bjtro eoa ko euck kc `bpjmcae`c erjej eoas`mjrcikjbjatj y kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa supjrc kos kâb`tjs cejptcikjs, nce`jamo àüt`k jk cubjato mj sjee`õa mj ecikjs. Kc F`d. 9.90 `kustrc kcs forbcs eorrjetc j àeorrjetc mj m`spoajr kos ecikjs mj kcs fcsjs y kc tcikc 9.9 mc kcs rjcetcae`cs or`jatct`vcs or`jatct`vcs mj m`vjrscs m`sposèòajs mj ecikjs y icrrcs. ]cikc 9. 5. Yjcetcae`cs ja T/hb mj m`stàtcs m`sposèòajs mj ecikjs y icrrcs Ic r r c s Ecikj ]r`fãsèo 5 ecikjs 5 ecikjs ua`pokcrjs ua`pokcrjs ja tr`caduko ja kâajc ecikjs ja kâajc m2M ecikjs ja kâajc m29M Ω/h b 7, 3: 7, 74: 7, 3 : 7 , 3= : 7, 30 Vckorjs jxtrjbos 7, 3 c 7, 9 7, 7 : c 7 , 3 7, 3 c 7, 9 J s qu jb c Yjcetcae`c 7, 3 7, 7 > c 7, 39 7 , 3= c 7, 3 : 7, 3> c 7 , 9 9.35 Yjsoacae`cs sjr`j y pcrckjko Kc `bpjmcae`c mj kcs ioiàcs y mj kos eoamjascmorjs mjpjamj, sjdüa sj nc mèno, mj kc frjeujae`c, pjro cmjbãs, kos eobpoajatjs rjckjs, t`jaja e`jrtcs `bpjrfjeeòajs. Kcs àmuetcae`cs sujkja tjajr uac e`jrtc rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j YK y kos eoamjascmorjs sujkja prjsjatcr uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j YU (c vjejs mjaobàcmc JUY, jqu`vckjat sjr`js rjs`stcaej) y otrc ja pcrckjko o mj fudcs Y f . Kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs mj jstos eobpoajatjs rjckjs y sus `bpjmcae`cs ja 9 F`d. 9. 57 - @bpjmcae`c mj F`d. 9. 53 - @bpjmcae`c mj uac ioiàc ao `mjck ua eoamjascmor ao `mjck eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :6 fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c sj nca mìulcmo ja kcs durcs 9.57 y 9.53. Ja mèncs durcs njbos mìulcmo kos jsqujbcs jqu`vckjatjs eoas`mjrcamo kcs `bpjrfjeeòajs pjrejptìkjs c iclcs frjeujae`cs ( f ; 9 hNz ) mj mènos eobpoajatjs ( YK , YU, Y f ). Kc eoajx`õa ja sjr`j o ja pcrckjko mj àmuetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs mc kudcr c s`tuceòajs sàdukcrjs, mjaobàcmcs mj rjsoacae`c, ja kcs euckjs kc `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bâa`bc o bãx`bc. Jstcs eoamèòajs mj rjsoacae`c soa prje`scbjatj kcs quj sj eoatrokca pcrc oitjajr m`stàtos t`pos mj ktros. 9.35.3 Yjsoacae`c sjr`j Kc eoajx`õa ja sjr`j mj uac ioiàc y ua eoamjascmor mc eobo rjsuktcmo ua e`reu`to euyc `bpjmcae`c pujmj eckeukcrsj mj kc jeuce`õa (9.:7). Jk bõmuko mj mènc `bpjmcae`c vcrâc eoa kc frjeujae`c sjdüa sj àmèc ja kc F`d. 9.59. y kc jeuce`õa (9.:3) \ 2( Y K + Y ) + l( ^ \ 2 (Y s K K ∙^ E (9.:7) ) + Y ) 9 + ( πK ∙ 3 / πE ) 9 (9.:3) s Oisàrvjsj quj kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kc ioiàc y mjk eoamjascmor sj rjstca, sjdüa sj vò ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.6. Jx`stj uac frjeujae`c, kkcbcmc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c, π Y , pcrc kc euck eoàe`mca kos vckorjs mj ^ K y ^ E. Kc `bpjmcae`c c mènc frjeujae`c js bâa`bc, qujmcamo rjmue`mc c kc subc mj rjs`stjae`cs YK + Ys, euyo vckor js djajrckbjatj buy iclo. • Eo Eoam amè è`õ `õaa mj mj rjs rjsoa oaca cae` e`c< c< ^ 2 Ê ⇙ K • Fr Frje jeuj ujae ae`c `c mj mj rjso rjsoac acae ae`c `c<< π Y 2 π 3 Y 3 K2 π Y E (9. :9) (9. :5) KE 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :4 F`d. 9. 59.- @bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c ja ua e`reu`to K-E sjr`j. F`d. 9.55 - M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck ja eoamèòajs mj rjsoacae`c sjr`j. Jk eobportcb`jato mjk e`reu`to KE sjr`j js ecpce`t`vo pcrc , eoa kc eorr`jatj cmjkcatcmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa j àmuet`vo pcrc , eoa kc eorr`jatj rjtrcscmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c, jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck js jk mj kc F`d. 6.:. Kc eorr`jatj y kc tjas`õa jstãa ja fcsj y pujmj oisjrvcrsj quj kcs tjasòajs ja kc ioiàc y ja jk eoamjascmor sj eoatrcrrjstca, pum`àamosj mcr jk ecso mj quj àstcs soa vcr`cs vjejs supjròrjs c kc tjas`õa mj rjm. Ja eoasjeujae`c uac rjsoacae`c sjr`j provoec fujrtjs soirjtjasòajs soirj kos eoamjascmorjs y soirj kcs ioiàcs. 9.35.9 Yjsoacae`c pcrckjko Kc eoajx`õa ja pcrckjko mj uac ioiàc y ua ua eoamjascmor mc eobo rjsuktcmo ua e`reu`to euyc `bpjmcae`c pujmj eckeukcrsj mj kc jeuce`õa (9.:=). Oisàrvjsj quj pcrc jk vckor mj kc `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bãx`bo y cmqu`jrj ua vckor buy drcamj, tcato bãs eucato bjaorjs sjca y . Jk bõmuko mj mènc `bpjmcae`c vcrâc eoa kc frjeujae`c sjdüa sj àmèc ja kc F`d. 9.5=. (9.:=) 9 Eoamè`õa mj rjsoacae`c< (9.::) Frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c< (9.:6) Jk eobportcb`jato mjk e`reu`to KE pcrckjko js àmuet`vo pcrc kc eorr`jatj rjtrcscmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa y ecpce`t`vo pcrc , eoa , eoa kc eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :> eorr`jatj cmjkcatcmc rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Wcrc kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c, jk m`cdrcbc vjetor`ck js jk mj kc F`d. 9.5:. Kcs eorr`jatjs por ecmc uac mj kcs rcbcs mj ioiàc y eoamjascmor soa `duckjs y mj s`dao eoatrcrò, mj forbc quj kc eorr`jatj totck js prãetècbjatj ejro (`bpjmcae`c buy drcamj). Kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecmc rcbc pujmja tobcr vckorjs jxtrjbcmcbjatj cktos, jx`st`jamo por tcato ua pjk`dro mj mjstruee`õa mjk eoamjascmor o mj kc ioiàc s` ao cetüca kcs protjeeòajs cmjeucmcs. F`d. 9.5= - @bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c ja ua e`reu`to K-E pcrckjko F`d. 9.5: - M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck ja eoamèòajs mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko 9.3= Njrrcb`jatcs mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs 9 Cetuckb jatj jk Cetuckbjatj j k caãk`s`s caã k`s`s mj e`reu`t e` reu`tos os sj nc s`bpk` s` bpk`ecmo ecmo bueno b ueno drce`cs c m`vjrscs m`v jrscs njrrcb`jatcs quj pjrb`tja kc rjsokue`õa mj e`reu`tos bjm`catj s`bukce`õa por eobputcmor. Jx`stja vcròs pcqujtjs mj softwcrj profjsòackjs, eoa jxejkjatjs prjstceòajs, quj pjrb`tja ncejr prjmèeòajs mj eobportcb`jato mj rjmjs eoa euckqu`jr t`po mj ecrdcs. Ckduaos mj jstos pcqujtjs ofrjeja vjrsòajs mj eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc :0 mjbostrce`õa, quj pjrb`tja proicr jk s`bukcmor y pujmja rjsuktcr üt`kjs pcrc oitjajr uac pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa mjk eobportcb`jato mj uac mjtjrbàcmc rjm. Kcs fuaeòajs quj pjrb`tja jstos s`bukcmorjs jbp`jzca eoa ua pr`bjr pcso quj pjrb`tj mìulcr jk e`reu`to y kujdo pjrb`tja ncejr uac s`bukce`õa por bàtomos tjbporckjs y/o frjeujae`ckjs. Ao vcbos c trctcr cquâ mj aàdüa s`bukcmor ja pcrtèukcr, pjro kos bãs eoaoe`mos soa jk WUpèj-Orecm y jk WU@B. Cbios pjrb`tja mjsecrdcr vjrsòajs mjbo mj X=R y X:R rjspjet`vcbjatj. Euckqu`jrc mj jstcs mjbos pujmj rjsuktcr üt`kjs pcrc ncejr eãkeukos mj ckdüa ktro sjae`kko, vjr su rjspujstc ja frjeujae`c o kcs forbcs mj oamc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko jl jbpko kc d. 9.56 bujstr bujstrcc ua jsqujbãt` jsqujbãtèo eo mj ua ktro k tro KEK pcrc ua rjet`ecmor mìulcmo eoa jk s`bukcmor WUpèj y kcs durcs 9.54 c 9.50 bujstrca m`stàtos drãeos y tcikcs quj sj nca oitja`mo mj kc s`bukce`õa eoa kc vjrs`õa mjbo mjk b`sbo. F`d. 9.54 - Forbcs mj oamc oitja`mcs eoa jk s`bukcmor 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 67 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 63 Yctò mj cbpk`tum Fcsj F`d. 9.5> - Yjspujstc frjeujae`ck oitja`mc eoa jk s`bukcmor F`d. 9.50 - Yjspujstc frjeujae`ck oitja`mc eoa jk s`bukcmor 9.3: Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos àtromue`mo kos eoaejptos iãsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac y bãs eoaerjtcbjatj sj nc ejatrcmo jk àtjràs ja kos eoaejptos rjkceòacmos eoa kc potjae`c jkàetrèc. 9 Mjk jstumò sj nc mjmue`mo quj kc potjae`c àstcatãajc ja ua e`reu`to mj cktjrac js uetucatj y quj kc potjae`c cet`vc, ao js otrc eosc quj jk vckor probjmò mj mènc potjae`c àstcatãajc. Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa quj kc potjae`c àstcatãajc pujmj tjajr vckorjs pos`t`vos y ajdct`vos, js mje`r, murcatj e`jrtcs pcrtjs mjk eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 69 eèko sj tobc potjae`c mj kc rjm y ja otros àstcatjs sj mjvujkvj uac pcrtj mj mènc potjae`c. Ja ecsos jxtrjbos (ecrdcs K o E purcs) pujmj àekuso mjvokvjrsj tomc kc potjae`c cisori`mc, eoa ko euck jk vckor bjmò o potjae`c cet`vc sjrâc auko. Ao oistcatj s`duj jx`st`jamo uac potjae`c uetucatj quj ncy quj trcasportcr y quj por tcato aos oik`dc c ua m`bjasòacmo bcyor mj kos s`stjbcs mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj (djajrcmorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, kâajcs, jte.) Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa quj kcs jajrdâcs uetucatjs eoasub`mcs por ecrdcs mj t`po àmuet`vo y mj t`po ecpce`t`vo soa mj s`dao eoatrcrò, ko euck pjrb`tj mje`r quj kc potjae`c uetucatj mj kcs ecrdcs àmuet`vcs pujmj sjr eobpjascmc bjm`catj ecrdcs ecpce`t`vcs o eoamjascmorjs. Jstc potjae`c fkuetucatj sj mjaobàc potjae`c rjcet`vc y kc crbce`õa catjròr pujmj forbukcrsj jatoaejs mè`jamo quj< kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj kcs ecrdcs àmuet`vcs pujmj sjr eobpjascmc bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs. Jstc eobpjasce`õa t`jaj eobo pràe`pck ijajeò jk ao tjajr quj trcasportcr kc jajrdâc uetucatj y pjrb`tj por tcato rjmue`r pàrm`mcs y rjmue`r jk m`bjasòacmo mj kos bjmòs mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj. Jk jstumò bãs mjtckkcmo mj jstj tjbc sj mcrã ja jk ecpâtuko =. C ko k o kcrdo mjk ecpâtu ecpâtuko ko njbos v`sto tcbi`à tcbi`àaa kc forbc mj oitjajr kos jsqujb jsqujbcs cs jqu`vckjatjs mj uac rjm, eoaejpto quj ut`k`zcrjbos ja kos ecpâtukos suejs`vos pcrc mjmue`r jk eobportcb`jato mj mènc rjm ck àtromue`r kos eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc o kos ktros mj crbõaèos. 9.36 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Ortjdc L`bjajz, L. 8 Wcrrc Wr`jto, V.B. V.B. 8 Wcstor Dut`jrrjz, C. 8 Wjrjz-Eoyto, C. 8 ‒]jor`c ‒] jor`c mj E`reu`tos‒, E`r eu`tos‒, Jm. ZAJM, 4ª jmè`õa (9777), @UIA< 04>>=56930=0= X9R Y. J. ]nobcs, C. L. Yosc. ‛E`reu`tos y sjóckjs< @atromuee`õa c kos e`reu`tos kàjckjs y mj ceopkcb`jato‒. Jm. Yjvjrtà (3003), @UIA< 04>>=9035=:>-9 X5R @JE-63::4-39, Jkjetrèck scfjty à kow voktcdj m`strìutòa systjbs up to 3777 Vce cam 3:77 Vme- Jqu`pbjat for tjstàd, bjcsuràd or boa`toràd of protjet`vj bjcsurjs - Wcrt 39< Wjrforbcaej bjcsuràd cam boa`toràd mjvèjs (WBM) X=R nttp<//www.ec nttp<//www.ecmjaej.eob/promuets/orecm/m mjaej.eob/promuets/orecm/mowakocms/orecm_mjbo/àmjx.c owakocms/orecm_mjbo/àmjx.cspx spx X:R nttp<//www.p nttp<//www.powjrsys.fr/ owjrsys.fr/ 9 eoaejWtos IÃsèos mj kos e`reu`tos mj eorr`jatj cktjrac 5 EOBWJAUCE@ÕA MJ WO]JAE@C YJCE]@VC JA YJMJU AO M@U]OYU@OACMCU 5.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jstj ecpâtuko trctcrjbos mj kc eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs, js mje`r ja cusjae`c mj crbõaèos. Csâ pujs, eoas`mjrcbos soko kcs potjae`cs rjkceòacmcs eoa kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc quj eoas`mjrcbos ja jstj ecpâtuko js ja mja`t`vc kc quj b`mja kc bcyorâc mj eoatcmorjs àstckcmos cetuckbjatj, cetuckbjatj, icscmos ja ja jk s`stjbc Fjrrcat`. Ao oistcatj, jstj t`po mj eoatcmorjs t`jaj kos mâcs eoatcmos, pujs kc bcyorâc mj eobpcóâcs kos jstãa sust`tuyjamo por eoatcmorjs jkjetrõaèos, quj pjrb`tja kjeturc rjbotc y djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc y quj m`stàduja jatrj y Fcetor mj Wotjae`c (FW), eoaejptos quj vjrjbos ja jk ecpâtuko = quj soa m`fjrjatjs s` kc eorr`jatj t`jaj tcscs mj m`stors`õa jkjvcmc. Csâ pujs pujs,, pcrc à` àè`cr e`craos aos ja jk tjbc tjbc,, ja jk rjst rjstoo mj jstj ecpâ ecpâtuko tuko ncikcrjb ncik crjbos os àm`stàtcbjatj mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o bjlorc mj , eobo tàrbàos sàõa`bos. Kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecrdcs àmustr`ckjs (botorjs, trcasforbcmorjs, ckubircmo uorjsejatj y otrcs) cisorija potjae`c cet`vc y, ja djajrck, potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po àmuet`vo. Eobo sj nc v`sto ja jk ecpâtuko catjròr, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc js uac potjae`c purcbjatj fkuetucatj quj cisorija bobjatãajcbjatj kos rjejptorjs murcatj uac pcrtj mjk eèko y quj mjvujkvja c kc rjm c ko kcrdo mjk eèko, mj forbc quj ao supoaj ua eoasubo ajto. Jsto `bpkèc, sà jbicrdo, ua eoasubo mj eorr`jatj jxtrc (eorr`jatj rjcet`vc) y por tcato uac eorr`jatj totck bcyor quj kc jstrètcbjatj ajejscr`c pcrc oitjajr jk trciclo üt`k, promue`jamo pàrm`mcs àajejscr`cs ja kc àstckce`õa y oik`dcamo c ua bcyor m`bjasòacmo mj kos djajrcmorjs y kâajcs mj trcasportj. 5.9 Eorr`jatjs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc Kc eorr`jatj totck cisori`mc por ua rjejptor sj mjaobàc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, @ . Wjro soko uac uac pcrtj mj jstc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj cpcrjatj promuej trciclo üt`k, kc mjaobàcmc eorr`jatj cet`vc, euyo vckor js . Cbics eorr`jatjs, cpcrjatj y cet`vc, jstãa rjkceòacmcs por jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc àstckce`õa y pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj ja ua tr`ãaduko, sjdüa bujstrc kc F`d. 5.3. Ja mèno tr`ãaduko cpcrjej uac tjrejrc eobpoajatj mj eorr`jatj, mjaobàcmc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc , euyo vckor js . 5 F`d. 5.3.- ]r`ãadukos ]r`ãadukos mj eorr`jatjs eorr`jatjs y mj potjae`cs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 6= Eobo sj nc mèno, kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc cisori`mc por kc bcyorâc mj rjejptorjs àmustr`ckjs js eorr`jatj mj t`po àmuet`vo, js mje`r, rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa. Ao oistcatj ja kos tr`ãadukos mj eorr`jatjs y mj potjae`cs (F`d. 5.3) sj sujkj rjprjsjatcr drãecbjatj kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc mj t`po àmuet`vo, , y kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mji`mc c mènc eorr`jatj, ja jk sjat`mo mjk jlj mj ormjacmcs pos`t`vo. Js mje`r, quj eoavjaeòackbjatj sj cs`dac s`dao pos`t`vo c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po àmuet`vo y ja eoasjeujae`c mjij cs`dacrsj s`dao ajdct`vo c kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc y c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po ecpce`t`vo . U`du`jamo eoa jk eoavjaò mj s`daos, jsto `bpkèc quj jk jk ãaduko , sj eoas`mjrc pos`t`vo eucamo kc eorr`jatj jstà rjtrcscmc eoa rjspjeto c kc tjas`õa y ajdct`vo ja ecso eoatrcrò. 5.5 Eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc Jk eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc oik`dc c prjvjr uaos bjmòs mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj bãs m`bjasòacmos. Js por jkko quj ncy ua moikj àtjràs ja su eobpjasce`õa< Wor ua kcmo jk propò usucrò sj àtjrjsc ja kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc porquj jsto supoaj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs bjaos m`bjasòacmcs. Wor otro kcmo, kc eobpcóâc subà`strcmorc, t`jaj tcbi`àa àtjràs ja jk`bàcr kc rjcet`vc por kos b`sbos bot`vos y por jkko sujkj jstcikjejr ckdüa t`po mj rjecrdo soirj kos tàrbàos mj potjae`c y jajrdâc, ja fuae`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ceubukcmo ck ack mjk pjrâomo mj fceturce`õa. Wujmj jv`tcrsj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc, y por tcato jk rjecrdo, s` sj eobpjasc kc potjae`c rjcet`vc àmuet`vc bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs. Ja jfjeto, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj t`po àmuet`vo pujmj sjr eobpjascmc cprovjencamo kc prop`jmcm mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj subà`strcr uac eorr`jatj rjcet`vc mj s`dao eoatrcrò c kc quj eoasubja kcs ecrdcs àmuet`vcs. Mènc eobpjasce`õa, sj mjaobàc djajrckbjatj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c o eorrjee`õa mjk . Jk oiljt`vo js ckecazcr ua totck, mj kc ecrdc bãs kos eoamjascmorjs, ko bãs prõx`bo posìkj posìkj c kc ua`mcm, ua`mcm, eoa ko euck sj oit`jaja kos bãx`bos ijajeòs ja tàrbàos mj rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs y ioa`ece`õa ja kc jajrdâc fceturcmc por pcrtj mj kc eobpcóâc. Eoatcmorjs W&S 5=:64> W Djajrce`õa ]rcasportj Ceobjt`mc Ecrdc M`strìue`õa 7,00 5 U E Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj Yjcet`vc F`d. 5.9.- M`cdrcbc jsqujbãtèo mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj mj rjcet`vc eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 6: Kc F`d. 5.9 bujstrc jsqujbãtècbjatj kos jfjetos mj mènc eobpjasce`õa. Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, S , eoasub`mc por kcs ecrdcs js eobpjascmc por kos eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmo rjs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj trcasportcmc sj rjmuej. ]ck eobo sud`jrj kc F`d. 5.9 pujmja mjlcrsj ecat`mcmjs rjs`muckjs sà eobpjascr, quj t`jaja quj sjr trcasportcmcs por kc rjm. Kc potjae`c totck c eobpjascr sj sujkj frceeòacr ja vcròs eoamjascmorjs quj sj eoajetca ja fuae`õa mj kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj kcs ecrdcs, iclo jk eoatrok mj ua rjdukcmor mj fcetor mj potjae`c, tck eobo sj jxpkèc ja kos cpcrtcmos s`du`jatjs. 5.= Eãkeuko mj ajejs`mcmjs Ja jstj cpcrtcmo trctcbos mj rjspoamjr c kc prjduatc< ¿Euãk js kc potjae`c totck mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr uac àstckce`õa, eoa ua mjtjrbàcmo fcetor mj potjae`c àè`ck? Wcrc jkko js prje`so eoaoejr kos mctos mj kc àstckce`õa quj sj àmèca c eoatàuce`õa, mctos quj pujmja oitjajrsj mj m`stàtcs bcajrcs, sjdüa vjbos< Mctos< - Wotjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc. - Fcetor mj potjae`c àè`ck mj kc àstckce`õa ao eobpjascmc, - Fcetor mj potjae`c mjsjcmo mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa, Wcrc dcrcat`zcr quj kc àstckce`õa ao eoasubc jajrdâc rjcet`vc àekuso eoa kc bãx`bc ecrdc, mjij m`bjasòacrsj jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa pcrc pcrc kc bãx`bc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc. Ao oistcatj, s` jk eoasubo bãx`bo sj mc sokcbjatj murcatj pjrâomos eortos, pujmj prjvjrsj uac eobpjasce`õa eoa uac potjae`c bueno bjaor quj kc bãx`bc y cüa csâ oitjajr ua vckor probjmò buy prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm. ua`mcm. Wcrc eoaoejr eoaoejr jstos mjtckkjs y m`bjasòacr eorrjetcbjatj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs js ceoasjlcikj tobcr mctos bjm`catj ua cack`zcmor mj rjm (vàcsj ecpâtuko :). Ja jk ecso mj quj jk eoasubo pujmc eoas`mjrcrsj rjdukcr (rjkct`vcbjatj eoastcatj murcatj pjrâomos eoaoe`mos) icstc eoa eoaoejr kcs kjeturcs mj kos eoatcmorjs mj cet`vc y rjcet`vc pcrc pomjr mjmue`r mjmue`r kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c. Kos bàtomos mj eãkeuko pcrc m`vjrsos ecsos sj mjtckkca c eoatàuce`õa< 5.=.3 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj mctos mj ua cack`zcmor mj rjm 5 Jk cack`zcmor mj rjm pjrb`tj oitjajr ua pjrk mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc eoasub`mc murcatj ua mâc o uac sjbcac mj fuaeòacb`jato aorbck mj uac mjtjrbàcmc àstckce`õa. Kc F`d. 5.5 bujstrc ua drãeo oitja`mo c ko kcrdo mj vcròs mâcs, eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 66 àekuyjamo ua a mj sjbcac, quj aos s`rvj mj jljbpko. Wujmj oisjrvcrsj quj pcrc sct`sfcejr kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, jk mcto oitja`mo por jk cack`zcmor js mj 3=4 hvcr (eoasubo ja puatc). Ja jstj ecso ao js ajejscrò m`bjasòacr pcrc jk vckor bãx`bo tck eobo eobproicrjbos. Ko nci`tuck js qujmcrsj eoa ua vckor àfjròr quj euirc kcs ajejs`mcmjs ja ua 07% mjk t`jbpo, por jljbpko c kc v`stc mjk drãeo pujmj tobcrsj ua vckor mj uaos 377 hvcr. Wcrc eobproicr quj jsto ao eobportc fcetorjs mj potjae`c buy mjsfcvorci mjsfcvorcikjs, kjs, àekuso ja kcs eoamèòajs mj bãx`bc mjbcamc mj rjcet`vc pomjbos ncejr ua eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja jk pjor ecso, tck eobo sj àmèc c eoatàuce`õa. Wcrc jkko mjijbos eoaoejr kc potjae`c cet`vc ja jk bobjato mj bãx`bc mjbcamc mj rjcet`vc, mcto quj sj oit`jaj mjk propò cack`zcmor mj rjmjs. Ja jk ecso mjk jljbpko quj aos oeupc kc bjm`mc jrc mj 57= hT. F`d. 5.5.- Wjrk mj eoasubo eoasubo mj potjae`c rjcet`vc oitja`mo eoa ua cack`zcmor mj rjmjs y jk softwcrj WOTJY V@U@OA W 2 Wotjae`c cet`vc S` 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc àè`ck S 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc eobpjascmc e Sr 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc rjsuktcatj 2 Ãaduko mj fcsj àè`ck F`d. 5.=.- ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs mjk jljbpko 2 Ãaduko mj fcsj rjsuktcatj U` 2 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj àè`ck Ur 2 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj rjsuktcatj 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 64 Jk fcetor mj potjae`c rjsuktcatj ja ecso mj mjbcamc mj S ` 2 3=4 hvcr y eobpjasce`õa pcre`ck mj Se2377 hvcr pujmj oitjajrsj bjm`catj kc jeuce`õa (5.3), quj sj mjmuej c pcrt`r mj kos tr`ãadukos mj potjae`cs mj kc F`d. 5.=. (5.3) Wcrc jk jljbpko quj aos oeupc, rjsuktc ua fcetor mj potjae`c mj 7,0>, cüa ja jk pjor ecso mj eoasubo mj 3=4 hvcr y eobpjasce`õa soko soko mj 377 hvcr. Csâ pujs, jk jqu`po mj 377 377 hvcr nc mj eoas`mjrcrsj eoas`mjrcrsj mjk tomo cejptcikj. cejptcikj. 5.=.9 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y kos fcetorjs mj potjae`c àè`ck y ack Womjbos pkcatjcraos jk proikjbc catjròr lcamo mj catjbcao jk vckor mjk fcetor mj potjae`c mjsjcmo. Ja djajrck, eoaoe`mc kc potjae`c cet`vc, W, jk eosjao o jk ãaduko mj fcsj àè`ck, y jk eosjao o jk ãaduko ack, , jk vckor mjsjcmo mj potjae`c c eobpjascr pujmj eckeukcrsj por kc jeuce`õa (5.9). (5.9) Jk tàrbào sujkj mcrsj ja forbc mj tcikc eoa moikj jatrcmc eobo kc quj bujstrc kc ]cikc 5.3 c eoatàuce`õa. Kos aübjros mj kc tcikc mca kos hvcr ajejscròs por ecmc hT, pcrc eobpjascr uac àstckce`õa mjsmj jk ` a` e ` ck ( ) c k  a ck ( ). ]cikc 5.3.- Vckorjs mj 7. 0 7 . 09 eoaoe`moss eoaoe`mo y 7. 0= 7. 06 7. 0 > 3 7. 3 5 7. 9> 7. =9 7 . :: 7. 5 5 7. = > 7. 69 7. 4: 7 . 6> 7. >9 7. 0 4 3. 3 5 3. 59 3. :5 3 . 4> 9 . 70 9. = 4 7 . >> 3 . 79 3. 3 4 3. 5 5 3. : 9 3. 45 3 . 0> 9 . 90 9 . 6> 7.0: 7.0 7.>: 7.> 7 . 77 7 . 3= 7. 9 4 7 . 76 7 . 30 7 . 59 7. 39 7 . 96 7 . 50 7. 7 = 7. 30 7 . 55 7 . =6 7.4: 7.4 7.6: 7.6 7.:: 7.: 7.=: 7.= 7.5: 7. = 7 7. : = 7. 6> 7 . >: 3 . 75 3 . 9: 3. : 7 3. > 3 9. 3 0 7. = 6 7. : 0 7. 4= 7. 03 3 . 70 3 . 53 3 . :6 3. > 4 9. 9 : 7. : 9 7. 6 6 7. > 3 7. 04 3. 36 3 . 54 3 . 69 3. 0 5 9. 5 3 7 . :0 7. 4 5 7. > > 3. 7 = 3. 95 3 . == 3 . 60 9 . 77 9. 5 > 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 6> Jljbpko 3< Uupõadcsj uac àstckce`õa quj eoasubj 3:7 hT mj potjae`c cet`vc, eoa ua àè`ck mj 7,6:, quj qujrjbos pcscr c 7,06. Mj kc tcikc, pcrc 27,6: y 2 7,06 oitjajbos ua fcetor mj 7,>>. Se(hvcr) 2 3:7 hT ´ 7,>> hvcr/hT2 359 hvcr Jljbpko 9< Wcrc kc àstckce`õa mjk cpcrtcmo catjròr eoa 3=4 hvcr y 57= hT, jk fcetor mj potjae`c àè`ck js< 2 eos tca-3(3=4/57=)27,0 s` sj qu`s`jrc bjlorcr c 7,06 por jljbpko ja jk pjor ecso, jk fcetor, sjdüa kc ]cikc 5.3 js 7,30, js mje`r kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ajejscr`c sjrâc< Se(hvcr) 2 W´(fcetor tcikc) 2 57= 57= (hT) ´ 7,30 2 :4,4: hvcr 5.=.5 Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj kcs kjeturcs mj eoatcmorjs Eucamo kos eoasubos soa buy rjdukcrjs pujmja ut`k`zcr ut`k`zcrsj sj eobo icsj-eãkeuk icsj-eãkeukoo kcs kjeturcs mj kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc cet`vc y rjcet`vc murcatj ua mâc mj trciclo por jljbpko. Wcrc jkko sj tobca kos s`du`jatjs mctos. mctos. Mctos< hTń` 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj cet`vc ck pràe`pò mjk mâc hvcrń` 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc ck pràe`pò mjk mâc hTńf 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj cet`vc ck ack mjk mâc hvcrńf 2 Kjeturc mjk eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc ck ack mjk mâc n 2 Aübjro mj norcs trcaseurr`mo jatrj kjeturcs àè`ck y ack C pcrt`r mj jstos js tos mctos sj oit`jaja< o it`jaja< 5 Wotjae`c cet`vc (ja hT)< (5.5) Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (ja hvcr)< (5.=) eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 60 F c e t or mj p ot j ae ` c ` a` e ` ck ( )< Icstc jatoaejs eoa jkjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo, fõrbukcs mjk cpcrtcmo 5.=.9, jeuce`õa (5.9). ( 5 . :) y cpkècr kcs Jljbpko< Ja uac àstckce`õa kcs kjeturcs mj eoatcmorjs ja ua pjrâomo mj > norcs mj trciclo m`jroa kos s`du`jatjs eoasubos< Eoatcmor mj cet`vc< hTńf - hTń` 2 39>7 hTń Eoatcmor mj rjcet`vc< hvcrńf - hvcrń` 2 3977 hvcrń Eckeukjbos kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr kc àstckce`õa c 2 7,0: Mj jstos mctos mjmue`bos< Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) < Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hT) < F c e t or mj p ot j ae ` c ` a` e ` ck ( )< Mj kc ]cikc 5.3 mjmue`bos ua fcetor mj 7,65 hvcr por hT. Eobo kc àstckce`õa js mj 367 hT sj oit`jaj< Se( hvcr) 2 367 (hT) ´ 7,65 2 377 hvcr 5.=.= Eãkeuko mj kc eobpjasce`õa c pcrt`r mj mctos mj kc fceturc mj subà`stro 5 Wujmj ncejrsj ua eãkeuko cprox`bcmo mj ajejs`mcmjs c pcrt`r mj kcs jajrdâcs cet`vc y rjcet`vc fceturcmcs por kc eobpcóâc subà`str subà`strcmorc cmorc murcatj ua mjtjrbàcmo pjrâomo. Jk eãkeuko sjrã tcato bãs jxceto eucato bãs eoastcatj sjc jk eoasubo, y supoa`jamo quj sj eoaoej jk aübjro mj norcs totck mj eoasubo ja jk jk pjrâomo fceturcmo. fceturcmo. Mjij eoas`mjrcrsj kc fceturc fceturc eoa bcyor bcyor rjecrdo ja jk `bportj y sj tobca kos s`du`jatjs mctos< eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 47 Mctos< hTń 2 Jajrdâc cet`vc fceturcmc ja hTń. hvcrń 2 Jajrdâc rjcet`vc fceturcmc ja hvcrń. n 2 Aübjro mj norcs norcs mj fuaeòacb`jato fuaeòacb`jato mj kc àstckce`õa ja jk pjrâomo fceturcmo (Jstj pcrãbjtro mjijrã sjr jst`bcmo mj kc forbc bãs prje`sc posìkj) C pcrt`r mj mènos m` enos mctos sj pujmja puj mja oitjajr oi tjajr < Wotjae`c cet`vc (ja hT) < (5.6) Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (ja hvcr) < (5.4) F ce t o r m j po t ja e ` c ` a ` e ` c k ( )< Icstc jatoaejs eoa jkjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo, fõrbukcs y proejm`b`jato mj eãkeuko mjk cpcrtcmo 5.=.9. ( 5 . >) y cpkècr kcs 5.: Vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce eobpjasce`õa `õa Kc eobpjasce`õa mj mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc eobportc vjatclcs mj mj mos t`pos< • Vjatclcs tàeaècs Cubjatoo mj kc ecpce` Cubjat ecpce`mcm mcm mj kcs kâajc kâajcss y trcasf trcasforbcmo orbcmorjs rjs Bjlorc mj kc tjas`õa mj rjm M`sbàue`õa mj pàrm`mcs • Vjatclcs jeoaõbècs Yjmuee`õa mjk prjeò mj kos tàrbàos mj potjae`c y mj jajrdâc 5.:.3 Cubjato mj kc ecpce`mcm mj kcs àstckceòajs 5 Js frjeujatj quj kcs kâajcs, àtjrruptorjs y otros bjmòs mj m`strìue`õa ckecaeja jk kâb`tj mj ecrdc y ncdca ajejscr`c su cbpk`ce`õa. Zac forbc mj cubjatcr kc ecpce`mcm mj kc àstckce`õa js eorrjd`r jk fcetor mj potjae`c, mjsecrdcamo kcs kâajcs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc, eoa ko euck cubjatc su eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 43 ecpce`mcm mj trcasportj mj jajrdâc cet`vc. Ja kc F`d. 5.: sj mc ua drãeo quj pjrb`tj eckeukcr kc potjae`c cet`vc cmèòack quj pujmj oitjajrsj mj uac àstckce`õa s` sj bjlorc jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj c . 377.77 07.77 >7.77 3 W c c m ` r j f j r k c a ò e ` m c c `v t e c W 47.77 67.77 :7.77 =7.77 57.77 97.77 37.77 7.77 7.: 7.:: 7.6 7.6: 7.4 7.4: 7.> 7.>: 7.0 7.0: 3 Fcetor mj potjae`c àè`ck F`d. 5.:.- Wotjae`c cet`vc cmèòack quj quj pujmj oitjajrsj oitjajrsj ck eobpjascr rjcet`vc 5.6 Eoaejptos y mjaèòajs mjaèòajs rjkct`vcs c kc eobpjasce`õa mjk FW ]ck eobo njbos mèno, ja buenos ecsos sj rjck`zc uac rjdukce`õa mjk totck mj potjae`c rjcet`vc c eobpjascr por drupos o jseckoajs. Jk aübjro mj jseckoajs y kc potjae`c mj ecmc uao sujkja jseodjrsj ja kc fcsj mj m`sjóo mjk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa y pujmja mcrsj m`vjrscs eobiàceòajs. Ja pr`bjr kudcr mcrjbos ckduacs mjaèòajs quj aos cyumcrãa c ejatrcr jk proikjbc< 5.6.3 Mjaèòajs< Aübjro mj Jseckoajs ( A J) < Jatjamjbos eobo tck jk aübjro mj drupos ja quj sj nc frceeòacmo kc potjae`c totck mj ua jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc. Jstos drupos pujmja sjr mj `duck potjae`c o ao, tck eobo sj jxpkèc c eoatàuce`õa. 5 Wrodrcbc mj rjdukce`õa< Kcs potjae`cs mj kos m`stàtos drupos o jseckoajs sujkja sjdu`r e`jrtos pctroajs mjaobàcmos ‛prodrcbcs‒. Jk prodrcbc àmèc kc rjkce`õa quj jx`stj jatrj kcs potjae`cs mj kos m`stàtos jseckoajs. C eoatàuce`õa sj àmèca kos prodrcbcs bãs frjeujatjs, cuaquj kos s`stjbcs mj rjdukce`õa eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 49 tr`fãsèos cetuckjs pjrb`tja jstcikjejr pcsos totckbjatj àmjpjam`jatjs< • Wrodrcbc 3<3<3 . ]omos kos jseckoajs t`jaja kc b`sbc potjae`c. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 377 hvcr y : pcsos jstã forbcmo forbcmo por : jseckoajs `duckjs `duckjs mj 97 hvcr y sj mjserìj eobo jqu`po mj (: x 97) 97) hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc potjae`c potjae`c mjk pr`bjr jseckõa (rjdukce`õa bâa`bc), W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ, jstãa rjkceòacmos por kc rjkce`õa< W32Wtot / AJ (5.0) • Wrodrcbc 3<9<9 . ]omos kos jseckoajs c pcrt`r mjk sjduamo t`jaja moikj potjae`c quj jk pr`bjro. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 3>7 hvcr y : jseckoajs jstã forbcmo por ua pr`bjr jseckõa mj 97 hvcr y = jseckoajs `duckjs mj =7 hvcr y sj mjserìj eobo jqu`po mj (97 + = x =7) hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc potjae`c mjk jseckõa bjaor mj rjdukce`õa, W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ, jstãa rjkceòacmos por kc rjkce`õa< W32Wtot / (9AJ-3) (5.37) • Wrodrcbc 3<9<= . Kc potjae`c mjk sjduamo jseckõa js moikj mj kc mjk pr`bjro y kc mjk rjsto mj jseckoajs c pcrt`r mjk tjrejro js = vjejs kc potjae`c mjk pr`bjro. Wor jljbpko, ua jqu`po mj 577 hvcr y : jseckoajs jstã forbcmo por ua pr`bjr jseckõa mj 97 hvcr, hvcr, ua sjduamo mj =7 hvcr y 5 jseckoajs `duckjs mj >7 hvcr y sj mjserìj eobo jqu`po mj (97 + =7 + 5 x >7) hvcr. hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj kc potjae`c mjk jseckõa bjaor mj rjdukce`õa, W3, y jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, AJ, jstãa rjkceòacmos por kc rjkce`õa. W32Wtot / (=AJ-:) (5.33) • Otros Wrodrcbcs. Wujmja ut`k`zcrsj otros prodrcbcs, eobo jk 3<9<9<= o jk 3<3<9<9, jte. Jk s`da`ecmo mj kos aübjros, eobo sj ncirã mjmue`mo mj kos ecsos catjròrjs mc kc propore`õa mj kcs potjae`cs jatrj jk pr`bjr jseckõa, ck quj sj cs`dac vckor 3 y kos s`du`jatjs (9 s`da`ec moikj potjae`c, = s`da`ec = vjejs bãs, jte.). • Aübjro mj pcsos ( A p). Jk tàrbào aübjro mj pcsos s`da`fèc jk aübjro mj vckorjs àtjrbjmòs ja quj jstã frceeòacmc kc potjae`c totck. C vjejs sj eoafuamj jk aübjro mj pcsos eoa jk aübjro mj jseckoajs, pjro ja rjck`mcm soko eoàe`mja ja jk prodrcbc 3<3<3. Ja djajrck jk aübjro mj pcsos sj oit`jaj mj kc s`du`jatj fõrbukc< (5.39) 5 Csâ por jljbpk jljbpkoo ja uac ictjrâc mj : jseckoaj jseckoajss eoa prodrcb prodrcbcc 3<9<9, jk aübjro totck mj pcsos pcsos js mj = jseckoajs jseckoajs x pjso 9 + 3 jseckõa x pjso 3 2 (= x 9 + 3) pcsos 2 0 pcsos eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 45 5.6.9 Jkjee`õa mjk aübjro mj pcsos Js frjeujatj quj pcrc rjdukcr ua jqu`po mj rjcet`vc, sj eoajetja y mjseoajetja pcsos quj pujmja rjprjsjatcr ua 97 õ ua 9:% mj kc potjae`c totck. Wujmj pcrjejr quj jstos pcsos tca drcamjs mca kudcr c uac rjdukce`õa poirj o c ua bck eobportcb`jato mjk s`stjbc, nce`jamo quj kc eorr`jatj totck sufrc drcamjs vcr`ceòajs, pjro jk jljbpko s`du`jatj poaj mj bca`jsto quj jsto ao js e`jrto y quj euctro o eàeo pcsos sujkja sjr sufè`jatjs pcrc oitjajr uac iujac rjdukce`õa. Jk cubjatcr jxejs`vcbjatj jk aübjro mj pcsos pujmj por eoatrc djajrcr àeoavja`jatjs por jk jkjvcmo aübjro mj bcaòircs quj mjij ncejr jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa, ecuscamo eobo eoasjeujae`c ua javjlje`b`jato bãs rãp`mo mj kos eoatcetorjs. Jk jljbpko s`du`jatj pjrb`tj tjajr uac `mjc eucat`ecmc mj kos scktos quj eobportc kc rjdukce`õa por jseckoajs. Jljbpko< Wcrc ua eoaluato mj ecrdcs quj eoasubja 3=3 C eoa ua 2 7,474, eckeukcr euãkjs soa kos vckorjs mj y mj kc eorr`jatj totck ck `r eobpjascamo eoa ua jqu`po m`v`m`mo ja : jseckoajs. Kc sokue`õa sj mc ja kc ]cikc 5.9 y jstã icscmc ja s`bpkjs eãkeukos djobàtrèos mj kos tr`ãadukos mj mj potjae`cs mìulcmos mìulcmos ja kc F`d. 5.6 Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc, @r, js mj 377 C àè`ckbjatj y sj eobpjasc ja : jseckoajs, por tcato ecmc vjz quj àtromue`bos ua jseckõa kc @r mjse`jamj ja 97 C (377 C/:). Zac vjz eoaoe`mc @r y pujsto quj @c js lc, tcbi`àa mj 377 C, sj pujmj oitjajr jk y kc eorr`jatj totck @tot por kcs jeuceòajs (5.35) y (5.3=). ]cikc 5.9.- Yjsuktcmos eoa @c 2 377 C y m`stàtos vckorjs mj @r @r Jseckoajs eoajetcmos @r (C) 7 3 77 7. 474 3 =3 67 C 3 >7 7. 4>3 3 9> =7 C 9 67 7. >:4 334 97 C 5 =7 7. 09> 3 7> = 97 7. 0>3 3 79 : 7 3. 777 3 77 377 C >7 C @tot 2 3=3 C 2 7,474 @c 2 377 C 7C F`d. 5.6.- Jljbpko mj rjdukce`õa por jseckoajs @tot (C) (5.35) 5 (5.3=) eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 4= Oisàrvjsj por jljbpko, quj jatrj eoajetcr = õ : jseckoajs, kc m`fjrjae`c ja kc eorr`jatj totck js soko mj 9 C, y jk rjsuktcatj vcrâc soko mj 3 c 7,0>. Ja tàrbàos porejatuckjs, jstcs proporeòajs sj bcat`jaja pcrc euckqu`jr potjae`c, mjpjam`jamo soko mjk aübjro mj pcsos. Js mje`r, ck frceeòacr kc potjae`c ja : pcsos, jk ükt`bo pcso soko ncej vcr`cr kc eorr`jatj totck ja ua 9% y jk mj 3 c 7,0> . Js por jsto quj ua jxejs`vo frceeòacb`jato mjk aübjro mj pcsos ao cportc vjatclcs y ja ecbiò eobportc ua bcyor aübjro mj bcaòircs y eoasjeujatjbjatj bcyor mjsdcstj mjsdcstj mjk mjk jqu`po. 5.4 Jkjee`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ack Ja tomos kos eãkeukos mjk cpcrtcmo catjròr ncy quj lcr jk fcetor mj potjae`c ack mjsjcmo (eos lf,). Jk vckor õpt`bo pcrc jstj fcetor mj potjae`c js kc ua`mcm, pjro, eobo sj nc mèno ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.=.3 ckduacs vjejs ecij eujstòacrsj s` àtjrjsc jeoaõbècbjatj ckecazcr mèno vckor. Jstj àtjràs pujmj mjpjamjr mj kc tcr`fc jkàetrèc v`djatj ja ecmc bobjato, quj pomrã lcr rjecrdos bãs o bjaos `bportcatjs ja ecmc pcâs o ja ecmc bobjato. Wcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj jsto vcbos c mjscrrokkcr ua jljbpko< Uupõadcsj uac àstckce`õa eoa ua eoasubo mj 377 hT murcatj 977 n ck bjs y ua eos l`, àè`ck mj 7,474. Eoa kcs tcr`fcs v`djatjs ja 9770, jsto nui`jrc supujsto ua eoasubo mj 97777 hvcrn hvcrn y ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturce`õa mj 5=7 ₫. Ja mèncs tcr`fcs, kos rjecrdos prãetècbjatj mjscpcrjeâca c pcrt`r mj ua eos l probjmò bjasuck mj 7,0. Uupoa`jamo ua eoasubo rjdukcr, rjdukcr, kc potjae`c potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c ajejscr`c pcrc ckecazcr mèno fcetor mj potjae`c ack mj 7,0 sjrâc mj :5 hvcr. Eoa jkko sj nui`jrc rjmue`mo kc eorr`jatj probjmò totck mj 97= C c 367 C, sj nui`jrc eoasjdu`mo uac rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj mj ua 5>,:% cprox`bcmcbjatj X(97=9-3679)/ 97=9R y sj nui`jrc jk`bàcmo totckbjatj jk rjecrdo mj 5=7 ₫. Ja kc tcr`fc mj 9737, kc s`tuce`õa sjrâc kc s`du`jatj. Kc b`sbc àstckce`õa catjròr eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c àè`ck mj 7,4 nui`jrc tja`mo ua rjecrdo mj 39=6 ₫. Wjro cmjbãs, ja mènc tcr`fc mj 9737 jk kâb`tj jxjato sj sui`õ mj eos l 7,0  c 7,0:, por ko quj kc b`sbc àstckce`õa eorrjd`mc c eos l mj 7,0 tjamrâc tomcvâc ua jxejso mj 533= hvcrn y supoamrâc ua rjecrdo mj 357 ₫ cprox`bcmcbjatj. Wcrc jv`tcr jstj rjecrdo ncrâc fcktc cnorc àstckcr uac potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs mj cprox`bcmcbjatj 64 hvcr, js mje`r , 3= hvcr bãs quj catjs pcrc jv`tcr kc pjack`zce`õa por tcr`fc. Eoa jstos eoamjascmorjs sj eoas`duj rjiclcr kc eorr`jatj mj kos 97= C àè`ckjs c 3:9 C cprox`bcmcbjatj, eoa ko quj kcs pàrm`mcs sj rjmueja ua ==,:% ==,:% X(97=9-3:99)/ 97=9R y jk rjecrdo sj jk`bàc jk`bàc totckbjatj. 5 U` ja kc b`sbc àstckce`õa aos propoajbos ckecazcr ua fcetor mj potjae`c fàck mj 3, kc potjae`c mj eoamjascmorjs ajejscr`c sjrâc mj 377 hvcr, oitja`àamosj kc jxjae`õa mj rjecrdo y uac eorr`jatj eorr`jatj ack mj 3==,5 C, y uac rjmuee`õa mj kcs pàrm`mcs mj ua :7% Eobo sj vj ja jk jljbpko, eoav`jaj s`jbprj kkjvcr jk eos l ck vckor kâb`tj c pcrt`r eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 4: mjk euck ao ncy rjecrdo, ko euck supoamrâc, ja jk ecso mj kc tcr`fc 9737 eokoecr ua eoamjascmor mj 64 hvcr. Oisàrvjsj quj rjsuktc m`fâe`k mj lust`fècr jeoaõbècbjatj kc sokue`õa mj eobpjascr c fcetor mj potjae`c eos l23. Ja aujstro ecso supoamrâc poajr kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj 64 hvcr y 377 hvcr y jk ijajfèò sjrâc sõko kc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs y kc bcyor m`spoaì`k`mcm mj potjae`c. Ao oistcatj, pcrc eoasubos drcamjs, jstc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs pujmj lust`ecr kc àvjrs`õa ja eoamjascmorjs ja ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo mj uaos cóos. 5.> Jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc Wcrc kc eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa mj kc jajrdâc jajrdâc rjcet`vc sj jbpkjca eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmos ja pcrckjko eoa kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca mènc jajrdâc. Jx`stja vcr`cs posìkjs sokueòajs ja eucato c kc forbc mj `bpkcatce`õa, mjpjam`jamo mjk jatorao mj quj sj trctj. Mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj je`jae`c, kos eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa mjija mjija eoajetcrsj ko bãs prõx`bos posìkj c kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca rjcet`vc, pjro ja djajrck sj sujkj cdrupcr kc eobpjasce`õa mj vcr`cs ecrdcs. Kc ]cikc 5.5 ofrjej ua rjsubja mj kcs forbcs mj cpkèce`õa bãs frjeujatjs. • C a`v a`vjk jk rjs rjs`m `mjae jae`c `ckk ( W ;3: hT) ao jx`stja rjecrdos a` ioa`eceòajs por jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc ja eoatrctos mj t`po mobàstèo, pjro ja mjtjrbàcmos ecsos s`duj s`jamo àtjrjscatj kc eobpjasce`õa pcrc rjmue`r kc eorr`jatj eoasub`mc por kos rjejptorjs. Jsto pjrb`tj bcyor ecrdc sà rjicscr jk topj `bpujsto por jk k`b`tcmor @EW. • C a`vjk a`v jk àmustr àmustr`ck, `ck, mjijbos m`stà m`stàdu`r du`r jatrj usucrò usucròss eoa trcasfo trcasforbcmor rbcmor propò j àstckceòajs moamj jk trcasforbcmor js eobpcrt`mo por bãs mj ua usucrò. Ja jk pr`bjr ecso sj sujkj `bpkjbjatcr kc eobpjasce`õa mj forbc dkoick c a`vjk mj jbicrrcmo mj I] mjk trcasforbcmor, pjro jx`stj cüa kc m`syuat`vc mj s` eobpjascr ja iclc tjas`õa o ja bjm`c o cktc tjas`õa. Ja ecso mj trcasforbcmor eobpcrt`mo por vcròs usucròs, kc eobpjasce`õa sujkj ncejrsj c a`vjk dkoick, pcrc ecmc usucrò. ]cikc 5.5.- Uokueòajs pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc JA]OYAO MOBÀU]@EO ]@WO MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA CWK@ECE@OAJU Eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck • • • • Ckubircmo uorjsejatj Jkjetromobàstèos Csejasorjs U`stjbcs mj ek`bct`zce`õa/iobijo 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 46 Eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck ja C]-B] • Ecrdcs mj potjae`cs potjae`cs buy cktcs • Ecrdcs buy ckjlcmcs ckjlcmcs mj kc ceobjt`mc ceobjt`mc JA]OYAO @AMZU]Y@CK Eobpjasce`õa dkoick ja C] • Woeos rjejptorjs mj drca potjae`c • Eobpjasce`õa icstc eobiàcmc eoa otrc bãs ac ja I] C] (Cktc ]jas`õa) B] (Bjm`c ]jas`õa) I] (Iclc ]jas`õa) Eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck ja I] • Ecrdcs mj potjae`cs potjae`cs bjm`cs y cktcs cktcs • ]rcasforbc ]rcasforbcmorjs morjs mj m`strìue`õa • Ecrdcs buy ckjlcmcs ckjlcmcs mj kc ceobjt`mc ceobjt`mc Eobpjasce`õa dkoick ja I] y B] • Ja I] sj cpkèc c kc bcyorâc bcyorâc mj kos ecsos c a`vjk mj ecmc cioacmo • Ja B] o drcamjs drcamjs eoasub`morjs sj cpkèc c a`vjk mj suijstce`õa Kc eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck sj rjck`zc eoa ua bâa`bo mj eobpoajatjs, prãetècbjatj eokoecamo jk eoamjascmor o eoamjascmorjs àm`v`muckjs, sus protjeeòajs y bcaòirc ja kos propòs crbcròs mj eoatrok o mj m`strìue`õa mj kc ecrdc c eobpjascr. Kcs F`ds. 5.4 y 5.> bujstrca kc forbc mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c, tcato pcrc iclc tjas`õa eobo pcrc cktc tjas`õa. Ja djajrck, tomos jkkos soa eoamjascmorjs mj m`jkàetrèo sjeo (pok`prop`kjao8 sà WEI) quj mc buy iujacs prjstceòajs ja eucato c iclcs pàrm`mcs (bjaos mj 7,: T por hvcr). F`d. 5.4.- Eoamjascmorjs Eoamjascmorjs pcrc pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja B] F`d. 5.>.- Eoamjascmorjs pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja I] Ja jk ecso mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa dkoickjs, kc potjae`c rjcet`vc totck sj sujkj frceeòacr ja vcròs jseckoajs forbcmos por eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`cs cmjeucmcs, cmjeucmcs, mj forbc quj kc subc sjc sjc jk totck mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc rjcet`vc c eobpjascr y ja ecso mj mjseoajetcr ecrdcs pujmja mjseoajetcrsj tcbi`àa drupos mj eoamjascmorjs pcrc cmcptcr kc eobpjasce`õa c kc mjbcamc ja ecmc bobjato. Kos m`stàtos jseckoajs sj eoajetca y mjseoajetca bjm`catj eoatcetorjs o àtjrruptorjs jstãtèos, iclo jk eoatrok mj ua rjdukcmor cutobãtèo t`po eobputjr . Kcs F`ds. 5.0 y 5.37 bujstrca sjamcs fotodrcfâcs mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa mj bjm`c tjas`õa y mj iclc tjas`õa rjspjet`vcbjatj. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 44 F`d. 5.0.- Jqu`po Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc mj B] F`d. 5.37.- Jqu`po Jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc mj I] Kc eoaf`durce`õa tâpèc mj ua jqu`po mj I] eoa eoatcetorjs mj vcròs pcsos pujmj vjrsj ja ja kc durc 5.39. Kc üaèc pcrtj jxtjròr ck ck jqu`po js jk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj ]@, euyc eokoece`õa mjij ncejrsj mj forbc quj b`mc jk eoaluato mj eorr`jatj mj ecrdc bãs kos eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa. Kc F`d. 5.33 àmèc kc forbc eorrjetc mj eokoece`õa. c ) Eo a j x ` õ a e o r r j e t c i ) Eo a j x ` õ a ` a e o r r j e t c e ) E oaj x ` õ a ` a e or r je t c F`d. 5.3 5.33.3.- Eoajx`õa mjk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj ja jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 4> φ F`d. 5.39.- Jsqujbc t`po mj ua ua jqu`po cutobãtèo cutobãtèo mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc rjcet`vc 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 40 5.0 Yjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc Kos rjdukcmorjs mj potjae`c o mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc b`mja jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj uac mjtjrbàcmc àstckce`õa y eoatrokca kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj drupos mj eoamjascmorjs mj kc rjm eoa oiljto mj bcatjajr jk prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm. Cetuckbjatj kc bcyor pcrtj mj rjdukcmorjs jstãa icscmos ja ua bèroproejscmor, ko euck pjrb`tj, cmjbãs mj kc fuae`õa iãsèc mj rjdukcr jk fcetor mj potja fcetor potjae`c, e`c, otrc sjr`j mj fuae` fuaeòajs oajs cmèò cmèòackjs ackjs,, eobo kjetu kjeturc rc mjk  , tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs mj kâajc, potjae`cs, ]NM, jstcikjejr ckcrbcs rjspjeto c m`fjrjatjs eoamèòajs mj sjdur`mcm, boa`tor`zce`õa c m`stcae`c, jte. C eoatàuce`õ eoat àuce`õaa sj mca kcs mjaè` mjaèòajs oajs mj uac sjr`j mj eoaejpto eoaejptoss iãsèos pcrc eobprjamjr jk fuaeòacb`jato y clustjs ajejscròs ja kos rjdukcmorjs mj rjcet`vc. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.0.3. sj àmèca kcs prjstceòajs mj kos rjdukcmorjs mj kc sjr`j BCD@E y eobputjr. 5.0.3 Mjaèòajs • U`stjbc FEW (FCU] Eobputjr`zjm Wrodrcb)< U`stjbc quj eoatrokc kc sjeujae`c mj eoajx`õa mj kos m`stàtos jseckoajs, mj forbc quj, pcrc kkjdcr c uac mjtjrbàcmc mjtjrbàcmc potjae`c ack mjbcamcmc, t`jamj c bà`b`zcr jk jk aübjro mj bcaòircs y c `duckcr kos t`jbpos mj uso mj kos m`stàtos jseckoajs. Kcs bcaòircs sj rjck`zca mj forbc quj, pcrc kos jseckoajs mj `duck potjae`c, eucamo ncy mjbcamc sj eoajetc jk quj kkjvc bãs t`jbpo mjseoajetcmo y eucamo ncy jxejso jxejso sj mjseoajetc jk quj kkjvc bãs t`jbpo t`jbpo eoajetcmo. • Yjdukcmor mj euctro eucmrcatjs< Jstj tàrbào s`da`ec quj jk rjdukcmor js ecpcz mj bjm`r y rjdukcr, tcato s` kc potjae`c cet`vc vc mj rjm c ecrdcs (ecso nci`tuck mj àstckce`õa eoasub`morc) eobo s` vc mj ecrdc c rjm (ecso mj àstckceòajs quj àekuyca djajrcmorjs y por tcato pjrb`tja tcato jk eoasubo eobo kc jxportce`õa o vjatc mj jajrdâc). • Yjkce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj, eorr`jatj, H< Kos rjdukcmorjs mj rjcet`vc ajejs`tca bjm`r kc eorr`jatj mj rjm c trcvàs mj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj (vjr F`d. 5.39). Kc eorr`jatj mj mj pr`bcrò mj àstj sj jk`dj eoa ua vckor aobàck ckdo supjròr c kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc c bjm`r y nci`tuckbjatj jk sjeuamcrò jstãamcr js mj : C c aobàck. Kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj aobàck mj mj pr`bcrò y kos : C mj sjeuamcrò sj mjaobàc fcetor H . Csâ por jljbpko pcrc uac àstckce`õa quj tjadc ua eoasubo mj 3>7 C sj pujmj jkjd`r ua trcasforbcmor mj 9:7/:, euyo fcetor H sjrâc 9:7 m`v`m`mo por :, js mje`r H2:7. 5 • Eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr pcso @E3, y fcetor E/H < Ja jk rjdukcmor mjij prjlcrsj jk prodrcbc mj rjdukce`õa (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.4.3) y kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por jk pr`bjr jseckõa. Jstj ükt`bo mcto pujmj mcrsj mj mos forbcs< - Wrodrcbcamo àmjpjam`jatjbjatj mos pcrãbjtros< Kc eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc >7 jseckõa, @ , y kc eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj @ , (sj mc por E3 supujsto quj jk sjeuamcrò js mj : C) p - Wrodrcbcamo ua üaèo fcetor kkcbcmo E/H . Jstj fcetor sj oit`jaj m`v`m`jamo kc eorr`jatj mjk pr`bjr jseckõa, @E3, por jk fcetor H mja`mo ja jk pãrrcfo catjròr. Wor jljbpko, pcrc ua jqu`po euyo pr`bjr jseckõa cisorij 57 C, eoa ua trcasforbcmor 577/: (H267), jk fcetor E/H js H2 57 / 67 2 7,:. • Aübjro mj pcsos y prodrcbcs mj rjdukce`õa< (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.6.3) • Fcsj mj rjfjrjae`c mj tjas`õa. Wcrc mjtjrbàcr jk , kos rjdukcmorjs ajejs`tca bjm`r jk mjsfcsj jatrj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos, kc bjm`mc sj ncej b`m`jamo tjas`õa jatrj mos fcsjs y eorr`jatj ja uac mj jkkcs, pjro jsto cmb`tj bükt`pkjs eobiàceòajs, por ko quj mjij prodrcbcrsj ja jk rjdukcmor euãk js kc m`sposè`õa mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc. Kc ]cikc 5.=. bujstrc tomcs kcs eobiàceòajs posìkjs y euãk js kc ope`õa quj mjij prodrcbcrsj ja kos rjdukcmorjs mj kc sjr`j BCD@E y eobputjr >m, 3=m y WKZU. • ]`jbpo mj eoajx`õa< Kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj jseckoajs ao pujmj sjr àstcatãajc pcrc jv`tcr fujrtjs trcas`toròs ja kc rjm. Wor jkko jk rjdukcmor rjtcrmc kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa jatrj m`stàtos jseckoajs, murcatj ua t`jbpo kkcbcmo t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa. Ja jqu`pos eoavjaeòackjs bcaòircmos eoa eoatcetorjs, jstj t`jbpo sujkj sjr mj uaos poeos sjduamos. Ja ecso mj rjqujr`r bcaòircs bãs rãp`mcs mjij rjeurr`rsj ck jbpkjo mj ictjrâcs jstãtècs, moamj kos eoatcetorjs sj nca sust`tu`mo por t`r`storjs, ko euck pjrb`tj jk`bàcr kos trcas`toròs mj eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa y por tcato bcaòircr tomo ko rãp`mo quj sj qu`jrc. Ja tck ecso jk t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa sujkj sjr mj uaos poeos b`k`sjduamos. (vjr cpcrtcmo 5.0.) • ]`jbpo mj rjeoajx`õa< Mj ceujrmo eoa kcs aorbcs, jatrj jk àstcatj mj mj mjseoajx`õa mj ua eoamjascmor y jk àstcatj mj uac aujvc eoajx`õa mjij trcaseurr`r ua t`jbpo bâa`bo quj pjrb`tc mjsecrdcrsj ck eoamjascmor ncstc ua :% mj kc tjas`õa aobàck mj erjstc. Wcrc jv`tcr uac rjeoajx`õa mjbcs`cmo rãp`mc, kos rjdukcmorjs pjrb`tja clustcr jk t`jbpo mj rjeoajx`õa. Jk clustj mjij ncejrsj ja djajrck c ua t`jbpo uacs 37 vjejs supjròr ck t`jbpo mj eoajx`õa. • Ckcrbcs< 5 3. Fcetor mj m`stors`õa< Kos rjdukcmorjs bomjraos sujkja bjm`r jk vckor mj kc m`stors`õa crbõaèc totck ja kc rjm (vjr ecpâtuko =). U` sj mjtjetca mjtjetca vckorjs jxejs`vcbjatj cktos mj jstj pcrãbjtro js sâatobc mj quj jx`stja soirjecrdcs ja kos eoamjascmorjs o àekuso mj quj sj promuej uac rjsoacae`c ja jk s`stjbc. Jk vckor mj clustj sujkj tobcrsj 3: puatos por jae`bc mjk % quj sj b`mc catjs mj eoajetcr aàdüa eoamjascmor eoa ua topj mjk :7%. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc >3 9. Wàrm`mc mj ecpce`mcm< U`stjbc prjvjat`vo catj kc pàrm`mc mj ecpce`mcm mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Uj rjeob`jamc jstj t`po mj ckcrbc c pcrt`r mj uac rjmuee`õa mj ecpce`mcm mj ua 57% mjk vckor mj or`dja. Wcrc jkko sj rjqu`jrj bjm`r ja kcs trjs fcsjs mj jatrcmc mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs. 5. Eoatrok mj a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa< Uupjrv`scr kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa mj rjm s` sj bcat`jaja mjatro mj kos vckorjs tokjrcikjs por kos eoamjascmorjs. =. ]jbpjrcturc< Jk eoatrok mj tjbpjrcturc mjatro mj kc ictjrâc js v`tck pcrc bcatjajr jk eorrjeto fuaeòacb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs, fuamcbjatckbjatj. Kos eoamjascmorjs ao mjija supjrcr tjbpjrcturcs supjròrjs c kos =7 ¼E, s`jamo rjeobjamcmo bcatjajr uac tjbpjrcturc mj 57 ¼E. :. V`d`kcae`c mj fudcs< @aeorporce`õa mj s`stjbc mj v`d`kcae`c mj kcs fudcs quj sj promueja ja ecmc pcso, eoa ko euck pomjbos mjsnci`k`tcr y cv`scr mj kos pcsos quj jstãa tja`jamo bcyor fudc. ]cikc 5.=.- Fcsj mj rjfjrjae`c mj tjas`õa pcrc kcs m`stàtcs eoajxòajs posìkjs. Fcsjs mj bjm`mc Eorr`jatj ja K5 ]jas`õa ja K9-K5 o Eorr`jatj ja K3 ]jas`õa ja K5-K3 o Eorr`jatj ja K9 ]jas`õa ja K3-K9 Eorr`jatj ja K9 ]jas`õa ja K9-K5 o Eorr`jatj ja K5 ]jas`õa ja K5-K3 o Eorr`jatj ja K3 ]jas`õa ja K3-K9 5 Eorr`jatj ja K3 ]jas`õa ja K9-K5 õ Eorr`jatj ja K9 ]jas`õa ja K5-K3 õ Eorr`jatj ja K5 ]jas`õa ja K3-K9 Eoajx`õa mj ]@ m ` r j et o Wrodrcbc eoa Mjsfcsj Z-@ eobputjr 23 t -3 57¼ Jsqujbc ]`po 3 9 5 = : 6 4 > 0 K3 K9 ` a vj r t ` m o t -= 937¼ K5 U9 U3 K5 W9 W3 A m ` r j et o t -5 3:7¼ ` a vj r t ` m o t -6 557¼ m ` r j et o t -9 07¼ ` a vj r t ` m o t -: 947¼ eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 5.37 Eobpjascmorjs jstãtèos >9 Ja kcs àstckceòajs moamj kcs fkuetuceòajs mj ecrdc soa `bportcatjs y rãp`mcs, kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj jseckoajs c icsj mj eoatcetorjs ao pjrb`tja cetucr ko sue`jatjbjatj rãp`mo eobo pcrc tjajr ja ecmc bobjato kc eobpjasce`õa ajejscr`c. Ja tckjs ecsos kc sokue`õa `mõajc eoas`stj ja cpkècr eoatcetorjs jstãtèos, c icsj mj t`r`storjs, pcrc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Kcs vjatclcs oitja`mcs eoa jkko soa kcs s`du`jatjs< • Eoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor sà trcas`torò mj crrcaquj. Kc eoajx`õa sj promuej ja jk prje`so bobjato quj kc tjas`õa mj rjm eoàe`mj eoa kc mjk eoamjascmor eoamjascmor,, àekuso eucamo eucamo àstj sj jaeujatrc totck o pcre`ckbjatj ecrdcmo. Wor jstj bot`vo sj jk`bàc euckqu`jr trcas`torò mj eoajx`õa y mjscpcrjeja kos nujeos u otrcs pjrturiceòajs, quj ja buenos ecsos provoeca àtjrfjrjae`cs soirj jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos. • Mjseoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor sà trcas`torò. Kc mjseoajx`õa sj promuej ck pcso por ejro mj kc eorr`jatj) • Ecmjae`c mj bcaòircs `k`b`tcmc. Kcs mos eoamèòajs catjròrjs nceja quj kos t`jbpos jatrj eoajxòajs y mjseoajxòajs suejs`vcs pujmc kkjdcr c sjr mj ua eèko mj rjm s` kc ecrdc ko rjqu`jrj (36,6 bs ja jk ecso mj rjm c 67 Nz). • Yjspujstc àbjm`ctc c kc mjbcamc mj eobpjasce`õa. Jstc eoamè`õa js àckecazcikj eoa kos jqu`pos jqu`pos eoavjaeòackjs eoa eoatcetorjs eoatcetorjs y rjsuktc `bprjseàmìkj pcrc ecrdcs tckjs eobo< bãquàcs mj sokmcr por puatos o pjqujóos eormoajs, csejasorjs, drücs, noraos y ja djajrck cqujkkcs quj prjsjatja eèkos eortos mj ecrdc. • Bjaor mjsdcstj mj kos eoamjascmorjs y mj kos àtjrruptorjs mj bcaòirc. Jstc js uac eoasjeujae`c àbjm`ctc mj kc jk`bàce`õa mj trcas`toròs y mj kc totck cusjae`c mj mj pcrtjs bjeãaècs bõv`kjs. Kc Kc v`mc üt`k mjk jqu`po ja su eoaluato sj àerjbjatc aotcikjbjatj eoa rjspjeto c kos jqu`pos eoavjaeòack js eoa eoatcetorjs eoavjaeòackjs eoatcetorjs.. Kc F`d. 5.35 bujstrc kc jvokue`õa mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja jk eoamjascmor, ZE j @E. Oisàrvjsj quj ja ua jqu`po jstãtèo ao jx`stj puatc mj eorr`jatj mj eoajx`õa, b`jatrcs quj ja ua jqu`po eoavjaeòack eoa eoatcetorjs mènc puatc pujmj ckecazcr vckorjs mj :7 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aobàck mj erjstc. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc >5 ZE ZE @E c ) E oaj x ` õ a j s t ã t ` e c @E i ) Eo a j x ` õ a e o a e o a t c e t o r F`d. 5.35 .- Eobpcrce`õa mj mj kos trcas`toròs mj eoajx`õa eoa ictjrâc jstãtèc jstãtèc y eoa eoatcetor (C< ]jas`õa ]jas`õa ja kos eoamjascmorjs8 I< Eorr`jatj ja kos eoamjascmorjs) E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac sjr`j mj jqu`pos quj àeorporca jk eoatcetor jstãtèo, eoa ua s`stjbc propò pctjatcmo. Kcs F`ds. 5.3= y 5.3: bujstrca ua jqu`po bomukcr JBH y jk catjròr mj ua bõmuko jstãtèo àm`v`muck JBF . F`d. 5.3= .- Jqu`po t`po JBH 5 F`d. 5.3: .- V`stc àtjròr àtjròr mj ua bõmuko jstãtèo F`d. 5.36 .- Jsqujbc mj pràe`pò mj ua pcso mj ictjrâc jstãtèc eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc >= Wcrc jk bcamo mj kos jqu`pos jstãtèos js prje`so rjeurr`r c rjdukcmorjs rãp`mos eobo jk FcstEobp o eobputjr WKZU, quj pjrb`tja bjm`r kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj rjcet`vc mj rjm y eobpjascr ja ua t`jbpo àfjròr c 97 bs. Oisàrvjsj quj pujmja ncejrsj bcaòircs bãs rãp`mcs por ko quj ck àtjrruptor jstãtèo sj rjjrj, pjro ao js eoavja`jatj s` ao sj nc bjm`mo eobo bâa`bo ua eèko eobpkjto mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo (67 bs). Ao oistcatj, ja ckduaos ecsos pujmja ut`k`zcrsj bõmukos jstãtèos ceeòacmos m`rjetcbjatj por ua eoatceto mjk jqu`po mj quj eoatrokc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa mj kcs ecrdcs uetucatjs (ja djajrck cutõbctcs o jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj sokmcmurc, mj àmuee`õa, . Kc F`d. 5.36 bujstrc ua jsqujbc s`bpk`ecmo mj uanoraos pcso mj pcso ua jqu`po jte.) jstãtèo, eoa kos pràe`pckjs ikoqujs. Kos jqu`pos jstãtèos sj kkcbca tcbi`àa c vjejs ]UE (]nyr`stor Uw`tenjm Ecpce`tors) Kos jqu`pos jstãtèos pujmja tcbi`àa ut`k`zcrsj pcrc cpkèceòajs moamj sj rjqu`jrc ktro mj crbõaèos, js mje`r, pcrc bcaòircr eoaluato K+E prjv`stos pcrc jv`tcr soirjecrdcs y rjsoacae`cs (vàcsj jk ecpâtuko 0). 5.33 Eobpjasce` Eobpjasce`õa õa fcsj-fcs fcsj-fcsjj mjk FW Ja kcs àstckceòajs jkàetrècs js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj jaeoatrcr eoasubos fujrtjbjatj Eoatrìuyja mjsjqu`kìrò mj ecrdcs< Wor mjsjqu`kìrcmos. ua kcmo kcs ecrdcs jatrj fcsjc ymèno ajutro y por otro mos kcmot`pos ecrdcs boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y fcsj. Jstcs ükt`bcs jstãa prok`fjrcamo eoa potjae`cs eoas`mjrcikjs ja pkcatcs àmustr`ckjs eoa ckduaos t`pos mj noraos, s`stjbcs mj eckjatcb`jato por àmuee`õa y/o jqu`pos mj sokmcmurc. Kos jfjetos bãs `bportcatjs mj mènos mjsjqu`kìròs soa mj mos t`pos< • Eorr`jatjs mj ajutro jkjvcmcs (Eorr`jatj nobopokcr) • Eorr`jatjs ja kcs fcsjs mjs`duckjs, eoa mjsfcsjs mjs`duckjs (Eobpoajatj àvjrsc) àvjrsc) Jk cubjato mj kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro por mjsjqu`kìrò js ua tjbc buy eoaoe`mo, pjro kos jfjetos mjk mjsjqu`kìrò mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj nca s`mo bjaos jstum`cmos. Mèno mjsjqu`kìrò m`sbàuyj s`da`ect`vcbjatj kc je`jae`c mj 5 kos s`stjbcs mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, eoas`mjrjbos ua trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hVĆ. Jk m`sjóo sj nc njeno eoas`mjrcamo quj jstc potjae`c jstcrã rjpcrt`mc jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. U` prjtjam`àrcbos ck`bjatcr eoa àk ua s`stjbc euycs ecrdcs jstuv`jrca tomcs jkkcs jatrj uac fcsj y ajutro o ecrdcs jatrj mos fcsjs, jv`mjatjbjatj ao pomrâcbos oitjajr 3777 hT, cuaquj jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kcs ecrdcs fujsj kc ua`mcm (àekuyjamo + rjmuee`õa por crbõaèos). Csâ pujs, kc potjae`c quj pomjbos oitjajr mj ua trcasforbcmor mjpjamj mj ckduac forbc mjk drcmo mj mjsjqu`kìrò mj kcs ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj quj jk proikjbc t`jaj ua e`jrto pcrckjk`sbo eoa jk mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja jfjeto, s` eoajetcbos c ua trcasforbcmor, eobo jk mjk jljbpko catjròr, mj 3777 hVĆ, ecrdcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c àfjròr c kc ua`mcm, tcbpoeo pomjbos oitjajr kos 3777 hT. Jk jljbpko catjròr s`rvj pcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj quj jk mjsjqu`kìrò mj kcs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc >: eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc, ck `duck quj ua fcetor mj potjae`c àfjròr c kc ua`mcm, eobportca ua uso àje`jatj mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj. 5.33.3 ¿Eõbo cfjetc jk mjsjqu`kìrò c kos s`stjbcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk FW? Kc ‛eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c‒ , lujdc ua pcpjk pr`borm`ck ja opt`b`zce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`strìue`õa y kc bà`b`zce`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja kcs àstckceòajs Eucamojatjamjrkc ncikcbos ja mj su eobpjasce`õa mj fcetorquj mj potjae`c ja jstj jkàetrècs. eoatjxto mjijbos forbc bãs djajrck, jadk ja dkoi oicc kc eo eobp bpja jasc sce` e`õa õa mj mjs mjsfc fcsj sj tja tjas` s`õa õa eo eorr rr`j `jat atjj ( ), jk jk ktr ktrcm cmoo mj mj crbõaèos y kc eorrjee`õa mj mjsjqu`kìrò. Kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs y kos f`ktros pcs`vos jstãamcr ofrje`mos cetuckbjatj ja jk bjrecmo soa s`jbprj jqu`pos tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos ko euck ncej quj sjca buy àje`jatjs pcrc rjmjs eoa ua ckto drcmo mj mjsjqu`kìrò. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj àmèca kcs aujvcs tjamjae`cs ja jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa icscmos ja eoamjascmorjs o drupos K-E. 5.33.9 Aujvcs tàeaècs mj eobpjasce`õa pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos Eobo sj nc mèno, jk s`stjbc ekãsèo eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y ktrcmo mj crbõaèos sj icsc ja jqu`pos quj mj eoajetca pcsos tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos. Js frjeujatj àekuso quj jk rjdukcmor mj FW b`mc eorr`jatj soko ja uac fcsj y rjdukc kc eobpjasce`õa supoa`jamo quj jk s`stjbc js jqu`kìrcmo. Kc eoajx`õa mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c sj ncej bjm`catj eoatcetorjs (ictjrâcs eoavjaeòackjs) o bjm`catj t`r`storjs (ictjrâcs jstãtècs) ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eoa ua pjrk mj eorr`jatj buy vcr`cikj ja jk t`jbpo. Wcrc s`stjbcs eoa ecrdcs buy mjsjqu`kìrcmcs jk bàtomo ekãsèo ao eoas`duj uac iujac rjdukce`õa mjk FW y pujmj promue`r uac eobpjasce`õa jrrõajc por vcròs bot`vos< Jk pr`bjro y bãs `bportcatj js quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjpjamj mj kc fcsj moamj sj b`mj kc eorr`jatj. Ujdüa sjc kc bãs ecrdcmc o kc bjaos ecrdcmc jk s`stjbc pujmj erjcr soirjeobpjasce`õa o fcktc mj eobpjasce`õa c a`vjk dkoick, djajrcamo ja cbios ecsos pàrm`mcs àajejscr`cs y ecuscamo ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj kujdo sjrã bot`vo mj mj ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturc mjk subà`stro jkàetrèo. Uupujsto quj sj b`mc ja trjs fcsjs y sj eobpjasj sjdüa ua vckor probjmò mj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs, sj eoas`duj ckduac bjlorc, pjro jk s`stjbc mj eobpjasce`õa s`duj s`jamo `bpjrfjeto, yc quj sj ecrdc ecrdc eoa uac rjcet`vc àajejscr`c ckduacs fcsjs y ao sj kkjdc c eobpjascr eobpkjtcbjatj otrcs. 5 Wcrc sokueòacr jstos proikjbcs y cubjatcr kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac aujvc sjr`j mj rjdukcmorjs, mjaobàcmc eobputjr WKZU , ecpcejs mj bjm`r y eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc >6 rjck`zcr kc eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj, tcato pcrc s`stjbcs moamj mobàca kcs ecrdcs ja jstrjkkc (fcsj ― ajutro) eobo pcrc s`stjbcs ja kos quj mobàca kcs ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko (tr`fãsècs o boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y fcsj). Kc F`d. 5.34 bujstrc ua jsqujbc pcrc ua pcso mj ua f`ktro, eoatrokcmo por t`r`storjs, t`r`stor js, ja eoadurce`õa tr`ãaduko, mj forbc quj pujmj eobpjascrsj ecmc fcsj àm`v`muckbjatj. Aõtjsj quj jstc eobpjasce`õa mjij ncejrsj s`jbprj eoa àtjrruptorjs jstãtèos. Ao pomrâc ncejrsj eoa eoatcetorjs, pujsto quj àstos eoajetca kcs trjs fcsjs c kc vjz. K3 K9 K5 =77V CE UZWWKP 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 V3 957 @3 3:7 hT3 >7 hvcr3 67 V9 957 @9 3:7 hT9 >7 hvcr5 67 V5 957 @5 3:7 hT9 >7 hvcr5 67 eos l2 7.> + N U U U Y Y EOBWZ]JY+ UN YU+ YU- 3H9 3D9 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 CML C I E M J 9H9 9D9 3D3 9D3 3H3 9H3 5H9 5D9 5D3 5H3 EOB UN YU+ YUEOB CK3 K E =77V 957V 7V CK3 EWE5`-xYU IKOSZJ MJ WO]JAE@C jstãtèc eoa F`d. 5.34.- Jsqujbc mj ua pcso mj ictjrâc jstãtèc rjdukcmor b`m`jamo eorr`jatj y tjas`õa ja kcs trjs fcsjs Wcrc àstckceòajs moamj mobàca kcs ecrdcs boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y ajutro, kos pcsos mjija eoadurcrsj ja jstrjkkc y jk rjdukcmor b`mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs y mje`mj eõbo eobpjascr ecmc uac àmjpjam`jatjbjatj. àmjpjam`jatjbjatj. Wcrc àstckceòajs eoa ecrdcs jatrj fcsjs mjsjqu`kìrcmcs, jk rjdukcmor js ecpcz mj jseodjr kc eoajx`õa õpt`bc quj bà`b`zc kc eorr`jatj mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, eoas`du`jamo csâ jk bâa`bo mj pàrm`mcs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc bãx`bc je`jae`c ja kc àstckce`õa. 5.33.5 @ae`mjae`c mjk mjsjqu`kìrò ja kos eostjs mj uac àstckce`õa mj subà`stro. 5 Kos eostjs mj uac àstckce`õa pcrc ck`bjatcr uac pkcatc àmustr`ck, ua jm`eò eobjre`ck, ua jm`fèò mj ofèàcs o mj v`v`jamcs, pomjbos m`v`m`rkos ja mos eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc drcamjs eoaejptos< >4 Eostj mj kc àfrcjstrueturc pcrc ck`bjatce`õa, iãsècbjatj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa. • • Eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc. Jk mjsjqu`kìrò mj ecrdcs àerjbjatc kos eostjs por cbios eoaejptos. Ja jfjeto, c ecusc mjk mjsjqu`kìrò sj mjij cubjatcr kc potjae`c aobàck mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y kc sjee`õa mj kos ecikjs, pujs kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc quj e`reukc por mj kcs ecrdcs fcsjs ja ecso mj mjsjqu`kìrò js bcyor quj kc quj e`reukc ja ecsockduac mj ck`bjatcr jqu`kìrcmcs. C tâtuk t âtukoo mj jljb jljbpko pko ncdcb ncdcbos os ua sjae` sjae`kko kko eãke eãkeuko uko pcrc uac ecrd ecrdcc mj 3 hVĆ ja mos ecsos< Ecso 3< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãsèo jqu`kìrcmo c =77 V . Jk eoasubo js mj 3,== C por fcsj, ja kcs trjs fcsjs. Ecso 9< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc ck`bjatcmc jatrj mos fcsjs. Jk eoasubo mj eorr`jatj js mj 9,: C ja mos fcsjs y ejro ja kc tjrejrc. Wor tcato, ja jstj ecso mj mjsjqu`kìrò jxtrjbo pomjbos tjajr quj soirjm`bjasòacr kos ecikjs y jk trcasforbcmor ncstc ua 45%. Ja eucato ck eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, àstj tcbi`àa sj àerjbjatc ja kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos, mji`mo c kcs pàrm`mcs. U` tobcbos eobo jljbpko jk b`sbo ecso catjròr y kkcbcbos Y c kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, rjsuktca uacs pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj quj soa< Ecso 3< Wàrm`mcs por hVC 5 fcsjs x (Y@9) 2 5 x Y x 3,== 9 2 6,99 x Y (T / hVC) Ecso 9< Wàrm`mcs por hVC 9 fcsjs x (Y@9)2 9 x Y x 9,:9 2 39,: x Y (T / hVC) Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs soa prãetècbjatj jk moikj pcrc jk ecso jxtrjbo mj mjsjqu`kìrò eoas`mjrcmo. 5.39 Eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck mj ecrdcs 5 Ja mjtjrbàcmos ecsos, i`ja sjc ja ecrdcs mj potjae`c eoas`mjrcikj eobpcrcmcs eoa jk totck mj uac àstckce`õa, o i`ja porquj soa ecrdcs eoajetcmcs c trcvàs mj kâajcs buy kcrdcs, pujmj sjr àtjrjscatj eobpjascr mj forbc àm`v`muck jstcs ecrdcs. Kos ecsos bãs tâpèos soa kc eobpjasce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc y kc eobpjasce`õa mj ckduaos botorjs. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs mcrjbos ckduacs m`rjetrèjs mj eobo eobpjascr ckduacs ecrdcs tâpècs mj forbc àm`v`muck. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 5.39.3 Eobpjasce`õa mjk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc >> Ja djajrck jk trcasforbcmor mj ceobjt`mc pjrbcajej eoajetcmo àekuso ja jk ecso mj mjseoajetcr kcs ecrdcs y cmjbãs, s` kc eobpjasce`õa sj ncej ja I] ao sj b`mj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc mjk propò trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Ja jstc s`tuce`õa qujmc uac potjae`c sà eobpjascr quj prãetècbjatj sj eoasubj kcs 9= norcs, c bjaos quj kc bjm`mc mjk rjdukcmor sj jfjetüj ja jk kcmo mj cktc. Wcrc jv`tcr jstj eoasubo eoatàuo mj rjcet`vc js nci`tuck quj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj ceobjt`mc sj bjm`catj ua eoamjascmor lo mjpjam`jamo eoajetcmo jamj pcrckjko eoa kc sck`mc mjk eobpjasja trcasforbcmor ja jk kcmo mj I] o mj C], kc potjae`c. Jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc mj kos trcasforbcmorjs sj mjij c mos eoaejptos< Za tàrbào lo, mji`mo c kc rjcetcae`c bcdajt`zcatj (eorr`jatj bcdajt`zcatj), quj supoaj cprox`bcmcbjatj ua 3,> c ua 9% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mjk trcasforbcmor ja hVC. • (5.3:) Za tàrbào vcr`cikj quj mjpjamj mj kc ecrdc y mj kc rjcetcae`c mj m`spjrs`õa, êe, o s` sj qu`jrj mj kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor, uee (vàcsj cpcrtcmo 9.37) • moamj @9pu rjprjsjatc jk âamèj mj ecrdc ua`tcrò, js mje`r, tcato por uao(5.36) mj kc ecrdc aobàck y uee js kc tjas`õa mj eortoe`reu`to ua`tcr`c ( uee% / 377). Yjdkc prãetèc< Kc potjae`c rjcet`vc totck eoasub`mc por jk trcasforbcmor js kc subc mj SB y S^ . Ao oistcatj, eobo sj nc mèno, kc eobpjasce`õa sujkj ncejrsj eoa ua eoamjascmor lo y por ko tcato àmjpjam`jatj mj kc ecrdc. Kc potjae`c quj sujkj jkjd`rsj js mj ua :% mj kc potjae`c ja hVC mjk trcasforbcmor. Ja ckduaos trcasforbcmorjs eoa uee% 1 6%, pujmja jkjd`rsj vckorjs mjk 6 õ 4%. Ja aàdüa ecso sj rjeob`jamc uac eobpjasce`õa lc eoa potjae`c supjròr ck 37% mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mjk trcasforbcmor. (5.34) 5.39.9 Eobpjasce`õa mj botorjs csâaeroaos Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc quj cisorij ua botor csâaeroao mj àmuee`õa sj bcat`jaj icstcatj eoastcatj, euckqu`jrc quj sjc su ràd`bja mj ecrdc. Kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc sujkj sjr mj ua 07% mj kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por jk botor ja vceâo. 5 Ja djajrck ao js rjeobjamcikj eobpjascr c fcetor mj potjae`c ua`mcm y sj sujkja eokoecr eoamjascmorjs pcrc eobpjascr jatrj 7,0 y 7,0:. Zac fõrbukc cprox`bcmc mj eãkeuko mj kc potjae`c ajejscr`c pcrc eobpjascr ua botor c 27,09 js kc s`du`jatj< (5.3>) eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Ja djajrck, jk >0 mj kos botorjs jstã jspje`fèc mo ja su pkcec mj ecrcetjrâstècs y ja kos propòs ectãkodos mj fcirècatjs. Kos vckorjs mj aobàckjs mj kos botorjs sujkja sjr bcyorjs pcrc botorjs mj bcyor aübjro mj pokos (bjaos rjvokueòajs). Ja djajrck, kos vckorjs rjsuktcatjs sujkja jstcr ja torao ck 97% mj kc potjae`c mjk botor pcrc botorjs mj 3:77 rpb, b`jatrcs quj pcrc botorjs mj 5777 rpb kcs ajejs`mcmjs soa bjaorjs y pcrc botorjs mj 4:7 r/bà pujmj sjr bãs mjk 9:%. Ja eucato c mjk kcs t`po forbcs mj eoajx`õa mj kcquj eobpjasce`õa, sujkja vcr`cr mjpjam`jamo mj bcaòirc mj crrcaquj jfjetüj jk botor. Ecso mj crrcaquj m`rjeto Ja ecso mj crrcaquj m`rjeto, j k eo a m j a sc m o r p u j m j p o a j rsj m`rjetcbjatj ja pcrckjko eoa jk botor, sjdüa jk jsqujbc mj kc durc 5.3>. Ja djajrck sj eokoec cducs ciclo mj kc protjee`õa tàrbèc mjk botor, eoa ko euck jk protjetor tàrbèo mjij clustcrsj bãs iclo pcrc protjdjr cmjeucmcbjatj jk botor. F`d. 5.3>.- Eobpjasce`õa mj botor eoa E m`rjeto ja pcrckjko Botorjs frjao< Fjaõbjao mj cutojxe`tce`õa. 5 Ja ecso mj ut`k`zcr jk botor ja pok`pcstos o ja boatcecrdcs, moamj jk botor pujmj `r crrcstrcmo, kc eokoece`õa m j u a eo a m j a sc m o r j a p c rc kj ko pujmj provoecr kc cutojxe`tce`õa mjk botor y ja eoasjeujae`c `bp`mj kc cetuce`õa mjk frjao. Ja jstj ecso js F`d. 5.30.- Eobpjasce`õa mj botor eoa E prjfjrìkj ceeòacr jk eoamjascmor eoajetcmo eoa eoatcetor àmjpjam`jatj eoa ua eoatcetor àmjpjam`jatj, mj forbc quj àstj circ c kc ormja mj pcro mjk botor, sjdüa sj rjprjsjatc jsqujbãtècbjatj ja kc F`d. 5.30. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 07 Botor eoa crrcaquj jstrjkkc- tr`ãaduko Ja jk ecso mj crrcaecmorjs jstrjkkctr`ãaduko pujmj jseodjrsj jatrj mos opeòajs< • Eoajx`õa mjk eoamjascmor eoa jk eoatcetor mj tr`ãaduko. Jamurcatj tck ecso, jk eoamjascmor ao cetüc jk crrcaquj. (vàcsj kc F`d. 5.97). F`d. 5.97.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa ja crrcaecmor crrcaecmor jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoa eoamjascmor mj 5 • Zso mj eoamjascmorjs mj 6 iorajs, iorajs eoajetcmo ck ack mjk crrcaquj m`rjetcbjatj ja pcrckjko eoa jk botor. Ja tck ecso jk eoabutcmor jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoabutc c kc vjz jk botor y jk eoamjascmor (vàcsj kc F`d. 5.93) Ecso mj botor eoa crrcaecmor por pcsos. Ja ecso mj quj jk botor m`spoadc mj ckdüa t`po mj crrcaecmor por pcsos, sj ceoasjlc ut`k`zcr ua bcamo à m j p j a m `j a t j p c rc eo a j et c r j k eoamjascmor, eobo jk jsqujbc mj kc F`d. 5.97. Jk eoamjascmor mjij eoajetcrsj eoa jk ükt`bo pcso mj crrcaquj. F`d. 5.93.- Eobpjasce`õa ja crrcaecmor jstrjkkc-tr`ãaduko eoa eoamjascmor mj 6 iorajs Botorjs rjdukcmos eoa eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c o eoa crrcaecmor sucvj Ao js ceoasjlcikj eobpjascr botorjs doijracmos por rjdukcmorjs mj frjeujae`c o crrcaecmorjs jstãtèos. Kc àekus`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja pcrckjko pcrckjko eoa jk botor pujmj mcócr jk eoavjrt`mor o jk crrcaecmor. Uoko ja ecso mj crrcaecmorjs jstãtèos quj ck fàck mjk crrcaquj qujmca ja ‛ iypcss ‒ pujmj cpkècrsj kc eobpjasce`õa eoa bcamo àmjpjam`jatj (F`d. 5.30) 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 5.39.5 Eobpjasce`õa mj noraos 03 Ecij m`stàdu`r jatrj vcròs t`pos mj noraos< c) Kos noraos noraos mj rjs`stjae`cs sujkja sujkja tjajr tjajr mj por sâ ua fcetor fcetor mj potjae`c ckto y por tcato ao js ajejscr`c kc eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck. i) Kos noraos mj àmuee`õa sujkja tjajr tjajr ua fcetor mj potjae`c ja ja torao c 7,>, pjro ja eoamèòajs trcas`tor`cs mj iclc ecrdc jk eoasubo mj cet`vc pujmj sjr buy iclo, bcatja`àamosj jk eoasubo mj rjcet`vc. Ja tckjs eoamèòajs sj rjeob`jamc kc eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa eoa ktros mj rjenczo (vjr ecpâtuko 0). e) Kos noraos noraos mj mj creo sujkja sjr mj potjae`cs eoas`mjrcikjs y djajrckbjatj djajrckbjatj sj ck`bjatca ja bjm`c tjas`õa. Kc eobpjasce`õa sj ncej eoa eoamjascmorjs los ja bjm`c tjas`õa. Mcmo quj djajrca drcamjs ecat`mcmjs mj crbõaèos sujkja ceobpcócrsj kos eoamjascmorjs eoa rjcetcae`cs mj f`ktrcmo, sàtoa`zcmcs pcrc rjmue`r kc m`stors`õa crbõaèc. 5.39.= Eobpjasce`õa mj àstckceòajs mj ckubircmo c) Jk ckubircmo mj àecamjsejae`c ao rjqu`jrj eobpjasce`õa. i) Kcs kãbpcrcs kãbpcrcs uorjsejatjs uorjsejatjs y mj mjsecrdc ja djajrck sujkja tjajr fcetorjs mj potjae`c iclos, ja torao c 7,:. Djajrckbjatj sj eobpjasca eoa eoamjascmorjs àm`v`muckjs. 5.35 Ijajeòs mj kc eobpjasce`õa ja B] Kc eobpjasce`õa ja bjm`c tjas`õa cportc ijajeòs s`b`kcrjs c kc eobpjasce`õa ja iclc, pjro cmjbãs t`jaj jk jfjeto cmèòack mj eoatrìu`r c kc rjdukce`õa mj kc tjas`õa ja kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa. C eoatàuce`õa sj mc ua rjsubja mj kos ijajeòs oitja`mos eoa kc eobpjasce`õa ja B]. B]. Opt`b`zce`õa tàeaèc • Cyumc ck eoatro eoatrokk mj kc tjas`õ tjas`õaa c ko k o kcrdo k crdo mjk s`stjb s`stjbcc mj m j trcaspo t rcasportj rtj y m`strìu m` strìue`õa. e`õa. • Mjsecrdc tcato kcs kâajcs eobo kos trcasforbcmorjs. • Yjmuej jk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs ja tomo jk s`stjbc. 5 Opt`b`zce`õa jeoaõbèc • Yjmuej jk eostj mj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc fceturcikj (Yjecrdo sjdüa pcâs y tcr`fcs). • Yjmuej jk eostj oeukto quj rjprjsjatca kcs pàrm`mcs Loukj ja kâajcs mj trcasportj y m`strìue`õa. • Wjrb`tj ua bjlor rctò (hT / hVC) mj ut`k`zce`õa mj kcs àstckceòajs. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc U`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa mj 09 jajrdâc jkàetrèc ja B] Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs E@YHCW Eck`mcm mjk subà`stro Opt`b`zce`õa mjk eostj mj jxpkotce`õa mj rjmjs Opt`b`zce`õa jeoaõbèc Cubjato mj tjasòajs ja< - lujdos mj icrrcs - ackjs mj kâajc - M`sbàue`õa mj pàrm`mcs - Mjsecrdc mj kâajcs y ecikjs - Mjsecrdc mj trcasforbcmorjs - M`sbàue`õa eostj jajrdâc - Bjaor eoasubo mj hT - Bjaor eoasubo mj hvcr Djst`õa mj ecrdc jkàetrèc ja rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa F`d. 5.95.- Eucmro rjsubja mj kos ijajeòs mj kc eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa ja B] 5.3= ¿Mõamj y euãamo eobpjascr ja B]? Iãsècbjatj mjijbos pjascr ja eobpjascr ja B] eucamo sj trctj mj àstckceòajs mj djajrce`õa trcasportj y m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc ja kcs euckjs sj mjsjj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa c ack mj kâajc o ja àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs moamj jx`stca eoasubos ja B]. ]ck js jk ecso mj ckduaos ejatros mj iobijo, ejatros mj trctcb`jato mj cducs, bàjrâc, fãirècs mj ejbjato, àmustr`cs quâbècs, cejrâcs, pcpjkjrcs, jte. Ja kcs àstckceòajs eoa m`strìue`õa ja ja B] y eoasubo ja I], I], js bjlor kc eobpjasce`õa ja I], ejrec mj kcs ecrdcs. Ao oistcatj, s` jk aübjro mj trcasforbcmorjs B]/I] js jkjvcmo, js rjeobjamcikj quj ck bjaos pcrtj mj kc eobpjasce`õa sj rjckèj ja B]. 5.3: Mjaèòajs mj tàrbàos jbpkjcmos ja B] C eoatàuce`õa eoat` auce`õa mcbos ua rjsubja mj eoaejpto eoaejptoss jbpkjcmo jbpkjcmoss ja kc mjaè` mjaè`õa õa mj jqu`pos mj bjm`c y cktc tjas`õa A`vjkjs mj c`skcb`jato (I@K) 5 Jk I@K àmèc jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj ua jqu`po mj B]. Wcrc mjtjrbàcr jstj a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato sj rjck`zca mos jascyos< eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 05 Jascyo c frjeujae`c àmustr`ck murcatj ua bàuto. Jstj jascyo pjrb`tj kc eobproice`õa mjk c`skcb`jato mj ua m`spos`t`vo s`bukcamo uac jkjvcmc tjas`õa mj • rjm c :7 õ 67Nz. Jascyo mj oamc mj enoquj mj 3.9/:7 ºs Jstj jascyo pjrb`tj kc eobproice`õa mjk c`skcb`jato mj ua m`spos`t`vo s`bukcamo kc soirjtjas`õa djajrcmc ja ua trcas`torò mj cpjrturc mj uac ecrdc àmuet`vc o jk trcas`torò promue`mo por ua rcyo. • ]cikc 5 4.- ]jasòajs mj jascyo y kâajcs mj fudc sjdüa I@K A`vjk mj c`skcb`jato ]jas`õa c frjeujae`c Oamc mj enoquj Kâajcs mj fudc I@K (hV) 4, 9 àmustr`ck (hV) 97 3.9 / :7 (hV erjstc) 67 ja (bb) 3 07 39 9> 4: 3 07 34 , : 5> 0: 5 77 9= :7 39: = 5: 56 47 347 6 77 Ja kos eoamjascmorjs tr`fãsèos, jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato eorrjspoamj ck àbjm`cto supjròr c su tjas`õa aobàck. Csâ por jljbpko, ua eoamjascmor tr`fãsèo ENV-] mj 577 hvcr, 6.6. hV mjij tjajr ua a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj 4.9 hV. • • Ja kos eoamjascmorjs boaofãsèos, jk er`tjrò mj jkjee`õa vcrâc rjspjeto ck tr`fãsèo. Kos a`vjkjs mj c`skcb`jato eorrjspoamja ck b`sbo mj kc rjm c quj sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc ja jqu`pos ao c`skcmos mj t`jrrc (EJ@ >7.643-3). Jljbpko< Ictjrâc 5 Bvcr c 97 hV. Forbcmc por 6 ua`mcmjs mj :77 hvcr, 33.:6 hV ja moikj P. A`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs 9= hV (I@K :7/39: hV) M`stcae`cs mj c`skcb`jato y kâajcs mj fudc Uj mjaobàc m`stcae`c mj c`skcb`jato c kc m`stcae`c quj jx`stj jatrj mos pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj ua jqu`po mj B] o C]. Ecij m`stàdu`r jatrj m`stcae`c ck c`rj y m`stcae`c soirj uac supjre`j c`skcatj, eobo kc quj sj rjprjsjatc ja kc F`d. 5.9=. C jstc m`stcae`c, s`du`jamo kc kâajc bãs eortc soirj supjre`j sj kj mjaobàc kâajc mj fudc. Kc kâajc mj fudc ajejscr`c ja ua jqu`po o m`spos`t`vo jstã m`rjetcbjatj rjkceòacmc rjkceòacmc eoa kos a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa cbi`jatck ja kos quj mjic fuaeòacr mèno jqu`po o m`spos`t`vo. Kâajc mj fudc F`d. 5.9=.- Kâajc mj fudc ja ua c`skcmor 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc A`vjkjs mj pokue`õa 0= Uj jat`jamj por a`vjk mj pokue`õa kc eoatcbàce`õa cbi`jatck jx`stjatj ja jk kudcr moamj sj àstckca kos jqu`pos. C bcyor a`vjk mj pokue`õa sj rjqu`jrja kâajcs mj fudc bãs kcrdcs pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk c`skcb`jato. Ja ecso mj buenc pokue`õa (pokvo, cej`tjs, sckà`mcm, jte.) sj promueja mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato y eoatorajos. Jx`stja vcròs a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa ja ecmc uaokâajc mj jkkos sj Kc eoas`duj ua mjtjrbàcmo a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato poryecmc bb mj mj fudc. ]cikc 5.> àmèc kos m`stàtos a`vjkjs mj pokue`õa y kc tjas`õa mj c`skcb`jato por bb sjdüa @JE. ]cikc 5.>.- A`vjkjs mj pokue`õa A ` v j k mj po k ue ` õa M` s t c a e ` c m j c r e o Ic l c 3 6 bb / h V B jm` c 9 7 bb / h V Cktc 9: bb/hV bb/ hV B u y Ck t c 5 3 bb / h V 5.36 Yjdukce`õa mjk FW ja rjmjs mj bjm`c tjas`õa Jx`stja àstckceòajs quj, yc sjc por su t`pokodâc, ecrcetjrâstècs mj sus ecrdcs, por jk jkjvcmo eoasubo mj jajrdâc o por jk t`po mj eoatrcto quj jk eoasub`mor t`jaj eoa kc eobpcóâc subà`strcmorc t`jaja quj sjr eobpjascmcs ja bjm`c tjas`õa. U` i`ja js e`jrto quj sjdüa kos Yjdkcbjatos mj I] y mj C] tca soko jx`stj kc m`v`s`õa jatrj iclc tjas`õa (tjasòajs ncstc 3777 V e.c. õ 3:77 V e.e.), y cktc tjas`õa (vckorjs bcyorjs c kos e`tcmos) ja kc prãetèc sj sujkj mjaobàcr eobo bjm`c tjas`õa (B]) tomo jk rcado mj tjasòajs quj vc mj 3 hV c =: hV. Csâ pujs ja jk bjrecmo sj cmoptc cmoptc jk voeciko mj eobpjasce`õa eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja bjm`c tjas`õa, rjr`àamosj c kcs ecrdcs susejptìkjs c sjr eobpjascmcs euyc ck`bjatce`õa jstã jatrj kos jqu`pos 5 hV y kos =: ictjrâcs hV. Wor jstj bot`vo, y ja cmjkcatj aos vcbos c rjfjr`r c jstos eobo mj eoamjascmorjs ja bjm`c, tjas`õa. Kc eobpjasce`õa mj potjae`c rjcet`vc ja B] jstã m`rjetcbjatj rjkceòacmc eoa m`fjrjatjs cspjetos quj cyumca c kc bjlorc mj kcs eoamèòajs mj fuaeòacb`jato mj kcs àstckceòajs jkàetrècs y mj kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa. Iãsècbjatj kos ajs pjrsjdu`mos soa< • Yjdukce`õa mj kc tjas`õa ja m`stàtos puatos mj rjm. 5 • Bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mjk subà`stro. Iãsècbjatj eoatrokcamo eoatrokcamo kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa ja icrrcs mj suijstceòajs (UJ) y ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa (E]). eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc • Bjlorc mj kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa ja jxtrjbos mj kâajcs. 0: • Bjlorc mj kos eostjs mj jxpkotce`õa. Jstj cspjeto jstã icscmo ja kc eobpjasce`õa mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, quj eobportc kc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs Loukj, jk cubjato mjk rjam`b`jato mj trcasforbcmorjs j àstckceòajs y kc rjmuee`õa mj eostjs tcr`fcròs. Ecmc uao mj kos puatos sj mjscrrokkc mj uac bcajrc bãs jxncust`vc ja kos s`du`jatjs cpcrtcmos. 5.36.3 Eoatrok mjk a`vjk mj tjas`õa ja kcs kâajcs Zao mj kos puatos erâtèos ja kc m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc js jk bcatjajr kcs tjasòajs ja m`stàtos puatos mj kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa. U` sj trctc mj rjmjs ja ca`kko ja kos m`sàtos E] y s` soa rjmjs rcm`ckjs ja kos ackjs mj kâajc. Jx`stja mos posìkjs bàtomos pcrc jk eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa ck fàck mj kcs kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa mj B], quj mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa mj kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa< c) Eoatrok ja or`dja mj kâajc, djajrckbjatj pcrc kâajcs mj eoadurce`õa rcm`ck. i) Eoatrok puatos mj uac rjm ja ca`kko o ck ack mj uac kâajc mj B]jajamjtjrbàcmos uac eoadurce`õa rcm`ck. Kos m`cdrcbcs mj kc F`d. 5.99 `kustrca kc forbc ja quj kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc eoas`duj cubjatcr kc tjas`õa ja jk puato mj subà`stro. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc ^ Y 06 @ Fujatj Z3 Z9 Ecrdcs Z3 l Z9 @c @r Y.@ ^.@ @ Uà eobpjascr ^ Y @ Z9 Fujatj Ecrdcs Z3 @eobp @eobp Z3 l @c @r ^.@ Z9 Y.@ @ Eobpjascmo @eobp Z3 l @c @r Z9 Z9 Y.@ ^.@ Y.@ @ Z3 Z9 Z9 Y.@ ^.@ Y.@ Eobpcrce`õa F`d. 5.99.- M`cdrcbc vjetor`ck eobpcrcamo eobpcrcamo kc àstckce`õa eoa kc ao ao eobpjascmc 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 5.36.3.3 Eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa ja or`dja mj kâajc. 04 Zac forbc nci`tuck quj jbpkjca kcs jbprjscs m`strìu`morcs pcrc bcatjajr jk a`vjk aobàck mj tjas`õa ck ack mj uac kâajc mj B] ao bckkcmc, js rjdukcr kc tjas`õa c kc sck`mc mj suijstce`õa (UJ) por jae`bc mj su vckor aobàck. Jsto sj ncej c icsj mj eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja or`dja (icrrcs mjk E] o UJ) pcrc eobpjascr kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa mj kc kâajc. Kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja icrrcs mj B] kkjvc csoe`cmo jk cubjato mj tjas`õa ja jk puato mj su eoajx`õa. Ujdüa kc Aorbc EJ@ 67->43-3, jk eãkeuko mjk àerjbjato mj tjas`õa quj supoaj kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs ja uac rjm mj B] pujmj oitjajrsj mj kc jeuceòa (5.97). Ja prjv`s`õa mj posìkjs uetuceòajs mj ecrdc, kos eoamjascmorjs c eoajetcr c kc sck`mc mj kc UJ o E] sj sujkja frceeòacr ja pcsos, quj sj eoajetca o sj mjseoajetca eoa ua rjdukcmor mj fcetor mj potjae`c. Kc potjae`c, t`po mjk jqu`po mj eoamjascmorjs y jk a`vjk mj frceeòacb`jato mjk b`sbo, sujkj mjpjamjr mj er`tjròs propòs mj kcs Eobpcóâcs m`strìu`morcs. Aõtjsj quj jk frceeòacb`jato mj kc potjae`c totck ja m`fjrjatjs jseckoajs, pjrb`tj kc bjlorc mj kos a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa pcrc m`fjrjatjs jstcmos mj ecrdc mj kc rjm, jv`tcamo soirjtjasòajs sj promue`râca ja ecso mj soirj-eobpjasce`õa (jxejso mj jajrdâc ecpce`t`vcquj eoajetcmc c kc rjm). 5.36.3.9 Eoatrok mj kc tjas`õa eoa eoamjascmorjs ck ack mj kâajc Ja ecso mj kâajcs mj B] eoa vcr`cs rcb`eceòajs, s` àstcs t`jaja uac koad`tum eoas`mjrcikj (vcròs hb), ao js posìkj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa ja tomos kos puatos mj m`strìue`õa eokoecamo eoamjascmorjs ck àèò mj kâajc. Wcrc jstos ecsos sj sujkja eokoecr kos eoamjascmorjs ja aumos mj m`strìue`õa moamj sj qu`jrj rjdukcr kc tjas`õa. Kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa ck ack mj uac kâajc o trcbo mj kâajc pumj eckeukcrsj por kc jeuce`õa (5.30) ∆Z (%) 2 377´ W ⋊9k ⋊ ( Yk + ^ k td ) Za (5.30) moamj< ∆Z(%)< Ecâmc mj tjas`õa porejatuck rjfjr`mc c kc tjas`õa aobàck Za W< Wotjae`c cet`vc trcasportcmc Yk y ^k< rjs`stjae`c y rjcetcae`c por ua`mcm mj koad`tum (ja djajrck por hb) 5 k< Koad`tum mj kc kâajc (ja kcs b`sbcs ua`mcmjs ja quj sj ncyc eobputcmo Yk y ^k) Z < ]jas`õa aobàck mj kc rjm a eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 0> Wor otro kcmo, jk cubjato mj tjas`õa ja ua puato mj kc kâajc eobo eoasjeujae`c mj kc eoajx`õa mj eoamjascmorjs, pujmj eckeukcrsj, sjdüa @JE-67>43-3, por kc jeuce`õa (5.97). (5.97) moamj< Ecâmc mj tjas`õa porejatuck rjfjr`mc c kc tjas`õa aobàck Za ∆Z(%)< Sict< Wotjae`c mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs Uee< Wotjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to ja jk puato mj eokoece`õa mj kos E 5.36.9 Yjmuee`õa mjk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs ja kâajcs mj B] Kc rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja àstckceòajs mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj js ua tjbc buy `bportcatj c kc norc mj kcs vckorceòajs jeoaõbècs mj uac àstckce`õa, yc quj, cpcrtj mj kc rjmuee`õa mj eostj por tcr`fc, sj subc jk eostj oeukto quj rjprjsjatca kcs pàrm`mcs ja kcs kâajcs mj trcasportj y m`strìue`õa. Csâ pujs, `duck quj oeurrj ja iclc tjas`õa, kc àstckce`õa mj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs ja B] supoaj m`sbàue`õa m`rjetc mj kcsuac potjae`cs rjcet`vc y cpcrjatj sokè`tcmcs por kcuac rjm, pjro cmjbãs eobportc m`sbàue`õa mj pàrm`mcs por jfjeto Loukj, js mje`r ua cnorro mj potjae`c cet`vc. C eo eoat atà àuc uce` e`õa õa sj à àm` mèc ecaa kc kcss jx jxpr prjs jsò òaj ajss pc pcrc rc jk eã eãke keuk ukoo mj kc kcss pà pàrm rm`m `mcs cs por jfjeto Loukj, jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj prjsjatc jk ecikj y kc m`sbàue`õa mj pàrm`mcs (potjae`c cet`vc) ck eoajetcr uac ictjrâc ja uac kâajc mj B]. Wàrm`mcs Loukj ja uac kâajc< (5.93) moamj Yk js kc rjs`stjae`c por ua`mcm mj koad`tum y k js kc koad`tum (ja djajrck cbios mctos por hb) Cs â pu Csâ pujs js,, kc m` m`sb sbà àue ue`õ `õaa mj pà pàrm rm`m `mcs cs js pr prop opor ore` eòa oack ck c kc m` m`sb sbà àue ue`õ `õaa mj mjkk eucmrcmo mj kcs eorr`jatjs (5.99) ∆@ 2 9 W 9 + S K9 9 ∙ W 9 + (S K ∙S 9 9 ) ict 2 ∙ S9 9S K S ict ict 9 (5.99) Z Z Z moamj W js kc potjae`c cet`vc trcasb`t`mc c kc ecrdc, SK js kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj kc ecrdc y Sict js kc potjae`c mj kc ictjrâc mj eobpjasce`õa. 5 Wor tcato kc m`sbàue`õa mj pàrm`mcs eobo rjsuktcmo mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc pujmj eckeukcrsj sjdüa (5.95)< 9 9S K Sict ∙ Sict (5.95) ∆W 2 Yk ´ 9 Z eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 00 Ja ecso mj eobpjascr totckbjatj kc potjae`c mj kc ecrdc SK2Sict, kc rjmuee`õa 9 mj pàrm`mcs sjrâc ∆W 2 Yk ´k ´Sict /Z 9 5.36.9.3 Jljbpko Jljbpko mj rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs Loukj ja ua s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa bjm`catj kâajcs ãrjcs. Ja jstj ecso sj jstum`c kc jvokue`õa mjk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs mj kâajc y ecâmcs mj tjas`õa mj ua s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa c 97 hV eoa y sà ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmcs. Uj proejmj c eobpcrcr jk jfjeto mj kcs ictjrâcs ja uac rjm càrjc mj B] mj m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc ja uac zoac rurck, ja kc quj jx`stja mos ejatros mj rjpcrto C y I, ck`bjatcmos por sjamcs kâajcs C y I eoa rjs`stjae`cs YkC 27,5== bΩ/hb y YkI 27,=== bΩ/hb F`d. 5.9:.- Yjm mj m`strìue`õa pcrc jk jk jljbpko mj eãkeuko @.- Jstcmo mj ecrdcs sà ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs eoajetcmcs Ja or`dja, jk s`stjbc prjsjatc jk jstcmo mj potjae`cs quj sj bujstrc ja kc ]cikc 5.:. ]cikc 5.:.- Mctos mj kc àstckce`õa prjvòs c kc eobpjasce`õa W o t j a e ` c c e t ` v c ( B T) 5 Wuato mj eoajx`õa E 4, 5 0 Ejatro Yjpcrto C Ejatro Yjpcrto I 9, 4 =, 5 0 Wo t j a e ` c r j c e t ` v c ( Bv c r ) 5, 4 7 3 , 95 9, 3 5 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj (BVC) >, 9 6 9 , 04 =, > > eos φ 7, > 0 7 , 03 7, 0 Wà r m ` m c s L o u k j ( h T ) 33=,: 3>: Yjcet`vc eoasub`mc por kc kâajc (hvcr) 390 97> Ec â m c s m j t j a s ` õ a ( % ) :, 9 :, 9 : eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 377 Eobo sj oisjrvc, ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa ck s`stjbc jkàetrèo E, kcs eoamèòajs mj eoajx`õa ao soa iujacs, js mje`r, kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js jkjvcmc y jk fcetor mj potjae`c iclo. @@.- U`tuce`õa eoa kcs ictjrâcs eoajetcmcs Wcrc bjlorcr jk jstcmo mj kc rjm, sj eoajetc uac ictjrâc mj 3377 hvcr c 97 hV ja jk ejatro mj rjpcrto C (IEC) y uac ictjrâc mj 9777 hvcr c 97 hV ja jk ejatro mj rjpcrto I (IEI). Jk ickcaej mj potjae`cs qujmc bom`fècmo tck y eobo sj oisjrvc ja kc ]cikc 5.6. ]cikc 5.6.- Mctos mj kc àstckce`õa mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa Wuato mj eoajx`õa E Ejatro Yjpcrto C eoa IEC I EC Ejatro Yjpcrto I eoa IEI W o t j a e ` c c e t ` v c ( B T) 4, 5 5 9, 4 =, 5 0 Wo t j a e ` c r j c e t ` v c ( Bv c r ) 7, : = 7 , 35 7, 3 5 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj (BVC) 4, 5 6 9, 4 =, 5 0 e os φ 7, 0 0 7 , 00 7, 0 0 W à r m ` m c s L o u k j ( h T) 0= 3 :7 Yjcet`vc eoasub`mc por kc kâajc (hvcr) 376 347 5 ,0 % 5, > % E c â m c s m j t j a s ` õ a ( %) Ja jstj ecso, sj oisjrvc quj ja jk puato E kcs eoamèòajs sj nca opt`b`zcmo mj uac bcajrc sustcae`ck, sj nca m`sbàu`mo kcs pàrm`mcs Loukj ja kcs kâajcs y sj nc cubjatcmo kc tjas`õa tjas`õa ja kos ejatros mj rjpcrto. Mj jstc forbc, sj nc opt`b`zcmo kc jxpkotce`õa y jk rjam`b`jato mj kc kâajc y sj nc dcrcat`zcamo jk a`vjk mj tjas`õa c kos usucròs. 5.34 Eoamjascmorjs pcrc B] Kos eoamjascmorjs soa kos jkjbjatos jsjae`ckjs mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc. Uu pràe`pò mj cetuce`õa js jk b`sbo jxpkècmo ja jk ecpâtuko 5 pcrc jqu`pos mj I]. I]. Ja jk ecso mj eoamjascmorjs mj B], B], àstos pujmja tjajr eoadurce`õa boaofãsèc o tr`fãsèc. 5 Kos eoamjascmorjs boaofãsèos t`jaja mos iorajs y sujkja jbpkjcrsj ja jqu`pos eoadurcmos eobo ictjrâc ja jstrjkkc o moikj jstrjkkc. Uj sujkja jbpkjcr pcrc rjmjs eoa tjas`õa por jae`bc mj 33 hV, o pcrc ictjrâcs eoa tjasòajs bjaorjs pjro eoa cktos a`vjkjs mj potjae`c. eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 373 Kos eoamjascmorjs tr`fãsèos m`spoaja mj trjs iorajs y sujkja jbpkjcrsj pcrc boatclj mj ictjrâcs mj pjqujóc y bjm`cac potjae`c pcrc rjmjs mj ncstc 33 hV. F`d. 5.94.- Eoamjascmor Eoamjascmor mj B] tr`fãsèo F`d. 5.96.- Eoamjascmor mj B] boaofãsèo Eobposè`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs Kos eoamjascmorjs mj Bjm`c ]jas`õa jstãa eobpujstos por m`fjrjatjs jkjbjatos ecpce`t`vos iãsèos. Jstcs ua`mcmjs iãsècs sj eoajetca ja drupos sjr`j y/o pcrckjko eoa kc ack`mcm mj oitjajr kc potjae`c y tjas`õa ajejscr`cs. Zac vjz rjck`zcmo jk pcqujtj mj jkjbjatos, sj àtromuej jk eoaluato ja uac eclc mj cejro àox`mcikj, sj cócmja kos iorajs y sj `bprjdac ja cej`tj, dcrcat`zcamo csâ pjrfjeto cs`kcb`jato y fuaeòacb`jato mj jk kc ua`mcm. F`d. 5.9>.- Eobposè`õa Eobposè`õa mj ua eoamjascmor boaofãsèo mj B] 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Wrotjeeòajs mj kos eoamjascmorjs bjm`catj fusìkjs àtjraos 379 Jk eoamjascmor, eobo tomo jkjbjato mj uac àstckce`õa jkàetrèc, t`jaj quj sjr ecpcz mj jk`bàcr kos mjfjetos quj, ja su àtjròr, sj pujmca or`dàcr. E@YEZ]OY cpujstc por kc tjeaokodâc mj fusìkjs àtjraos, quj eoas`stj ja protjdjr tomos y ecmc uao mj kos jkjbjatos ecpce`t`vos iãsèos mjk eoamjascmor eoa ua fusìkj àtjrao. Ja ecso mj mjfjeto mj ua jkjbjato ecpce`t`vo iãsèo sj promuej uac mjsecrdc mj kos jkjbjatos scaos soirj jk cvjr`cmo. F`d. 5.90.- Mjtckkj Mjtckkj mjk mjk fusìkj àtjrao ja ua eoamjascmor mj B] Jstc mjsecrdc provoec kc fus`õa àbjm`ctc mjk fusìkj àtjrao mj kc ua`mcm mcócmc. Jstj s`stjbc prjsjatc kcs s`du`jatjs vjatclcs, quj sj ekcs`eca ja mos drupos< Vjatclcs Opjrct`vcs • Mjseoajx`õa àbjm`ctc mjk jkjbjato mcócmo. • Bâa`bc djajrce`õa mj dcsjs ja jk àtjròr mjk eoamjascmor, por tcato jfjeto mj soirjprjs`õa àtjrac mjsprje`cikj. • Eoatàu`mcm mj sjrvèò. Kc jk`bàce`õa mj kc ua`mcm mcócmc pjrb`tj kc eoatàuce`õa mjk jqu`po eoajetcmo. • Wosì`k`mcm mj pkca`ece`õa mjk bcatja`b`jato mj kc ictjrâc. • Bcatja`b`jato bãs sjae`kko. Vjatclcs mj m`sjóo. • • Bcyor potjae`c mj eoamjascmor. (Wjrb`tj bãs potjae`c por ua`mcm mj vokubja) Zt`k`zce`õa mj bjaos eoamjascmorjs por ictjrâc. • Yjmuee`õa mjk tcbcóo mj icst`morjs o eciàcs. • Eostj bãs jeoaõbèo mj kc ictjrâc. 5.3> Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj pcrc ictjrâcs mj B] 5 Kc eoajx`õa mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs bjm`catj àtjrruptorjs jkjetrobjeãaèos kkjvc csoe`cmc kc erjce`õa mj trcas`toròs mj eorr`jatj c kc eoajx`õa. Kc Aorbc EJ@ 67>43-3 mjaj jk vckor bãx`bo mj erjstc quj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs pujmj djajrcr ja kcs bcaòircs mj eoajx`õa. Eoaerjtcbjatj 377 vjejs su eorr`jatj aobàck. aobàck. U` jstj vckor js supjrcmo, js eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 375 ajejscrò jk boatclj mj rjcetcae`cs mj enoquj YBV , euyc fuae`õa eoas`stj ja k`b`tcr jk trcas`torò mj eorr`jatj c vckorjs cejptcikjs por kos eoamjascmorjs y pcrc kc prop`c kâajc quj sj eobpjasc. Jk vckor mj jstc rjcetcae`c js vcr`cikj ja fuae`õa mj kcs eoamèòajs mj kc àstckce`õa, mjpjam`jamo iãsècbjatj mj kos s`du`jatjs pcrãbjtros< • Wotjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mj kc àstckce`õa. • Jx`stjae`c mj bãs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Womjr mj e`jrrj mj kos àtjrruptorjs cutobãtèos. Jk vckor mj eoajx`õa rjs`muck uac vjz boatcmc kc rjcetcae`c t`jaj quj sjr tcbi`àa àfjròr c kos pomjrjs mj e`jrrj mjk cpcrjkkclj ja djajrck. • Eobo aorbc djajrck sj rjeob`jamc< Ja ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs c`skcmcs, js mje`r uac sokc ictjrâc ja kc àstckce`õa, por aorbc djajrck ao js ajejscrò kc eokoece`õa mj rjcetcae`cs mj enoquj. Ja euckqu`jr ecso, sj rjeob`jamc rjck`zcr kc eobproice`õa. • Ja ictjrâcs ja pcrckjko o ja jseckoajs mj ictjrâcs cutobãtècs, s`jbprj js ajejscr`c su eokoece`õa. • Er`tjròs djajrckjs mj m`sjóo mj eobpoajatjs Mj ceujrmo c kc Aorbc EJ@ 67.>43-3, kos eoamjascmorjs jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc soportcr ua 57 % mj soirjecrdc mj eorr`jatj ja pjrbcajae`c. Wor jstj bot`vo, kc aorbc ceoasjlc quj tomos kos eobpoajatjs mj uac ictjrâc soportja eobo bâa`bo 3,: vjejs kc eorr`jatj aobàck. Ja djajrck sj ceoasjlc ua m`bjasòacmo mj 3,=5 vjejs kc eorr`jatj dkoick mj kc ictjrâc pcrc< • Ecikjs mj potjae`c • Cpcrcbjatc Cpcrcb jatc ja djajrck • Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj 5.30 Ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs B] Ujdüa sj nc mèno, ja jqu`pos mj B] kos eoamjascmorjs pujmja sjr boaofãsèos o tr`fãsèos y jsto mc kudcr c m`fjrjatjs posìkjs eoadurceòajs mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. 5 Ko pr`bjro quj ncy quj mje`r js quj buenos jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa ja B] ao sj bcaòirca cpjacs auaec o buy poecs vjejs, pujsto quj kos eoatcetorjs mj vceâo o kos àtjrruptorjs pcrc bcaòircrkos t`jaja ua aübjro mj bcaòircs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 37= k`b`tcmo (mjk ormja mj uacs 37.777), pcscmo jk euck ncy quj ncejr bcatja`b`jato, suist`tue`õa mj iotjkkcs mj vceâo, jte. Csâ pujs, ja kc bcyor pcrtj mj ecsos, kos jkjbjatos mj eortj mj mèncs ictjrâcs sj jbpkjca iãsècbjatj pcrc su protjee`õa y ao pcrc rjdukcr jk FW eoa ua rjdukcmor, eobo sj jxpkèõ pcrc I]. 5.30.3 Eoadurceòajs mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs Uj pujmja pkcatjcr m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj eoadurce`õa, mjpjam`jamo ja djajrck mj kc tjas`õa mj jbpkjo, mj kc potjae`c y mj otros pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos mj kc àstckce`õa. Wcrc m`stàtcs eoadurceòajs sj jbpkjca< Eoamjascmorjs tr`fãsèos (djajrckbjatj pcrc potjae`cs iclcs y tjasòajs tcbi`àa iclcs) • • Eoamjascmorjs boaofãsèos (pcrc potjae`cs y tjasòajs cktcs) Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãsèos Jstos jqu`pos soa buy üt`kjs pcrc àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs, mcmo quj soa ecpcejs mj ckolcr pjqujócs y bjm`cacs potjae`cs ja uacs m`bjasòajs rjmue`mcs. Kc tjas`õa mj trciclo bãx`bc js mj 33 hV y kc potjae`c mj 3.6 Bvcr. Kcs cpkèceòajs bãs nci`tuckjs soa< • Eobpjasce`õa mj botorjs • Eobpjasce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs • Ictjrâcs cutobãtècs F`d. 5.57.- Ictjrâc tr`fãsèc s`bpkj 5 F`d. 5.53.- Ictjrâc tr`fãsèc s`bpkj Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs boaofãsèos eoajetcmos ja jstrjkkc eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 37: Kc cpkèce`õa mj jstc eoadurce`õa qujmc üaècbjatj rjsjrvcmc c pjqujócs potjae`cs mj ictjrâc, quj por a`vjk mj tjas`õa mj trciclo ao pujmja sjr rjsujktcs eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãsèos. Za ecso prãetèo js, por jljbpko, uac ictjrâc mj =:7 hvcr c 3: hV. Jstj ecso sj rjsujkvj eoa 5 eoamjascmorjs mj 3:7 hvcr c >.64 hV mj tjas`õa aobàck. Jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mj kos eoamjascmorjs eorrjspoamj ck mj kc rjm, js mje`r, 34.: hV. F`d. 5.59.- Ictjrâc tr`fãsèc eoa eoamjascmorjs eoamjascmorjs boaofãsèos boaofãsèos Ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs boaofãsèos eoajetcmos ja moikj jstrjkkc Js kc eoadurce`õa bãs ut`k`zcmc ja bjm`cacs y drcamjs potjae`cs. Kc moikj jstrjkkc jstã forbcmc por mos jstrjkkcs eoa ua ecikj mj ua`õa jatrj ajutros (vjr F`d. 5.55). Aorbckbjatj jstj s`stjbc mj eoadurce`õa js ut`k`zcmo ja< • Yjmjs eoa tjasòajs mj sjrvèò bcyorjs mj 33 hV • Yjmjs eoa tjasòajs bjaorjs mj 33 hV y potjae`cs bcyorjs mj 3,6 Bvcr Ja jk ajutro sj eoajetc ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj pcrc kc mjtjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj mjsjqu`kìrò, quj djajrckbjatj soa sâatobc mj ckdüa mjfjeto ja kos eoamjascmorjs. Jstc m`sposè`õa mj kos eoamjascmorjs pjrb`tj kc rjck`zce`õa mjk jqu`po sjc euck sjc jk a`vjk mj tjas`õa y potjae`c ajejscr`c, pcrt`jamo mj eoamjascmorjs jstãamcr. Ja jfjeto, tck eobo sj oisjrvc ja kc F`d. 5.55, jk eoamjascmor o drupo mj eoamjascmorjs mj ecmc rcbck, tjamrã uac tjas`õa cpkècmc eorrjspoam`jatj c kc mj fcsj. Zac vjz mja`mc kc tjas`õa mj ecmc eoamjascmor y, por tcato, jk aübjro mj ua`mcmjs, sj mjaj kc potjae`c mj ecmc eoamjascmor. (5.9=) 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 376 F`d. 5.55.- Ictjrâc tr`fãsèc eoa E ja moikj jstrjkkc y protjee`õa F`d. 5.5=.- Ictjrâc tr`fãsèc eoa E ja moikj jstrjkkc y protjee`õa 5.30.9 Forbcs mj eobpjasce`õa Kc eobpjasce`õa mj FW ja B], ck `duck quj sj nceâc ja àstckceòajs mj I], pujmj rjck`zcrsj mj forbc lc o cutobãtèc. Kc jkjee`õa mj uac u otrc mjpjamj mjk t`po mj àstckce`õa, mj su eoadurce`õa, mjk ràd`bja mj ecrdc quj àstc tjadc, csâ eobo mjk oiljt`vo pcrc jk euck sj àstckj jk jqu`po, ao oistcatj, eobo sj nc mèno bãs crrìc kc bcaòirci`k`mcm mj uac ictjrâc ja B] js buy k`b`tcmc y por tcato sj t`jamj c eobpjasceòajs lcs o eoa buy iclc bcaòirci`k`mcm. Eobpjasce`õa lc Eucamo kos a`vjkjs mj potjae`c rjcet`vc soa jkjvcmos y uac pcrtj `bportcatj js bãs o bjaos eoastcatj, jk jqu`po jqu`po pujmj sjr lo. Za jljbpko mj jstj jstj ecso js àstckceòajs eoa eoajx`õa c rjmjs mj Cktc ]jas`õa y m`strìue`õa ja Bjm`c ]jas`õa 5 F`d. 5.5:.- Eobpjasce`õa lc ja uac kâajc mj B] eoa vcròs trcasforbcmorjs Wujmj eoas`mjrcrsj tcbi`àa uac ictjrâc lc kc quj sj jbpkjc ja àstckceòajs eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 374 àmustr`ckjs ja kcs quj jx`stj ua aübjro rjmue`mo mj rjejptorjs ja B] B],, y kos rjdâbjajs mj trciclo `bpkèca jk ao fuaeòacb`jato mj tomcs kcs bãquàcs mj forbc s`buktãajc. Uj sud`jrj jatoaejs jk uso mj s`stjbcs àm`v`muckjs pcrc ecmc ecrdc, quj sj bcaòirca luatcbjatj eoa àstc, sjdüa jsqujbc mj kc F`d. 5.56. F`d. 5.56.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa lc àm`v`muck por por bãquàc , bcaòircmc eoa jk àtjrruptor mj kc prop`c bãquàc Eobpjasce`õa cutobãtèc Ja àstckceòajs eoa vcr`ceòajs `bportcatjs mj ecrdc js ajejscr`c kc eokoece`õa mj ua jqu`po quj s`dc kcs vcr`ceòajs mj kc ecrdc. Za jljbpko pujmj sjr ua aumo mj m`strìue`õa mj uac àmustr`c c 6,5 hV tck y eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 5.54. Ja tck ecso, kos eoatcetorjs mj vceâo pjrb`tja uac e`jrtc bcaòirci`k`mcm mjk s`stjbc. 5 F`d. 5.54.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa rjdukcmc eoa rjdukcmor mj mj FW eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 37> eoamjascmorjs ja B] B] 5.97 Wrotjee`õa mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs Mj uac bcajrc djajrck, kcs protjeeòajs mj kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs ja B] pomjbos m`v`m`rkcs ja protjeeòajs àtjracs y protjeeòajs jxtjracs, sjdüa jstàa mjatro o fujrc mjk propò eoamjascmor eoamjascmor.. 5.97.3 Wrotjeeòajs àtjracs Kcs protjeeòajs àtjracs protjdja kos jqu`pos mj kos mjfjetos quj pujmc ncijr ja jk àtjròr mj kos eoamjascmorjs. Jstc protjee`õa sj dcrcat`zc aorbckbjatj bjm`catj kos fusìkjs àtjraos mjk propò eoamjascmor, quj sj nca jxpkècmo catjròrbjatj. 5.97.9 Wrotjeeòajs jxtjracs Jx`stja vcr`cs protjeeòajs jxtjracs. Ckduacs mj jkkcs soa cpkècikjs c tomcs kcs ictjrâcs y otrcs mjpjamja mj kc eoadurce`õa. Kcs bãs frjeujatjs soa< Wrotjee`õa mj mjsjqu`kìrò mj eorr`jatj mj ajutro ( @A) Ja ictjrâcs eoadurcmcs ja moikj jstrjkkc sj eobiàc kc protjee`õa àtjrac eoa uac protjee`õa mj mjsjqu`kìrò mj eorr`jatj mj ajutro. Jstj s`stjbc ko forbca ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj y ua rjkà csoe`cmo. Ja ecso mj mjfjeto àtjrao ja uac mj kcs fcsjs mj ua eoamjascmor, cpcrjej uac eorr`jatj jatrj kos mos puatos jstrjkkc mj kos eoamjascmorjs (ajutros) y jsto ncej m`spcrcr jk rjkà . Kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto sj mjtjetc eoa ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj, quj mc kc ormja mj mjseoajx`õa mjk àtjrruptor cutobãtèo (vjr F`d. 5.5>) Zrjm ]rcasforbcmorjs mj fcsj Yjcetcae`cs mj enoquj Yjkàs mj protjee`õa Zrjm/∜5 5 ]rcasforbcmor mj àtjas`mcm mj mjsjqu`kìrò F`d. 5.5>.- Eobpjasce`õa Eobpjasce`õa rjdukcmc eoa eoa rjdukcmor mj mj FW eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 370 Wrotjee`õa bjm`catj fusìkjs mj ckto pomjr mj rupturc Jstj s`stjbc sj ut`k`zc pcrc kc protjee`õa mj ictjrâcs eoa eoamjascmorjs tr`fãsèos. Kos fusìkjs pujmja sjr boatcmos sokos o i`ja eobiàcmos eoa eoatcetorjs, js mje`r quj, ja ecso mj fus`õa, mjseoajetc jk eoatcetor mjlcamo jk jqu`po fujrc mj sjrvèò. Jstj s`stjbc sj ut`k`zc ncstc potjae`cs mj ictjrâcs mj uaos 3,: Bvcr y tjasòajs bjaorjs c 39 hV. @atjrruptor cutobãtèo Js jk s`stjbc bãs eobpkjto mj protjee`õa mj ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Àstj pujmj jstcr boatcmo ja kc b`sbc ictjrâc, o i`ja ja jk ejatro mj eciàcs mj B]. Jk àtjrruptor cutobãtèo kkjvc csoe`cmo kcs s`du`jatjs protjeeòajs< • Eortoe`reu`to y soirjecrdc • Nobopokcr • Mjsjqu`kìrò Cmj bãs,, eob Cmjbãs eoboo cm` cmèò eòack ack,, sj rjeob` rje ob`jam jamcc uac pro protje tjee`õ e`õaa mj soi soirjt rjtjas jas`õ `õaa ja jk lujdo mj icrrcs. Kc ]cikc 5.0 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs protjeeòajs ja ictjrâcs mj B]. ]cikc 5.0.- Yjsubja mj protjeeòajs ja ictjrâcs mj B] Ictjrâcs eo eoa eo eoamjascmorjs tr tr`fãsèos Ictjrâcs ja ja mo moikj js jstrjkkc ]jasòajs aobàckjs ≭ 33 hV Wotjae`cs mj ictjrâc ≭ 3,= Bvcr ]jasòajs aobàckjs 1 33 hV Wotjae`cs mj ictjrâc 1 3,= Bvcr Wcrc ictjrâcs lcs pcrc botor • Fusìkjs mj ckto pomjr mj rupturc (CWE) eoa àmèce`õa mj fus`õa Ja ictjrâcs cutobãtècs. @atjrruptor cutobãtèo eoa kcs s`du`jatjs protjeeòajs< • Uoirjecrdc y eortoe`reu`to • Nobopokcr F u s ` i k j s C W E e o b i ` a c m o s e o a • Mjsjqu`kìrò eoatcetor Aotcs< • Js ceoasjlcikj uac protjee`õa mj soirjtjas`õa ja jk lujdo mj icrrcs. • Kc protjee`õa pujmj jstcr boatcmc ja kc b`sbc ictjrâc o ja jk ejatro mj eciàcs mj B]. • 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 337 5.93 Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos jstum`cmo kcs m`fjrjatjs tàeaècs mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc , tcato c a`vjk àm`v`muck mj e`jrtcs ecrdcs eobo c a`vjk dkoick mj àstckceòajs, tcato mj iclc tjas`õa eobo mj bjm`c tjas`õa. Eobo rjsubja mj jstj jstumò pomjbos eoaeku`r quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c bjm`catj eoamjascmorjs js uac prãetèc ijajeòsc ja buenos cspjetos, ao tca soko por jk njeno mj cnorrcr uaos rjecrdos ja kc fceturc mj eoasubo, sào quj pjrb`tj ua bjlor cprovjencb`jato mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs prop`cs, cnorrcamo por tcato ja àstckceòajs y tcbi`àa ja eoasubos mj cet`vc, ck m`sbàu`r kcs pàrm`mcs. Cs`b`sbo ja jk ecso mj ictjrâcs mj B] pjrb`tja rjdukcr kc tjas`õa ja jk jxtrjbo mj mjtjrbàcmcs kâajcs y por tcato eoatrìuyja c bjlorcr kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro. ]omos jstos fcetorjs, cpcrtj mj kc ioa`ece`õa tcr`fcr`c mjija tjajrsj buy ja eujatc ck ncejr kcs vckorceòajs jeoaõbècs, pujs cyumca c rjmue`r ko quj njbos mjaobàcmo ‛eostjs oeuktos‒ mj kc jajrdâc. 5 eobWjasce`õa mj Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ja rjmjs ao m`storsòacmcs = WJY]ZYICE@OAJU JA KC YJM =.3 @atromuee`õa Kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa `mjck mjijrâc eobportcrsj eobo uac fujatj mj tjas`õa sà `bpjmcae`c àtjrac, eoa sck`mc sàuso`mck y tjas`õa eoastcatj ja tomos kos puatos mj subà`stro. Ao oistcatj, ja jk pr`bjr ecpâtuko (cpcrtcmo 3.=) yc njbos àtromue`mo jk eoaejpto mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro y njbos bjaeòacmo quj ja kc prãetèc kc tjas`õa rjeì`mc ja kos puatos mj trciclo jstã m`storsòacmc por m`vjrsos bot`vos. Kc ecusc pràe`pck mj kc m`stors`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm soa kcs prop`cs ecrdcs, por su prop`c forbc mj fuaeòacr murcatj kos crrcaqujs y pcrcmcs, por kc eoabutce`õa mj eorr`jatjs `bportcatjs jatrj m`vjrsos e`reu`tos, oecsòacamo tomo jkko ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja kcs `bpjmcae`cs mjk s`stjbc. Otrcs vjejs kcs ecuscs ecuscs mj pjrturice`õa soa soa jxtjracs, kcs bãs eobuajs soa soa kcs pjrturiceòajs ctbosfàrècs y kcs jkjvceòajs mjk potjae`ck mj t`jrrc ja eoamèòajs mj mjfjeto. Ck duaos Ckdua os t`t`po poss mj m` m`st stor ors` s`õa õa ja kc rj rjmm oec oecs` sòac oacaa pàr pàrm` m`mcs mcs àa àaje jejsc jscr`r`cs cs,, eo eoaa jk eoas`du`jatj jbpjorcb`jato mjk rjam`b`jato mj kcs àstckceòajs. Otros t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs oecsòaca proikjbcs mjaobàcmos mj ‛eobpctì`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàtèc‒, jsto js, proikjbcs mj bck fuaeòacb`jato o fuaeòacb`jato jrrãtèo mj ckduaos jqu`pos eucamo sj ck`bjatca mj uac rjm buy pjrturicmc. Jstos proikjbcs, c pjscr mj ao sjr eucat`ecikjs ja tàrbàos mj rjam`b`jato, oecsòaca pàrm`mcs `bportcatjs mj jece`c ja kos s`stjbcs mj promuee`õa por cvjrâcs o pcros àtjbpjst`vos. Jk tàrbào ‛eobpctì`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàtèc‒, cirjv`cmcbjatj JBE, sj csoe`c aorbckbjatj c pjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c ja e`reu`tos jkjetrõaèos, pjro àekuyj tcbi`àa tomo t`po mj pjrturiceòajs djajrcmcs y propcdcmcs por kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa. Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos àtjrjscrjbos pràe`pckbjatj por jstcs ükt`bcs. Iãsècbjatj aos ejatrcrjbos ja kcs quj cfjetca c kc cbpk`tum y c kc forbc mj oamc mj kcs tjasòajs mj rjm, mja`rjbos kos pcrãbjtros ut`k`zcmos pcrc bjm`rkcs y prjsjatcrjbos ckduacs sokueòajs pcrc eorrjd`rkcs. = Js buy `bportcatj tjajr ja eujatc quj jk pr`bjr pcso pcrc rjsokvjr ua proikjbc djajrcmo por pjrturiceòajs js ncejr ua iuja m`cdaõstèo mjk proikjbc. Js nci`tuck quj cpcrjzeca m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs luatos y sus jfjetos bjzekcmos, ko euck ncej quj c vjejs sj ctrìuyca mjtjrbàcmos jfjetos c mjtjrbàcmo t`po mj pjrturice`õa sà ncijr jstum`cmo sue`jatjbjatj jk ecso. Za bck m`cdaõstèo kkjvc eoas`do quj kcs bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs quj sj cpk`quja tcbpoeo sjrãa cejrtcmcs. Wcrc rjck`zcr mèno m`cdaõstèo mj forbc eorrjetc js `bportcatj eoaoejr kos posìkjs proikjbcs promue`mos por kos m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs, pjro rjsuktc fuamcbjatck m`spoajr mj àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc quj cyumja c mjtjetcr y c eucat`fècr jk fjaõbjao. Jk tjbc mj bjm`mc mj pjrturiceòajs sjrã trctcmo bãs cbpk`cbjatj ja ecpâtukos suejs`vos. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 339 =.9 Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturiceòajs mj rjm Ujdüa sj mjaj ja kc aorbc JA-:7.367 X3R Kos pràe`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj kc rjm, quj pujmja vjrsj cktjrcmos por ckdüa t`po mj pjrturice`õa soa kos s`du`jatjs< • Frjeujae`c • Cbpk`tu Cbpk`tumm • Forbc mj oamc • U`bjtrâc mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo FYJEZJAE@C ]YCAU@]OY@CU MZYCE@ÕA 1 3 E@EKO WJY@ÕM@ECU VCY@CE@OAJU MJ FYJEZJAE@C Djajrcmorjs c`skcmos =9,: ... :4,: Nz VCY@CE@OAJU KJA]CU MJ Z UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU NZJEOU -37 ... +37% +37 ... +9:% -37 ... +37% FKZE]ZCEOAJU FK@EHJY bomukce`õa 7,: ... 57 Nz VCY@CE@OAJU YÃW@MCU MJ Z Jseckõa ckto mZ/mt ]YCAU@]OY@OU Wèos y nujeos Wukso(s) Ckto mZ/mt CBWK@]ZM ]YCAU@]OY@CU MZYCE@ÕA ; 3 E@EKO WJY@ÕM@ECU U@BJ]YÂC EOAMZE@MCU CYBÕA@EOU cbpk`tum ; 377% 3777 ... 9:77 Nz MJUJSZ@K@IY@OU FZDCU sjeujae`c àvjrsc nobopokcr 57 bC, :77 bC ICAMC C ICAMC I 37 ... 3:7 hNz 3:7 hNz ... 57 BNz CK]C FYJEZJAE@C JB@ YCM@CMCU 57 ... >7 BNz >7 BNz ... 9 DNz F`d. =.3. Wjrturiceòajs bãs frjeujatjs ja kc rjm jkàetrèc = ]omos jkkos pujmja vjrsj cfjetcmos mj forbc trcas`tor`c, js mje`r sà aàduac ecmjae`c mj rjpjtè`õa mjtjrbàcmc, o mj forbc pjr`õmèc. Wor otro kcmo, kc murce`õa pujmj sjr mj frceeòajs mj eèko o mj vcròs eèkos o àekuso pjrâomos mj vcròs sjduamos o bàutos. Ja v`rtum mj jstc vcr`jmcm mj posì`k`mcmjs kcs pjrturiceòajs rjeìja m`stàtos aobirjs quj mja`rjbos c eoatàuce`õa. Ja pr`bjr kudcr, rjpromue`bos cquâ kc durc 3.0, yc quj ofrjej ua rjsubja icstcatj jsqujbãtèo mj tomos kos t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs propcdcmos por kc rjm jkàetrèc, c kos euckjs aos rjfjr`rjbos ja jk rjsto mj jstj ecpâtuko. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 335 =.9.3 Mjaèòajs Kcs mjaèòajs quj s`duja nca s`mo jxtrcâmcs iãsècbjatj mj kcs aorbcs JA- :7.367 X3R y ZAJ-JA-63777-=-57 X5R. Kc pr`bjrc mj mèncs aorbcs jstcikjej kos a`vjkjs mj eobpctì`k`mcm jx`dìkjs c kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm jkàetrèc. Uj trctc mj uac aorbc buy djaàrèc, quj sj eobpkjbjatc eoa kc X9R y ajejs`tc mj otrcs vcr`cs mj kc sjr`j ZAJ-JA-63777-xx (xx s`da`ec m`vjrscs pcrtjs) pcrc eoaerjtcr kos jstãamcrjs mj eck`mcm. Aõtjsj por jljbpko quj X3R ao jstcikjej kâb`tjs pcrc jk usucrò, y ao trctc ja cisokuto mj kcs pjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c. Zao mj kos mjtckkjs `bportcatjs quj fcktca ja kc JA-:7.367 js kc forbc mj bjm`r kc tjas`õa pcrc jk eõbputo mj mjtjrbàcmcs pjrturiceòajs. Wor poajr ua jljbpko, ck mcr mcr kc tjas`õa mj rjm, rjm, ao js ko b`sbo probjm`cr probjm`cr :7 eèkos (3 s) quj probjm`cr :77 eèkos (37 s). Eucatos bãs eèkos sj probjm`ca, bjaos cprje`cikjs rjsuktca kcs pjrturiceòajs. Wor ko djajrck, pcrc jk eõbputo mj vcr`ceòajs kjatcs sj tobca probjmòs mj 37 sjduamos, pjro ja otros t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs sj nceja eõbputos mj t`po jstcmâstèo ja icsj c probjmòs eoa t`jbpos àfjròrjs o àekuso eoa vckorjs mj bjmò eèko (37 bs). Kcs tàeaècs mj bjm`mc mj kcs pjrturiceòajs sj mca iãsècbjatj ja kc aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-57 X5R, cuaquj kos eoaejptos mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro jstãa rjdukcmos por uac sjr`j mj aorbcs mj kc sjr`j ZAJ-JA-63777, (m`stàtcs pcrtjs). C eoatàuce`õa mcbos uac k`stc rjsub`mc mj mjaèòajs, jxtrcâmcs mj kcs aorbcs catjs bjaeòacmcs, quj aos vca c sjr üt`kjs ja jk rjsto mj jstj ecpâtuko. ecpâtuko. Aõtjsj quj ja ckduacs mjaèòajs njbos àeku`mo jatrj pcràatjs`s kc trcmuee`õa ck àdkàs por sjr c vjejs jk or`dja mj ckduaos cerõa`bos mj uso frjeujatj. Eck`mcm mj Uubà`stro (Wowjr Suck`ty, WS) < Ecrcetjrâstècs mj kc jkjetrè`mcm ja ua puato mcmo mj kc rjm mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc jvckucmcs eoa rjkce`õa c ua eoaluato mj pcrãbjtros tàeaèos mj rjfjrjae`c X5R. Jstos pcrãbjtros soa< tjas`õa, frjeujae`c, forbc mj oamc, jte. y sujkja tjajr vckorjs mjekcrcmos o aobàckjs. Euckqu`jr mjsv`ce`õa eoa rjspjeto c jstos vckorjs mjekcrcmos sj eoas`mjrc uac fcktc mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro. Jk tjbc mj WS ( Wowjr Suck`ty) cdrupc uac sjr`j mj tàeaècs quj vca mjsmj kc bjm`mc, prjsjatce`õa c jfjetos mj eucat`ece`õa mj kc eck`mcm y bàtomos mj eorrjee`õa mj kcs pjrturiceòajs. Wuato mj subà`stro o Wuato mj eoajx`õa eobüa (Woàt of Eobboa Eoupkàd, WEE)< Wuato mj jakcej mj uac àstckce`õa mj ua cioacmo eoa kc rjm püikèc. ]jas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< Vckor jecz mj kc tjas`õa prjsjatj ja ua àstcatj mcmo ja jk puato mj subà`stro y bjm`mo ja ua àtjrvcko mj t`jbpo mcmo. ]jas`õa aobàck mj uac rjm (ZA)< ]jas`õa quj ecrcetjr`zc o `mjat`ec uac rjm y c kc euck sj ncej rjfjrjae`c pcrc e`jrtcs ecrcetjrâstècs mjk fuaeòacb`jato. = ]jas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc (ZE)< Kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ZE js djajrckbjatj kc tjas`õa aobàck ZA mj kc rjm. U`, eobo eoasjeujae`c mj ua WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 33= ceujrmo jatrj jk m`strìu`mor y jk ek`jatj, kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa cpkècmc ja sus iorajs m`jrj mj kc tjas`õa aobàck, jatoaejs, cqujkkc tjas`õa eorrjspoamj c kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ZE. Iclc tjas`õa (I])< ]jas`õa ut`k`zcmc pcrc jk subà`stro jkàetrèo, euyo vckor jecz aobàck js mj 3 hV eobo bãx`bo ja E.C. Bjm`c tjas`õa (B])< ]jas`õa ut`k`zcmc pcrc jk subà`stro jkàetrèo, euyo vckor jecz aobàck jstã eobprjam`mo jatrj 3 hV y 5: hV ja E.C. Wjrturice`õa eoamue`mc< Fjaõbjao jkjetrobcdaàtèo propcdcmo c ko kcrdo mj kos eoamuetorjs mj kcs kâajcs mj uac rjm mj m`strìue`õa. Ja e`jrtos ecsos, ua fjaõbjao jkjetrobcdaàtèo sj propcdc c trcvàs mj kos crrokkcb`jatos mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y, por ko tcato, jatrj rjmjs mj m`fjrjatjs a`vjkjs mj tjas`õa. Jstcs pjrturiceòajs pujmja mjdrcmcr kcs prjstceòajs mj ua cpcrcto, mj ua jqu`po o mj ua s`stjbc, o provoecr mcóos ja kos b`sbos. Frjeujae`c mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< ]csc mj rjpjtè`õa mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa, bjm`mc murcatj ua àtjrvcko mj t`jbpo mcmo. F`d. =.9. Ekcs`ece`õa mj kcs pjrturiceòajs mj cbpk`tum =.9.=.3 Wjrturiceòajs ao pjr`õmècs Kc ekcs`fèce`õa mj kcs pjrturiceòajs t`jaj c vjejs uac aobjaekcturc poeo r`durosc y eoafusc, moamj ao s`jbprj eoàe`mja kcs mjaèòajs mj kcs aorbcs y kcs mjaobàceòajs nci`tuckjs jatrj profjsòackjs mjk sjetor. Wcrc cyumcr c ekcr`ecr ua poeo jstj tjbc, kc durc =.9 mc uac ekcs`ece`õa mj pjrturiceòajs quj cfjetca c kc cbpk`tum mj kc tjas`õa ja fuae`õa mj su cbpk`tum y murce`õa. C eoatàuce`õa s`duja kcs mjaèòajs mcmcs por kcs aorbcs mj kc sjr`j JA-63777. = Vcr`ce`õa mj tjas`õa< Cubjato o m`sbàue`õa mj tjas`õa, provoecmc aorbckbjatj por kc vcr`ce`õa mj kc ecrdc totck mj kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa o mj uac pcrtj mj jsc rjm. Uujkja bjm`rsj ja probjmòs mj 37 sjduamos. Ja djajrck, ja m`strìue`õa, WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 33: sj jx`dj bcatjajr kc tjas`õa mjatro mj ua ³37 % murcatj jk 0: % mjk t`jbpo. Ja djajrck, eucamo sj ncikc mj vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa sj jat`jamj quj kc frjeujae`c js bjaor mj 7,: Nz. Wor jae`bc mj jsto, jk mjfjeto forbcrâc pcrtj mj uac uetuce`õa eoas`mjrcmc eobo Fkèhjr. Uoirjtjas`õa tjbporck c frjeujae`c àmustr`ck (Uwjkk) < Uoirjtjas`õa mj uac murce`õa rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdc ja ua kudcr mcmo. Kcs soirjtjasòajs tjbporckjs soa nci`tuckbjatj mji`mcs c bcaòircs o mjfjetos (por jljbpko< rjmuee`õa süi`tc mj kc ecrdc, mjfjetos boaofãsèos, ao kàjck`mcmjs, jte.) Nujeo mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa (Ucd) < M`sbàue`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj kc ck`bjatce`õa c ua vckor s`tucmo jatrj jk 07 % y jk 37 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc ZE, sjdu`mc mjk rjstcikje`b`jato mj kc tjas`õa mjspuàs mj ua eorto kcpso mj t`jbpo (vjr d. =.5). Wor eoavjaò X5R, ua nujeo mj tjas`õa murc jatrj 37 bs y 3 bà. Aotc< Kc aorbc X3R eoas`mjrc eobo ubirckjs mjk nujeo jatrj 07 % y 3 %, b`jatrcs quj X5R eoas`mjrc quj kos ubirckjs soa 07 % y 37 %. Wrofuam`mcm mj ua nujeo < Kc profuam`mcm mj ua nujeo mj tjas`õa sj mjaj eobo kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj kc tjas`õa jecz bâa`bc murcatj jk nujeo y kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc. @atjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa< Eoamè`õa ja kc quj kc tjas`õa mj kcs trjs fcsjs ja kos puatos mj subà`stro js àfjròr ck 3 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc ZE, sjdüa X3R õ 37 % mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc sjdüa X5R (vjr F`d. =.5). Zac àtjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pujmj sjr ekcs`ecmc eobo prjv`stc, cee`mjatck, àtjrrupe`õa kcrdc o àtjrrupe`õa irjvj< Wrjv`stc, eucamo kos ek`jatjs soa àforbcmos mj catjbcao. Jsto pjrb`tj kc jljeue`õa mj trciclos prodrcbcmos ja kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa. Ce e`mja Cee` mjatck tck,, euc eucamo amo js jstã tã pr provo ovoecm ecmcc por mjf mjfjet jetos os pjr pjrbca bcajat jatjs js o fud fudce cejs, js, kc bcyorâc mj kcs vjejs k`dcmcs c suejsos jxtjròrjs, c cvjrâcs o àtjrfjrjae`cs. Zac àtjrrupe`õa cee`mjatck pujmj sjr ekcs`ecmc eobo< • @atjrrupe`õa kcrdc (soirjpcscamo 5 bà) provoecmc por ua mjfjeto pjrbcajatj • @atjrrupe`õa irjvj (ncstc 5 bà) provoecmc por ua mjfjeto fudcz Aotc< Kcs rjpjreusòajs mj uac àtjrrupe`õa prjv`stc pujmja sjr bà`b`zcmcs por jk ek`jat ek`jatj j s` tobc kcs bjm`mcs cprop` cprop`cmcs, cmcs, ja ecbiò kcs àtjrru àtjrrupeòa peòajs js cee`mjatckjs soa suejsos `bprjv`sìkjs y jsjae`ckbjatj ckjctoròs. = Bèroeortj < Jstj tàrbào ao cpcrjej prop`cbjatj mja`mo ja kcs aorbcs X3R X5R, pjro sujkj cpkècrsj eobo sàõa`bo mj àtjrrupe`õa eortc eoa murce`õa mj ckduaos b`k`sjduamos. Jstj t`po mj pjrturice`õa cpcrjej tâpècbjatj ja kos m`spcros mj protjeeòajs eoa rjjadcaenj cutobãtèo. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 336 F`d. =.5. Nujeos Nujeos j àtjrrupeòajs eortcs eortcs (bèroeortjs) Vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa< Vcr`ce`õa mjk vckor jecz mj uac tjas`õa jatrj mos a`vjkjs eoasjeut`vos bcatja`mos murcatj àtjrvckos mj t`jbpo mja`mos pjro sà uac ecmjae`c mj rjpjtè`õa r jpjtè`õa jspje`ecmc. Uoirjtjas`õa trcas`tor`c (Uurdj)< Uoirjtjas`õa ose`kctor`c, o ao, mj eortc murce`õa, djajrckbjatj fujrtjbjatj cbort`ducmc y quj murc eobo bãx`bo ckduaos b`k`sjduamos. Aotc< Kcs soirjtjasòajs trcas`tor`cs soa djajrckbjatj mji`mcs c rcyos, c bcaòircs mj àtjrrupe`õa mj ecrdcs àmuet`vcs o ck fuaeòacb`jato mj fusìkjs. Jk t`jbpo mj sui`mc mjk frjatj mj kcs soirjtjasòajs trcas`tor`cs pujmj vcr`cr mj bjaos mj ua bèrosjduamo c ckduaos b`k`sjduamos. Wèos (Uurdjs) y nujeos (Aoten) trcas`toròs < Jstj t`po mj pjrturiceòajs ao jstãa mja`mcs ja X3R y X5R. Uj trctc mj vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa mj eortc murce`õa, bjaos mj 37 bs, por jae`bc o por mjiclo mjk vckor àstcatãajo mj kc tjas`õa, eoa o sà ose`kce`õa, ecuscmcs por eoajx`õa mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs àmuet`vcs o ecpce`t`vcs o por mjsecrdcs ctbosfàrècs. Jstj t`po mj pjrturiceòajs, c vjejs mjaobàcmcs ‛pcrãs`tos‒ o eoa bcyor prop`jmcm ‛JB@‒ (Jkjetrobcdajtè @atjrfjrjaejs) soko soa bjmìkjs eoa ose`koseopòs o rjd`strcmorjs quj pjrb`tca vjr kc forbc mj oamc. Uu eorrjetc eucat`ece`õa mjijrâc ncejrsj b`m`jamo su jspjetro mj cbpk`tumjs jatrj 37 hNz y 57 BNz eoa cack`zcmorjs mj jspjetro mjmècmos. = F`d. =.=. Jljbpkos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa y mj trcas`toròs WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 334 Kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj pjrturiceòajs mj jstj t`po sujkja sjr proporeòackjs c kc rcp`mjz mj ecbiò mj kc tjas`õa eoa jk t`jbpo, ko quj kkcbcbos mV/ mt (eoaejpto `kustrcmo ja F`d. =.=), àekuso eoa vckorjs bomjrcmos mjk vckor mj pèo. Kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj ua mV/mt ckto, sujkja sjr kos fckkos àtjbpjst`vos mj kos s`stjbcs jkjetrõaèos mj eoatrok. =.9.=.9 Wjrturiceòajs pjr`õmècs Fkuetuce`õa mj tjas`õa< Ujr`j mj vcr`ceòajs mj kc tjas`õa o vcr`ce`õa eâekèc mj kc javokvjatj mj kc tjas`õa (vjr F`d. =.:). Kc javokvjatj pujmj vcr`cr mj forbc ckjctor`c o mj forbc pjr`õmèc s`du`jamo mjtjrbàcmos pjrkjs mj javokvjatj. Wcrpcmjo (Fkèhjr)< @bprjs`õa mj àjstci`k`mcm mj kc sjasce`õa v`suck mji`mc c ua jstâbuko kubàoso ja jk euck kc kubàos`mcm o kc m`strìue`õa jspjetrck uetüca ja jk t`jbpo. Mèno pcrpcmjo sj mjij ja djajrck c uetuceòajs mj kc tjas`õa, bjaeòacmcs catjròrbjatj y js pjrejptìkj pcrc frjeujae`cs jatrj 7,: Nz y 9: Nz. Kc bjm`mc mj èhjr sj rjck`zc bjm`catj ua pcrãbjtro kkcbcmo pjrejptì`k`mcm. Wcrc t`jbpos eortos (37 bàutos) jk pcrãbjtro sj kkcbc Wst y pcrc t`jbpos kcrdos (9 norcs) jk pcrãbjtro sj kkcbc Wkt (vjr bãs mjtckkjs soirj jk èhjr ja jk cpcrtcmo =.0). Javokvjatj eucmrcmc Javokvjatj sàuso`mck F`d. =.=. Jljbpkos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj tjas`õa y mj trcas`toròs ]jas`õa crbõaèc< ]jas`õa sàuso`mck euyc frjeujae`c js ua bükt`pko jatjro mj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa. = ]jas`õa àtjrcrbõaèc< ]jas`õa sàuso`mck euyc frjeujae`c sj s`tüc jatrj kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõaèos, js mje`r mje`r,, euyc frjeujae`c ao js ua bükt`pko jatjro mj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 33> Aotc< ]jasòajs ]jasòajs àtjrcrbõaècs quj tjadca frjeujae`cs buy prõx`bcs pujmja cpcrjejr ck b`sbo t`jbpo forbcamo jatoaejs ua jspjetro mj icamc caenc. Mjsjqu`kìrò mj tjas`õa< Ja ua s`stjbc tr`fãsèo, jstcmo ja jk euck jk vckor jecz mj kcs tjasòajs mj fcsjs o kos mjsfcsjs ao soa `duckjs. Ujóckjs mj àforbce`õa trcasb`t`mcs por kc rjm < Ujóck supjrpujstc kc tjas`õa subà`strcmc, eoa oiljto mj trcasb`t`r àforbceòajs por kc rjm djajrck mj m`strìue`õa y c kcs àstckceòajs mj kos ek`jatjs. Kc rjm djajrck mj m`strìue`õa pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r kos trjs t`pos mj sjóckjs s`du`jatjs< • Ujóckjs mj tjkjbcamo ejatrck`zcmo< tjas`õa sàuso`mck o puksos supjrpujstos c kc tjas`õa mj mj rjm ja kc dcbc dcbc mj 337 337 Nz c 5 hNz, • Ujóckjs mj eorr`jatj portcmorc< tjas`õa sàuso`mck supjrpujstc ja kc dcbc mj 5 hNz c 3=>,: hNz, • Ujóckjs mj bcrecmo mj oamc < `bpuksos (trcas`toròs) mj eortc murce`õa supjrpujstos c kc oamc mj tjas`õa ja àstcatjs jkjd`mos. Kos mjtckkjs soirj kc forbc mj bjm`r mjtjrbàcmcs pjrturiceòajs sj pujmja jaeoatrcr ja jk ecpâtuko :, mjmècmo ck tjbc mj bjm`mc ja djajrck. =.5 Vcr`ceòajs mj frjeujae frjeujae`c `c Kc mjfàè`õa mcmc ja X3R mj vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c js< Cktjrce`õa mj kc frjeujae`c mj kc rjm, djajrckbjatj bjm`mc ja probjmòs mj 37 sjduamos. Kcs vcr`ceòajs mj frjeujae`c sj sujkja promue`r, ja s`stjbcs c`skcmos, por kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs `bportcatjs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa, ko euck pujmj promue`r k`djros mjsejasos o àerjbjatos mj kc vjkoe`mcm ja kos djajrcmorjs. Kos kâb`tjs mj vcr`ce`õa cejptcmos pcrc probjmòs mj 37 s soa buy pjqujóos< • Wcrc s`stjbcs àtjreoajetcmos< Mjsv`ce`õa bãx`bc jatrj += y ―6 % (=4 ... :9 Nz). Mjsv`ce`õa aorbck ; ³3% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo (=0,: ... :7,: Nz). • Wcrc s`stjbcs ja `skc< Mjsv`ce`õa bãx`bc jatrj ³3:% (=9,: ... :4,: Nz). Mjsv`ce`õa aorbck ; ³9% murcatj jk 0:% mjk t`jbpo (=0 ... :3 Nz). Kcs eoasjeujae`cs bãs `bportcatjs mj kc vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c sj mca ja àmustr`cs moamj jx`stc eodjajrce`õa ceopkcmc c kc rjm, moamj jk djajrcmor propò sjdu`rã kcs vcr`ceòajs `bpujstcs por jk s`stjbc jkàetrèo, djajrckbjatj bueno bãs potjatj. Ja jk ecso mj cutodjajrcmorjs ja `skc, kcs vcr`ceòajs mj frjeujae`c mjija prjvja`rsj eoa ua cmjeucmo s`stjbc mj ceopkcb`jato y mjsceopko mj ecrdcs. = Ja ckduaos s`stjbcs mj t`po c`skcmo sj sujkj oisjrvcr ua cubjato mj kos crbõaèos mj tjas`õa s` sj eobpcrc eoa jk b`sbo s`stjbc ck`bjatcmo por uac rjm potjatj y ao c`skcmc. C vjejs sj ctrìuyj jsto c kos ecbiòs mj frjeujae`c, pjro ja buenos ecsos jk pràe`pck proikjbc mj jstos s`stjbcs c`skcmos sujkj sjr WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 330 kc jkjvcmc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk djajrcmor, bãs quj kcs vcr`ceòajs mj frjeujae`c. =.= Wjrturiceòajs mj kc cbpk`tum Mjijbos m`stàdu`r ekcrcbjatj mos t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs mj cbpk`tum eoamue`mcs por kc rjm jkàetrèc, cuaquj buencs vjejs cpcrjeja bjzekcmcs. Jk jrror ja jk m`cdaõstèo mj jstcs pjrturiceòajs ecusc buencs eoafusòajs ja eucato c kc forbc mj sokueòacr mjtjrbàcmos proikjbcs or`dàcmos por pjrturiceòajs ja kc ck`bjatce`õa. Kos drcamjs t`pos c m`stàdu`r soa< • Wjrturiceòajs mj iclc frjeujae`c< Kos t`pos bãs `bportcatjs, mjatro mj àstcs, soa kos crbõaèos y jk èhjr ( f ; 9:77 Nz). • Wjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c o JB@ eoamue`mcs (37 hNz ; f ; 57 BNz) Jk pràe`pck jfjeto mj kcs pjrturiceòajs mj iclc frjeujae`c (soirj tomo kos crbõaèos), js jk cubjato mj pàrm`mcs ja jk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa, ecuscamo eckjatcb`jato mj ecikjs y trcasforbcmorjs y nce`jamo quj jk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa m`strìue `õa rjsuktj àsue`jatj. Ja cpcrtcmos s`du`jatjs mjmècrjbos cbpk`c ctjae`õa ck jstumò mj su or`dja, sus eoasjeujae`cs y kc forbc mj pck`cr sus jfjetos. Kcs pjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c sujkja promue`r kos tâpèos fckkos mj fuaeòacb`jato jrrãtèo ja s`stjbcs jkjetrõaèos (jrrorjs mj prodrcbc, ‛rjsjt‒ àtjbpjst`vos, jte.) Kcs tàeaècs mj bjm`mc y kos bjmòs mj protjee`õa y f`ktrcmo mj jstos mos t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs soa eobpkjtcbjatj m`stàtos. Wor jkko, eucamo sj t`jaj ua proikjbc, js fuamcbjatck fuamcbjatck scijr jk or`dja mjk b`sbo y por tcato tcato kc posìkj jfjet`v`mcm mj m`fjrjatjs tàeaècs mj eorrjee`õa mjpjamj mj quj sj ncdc ua iuja m`cdaõstèo mj kcs ecuscs. Ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs j àekuso ja prõx`bos ecpâtukos aos ejatrcrjbos ja kcs pjrturiceòajs mj cbpk`tum mj iclc frjeujae`c. Kos tjbcs mj pjrturiceòajs ja cktc frjeujae`c, eoaoe`mos vukdcrbjatj eobo pcrãs`tos jstãa fujrc mjk tjbc mj jstj tjxto, rjb`t`bos ck kjetor ck tjxto mj kc rjfjrjae`c X=R =.: Crbõaèos = Kcs pjrturiceòajs bãs `bportcatjs quj cfjetca c kc forbc mj oamc soa kos crbõaèos. Uj trctc mj pjrturiceòajs pjr`õmècs, mj frjeujae`c rjkct`vcbjatj iclc. Uus jfjetos sj mjlca sjat`r por ko djajrck ncstc ua bãx`bo mj 9:77 Nz y sujkja sjr rjspoascikjs mjk soirjeckjatcb`jato mj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa, or`dàca eorr`jatjs y pàrm`mcs jkjvcmcs ja jk ajutro mj ckduacs àstckceòajs, m`spcros por soirjecrdc mj ckduacs protjeeòajs, m`spcro mj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs, jte. Ao oistcatj, c pjscr mj ko quj ckduacs vjejs sj crbc, rcrc vjz soa kc ecusc mj fckkos àtjbpjst`vos tckjs eobo ‛rjsjt‒ mj jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos, cutõbctcs, cutõbctcs, jte. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 397 Jstos ükt`bos sujkja sjr mji`mos c kos fjaõbjaos mj vcr`ce`õa rãp`mc mj mZ/mt o c kcs pjrturiceòajs JB@ mj bãs cktc frjeujae`c, mjser`tos catjròrbjatj. catjròrbjatj. =.:.3 Or`dja mj kos crbõaèos< Ecrdcs ao kàjckjs Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 sj mja`õ ko quj jrca kcs ecrdcs kàjckjs y kcs ao kàjckjs. Mj forbc buy rjsub`mc y prãetèc pomjbos mje`r quj uac ecrdc js kàjck s` ck sjr ck`bjatcmc por uac tjas`õa sàuso`mck rjspoamj eoa uac eorr`jatj sàuso`mck. Wor eoatrc, kcs ecrdcs ao kàjckjs eoajetcmcs c kc rjm mj eorr`jatj cktjrac sàuso`mck cisorija eorr`jatjs quj ao soa sàuso`mckjs, cuaquj por ko djajrck sâ soa pjr`õmècs. Eobo jljbpkos bãs tâpèos mj tckjs ecrdcs pomjbos e`tcr< • Kos eoavjrt`morjs jstãtèos (drupos rjet`ecmorjs, rjdukcmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm, crrcaecmorjs jstãtèos, ecrdcmorjs mj ictjrâcs, jte.), • Jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos jkjetrõaèos boaofãsèos, boaofãsèos, quj àtjracbjatj trciclca ja eorr`jatj eorr`jatj eoatàuc y quj m`spoaja mj ua rjet`ecmor y eoamjascmor mj ktro c kc jatrcmc. (Ormjacmorjs, `bprjsorcs, cutõbctcs prodrcbcikjs, jte.), • @astckceòajs mj `kubàce`õa eoa kãbpcrcs mj mjsecrdc, • Noraos mj creo y jqu`pos mj sokmcmurc, • ]rcasforbcmorjs y rjcetcae`cs eoa aüekjo mj n`jrro, jte., euyc eurvc mj bcdajt`zce`õa js ao kàjck, • Otros. Wcrc jk jstumò mj tckjs eorr`jatjs ao sàuso`mckjs y mj kos e`reu`tos ao kàjckjs mjij rjeurr`rsj c bàtomos ckdo m`stàtos mj kos mj kc tjorâc mj e`reu`tos ekãsèc. @aekuso kc rjspujstc mj e`jrtos eobpoajatjs eobo rjcetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs quj pujmja eoas`mjrcrsj kàjckjs c frjeujae`c eoastcatj, mjlca mj sjrko eucamo sj supjrpoaja vcr`cs frjeujae`cs. Jk bàtomo mj jstumò pcrc trctcr kcs eorr`jatjs o tjasòajs pjr`õmècs mj forbc ao sàuso`mck fuj propujsto por Ljca Icit`stj L.Four`jr, quj mjbostrõ quj euckqu`jr fuae`õa pjr`õmèc ceotcmc, f(t (t)), pujmj mjseobpoajrsj ja uac subc mj fuaeòajs sjao y eosjao eoa frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos jatjros mj kc mjaobàcmc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. = F`d. =.6. Forbc tâpèc mj kc tjas`õa y mj kc eorr`jatj ja ua rjet`ecmor tr`fãsèo mj moikj oamc. Csâ pujs, pujs , s` f (t (t)) js uac fuae`õa pjr`õmèc mj pjrâomo ], eubpkj quj f(t) 2 f(t + ] ). WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 393 Kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck sj mjaj eobo f 2 3/] y su puksce`õa fuamcbjatck js π 2 9 f. Jatoaejs sjdüa Four`jr, kc fuae`õa pujmj jxprjscrsj eobo< f (t) 2 C7 + C3 ´ eos (πt + l3) + C9 ´ eos (9πt + l9) + ... (=. 3) Oisàrvjsj quj ja kc mjseobposè`õa cpcrjeja trjs t`pos mj tàrbàos< • Za tàrbào eoastcatj C7, quj àmèc jk vckor bjmò o eobpoajatj eoatàuc mj kc bcda`tum pjr`õmèc. • Za tàrbào mj cbpk`tum y puksce`õa π (frjeujae`c f ), `duck c kc oamc pjr`õmèc pràe`pck, quj sjC3 mjaobàc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. • Zac sjr`j mj tàrbàos mj cbpk`tumjs C9, C5, ..., Ca eoa frjeujae`cs 9f, 5f, =f ... af, quj sj mjaobàca eobpoajatjs crbõaècs o s`bpkjbjatj ‛crbõaèos‒. Js `bportcatj rjscktcr quj ecmc crbõaèo qujmc ecrcetjr`zcmo por su aübjro mj ormja, a, quj mjtjrbàc su frjeujae`c8 por su cbpk`tum C a y por su fcsj la . Kc durc =.4 bujstrc ua jljbpko mj mjseobposè`õa mj uac oamc totck, rjprjsjatcmc ck p`j, ja uac sjr`j mj crbõaèos. = F`d. =.4. Crbõaèos. Eobposè`õa mj vcr`cs frjeujae`cs y WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm oamc totck (frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck< :7 Nz) Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 399 Ja kc prãetèc jstos eãkeukos mj mjseobposè`õa jstãa prodrcbcmos ja jk bèroproejscmor mj kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc y por tcato jk usucrò ao mjij rjck`zcrkos. Aotc< Uj nc prjfjr`mo bcatjajr kcs jseckcs mj kcs m`stàtcs eobpoajatjs pcrc bostrcr quj kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kos crbõaèos mjerjeja eoa jk ormja a. =.:.9 Eãkeuko mj crbõaèos< Mjscrrokko ja sjr`j mj Four`jr (t)) Wcrc eckeukcr kcs eobpoajatjs crbõaècs mj uac fuae`õa pjr`õmèc euckqu`jrc f(t kos vckorjs mj Ca y la soa kos quj sj àmèca c eoatàuce`õa< (=. 9) (=. 5) eoa a 2 3, 9, 5, ... (=. =) (=. :) (=. 6) =.:.5 Mjaèòajs y pcrãbjtros mj bjm`mc rjkct`vos c crbõaèos Eoav`jaj mja`r ckduaos tàrbàos cmèòackjs soirj crbõaèos, üt`kjs pcrc ko quj s`duj< = Frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck ( f3)< Frjeujae`c mj kc oamc pjr`õmèc s`da`fèct`vc, mj frjeujae`c bãs iclc. Ja jk ecso mj tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs mj rjm, jstc frjeujae`c js kc mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Uj jat`jamj quj kcs mjbãs frjeujae`cs mj crbõaèos s`da`ect`vos soa bükt`pkos mj àstc. Eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj< Eobpoajatj sàuso`mck WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 395 mjk mjscrrokko ja sjr`j mj Four`jr, euyc frjeujae`c js kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck (a 2 3 ). Jstc eobpoajatj pujmj jxprjscrsj ja vckor jecz ( Z3 y @3) o ja vckor bãx`bo (Ø3 y Á3). Eobpoajatj eoatàuc mj kc tjas`õa o mj kc eorr`jatj ( Z7 y @ 7)< Eobpoajatj mj ormja ejro (frjeujae`c ejro s`da`ec eorr`jatj eoatàuc) mj kc sjr`j mj crbõaèos. Cpcrjej soko s` kcs ãrjcs mj kos sjbè` sjbèèkos ekos pos`t` pos`t`vo vo y ajdct`vo ao soa `duckjs y su jx`stjae`c mjaotc kc prjsjae`c mj eobpoajatj eoatàuc. Ormja mj ua crbõaèo (a) < Yjkce`õa jatrj kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõaèo, fa, y kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, f3, (=. 4) Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj crbõaèc ( Za y @a)< Vckor jecz mj kc eobpoajatj mj frjeujae`c fa. Jk eoaejpto js vãk`mo tcato pcrc tjas`õa eobo pcrc eorr`jatj. ]csc àm`v`muck mj ua crbõaèo ja % ( Za% y @ a%)< Jk vckor àm`v`muck mj kos crbõaèos sj sujkj mcr ja % mj vckor jfècz rjfjr`mo ck vckor jfècz mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck ( Z 3 y @ 3) y sj mjaobàc tcsc àm`v`muck mj mèno crbõaèo. Wujmj ncejrsj tcbi`àa kc rjkce`õa jatrj vckorjs bãx`bos sjdüa (=.>) (=. >) Yjs`muo Crbõaèo< Uj mjaj jk vckor àstcatãajo mjk ‛rjs`muo crbõaèo‒ mj uac oamc mj tjas`õa o mj eorr`jatj, eobo kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj jatrj kc oamc mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj totck y kc eorrjspoam`jatj eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. r (t ) 2 u(t ) ∙ u (t )8 u 3 r (t ) 2 ` (t ) ∙ ` (t ) ` 3 (=. 0) Vckor jecz mjk Yjs`muo Crbõaèo< Jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo crbõaèo js jk vckor jecz mj kc fuae`õa ru(t) o r`(t). Aorbckbjatj pcrc kc bjm`mc mj crbõaèos sj t`jaja ja eujatc tomcs kcs eobpoajatjs frjeujae`ckjs ncstc jk ormja =7, por ko quj jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo pujmj eckeukcrsj cprox`bcmcbjatj eoa kcs jeuceòajs (=.37). 2 rbs 3] 9 ∨ r (t ).mt ] 7 u 2 rbs 3] 9 ∨ r` (t ).mt ] 7 Y (u ) Y(` ) = ≊ ≊ =7 ∓ Z `9 `29 Wcrc kc tjas`õa (=. 37. c) Wcrc kc eorr`jatj (=. 37. i) =7 ∓ @ `9 `29 WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 39= Vckor jfècz totck < Uj jat`jamj por vckor jfècz totck mj uac oamc, eoa ua eoatja`mo mj fuamcbjatck bãs uaos crbõaèos, jk vckor jfècz mjk eoaluato (fuamcbjatck + crbõaèos). Jk vckor jecz totck pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs mj sus eobpoajatjs crbõaècs y v`jaj mcmo por< (=. 33) ]csc mj m`stors`õa totck (]NM%) < Ujdüa X3R y X:R sj kkcbc m`stors`õa crbõaèc totck, djajrckbjatj ja %, c kc rjkce`õa jatrj jk vckor jecz mjk rjs`muo crbõaèo y jk vckor jecz mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck jxprjscmc ja %, sjdüa (=.39). Aotc< Ja ckduacs aorbcs cat`ducs sj rjfjrâc jk ]NM ck vckor jecz totck ja vjz mj kc eobpoajatj e obpoajatj fuamcbjatck, fuamcbjatck, pjro cetuckbjatj tomcs kcs aorbcs v`djatjs ko mjaja eoa rjkce`õa c kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. (=. 39) M`stors`õa crbõaèc pcre`ck poamjrcmc, WTNM < Kc m`stors`õa crbõaèc pcre`ck poamjrcmc, pcrc ua rcado mj crbõaèos Nbà - Nbãx, sj mjaj sjdüa (=.35). Jstj pcrãbjtro sujkj jbpkjcrsj pcrc mja`r kâb`tjs mj m`stors`õa mj kc eorr`jatj ja X6R c X>R, tobcamo kos rcados mjsmj 3= c =7. (=. 35) =.6 @atjrcrbõaèos Kkcbcbos àtjrcrbõaèos c kcs eobpoajatjs mj uac tjas`õa o eorr`jatj mj frjeujae`cs ao bükt`pkos mj kc fuamcbjatck X:R. Jstcs eobpoajatjs sujkja cpcrjejr mji`mo c kc jx`stjae`c ja kc rjm mj eoavjrt`morjs quj àyjetca potjae`c, bjm`catj oamukcmorjs cutõaobos, euyc frjeujae`c pujmj tjajr k`djrcs mjsv`ceòajs eoa rjspjeto c kc frjeujae`c mj kc rjm o por kc jx`stjae`c mj sjóckjs mj bomukce`õa pcrc tjkjbcamo u otrcs cpkèceòajs. =.6.3 Mjaèòajs y pcrãbjtros mj bjm`mc rjkct`vos c crbõaèos = Jspjetro mj @atjrcrbõaèos< Jk caãk`s`s mj Four`jr pujmj cpkècrsj mj forbc eoatàuc, js mje`r eoas`mjrcamo quj kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck vcrâc mj forbc WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 39: eoatàuc, nce`jamo ua icrr`mo jatrj ejro y 9777 Nz õ 9=77 Nz (crbõaèo =7 c :7 Nz õ c 67 Nz). Kc aorbc mj bjm`mc X:R jspje`fèc quj ncy quj cdrupcr kos crbõaèos ja vjatcacs mj : ja : Nz. Eoa jstj bàtomo mj caãk`s`s, sj djajrc ko quj sj mjaobàc ua jspjetro mj crbõaèos j àtjrcrbõaèos, quj mc kcs cbpk`tumjs mj kcs m`stàtcs eobpoajatjs frjeujae`ckjs, eoa uac rjsokue`õa h 2 : Nz sjdüa sj `kustrc ja kc F`d. =.> F`d. =.>. Jspjetro mj crbõaèos j àtjrcrbõaèos àtjrcrbõaèos X:R Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj crbõaèc o àtjrcrbõaèc Eh< Vckor jecz mj uac eobpoajatj mjk jspjetro euyc frjeujae`c jstã eobprjam`mc jatrj mos crbõaèos. Aõtjsj quj Eh pujmj sjr jk vckor jecz mj uac tjas`õa o mj uac eorr`jatj, js mje`r Zh o @ h. Ujdüa X:R, kcs eobpoajatjs Eh sj eckeukca cdrupcamo kc jajrdâc mjk jspjetro ja vjatcacs mj : Nz. Jsto mc ua totck mj 37 eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs Eh jatrj crbõaèos, pcrc uac frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj :7 Nz y mj 39 eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs Eh pcrc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck mj 67 Nz. Drupo Crbõaèo a< Uj mjaobàc drupo crbõaèo ck eoaluato mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs, Eh, euir`jamo kc b`tcm mjk àtjrvcko jatrj crbõaèos por mjiclo y por jae`bc mj kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõaèo a (vjr kc F`d. =.>). Vckor jecz mjk Drupo Crbõaèo a, Dd,a< Jk vckor jecz mjk drupo crbõaèo mj ormja a sj oit`jaj mj kc rcâz eucmrcmc mj uac subc poamjrcmc mj kos eucmrcmos mj kcs eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs, ejatrcmcs ja a, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (=.3=) ( a js jk ormja mjk crbõaèo y h js jk àtjrvcko mj frjeujae`cs). D d ,a 2 D d ,a 2 E a9∙:h 9 E a9∙6 h 9 + E a9+:h + E a9+6 h = +∓ E 9 a +` ` 2∙= : +∓ E ` 2∙: 9 a +` 9 9 :7 Nz (=. 3=) 67 Nz Drupo àtjrcrbõaèo mj ormja a < Drupo mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs eobprjam`mcs jatrj jk crbõaèo a y jk a+3. (Vjr F`d. =.>) = Vckor jfècz mjk drupo àtjrcrbõaèo mj ormja a, E `d,a< Vckor jfècz totck mjk eoaluato mj eobpoajatjs jspjetrckjs jatrj jk crbõaèo a y jk a+3. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 396 ]csc mj m`stors`õa crbõaèc totck cdrupcmc, ]NMD < Js jk jqu`vckjatj c kc tcsc mj m`stors`õa totck eckeukcmc eoa kos vckorjs jecejs mj kos drupos crbõaèos rjfjr`mos ck drupo fuamcbjatck. Ja djajrck sj eoas`mjrca kos drupos crbõaèos mjsmj ormja 9 ck =7. (=. 3:) Oisjrvceòajs< Oisàrvjsj quj kos pràe`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj àtjràs ja kc bjm`mc mj crbõaèos j àtjrcrbõaèos sj rjf`jrja s`jbprj c kc cbpk`tum y ja ecbiò ao sj mèj acmc mj kc fcsj. Jsto t`jaj su jxpkèce`õa pujs, kos jfjetos mj mèncs pjrturiceòajs ao mjpjamja mj kc fcsj. Kc fcsj t`jaj àtjràs s` sj trctc mj oitjajr kc forbc mj oamc o mj subcr eorr`jatjs crbõaècs ja ua aumo, pjro ao c jfjetos mj pàrm`mcs o mj m`bjas`õa mjk s`stjbc mj trcasportj. Eoav`jaj eoaoejr kos õrmjajs mj bcda`tum mj kc m`stors`õa quj pujmj prjsjatcr uac rjm. Aorbckbjatj kcs tcscs mj m`stors`õa ja tjas`õa sujkja sjr iclcs. Kc bcyor pcrtj mj aorbcs eoas`mjrca quj por jae`bc mj ua : % mj ]NM(Z) js ua vckor àcmb`sìkj ja rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa y quj ncy quj pjascr ja ktrcr. Ja ecbiò kos porejatcljs mj m`stors`õa ja eorr`jatj ja kcs b`sbcs rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pujmja sjr s`da`ect`vcbjatj bcyorjs. Ao js jxtrcóo jaeoatrcr ]NM(@) supjròrjs ck 57 %, sà quj jkko s`da`quj quj kc àstckce`õa js mjfjetuosc. Kos vckorjs cmb`sìkjs pcrc rjmjs mj bjm`c y cktc soa s`da`ect`vcbjatj bjaorjs. Vàcsj kos kâb`tjs mj eobpctì`k`mcm ja X9R. =.4 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõaèos Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 sj jstum`croa kos eoaejptos iãsèos soirj potjae`c jkàetrèc ja s`stjbcs eoa tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs sàuso`mckjs, tcato jqu`kìrcmos eobo mjsjqu`kìrcmos. Kc prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos ja kcs rjmjs oik`dc c ua rjpkcatjo mjk tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs ckkâ prjsjatcmo prjsjatcmo,, tck eobo prjsjatcbos c eoatàuce`õa. =.4.3 Wotjae`c ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõaèos Ncy buenos jstumòs y m`fjrjatjs forbcs mj jafoecr kcs mjaèòajs mj potjae`c cpcrjatj y potjae`c rjcet`vc, o ja djajrck mj kcs kkcbcmcs ‛potjae`cs ao cet`vcs‒ pcrc kos ecsos mj ràd`bja ao sàuso`mck y mjsjqu`kìrcmo. Ao oistcatj aosotros aos icscrjbos ja ua jstumò rjkct`vcbjatj s`bpkj, quj fuj propujsto àè`ckbjatj por Iumjcau mjatro mjk jafoquj mjaobàcmo ‛frjeujae`ck‒ yc quj àtjatc m`v`m`r kos tàrbàos mj kc potjae`c jkàetrèc jatrj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y kcs eobpoajatjs crbõaècs. = Uupoadcbos ja pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa quj kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mj kc rjm js iclc. Ja tck ecso, c pjscr mj quj kcs ecrdcs ao kàjckjs eoasubja WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 394 eorr`jatjs ao sàuso`mckjs, ao sj promuej m`stors`õa s`da`ect`vc mj kc oamc mj tjas`õa. Wor jkko, supoamrjbos pujs quj kc tjas`õa, u, ao t`jaj crbõaèos, sào sõko eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck, b`jatrcs quj kc eorr`jatj, `, jstã forbcmc por uac eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y uac supjrposè`õa mj crbõaèos, euyo vckor jecz sj oitjamrâc eobo àmèc kc jeuce`õa (=.33). Kc potjae`c cpcrjatj ja tck ecso vjamrâc mcmc por kc jeuce`õa (=.36). (=. 36) Moamj, U3 js kc potjae`c cpcrjatj mji`mc c kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck, Z3, @3 y M js kc kkcbcmc potjae`c mj m`stors`õa, quj sj oit`jaj mj bukt`pkècr kc tjas`õa fuamcbjatck (mj :7 õ 67 Nz) por uac sjr`j mj eorr`jatjs, @a eoa a ≧ 3, mj frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc fuamcbjatck (kos crbõaèos mj eorr`jatj). Mj njeno sj mjijrâc oitjajr jk tàrbào M eobo probjmò mj kos promuetos àstcatãajos u3 ´ à eoa a ≧ 3, sjdüa (=.34). =7 M2 3 t +] ∓ ] ∨u ` mt (=.34) 3 a a 29 t 7 bs 37b s 9 7b s 5 7 bs =7b s F`d. =.0. Wotjae`c àstcatãajc mji`mc c Z 3 ´ @: Wujmj mjbostrcrsj quj jk probjmò mj potjae`c murcatj ua pjrâomo mj euckqu`jrc mj kos promuetos u3 ´ à, eoa a ≧ 3, js auko, js mje`r quj jk tàrbào M js tomo àk potjae`c uetucatj y ao eoatrìuyj c kc potjae`c cet`vc. Kc durc =.0 bujstrc ua jljbpko drãeo mj potjae`c àstcatãajc eoa probjmò auko, oitja`mc mjk promueto mj kc tjas`õa fuamcbjatck y kc eorr`jatj mj quàto crbõaèo. Mj njeno, jk tàrbào M, sj sujkj oitjajr àm`rjetcbjatj mjspjlcamo mj kc jeuce`õa (=.36), moamj sj eckeukc U3 c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs Z3, @3 y U c pcrt`r mj kos vckorjs jecejs totckjs Z, @. = Cmjbãs, ja kc jeuce`õ jeuce`õaa (=.36), ( =.36), kc potjae` potjae`cc cpcrjatj c pcrjatj fuamcbjat fuamcbjatck, ck, U3, sj pujmj mjseobpoajr ja kos tàrbàos ekãsèos mj cet`vc, W3, y rjcet`vc, S3, y por tcato WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 39> kc potjae`c cpcrjatj totck (kc quj ncy quj trcasportcr) qujmc m`v`m`mc ja trjs tàrbàos< Cet`vc fuamcbjatck, rjcet`vc fuamcbjatck y potjae`c mj m`stors`õa, rjkceòacmcs jatrj sâ por kc jeuce`õa (=.30). (=. 3>) (=. 30) Oisàrvjsj quj ja jk ecso s`bpkj quj njbos jstum`cmo, jk vckor bjmò mj kc potjae`c àstcatãajc, (potjae`c cet`vc), prov`jaj sõko mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs, mj cnâ quj sj ncyc pkcatjcmo ja (=.30) quj W y W 3 soa cprox`bcmcbjatj `duckjs. Àstc js uac eoaekus`õa buy `bportcatj, yc quj aos àmèc quj kos crbõaèos mj m`stàto ormja ao promueja potjae`c cet`vc jatrj sâ y por tcato, s` kc tjas`õa mj rjm ao jstã m`storsòacmc pujmj eoas`mjrcrsj eoa drca cprox`bce`õa quj kc üaèc potjae`c cet`vc jx`stjatj prov`jaj mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs. Ao oistcatj ao pomjbos crbcr mj forbc jxcetc quj W 2 W 3 . U` csâ fujrc kos crbõaèos ao promue`râca pàrm`mcs y proicikjbjatj ao aos prjoeupcrâcbos mj jkkos. Kc rjck`mcm js quj kc tjas`õa sj mjforbc mji`mo c kcs ecâmcs mj tjas`õa ja kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj kc rjm y por tcato kc oamc mj tjas`õa eoat`jaj tcbi`àa crbõaèos. Jatoaejs, kos promuetos mj kc forbc Za ´ @ a eoa `duck a pcrc kc tjas`õa y kc eorr`jatj, mca potjae`c cet`vc, prje`scbjatj kc subc mj tomos kos Za ´ @ a soa kcs pàrm`mcs mji`mcs c kos crbõaèos. (=. 97) =.4.9 ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs y fcetor mj potjae`c ja rjmjs eoa crbõaèos Ja jk ecpâtuko 9 jstum`cbos kc rjprjsjatce`õa drãec mj kcs potjae`cs cpcrjatj, cet`vc y rjcet`vc bjm`catj ua tr`ãaduko mj potjae`cs. Mj forbc caãkodc, kcs potjae`cs ja s`stjbcs eoa crbõaèos pujmja rjprjsjatcrsj drãfècbjatj bjm`catj vcròs tr`ãadukos, quj rjprjsjatca kcs jeuceòajs mj kc (=.93) c kc (=.9=), quj ja rjck`mcm ao soa bãs quj forbcs m`stàtcs mj kc (=.3>) y kc (=.30). = F`d. =.37. ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs ja ràd`bja ao sàuso`mck WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 390 Kc rjprjsjatce`õa drãfèc eoaluatc mj tomos jstos tr`ãadukos mc kudcr c ua tjtrcjmro mj potjae`cs quj sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc durc =.37. Ao oistcatj tck vjz sjc bãs ekcrc kc rjprjsjatce`õa por sjpcrcmo, eobo sj nc njeno ja kc F`d. =.33. Aõtjsj quj kos euctro tr`ãadukos sj eorrjspoamja eoa ecmc uac mj kcs jeuceòajs mj kc (=.93) c kc (=.9=)< ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs fuamcbjatckjs, W3, S3, U3. (=. 93) ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs uetucatjs, S3, M, S. (=. 99) ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs totckjs, U, W, S. (=. 95) ]r`ãaduko mj potjae`cs cpcrjatjs, U, U3, M. U 9 2U 9 9 +M 3 (=. 9=) F`d. =.33. ]r`ãadukos ]r`ãadukos mj potjae`cs ja ràd`bja ao sàuso`mck = Ja kos e`reu`tos eoa crbõaèos sjdu`rjbos kkcbcamo fcetor mj potjae`c ( FW), c kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc potjae`c cet`vc W y kc potjae`c cpcrjatj totck U. Oisàrvjsj, sà jbicrdo, quj eucamo jx`stja eorr`jatjs crbõaècs jk FW yc ao eoàe`mj eoa jk eos l (eosjao mjk ãaduko quj forbca kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs Z3 j @3). Csâ pujs, kc pr`bjrc eoaekus`õa `bportcatj js quj fcetor mj potjae`c y eos l soa ja djajrck m`stàtos pcrc jk ecso mj rjmjs eoa m`stors`õa. Kcs rjkceòajs ja tck ecso soa kcs s`du`jatjs< WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc FW 2 W U 2 W W W 9 + S39 + M 9 W 2 eos ε 357 (=. 9:) (=. 96) eos l U3 W9 + S39 Ck eobpcrcr e obpcrcr kcs jeuceòa jeuceòajs js (=.9:) ( =.9:) y (=.96) ( =.96) sj oisjrvc quj jk j k fcetor f cetor mj potjae`c pot jae`c totck js s`jbprj bjaor quj jk eos l o fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck. Jk s`da`ecmo mj jsto js quj pcrc trcasb`t`r kc b`sbc potjae`c cet`vc ja vctòs, ja ua e`reu`to eoa crbõaèos, ajejs`tcbos m`bjasòacr kc àstckce`õa pcrc uac potjae`c cpcrjatj (ja hVĆ) bcyor. =.4.5 Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos, eoa ajutro y eoa crbõaèos Eoas`mjrjbos ja pr`bjr kudcr kos s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mj euctro n`kos, js mje`r, eoa ajutro. Ja uac pr`bjrc cprox`bce`õa, supoamrjbos quj kcs tjasòajs soa prãetècbjatj jqu`kìrcmcs y sàuso`mckjs, pjro kcs eorr`jatjs soa mjsjqu`kìrcmcs, mji`mo ck eoasubo mjs`duck ja kcs fcsjs o àekuso c eoasubos boaofãsèos jatrj fcsj y ajutro, y eoat`jaja crbõaèos. C jf jfje jeto toss mj eã eãke keuk ukoo mj kc pot potja jae` e`cc cpc cpcrj rjat atjj y mj kc kcss eo eobp bpoaj oajat atjs js ce cet`t`vc vc,, rjcet`vc fuamcbjatck y m`stors`õa, jstj s`stjbc pujmj trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãsèos jatrj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs y jk ajutro. Mjs`dacamo kcs fcsjs eobo K3, K9, K5, kc mjaè`õa mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js kc àmècmc ja kc jeuce`õa (=.94). 2 K3 + K9 + K5 2 Z K3 .@ K3 + Z K9 .@ K9 + ZK5 .@K5 (=. 94) Oisàrvjsj quj ecmc uao mj kos tàrbàos mj kc subc catjròr cmb`tj kc b`sbc mjseobposè`õa àmècmc ja kc jeuce`õa (=.36), quj ackbjatj eoamuej c kc jeuce`õa (=.30). Jstc mjseobposè`õa, cpkècmc cquâ c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs eoamuej c kc mjseobposè`õa mj potjae`cs sjdüa (=.9>). 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 U 9 2 W39K3 + S39K3 + M K3 + W3 K9 + S3 K9 + M K9 + W3 K5 + S3K5 + MK5 = (=. 9>) Ncy quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kcs potjae`cs ja ecmc fcsj pujmja mcr rjsuktcmos buy m`stàtos, àekuso pujmja tjajr s`dao m`stàto s` uac fcsj js àmuet`vc y otrc ecpce`t`vc. Wjro uac potjae`c ecpce`t`vc ja uac fcsj ao ecaejkc kc potjae`c àmuet`vc mj otrc fcsj, ko euck trcj eobo eoasjeujae`c quj ao tjadc sjat`mo ncikcr mj potjae`cs mjk s`stjbc tr`fãsèo ja su eoaluato, sào quj ncy quj eoas`mjrcrko fcsj c fcsj. Ja jfjeto, s` eoas`mjrcbos eobo jljbpko jk e`reu`to mj kc durc =.39, s` subcbos tomcs kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs y tomcs kcs potjae`cs rjcet`vcs, rjsuktcrã quj soko kc fcsj K3 t`jaj potjae`c cet`vc y kcs fcsjs K9 y K5 t`jaja rjcet`vcs `duckjs y mj s`dao eoatrcrò, eoa ko euck kc rjcet`vc ja eoaluato js aukc y jk fcetor mj potjae`c sjrâc kc ua`mcm. Wjro jsto àmuej c jrror, porquj kcs fcsjs K9 y K5 t`jaja quj trcasportcr ecmc uac su eorr`jatj rjcet`vc y kc supujstc ecaejkce`õa jatrj àmuet`vc WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 353 y ecpce`t`vc ao sj promuej bãs quj c a`vjk dkoick. Kc eoaekus`õa js quj kos s`stjbcs eoa ajutro mjija trctcrsj eobo trjs s`stjbcs boaofãsèos àmjpjam`jatjs y quj ja ecso mjsjqu`kìròs ao t`jaj sjat`mo kc potjae`c tr`fãsèc, a` kc bjm`mc o kc eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c ja tr`fãsèo, sào quj mjijrâc eoas`mjrcrsj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj. ZK3 Y ZK3 2 ZK9 2 ZK5 2 377 V K ZK9 ZK5 E Y 2 37Ω ^K 2 37Ω Ê 2 37Ω F`d. =.39. Jljbpko mj e`reu`to mjsjqu`kìrcmo ja eorr`jatjs =.4.= Wotjae`cs ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos, sà ajutro y eoa crbõaèos Ujdüa sj m`lo yc ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.33, ja jstj t`po mj s`stjbcs ao t`jaj sjat`mo ncikcr mj kcs tjasòajs fcsj-ajutro y por tcato jk eoaejpto mj potjae`c por fcsj sõko pujmj cpkècrsj s` àvjatcbos ko quj ckkâ sj kkcbõ ua ajutro crt`e`ck. U` tjajbos ua s`stjbc mj tjasòajs, àekuso mjsjqu`kìrcmo, pomjbos rjprjsjatcrkcs ja ua tr`ãaduko eobo jk mj kc durc =.35. Ja tck ecso, jk ajutro crt`e`ck sj oit`jaj ja jk puato jstrjkkc mj ua s`stjbc jqu`kìrcmo mj `bpjmcae`cs y jstã s`tucmo ja jk ejatro mj kcs bjm`cacs mjk tr`ãaduko. C jfjetos mj bjm`mc, jstj ajutro crt`e`ck sujkj oitjajrsj forbcamo uac jstrjkkc eoa trjs rjs`stjae`cs `duckjs eoajetcmcs c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, ko euck pjrb`tj bjm`r kcs tjasòajs s`bpkjs mjk s`stjbc mjsjqu`kìrcmo, ZK3, ZK9 , Z K5 y cpkècr kos b`sbos eãkeukos mjk cpcrtcmo catjròr (=.94) y (=.9>). F`d. =.35. Ajutro crt`e`ck = =.4.: M`v`s`õa mj potjae`c ja sus eobpoajatjs s`bàtrècs Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.37 sj prjsjatõ uac mjseobposè`õa mj kos s`stjbcs WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 359 mjsjqu`kìrcmos ja trjs s`stjbcs eoa sjeujae`cs m`rjetc, àvjrsc y nobopokcr. Uj pujmj tcbi`àa m`v`m`r kc potjae`c ja jstos trjs eoaejptos, js mje`r, sj pujmj pkcatjcr ua rjpcrto jatrj eobpoajatj m`rjetc, àvjrsc y nobopokcr, sjdüa sj bujstrc ja (=.90). U 2 U m + U ` + U 7 2 5.Z m .@ m + 5.Z ` .@ ` + 5.Z 7 .@ 7 (=. 90) Cn Cnor orc, c, ja ec ecmc mc tà tàrb rbà àoo mj kc je jeuc uce` e`õa õa (= (=.9 .90) 0) pu pujm jmja ja nc ncej ejrs rsjj kc kcss b` b`sb sbcs cs eoas`mjrceòajs quj sj nè`jroa ja jk cpcrtcmo =.4.3 y pkcatjcr pcrc ecmc tàrbào uac jeuce`õa s`b`kcr c kc (=.36). Jsto js, eoas`mjrcr quj kcs tjasòajs soa ja jsjae`c sàuso`mckjs y quj kcs eorr`jatjs jstãa forbcmcs por uac subc mj crbõaèos y por tcato, quj ecmc promueto mjk t`po Zx ´ @x tjamrã su eobpoajatj W, su eobpoajatj S y su eobpoajatj M. Jsto aos kkjvcrâc c kc jeuce`õa (=.57), moamj kcs potjae`cs sj nca m`v`m`mo ja cet`vc, rjcet`vc y m`stors`õa, pcrc ecmc uao mj kos s`stjbcs m`rjeto, àvjrso y nobopokcr. U 2 ( Wm + Sm + Mm ) + ( W` + S` + M` ) + ( W7 + S7 + M7 ) (=. 57) Oisàrvjsj, quj ck suim`v`m`r kcs potjae`cs iclo m`stàtos eoaejptos, jk tjbc sj eobpkèc àajejscr`cbjatj, pujs pujmja àvjatcrsj tcatcs m`v`sòajs eobo sj qu`jrc, pjro sj vc pjrm`jamo jk sjat`mo fâsèo mj kos tàrbàos ja quj vcbos m`v`m`jamo kc potjae`c totck y por tcato rjsuktc àüt`k bcajlcr jstcs suim`v`sòajs. Ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj trctcrjbos mj mcr kos eoaejptos prãetèos bãs `bportcatjs mj tomo jstj tjbc mj m`v`s`õa mj kc potjae`c jkàetrèc eoa v`stcs c opt`b`zcr jk s`stjbc mj djajrce`õa y trcasportj. =.4.6 Wotjae`c cet`vc y potjae`c üt`k, potjae`c c trcasportcr ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos Ja tomo jstj tjbc mj suim`v`m`r kc potjae`c totck ja m`stàtcs pcrtjs ncy ua soko puato mj àtjràs. Jstj js< scijr euãk js kc potjae`c üt`k y euãk js kc potjae`c quj mjijbos trcasportcr trcasportcr.. Ncstc cnorc njbos jbpkjcmo jk eoaejpto mj potjae`c cet`vc eobo sàõa`bo mj potjae`c üt`k, pjro tcbi`àa jsto mjlc mj sjr e`jrto ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos y eoa crbõaèos. Womjbos eoaerjtcr jstj eoaejpto eobpcrcamo mos t`pos mj rjejptorjs. Uupõadcsj ua s`stjbc mjsjqu`kìrcmo mj tjasòajs, sà ajutro eoajetcmo, ck`bjatcamo ua norao eoa rjs`stjae`cs `duckjs jatrj ecmc pcr mj fcsjs y ua botor (vàcsj kc durc =.3=). = Kc potjae`c üt`k pcrc jk norao rjs`st`vo js tomc kc potjae`c cet`vc, kc promuzec qu`ja kc promuzec, jk s`stjbc m`rjeto, jk àvjrso, jk nobopokcr y jk crbõaèo quj sjc, c fà mj eujatcs tomos eck`jatca. Wcrc jk botor ja ecbiò, soko kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y mj sjeujae`c m`rjetc erjc ua pcr botor. Kc eobpoajatj àvjrsc erjc ua ecbpo eoa sjat`mo mj d`ro eoatrcrò y por tcato rjsuktc ua pcr catcdõaèo pukscatj y kos crbõaèos erjca pcrjs puksctoròs quj WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 355 F`d. =.3=. Ecrdcs ja ua s`stjbc mj tjasòajs mjsjqu`kìrcmo ja probjmò soaüt`k aukos. Eoa sj t`jaj v`s`õa mj quj ja ecmc ecso kc potjae`c pujmj sjrjstj uac jljbpko eosc m`stàtc. Csâ uac pujs, mjijbos cack`zcr ja ecmc ecso quà js ko quj rjsuktc üt`k y jsto mjpjamj mjk rjejptor. Ja eucato c kc potjae`c quj ncy quj trcasportcr, kc rjspujstc js rjkct`vcbjatj sjae`kkc, ncy quj trcasportcr tomc kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, sjc o ao üt`k ck ack. Wor tcato kc potjae`c c trcasportcr js kc cpcrjatj eoa kc mjseobposè`õa fcsj c fcsj, propujstc ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr, sà quj sj pujmca subcr a` ecaejkcr potjae`cs jatrj fcsjs c jfjetos mj trcasportj. Mj tomcs forbcs, s` ko quj prjtjamjbos js jvckucr pàrm`mcs, àstcs ao s`jbprj soa proporeòackjs c kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. Kcs pàrm`mcs soa ja djajrck proporeòackjs ck eucmrcmo eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, cpcrjatj, pjro ncy quj m`stàdu`r jatrj pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro, kcs ükt`bcs mjpjamja cmjbãs mj kc frjeujae`c, por tcato c `duckmcm mj eorr`jatj cpcrjatj, ao sj promueja kcs b`sbcs pàrm`mcs s` àstc js mj :7 Nz õ mj 9:7 Nz, por jljbpko. Jstj cspjeto ko trctcrjbos eoa bãs mjtckkj ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj. =.> Jfjetos mj kos crbõaèos Kos pràe`pckjs jfjetos mj kos crbõaèos soirj kc rjm pujmja rjsub`rsj mè`jamo quj àstos cubjatca àajejscr`cbjatj kc potjae`c quj ncy quj trcasportcr (potjae`c uetucatj, vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo =.4.9) y por eoas`du`jatj jbpjorc jk fcetor mj potjae`c. Kos crbõaèos soa kos rjspoascikjs mj quj kos ecikjs y kos trcasforbcmorjs mj kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa rjsuktja àsufè`jatjs pcrc trcasportcr uac mjtjrbàcmc potjae`c üt`k y mj quj sj promuzeca ja jkkos pàrm`mcs àajejscr`cs, quj sj trcmueja cmjbãs ja eckjatcb`jato mj kos ecikjs, trcasforbcmorjs, àtjrruptorjs y otros bjmòs mj m`strìue`õa. Wcrc pomjr eucat`ecr tomo jkko pcrt`rjbos mj kc `mjc mj quj ja ua s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa tjajbos mos t`pos mj pàrm`mcs< kcs mjk eoirj y kcs mjk n`jrro. =.>.3 Wàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro = Kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj cfjetca c kos ecikjs, c kos mjvcacmos mj kos trcasforbcmorjs, c kos eoatcetos mj kos eoatcetorjs j àtjrruptorjs y ja djajrck c tomos kos jkjbjatos rjs`st`vos mj kc rjm. Mèncs pàrm`mcs soa proporeòackjs c kc rjs`stjae`c y ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj cpcrjatj quj kc ctrcv`jsc, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (=.53). Wcrc bãs mjtckkjs mj eõbo eckeukcr kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecikjs WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 35= vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo 5.:.5 W 2 Y.@ 9 2 Y . ∓ @ a9 (=. 53) Ja eucato c kcs eoasjeujae`cs prãetècs mj àsto ja rjmjs eoa crbõaèos, mjijbos tjajr ja eujatc quj kc prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos ncej cubjatcr jk vckor jecz totck mj kc eorr`jatj sjdüa kc fõrbukc quj sj mò ja kc jeuce`õa (=.33). Ja jk jljbpko ck ack mj jstj cpcrtcmo sj nceja ckduaos eãkeukos quj mca `mjc mj quj kcs eoasjeujae`cs mj jsto c kc norc mj m`bjasòacr kos ecikjs sujkja sjr kjvjs. Ja eucato c kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro, àstcs soa mji`mcs jsjae`ckbjatj c mos ecuscs< Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s, W N, y pàrm`mcs por eorr`jatjs àmue`mcs o mj Fouecukm, WF. Kcs pr`bjrcs soa proporeòackjs c kc frjeujae`c y ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj jecz totck, jeuce`õa (=.59) y kcs sjduamcs soa proporeòackjs c kc frjeujae`c ck eucmrcmo y c kc eorr`jatj jecz ck eucmrcmo sjdüa (=.55), moamj a rjprjsjatc jk ormja mj ecmc uao mj kos crbõaèos y @a js kc eorr`jatj jecz mj kos b`sbos. Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s WN 2 h n .∓ a.@ a9 (=. 59) Wàrm`mcs mj Fouecukm WF 2 h F .∓ a 9 .@ a9 (=. 55) Kcs eorr`jatjs mj Fouecukm sujkja jstcr bà`b`zcmcs por jk njeno mj quj kos aüekjos mj n`jrro ao soa bce`zos sào mj encpcs, por ko quj kcs pàrm`mcs mobàcatjs sujkja sjr kcs mj n`stàrjs`s. Jk rjsuktcmo js quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro ao soa a` proporeòackjs c kc frjeujae`c a` c su eucmrcmo, sào c quj jk fcetor a sujkj cpcrjejr c uac potjae`c àtjrbjm`c eobo àmèc kc jeuce`õa (=.5=), moamj q sujkj tjajr ua vckor jatrj 3,4 y 3,>. Wàrm`mcs totckjs ja jk n`jrro WFj 2 h Fj .∓ a q .@ a9 (=. 5=) Jljbpko< Uupõadcsj quj ja uac àstckce`õa eoa ecikjs y uac rjcetcae`c e`reukc uac eorr`jatj eoa uac eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck mj 377 C y ua :· crbõaèo mj 97 C. @amècr euãkjs soa kcs proporeòajs mj pàrm`mcs quj djajrca kc fuamcbjatck y jk crbõaèo. Uokue`õa< Kos eãkeukos sj nca rjsub`mo ja kc tcikc =.3. = Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj provoecmcs por ua 97 % mj :· crbõaèo soa soko ua = % mj kcs promue`mcs por kc fuamcbjatck (vckor jecz ck eucmrcmo (379 C) 9 frjatj c (377 C)9 mj fuamcbjatck), tcbi`àa pujmj vjrsj eobpcrcamo kcs kcs = y :, moamj (Y´=77) js jk = % mj (Y´37777). Ja eucato c kcs pàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s, eobpcrcamo kcs kcs 6 y 4 sj oisjrvc quj ua 97 % mj eorr`jatj mj :· crbõaèo promuej ua 97 % cmèòack WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 35: mj pàrm`mcs y ja pàrm`mcs por Fouecukm, eobpcrcamo kcs kcs > y 0, sj vj quj ua 97 % mj eorr`jatj mj :· promuej kcs b`sbcs pàrm`mcs quj jk 377 % mj fuamcbjatck. ]cikc =.3. Yjsuktcmos mj eãkeuko 3 Mctos 9 5 Eã k e u k o s Eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck @3 377 C E o r r ` j a t j : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o @ : 97 C Eo r r ` j a t j j  e c z t o t c k = Wàrm`mcs ja eoirj fuamcbjatck : Wàrm`mcs Eu Wàrm`mcs ja eoirj :¼ crbõaèo Y@ 39 2 Y ´ 3779 2 Y ´ 37 777 Y@ :9 2 Y ´ 97 9 2 Y ´ =77 6 Wàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s fuamcbjatck hN ´ a ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 3 ´ 3779 2 hN ´ 37 777 4 W à r m ` m c s p o r n ` s t à r j s ` s : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o hN ´ a ´ @ 9 2 h ´ : ´ 979 2 hN ´ 9777 W à r m ` m c s p o r F o u e c u k m f u a m c bj a t c k hF ´ a9 ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 3 ´ 3779 2 hF ´ 37 777 W à r m ` m c s p o r F o u e c u k m : ¼ c r bõ a ` e o hF ´ a9 ´ @ 9 2 h ´ 9: ´ 979 2 hF ´ 37 777 Wàrm`mcs Fj > 0 Kc eoaekus`õa js quj kos ecikjs mjija m`bjasòacrsj por kc @ rb s totck , quj aorbckbjatj pujmj bjm`rsj eoa euckqu`jr cack`zcmor mj rjmjs o eoa ua àstrubjato quj b`mc vjrmcmjro vckor jfècz (vjr ecpâtuko :). Ja eucato ck m`bjasòacmo mj trcasforbcmorjs y rjcetcae`cs, quj eobiàca n`jrro y eoirj, kos eãkeukos ck eobiàcr vcròs crbõaèos sj nceja ut`k`zcamo ua fcetor H quj jxpkècrjbos ja jk s`du`jatj cpcrtcmo. =.>.9 Fcetor H mj rjmuee`õa mj potjae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs Jk eckjatcb`jato por crbõaèos cfjetc c buenos trcasforbcmorjs mj kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa. Wor jkko jk eob`tà mj aorbck`zce`õa juropjo EJAJKJE nc mja`mo ja jk moeubjato NM=9>.=U3, ua fcetor mj rjmuee`õa mj kc potjae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs o s` sj qu`jrj ua fcetor mj soirjm`bjasòacb`jato mj kos b`sbos, eoaoe`mo eobo fcetor H, quj v`jaj mcmo por (=.5:). j  @3 H 2 3+ . 3 + j  @ jf 9  =7 q  @ a   . a .  @   3   2 a 9  ∓ 9 (=. 5:) Moamj j js ua fcetor quj rjprjsjatc kc rjkce`õa jatrj pàrm`mcs ja jk eoirj y pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro mjk trcasforbcmor. Jstj fcetor pujmj oitjajrsj mj kos mctos mj jascyo mjk trcasforbcmor, o ja su mjfjeto pujmj tobcrsj eobo vckor cprox`bcmo j 2 7,5 y jk jxpoajatj q sujkj tobcrsj jatrj 3,4 y 3,>. = Buenos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm cetuckjs mca jk fcetor H mjspuàs mj jfjetucr ua caãk`s`s mj crbõaèos. Mèno fcetor js s`jbprj supjròr c kc ua`mcm y pjrb`tj eckeukcr euãk js jk fcetor mj mjdrcmce`õa mj potjae`c mj ua trcasforbcmor ja prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos. Jljbpko< Za trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hVĆ soportc uac ecrdc eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c mj 7,> y ua WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc fcetor H mj crbõaèos mj 3,5. ¿Euãk js kc ecrdc ja hT quj pujmj soportcr? Uokue`õa< W 2 U. FW hVC 2 3777 hVC 7 ,> 2 63:hT 356 H 3,5 Oisàrvjsj quj jk fcetor H cpcrjej m`v`m`jamo, ao bukt`pkècamo eobo ja jk ecso mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja Jstcmos Za`mos js frjeujatj jk uso mj ua fcetor, quj tcbi`àa kkcbca ‛ H fcetor‒, pjrofuj qujpropujsto js eobpkjtcbjatj m`stàto mjkâamèj mja`mo porm`sjóo EJAJKJE. fcetor ja eujst`õa por ZK pcrc mcr ua ja jk mj kosJk aüekjos mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y sj icsc ja kcs pàrm`mcs por eorr`jatjs pcrãs`tcs (Fouecukm). Jstj fcetor ck euck kkcbcrjbos H ZK ao mjij eoafuam`rsj eoa jk fcetor H mj EJAJKJE y ao pujmj jbpkjcrsj eobo fcetor mj mjprje`ce`õa mj kc potjae`c mjk trcasforbcmor, pujs t`jaj vckorjs rjkct`vcbjatj cktos. a HZK 2 ∓ n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 9 (=. 56) 9 C tât tâtuko uko mj jlj jljbpk bpkoo kc tci tcikc kc =.9 buj bujstr strcc ua eãk eãkeuk eukoo mj kos fce fcetor torjs js HEJAJKJE y HZK, luato eoa ua fcetor FU quj mc ua âamèj mj kcs pàrm`mcs por n`stàrjs`s. Kos vckorjs tobcmos ja mènc tcikc soa vckorjs tâpèos pcrc ua eoavjrt`mor mj 6 puksos eoa rjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo rjm mj ua = %. ]cikc =.3. Eãkeuko pàrm`mcs Mctos n @n n ´ (@n / @3) n9 ´ (@n / @rbs)9 nq ´ (@n / @3)9 3 377,77 3, 7 7 7 ,0 9 : 9 : 97,77 3, 7 7 7, 0 9: 9 7, 6 34 7 : 4 3=,90 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , :: 4 > 4 33 0,70 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , => 4 3 33 35 4,60 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , =6 5 5 35 34 :,>> 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , =9 4 = 34 30 :,96 3 , 77 7, 0 9: 9 7 , =3 5 = 30 n 3 = WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 354 ]cikc =.9. Fcetorjs HEJAJKJE, HZK y FU, quj àmèca kc rjmuee`õa mj potjae`c ja trcasforbcmorjs Vckorjs ajejscròs< (q 2 3,4), 3,4), ( j 2 7,5) 7,5) a 9 ∓ (n´@ @rbs 2 375,06 / @ 3 ) 2 9,6: 9 n n 23 n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 9 2 6,=> n q ( @ n / @3 ) 9 2 9,066 ∓ ∓ H EJAJKJE 2 3 + j 3 +j 9 .∓ n .( @ n / @ 3 ) q n 29 9 2 3,5  @  FU FU 2 ∓  n n  2 9,6: @3  n 23  ∑ H Z K 2 ∓ n 9 ( @ n / @ rbs ) 92 6,=> n 23 =.0 Fkèhjr ]ck eobo sj ncmjàmècmo ja kcs mjaèòajs àè`ckjs, jk èhjr js uac eoasjeujae`c kcs uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa, eoasjeujae`c qujjasjrjck`mcm bca`jstc iãsècbjatj ja forbc mj uetuceòajs mj àtjas`mcm kubàosc (pcrpcmjo) mjk ckubircmo. Kc ua`mcm mj bjm`mc kkcbcmc ‛âamèj mj pjrejptì`k`mcm‒, W, jstã icscmc ja ua bomjko iòkõdèo mj kc pjrejptì`k`mcm mjk olo nubcao catj kcs uetuceòajs mj kuz mj uac kãbpcrc jstãamcr mj àecamjsejae`c mj 67 T. Kc bjm`mc mjk èhjr sj oit`jaj mj kc bjm`mc mj kcs uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa y mj ua proejscmo mj kc sjóck, quj sj `kustrc mj uac forbc jsqujbãtèc ja kcs durcs =.3: =.3: y =. =.36. 36. Uj b`mj jk vckor jecz mj ecmc bjmò pjrâomo y sj eobputca kcs vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa jatrj sjbèèkos, rjr`àamokcs ck vckor jecz probjmò ∆Z/ Z/Z Zjf-probjm . Mj jstj eãkeuko sj oit`jaj uac àforbce`õa mj kc vcr`ce`õa rjkct`vc mj kc tjas`õa. Ao oistcatj, ao tomcs kcs uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa soa `duckbjatj pjrejptìkjs por jk olo nubcao ja tàrbàos mj vcr`ce`õa mj `kubàce`õa, por jkko mèncs uetuceòajs sj mjseobpoaja ja ua jspjetro mj frjeujae`cs quj vc mj 7,: Nz c 57 Nz y sj mc ua pjso m`stàto c ecmc frjeujae`c. Jk bãx`bo pjso eorrjspoamj c uac uetuce`õa mj tjas`õa mj >,> Nz. Mj kos vckorjs mj uetuce`õa poamjrcmos sjdüa kc frjeujae`c sj oit`jaj ua aujvo vckor jecz totck, quj uac vjz probjm`cmo c ko kcrdo mj 37 bàutos, àmèc jk âamèj mj pjrejptì`k`mcm pcrc t`jbpos eortos, kkcbcmo Wst. = Uj eoas`mjrc quj jk èhjr js pjrejptìkj pcrc Wst 1 3. Wcrc pjrâomos kcrdos sj usc ua probjm`cmo mj tjrejr ormja mj kos Wst murcatj mos norcs (39 vckorjs), oitja`àamosj jk pcrãbjtro Wkt , mja`mo por kc jeuce`õa (=.54). WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 35> F`d. =.3:. Eõbputo mj kcs uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa c jfjetos mj èhjr F`d. =.36. Woamjrce`õa mj kcs m`stàtcs frjeujae`cs mj uetuce`õa c jfjetos mj jvckuce`õa mjk èhjr. 39 5 Wkt 2 ∓ Wst`5 (=. 54) ` 23 39 U j e o a s ` m j r c p u j s q u j W st 2 3 j s j k u b i r c k m j p j r e j p t ` i ` k ` m c m m j k o lo n u bc a o . W c rc t j a j r u a c `m j c m j k o rm j a m j bc d a `t u m q u j j st o rj p rj sj a t c j a t à rbà o s m j f ku et u c e`õ a m j kc t j a s`õ a m `rj bo s quj c kc frjeujae`c mj bãx`bc pjrejptì`k`mcm, js mje`r c >,> Nz, uac f ku et u c e`õ a eo bo kc m j kc f `d u rc = . : . m j 7 , 9 : % , m c râ c u a W s t 2 3 . Eobo sj vj, sj trctc mj uetuceòajs buy mài`kjs. Kc durc =.34 àmèc kcs uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa quj djajrca ua Wst 2 3, kâb`tj eoas`mjrcmo eobo ubirck tokjrcikj, sjdüa su frjeujae`c mj rjpjtè`õa. = Kc vjrmcm js quj soirj jk tjbc ‛èhjr‒ y sus kâb`tjs ncy uac drca eoafus`õa y, c aujstro jatjamjr, sj nca eobjt`mo jrrorjs mj aorbck`zce`õa `bportcatjs. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 350 F`d. =.34. Fkuetuceòajs mj tjas`õa quj djajrca Wst 2 3, sjdüa su frjeujae`c mj uetuce`õa Ja pr`bjr kudcr porquj jk ckubircmo mj àecamjsejae`c ao js prje`scbjatj jk bãs ciuamcatj y ja sjduamo kudcr porquj c kc norc mj jstcikjejr kâb`tjs, sj nc eoafuam`mo jk ubirck mj pjrejptì`k`mcm, Wst 2 3, eoa jk kâb`tj mj tokjrcae`c y kos eob`tàs mj rjdkcbjatce`õa nca lcmo jk vckor ua`mcm eobo kâb`tj pcrc rjmjs àmustr`ckjs, m`fâe`k jk eubpk`b`jato ja jk ecso mj mjtjrbàcmcs kâajcs mj iclcnce`jamo potjae`cbuy mj eortoe`reu`to. Wroicikjbjatj ncirâc tja`mo ua sjat`mo fâsèo bãs ekcro s` sj ncikcrc mj uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa c mjtjrbàcmcs frjeujae`cs o eoa mjtjrbàcmos pctroajs mj bomukce`õa, pjro àekuso kc ua`mcm jkjd`mc js ua tàrbào eoa ua s`da`ecmo fâsèo eoafuso y kos mctos oitja`mos mj bjmèòajs ao fce`k`tca jk eãkeuko mj sokueòajs ja ecso mj quj uac àstckce`õa ao eubpkc eoa kos kâb`tjs. =.37 Aorbcs rjkct`vcs c pjrturiceòajs ja kc rjm Vcròs ordca`sbos aceòackjs j àtjraceòackjs nca jstcikje`mo aorbcs quj àmèca kos a`vjkjs cejptcikjs pjrturiceòajs mj iclc frjeujae`c ja rjmjsc àmustr`ckjs y mobàstècs. Kcmjbcyorâc mj aorbcs Juropjcs rjfjrjatjs pjrturiceòajs mj rjm nca s`mo rjeod`mcs por EJAJKJE y t`jaja eobo icsj kcs rjeobjamceòajs mj @JE y mjk eob`tà E@UWY. Jstcs aorbcs sj nca cdrupcmo ja kcs puikèceòajs crboa`zcmcs eoa rjfjrjae`c JA-63777, eoa m`stàtcs pcrtjs mjmècmcs c kos s`du`jatjs tjbcs< Wcrtj 3< Djajrck`mcmjs • Eoas`mjrceòajs djajrckjs (àtromuee`õa, pràe`pòs iãsèos) = WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc • Mjaèòajs, tjrbàokodâc Wcrtj 9< Jatorao • Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao • Ekcs`ece`õa mjk jatorao • A`vjkjs mj eobpctì`k`mcm 3=7 Wcrtj 5< Kâb`tjs • Kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa • Kâb`tjs mj àbua`mcm Wcrtj =< ]àeaècs mj jascyo y mj bjm`mc • ]àeaècs mj bjm`mc • ]àeaècs mj jascyo Wcrtj :< Duâcs mj àstckce`õa y ctjauce`õa • Duâcs mj àstckce`õa • Bàtomos y m`spos`t`vos mj ctjauce`õa Wcrtj 6< Aorbcs djaàrècs Wcrtj 0< Vcròs C eo eoat` atàuc auce` e`õa õa pr prjs jsja jatcb tcbos os ua eu eucmr cmroo rj rjsu subj bjaa mj kc kcss ao aorb rbcs cs qu qujj nj njbo boss eoas`mjrcmo bãsjstc `bportcatjs, tomo kcs mj jxncust`vo, ãbi`to juropjo y jspcóok, rjkceòacmcs eoa tjbãtèc. soirj Jk rjsubja ao js y sj nca ob`t`mo tomcs kcs aorbcs rjfjrjatjs c tjbcs mj JBE mj cktc frjeujae`c. ]àadcsj ja eujatc cmjbãs quj jstj t`po mj mctos t`jaja uac v`djae`c rjkct`vcbjatj eortc, y quj cüa s`jamo eorrjetos ja jk bobjato mj kc jmè`õa mj jstj tjxto, sj eoav`jrtja ja oisokjtos ck ecio mj ua cóo por kc eoastcatj màãbèc mj djajrce`õa y bom`ece`õa mj aorbcs. Wcrc tjajr àforbce`õa cetuck`zcmc mjk tjbc ceoasjlcbos ck kjetor quj eoasuktj kcs aorbcs mj eobpctì`k`mcm mj kc sjr`j 63.777 ja kcs wji mj EJAJKJE ( nttp<//www.ejajkje.ju ), @JE ( nttp<// www.`je.en) o CJAOY ( nttp<//www.cjaor.js), moamj pujmj jaeoatrcr ua âamèj eoastcatjbjatj cetuck`zcmo mj kcs aorbcs v`djatjs. C eo at atà à uc uce` e` õa sj mc ua uacc k` st c rj su subj bj a mj kc kcss pr prà à e` e`pc pckj kj s Ao Aorb rb cs so soir irjj pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs, v`djatjs ja 977>. Aorbcs JA-@JE 63777-3-3< JBE< Djajrck`mcmjs y mjaèòajs. JA-@JE 63777-3-9< Bjtomokodâc pcrc ckecazcr kc sjdur`mcm fuaeòack frjatj c JBE. JA-@JE 63777-3-= Jm. 3.7 J 9EM< Yceòack`zce`õa pcrc k`b`tcr pjrturiceòajs crbõaècs j àtjrcrbõaècs mj eorr`jatjs ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`c ncstc 0 hNz. = JA-@JE 63777-9-3< Jatorao. Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao jkjetrobcdaàtèo pcrc kcs pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c y trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kc rjm jkàetrèc mj I]. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3=3 JA-@JE 63777-9-9< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpctì`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c y kc trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kcs rjmjs mj subà`stro püikèo ja iclc tjas`õa. JA-@JE 63777-9-5< Jatorao. Mjser`pe`õa mjk jatorao - Fjaõbjaos rcm`cmos y eoamue`mos c frjeujae`cs m`stàtcs mj kcs mj kc rjm. JA-@JE 63777-9-=< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpctì`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c ja pkcatcs àmustr`ckjs. JA-@JE 63777-9-:< Jatorao. Ekcs`ece`õa mj kos jatoraos jkjetrobcdaàtèos - Wuikèce`õa iãsèc. JA-@JE 63777-9-6< Jatorao. Jvckuce`õa mj a`vjkjs mj jb`s`õa mj pjrturiceòajs mj iclc frjeujae`c ja kc rjm mj pkcatcs àmustr`ckjs. JA-@JE/]Y 63777-9->< Jatorao. Iclcmcs mj tjas`õa j àtjrrupeòajs eortcs ja kc rjm püikèc. Jstumò jstcmâstèo. JA-@JE 63777-9-39< Jatorao. A`vjkjs mj eobpctì`k`mcm pcrc kcs pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs mj iclc frjeujae`c y trcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja kc rjm jkàetrèc mj B]. JA-@JE 63777-5-9< K`b`tjs. K`b`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj eorr`jatj pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭ 36 C por fcsj. JA-@JE 63777-5-5< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa y mjk èhjr ja rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc kos jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭36 C por fcsj. JA-@JE 63777-5-5-cb3< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa, uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa y èhjr ja kcs rjmjs püikècs mj subà`stro mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭ 36 C por fcsj y ao suljtos c uac eoajx`õa eoamèòack. JA-@JE 63777-5-=< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`sòajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs ja kcs rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj cs`dacmc supjròr c 36 C. JA-@JE 63777-5-:< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa y mjk èhjr ja rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc kos jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc supjròr c 36 C. JA-@JE 63777-5-6< Kâb`tjs. Vckorce`õa mj kos kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa pcrc ecrdcs m`storsòacatjs ja B] y C]. Aorbc iãsèc. JA-@JE 63777-5-4< Kâb`tjs. Vckorce`õa mj kos kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa pcrc ecrdcs uetucatjs ja B] y C]. Aorbc iãsèc. JA-@JE 63777-5->< Kâb`tjs. ]rcasb`s`õa mj sjóckjs ja àstckceòajs mj I]. A`vjkjs mj jb`s`õa, icamcs mj frjeujae`c y a`vjkjs mj pjrturice`õa. JA-@JE 63777-5-0 Jm. 3.7 J WT@< Kâb`tjs mj eorr`jatjs àtjrcrbõaècs ja jqu`pos eoa @ ≭ 36C. JA-@JE 63777-5-37 Jm. 3.7 J WT@< Kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`cs mj 9 c 0 hNz. JA-@JE 63777-5-3 63777-5-333< Kâb`tjs. Kâb`tjs mj kcs vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa, uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa yjatrcmc èhjr ≭ja4:kcs C. rjmjs püikècs mj ck`bjatce`õa mj iclc tjas`õa. Jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj JA-@JE 63777-5-39< Kâb`tjs. K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`sòajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs ja kcs rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc ≭ 4: C, suljtos c eoajx`õa rjstràd`mc. JA-@JE 63777-=-3< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. V`s`õa mj eoaluato mj kc sjr`j EJ@ 63777-=. JA-@JE 63777-=-=< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c kos trcas`toròs jkàetrèos rãp`mos ja rãfcdcs. JA-@JE 63777-=-:< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c kcs oamcs mj enoquj. = JA-@JE 63777-=-6< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. @abua`mcm c pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs, àmue`mcs por ecbpos mj rcmòfrjeujae`c. WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3=9 JA-@JE 63777-=-6 Cbm.3< Mjaj uac aujvc m`sposè`õa pcrc jqu`pos mj drca vokubja. JA-@JE 63777-=-4< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Bjm`mc j àstrubjatce`õa pcrc bjm`mc mj crbõaèos j àtjrcrbõaèos ja kc rjm. JA-@JE 63777-=->< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyo mj àbua`mcm c kos ecbpos bcdaàtèos c frjeujae`c àmustr`ck. JA-@JE 63777-=-33< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c kos nujeos mj tjas`õa, àtjrrupeòajs irjvjs y vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa. JA-@JE 63777-=-35< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c iclc frjeujae`c mj crbõaèos j àtjrcrbõaèos àekuyjamo kcs sjóckjs trcasb`t`mcs ja kos ceejsos mj ck`bjatce`õa ja eorr`jatj cktjrac. JA-@JE 63777-=-3=< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c uetuceòajs mj tjas`õa. JA-@JE 63777-=< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Bjm`mor mj Fkèhjr. Jspje`eceòajs fuaeòackjs y mj m`sjóo. JA-@JE 63777-=-36< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs ja bomo eobüa, ja jk rcado mj frjeujae`cs mj 7 Nz c 3:7 hNz. JA-@JE 63777-=-34< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c kc oamukce`õa rjs`muck ja kc jatrcmc mj potjae`c ja eorr`jatj eoatàuc. JA-@JE 63777-=-94< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm frjatj c mjsjqu`kìròs. JA-@JE 63777-=-9>< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c kc vcr`ce`õa mj frjeujae`c mj ck`bjatce`õa. JA-@JE 63777-=-90< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyos mj àbua`mcm c kos nujeos mj tjas`õa, àtjrrupeòajs irjvjs y vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa ja kos ceejsos mj ck`bjatce`õa ja eorr`jatj eoatàuc. JA-@JE 63777-=-57< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro. JA-@JE 63777-=-55< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj trcas`toròs mj cktc potjae`c. JA-@JE 63777-=-5=< ]àeaècs mj jascyo. Jascyo mj àbua`mcm c nujeos mj tjas`õa, àtjrrupeòajs eortcs y vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa pcrc jqu`pos eoa @ 1 36 C. Wuikèce`õa iãsèc. JA-@JE 63777-:-3< Duâcs mj àstckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Eoas`mjrceòajs djajrckjs. Wuikèce`õa iãsèc. JA-@JE 63777-:-9< Duâcs mj àstckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Wujstc c t`jrrc y ecikjcmo. JA-@JE 63777-:-6< Duâcs mj àstckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. B`t`dce`õa mj pjrturiceòajs JB@ jxtjracs. JA-@JE 63777-:-4< Duâcs mj àstckce`õa y ctjauce`õa. Drcmos mj protjee`õa proporeòacmos por kcs javokvjatjs eoatrc kcs pjrturiceòajs jkjetrobcdaàtècs (Eõm`do JB). JA-@JE 63777-6-3< Aorbcs djaàrècs. @abua`mcm ja jatoraos rjs`mjae`ckjs, eobjre`ckjs y mj àmustr`c k`djrc. JA-@JE 63777-6-9< Aorbcs djaàrècs. @abua`mcm ja jatoraos àmustr`ckjs. JA-@JE 63777-6-5< Aorbcs djaàrècs. Aorbc mj jb`s`õa pcrc jatorao rjs`mjae`ck, eobjre`ck j àmustr`c k`djrc. JA-@JE 63777-6-=< Aorbcs djaàrècs. Aorbc mj jb`s`õa pcrc jatoraos àmustr`ckjs. JA-@JE 63777-6-:< Aorbcs djaàrècs. @abua`mcm pcrc kos jatoraos mj ejatrckjs jkàetrècs y suijstceòajs. = JA 679>0< Yjcetcae`cs pcrc ktros y k`b`tce`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj eortoe`reu`to WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3=5 @JE 636=9< Yjmjs àmustr`ckjs cfjetcmcs por crbõaèos< Cpkèce`õa mj ktros y eoamjascmorjs @JJJ Utm :30< Yjeobjamce`õa soirj kâb`tjs mj crbõaèos crbõaèos ja ZUC ZUC @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9< Aorbcs mj promueto mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y crrcaecmorjs jstãtèos. M`rjet`vc 977=/37>< M`rjet`vc Juropjc mj Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc. M`crò Oe`ck mj kcs Eobua`mcmjs Juropjcs mj 53/39/977=. @JE 67>53-3 < Eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c cuto-rjdjajrcikjs ncstc 3777 V. V. Duâc mj àstckce`õa. @JE 67>43< Eoamjascmorjs mj potjae`c pcrc rjmjs mj tjas`õa supjròr c 667 V. Wcrtj 3< Duâc mj àstckce`õa8 Wcrtj 9< ]jst mj jamurcae`c. ZAJ 97.:70->:/3, ZAJ 97.:70-07/9, ZAJ 97.:70-07/5, jqu`vckjatjs c E@UWY 3>-3, 3>-9 y 3>-5< Ecrcetjrâstècs mj kcs kâajcs y cpcrcbjatc mj cktc tjas`õa rjkct`vcs c kcs pjrturiceòajs rcmòjkàetrècs. Aotc< kos tjxtos ao rjjlca jk tâtuko oe`ck mj kc aorbc sào quj rjsubja su eoatja`mo. =.33 Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko njbos mcmo ua rjpcso c kos pràe`pckjs t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs quj cfjetca c kc rjm jkàetrèc. Njbos àmècmo euãk js su posìkj or`dja y ckduacs `mjcs rjkct`vcs c kc forbc mj bjm`rkcs, quj sjrãa cbpk`cmcs ja jk ecpâtuko :. Njbos às`st`mo ja kc m`stàe`õa jatrj pjrturiceòajs mj iclc frjeujae`c y kcs mj cktc frjeujae`c, mjaobàcmcs JB@, euyo jstumò ao js jk oiljto pràe`pck mj jstj tjxto. Wcrc pomjr m`stàdu`rkcs ja kc prãetèc njbos mcmo uac sjr`j mj àmèceòajs soirj kos jfjetos quj eciâc jspjrcr mj ecmc t`po mj pjrturice`õa y njbos àtjatcmo eucat`ecr mènos jfjetos. Njbos v`sto kc potjae`c mj m`stors`õa kc prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos mjquj eorr`jatj jbpjorc jk fcetor mjprovoecmc potjae`c por mj kcs àstckceòajs mj forbc caãkodc c eobo suejmâc eoa kc potjae`c rjcet`vc. Kcs pràe`pckjs eoasjeujae`cs mj jsto soa ua pjor cprovjencb`jato mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj mj jajrdâc, ko euck oik`dc c soirjm`bjasòacrko y eobportc tcbi`àa pàrm`mcs cmèòackjs ja mèno s`stjbc. = Sujmca tomcvâc uac sjr`j mj tjbcs por trctcr eobo soa kcs tàeaècs mj bjm`mc, quj sjrãa jstum`cmcs eoa e`jrto mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko : y kos tjbcs rjkceòacmos eoa kc pjajtrce`õa mj crbõaèos ja kc rjm, kos jfjetos mj kcs rjsoacae`cs, kcs forbcs mj ktrcr o ctjaucr mjtjrbàcmos crbõaèos, eõbo trctcr kos crbõaèos bükt`pkos mj trjs ja rjmjs eoa eoasubos boaofãsèos, jte. ]omo jkko sjrã WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3== ciormcmo eoa bcyor mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko 0. =.39 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-:7367-73 y Eorr`djamub 977= 8 Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< Ecrcetjrâstècs mj kc tjas`õa subà`strcmc por kcs rjmjs djajrckjs mj m`strìue`õa8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). Aorbcs ZAJ-JA-63777 X9R 9-3 cja9-=)8Eobpctì`k`mcm Wcrtj 9< Jatorao. EJAJKJE(Wcrtjs (M`strìuyj Jspcóc CJAOY). Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-578Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< ]àeaècs mj jascyo y bjm`mc< Bàtomos mj bjm`mc mj kc eck`mcm mj kc ck`bjatce`õa8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). X=R Ickejkks L., Mcurc F., Jspcrzc Y., Wckkãs Y., @atjrfjrjae`cs jkjetrobcdaàtècs ja s`stjbcs jkjetrõaèos. Bcreobio (3009). X:R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-=-4< Eobpctì`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàtèc (EJB). Wcrtj =< ]àeaècs mj jascyo y mj bjm`mc. Ujee`õa 4< Duâc djajrck rjkct`vc c kcs bjm`mcs mj crbõaèos j àtjrcrbõaèos, csâ eobo c kos cpcrctos mj bjm`mc, cpkècikj c(M`strìuyj kcs rjmjsja mjJspcóc ck`bjatce`õa y c kos cpcrctos eoajetcmos c àstcs8 EJAJKJE CJAOY). X6R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-98 Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs jb`sòajs mj eorr`jatj crbõaèc (Jqu`pos pcrc @ ; 36 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). X4R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-=8 Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`sòajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs ja kcs rjmjs mj I] pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj cs`dacmc @136 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj (M `strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY). X>R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-398 Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs eorr`jatjs crbõaècs promue`mcs por kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kcs rjmjs püikècs mjja I]Jspcóc eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc 1 36 C y ; 4: C por fcsj8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj CJAOY). X0R Crr`kkcdc L., Jdu`kuz K.@., Crbõaèos ja s`stjbcs mj potjae`c. Ujrvèò mj Wuikèceòajs Za`vjrs`mcm mj Ecatcir`c. = WjrturIceòajs ja kc rjm : BJM@MC P YJD@U]YO MJ BCDA@]ZMJU JKÀE]Y@ECU :.3 @atromuee`õa Ja buencs oecsòajs, kc fcktc mj àforbce`õa `bp`mj rjsokvjr proikjbcs ja kc rjm jkàetrèc y opt`b`zcr kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc ja kos s`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kcs eoasjeujae`cs quj sj sujkja mjr`vcr mj jstos proikjbcs ao mjtjetcmos c t`jbpo soa pcros àtjbpjst`vos mj kc promuee`õa y uso àje`jatj mj kc jajrdâc . Wcrc jv`tcr t`po mj proikjbcs, usucrò mjij m`spoajr soirj jk jstcmo mj susjstj àstckceòajs (tjas`õa,jkeorr`jatjs, potjae`c üt`kmjy mctos potjae`c eoasub`mc, jte.). Csâ pujs, ua cspjeto jsjae`ck pcrc pomjr jstum`cr euckqu`jr rjm jkàetrèc js jk mj m`spoajr mj àstrubjatos ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjd`strcr kos pràe`pckjs pcrãbjtros mj kc b`sbc. Ja jfjeto kc bjm`mc js ajejscr`c pcrc quj jk opjrcmor eoaozec jk jstcmo mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo, pcrc pomjr eoatrokcr kc eck`mcm mjk subà`stro, pcrc eucat`ecr kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, pcrc eoatrokcr kcs puatcs mj eoasubo, jte. Cetuckbjatj, kc dcbc dcb c mj àstrubjatos àmustr`ckjs m`spoaìkjs pcrc rjck`zcr jstc fuae`õa vc mjsmj kos ekãsèos àmècmorjs mj cdulc, pcscamo por kos àmècmorjs m`d`tckjs ncstc kkjdcr c kos cack`zcmorjs bãs sof`stècmos quj pjrb`tja ao sõko bjm`r, sào rjd`strcr mctos tjas`õamj, eorr`jatj , eoasubo mjtjrbàcmcs pjrturiceòajs eoa mj s`stjbcs m`spcro (‛tr`ddjr‒) bãsy oecpturcr bjaos sof`stècmos. Kc posì`k`mcm mj rjd`strcr y ecpturcr mjtjrbàcmos jvjatos js jsjae`ck pcrc pomjr m`spoajr mj mctos c kc norc mj m`cdaostècr ua proikjbc. Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos ejatrcrjbos ja kc àstrubjatce`õa mj t`po jkjetrotàeaèo j àmustr`ck, eoa ecrcetjrâstècs buy m`fjrjae`cmcs mj otros àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc pcrc uso ja jkjetrõaèc o pcrc kciorctoròs. Kcs ajejs`mcmjs jsjae`ckjs pcrc jstj t`po mj àstrubjatos soa< bjm`r eoa uac prje`s`õa rczoacikj, eoa frjeujae`cs mj bujstrjo rjkct`vcbjatj iclcs, pjro b`m`jamo s`buktãajcbjatj kos sj`s u oeno ecackjs mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa àmustr`ck (trjs tjasòajs y trjs eorr`jatjs y jvjatuckbjatj kc tjas`õa ajutro-t`jrrc y kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro) y eckeukcr pcrãbjtros iãsèos eobo potjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc , fcetorjs mj mjsjqu`kìrò, crbõaèos Ujvjrjbos eoas`mjrcck quj ja jkckduaos s`stjbcmj tr`fãsèo ncy bãs mjbcs :7 pcrãbjtros, cèhjr, bjm`rjte. eobo jstum`cr kos àstrubjatos eobpkjtos quj sj prjsjatca ja jstj ecpâtuko ( EVB , CY.:, jte.). : Wor otro kcmo, js buy `bportcatj kc ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros. Jsto pjrb`tj ducrmcr n`stõrèos y vjr jk eobportcb`jato mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo c postjròr` , sà jstcr pjam`jatj mj kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc. Wjro c kc vjz, jk rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs pkcatjc jk proikjbc mj bcajlcr y prjsjatcr kc drca ecat`mcm mj mctos quj ua àstrubjato pujmj mcr. mcr. Wcrc jk trctcb`jato mj jstos mctos js jsjae`ck quj kos àstrubjatos m`spoadca mj eobuaèce`õa eoa ua ormjacmor ejatrck y pomjr eoatcr eoa ua soportj àforbãtèo eoas`stjatj ja prodrcbcs UECMC quj pjrb`tca prjsjatcr kos mctos mj forbc bãs eoamjascmc pcrc jk opjrcmor, bjm`catj drãeos, àmèceòajs mj ckcrbc, jte. y ao tca sõko bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3=6 jsto, sào quj jk propò àstrubjato sjc ecpcz mj mcr õrmjajs mj eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj mjtjrbàcmos àtjrruptorjs, iclo eoamèòajs mj ckcrbc o ja mjtjrbàcmcs eoamèòajs mj fuaeòacb`jato. Kc durc :.3. bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj ua s`stjbc bomjrao mj bjm`mc y eoatrok mj rjmjs àmustr`ckjs, motcmo mj kcs prjstceòajs àmècmcs catjròrbjatj. F`d. :.3.- U`stjbc mj bjm`mc bjm`mc y eoatrok mj mj kc rjm jkàetrèc mj mj m`strìue`õa Otro cspjeto quj buencs vjejs pcsc mjscpjreì`mo js jk mj kos sjasorjs mj bjm`mc, djajrckbjatj trcasforbcmorjs o m`v`sorjs mj tjas`õa, quj eoast`tuyja jk àtjrfcz jatrj jk cpcrcto mj bjm`mc y jk s`stjbc c bjm`r. Wor poajr ua jljbpko, iuja ccpcrcto mj ua bjm`mc pjrmjrã sus bjm`mcWor mj eorr`jatj ua sj ncej trcvàs mj trcasforbcmor eoaprjstceòajs ua drca jrrors`mjkc ãaduko. jkko mjmècrjbos ua cpcrtcmo ck jstumò mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj. C ko kcrdo mjk ecpâtuko, rjpcscrjbos kos cspjetos bãs `bportcatjs rjkceòacmos eoa kc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos, icscmo ja jk jbpkjo mj àstrubjatce`õa mj t`po jkjetrõaèo m`d`tck. Kos ekãsèos àstrubjatos mj cdulc, qujmca cetuckbjatj rjkjdcmos c cpkèceòajs mj buy iclo eostj y ao pjrb`tja fãe`kbjatj jk rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs, por ko quj sõko kjs mjmècrjbos ua pjqujóo cpcrtcmo pcrc pomjr eobpcrcr sus àmèceòajs eoa rjspjeto c kcs mj kos àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs bomjraos. :.9 @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos Ca tcóo Catc óo,, ja ko koss eu eucm cmro ross jk jkàe àetr trè èos os,, sj so sokâkâca ca à àst stck ckcr cr m` m`vj vjrs rsos os à àst stru rubj bjat atos os (voktâbjtro, cbpjrâbjtro, vctâbjtro, jte.), quj bjmâca ecmc uao ua pcrãbjtro jkàetrèo (tjas`õa, eorr`jatj, potjae`c, jte.). Jstos jqu`pos tjaâca mos drcamjs k`b`tceòajs< Ao soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r bãs quj vckorjs bjmòs o jecejs y por ko tcato ao àmèca acmc cejrec mj kc eck`mcm mj oamc • : Ao soa ecpcejs mj rjd`strcr kos vckorjs bjm`mos y por tcato uac vjz trcaseurr`mo ua fjaõbjao ao qujmc rjd`stro mj àk. • bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3=4 Kc rjspujstc jrc rjkct`vcbjatj kjatc por ko quj, àekuso ja kos àstrubjatos eoa àmèce`õa mj bãx`bo, ao sj pomâc dcrcat`zcr quj àstj fujsj ecpturcmo s` su murce`õa jrc buy eortc. • Ja kc cetuck`mcm sj pujmja m`stàdu`r mos drcamjs drupos mj àstrubjatce`õa pcrc kc bjm`mc mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos< kc àstrubjatce`õa cackõdèc y kc àstrubjatce`õa m`d`tck, jstc ükt`bc icscmc ja e`reu`tos e`r eu`tos jkjetrõaèos, djajrckbjatj motcmos mj uac pcrtj cackõdèc mj cmcptce`õa mj sjóck y uac pcrtj m`d`tck mj proejscmo y jvjatuckbjatj mj rjd`stro mj kcs bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs. Mjatro mj kc dcbc mj àstrubjatce`õa m`d`tck, jaeoatrcbos uac drca vcr`jmcm mj cack`zcmorjs, quj mjpjam`jamo mj prjstceòajs. kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj bjm`mc, o mjk t`po mj cpkèce`õa, proporeòaca m`stàtcs :.9.3 @astrubjatce`õa cackõdèc Kos àstrubjatos cackõdèos jstãa forbcmos por ua e`reu`to trcasmuetor, quj eoav`jrtj kc bcda`tum c bjm`r ja uac eorr`jatj jkàetrèc y ua àmècmor quj ja tomos kos ecsos js ua dckvcaõbjtro (bjm`mor (bjm`mor mj eorr`jatj). Jk dckvcaõbjtro jstã jstã icscmo ja kc mjsv`ce`õa mj uac cdulc por jfjeto mj ecbpo bcdaàtèo erjcmo por jk pcso mj eorr`jatj por ua ioiàcmo mjk b`sbo. Wcrc kc àmèce`õa mj euckqu`jr otrc bcda`tum quj ao sjc uac eorr`jatj, mjij eoavjrt`rsj mènc bcda`tum ja uac eorr`jatj proporeòack cmb`sìkj pcrc jk dckvcaõbjtro. Csâ por jljbpko, ja jk ecso mj ua voktâbjtro ncy quj eokoecr uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j mj vckor jkjvcmo y ja jk ecsopcrc mj ua cbpjrâbjtro eorr`jatj jkjvcmc ncy quj eokoecr uac rjs`stjae`c snuat mjr`vcr pcrtj mjeoa kc eorr`jatj. Womjbos m`stàdu`r vcròs t`pos iãsèos mj àstrubjatos cackõdèos sjdüa su pràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato< • Mj n`jrro bõv`k. • Mj ioiàc bõv`k. • I`bjtãkèos • M`fjrjae`ckjs mj àmuee`õa • Mj kãbàcs. Kos bãs iãsèos soa kos mj n`jrro bõv`k y kos mj ioiàc bõv`k y kos i`bjtãkèos, pjro jx`stja m`vjrscs mj vcr`catjs e`reu`to eoa kos àmècmorjs ioiàceobiàcamo bõv`k.. Kc ckdüa f`durc pjqujóo :.9 bujstrc kosjkjetrõaèo sâbiokos jbpkjcmos ja kos àstrubjatos, sjdüa jk pràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3=> F`d. :.9.- Uâbiokos mj cpcrctos cpcrctos mj bjm`mc sjdüa su pràe`pò pràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato. @astrubjatos mj N`jrro bõv`k< Kos àstrubjatos mj n`jrro bõv`k jstãa icscmos ja jk pràe`pò mj àmuee`õa (eobo kos botorjs mj lcukc). Kc eorr`jatj c bjm`r pcsc por uac ioiàc, jstc àmuej otrc eorr`jatj soirj ua aüekjo mj n`jrro sok`mcrò c kc cdulc y kc fujrzc mj rjpuks`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj pràe`pck y kcs eorr`jatjs àmue`mcs ncej mjsv`cr kc cdulc. Jstj t`po mj àstrubjato js cpto sõko pcrc eorr`jatj cktjrac y b`mj su vckor jecz (YBU), pujsto quj kc fujrzc js proporeòack ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj. ]`jaja jk àeoavja`jatj mj su fcktc mj kàjck`mcm, eoa ua àèò mj jseckc eobpr`b`mo. @astrubjatos mjmj Ioiàc bõv`k<jaKos mj ioiàc bõv`k jstãa ja kc mjsv`ce`õa uac ioiàc jk àstrubjatos àtjròr mjk ecbpo bcdaàtèo erjcmoicscmos por ua `bãa. B`mja eorr`jatj eoatàuc y mca uac àmèce`õa proporeòack ck vckor bjmò mj kc b`sbc, eoa uac jseckc icstcatj kàjck Mji`mo c kc e`tcmc kàjck`mcm, jstos àstrubjatos pujmja ut`k`zcrsj y mj njeno sj ut`k`zca pcrc bjm`r tjasòajs o eorr`jatjs cktjracs, pjro àstcs mjija sjr prjv`cbjatj rjet`ecmcs. Ao oistcatj, kc bjm`mc sjrã s`jbprj mj vckor bjmò y por tcato, pcrc àmècr vckor jecz mj bcda`tumjs cktjracs mjij cpkècrsj ua e`jrto fcetor mj jseckc y kc bjm`mc sõko sjrã prje`sc s` àstj sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj (djajrckbjatj sõko pcrc tjas`õa o eorr`jatj o tjas`õa purcbjatj sjao`mckjs, moamj kc rjkce`õa jatrj vckor jecz y vckor bjmò mj kc rjet`ecmc sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj ja ua vckor mj 3,33). Ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõaèos, por jljbpko, kc àmèce`õa mj vckor jecz sjrâc jrrõajc. @astrubjatos I`bjtãkèos< Kos àstrubjatos i`bjtck`kkos sj icsca ja kc m`fjrjae`c mj m`kctce`õa mj mos t`pos mj bjtck ck eckjatcrsj por jfjeto Loukj ck pcso mj kc eorr`jatj. (Wotjae`c eckorâec2 ). Uoa cptos tcato pcrc eorr`jatj cktjrac eobo pcrc eorr`jatj eoatàuc o pcrc eobiàce`õa mj cbics, àmècamo jk vckor jecz, yc quj, eobo ja jk ecso mj kos mj n`jrro bõv`k, kc mjsv`ce`õa js proporeòack ck eucmrcmo mj kc eorr`jatj. Jstj t`po mj àstrubjatos t`jaja ckduaos proikjbcs mj kàjck`mcm y mj jrrorjs ck vcr`cr kc tjbpjrcturc cbi`jatj. : @astrubjatos mj @amuee`õa m`fjrjae`ckjs< Jk pràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato js `màatèo c kos mj n`jrro bõv`k, pjro t`jaja mos ioiàcmos catcdõaèos, mj forbc quj jk ecbpo rjsuktcatj js kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cbios. Uj ut`k`zca iãsècbjatj ja bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3=0 voktâbjtros m`fjrjae`ckjs pcrc sàeroaoseopòs o àstrubjatos s`b`kcrjs. @astrubjatos mj kãbàcs< Uj jbpkjca jxekus`vcbjatj eobo frjeujaeâbjtros. Uj icsca ja kc vìrce`õa por rjsoacae`c mj uac sjr`j mj kãbàcs mj bjtck. @astrubjatce`õa m`d`tck< Kos àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs jstãa icscmos ja ua s`stjbc bèroproejscmor motcmo mj ua s`stjbc eoavjrsor C/M (cackõdèo / m`d`tck) pcrc kc cmqu`sè`õa mj mctos. Jk m`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs djaàrèo pcrc jstos àstrubjatos js jk quj sj bujstrc ja kc durc :.5. F`d. :.5.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs ikoqujs djaàrèo mj ua àstrubjato àstrubjato mj bjm`mc m`d`tck m`d`tck Ckduaos mj kos ikoqujs quj sj nca rjprjs rjprjsjatcmo jatcmo ja mènc durc pujmja jstcr cusjatjs. Csâ pomrjbos m`stàdu`r iãsècbjatj trjs ectjdorâcs mj àstrubjatos< @astrubjatos s`bpkjs. B`mja jk vckor mj uac üaèc üaèc vcr`cikj jkàetrèc y kc bujstrca por m`spkcy. Ao t`jaja ecpce`mcm mj rjd`stro a` mj eobuaèce`õa @astrubjatos eoa rjd`stro. B`mja bãs mj uac vcr`cikj, oit`jaja otrcs vcr`cikjs por eãkeuko y rjd`strca mjtjrbàcmos vckorjs, yc sjc pjr`õmècbjatj o doijracmos por ua ‛tr`ddjr‒. Djajrckbjatj tomo jkko js prodrcbcikj por ua tjekcmo. Kos vckorjs ecpturcmos sj sujkja ducrmcr ja uac bjbor`c àtjrac sckvcducrmcmc por uac ictjrâc o ja ua m`seo o uac bjbor`c eoa àtjrfcsj ZUI o mj otrc âamokj. Ao m`spoaja mj eobuaèceòajs eoa jk jxtjròr ja t`jbpo rjck, pjro sujkja m`spoajr mj ckdüa ecack mj eobuaèce`õa pcrc vce`cmo mj kos mctossârjd`strcmos. @astrubjatos eoa rjd`stro y eobuaèceòajs. M`spoaja mj bjm`mc, eãkeukos y rjd`stro mj vcr`cikjs y cmjbãs cmjbãs m`spoaja mj ckdüa ckdüa s`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa, eobuaèce`õa, djajrckbjatj eoa ua ormjacmor. Jsto pjrb`tj jk proejscb`jato mj mctos ja t`jbpo rjck (mjatro mj uaos uaos kâb`tjs mj rcp`mjz) y su àeorporce`õa ja s`stjbcs s`stjbcs mj eoatrok. : Kc forbc eobüa ja tomos jkkos mj ecpturcr y proejscr kos mctos eoas`stj ja bujstrjcr kcs oamcs mj tjas`õa y/o mj eorr`jatj y oitjajr kos vckorjs àstcatãajos ja ecmc uao mj kos puatos mj bujstrjo. Kc durc :.= bujstrc jsqujbãtècbjatj jsqujbãtècbja tj eobo sj tobca kcs bujstrcs puatuckjs puatuckjs mj uac oamc sjao`mck. sjao`mck. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:7 Ja ecmc puato sj oit`jaj ua vckor aubàrèo. Wostjròrbjatj sj proejsca kos vckorjs aubàrèos mj uao c vcròs eèkos, oitja`àamosj kos vckorjs jecejs, kcs potjae`cs j àforbce`õa soirj soirj pjrturiceòajs mj tomo t`po. F`d. :.=.- Bujstrjo mj uac uac oamc Kos vckorjs `bportcatjs, quj mjfàja kc rjsokue`õa y kc prje`s`õa mj ua àstrubjato m`d`tck soa kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo fs y jk aübjro mj i`ts, I, mj ecmc cmqu`sè`õa puatuck. Ja kudcr mj kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo sj usc c vjejs su àvjrso, jk pjrâomo mj bujstrjo ]s o ja jk ecso mj bjm`mcs ja kc rjm, jk aübjro mj bujstrcs por eèko, quj mjs`dacrjbos por A. C tâtâtu tuko ko mj jl jljb jbpk pko, o, kc kcss tc tcik ikcs cs :. :.33 y :. :.99 bu bujs jstr trca ca kc kcss pr prà àe` e`pc pckj kjss vc vcr`r`ci cikj kjss bjm`mcs y kos por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm mj kc sjr`j EVB y kos mj eãkeukos kc fcb`k`ciãsèos CY.: yrjck`zcmos SAC mj E@YEZ]OY . ]cikc :.3.- Wràe`pckjs vcr`cikjs bjm`mcs y eckeukcmcs por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm : Vcr`cikj (s) Uâbiokos ]`jbpo mj probjmò Bjm`mc o Eãkeukos Vckorjs àstcatãajos mj tjas`õa u`3, u`9, u`5 @astcatãajo Vckorjs mj kcs tjasòajs s`bpkjs. (Bjm`mos por bujstrjo) Vckorjs àstcatãajos mj eorr`jatj ``3, ``9, ``5 @astcatãajo Vckorjs mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj kâajc. (Bjm`mos por bujstrjo) Vckorjs jecejs mj tjas`õa Z3 , Z 9 , Z 5 ]BW ZF 2 Vckorjs jecejs mj eorr`jatj @ 3, @ 9, @ 5 ]BW @F 2 Wotjae`c cet`vc mj ecmc fcsj W3 , W 9 , W 5 ]BW Wotjae`c rjcet`vc mj ecmc fcsj WF 2 ]BW AW 3 AW Υ u9 AW ` 2 3 `F Υ `9 AW ` 2 3 `F 3 AW Υ u `F ``F AW ` 23 3 AW ∓ u .` AW ` 23 `F ( `F A / = ) ` (`-A/= ) 2 bujstrc tobcmc » mj pjrâomo catjs S S3 , S 9 , S 5 2 3 F bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc WF Fcetor mj potjae`c mj ecmc fcsj FW3 FW 9 FW 5 ]BW FWF Frjeujae`c f ]BW Bjm`mc ja kc oamc mj tjas`õa mj uac fcsj 2 3:3 ZF @F Aotcs< Kos vckorjs aubàrèos 3, 9 y 5 sj rjjrja c ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs. Jk suiâamèj F sj rjjrj djaàrècbjatj c uac euckqu`jrc mj kcs fcsjs y jk suiâamèj ` sj jbpkjc pcrc mjs`dacr djaàrècbjatj kcs bujstrcs mj uac oamc. ]BW js jk pjrâomo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo (ao eoafuam`r eoa jk pjrâomo mj rjd`stro mj probjmòs). AW js jk aübjro totck mj bujstrcs ja ]BW. ]cikc :.9.- Vcr`cikjs bjm`mcs y eckeuk eckeukcmcs cmcs por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos Vcr`cikj (s) Uâbiokos ]`jbpo mj probjmò Bjm`mc o Eãkeukos ]jas`õa tr`fãsèc probjmò Zb ]BW Zb 2 Eorr`jatj tr`fãsèc probjmò @b ]BW Wotjae`c cet`vc tr`fãsèc Wt ]BW Wt 2 W3 + W 9 + W 5 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc tr`fãsèc St ]BW S t 2 S 3+ S 9+ S 5 Wotjae`c cpcrjatj tr`fãsèc Ut ]BW U t 2 U 3+ U 9+ U 5 Fcetor mj potjae`c tr`fãsèo FWt ]BW FWt 2 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc àmuet`vc mj ecmc fcsj SK3, SK9, SK5 ] BW @duck c S3, S9 y S5 , soko s` t`jaja s`dao pos`t`vo SE3, SE9, SE5 ] BW @duck c S3, S9 y S5 , soko s` t`jaja s`dao ajdct`vo Wotjae`c rjcet`vc ecpce`t`vc mj ecmc fcsj Jajrdâc cet`vc por fcsj : @b 2 Z3 + Z9 + Z5 5 @ 3+@ 9 +@ 5 5 Wt Ut ]C Tń3, Tń9, Tń5 ]C ń F 2 Υ WF ]B ]BW W 7 Jajrdâc rjcet`vc t`po K por fcsj hvcrń K3, hvcrń K9, hvcrń K5 Jajrdâc rjcet`vc t`po E por fcsj hvcrń E3, hvcrń E9, hvcrń E5 ]C vcr K´ Kń nF 2 ]C Υ vcr K F ]BW F ]BW 7 ]C vcr Eń Eń F 2 ]C Υ vcr E 7 Aotcs< ]BW js jk pjrâomo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo (ao eoafuam`r eoa jk pjrâomo mj rjd`stro mj probjmòs). ]C js jk t`jbpo mj ceubukce`õa mj jajrdâc, mjsmj kc pujstc c ejro mj eoatcmorjs bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:9 ¡@bportcatj! Oisàrvjsj quj kc bcyor pcrtj mj àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs ao pujmja prjsjatcr ja m`spkcy a` rjd`strcr tomos kos vckorjs quj b`mja. Jatoaejs, tomos jkkos prjsjatca probjmòs mj bjm`mc murcatj e`jrtos àtjrvckos. Js por jkko quj jk pcrãbjtro ]BW (t`jbpo bâa`bo mj probjm`cmo) t`jaj uac drca `bportcae`c pcrc pomjr eobpcrcr kos rjsuktcmos mj mjtjrbàcmcs bjm`mcs o àekuso pcrc pomjr àtjrprjtcr mènos rjsuktcmos, soirj tomo s` kc bcda`tum bjm`mc vcrâc murcatj jk àtjrvcko mj bjm`mc. Wcrc eobprjamjr kc `mjc vàcsj jk s`du`jatj jljbpko. Jljbpko< Uupoadcbos mos àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs< B3, eoa ua ]BW mj 3 sjduamo y B9 eoa ua ]BW mj : sjduamos. Uupoadcbos quj mjsjcbos eobpcrcr kos vckorjs jecejs mj uac tjas`õa bjm`mos por cbios àstrubjatos y quj mènc tjas`õa t`jaj vcr`ceòajs eoa àtjrvckos mj vcr`ce`õa àfjròrjs c ua sjduamo. Js jv`mjatj quj kos vckorjs bostrcmos por cbios àstrubjatos ao soa eobpcrcikjs, pujsto quj b`jatrcs B9 bostrcrã ua vckor, B3 ncirã bostrcmo eàeo. Womrâcbos pjascr quj jk probjmò mj bjm`mcs mj B3 c ko kcrdo mj : sjduamos mjij eoàe`m`r eoa kc kjeturc mj B9. Wujs i`ja, jsto ao sjrã csâ ja djajrck, pujsto quj jk vckor jecz ao pujmj probjm`crsj eoa uac bjm`c cr`tbàtèc. Jk vckor jecz js ua probjmò mj uac subc mj eucmrcmos y ao js ko b`sbo probjm`cr ecmc sjduamo quj ecmc : sjduamos. Ja jfjeto s` fs js jk aübjro mj bujstrcs por sjduamo (frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo), quj supoamrjbos `duck ja cbios àstrubjatos sj t`jaj Wrobjmò mj : sjduamos mj B3< Z bjm  3  2  :      s 3 9 u Υ f `23 `   s 3s f    3 fs  9 u + ... +  Υ  f s ` 2 3 `   :s      (:.3) Vckor mj B9 murcatj kos : sjduamos< Z bjm 2 3 : fs : fs ` 23 9 Υ u` (:.9) Uõko ja jk ecso mj quj kc tjas`õa bjm`mc sjc eoastcatj rjsuktcrãa `duckjs kos vckorjs bostrcmos por cbios àstrubjatos. Cüa bãs, s` kcs frjeujae`cs mj bujstrjo mj cbios àstrubjatos ao soa `duckjs pujmj ncijr mjsv`ceòajs ja kcs àmèceòajs mj cbios. Ja mja`t`vc, jk njeno mj tjajr quj probjm`cr pcrc pomjr eoamjascr kc ecat`mcm mj mctos ncej quj pjrmcbos mjtckkjs mj kc bjm`mc y quj sõko sjca eobpcrcikjs kos vckorjs oitja`mos s` kc bcda`tum bjm`mc sj bcat`jaj eoastcatj mjatro mjk àtjrvcko mj bjm`mc. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:5 :.5 ]rcasmuetorjs mj bjm`mc Ja jstj ecpâtuko, mjaobàcbos trcasmuetor ck ikoquj quj rjck`zc jk pcpjk mj àtjrfcz jatrj jk e`reu`to jkàetrèo c bjm`r y jk àstrubjato mj bjm`mc prop`cbjatj mèno. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo sj mjserìja kos trcasmuetorjs jbpkjcmos ja kc bjm`mc mj kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos pr`bcròs. Mjaobàcbos ‛pcrãbjtros pr`bcròs‒, cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja por bjm`mc, b`jatrcs quj ‛pcrãbjtros eckeukcmos‒ soa cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja por bjm`mc, b`jatrcs quj pcrãbjtros eckeukcmos soa cqujkkos quj sj oit`jaja c pcrt`r mj eãkeukos, jbpkjcamo prje`scbjatj eobo mctos kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcròs. Kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcròs ja uac rjm jkàetrèc soa iãsècbjatj kcs tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs àstcatãajcs ja ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs. C pcrt`r mj àstos y mjk pcrãbjtro t`jbpo, sj pujmja eckeukcr kos vckorjs jfècejs, vckorjs bjmòs, kcs potjae`cs cet`vc y rjcet`vc, kos eoasubos mj jajrdâc, kos crbõaèos, jte :.5.3 ]rcasmuetorjs mj ]jas`õa Zao mj kos pcrãbjtros pr`bcròs quj mjija bjm`rsj pcrc jk eoaoe`b`jato mj uac rjm jkàetrèc js jk eoaluato mj tjasòajs fcsj ajutro o jatrj fcsjs. Murcatj bueno t`jbpo sõko sj eoas`mjrcic `bportcatj bjm`r jk vckor jecz mj mèncs tjasòajs, sà `bportcr jk mjsfcsj, kc forbc mj oamc y otros pcrãbjtros quj àfkuyja mj forbc jsjae`ck ja jk fuaeòacb`jato mj kc rjm. Cetuckbjatj, sj eoas`mjrc `bportcatj kc bjm`mc mj vckorjs àstcatãajo àstcatãajos, s, vckorjs mj pèo, mjsfcsjs jatrj tjasòajs, jte. ]omos jkkos ja su eoaluato mjaja kc eck`mcm mjk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa tr`fãsèo, quj js jk quj aos jaeoatrcbos ja kc ck`bjatce`õa tcato mj àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs eobo mj àstckceòajs rjs`mjae`ckjs o àekuso mj kcs jbicrecmcs (iuqujs, cvòajs, jte.) Wcrc kc bcyorâc mj àstrubjatos jbpkjcmos ja kcs bjm`mcs mj iclc tjas`õa (I]) kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa js m`rjetc, c trcvàs mj ckdüa t`po mj m`v`sor mj tjas`õa o c trcvàs mj ckdüa ceopkcb`jato por trcasforbcmor. Eucamo sj trctc mj kc bjm`mc mj tjasòajs cktjracs, kc bjm`mc c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj tjas`õa js kc prjfjr`mc, yc quj proporeòac ua c`skcb`jato dckvãaèo jatrj kc jkjetrõaèc mj kos àstrubjatos y kc rjm. Kos àstrubjatos pcrc bjm`mc ja iclc tjas`õa sujkja tjajr tjasòajs mj jatrcmc aorbck`zcmcs sj mj pujmj 597 V fcsj-ajutro V jatrj Ao oistcatj, ja ecsos pcrtèukcrjs m`spoajr mjy :97 jseckcs bãsfcsjs. roiustcs pcrc bjm`mc mj tjasòajs fcsj ajutro ncstc :77 V y fcsj-fcsj ncstc uaos >:7 V jatrj fcsjs. Kc tcikc :.3 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs tjasòajs aorbck`zcmcs ja kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc mj rjmjs àmustr`ckjs. ]cikc :.5.- ]jasòajs aorbck`zcmcs ja kos àstrubjatos U`s `stj tjb bcs Boa Boaof ofããs` sèo eoss : U`st stjjbcs ]r` ]r`fãsèos Jstãamcr Yjforzcmos ]ja jas` s`õõa Bãx Bãx`b `bcc (f (fccsj sj-a -ajjutr troo) 577 voktòs E.C. ]ja jas` s`õa õa Bãx` x`b bc (fc (fcsj sj-f -fcs csjj) ]jas`õa Bã Bãx`bc (f(fcsj sj--ajutr troo) 577 voktòs E.C. :77 voktòs E.C. ]jas`õa Bã Bãx`bc (fc (fcssj-fcsj) :97 voktòs E.C. >:7 voktòs E.C. - bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:= Wcrc bjm`mcs ja bjm`c o cktc tjas`õa (B] o C]), sujkja jbpkjcrsj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc jxtjraos o m`v`sorjs ecpce`t`vos, quj rjiclca kc tjas`õa mjsmj kc B] o C] c 337 V. C pcrt`r mjk sjeuamcrò mj mènos trcasforbcmorjs, pujmja jbpkjcrsj kos àstrubjatos mj iclc tjas`õa jstãamcr pcrc rjck`zcr kcs bjm`mcs. Csâ pujs p ujs s` mjsjcbos kkjvcr c ecio uac bjm`mc bj m`mc ja uac ejkmc mj bjm`c bjm `c tjas`õa, tj as`õa, moamj kc tjas`õa aobàck js mj 9:.777 voktòs E.C., mjijrjbos ut`k`zcr ua trcasforbcmor jxtjrao mj 9:.777/337 V y ua cpcrcto eoa foamo mj jseckc mj 577 V , por jljbpko. Kc bcyorâc mj àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs pjrb`tja jatoaejs prodrcbcr ua fcetor mj jseckc (Yjkce`õa mj ]rcasforbce`õa), mj forbc quj kcs àmèceòajs quj bujstrca y quj rjd`strca yc t`jaja ja eujatc jstj fcetor mj rjmuee`õa mj 9:.777 V c 337 V y kos aübjros bostrcmos ja m`spkcy y rjd`strcmos soa kc àmèce`õa rjck ja kc jseckc mj 9:777 V Kcs ükt`bcs djajrceòajs mj cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs tr`fãsèos, cmjbãs mj kc eoajx`õa mj kcs fcsjs K3, K9, K5 y Ajutro, tcbi`àa m`spoaja mj uac jatrcmc mj ]`jrrc. Mj jstj bomo, y bjm`catj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa jatrj Ajutro y ]`jrrc jk usucrò pujmj eoaoejr ja t`jbpo rjck, jk a`vjk mj c`skcb`jato mjk quj m`spoaj ja su àstckce`õa. Ja kc bcyorâc mj àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs pcrc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros mj rjm, kc frjeujae`c mj bujstrjo js mj 39> bujstrcs por eèko. Jsto pjrb`tj ua caãk`s`s mj crbõaèos ncstc jk mj ormja :7 y proporeòac uac bjm`mc ja vjrmcmjro vckor jecz eoa uac prje`s`õa bjlor quj jk 7,3%. Jstj aübjro mj bujstrcs js cmjbãs `mõajo pcrc pomjr bostrcr ja t`jbpo rjck jk vckor jecz y kc forbc mj oamc mj kc tjas`õa (por ecack mj bjm`mc< K3, K9, K5 y A). :.5.9 ]rcasmuetorjs mj Eorr`jatj Otrc mj kcs bcda`tumjs pr`bcr`cs, sjdüa sj nc mèno js kc eorr`jatj. Wcrc bjm`rkc sj sujkja jbpkjcr vcròs t`pos mj trcasmuetorjs. Iãsècbjatj pomjbos m`stàdu`r< : • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjaeòackjs (cptos sõko pcrc E.C.) • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj jfjeto Nckk (cptos pcrc E.C. eobiàcmc eoa E.E.) • Unuats (cptos pcrc euckqu`jr t`po mj eorr`jatj). Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjaeòackjs t`jaja ua pr`bcrò, forbcmo djajrckbjatj por ua ua ecikj pcscatj, pcscatj, y ua sjeuamcrò eoa eoa vcr`cs jsp`rcs, sjdüa jk jsqujbc mj pràe`pò rjprjsjatcmo ja kc d.:.:. Jstj t`po mj trcasforbcmor js jk bãs frjeujatj pcrc kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj cktjrac ja rjmjs àmustr`ckjs y pjrb`tj sõko bjm`r kc eobpoajatj cktjrac. U` nui`jrc uac eobpoajatj eoatàuc ao kc b`mj. Ja ckduaos ecsos, jk trcasforbcmor jstã àeorporcmo ja jk jqu`po mj bjm`mc bjm`catj Eoajx`õa Fcst, y ja otros ecsos, sjrã ajejscr`c kc àstckce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj jxtjraos8 uao ja jk ecso mj kâajcs boaofãsècs, y trjs o euctro ja jk ecso mj kâajcs tr`fãsècs (euctro s` sj mjsjc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:: bjm`r kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro y jk cack`zcmor mj rjm m`spoaj mj uac jatrcmc pcrc jsj eobjt`mo) F`d. :.:.- Wràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato fuaeòacb`jato mj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj y mj ua snuat Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj eobpoajatj cktjrac y eoatàuc supjrpujstcs mjijbos ut`k`zcr trcasforbcmorjs kkcbcmos mj jfjeto Nckk, o ua snuat. Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj jfjeto Nckk jstãa icscmos ja ua trcasforbcmor eoavjaeòack y uac eàkukc mj sjbèoamuetor mjaobàcmc eàkukc Nckk, eobiàcmc eoa ua e`reu`to jkjetrõaèo. :.= ]rca ]rcasforbcmorjs sforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj eoavjaeòackjs Ujdüa su ecbpo mj jbpkjo, jx`stja mos t`pos mj trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj mj kos quj njbos kkcbcmo eoavjaeòackjs (ao jfjeto Nckk)< • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc • ]rcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa :.=.3 ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc t`jaja eobo b`s`õa pràe`pck mcr uac sjóck, ja djajrck mài`k y prje`sc, proporeòack c kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcrò y mj a`vjk cmb`sìkj pcrc ck jqu`po mj bjm`mc. Mcmo quj jk rcado mj kcs eorr`jatjs c bjm`r (eorr`jatjs mj pr`bcrò) pujmj sjr buy cbpkò, sjcmcptcrsj aorbck`zca ja djajrck aübjro k`b`tcmo vckorjs mj pr`bcrò, quj pjrb`tja c tomo t`po mjuaàstckceòajs. Kosmj vckorjs aobàckjs mj pr`bcrò bãs frjeujatjs soa< =7 C, :7 C, 4: C, 377 C, 39: C, 3:7 C, 977 C, 9:7 C, :77 : 77 C, 3777 377 7 C, jte. jte . : Kos sjeuamcròs jstãamcr pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc soa kos mj : C c foamo mj jseckc. Js mje`r eucamo por jk pr`bcrò e`reukc kc eorr`jatj aobàck, jk sjeuamcrò mc : C. Jx`stja, pcrc ckduacs cpkèceòajs jspje`ckjs trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc eoa sjeuamcrò aorbck`zcmo mj 3 C. Jstos t`jaja kc vjatclc mj rjqujr`r bjaos potjae`c mj sjeuamcrò c `duckmcm mj ecrdc mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc, pjro ja ecbiò soa bãs eostosos y rjqu`jrja bcyor aübjro mj jsp`rcs mj sjeuamcrò. Aõtjsj quj ja djajrck eucamo ncikcbos mj vckorjs aobàckjs aorbck`zcmos s`jbprj aos rjfjr`bos c vckorjs jecejs. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:6 Aõtjsj quj jk pràe`pck oiljt`vo mjk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc js oitjajr uac iujac prje`s`õa (ja cbpk`tum y ja ãaduko mj fcsj) y jv`tcr quj ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to (eorr`jatjs mj pr`bcrò buy cktcs) sj djajrja sjóckjs buy potjatjs ja jk sjeuamcrò, quj pomrâca mcócr jk àstrubjato mj bjm`mc. Wor jkko, kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc jstãa jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc quj fujrc mjk mjk rcado mj bjm`mc scturja y eobo eoasjeujae`c, eucamo kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcrò supjrc jk vckor aobàck sj p`jrmja rãp`mcbjatj kcs ecrcetjrâstècs mj prje`s`õa. Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkja mjs`dacr por kc ‛ekcsj mj prje`s`õa‒ y kc ‛potjae`c‒, jatjam`àamosj por ekcsj jk pcrãbjtro quj eucat`ec jk jrror mj bjm`mc mj cbpk`tum ja tcato por e`ja. Eobo sj jxpkècrã bãs cmjkcatj, jk jrror mj cbpk`tum ao js buencs vjejs jk bãs `bportcatj, sào quj ja kc bjm`mc mj potjae`cs, ko quj sujkj provoecr bãs jrror ja kc bjm`mc js jk mjsfcsj àtromue`mo por jk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. :.=.9 ]rcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, sj jbpkjca pcrc provoecr jk m`spcro mj ckdüa rjkà o m`spos`t`vo mj protjee`õa eucamo kc eorr`jatj supjrc ja vcr`cs vjejs kc eorr`jatj aobàck. Eoastruet`vcbjatj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa rjspoamja ck b`sbo pràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato quj kos mj bjm`mc, pjro, c m`fjrjae`c mj cqujkkos, mjija bcatjajr uac prje`s`õa cejptcikj mj cbpk`tum àekuso ja eoamèòajs mj fujrtj soirjecrdc, yc quj nci`tuckbjatj mjijrãa mcr õrmjajs mj m`spcro eoa eorr`jatjs quj pujmja ckecazcr jatrj : y 97 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aobàck mj pr`bcrò. Csâ pujs, ck eoatrcrò mj ko quj sj m`lo pcrc kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc, kos mj protjee`õa ao mjija scturcr ja kcs e`tcmcs eoamèòajs ( @pr`bcrò 2 97 @aobàck) :.=.5 Mjs`dace`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc y mj protjee`õa Mjs`dace`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkja mjs`dacr por kc ‛ekcsj mj prje`s`õa‒ o cirjv`cmcbjatj ‛ekcsj‒ y kc potjae`c o ‛ecrdc mj prje`s`õa‒. Kc ‛ekcsj‒ js ua pcrãbjtro quj eucat`ec jk jrror mj bjm`mc eucamo sj ecrdc jk trcasforbcmor eoa kc ‛ecrdc mj prje`s`õa. (vàcasj mjaèòajs ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj). : Mjs`dace`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa< Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa sj mjs`daca por uacs s`dkcs quj `mjat`eca kc prje`s`õa y jk rcado mj bjm`mc . Mèncs s`dkcs soa mjk t`po < jWb , moamj j àmèc jk % mj jrror jrror eobpujsto (cbpk`tum (cbpk`tum y fcsj , sjdüa tcikc tcikc :.:), W àmèc àmèc quj aos jstcbos rjr`jamo c ua trcasforbcmor mj protjee`õa y b js jk ‛fcetor kâb`tj mj protjee`õa‒ (àmèc jk bükt`pko mj kc eorr`jatj aobàck ck euck bcat`jaj jk jrror , vàcasj mjaèòajs ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj). Csâ por jljbpko ua :W37 àmècrâc ua trcasforbcmor mj protjee`õa quj mc ua :% mj jrror eobpujsto c 37 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aobàck mj pr`bcrò. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:4 :.=.= Mjaèòajs y ecrcetjrâstècs fuamcbjatckjs mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj Kcs ecrcetjrâstècs fuamcbjatckjs mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj quj njbos kkcbcmo eoavjaeòackjs v`jaja mja`mcs ja kcs aorbcs ZAJ-JA 677==-3 y ja kc rjeobjamce`õa ZAJUC =973 I, y soa kos s`du`jatjs< Eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c cs`dacmc @p< Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcrò pcrc jk euck sj mjaja kcs ecrcetjrâstècs aobàckjs mjk trcasforbcmor. Eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c cs`dacmc @ < Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcrò pcrc jk s euck sj mjaja kcs ecrcetjrâstècs aobàckjs mjk trcasforbcmor. Yjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa cs`dacmc, ha< Js kc rjkce`õa jatrj eorr`jatj mj pr`bcrò y eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcrò. Js cprox`bcmcbjatj `duck c kc rjkce`õa jatrj kcs jsp`rcs mj sjeuamcrò y pr`bcrò. ha 2 @p @s 2 As (:.5) Ap Womjbos m`stàdu`r mos t`pos mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< Kos mj pr`bcrò pcscatj, A p23, y kos mj pr`bcrò ioiàcmo A p13. Ko bãs nci`tuck js quj jk pr`bcrò sjc s`bpkjbjatj ua ecikj o pkjtàc pcscatj, pjro por bot`vos mj prje`s`õa y soirj tomo pcrc eorr`jatjs iclcs mj pr`bcrò sj ut`k`zca c vjejs pr`bcròs ioiàcmos. Ja eucato c kc eorr`jatj mj sjeuamcrò, sjdüa sj nc mèno, ko bãs nci`tuck js quj sjc mj : C c kc aobàck mj pr`bcrò. Csâ kc rjkce`õa mj trcasforbce`õa sj sujkj mcr mj kc forbc @a/:. Wor jljbpko 977/:, àmèc quj eucamo por jk pr`bcrò pcsca 977 C por jk sjeuamcrò pcsca : C. Ycado mj bjm`mc< Jatjamjbos por rcado mj bjm`mc jk eoaluato mj vckorjs mj eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c mjatro mj kos euckjs jk àstrubjato bcat`jaj su jrror (ekcsj mj prje`s`õa). Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sj sujkj eoatrokcr jk jrror jatrj ua :% y ua 397% mj kc eorr`jatj aobàck. Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc ‛ekcsj U‒ sj eoatrokc jatrj 3% y 397% mj kc eorr`jatj aobàck. Wcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, ja ecbiò sj sujkj eoatrokcr c : vjejs kc eorr`jatj aobàck o c 37 vjejs kc eorr`jatj aobàck. Jrror mj eorr`jatj o mj rjkce`õa (Ekcsj mj prje`s`õa) κ%< Jk jrror mj eorr`jatj o mj rjkce`õa àmèc jk jrror mj bjm`mc mj kc rjkce`õa pr`bcrò sjeuamcrò ja tcato por e`ja mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc o mj protjee`õa. C jstj jrror jxprjscmo ja % sj kj mjaobàc nci`tuckbjatj Ekcsj mj Wrje`s`õa. Ekcsj 2 % 2 : h a .@ p @p @s (:.=) . 377 Jrror mj fcsj< Mjsfcsj jatrj kc eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c y pr`bcr`c. Uj supoaj quj pcrc ua trcasforbcmor pjrfjeto mjijrâc sjr 7¼. Ja kc prãetèc sujkj cubjatcr eoa kc eorr`jatj. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:> Kcs tcikcs :.= y :.: àmèca kos kâb`tjs mj jrror mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc o mj protjee`õa, rjspjet`vcbjatj, sjdüa kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa Jrror eobpujsto< Uj eoaoej eobo jrror eobpujsto jk vckor jfècz mj kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj kcs eorr`jatjs àstcatãajcs mj sjeuamcrò trcmue`mc c pr`bcrò y kc eorr`jatj mj pr`bcrò. Jk vckor v`jaj mcmo por (:.:) ] E 2 377 3 (h ]∨ @p ` a s (:.:) ∙ ` p ) 9 mt 7 Ecrdc mj prje`s`õa (VC)< Vckor mj kc ecrdc mj sjeuamcrò c kc euck sj mjaja kos jrrorjs mj rjkce`õa y mj fcsj (js mje`r kc ekcsj). Ja djajrck kc prje`s`õa mjij bcatjajrsj pcrc ecrdcs jatrj jk :% y jk 377% mj kc aobàck. Wcrc ecrdcs fujrc mj jstj rcado sj sujkj pjrmjr prje`s`õa. ]cikc :.=.- Jrrorjs ja trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sjdüa JA-677==-3 Mjsfcsj Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) % @a B ` au t os E jat ` r r c m` c ajs : 97 3 77 3 97 : 97 37 7 39 7 7 ,3 7, = 7, 9 7, 3 7 ,3 3: > : : 7, =: 7, 9= 7, 3 : 7, 3: 7 ,9 7 , 4: 7, 5: 7, 9 7 ,9 57 3: 37 37 7, 0 7, =: 7, 5 7, 5 7 ,: 3, : 7, 4: 7, : 7, : 07 =: 57 57 9, 4 3, 5: 7, 0 7, 0 3 5 3, : 3 3 3 >7 07 67 67 :, = 9, 4 3, > 3, > Ekcsj : 377 3 97 B ` au t os 97 377 397 Ej a t ` r r c m ` c a j s 3 : 97 377 39 3 97 7, 9 U 7,4: 7, 7 , 5 : 7, 9 7, 9 7, 9 5 7 3: 37 37 37 7, 0 7, = : 7 , 5 7, 5 7, 5 7, :U 3, : 7, 4 : 7 , : 7, : 7, : 0 7 =: 57 57 57 9, 4 3, 5: 7 , 0 7 , 0 7, 0 Ekcsj 3 97 Mjsfcsj Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) % @a : 3 : 97 377 39 3 97 AO]C< AO] C< Jstc tcikc t cikc js cpkècikj üaècbjatj c kos trcasforbcmorjs euyc eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c cs`dacmc js : C Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) Ekcsj % @a 5 :7 39 7 5 5 : : Wcrc kcs ekcsjs 5 y : ao sj jspje`eca kâb`tjs mj mjsfcsj : : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3:0 ]cikc :.:.- Jrrorjs ja trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, sjdüa JA-677==-3 Mjsfcsj Ekcsj mj prje`s`õa Jrror mj rjkce`õa (%, ³) Jrror eobpujsto @kâb`tj (%, ³) Ej a t ` r r c m ` c a j s B ` aut os :W 3 67 3, > : 37 W 5 - - 37 Fcetor mj sjdur`mcm, Fs< Js kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc bjmìkj ja jk pr`bcrò, @ps, y kc eorr`jatj aobàck aobàck mj pr`bcrò, @pa. Jk fcetor mj sjdur`mcm sj sujkj k`b`tcr c vckorjs àfjròrjs c : ja jk ecso mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc, eoa jk a mj ao mcócr kos àstrubjatos ck`bjatcmos por jk trcasforbcmor. Ja ecbiò pujmj tobcr vckorjs supjròrjs c 97 pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj protjee`õa, yc quj àtjrjsc quj ja ecso mj fujrtjs soirjecrdcs jk trcasforbcmor s`dc mcamo uac bjm`mc rjkct`vcbjatj prje`sc. Fs 2 @ ps (:.5) @ paob paob Eorr`jatj tàrbèc y màãbèc< Jstos pcrãbjtros mjaja jk eobportcb`jato mjk trcasforbcmor ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to. Kc eorr`jatj tàrbèc, @tn, àmèc kc bãx`bc eorr`jatj y jk t`jbpo cmb`sìkjs pcrc jv`tcr mcócr ck trcasforbcmor por eckjatcb`jato y kc eorr`jatj màãbèc, @mya, js kc bãx`bc cmb`sìkj pcrc jv`tcr mcócr ck trcasforbcmor por kos jsfujrzos jkjetrobjeãaèos promue`mos por kc eorr`jatj. C`skcb`jato< Uj mjaj por kc tjas`õa cmb`sìkj cmb`sìkj jatrj kos e`reu`tos pr`bcrò y sjeuamcrò. Ja djajrck pcrc trcasforbcmorjs mj iclc ( Z;497 V), sj jascyc c 5hV, murcatj ua bàuto, jatrj pr`bcrò y sjeuamcrò. Ekcsj tàrbèc mjk c`skcb`jato< @amèc kc tjbpjrcturc bãx`bc quj pujmj ckecazcr jk puato bãs eck`jatj mjk trcasforbcmor. Kc tjbpjrcturc àtjròr bãx`bc sj oit`jaj subcamo jk àerjbjato mj tjbpjrcturc mjk ioiàcmo, ] i, c kc tjbpjrcturc cbi`jatj, ]c. Àstc mjij sjr àfjròr c kc tjbpjrcturc mj ekcsj tàrbèc, quj mjpjamj mjk t`po mj bctjr`ckjs jbpkjcmos. Kc tcikc tcikc :.6 àmèc kcs ecrcetjrâstècs mj ecmc uac mj kcs ekcsjs mj c`skcb`jato. ]cikc :.6.- ]jbpjrcturcs ]jbpjrcturcs cmb`sìkjs sjdüa ekcsj tàrbèc mjk c`skcb`jato : Ekcsj ] cbi`jatj (bãx). Ν] bjmò (soirj ] cbi`jatj) ] bjm`c (mj sjrvèò) ] bãx`bc (puato bãs eck`jatj) P = 7 ·E = : ·E > : ·E 0 7 ·E C =7 ·E 67 ·E 377 ·E 37: ·E ·E J = 7 ·E 4 : ·E 33: ·E 3 97 · E I = 7 ·E > : ·E 397 · E 3 57 · E F = 7 ·E 337 ·E 3=7 · E 3 :: · E N = 7 ·E 35: · E 36: · E 3 >7 · E bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 367 Dcbc jxtjam`mc< @amèc jk % por jae`bc mj kc eorr`jatj aobàck c kc euck pujmj trciclcr jk trcasforbcmor, bcatja`jamo kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa y rjspjtcamo kc ekcsj tàrbèc. Kos vckorjs tâpèos soa mj 397,3:7 y 977%. Zac vjz eoaoe`mo jk fuaeòacb`jato mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc, jxpoamrjbos kos usos bãs frjeujatjs ja jk ecbpo mj kc bjm`mc jkàetrèc. Mcmo quj su kcior pràe`pck js kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj, yc sjc pcrc cpkèceòajs mj bjm`mc o i`ja mj protjee`õa, jk aübjro mj jqu`pos c kos quj pujmja sjr eoajetcmos, mjpjamj mj kc cpkèce`õa u oiljt`vo quj sj mjsjj ckecazcr ja ecmc ecso. :.: ]r ]rcasforbcmorjs casforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk U` sj ncej e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj, @, jkàetrèc por ua er`stck mj sjbèoamuetor y àstj sj sobjtj c ua ecbpo bcdaàtèo, I, pjrpjamèukcr pjrpjamèukcr c kc eorr`jatj, sj djajrc uac tjas`õa ja kc m`rjee`õa pjrpjamèukcr ck pkcao ( @, I ) , proporeòack ck ecbpo bcdaàtèo. Jstj fjaõbjao sj eoaoej eobo jfjeto Nckk y sj jbpkjc eobo pràe`pò pcrc kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj, yc sjc eoatàuc, cktjrac o supjrposè`õa mj cbics. @ VN2V I F`d. :.6.- Wràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato fuaeòacb`jato mj kc eàkukc Nckk : Kc F`d. :.6 `kustrc jk pràe`pò iãsèo mj kc eàkukc Nckk. Ja jkkc sj bujstrc uac nolc mjkdcmc mj bctjr`ck sjbèoamuetor (jkjbjato Nckk) c trcvàs mj kc euck e`reukc uac eorr`jatj. Kcs eoajxòajs mj sck`mc sj uièca pjrpjamèukcrbjatj c kc m`rjee`õa mj mènc eorr`jatj. Eucamo ao jx`stj ua ecbpo bcdaàtèo, I, kc m`strìue`õa mj kc eorr`jatj sj bcat`jaj ua`forbj y kc m`fjrjae`c mj potjae`ck ja kcs eoajxòajs mj sck`mc js ejro. Eucamo cpcrjej ua ecbpo bcdaàtèo pjrpjamèukcr c kc eorr`jatj, eobo bujstrc kc F`d. :.6, kc fujrzc mj Korjatz cetüc soirj mènc eorr`jatj, kc mjsvâc y erjc uac m`fjrjae`c mj potjae`ck ja kcs eoajxòajs mj sck`mc. Jstc tjas`õa djajrcmc sj eoaoej eoaoej eobo tjas`õa Nckk (VN). Ja djajrck kc tjas`õa Nckk js uac tjas`õa buy pjqujóc (λV) y rjqu`jrj ua ceoamèòacb`jato mj sjóck pcrc kkjvcrko c a`vjkjs üt`kjs. Kc tjas`õa Nckk js proporeòack c kc àtjas`mcm mjk ecbpo bcdaàtèo. Wor jkko, pcrc bjm`r uac mjtjrbàcmc eorr`jatj, @p, àstc sj ncej pcscr por jk àtjròr mj ua bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 363 aüekjo eoa ua jatrjn`jrro, ja euyo àtjròr sj eokoec kc eàkukc Nckk. Uj Uj eokoec jatoaejs ua ua sjeuamcrò sjeuamcrò eoa uac rjs`stjae`c ja sjr`j y sj djajrc uac eorr`jatj sjeuamcr`c quj caukj jk ecbpo bcdaàtèo pr`bcrò, sjdüa (:-4). Jk eoaluato, eoast`tuyj ua trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor mj jfjeto Nckk Nckk euyc sjóck mj sck`mc, ,sj rjeodj ja iorajs mj kc rjs`stjae`c. Kc F`d. :.4 `kustrc jstj pràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato. Aõtjsj quj jk trcasforbcmor Nckk ncy quj ck`bjatcrko, djajrckbjatj eoa ua pcr mj tjasòajs s`bàtrècs mj 7, ³3: V. As @s 2 @p (:.4) +3: V @e Vnckk C As @p -3: V @s Vb Ov Yb F`d. :.4.- Ujasor mj eorr`jatj mj jfjeto Nckk -3: V @p Yb 7V Fujatj Jxtjrac Vb +3: V F`d. :.>.- Eoajx`õa mjk mjk trcasforbcmor mj jfjeto Nckk :.6 ]rcasforbcmor t`po Yodowsh` Jk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj t`po Yodowsh` t`jaj uac jstrueturc toro`mck pjro eoa ua mjvcacmo ioiàcmo soirj ua aüekjo ao bcdaàtèo. C jstc ioiàc csâ forbcmc sj kj mjaobàc ioiàc mj Yodowsh` y su jstrueturc jstrueturc pujmj sjr râd`mc râd`mc o jxìkj. : Kc eorr`jatj c bjm`r, quj e`reukc por jk eoamuetor quj ctrcv`jsc kc ioiàc Yodowsh`, djajrc ja kos jxtrjbos mj àstc uac tjas`õa proporeòack c kc mjr`vcmc mj kc eorr`jatj pr`bcr`c y c kc àmuetcae`c butuc jatrj kc ioiàc y jk eoamuetor. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 369 Wcrc oitjajr kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj js ajejscrò motcr ck àstrubjato mj bjm`mc mj ua e`reu`to àtjdrcmor àtjdrcmor.. Kc vjatclcs mj kcs soamcs o pàzcs Yodowsh` soa iãsècbjatj mos< c) Ao ncy ncy posì`k`mcm mj scturce`õa scturce`õa mjk e`reu`to bcdaàtèo bcdaàtèo i) Wjrb`tj ioiàcr soirj aüekjos jxìkjs, ko quj ncej quj sjca cmcptcikjs c bjm`r ja kudcrjs mj m`fâe`k ceejso. F`d. :.0.- Wràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato fuaeòacb`jato mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj eorr`jatj t`po Yodowsh` F`d. :.37.- Uoamc Uoamc jxìkj t`po Yodowsh` Yodowsh` :.4 @astrubjatce`õ @astrubjatce`õa a mj proejso : Ja kcs àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs, cmjbãs mjk àtjràs por eoaoejr kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos y jajrdàtèos mj kc àstckce`õa, sj rjqu`jrj jk eoatrok mj otros pcrãbjtros mjk proejso promuet`vo (ecumckjs, prjsòajs, tjbpjrcturcs, vjkoe`mcm mj botorjs, jte.). Ja djajrck kos sjasorjs quj b`mja tomos jstos pcrãbjtros sj mjija àtjdrcr c ua eoatrokcmor y c ua s`stjbc UECMC c trcvàs mj ua trcasmuetor cmjeucmo ]cato s` kc bcda`tum c bjm`r js jkàetrèc eobo s` sj trctc mj euckqu`jr otrc bcda`tum fâsèc, kos eoatrokcmorjs y kos s`stjbcs UECMC sujkja cmb`t`r sõko bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 365 jatrcmcs cackõdècs o m`d`tckjs mj t`po jkàetrèo y por tcato jx`stj kc ajejs`mcm mj eoavjrt`r sjóckjs jkàetrècs mj mjtjrbàcmos sjasorjs c vckorjs jstãamcr cejptcmos eobo jatrcmcs mj kos s`stjbcs mj eoatrok (Cutõbctcs, s`stjbcs bèroproejscmor mjmècmos o s`bpkjbjatj tcrljtcs mj cmqu`sè`õa mj mctos pcrc WE) Wcrc kc cmcptce`õa mj kos sjasorjs c kos eoatrokcmorjs sj sujkja jbpkjcr sjóckjs jstãamcr proporeòackjs c kcs bcda`tumjs fâsècs c bjm`r. Kcs sjóckjs jstãamcr bãs nci`tuckjs soa< tjasòajs mj 7 c 37 V õ ³37 V proporeòackjs c kc bcda`tum (37 V sj ncrâc eorrjspoamjr ck foamo mj jseckc mj kc bcda`tum c bjm`r) o eorr`jatjs mj 7 c 97 bC õ mj = c 97 bC. Ja oecsòajs jspje`ckjs tcbi`àa pujmja jbpkjcrsj otrcs jseckcs. Aorbckbjatj jk fcirècatj mjk ecptcmor mj bjm`mc mjaj ja kcs ecrcetjrâstècs mjk jqu`po, jk t`po mj sjóck proporeòack quj nc ut`k`zcmo, eoa jk a quj mènc soamc o ecptcmor, pujmc sjr kkjvcmo c ua àmècmor mj proejso, c ua cutõbctc o c otro t`po mj eoatrokcmor. Ja kos ükt`bos t`jbpos nca cpcrje`mo, cmjbãs, uac bukt`tum mj iusjs mj ecbpo y js buy eobüa jaeoatrcr trcasmuetorjs mj m`fjrjatjs bcda`tumjs fâsècs quj àeorporca ua eoavjrsor C/M y ua ecack mj eobuaèce`õa (YU =>:, YU =99 u otro) mj bcajrc quj c trcvàs mj ua protoeoko mj eobuaèce`õa kc kjeturc sj trcasb`tj ck eoatrokcmor m`rjetcbjatj ja forbcto m`d`tck. Csâ pujs ja jstos ecsos, jk trcasmuetor jstã forbcmo por jk sjasor prop`cbjatj mèno, ua cmcptcmor mj sjóck y djajrckbjatj ua bèroeoatrokcmor mj iclo eostj quj àekuyj kcs jtcpcs mj eoavjrs`õa C/M, ckdüa t`po mj proejscmo y jseckcmo mj kc sjóck y ua ecack mj eobuaèce`õa quj jakczc m`rjetcbjatj eoa jk eoatrokcmor ejatrck o eoa jk s`stjbc UECMC quj prjsjatc kos pcrãbjtros ja kc pcatckkc mj ua ormjacmor ejatrck o mj ua tjrbàck drãeo c p`j mj proejso. :.4.3 Eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc Ja oecsòajs jk pcrãbjtro c àtromue`r ja ua cutõbctc o ua eoatrokcmor m`d`tck js uac vcr`cikj jkàetrèc, y mji`mo c su bcda`tum ao js posìkj àtromue`rkc mj bcajrc m`rjetc. Za ecso pcrje`mo suejmj s` mènc vcr`cikj qu`jrj kkjvcrsj c ua àmècmor o v`suck`zcmor m`d`tck o cackõdèo euyc jatrcmc ao pjrb`tj ua vckor jkjvcmo mj tjas`õa o eorr`jatj. : Wcrc jstcs cpkèceòajs jk bjrecmo ofrjej uac jxtjasc dcbc mj cmcptcmorjs, eoaoe`mos eobo ‛eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc‒, euyc fuae`õa js kc mj eoavjrt`r uac sjóck mj potjae`c ja uac sjóck mj mài`k potjae`c, quj pujmc sjr àtromue`mc ja ua àmècmor cackõdèo o m`d`tck. Eobo eobjatãicbos catjròrbjatj jstos m`spos`t`vos eoav`jrtja ua pcrãbjtro mj jatrcmc ja uac sjóck proporeòack mj sck`mc, djajrckbjatj c`skcmc dckvãaècbjatj y eoa vckorjs mj tjas`õa y/o eorr`jatj ja jk rcado mj ³37 V õ ³97 bC. Eobo jljbpko pomjbos bjaeòacr kos eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc quj eoav`jrtja uac tjas`õa mj 7…577 V e.c. c 7…97 bC, mj bcajrc quj jx`stc uac proporeòack`mcm jatrj kos bC mj sck`mc y kos V mj jatrcmc (pcrc jk ecso bjaeòacmo por jljbpko c 3:7 V e.c eorrjspoamjrâc uac eorr`jatj mj sck`mc mj 37 bC). bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 36= Jx`stja eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc euyc bcda`tum mj jatrcmc js< tjas`õa, eorr`jatj, potjae`c cet`vc, potjae`c rjcet`vc, fcetor mj potjae`c, jte. y kc sck`mc js uac sjóck ja jk rcado mj ³37 V õ ³97 bC proporeòack ck vckor bjmò o vckor jecz mj kc jatrcmc. F`d. :.3 :.33.3.- @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoavjrt`morjs eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc :.4.9 Ecrcetjrâstècs mj àstrubjatos y eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc Ja jstj cpcrtcmo mcbos kcs mjaèòajs mj kcs pràe`pckjs ecrcetjrâstècs quj sj sujkja jaeoatrcr ja kos ectãkodos pcrc mja`r kcs prjstceòajs, tcato mj kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc eobo mj kos eoavjrt`morjs mj proejso. Ycado mj bjm`mc< Jatjamjbos por rcado mj bjm`mc, tomo jk eoaluato mj vckorjs mj kcs bcda`tumjs c bjm`r, jatrj ua bãx`bo y ua bâa`bo, mjatro mj kos euckjs jk àstrubjato bcat`jaj su prje`s`õa. Jk rcado sj nc mj jspje`ecr luato eoa kcs eoamèòajs eoamèòajs cbi`jatckjs jxtrjbcs (tjbpjrcturc, nubjmcm, nubjmcm, jte.) ja kcs quj js vãk`mc kc prje`s`õa. Yjsokue`õa< Js kc bâa`bc m`fjrjae`c jatrj mos vckorjs quj jk àstrubjato js ecpcz mj cprje`cr j àmècr eoa uacs mjtjrbàcmcs eoamèòajs cbi`jatckjs, mjatro mj tomo jk ecbpo mj bjm`mc. Ja jk ecso mj àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs kc rjsokue`õa vc k`dcmc ck aübjro mj i`ts mjk eoavjrt`mor C/M, c kc ioamcm mjk cmcptcmor mj sjóck prjvò y ck aübjro mj mâd`tos mjk m`spkcy. Kc jeuce`õa (:.>) pjrb`tj eckeukcr kc rjsokue`õa mj ua àstrubjato mj a i`ts quj mjic bjm`r ja ua rcado (Zbãx.- Zbâa.) (:.>) Jljbpko< Euãk js kc rjsokue`õa bãx`bc mj ua àstrubjato eoa ua rcado mj bjm`mc mj :77 V y ua eoavjrt`mor C/M mj 37 i`ts. : Uokue`õa< Eoa ua eoavjrt`mor mj a i`ts sj pujmja oitjajr 9 a vckorjs o ‛puatos‒ m`stàtos. Wcrc 37 i`ts, 9372379= puatos. Js mje`r, sj pujmja bjm`r 379= vckorjs m`stàtos mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc. Wujsto quj jk rcado js mj :77 V, Yjsokue`õa 2 :77 V / 379= puatos 2 =>> bV / puato bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 36: Oisàrvjsj quj s` jk b`sbo àstrubjato fujsj pcrc uac bjm`mc ja eorr`jatj eoatàuc eoa s`dao ³:77 V, mjijrâcbos rjpcrt`r kos 379= puatos pcrc jk s`dao pos`t`vo y ajdct`vo, js mje`r :39 puatos, y kc rjsokue`õa sjr`c mj 046 bV/puato. Yjsokue`õa ja m`spkcy< Ja àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs jk m`spkcy pujmj àmue`r c jrror ja eucato c kc rjsokue`õa mjk àstrubjato. Js nci`tuck jaeoatrcr àstrubjatos eoa àmècmor mj : mâd`tos, js mje`r, quj pujmja bcrecr ncstc jk vckor foamo mj jseckc 00 000, icscmos ja ua eoavjrsor mj 37 i`ts (379= puatos). Cuaquj jk m`spkcy pujmj mcr kc sjasce`õa mj quj kc rjsokue`õa js mj 3/377 777, ko e`jrto js quj qu`ja bcrec kc bãx`bc rjsokue`õa js jk eoavjrt`mor C/M eoa kos 379= puatos, js mje`r 3/379= mjk foamo mj jseckc. Wrje`s`õa< Js kc prop`jmcm quj àmèc jk bãx`bo jrror mj ua àstrubjato eoa rjspjeto c ua àstrubjato pctrõa mji`mcbjatj eckìrcmo y ja uacs mjtjrbàcmcs eoamèòajs cbi`jatckjs. Kc prje`s`õa sj àmèc bjm`catj jk ‛âamèj mj ekcsj‒ o s`bpkjbjatj ‛ekcsj‒. Âamèj mj Ekcsj< Js jk aübjro eoa jk euck sj mjs`dac kc prje`s`õa. Jk vckor mjk âamèj mj ekcsj jqu`vckj ck jrror, ja tcato por e`jato, mjk àstrubjato ja euckqu`jr puato mjatro mjk rcado mj bjm`mc, js mje`r, jrror rjfjr`mo c kc bjm`mc, ao ck foamo mj jseckc. ]cikc :.4.- Jrrorjs sjdüa âamèj mj ekcsj e kcsj Âamèj mj Ekcsj 7 ,3 7, 9 7 ,: 3 9 Kâb`tjs mj jrror ³ 7, 3 % ³7,9% ³ 7, :% ³ 3% ³9% Jrror y forbcs mj àmècrko< Jk jrror sj sujkj jxprjscr ja %, pjro ncy quj tjajr eu`mcmo ck jstcikjejr eobpcrceòajs, pujs pujs jstj porejatclj pujmj jstcr jspje`ecmo rjspjeto ck foamo mj jseckc (FJ) o rjspjeto mj kc kjeturc (Kjet.) o mj forbc eobiàcmc. Kcs àmèceòajs rjspjeto ck foamo mj jseckc sujkja sjr jadcóoscs s` sj b`mja vckorjs iclos pujsto quj ja kc pcrtj iclc mj kc jseckc sj p`jrmj prje`s`õa porejatuck. Wor jkko sj rjeob`jamc s`jbprj bjm`r ja jk ükt`bo tjreò mj kc jseckc pcrc oitjajr kcs bjlorjs prjstceòajs mj ua àstrubjato. Jljbpko< Uupoadcbos mos àstrubjatos eoa kcs s`du`jatjs forbcs mj àmècr jk jrror< @astrubjato B3< Jrror 2 7,9% FJ @astrubjato B9< Jrror 2 7,30% Kjet. + 7,73% 7,73% FJ : Kcs mos fõrbukcs cpkècmcs pcrc jk 377% mjk vckor mj kc bjm`mc mca jxcetcbjatj jk b`sbo jrror rjkct`vo c kc bjm`mc (7,9%), pjro ja kc pcrtj iclc mjk rcado kc m`fjrjae`c mj jrrorjs rjfjr`mc ck vckor bjm`mo sj ncej buy aotcikj, eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.39. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 366 F`d. :.39.- Eobpcrce`õa mj jrrorjs rjfjr`mos rjfjr`mos c foamo mj jseckc o eobiàcamo foamo jseckc y kjeturc Ecpce`mcm mj soirjecrdc mjk e`reu`to mj bjm`mc< Jstc prop`jmcm àmèc kc ecpce`mcm mjk àstrubjato o eoavjrt`mor pcrc pomjr soportcr, ja kc jatrcmc mj bjm`mc, vckorjs supjròrjs c kos aobàckjs sà quj sufrc jfjetos `rrjvjrsìkjs. Fujrc mjk rcado mj bjm`mc kc bjm`mc pujmj sjr àeorrjetc. Eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc< Jatjamjbos por eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc, jk jrror cócm`mo quj sj promuej ja jk àstrubjato o eoavjrt`mor ck trciclcr fujrc mj kc tjbpjrcturc mj rjfjrjae`c c kc quj fuj eckìrcmo. Aorbckbjatj jstj eoje`jatj sj jxprjsc ja ppb /¼E (pcrtjs por b`kkõa por drcmo ejatâdrcmo). Jljbpko< @bcdàjbos ua àstrubjato eoa jatrcmc : C, ekcsj 7,9, y eoa ua eoje`jatj mj tjbpjrcturc mj 677 ppb/¼E. Uupoajbos eobo tjbpjrcturc mj eckìrce`õa 95 ¼E 8 ja jk ecso mj quj jk jqu`po jstà trciclcamo c uac tjbpjrcturc mj 5: ¼E, jk jrror cócm`mo js mj< 677 ppb ·E .( 5: ∙ 95 )·E 2 4977 ppb 2 7 ,49% Y`zcmo< Ja kos eoavjrt`morjs quj fce`k`tca uac sjóck cackõdèc mj sck`mc, jx`stj uac fujatj mj jrror mji`mc ck r`zcmo mj kc fujatj mj ck`bjatce`õa quj sj trcasb`tj c kc sck`mc. Jatjamjbos por r`zcmo jk vckor mj kc eobpoajatj cktjrac supjrpujstc c kc sjóck mj ua eoavjrt`mor. : Jljbpko< @bcdàjbos ua eoavjrt`mor mj 7 - : C, sck`mc mj 7 - 37 V, ekcsj 7,9 eoa ua r`zcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa mj :77 bV. U` i`ja jk tàrbào bjmò mj sck`mc pujmj jstcr mjatro mj tokjrcae`c c jfjetos mj ekcsj, s` kc sjóck sj bujstrc por ua s`stjbc m`d`tck (jatrcmc mj ua WKE, por jljbpko) jx`stj uac àejrt`mubirj mj jrror mjk :%. Wcrc sokueòacr jstj proikjbc ckduaos eoavjrt`morjs àeorporca ecpce`mcmjs mj ktrcmo jkjvcmcs c kc sck`mc, pjro eoa jkko jbpjorc buenâs`bo jk t`jbpo mj rjspujstc mjk eoavjrt`mor. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 364 ]`jbpo mj rjspujstc< Jatjamjbos por t`jbpo mj rjspujstc, jk quj mjij trcaseurr`r mjsmj quj sj cpkèc ua jseckõa mj jatrcmc, mjsmj ejro c foamo mj jseckc, ncstc quj jk àmècmor o eoavjrt`mor mc kc sck`mc eorrjetc mjatro mj kos bãrdjajs mj jrror y pjrbcajej jstcikj. ]jas`õa o rjs`stjae`c mj C`skcb`jato< Zac mj kcs fuaeòajs iãsècs mj kos eoavjrt`morjs mj proejso js c`skcr kc sjóck mj sck`mc rjspjeto c kc(s) mj jatrcmc y rjspjeto mj kc ck`bjatce`õa cux`k`cr. Kc tjas`õa mj c`skcb`jato àmèc kc tjas`õa quj pujmj cpkècrsj jatrj e`reu`tos sjpcrcmos sà quj sj promuzeca creos a` fudcs s`da`ect`vcs. Uj eoas`mjrca e`reu`tos sjpcrcmos kos mj jatrcmc, sck`mc, ck`bjatce`õa y t`jrrc mj protjee`õa. Ekcsj mj sjdur`mcm< @amèc kc ectjdorâc mj ua àstrubjato o ua eoavjrt`mor mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj m`stcae`cs mj c`skcb`jato, tjasòajs mj prujic jatrj e`reu`tos y sjdur`mcm mj bca`pukce`õa. bca`pukce`õa. Kos vckorjs mj mj m`stcae`cs y tjasòajs tjasòajs mj prujic sjdüa kc ekcsj y kos jascyos c rjck`zcr pcrc su eobproice`õa sj jspje`eca ja kc aorbc JA 63737. Wotjae`c mj sck`mc< Jstj eoaejpto sj sujkj cpkècr c eoavjrt`morjs mj bjm`mc. @amèc jk vckor aobàck mj kc potjae`c (VC) eoa quj pujmj ecrdcrsj kc sck`mc, bcatja`jamo kos kâb`tjs mj jrror. :.> Ectjdor`cs mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`ece`õa mj sjdur`mcm Zac mj kcs ecrcetjrâstècs bãs `bportcatjs mj ua àstrubjato mj bjm`mc o mj ua eoavjrt`mor mj proejso js su sjdur`mcm pcrc jk usucrò y su ecpce`mcm mj soportcr soirjtjasòajs trcas`tor`cs. Yjspjeto ck r`jsdo mj soirjtjasòajs mj kcs àstckceòajs, kc aorbc JA-@JE63737-3 jstcikjej m`stàtcs ectjdorâcs o zoacs mj uac àstckce`õa sjdüa jk a`vjk mj soirjtjas`õa quj ecij jspjrcr ja jkkcs. Kcs ectjdorâcs eoatjbpkcmcs ja kc aorbc sj rjsubja ja kc tcikc :.> y ja kc F`d. :.35 y kcs tjasòajs mj jascyo mjk cpcrjkkclj sjdüa JA-@JE-6766=-3 , sj mjtckkca ja kc tcikc :.0. ]cikc : >.- Ectjdorâcs mj àstckceòajs ctjam`jamo c kcs soirjtjasòajs prjv`sìkjs (JA-@JE-63737-3) EC]JDOYÂC \OAC MJ KC @AU]CKCE@ÕA @V Jxtjròr< Kâajcs càrjcs @atjròr< ]obcs prõx`bcs c kc sck`mc mjk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa (cktc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to) Ceobjt`mc mj àstckceò às tckceòajs. ajs. @atjr` @atjròr or mj jm`e` jm`eòo Wuatos mj ck`bjatce`õa àtjròr mj jm`eòs, rjkct`vcbjatj ckjlcmos mj kc ceobjt`mc Ck`bjatceòajs Ck`bjatce òajs sjpcrcmcs por trcasfor t rcasforbcmor, bcmor, eoa c`skcb`jato dckvãaèo y tobc mj t`jrrc koeck @@@ @@ : @ Y @ JU DO MJ UOIYJ]JAU@OAJU Buy ckto Ckto Bomjrcmo Iclo bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 36> F`d. :.35.- \oacs mj mj àstckce`õa y ectjdorâcs ectjdorâcs mj r`jsdo mj soirjtjas`õa (JA-@JE-63737-3) ]cikc : 0.- ]jasòajs mj jascyo mjk cpcrjkkclj sjdüa ectjdorâc mj kc àstckce`õa (JA-@JE-6766=-3) EC]JDOYÂC ]jas`õa bãx`bc mj sjrvèò @V @@@ @@ @ @bpjmcae`c mj fujatj 67 7 V ( v ck or j e cz ) 677 V (vckor jecz) 3777 V (vckor jecz) ]jas`õa mj jascyo (@bpukso 3,9/:7 λs, 97 vjejs) > 777 V ( p` e o) 6777 V (pèo) >777 V (pèo) 677 V (vckor jecz) 3777 V (vckor jecz) 677 V (vckor jecz) 3777 V (vckor jecz) =777 V (pèo) 6777 V (pèo) 9:77 V (pèo) =777 V (pèo) 39 Π 39 Π 57 Π 57 Π 9Π 9Π 9Π Yjspjeto c kcs ectjdorâcs mj sjdur`mcm mj kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc, àstcs v`jaja mja`mcs tcbi`àa ja kc aorbc JA-@JE-63737-3 Ekcsj 7 . Kos àstrubjatos mj Ekcsj 7 soa kos bjaos protjd`mos. Ja jkkos, pujmja jx`st`r pcrtjs bjtãkècs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa eoa m`stcae`cs bâa`bcs mj c`skcb`jato y ao m`spoaja mj jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa. Jstos àstrubjatos, ecrjeja mj tobc mj t`jrrc y su c`skcb`jato js fuaeòack, js mje`r, jk ajejscrò pcrc csjdurcr quj jk cpcrcto fuaeòaj. Wcrc `mjat`ecrkos, kos cpcrctos pujmja kkjvcr àser`to "Ekcsj 7" o ecrjejr mj àmèce`õa. Ekcsj @. Cmjbãs mjk c`skcb`jato fuaeòack, kcs javokvjatjs bjtãkècs jstãa eoajetcmcs c ua ioraj mj t`jrrc, quj sj eoajetc c su vjz c t`jrrc por sjdur`mcm. Uj m`stàduja porquj ja kc pkcec mj ecrcetjrâstècs mjk cpcrcto cpcrjej ua sâbioko eobo jk àmècmo ja kc F`d. :.3=. : Ekcsj @@ . Kos àstrubjato àstrubjatoss Ekcsj @@ m`spoaja mj ua moikj c`skcb`jato o c`skcb`jato rjforzcmo jatrj pcrtjs iclo tjas`õa y pcrtjs ceejsìkjs ck tceto. Jsto kjs mc uac protjee`õa bãs sjdurc y murcmjrc. Uu `mjat`ece`õa js ua sâbioko forbcmo por mos eucmrcmos (uao bãs pjqujóo ja jk àtjròr mj otro bãs drcamj) o "Ekcsj @@". Jstj t`po mj c`skcb`jato js jk bãs cmjeucmo pcrc àstrubjatce`õa quj vcyc c sjr uscmc ja ua jatorao àmustr`ck. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 360 Ekcsj @@@. Kos m`spos`t`vos Ekcsj @@@ soa cqujkkos quj fuaeòaca eoa voktcljs mj iclc tjas`õa, àfjròrjs c :7 voktòs. Js ua c`skcb`jato frjeujatj frjeujatj ja kos ludujtjs, pjro ao sj cpkèc ja àstrubjatce`õa àmustr`ck. Jstos cpcrctos sj m`stàduja porquj kkjvca àser`to " Ekcsj @@@" o jk vckor mj kc tjas`õa aobàck mjatro mj ua robio. Ek csj mj k c pcr ct o U â bi o k o Ek c s j 7 A o j x ` s t j s â b iok o Ekcsj @ Ekcsj @@ Ekcsj @@@ :7 F`d. :.3=.- Ectjdorâcs mj sjdur`mcm mj kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc :.0 Jrrorjs ja kcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c potjae`c Js frjeujatj quj àstrubjatos mj m`stàtos t`pos, àekuso mjk b`sbo fcirècatj, àm`quja potjae`cs m`stàtcs ck bjm`r ja ua b`sbo e`reu`to. Kc jxpkèce`õa mj jstj njeno js quj ja s`stjbcs tr`fãsèos mjsjqu`kìrcmos y eoa crbõaèos, àekuso kc forbc mj bjm`r kc potjae`c cet`vc pujmj prjstcrsj c eoafus`õa, pujsto quj mjpjamj mj s` sj b`mj sõko kc potjae`c mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs o kc totck. Eoaerjtcbjatj kos eoatcmorjs Fjrrcr`s (mj m`seo) eoavjaeòackjs b`mja sõko kc potjae`c mj kcs eobpoajatjs fuamcbjatckjs, pjro kc bcyorâc mj kos eoatcmorjs jkjetrõaèos b`mja kc cet`vc totck. Wor tcato ck eobpcrcr cbics kjeturcs pujmj ncijr pjqujóos jrrorjs. Kos jrrorjs ja kos eoatcmorjs mj rjcet`vc r jcet`vc soa caãkodos pujs sj icsca ja kos b`sbos pràe`pòs. Ja jk ecso mj àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs kos jrrorjs ja kc potjae`c soa s`jbprj bueno bãs drcamjs quj kos mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, por mos bot`vos< : Kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc sujkja mcr ua jrror mj ãaduko, quj sj bcat`jaj prãetècbjatj eoastcatj ja tomc kc jseckc. Wcrc ãadukos quj ao sjca prõx`bos c 7¼ o 07¼ kos jrrorjs ja W y S sujkja sjr bomjrcmos, pujsto quj tcato jk sjao eobo jk eosjao vcrâca poeo. Wjro pcrc ãadukos prõx`bos c 7¼ kc fuae`õa sjao vcrâc buy rãp`mcbjatj j àekuso jrrorjs pjqujóos mj ãaduko pujmja eobportcr ecbiò mj s`dao. Wor jkko kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ( S2V´@´sà φ) pujmj prjsjatcr jrrorjs `bportcatjs. Mj `duck bomo pcrc ãadukos prõx`bos c 07¼, kc fuae`õa eosjao vcrâc buy rãp`mcbjatj y ecbi`c mj s`dao, por ko quj kc potjae`c cet`vc W2V´@é @éos os φ) pujmj prjsjatcr jrrorjs buy `bportcatjs. Cmjbãs mjk jrror mj ( W2V´ bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 347 ãaduko, kos jrrorjs mj cbpk`tum mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj sj subca, pujsto quj kc potjae`c sj oit`jaj por promueto mj cbics bcda`tumjs. Kc jeuce`õa (:.37) `kustrc jstj njeno. Oisàrvjsj, quj ck bukt`pkècr uac tjas`õa eoa ua jrror κZ y uac eorr`jatj eoa jrror κ@, jk jrror rjsuktcatj ja kc potjae`c js cprox`bcmcbjatj kc subc ( κZ+κ@) , yc quj jk tàrbào κZ´κ@ sujkj sjr buy pjqujóo y pujmj mjsprje`crsj. mjsprje`crsj. W W Z( 3 + Z ) @( 3 + @ ) Z @ W W 2 %2 2 W W 377 ≊ Z@ Z@ 2( Z + @ + Z @ ) % + @% Z (:.0) (:.37) Jljbpko< Euãk js jk jrror ja potjae`c cet`vc y ja potjae`c rjcet`vc mj ua àstrubjato ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa y ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj, ck bjm`r ja ua puato ckrjmjmor mj ua :% mj kc potjae`c aobàck, eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c prõx`bo c kc ua`mcm Mjijbos subcr mos pcrtjs mjk jrror< c) Mji`mo ck jrror mj ãaduko mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj. Za trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj mj ekcsj 7,: pujmj tjajr ua jrror mj ãaduko, γ, mj 07‐ (3,:¼) ja kc pcrtj iclc mj jseckc, sjdüa kos mctos mj kc ]cikc ]cikc :.9. Jsto supoaj kos s`du`jatjs jrrorjs ja potjae`cs< Jrror ja potjae`c cet`vc 2 | eos φ - eos (φ - γ ) | 2 5,=´37-= , js mje`r 7,75=% Jrror ja potjae`c rjcet`vc 2 | sà φ - sà (φ - γ ) | 2 7,796 7,796 , js mje`r 9,6% i) Mji`mo ck jrror mj cbpk`tum. ]cato pcrc kc potjae`c cet`vc eobo pcrc kc rjcet`vc jk jrror mj tjas`õa js mjk 7,9%, pjro jk jrror mjk trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj c :% mj ecrdc js mj 3,:% , por tcato jk jrror totck ja potjae`cs js 3,779´3,73: 2 3,734, js mje`r 3,4% mj jrror. Uj pomrâc ncijr oitja`mo mj forbc buy cprox`bcmc, sci`jamo quj pcrc ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa κv%27,9%, y pcrc ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj κ`%23,:%, por tcato kc subc κp% 3,4%. Jk jrror totck ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js< 7,75=% + 3,4% 2 3,45=% Jk jrror totck ja potjae`c rjcet`vc js< 9,6% + 3,4% 2 =,5% Oisjrvce`õa < U` ja kudcr mj jfjetucr kcs bjm`mcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c prõx`bo c 3, js mje`r φ 7¼, sj nè`jrc eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c buy iclo, js mje`r, φ 07¼, sj àvjrt`râca kos jrrorjs mj ãaduko, js mje`r, jk jrror bãx`bo eorrjspoamjrâc c kc potjae`c cet`vc y jk bãs pjqujóo c kc rjcet`vc. : :.0.3 Jrrorjs ja kc potjae`c mji`mos c crbõaèos Kos vctâbjtros sj icsca ja pràe`pòs mj fuaeòacb`jato o mj eãkeuko m`stàtos, bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 343 por tcato, ao sj pujmja mcr mctos djajrckjs mj su eobportcb`jato eucamo b`mja ja uac rjm jkàetrèc eoa prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos. U` aos ejatrcbos ja kos àstrubjatos mj t`po m`d`tck icscmos ja jk bujstrjo mj kcs oamcs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, kos jrrorjs ja kc bjm`mc mj potjae`cs, ecuscmos por kc prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos, ao sujkja sjr `bportcatjs s` sj trciclc ja jk foamo mj jseckc. Ao oistcatj, jk jrror jrror cisokuto ja kc bjm`mc, promue`mo promue`mo por mènos mènos crbõaèos sj bcat`jaj prãetècbjatj eoastcatj, mj forbc quj s` àstj js mjk ormja mj ua 7,:% mjk foamo mj jseckc, pomjbos jaeoatrcraos quj eucamo kc potjae`c bjm`mc js por jljbpko mj ua :% mjk foamo mj jseckc, jk jrror js mjk 37%. Ja rjsubja, kos jrrorjs eoa rjspjeto c kc bjm`mc, mji`mos c crbõaèos pujmja sjr drcamjs ja kc pcrtj iclc mj kc jseckc. :.0.9 Jrrorjs ja jk Fcetor mj Wotjae`c Wcrc jk eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj potjae`c kc bcyorâc mj àstrubjatos m`d`tckjs pcrtja mjk eãkeuko mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, rjcet`vc, sjdüa kcs fõrbukcs àmècmcs ja kcs ]cikcs :.3 y :.9. Jk fcetor mj potjae`c sj oit`jaj jatoaejs por jk eoe`jatj jatrj potjae`cs, y por tcato jstã suljto suljto c kos jrrorjs àmècmos àmècmos ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr. Uoirj tomo, pcrc fcetorjs mj potjae`c iclos jk jrror mj ãaduko pujmj sjr buy s`da`ect`vo. Jljbpko< Bjmè`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c ja uac àstckce`õa moamj kc eorr`jatj js ua :% mj kc bãx`bc prjv`stc ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc, eoa uaos vckorjs bjm`mos mj W 2 3 hT y U 2 37 hVĆ , eoa ua àstrubjato ekcsj 7,9 ja tjas`õa y ekcsj 7,: ja eorr`jatj, quj t`jaj ua jrror mj ãaduko γ 2 3,:¼ (eobo ja jk ecso mjk jljbpko catjròr) Jk ãaduko φ tjõrèo js < φ 2 creeos ( S/U) 2 >=,5¼ Jk jrror mji`mo ck ãaduko ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js< | eos φ - eos ( φ - γ ) | 2 7,796, js mje`r 9,6%. Jk jrror mji`mo c cbpk`tum ja kc potjae`c cet`vc js kc subc mj jrrorjs mj Z y mj @ , js mje`r 7,9% mj Z + 3,:% mj @, c :% mj jseckc , totck 3,4% Jrror totck ja kc potjae`c potjae`c cet`vc js mj 9,6% + 3,4% 2 =,5% Jk jrror ja kc potjae`c cpcrjatj js tcbi`àa kc subc mj jrrorjs mj Z j @ , js mje`r 3,4% Jk fcetor mj potjae`c js jk eoe`jatj W/U, ja aujstro jljbpko< W 2 3 y U 2 37, js mje`r 3/37 2 7,3, y ja ecbiò, ja kc prãetèc, bjm`bos W 2 3,7=5 hT y U 2 37/3,734 2 0,>59 hVĆ, eoa ko euck jk fcetor mj potjae`c oitja`mo js mj 7,376, y jk jrror js mj ua 6%. : Oisàrvjsj quj jk jrror ja jk fcetor mj potjae`c vujkvj c sjr kc subc mj jrrorjs mj kc potjae`c cet`vc y mj kc potjae`c cpcrjatj. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 349 :.37 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs Uj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj Cack`zcmor mj Yjm c kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc quj mj bcajrc s`buktãajc soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r vcròs pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos. Ja djajrck sujkja cmqu`r`r y rjd`strcr ua aübjro rjmue`mo mj bujstrcs mj ecmc pcrãbjtro ja ecmc eèko mj rjm (ua vckor frjeujatj js 39> bujstrcs/eèko), ko euck kjs pjrb`tj ua eãkeuko buy prje`so mj kos vjrmcmjros vckorjs jecejs mj eorr`jatjs y tjasòajs, eãkeuko prje`so mj potjae`cs y eãkeuko mj kos crbõaèos ncstc jk ormja :7. Uj trctc mj ua t`po mj àstrubjatce`õa m`d`tck icscmc ja proejscmorjs m`d`tckjs mj sjóck (MUW), quj m`spoaja mj uac drca ecpce`mcm mj proejscb`jato, pum`jamo rjck`zcr ja t`jbpo rjck ua drca aübjro mj eãkeukos bctjbãtèos mcamo eobo rjsuktcmo kc cmqu`sè`õa y rjd`stro mj ua drca aübjro mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos. Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs ja vjrs`õa tr`fãsèc m`spoaja mj euctro ecackjs mj tjas`õa (trjs fcsjs rjspjeto c ajutro y ajutro rjspjeto c t`jrrc< Z K3, Z K9, Z K5 y Z A). Cmjbãs mj kcs jatrcmcs mj tjas`õa, kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs m`spoaja mj euctro jatrcmcs mj eorr`jatj (trjs fcsjs bãs ajutro, @ K3, @ K9, @ K5 j @ A). Ja djajrck kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc pcrc kos mj mj t`po lo y pàzcs mj aüekjo prcetècikj pcrc kos portãt`kjs. portãt`kjs. Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs pujmja m`v`m`rsj ja mos drcamjs ectjdorâcs< c) Cack`zcmorjs los o mj pcajk i) Cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs :.37.3 Cack`zcmorjs mj Yjmjs Wortãt`kjs Ja buencs oecsòajs, kos eucmros jkàetrèos ecrjeja mj àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc quj pujmca proporeòacr kos mctos quj pujmj mcr ua cack`zcmor mj rjmjs. Cmjbãs s` jstãa jqu`pcmos eoa àstrubjatos ekãsèos ao sujkja tjajr ecpce`mcm mj rjd`strcr c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo kos pcrãbjtros bjm`mos. Ja tck ecso ao sj m`spoamrã mj mctos mj m`stàtcs vcr`cikjs quj soa jsjae`ckjs pcrc jk eorrjeto bcatja`b`jato mj kcs àstckceòajs. Ja tckjs ecsos, eucamo sj ajejs`tc rjck`zcr ckdüa t`po mj m`cdaõstèo sjrò mj kc àstckce`õa ncy quj rjeurr`r ck jbpkjo mj cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs. : Kos cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs m`spoaja, ck `duck quj kos mj t`po lo, mj jatrcmcs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. C m`fjrjae`c mj kos jqu`pos los, kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj soa sust`tu`mos por pàzcs cbpjr`bàtrècs, euyc sjóck mj sck`mc sj cmcptc c kcs jseckcs mj bjm`mc mjk cack`zcmor. Kcs tobcs mj tjas`õa, mji`mo c quj js ua jqu`po mj àstckce`õa tjbporck, sj rjck`zca bjm`catj pàzcs mj prjs`õa (t`po eoeomr`ko). Kc àstckce`õa mj mèncs pàzcs pàzcs mjijrã kkjvcrsj c ecio sjdüa kcs aorbcs mj sjdur`mcm jkàetrèc v`djatjs, ja djajrck eortcamo jk e`reu`to pcrc su eokoece`õa o eokoeãamokcs eoa jk uso mj ducatjs c`skcatjs mj sjdur`mcm. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 345 Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs portãt`kjs m`spoaja mj uac bjbor`c àtjrac pcrc jk rjd`stro mj kcs vcr`cikjs quj sj ncyca sjkjeeòacmo eoa catjròr`mcm. Jk oiljt`vo, js quj uac vjz rjck`zcmc kc bjm`mc, y uac vjz mjseoajetcmo jk jqu`po mj kc àstckce`õa jkàetrèc, kc àforbce`õa sjc vokecmc c ua WE y cack`zcmc bjm`catj ua softwcrj , quj pjrb`tj prjsjatcr kos rjsuktcmos j n`stõrèos ja forbc aubàrèc y/o drãec. Ja jk ecso mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj E@YEZ]OY jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj sj mjaobàc WOTJY V@U@OA ®. F`d. :.3:.- Cack`zcmor Cack`zcmor portãt`k CY: y vokecmo mj mctos c WE Eoa jk proejm`b`jato mjser`to catjròrbjatj, catjròrbjatj, jk usucrò pomrã kkjvcr c ecio ua jstumò mjtckkcmo mj kc àstckce`õa, cack`zcamo kos mctos cmqu`r`mos bjm`catj jk softwcrj mj WE mj uac forbc fãe`k j àtu`t`vc. Jk softwcrj ut`k`zcmo pcrc kos jqu`pos portãt`kjs sujkj sjr m`fjrjatjs ck ut`k`zcmo por kos jqu`pos los, yc quj jk mj jqu`pos portãt`kjs t`jaj eobo b`s`õa kc jxpkotce`õa mj cren`vos proejmjatjs mj kc bjbor`c mjk jqu`po8 por tcato, jk softwcrj jstã iãsècbjatj or`jatcmo c kc jxpkorce`õa mj cren`vos prjv`cbjatj eoafjeeòacmos pcrc sjr trctcmos eoa kc cpkèce`õa mj WE. Jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj WOTJY V@U@OA (®E@YEZ]OY ) fuaeòac iclo jatorao T@AMOTU® y pjrb`tj kc rãp`mc koeck`zce`õa mj s`tuceòajs mj bãx`bos y bâa`bos y mj rjd`stros eoa mjtjrbàcmcs caobckâcs. Wujmja oitjajrsj cs`b`sbo rjprjsjatceòajs drãecs y/o aubàrècs mj m`vjrsos t`pos mj pjrturiceòajs. C eoat` e oatàuce` auce`õa, õa, sj prjs prjsjatc jatc ua rjsu rjsubja bja mj kos t`pos mj ecpt ecpturcs urcs quj pujmj pujmjaa rjprjsjatcrsj eoa mèno softwcrj. Bomo Jstãamcr< Jstj bomo pjrb`tj kc bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj Z, @, potjae`cs W, S y U, fcetor mj potjae`c, jteàtjrc. Wjrb`tj bjm`r tàrbàos bjmòs y vckorjs bãx`bos y bâa`bos c àtjrvckos mj t`jbpo rjdukcrjs. Kcs F`ds. :.36 y :.34 prjsjatca, c tâtuko mj jljbpko uac tcikc mj vckorjs mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos y ua drãeo mj kc eorr`jatj. Kc tcikc eorrjspoamj, ja jstj ecso, c vckorjs mj tàrbào bjmò mj 3 bàuto (jstj pjrâomo pujmj sjkjeeòacrsj jatrj 3 sjduamo y vcr`cs norcs). Jk drãeo bujstrc kc jvokue`õa c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo mj kc eorr`jatj mj tàrbào bjmò y mj kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc ja kc fcsj 3 mj uac mjtjrbàcmc àstckce`õa. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 34= F`d. :.36.-]cikc aubàrèc mj vckorjs F`d. :.34.- Drãeo eobiàcmo eobiàcmo mj eorr`jatj mj tàrbào bjmò y eorr`jatj bãx`bc ja uac fcsj : Bomo Crbõaèos< Ja jstj bomo jk cack`zcmor ecpturc kos b`sbos pcrãbjtros quj ja bomo jstãamcr y cmjbãs ducrmc kcs forbcs mj oamc mj kcs trjs tjasòajs y kcs trjs eorr`jatjs mj ua s`stjbc tr`fãsèo. Jsto pjrb`tj c postjròr` mjtjrbàcr kos crbõaèos ja ua mjtjrbàcmo àstcatj y vjr kc jvokue`õa tjbporck mjk ]NM. Jstj bomo js buy üt`k pcrc mjtjrbàcr kos crbõaèos prjsjatjs murcatj kcrdos àtjrvckos mj t`jbpo y pjrb`tj kc jkjee`õa mj ktros cmjeucmos, m`bjasòacmos pcrc kcs pjorjs eoamèòajs mj ecrdc. Kcs F`ds. :.3> y :.30 bujstrca rjspjet`vcbjatj kcs forbcs mj oamc ja kcs trjs fcsjs y uac tcikc mj vckorjs aubàrèos mj kos m`stàtos crbõaèos ncstc jk mj ormja 3:, cbios eorrjspoam`jatjs c ua àstcatj mjtjrbàcmo. Kc F`d. :.97 bujstrc kc jvokue`õa tjbporck mj kos ]NM mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 34: F`d. :.3>.- Forbc mj mj oamc mj tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs ja ja kcs trjs fcsjs F`d. :.30.- ]cikc ]cikc mj crbõaèos mj kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kc fcsj 3 : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 346 F`d. :.97.- Drãeo mj vcr`ce`õa vcr`ce`õa tjbporck mj ]NM(Z) y ]NM(@) mj kcs trjs fcsjs Bomo rjd`stro eoatàuo< Jstj bomo pjrb`tj bjm`r kos vckorjs jecejs mj tomos kos eèkos mj rjm mj kcs trjs fcsjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj c pcrt`r mj uac eoamè`õa mj m`spcro (‛tr`ddjr‒). Js üt`k üt`k pcrc ecpturcr trcas`toròs mj crrcaquj mj eortc murce`õa. Kc F`d. :.3= bujstrc, c tâtuko mj jljbpko, ua drãeo mj eorr`jatj mj uac kâajc murcatj jk crrcaquj mj ua botor. : F`d. :.93.- Eorr`jatj ja kc kâajc murcatj murcatj jk crrcaquj mj mj ua botor bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 344 F`d. :.99.- Wjrturiceòajs ja kc oamc mj tjas`õa ja kc kâajc mj ua eoavjrt`mor mj potjae`c Bomo pjrturiceò pjrturiceòajs< ajs< Jstj bomo mj bjm`mc js jspje`ckbjatj àmècmo pcrc ecpturcr mjforbceòajs, erjstcs y nujeos supjrpujstos c kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kc ecpturc sj àè`c c pcrt`r mj uac eoamè`õa mj m`spcro, quj sujkj sjr ua ecbiò iruseo mj vckor jecz mj kc tjas`õa o ua ecbiò ja jk vckor àstcatãajo àstcatãajo eoa uac pjam`jatj mu/m t mj vcr`cs vjejs jk vckor aobàck. Kc F`d. :.99 bujstrc ua jljbpko mj oamc mj tjas`õa moamj sj nca ecpturcmo pjrturiceòajs mjk t`po catjs àmècmo. :.37.9 Cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los Ck `duc `duckk quj kos jqu` jqu`pos pos port portãt`k ãt`kjs, js, kos jqu` jqu`pos pos lo loss m`s m`spoaja poaja mj jatr jatrcmcs cmcs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj por fcsj. Kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj sj ncej c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc los, euyc prje`s`õa sujkj supjrcr c kc mj kcs pàzcs ut`k`zcmcs ja cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs. Mjpjam`jamo mj kc cpkèce`õa, jx`stja cack`zcmorjs quj b`mja sõko pcrãbjtros iãsèos y otros ecpcejs mj bjm`r bãs mj :77 pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos. Wor ko tcato, mjpjam`jamo mj kcs ajejs`mcmjs mjk puato mj bjm`mc, jk usucrò t`jaj, ja djajrck, kc posì`k`mcm mj jseodjr jatrj uac cbpk`c dcbc mj posì`k`mcmjs. : Kc prje`s`õa mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjm jstã buy eoamèòacmc c jbpkjcr trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc mj uac prje`s`õa jkjvcmc. Mjij tjajrsj ja eujatc, soirj tomo pcrc cack`zcmorjs portãt`kjs, quj b`mca eoa pàzcs, quj jk jrror mj ãaduko sujkj sjr `bportcatj y por tcato kcs bjm`mcs mj potjae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c pujmja jstcr suljtcs c jrrorjs `bportcatjs ja mjtjrbàcmcs zoacs mj kc jseckc. Ja jstj cspjeto kos cack`zcmorjs los sujkja mcr bjlorjs prjstceòajs. bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 34> Kos jqu`pos los, c m`fjrjae`c mj kos jqu`pos portãt`kjs ao sujkja tjajr uac bjbor`c bcs`vc pcrc rjd`stro mj pcrãbjtros. Kos cack`zcmorjs los pujmja ut`k`zcrsj eobo s`bpkjs àmècmorjs mj pcajk, o pujmja jstcr jqu`pcmos eoa ua ecack mj eobuaèceòajs y trcasb`t`r ja t`jbpo rjck kos pcrãbjtros quj vca cmqu`r`jamo y proejscamo. Wcrc jkko jstãa eoajetcmos c ua s`stjbc UECMC mj bcajrc pjrbcajatj, mj forbc quj jk WE moamj rjs`mj jk UECMC ncej kcs fuaeòajs mj bjbor`c. Jk prodrcbc prodrcbc UECMC rjeodj kc àforbce`õa mj kos jqu`pos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, y m`spoaj kc àforbce`õa mj bcajrc ormjacmc pcrc quj pujmc sjr jxpkotcmc c trcvàs mj su àtjrfcz drãec eoa jk WE. :.37.5 Uoftwcrj pcrc cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los Jk softwcrj pcrc cack`zcmorjs los o mj pcajk, c m`fjrjae`c mjk mj kos jqu`pos portãt`kjs ao jstã or`jatcmo c kc djst`õa y jxpkotce`õa mj enjros, sào quj jstã or`jatcmo c kc djst`õa mj m`spos`t`vos y mj puatos mj bjm`mc mj kc àstckce`õa c trcvàs mj ua ius mj eobuaèceòajs. Ja mja`t`vc sj trctc mj ua prodrcbc UECMC quj pjrb`tj kc eobuaèce`õa eoa kos m`stàtos cpcrctos mj uac àstckce`õa y m`spoaj mj uac icsj mj mctos pcrc rjd`strcr kos m`stàtos pcrãbjtros quj sj prodrcbja. Jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj WOTJY U]ZM@O UECMC® pjrb`tj kc eoajx`õa mj tomc kc dcbc mj cack`zcmorjs los mj E@YEZ]OY. Jk softwcrj fuaeòac iclo jatorao T@AMOTU® y pjrb`tj kc rãp`mc v`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj kos jqu`pos mj ecbpo eoajetcmos ck s`stjbc. F`d. :.95.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< M`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj kc àstckce`õa : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 340 F`d. :.9=.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< @aforbj mj eoasubo Eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.95 jk usucrò pujmj m`sjócr ua m`cdrcbc ua`kcr mj kc àstckce`õa, bostrcamo kos pcrãbjtros bãs s`da`ect`vos o `bportcatjs ja t`jbpo rjck. Wcrc euckqu`jr jqu`po eoajetcmo ck s`stjbc pujmj rjck`zcrsj ua àforbj mj eoasubo o mj euckqu`jr vcr`cikj, bostrcamo por pcatckkc kos eoasubos ceoatje`mos ja ecmc uao mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs los (F`d. :.9=). : F`d. :.9:.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< ]cikc ]cikc mj vcr`cikjs jkàetrècs ecpturcmcs ja ua mjtjrbàcmo àstcatj bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>7 F`d. :.96.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Drãeo mj jvokue`õa tjbporck mj m`vjrscs vcr`cikjs Bjm`catj kc sjkjee`õa mj uac vcr`cikj bostrcmc ja jk pcajk mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos ja t`jbpo rjck (F`d. :.9:), pujmj rjck`zcrsj uac drãfèc eoa uac rjsokue`õa mj tàrbào bjmò mj ua bàuto, v`suck`zcamo por tcato ja ua soko drãeo, tomc kc àforbce`õa ecpturcmc por jk s`stjbc mj eoatrok ja forbcto tcikc o drãeo (:.96). F`d. :.94.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Crbõaèos ja ua àstcatj mjtjrbàcmo : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>3 F`d. :.9>.- Uoftwcrj UECMC< Forbc mj oamc ja ua àstcatj mjtjrbàcmo Mjpjam`jamo mjk jqu`po àstckcmo ja ecbpo, jk usucrò pujmj àekuso v`suck`zcr kc mjseobposè`õa crbõaèc mj kcs tjasòajs y eorr`jatjs ja ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs (F`d. :.94). Cs`b`sbo, jk s`stjbc js ecpcz mj v`suck`zcr kc forbc mj oamc ja tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja ecmc pjrâomo mj ecpturc mjk s`stjbc (F`d. :.9>). Jk softwcrj pjrb`tj tcbi`àa prodrcbcr ckcrbcs y v`suck`zcrkcs, tck eobo sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. :.90 : F`d. :.90 - Uoftwcrj UECMC< Wrjsjatce`õa mj jstcmo mj ckcrbcs bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>9 :.33 Yjsubja C ko kc r do mj js t j ec pâ tu k o nj b os mj s cr r ok k cm o ua c sj r ` j mj e oa ej pt os rjkceòacmos eoa kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, eoaejptos quj nca jvokueòacmo mjsmj jk àstrubjato cackõdèo, ncstc cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, icscmos ja proejscmorjs MUW, e`jrtcbjatj sostècmos, quj pjrb`tja ck usucrò kc v`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mjk eobportcb`jato mj su àstckce`õa. Njbos v`sto quj kc tjamjae`c cetuck ja kcs àstckceòajs mj e`jrtc javjrdcmurc vc nce`c kc sust`tue`õa mj kos bükt`pkjs àstrubjatos (voktâbjtros, cbpjrâbjtros, fcsâbjtros, jte.) por ua soko àstrubjato mj t`po t`po m`d`tck mj pcajk, pcajk, jk Cack`zcmor mj Yjmjs, euyo eoaejpto njbos àtjatcmo pkcsbcr c ko kcrdo mj jstj ecpâtuko. Jstj t`po mj àstrubjatos sujkja m`spoajr mj eobuaèceòajs y por tcato soa susejptìkjs mj sjr àtjdrcmos ja uac rjm mj eobuaèceòajs luato eoa otros àstrubjatos, cutõbctcs, eoatrokcmorjs, jte., pum`àamosj àtjdrcr por tcato ja s`stjbcs mj eoatrok y supjrv`s`õa mj pkcatcs àmustr`ckjs, doijracmcs por uao o vcròs eobputcmorjs c trcvàs mj pcqujtjs mj softwcrj mjaobàcmos UECMC. Wcrc mjscrrokkcr jstj t`po mj s`stjbcs, js ajejscrò ua bâa`bo eoaoe`b`jato mj topokodâcs mj àstckce`õa y protoeokos mj eobuaèce`õa, euyos eoaejptos jstãa mjscrrokkcmos eoa bcyor mjtckkj ja jk ecpâtuko 4 mjk prjsjatj kìro. Ja otro ormja mj eoscs, kos àstrubjatos portãt`kjs nca jvokueòacmo tcbi`àa nce`c kc tjeaokodâc tjeaokodâc m`d`tck y pjrb`tja tcbi`àa bjm`r y rjd`strcr ja bjbor`c vcròs pcrãbjtros mj bcajrc s`buktãajc, murcatj t`jbpos quj pujmja ose`kcr jatrj kcs vjàtèuctro norcs o àekuso ncstc ua bjs. Kos rjd`stros oitja`mos pujmja trctcrsj bjm`catj pcqujtjs mj softwcrj mjmècmos, quj fce`k`tca kc rjprjsjatce`õa ja forbc drãec y pjrb`tja vjr kc jvokue`õa mj m`vjrsos pcrãbjtros. ]omos jstos àstrubjatos t`jaja eobo oiljt`vo cbpk`cr kcs posì`k`mcmjs mj supjrv`s`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj kâajcs j àstckceòajs. Ja kc cetuck`mcm mjijbos sjr eoase`jatjs mjk fujrtj `bpceto quj pujmj mjr`vcrsj mj caobckâcs ja kcs àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs y por jkko js subcbjatj ajejscrò, ao soko ncejr ua bcatja`b`jato ormàcrò, sào quj jk oiljt`vo mj tomos jstos s`stjbcs js ua eorrjeto bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo. Drce`cs c kos pcqujtjs mj softwcrj quj opjrca luato c jstos jqu`pos, js subcbjatj sjae`kko rjck`zcr àforbjs quj aos cmv`jrtca mjk jstcmo mj aujstrcs àstckceòajs. Womjbos cs`b`sbo tjajr ua eoatrok mjk eoasubo ceoatje`mo ja ecmc uac mj kcs kâajcs moamj sj nc rjck`zcmo kc bjm`mc. : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>5 :.39 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 677==. ]rcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc. Wcrtjs 3 c 4. CJAOY X9R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 63737-3. Yjqu`s`tos mj sjdur`mcm mj jqu`pos jkàetrèos mj bjm`mc, eoatrok y uso ja kciorctorò. Wcrtj 3< Yjqu`s`tos djajrckjs. djajrckjs. CJAOY X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA- 6766=-3. Eoormàce`õa mj c`skcb`jato ja s`stjbcs y rjmjs mj iclc tjas`õa. CJAOY : bjm`mc y rjd`stro mj bcda`tumjs jkàetrècs 6 BJM@MC MJ JAJYDÂC P ECK@MCM MJ UZB@A@U]YO 6.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jk prjsjatj ecpâtuko sj trctcrãa tomos kos tjbcs rjkceòacmos eoa kos jqu`pos nobokodcmos pcrc kc bjm`mc mj jajrdâc. Kos jqu`pos nobokodcmos soa kos üaèos cejptcmos oe`ckbjatj pcrc kc fceturce`õa mj jajrdâc, yc sjc `bportcmc o jxportcmc. Jstos jqu`pos sj uièca ja kos mjaobàcmos puatos froatjrc jatrj mos jbprjscs o jat`mcmjs, por jljbpko kc eobpcóâc m`strìu`morc y jk eoasub`mor ack mj kc jajrdâc. ]cbi`àa sj trctcrãa tjbcs mj tcr`ece`õa y bjm`mc mj kc jajrdâc, y sj mcrã uac mjser`pe`õa mj kos m`fjrjatjs cdjatjs mj bjrecmo y mj kos eoaejptos iãsèos quj eobprjamj euckqu`jr s`stjbc mj tcr`ece`õa mjatro mj ua bjrecmo jkàetrèo mj euckqu`jr pcâs. Wor otro kcmo tcbi`àa sj eobjatcrãa tjbcs rjkceòacmos eoa kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro, tckjs eobo kos eoaejptos iãsèos mj eck`mcm, kos pcrãbjtros c bjm`r, csâ eobo kcs aorbcs àtjraceòackjs quj kos rjdukca. 6.9 Bjrecmo jkàetrèo Uj mjaj eobo bjrecmo jkàetrèo, jk kudcr ja jk quj sj jaeujatrca kc ofjrtc y kc mjbcamc. Wcrc ua fuaeòacb`jato jqu`kìrcmo mj jstj bjrecmo, js ajejscr`c kc jx`stjae`c mj uaos cdjatjs, quj eoatrokja y rjdukja su fuaeòacb`jato. Jstos soa kos mjaobàcmos cdjatjs mjk bjrecmo. Ja kc bcyorâc mj pcâsjs, jx`stja pràe`pckbjatj mos cdjatjs o jat`mcmjs, yc sjca pr`vcmcs o duijracbjatckjs, quj sj jaecrdca mj opjrcr jk s`stjbc jkàetrèo y mj opjrcr jk bjrecmo, js mje`r lcr jk prjeò mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc. Ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, àstos mos cdjatjs soa jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo y jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc< Jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo sj jaecrdc mj kc jkciorce`õa mjk prodrcbc m`crò mj fuaeòacb`jato mjk s`stjbc, ecscamo kcs ofjrtcs y kcs mjbcamcs quj kj kkjdca. Cetuckbjatj, mjscrrokkc àstc àst c fuae`õa OBJK, Opjrcmor Opj rcmor mjk Bjrecmo @iàrèo @iàr` eo mj Jajrdâc - Woko Jspcóok, U.C. • Jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc dcrcat`zc kc eoatàu`mcm y kc sjdur`mcm mjk subà`stro. Cetuckbjatj Cetuck bjatj,, sj jaecrdc mj jstc kcior YJJ, Yjm Jkàetr Jkàetrèc èc mj Jspcóc, quj sj fuamõ pcrc ordca`zcr tomo ko rjkct`vo ck trcasportj mj jkjetrè`mcm. • Ja su eoaejpto bãs cbpkò, kc jbprjsc YJJ t`jaj trjs b`sòajs fuamcbjatckjs< 6 Ujr jk trcasport`stc mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc mj rjfjrjae`c ja jk s`stjbc jkàetrèo jspcóok. • bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>6 Ujr jk opjrcmor mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo, quj s`da`ec sjr jk rjspoascikj mj kc djst`õa tàeaèc mjk s`stjbc pcrc dcrcat`zcr kc eoatàu`mcm y sjdur`mcm mjk subà`stro jkàetrèo, y kc eorrjetc eoormàce`õa jatrj kc promuee`õa y jk trcasportj. • Ujr jk djstor mj kc rjm mj trcasportj, quj supoaj sjr jk rjspoascikj mjk mjscrrokko y cbpk`ce`õa mj kc rjm mj trcasportj mj tck bcajrc quj sj dcrcatèj jk bcatja`b`jato y bjlorc mj uac rjm eoadurcmc iclo er`tjròs nobodàajos y eonjrjatjs. • F`d. 6.3 - ]rcasportj mj jajrdâc Ja jsjae`c, sus fuaeòajs eobo djstor mj kc rjm mj trcasportj eoas`stja ja mjscrrokkcr y cbpk`cr kcs àstckceòajs mj kc rjm, rjck`zcr su bcatja`b`jato y bjlorc iclo er`tjròs nobodàajos y eonjrjatjs, y djstòacr jk trãas`to mj jkjetrè`mcm jatrj s`stjbcs jxtjròrjs quj rjqu`jrc jk uso mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo jspcóok. Cmjbãs, Yjm Jkàetrèc dcrcat`zc jk ceejso mj tjrejros c kc rjm, pcrc quj tomos kos cdjatjs mjk sjetor pujmca ut`k`zcrkc ja ràd`bja mj `duckmcm. Kc cet`v`mcm mj m`strìue`õa js cqujkkc quj t`jaj por oiljto pràe`pck kc trcasb`s`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc mjsmj kcs rjmjs mj trcasportj ncstc kos puatos mj eoasubo, yc sjc ja bjm`c o ja iclc tjas`õa. Kos m`strìu`morjs t`jaja kc fuae`õa mj m`strìu`r kc jajrdâc, csâ eobo, eoastru`r, bcatjajr y opjrcr kcs àstckceòajs mj m`strìue`õa, cmjbãs sjrãa kos djstorjs mj kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa quj opjrja. Eobo djstorjs mj kcs rjmjs sjrãa rjspoascikjs mj kc jxpkotce`õa, jk bcatja`b`jato y, ja ecso ajejscrò, jk mjscrrokko mj su rjm mj m`strìue`õa, csâ eobo, ja su ecso, mj sus àtjreoajxòajs eoa otrcs rjmjs, y mj dcrcat`zcr quj su rjm tjadc kc ecpce`mcm pcrc csub`r, c kcrdo pkczo, uac mjbcamc rczoacikj mj m`strìue`õa mj jkjetrè`mcm. 6 Wor otro kcmo, ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jx`stj otrc jat`mcm rjkceòacmc eoa jk bjrecmo mj kc jajrdâc, euyc b`s`õa js kc mj protjdjr kos àtjrjsjs mj kos eoasub`morjs y vjkcr por kc trcaspcrjae`c mj tomo jk s`stjbc. Jstc jat`mcm js kc EAJ , Eob`s`õa Aceòack mj Jajrdâc. Cpcrtj mj àstc ükt`bc, kcs m`fjrjatjs eobua`mcmjs cutõaobcs, t`jaja ckduacs eobpjtjae`cs ja kc rjdukce`õa mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo, ja ecmc uac mj sus rjdòajs. Wor ükt`bo, kc Za`õa Juropjc, c trcvàs mj M`rjet`vcs y aorbct`vcs kjdckjs, jstcikjej jk bcreo djajrck mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo ja tomos kos pcâsjs mj kc Za`õa. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>4 Jk proejso pcrc kkjdcr c lcr jk prjeò mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc, eoas`stj ja quj kcs jbprjscs quj djajrca jkjetrè`mcm, promuetorjs, nceja ofjrtcs mj vjatc mj mjtjrbàcmcs ecat`mcmjs mj jkjetrè`mcm c mjtjrbàcmo prjeò, pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs norcs mjk mâc. Ck b`sbo t`jbpo, ckduaos drcamjs eoasub`morjs, o àm`rjetcbjatj, c trcvàs mj kcs jbprjscs jkàetrècs m`strìu`morcs, nceja ofjrtcs mj eobprc. Jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo (OBJK ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc) js jk jaecrdcmo mj ecscr jstcs ofjrtcs eoa kcs mjbcamcs. F`d. 6.9 - Eurvc mj ofjrtc y mjbcamc Kc subc mj kcs ofjrtcs mj eobprc eoaf`durc uac eurvc mj mjbcamc. Wcrc euir`rkc, sj jk`dja kcs ofjrtcs mj vjatc bãs icrctcs, ncstc sct`sfcejr tomc kc mjbcamc. Jk prjeò mj kc jkjetrè`mcm sjrã jk mj kc ükt`bc ofjrtc. Wor ko tcato, jk prjeò mj kc jkjetrè`mcm sj oit`jaj c pcrt`r mj ko quj sj kkcbc kc ecsce`õa mj kc ofjrtc y kc mjbcamc. Wjro tcbi`àa t`jaj otros eobpoajatjs, quj sj cócmja ck prjeò iãsèo pcrc forbcr jk prjeò fàck quj pcdca kos eoasub`morjs. Za fcetor quj pujmj bom`fècr jk prjeò fàck, js jk t`po mj jajrdâc. Kcs jajrdâcs mjaobàcmcs k`bp`cs dozca mj pr`bcs quj àuyja ja jk prjeò ack. Otro fcetor quj cfjetc ck prjeò ack soa kcs dcrcatâcs quj ofrjej ua promuetor, ja eucato c kc eoatàu`mcm mj sjrvèò. 6 Js `bportcatj mjstcecr quj ja ckduaos pcâsjs, eobo js jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jk bjrecmo jkàetrèo sj nc kìjrck`zcmo, mjscpcrje`jamo jk mjaobàcmo bjrecmo rjdukcmo. Kc drca m`fjrjae`c jatrj kos mos t`pos mj bjrecmos, js quj ja ua bjrecmo rjdukcmo jk doi`jrao o kc jat`mcm mjs`dacmc por jk doi`jrao, lc kos prjeòs mj vjatc mj kc jkjetrè`mcm mj tomcs kcs m`strìu`morcs mj jajrdâc. Wor bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>> jk eoatrcrò ja ua bjrecmo kìrj, kos eoasub`morjs pujmja jkjd`r kc jbprjsc subà`strcmorc quj mjsjja, ja fuae`õa mj kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro y jk prjeò quj ofrjzeca. Jstj ecbiò mj t`po mj bjrecmo, js ua proejso quj sj `bpkcatc prodrjs`vcbjatj, jbpjzcamo por kcs jbprjscs bãs drcamjs mj bcyor eoasubo, y tjrbàc eoa kc àtjdrce`õa mj kos eoasub`morjs mj jajrdâc mj bjaor potjae`c. 6.9.3 Bjrecmo rjdukcmo Ja ua bjrecmo rjdukcmo, mõamj jk doi`jrao, o jat`mcm mjs`dacmc por jk b`sbo, lc kos prjeòs mj vjatc mj kcs m`strìu`morcs mj jajrdâc, jk usucrò ack mj kc jajrdâc, ao t`jaj rjbjmòjaquj jk subà`stro, c kc m`strìu`morc quj jstãbãs `bpkcatcmc su eoatrctcr zoac, y quj js prop`jtcr`c mjeobpcóâc kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa. F`d. 6.5 - Jstrueturc mjk bjrecmo rjdukcmo Jk m`strìu`mor mjij pcdcr ck trcasport`stc, por jk uso mj sus rjmjs. Wor otro kcmo k`qu`mc kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, ja jk mjaobàcmo WOOK, quj js jk kudcr ja jk quj tomos kos promuetorjs mj jajrdâc vjamja kc jajrdâc promue`mc, y ja fuae`õa mj kc mjbcamc, jk opjrcmor mjk bjrecmo, lc kos prjeòs mj vjatc mj kc jajrdâc. Ja rjsubja, jk ulo mjk màjro, s`duj ja sjat`mo eoatrcrò ck ulo mj kc jajrdâc. Euckqu`jr t`po mj ek`jatj, pcrc pomjr m`spoajr mj subà`stro mj jajrdâc, t`jaj quj eoatrctcrko eoa kc m`strìu`morc mj jajrdâc mj su zoac. 6.9.9 Bjrecmo kìrj Ja ua bjrecmo kìrj, cpcrjej kc durc mjk eobjre`ck`zcmor , euyc fuae`õa js kc vjatc mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc c kos eoasub`morjs o c otros suljtos mjk s`stjbc. Àstj ao js jk prop`jtcrò mj kcs kâajcs jkàetrècs mj m`strìue`õa, su pràe`pckjs b`sòajs< soa kcs mj oitjajr eoatrctos mj usucròs ackjs, ofrje`jamo prjeòs bãs iclos u otros sjrvèòs mj vckor cócm`mo. Wor otro kcmo, eobprc kc jajrdâc ja jk WOOK o m`rjetcbjatj ck promuetor (eoatrctos i`kctjrckjs) y ackbjatj pcdc ck trcsport`stc o ck m`strìu`mor, por jk uso mj sus rjmjs. 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 3>0 F`d. 6.= - Jstrueturc mjk bjrecmo kìrj Kc cet`v`mcm mj jstcs jbprjscs eobjre`ck`zcmorcs, mjij mj jstcr rjdukcmc por jk doi`jrao o jat`mcm eobpjtjatj. Ja àstj ecso jk ulo mj kc jkjetrè`mcm, quj s`duj s`jamo jk b`sbo quj ja ua bjrecmo rjdukcmo, js m`fjrjatj ck ulo mjk màjro, mji`mo c kc cpcrè`õa mj kc durc mjk eobjre`ck`zcmor. Jk usucrò ack mj kc jajrdâc, pujmj jkjd`r kìrjbjatj qu`ja sjrãmj sukcs provjjmor jajrdâc, sjdu`rã cuaqujs`jamo kc m`strìu`morc prop`jtcr`c kâajcs mj mj m`strìue`õa, kc b`sbc. mj jajrdâc, 6.5 Bcreo kjdck Kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc mjstàcmos c kc fceturce`õa mjija eubpk`r uaos rjqu`s`tos buy jstrètos csoe`cmos c su eorrjetc forbc mj bjm`r. Ncstc ncej poeo jx`stâca uacs aorbct`vcs prop`cs mj ecmc pcâs, quj ecmc ejatro nobokodcmo (ja Jspcóc por jljbpko jk EJB - Ejatro Jspcóok mj Bjtjorokodâc ) mjiâc ejrt`ecr. Mjsmj ncej ckduaos cóos kc cpcrè`õa mj kc M`rjet`vc Juropjc B@M, nc pjrb`t`mo quj kc ejrt`ece`õa ja ua üaèo pcâs mj kc EJJ, sjc vãk`mc pcrc jk rjsto, s`bpk`ecamo mj forbc aotcikj kos proejsos ajejscròs pcrc jstcr prjsjatjs ja tomo jkkos. Jk oiljt`vo mj jstj puato js jxpkècr euãkjs soa kos puatos bãs `bportcatjs mj kc M`rjet`vc B@M y mj quà forbc sj cpkèc. Kc M`rjet`vc mj àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc (B@M, Bjcsuràd @astrubjats M`rjet`vj) 6 Kc m`rjet`vc mj àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc (B@M) 977=/99/JE jatrõ ja v`dor jk 57 mj oetuirj mj 9776. Kc B@M js uac M`rjet`vc juropjc quj euirj ua aübjro mj m`fjrjatjs àstrubjatos mj bjmè`õa, àekuyjamo àstrubjatos mj pjsclj cutobãtèos, surt`morjs mj eobiustìkj, bjm`mcs mj bctjr`ckjs, y eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Jk oiljt`vo mj kc B@M js erjcr ua bjrecmo mj àstrubjatos mj bjmè`õa ja ijajeò mj fcirècatjs y, ja ükt`bc àstcae`c mj kos eoasub`morjs nobokodcmos ja tomc kc ZJ. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 307 Kc B@M kj pjrb`tj c ua fcirècatj oitjajr ua ejrt`ecmo mj cproice`õa vãk`mo ja tomos kos pcâsjs mj kc Za`õa Juropjc (ZJ). Cmjbãs, kc B@M provjj c kos fcirècatjs mj uac sjr`j mj rutcs mj jvckuce`õa mj eoaforb`mcm pcrc oitjajr kc ejrt`ece`õa y, eoa jkko, jk ceejso ck bjrecmo juropjo. 6.5.3 Ãbi`to mj cpkèce`õa Jstc M`rjet`vc sj cpkècrã c kos m`spos`t`vos y s`stjbcs eoa fuaeòajs mj bjmè`õa eobo soa kos mj àstrubjatos rjkct`vos c kos eoatcmorjs mjk cduc, eoatcmorjs mj dcs y m`spos`t`vos mj eoavjrs`õa vokubàtrèc, eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc cet`vc , eoatcmorjs mjbcda`tumjs jajrdâc tàrbèc, s`stjbcsm`stàtos mj bjm`mc mj forbc eoatàuc y màãbèc mj kâqu`mos mjk pcrc cduc,bjm`r àstrubjatos mj pjsclj mj fuaeòacb`jato cutobãtèo, tcxâbjtros, bjm`mcs bctjr`ck`zcmcs, àstrubjatos pcrc bjm`mcs m`bjasòackjs y cack`zcmorjs mj dcsjs mj jsecpj. 6.5.9 Wrje`s`õa Jk fcirècatj mjijrã jspje`ecr jk âamèj mj ekcsj mjk eoatcmor. Kos âamèjs mj ekcsj sj mjaja eobo< Ek c sj W rje ` s` õ a C 9.7 I 3 .7 E 7 .: ]cikc 6.3 - Âamèjs mj ekcsj Kos s`du`jatjs vckorjs mj tjas`õa, frjeujae`c y fcetor mj potjae`c eorrjspoamja c kos àtjrvckos mjatro mj kos euckjs jk eoatcmor eubpkj kos rjqu`s`tos mj jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos. Wor ko tcato soa kcs eoamèòajs mj fuaeòacb`jato mjk eoatcmor ja jk quj kc ekcsj jstc mja`mc. Kos àtjrvckos soa kos s`du`jatjs< W c r ã bj t r o @ at à rvc k o ]jas`õa Za ((ttjas`õa aobàck) 7,0 ´ Za ≭ Z ≭ 3,3 ´ Za Frjeujae`c fa ((ffrjeujae`c aobàck) 7,0> ´ fa ≭ f ≭ 3,79 ´ fa Jk àtjrvcko mj WF sjrã, eobo bâa`bo, mjsmj eos φ 2 7,: àmuet`vo ncstc eosφ 2 7,> ecpce`t`vo. ]cikc 6.9 - @atjrvcko mj fuaeòacb`jato 6.5.5 Jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos 6 Kos jfjetos mj kcs m`stàtcs bcda`tumjs sobjt`mcs c bjmè`õa y mj kcs m`stàtcs bcda`tumjs mj àfkujae`c (c, i, e, ...) sj jvcküca por sjpcrcmo, bcatja`jamo rjkct`vcbjatj eoastcatjs ja sus vckorjs mj rjfjrjae`c tomcs kcs mjbãs bcda`tumjs sobjt`mcs c bjmè`õa y mj àujae`c. Jk jrror mj bjmè`õa ao supjrcrã jk jrror bãx`bo pjrb`t`mo àmècmo ja jk s`du`jatj eucmro y sj eckeukcrã mj jstj bomo< bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro 303 Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Jrror mj bjmè`õa 2 ∜ (c9 + i9 + e9 ...) Eucamo jk eoatcmor jstà fuaeòacamo iclo uac eorr`jatj mj ecrdc vcr`cikj, jk porejatclj mj jrror ao supjrcrã kos kâb`tjs mj kc tcikc 6.5. ]jbpjrcturc mj fuaeòacb`jato -37 ¼E ... +: ¼E +: ¼E ... +57 ¼E õ +57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E Ek c s j C I E C I E -37 ¼E ... +: ¼E õ +57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E C I E -37 ¼E ... +: ¼E õ +57 ¼E ... +=7 ¼E C I E Eoatcmorjs boaofãsèos o pok`fãsèos s` fuaeòaca eoa ecrdc jqu`kìrcmc @bà ≭ @ ≭ @tr 5,: 9 3 : 9 , : 3, 5 4 5 ,: 3 ,4 0 = 9 @tr ≭ @ ≭ @bãx 5, : 9 7, 4 = ,: 9 ,: 3 4 5 ,: 3 ,5 0 = 3 ,: 3 ,4 0 =, : 9 Eoatcmorjs pok`fãsèos s` fuaeòaca eoa ecrdc boaofãsèc @tr ≭ @ ≭ @bãx = 9, : 3 : 5 3, 5 4 = ]cikc 6.5 - Worejatcljs mj jrror pjrb`t`mos Kc tcikc catjròr t`jaj eobo oiljt`vo mja`r kos kâb`tjs mj jrror mjpjam`jamo mj kc tjbpjrcturc mj fuaeòacb`jato. Ja kc s`du`jatj durc sj rjprjsjatc jk jrror bãx`bo mj ua eoatcmor ekcsj I ja fuae`õa mj kc tjbpjrcturc. F`d. 6.: - Kâb`tjs mj jrror ekcsj I 6.5.= Mjaèòajs 6 Eo aej pt o Mj a` e` õa Za eoatcmor mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc cet`vc M`spos`t`vo quj b`mj kc jajrdâc cet`vc quj sj eoasubj ja ua e`reu`to @ @atjas`mcm mj eorr`jatj jkàetrèc quj e`reukc c trcvàs mjk eoatcmor @a @atjas`mcm mj eorr`jatj mj rjfjrjae`c jspje`ecmc pcrc kc quj nc s`mo eoaeji`mo jk eoatcmor eoajetcmo c trcasforbcmor. @bâa Vckor mj eorr`jatj por jae`bc mjk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror sj s`tüc mjatro mj kos jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 309 @tr Vckor mj eorr`jatj por jae`bc mjk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror sj s`tüc mjatro mjk bãs pjqujóo jrror bãx`bo pjrb`t`mo eorrjspoam`jatj ck âamèj mj ekcsj mjk eoatcmor e oatcmor.. @bãx Vckor bãx`bo mj eorr`jatj pcrc jk euck jk bcrdja mj jrror sj s`tüc mjatro mj kos jrrorjs bãx`bos pjrb`t`mos. Z ]jas`õa jkàetrèc subà`strcmc ck eoatcmor. f Frjeujae`c mj kc tjas`õa subà`strcmc ck eoatcmor. fa Frjeujae`c mj rjfjrjae`c jspje`ecmc. WF WF, fcetor mj potjae`c 2 eosφ 2 jk eosjao mjk caduko mj fcsj φ jatrj @ y Z. ]cikc 6.= - Mjaèòajs V`suck`zce`õa drcec mj kos eoaejptos csoe`cmos c kc eorr`jatj pcrc ua eoatcmor ekcsj I. F`d. 6.6 - Eoaejptos csoe`cmos c kc eorr`jatj 6.5.: Jfjeto mj kcs pjrturiceòajs mj kcrdc murce`õa Kcs pjrturiceòajs mj kcrdc murce`õa ao mjija cfjetcr c kc prje`s`õa bãs ckkã mj kos vckorjs erâtèos mj ecbiò quj sj mjaja ja kc tcikc 6.:, y quj pujmja kkjdcr c provoecr uac mjdrcmce`õa tjbporck o pàrm`mc mj fuaeòacb`jato mj kos euckjs jk eoatcmor sj rjeoircrã. Ja jstj ecso kc tcikc mjfàj kc vcr`ce`õa mjk jrror quj pjrb`tj kc B@ B@M M eoa rjspjeto mjk puato ck quj nc s`mo clustcmo y vjr`ecmo. 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 305 Wjrturice`õa Vckorjs erâtèos mj vcr`ce`õa (%) pcrc kos eoatcmorjs mj kc ekcsj C I E 3, : 3, : 7 ,5 Mjsjqu`kìrò mj tjas`õa (cpkècikj sõko c kos eoatcmorjs pok`fãsèos) = 9 3 Eo a t j a ` m o c r bõ a ` e o j a k o s e ` r e u ` t o s m j e o r r ` j a t j 3 7, > 7 ,: E. E . y c r bõ a ` e o s j a j k e ` r e u ` t o m j e o r r ` j a t j 6 5 3 ,: Uj e u j a e ` c m j f c s j ` a v j r s c Yã f c d c s t r c a s ` t o r ` c s m j e o r r ` j a t j 6 = 9 Ecbpos bcdaàtèos, ecbpo e cbpo jkjetrobcdaàtèo NF, pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs or`dàcmcs por ecbpos mj rcmòfrjeujae`c, j àbua`mcm c oamcs ose`kctor`cs 5 9 3 ]cikc 6.: - Vcr`ce`õa (%) mjk jrror 6.= ]`pos mj eoatcmor Catjs mj jatrcr Catjs jatrcr ja prof profuam` uam`mcm mcm ja ja kc mjser`p mjser`pe`õa e`õa mjk mjk eoatcmo eoatcmorr, js ajejsc ajejscrò rò mja`r mja`r ko quj sj mjaobàc t`pos mj ek`jatj. Jstcs m`v`sòajs js ajejscrò rjck`zcrkcs, yc quj ja fuae`õa mjk t`po mj ek`jatj, kj eorrjspoamj ua t`po mj eoatcmor u otro. Jstcs m`v`sòajs, icscmcs pràe`pckbjatj ja kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc, jstãa m`rjetcbjatj rjkceòacmcs eoa kc ekcsj mj prje`s`õa y prjstceòajs quj mjij tjajr jk jqu`po mj bjm`mc. Kcs m`v`sòajs por t`pos mj ek`jatj, quj sj pkcatjca c eoatàuce`õa, eorrjspoamja ck bjrecmo jspcóok, rjdukcmo por jk Yjck Mjerjto 3337/9774, mj 9= mj cdosto mjk 9774, por jk quj sj cprujic jk Yjdkcbjato ua`ecmo mj puatos mj bjm`mc mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo jspcóok. Ja ecmc pcâs kcs m`v`sòajs por potjae`cs quj pkcatjc àstj Yjck Mjerjto, pujmja sjr m`fjrjatjs, cuaquj àstcs pujmja sjrv`r mj rjfjrjae`c. Ek`jatjs t`po 3 • Eoasubo ≪ 37BT / Djajrce`õa ≪ 39 BVC / Otros ≪ : DTn/cóo • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ 7.9U / rjcet`vc ≭ 7.: • Ecack mj eobuaèceòajs YU-959 y õptèo • M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: bà.) Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja eurvc mj ecrdc mj : bà.) • Yjd`stro cmèòack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj àtjrrupeòajs ≪ 5bà y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujro mj kos kâb`tjs) • • 6 Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa 7.9 / Eorr`jatj 7.9U Ek`jatjs t`po 9 • Eoasubo 1 =:7hT / Djajrce`õa ≪ =:7hVC / Otros ≪ 4:7 BTn/cóo bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ E / rjcet`vc ≭ 3 • Ecack mj eobuaèceòajs YU-959 y õptèo • M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: bà.) 30= Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja eurvc mj ecrdc mj : bà.) • Yjd`stro cmèòack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj àtjrrupeòajs ≪ 5bà y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • • Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 7.: / Eorr`jatj ≭ 7.:U Ek`jatjs t`po 5 • Eoasubo 1 :7 hT / Djajrce`õa ; =:7 hVC • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ I / rjcet`vc ≭ 9 • Ecack mj eobuaèceòajs YU-959 y õptèo (jxejpto froatjrcs ek`jatj) • M`spoajr mj m`spos`t`vo mj kjeturc rjbotc (jxejpto froatjrcs ek`jatj) • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: bà.) • Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs (pjrâomo bâa`bo ja eurvc mj ecrdc mj : bà.) • Yjd`stro cmèòack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj àtjrrupeòajs ≪ 5bà y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 3 / Eorr`jatj ≭ 3 Ek`jatjs t`po = • Eoasubo ≭ :7 hT y 1 3: hT • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ I / rjcet`vc ≭ 9 • Wujrto õptèo mj eobuaèceòajs • 6 bcxâbjtros (pjrâomo mj 3: bà.) • Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc y potjae`cs • Yjd`stro cmèòack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj àtjrrupeòajs ≪ 5bà y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • Wrje`s`õa mj kos trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc< ]jas`õa ≭ 3 / Eorr`jatj ≭ 3 • 6 Wosì`k`mcm mj sjr àtjdrcmo ja jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa y tjkjbjm`mc Ek`jatjs t`po : • Eoasubo ≭ 3: hT / Djajrce`õa ≭ 3: hVC • Wrje`s`õa jajrdâc cet`vc ≭ C / rjcet`vc ≭ 5 • Wujrto õptèo mj eobuaèceòajs • 3 bcxâbjtro (pjrâomo mj 3: bà.) • Yjd`strcmor< 6 trcbos mj jajrdâc cet`vc, rjcet`vc • Eurvc mj ecrdc< Jajrdâc Cet`vc y Yjcet`vc bà. 5 bjsjs bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 30: Yjd`stro cmèòack mj pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm (a¼ y murce`õa mj àtjrrupeòajs ≪ 5bà y t`jbpo ja quj kc tjas`õa jstc fujrc mj kos kâb`tjs) • @atjdrcmo ja ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa y tjkjbjm`mc (kjeturc, pcrcbjtr`zce`õa, eoatrok mj potjae`c) • Ja rjsubja, ja euckqu`jr bjrecmo js ajejscrò rjck`zcr m`v`sòajs, yc sjc por t`pos mj ek`jatj, por potjae`cs o ekcsjs mj prje`s`õa, eoa jk oiljt`vo mj pomjr jaeclcr kcs prjstceòajs mjk eoatcmor c kcs ajejs`mcmjs mjk usucrò ack mj kc jajrdâc. Ja kos m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj ek`jatjs quj sj nca mja`mo ja àstj cpcrtcmo, ja tomos jkkos jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc ao pujmj sjr otro qujforbcs ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa. jk s`du`jatj cpcrtcmo sj mjtckkca ckduacs mj kcs bãs nci`tuckjs quj Ja sj ut`k`zca pcrc kc bjm`mc mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj. Ja jk cpcrtcmo 6.6, sj mjscrrokkc jk eoaejpto mj ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa, ja eucato c euckjs soa sus ecrcetjrâstècs y pràe`pckjs fuaeòack`mcmjs. Yjspjeto c kos eoatcmorjs quj mjaobàcbos t`po :, ncejr bjae`õa ck `bportcatj rjto quj t`jaja, pràe`pckbjatj kcs m`strìu`morcs mj jajrdâc, pjro tcbi`àa kos fcirècatjs, soirj ck ecbiò mj tomo jk pcrquj mj eoatcmorjs, pràe`pckbjatj bjeãaèos, por eoatcmorjs jkjetrõaèos eoa ecpce`mcm mj tjkjdjst`õa. Jstj js ua rjto quj ckduacs jkàetrècs mj m`fjrjatjs pcâsjs yc nca jbpjzcmo, y supoaj ua drca ecbiò tcato pcrc kc eobpcóâc m`strìu`morc eobo mjk usucrò ack, yc quj jk s`stjbc pujmj pjrb`t`r c kc m`strìu`morc eoajetcrsj ck eoatcmor mjk usucrò Wcrc tjajr uac rjfjrjae`c pujmj kc tjajr eoatrctcmos =,= hT, kjjr jk eoatcmor,ack. y djstòacr jk subà`stro, rjmue`jamo potjae`c eoatrctcmc o eortcamo y rjeoajetcamo jk subà`stro. Wcrc eobpkjtcr kc àforbce`õa soirj àstj s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, vàcsj jk cpcrtcmo 6.>. 6.: Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc Kos eoatcmorjs bjeãaèos quj murcatj buenos cóos nca s`mo kos kâmjrjs àm`seutìkjs mj kc bjm`mc mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc, aos nca cportcmo uac àforbce`õa buy iãsèc, cuaquj murcatj buenos cóos sue`jatj. Or`dàckbjatj bjm`catj eobpkjlos s`stjbcs bjeãaèos, yc fujsja àmècmorjs e`reukcrjs, mâd`tos sjeujae`ckjs o euckqu`jr otrc forbc, aos nca proporeòacmo àforbce`õa soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc cet`vc y postjròrbjatj, soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc. 6 F`d. 6.4 - Eoatcmorjs t`po Fjrrcr`s bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 306 Eoa kc kkjdcmc mj kos eoatcmorjs jstãtèos, tcbi`àa kkcbcmos eoatcmorjs jkjetrõaèos, sj cirj kc posì`k`mcm mj mcr ua `bportcatj sckto ja eucato c kc àforbce`õa quj soa ecpcejs mj eckeukcr. Jk njeno mj àtromue`r ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc jkjetrõaèo quj pjrb`tc bjm`catj kc ecpturc mj bujstrcs mj kcs sjóckjs mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, eckeukcr ua cbpkò drupo mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos, js sà mumc ua sckto tjeaokõdèo. Catj s mj eobj Catjs eobjatcr atcr euck euckjs js soa kcs vcr` vcr`cikj cikjss quj pujm pujmjj bjm` bjm`rr ua eoat eoatcmor cmor js `bportcatj eoaoejr mj quj m`stàtcs forbcs sj pujmj bjm`r kc tjas`õa y kc eorr`jatj, y quj vjatclcs j àeoavja`jatjs prjsjatc ecmc uac mj jkkcs. 6.:.3 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa Wcrc kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa, ja kc bcyorâc mj kcs oecsòajs, jk oiljt`vo js m`v`m`r kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm 957 Vce y rjmue`rkc c uac tjas`õa bueno bãs pjqujóc quj sjc m`rjetcbjatj bjmìkj por ua proejscmor. Ja kc bcyorâc mj kcs oecsòajs mjk ormja mj voktòs. F`d. 6.> - Eoatcmorjs cat`duos Ja ckduac oecs`õa, mjpjam`jamo mj s` jk eoatcmor tcbi`àa m`spoaj mj ecackjs mj eobuaèceòajs, sj pujmj pkcatjcr kc ope`õa mj quj kc rjfjrjae`c mj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa jstà c`skcmc mj kc rjm, ja jstj ecso ck m`v`sor sj kj pujmj cócm`r ua trcasforbcmor mj c`skcb`jato. Eoatcmor eoa kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa c`skcmc< 6 F`d. 6.0 - Eoa bjm`mc mj tjas`õa c`skcmc bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 304 6.:.9 Bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj Kos eoatcmorjs ut`k`zca jkjbjatos mj bjm`mc quj eoav`jrtja kc eorr`jatj ja uac tjas`õa proporeòack (pcrc bãs àforbce`õa, vjr ecpâtuko :). C eoatàuce`õa vjrjbos kos m`stàtos s`stjbcs quj ut`k`zca kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc y euckjs soa kcs pràe`pckjs vjatclcs j àeoavja`jatjs. 6.:.9.3 ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc Js ua jkjbjato por jk euck sj ncej pcscr kc eorr`jatj mj kc fcsj. Bjeãaècbjatj eoas`stj ja ua bcdaàtèo mjvcacmo uac mj eorr`jatj proporeòack c kcaüekjo quj e`reukc por kceoa fcsjuaquj bjm`catjquj uacjatrjdc rjs`stjae`c ecrdc sj trcasforbc ja uac tjas`õa. F`d. 6.37 - ]rcasforbcm ]rcasforbcmorjs orjs mj bjm`mc 6.:.9.9 U`stjbc mj bjm`mc eoa Unuat Eoas`stj ja ua jkjbjato rjs`st`vo quj sj àtjreckc ja jk e`reu`to mj eorr`jatj y quj aos mc uac tjas`õa proporeòack c kc eorr`jatj quj e`reukc por kc fcsj. F`d. 6.33 - Bjm`mc eoa Unuat 6.:.9.5 Uoamcs mj jfjeto Nckk 6 Uoa pcrje`mcs c kos trcasforbcmorjs mj eorr`jatj pjro sà auekjo, por ko tcato uac mj kcs vjatclcs js quj jk eostj js bueno bãs eobpjt`t`vo. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 30> 6.:.9.= Uoamcs drcmòbàtrècs Uoa ioiàcs quj sj àtjdrca ja jk e`reu`to `bprjso y quj djajrca uac pjqujóc sjóck proporeòack c kc eorr`jatj. Kc pràe`pck vjatclc js quj c m`fjrjae`c mjk rjsto mj opeòajs, ao js ajejscr`c su àtjdrce`õa bjeãaèc ja jk eoatcmor yc quj pujmj forbcr pcrtj mjk propò e`reu`to ja jk quj sj boatc kc jkjetrõaèc. ]cikc eobpcrct`vc eobpcrct `vc ]`po mj soamc Vjatclcs @ a eoa vj a` j at j s ]rcasforbcmor K c bj m ` m c j s t ã c ` s k c m c . Jk eostj js jk bãs jkjvcmo Js ecpcz mj bjm`r eorr`jatjs buy iclcs. mj kos m`stàtos s`stjbcs. U nu at Jk e o s t j j s b u y eobpjt`t`vo. Js buy fãe`k mj cmcptcr bjeãaècbjatj Kc bjm`mc ao jstã c`skcmc. Cuto-eckjatcb`jat Cuto-eck jatcb`jatoo c eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs. D r cm ` ob àt r ` e c s Eo s t j bu y e o bp j t ` t ` v o ]rciclc eoa eorr`jatjs buy pjqujócs quj ajejs`tca buenc cbpk`ece`õa. ]cikc 6.6 - ]cikc eobpcrct`vc mj sokueòajs ja kc bjm`mc mj eorr`jatj Eoa kcs forbcs mj bjm`r kc tjas`õa y kc eorr`jatj quj njbos v`sto, jk eoatcmor jkjetrõaèo bujstrjc cbics sjóckjs y rjck`zc tomos kos eãkeukos ajejscròs pcrc oitjajr kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos. F`d. 6.39 - Bujstrc mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj Wcrc jk eãkeuko mj kcs potjae`cs js ajejscrò ncejr opjrceòajs eoa kcs bujstrcs mj tjas`õa y mj eorr`jatj, ja jk ecso mj kc potjae`c cet`vc eoas`stj ja bukt`pkècr kcs bujstrcs mj tjas`õa por kcs mj eorr`jatj. 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 300 F`d. 6.35 - Eãkeuko mj potjae`c Ja jk ecso mj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc js ajejscrò mjspkczcr kc eorr`jatj 07¼ catjs mj bukt`pkècr kcs bujstrcs. Wcrc jkko sj ut`k`zc kc trcasforbcmc mj ‛N`kijrt‒ quj js ua ckdor`tbo bctjbãtèo quj pjrb`tj mjspkczcr kcs bujstrcs bcatja`jamo kc àujae`c mj kos crbõaèos. F`d. 6.3= - ]rcasforbcm ]rcasforbcmor or mj N`kijrt Kos pràe`pckjs pcrãbjtros quj b`mj jk eoatcmor soa kos s`du`jatjs< Dr u p o Wc r ãb jt r os Ja j r d â c s Ce t ` v c ( h T n ) , Yj c e t ` v c ( h v c r n ) Wo t j a e ` c s Cet`vc (hTn), Yjcet`vc (hvcrn), Cpcrjatj (hVC) Wcrãbjtro Wcrã bjtross jkàetrèos jkàetrèos ]jas`õ jas`õaa (V), Eorr`j Eorr`jatj atj (C), (C), Frjeujae Frjeujae`c `c (Nz), (Nz), Fcetor Fcetor mj potjae potjae`c `c 6 ]cikc 6.4 - Wcrãbjtros quj b`mj jk eoatcmor bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro 977 Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 6.6 Eoatcmorjs bukt`fuaeòa C m`fjrja m`fjrjae`c e`c mj kos eoatcmo eoatcmorjs rjs bjeãaèos, bjeãaèos, kos kos eoatcmorjs eoatcmorjs jstãtèo jstãtèos, s, o popukcrbja popukcrbjatj tj mjaobàcmos jkjetrõaèos, soa eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, quj eobo su propò aobirj àmèc, soa ua jqu`pos eobpcetos quj àtjdrca m`fjrjatjs fuaeòajs< eoatcmor, rjd`strcmor, tcr`ecmor, bcxâbjtro y bõmuko mj eobuaèceòajs. Ja kos s`du`jatjs cpcrtcmos, sj mjtckkc ecmc uac mj kcs fuaeòajs quj pujmj rjck`zcr ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa. 6.6.3 Eoatcmor mj jajrdâc Kc fuae`õa mj eoatcmor, js kc ajejs`mcm iãsèc quj sj rjqu`jrj mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc. Bjm`catj kc bjm`mc mj tjas`õa j àtjas`mcm, jk jqu`po js ecpcz mj bjm`r kc jajrdâc. Kc bcyorâc mj kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, soa eoatcmorjs eobiàcmos, ko quj s`da`ec js quj b`mja tcato jajrdâc cet`vc eobo jajrdâc rjcet`vc. Kc jajrdâc cet`vc, mjij sjr ceubukcmc ja mos totck`zcmorjs m`fjrjatjs sjdüa su sjat`mo, js mje`r, ua eoatcmor pcrc kc jajrdâc cet`vc `bportcmc (eoasub`mc) y otro eoatcmor pcrc kc jajrdâc cet`vc jxportcmc (djajrcmc). Uoirj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc, jk eoatcmor, ao sokcbjatj t`jaj quj sjr ecpcz mj sjpcrcr kc `bportce`õa mj kc jxportce`õa, sào quj t`jaj quj m`v`m`rkc por eucmrcatjs. Ja kc f`durc quj s`duj, sj pujmja `mjat`fècr ecmc uao mj kos eucmrcatjs, y t`pos mj jajrdâcs rjcet`vcs quj mjij sjpcrcr jk eoatcmor. F`d. 6.3: - Eucmrcatjs mj jajrdâc Ja rjsubja, ua eoatcmor eobiàcmo bukt`fuae`õa, mjij mj sjr ecpcz mj bjm`r eobo bâa`bo sj`s t`pos mj jajrdâc< 6 • Jajrdâc cet`vc jatrcmc (ua`mcmjs< hTn) • Jajrdâc cet`vc sck`mc (ua`mcmjs< hTn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S3 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S9 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S5 (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) • Jajrdâc rjcet`vc S= (ua`mcmjs< hVCrn) bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro 973 Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Vàcsj cpcrtcmo 6.: y jk ecpâtuko :, pcrc eoaoejr eobo jk eoatcmor b`mj kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos, pcrc kkjdcr c eoatcr y rjd`strcr kos m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj jajrdâc. 6.6.9 Yjd`strcmor Murcatj buenos cóos, jk rjd`strcmor, jrc ua m`spos`t`vo sjpcrcmo mjk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, euyc fuae`õa jrc kc mj rjd`strcr kos mctos norcròs mj kcs jajrdâcs bjm`mcs por jk eoatcmor. Ja kc cetuck`mcm kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa àtjdrca jk rjd`strcmor. Kc b`s`õa mj ua rjd`strcmor, js kc mj ckbcejacr rjd`stros mj jajrdâc eoa uac pjròmè`mcm mj lcmc. Ja jk Jspcóc, kos rjd`stros. rjd`strcmorjs quj pujmj tjajr uac profuam`mcm rjd`stro mjecso eõbomjbâa`bo =.777 Àstc t`jaja ecpce`mcm sjr mupkècmc, mjpjam`jamo mjk t`po mj subà`stro o ek`jatj. Cetuckbjatj kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, sj prodrcbca eoa pjrâomos mj 67 bàutos, ko quj ko eoav`jrtj ja kc mjaobàcmc eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c. U` jk jqu`po t`jaj quj m`spoajr mj ua sjduamo rjd`stro mj jajrdâcs, àstj sj prodrcbc eoa uac pjròmè`mcm mj 3: bàutos, y js kc eurvc eucrto-norcr`c. Kcs jajrdâcs quj sj rjd`strca ja àstcs eurvcs mj ecrdc, soa kcs 6 jajrdâcs mjser`tcs ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr (6.6.3). C eoatàuce`õa, sj bujstrc c bomo mj jljbpko, uac eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c mjsecrdcmc mj ua eoatcmor mj jajrdâc. Jt ` quj t c t ` jb po h Tn + hT n - hvc rn S3 hvcrn S9 hvcrn S5 hvcrn S= 73 < 77 94 / 79 / 70 79 < 77 94 / 79 / 70 @ av ` jr a o @ av ` jr a o 3= 53: : 3= 565 0 7 7 4 34= 4 935 7 7 7 7 0 63 6 063 6 75 < 77 94 / 79 / 70 @ av ` jr a o 3= =39 5 7 4 94 7 7 7 063 6 7 =< 77 9 4/ 79 / 70 @ av ` jr a o 3= == 9= 7 459 6 7 7 063 6 7 :< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ av ` jr a o 3= =: =6 7 454 > 7 7 063 0 7 6< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ av ` jr ao 3 ==0 35 7 45> > 7 7 06 53 7 4< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ a v ` jr ao 3 =:5 03 7 45> > 7 7 06 6= 7 >< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ a v ` jr ao 3 =:> =9 7 45 09 7 7 04 7= 7 0< 7 7 9 4/ 7 9/ 7 0 @ a v ` j r ao 3 =: >=6 7 45 05 7 7 04 36 37< 77 94/ 79/ 70 @ a v ` j r ao 3 =: >:7 7 45 04 7 7 04 95 ]cikc 6.> - Eurvc mj ecrdc norcr`c Ja àstj jljbpko mj eurvc mj ecrdc, sj pujmj oisjrvcr quj ao ncy vckorjs ja kcs eokubacs mj hTn -, S9 y S5. Jsto js porquj jk puato mj bjm`mc sokcbjatj js mj `bportce`õa, js mje`r soko ncy eoasubo mj jajrdâc. 6 Jk rjd`strcmor mj ua eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa, tcbi`àa pujmj tjajr kc ecpce`mcm mj ckbcejacr, jvjatos y e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa . Kos jvjatos, soa suejsos quj t`jaj jk eoatcmor, tckjs eobo ecbiòs ja kc prodrcbce`õa, fckkos mj tjas`õa, àe`mjae`cs ja eobuaèceòajs, jte. Wor otro kcmo, kos mjaobàcmos e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa, soa rjd`stros bjasuckjs mj kcs jajrdâcs y bcxâbjtros tcr`ecmos, rjd`strcmos murcatj ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo (mjs mjk catjròr e`jrrj mj fceturce`õa) bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 979 6.6.5 ]cr`ecmor Kc fuae`õa mj tcr`ecmor, js kc ecpce`mcm mj m`ser`bàcr por tcr`fcs, ua üaèo eoasubo mj jajrdâc. Kos eoatcmorjs eoa kc fuae`õa mj tcr`ecmor, t`jaja kc ecpce`mcm mj prodrcbcr ua eckjamcrò eoa uac m`ser`bàce`õa tcr`fcr`c. Ja jstj eckjamcrò sj mjfàja uacs tjbporcmcs, quj pujmja sjr por jljbpko àv`jrao y vjrcao. ]cbi`àa sj mjaja uaos pjrkjs m`cròs, quj sj cs`daca c kcs tjbporcmcs mja`mcs. Mj àstc forbc jk eoatcmor js ecpcz mj m`ser`bàcr kc jajrdâc por tcr`fcs, vcr`camo kc m`ser`bàce`õa, ja fuae`õa mjk mâc mjk cóo y mj kc frcalc norcr`c mjatro mj ecmc pjrk mj mâc. Ja jk bjrecmo jkàetrèo jspcóok, js mj oik`dctorò eubpk`b`jato quj kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc m`spoadca mj ncstc 5 eckjamcròs prodrcbcmos, o ko quj ja jk eoatcmor sj mjaobàc eoatrctos. Jk rjsuktcmo ack js quj kc b`sbc jajrdâc bjm`mc ja ua puato, sj pujmj tcr`ecr mj trjs forbcs m`fjrjatjs. 6.6.= Bcxâbjtro Jk bcxâbjtro js jk pcrãbjtro quj ut`k`zc kc eobpcóâc jkàetrèc pcrc kc fceturce`õa mjk tàrbào mj potjae`c. Jk bcxâbjtro mc kc potjae`c àstcatãajc probjm`cmc murcatj ua pjrâomo mj t`jbpo. Kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, js ua vckor prodrcbcikj ja eucato c su pjrâomo mj àtjdrce`õa, y cuaquj aorbckbjatj jk pcrãbjtro jkàetrèo quj sj cs`dac ck eãkeuko mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, js kc potjae`c cet`vc (hT), ja ckduaos ecsos kc vcr`cikj cs`dacmc js kc potjae`c cpcrjatj (hVC). Ja kc s`du`jatj drãec, sj rjprjsjatc, pcrc ua pjrâomo mj 3: bàutos, kc potjae`c àstcatãajc ja hT. Jk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, murcatj jstos 3: bàutos, ckbcejac tjbporckbjatj kos vckorjs mj kcs potjae`cs àstcatãajcs mj jstj pjrâomo. Ck ack mjk b`sbo, rjck`zc ua probjmò mj kos vckorjs rjd`strcmos. Jstj probjmò js jk vckor mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc pcrc àstj pjrâomo, quj ja àstj ecso sjrâc cprox`bcmcbjatj mj 577 hT. 6 F`d. 6.36 - Drãec mj potjae`c U` jk eoatcmor bukt`fuae`õa js tcr`ecmor y bcxâbjtro, m`spoamrã mj tcatos vckorjs mj bãx`bcs mjbcamcs eobo tcr`fcs prodrcbcmcs, yc quj m`spoaj mj rjd`stros bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 975 mj bcx`bjtros àmjpjam`jatjs pcrc ecmc frcalc tcr`fcr`c, csâ eobo ua vckor totck quj sjrã jk bcyor mj tomcs kcs bãx`bcs tcr`ecmcs. 6.6.: Bõmuko mj eobuaèceòajs ]omos kos eoatcmorjs bukt`fuae`õa, m`spoaja mj eõbo bâa`bo ua pujrto õptèo, por jk quj sj pujmj cmjbãs mj prodrcbcr, mjsecrdcr tomc kc àforbce`õa quj ckbcejaca. Cmjbãs, y sjdüa kos bomjkos y vcr`catjs mj ecmc fcirècatj, pujmj àeorporcr pujrtos sjr`j jkàetrèos. Ja jk ecso mjk bjrecmo jspcóok, kos eoatcmorjs tr`fãsèos, mjija m`spoajr mj eõbo bâa`bo, ua pujrto õptèo y ua sjr`j, cmèòackbjatj sj pujmj cbpk`cr eoa ua sjduamo pujrto sjr`j o Jtnjrajt, pcrc quj jk usucrò ack pujmc mjsecrdcr kos mctos, o i`ja por àtjdrcrko mjatro mj ua s`stjbc mj eoatrok jajrdàtèo t`po UECMC. Ja ckduacs oecsòajs, jk soportj fâsèo mj kcs eobuaèceòajs js kc prop`c rjm, mcamo kudcr c kos eobuaèceòajs WKE Wowjr Kàj Eobbuaèctòas). 6.4 Eobuaèceòajs y protoeokos Murcatj buenos cóos kc üaèc forbc posìkj mj oitjajr àforbce`õa mj kos eoatcmorjs fuj kc kjeturc bcauck mjk àmècmor bjeãaèo. Eoa kc àtromuee`õa mj kos eoatcmorjs jstãtèos icscmos ja jk m`sjóo jkjetrõaèo, cpcrje`õ kc posì`k`mcm mj àtromue`r ua mj àtjrfcej quj pjrb`tâc eoa ykc ackbjatj, cyumc mj ua ecijzck jxtjrao, kc kjeturc ckduaosõptèo pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos, kc m`spoaì`k`mcm mj ecackjs YU959, YU=>: j àekuso Jtnjrajt nca njeno quj kos eoatcmorjs mjlja mj sjr ua jkjbjato c`skcmo y pcsja c sjr ua aomo bãs mj uac rjm mj eobuaèceòajs. F`d. 6.34 - Eobuaèce`õa eoa jk eoatcmor Eoa kc cpcrè`õa mj kc posì`k`mcm mj ecptcr àforbce`õa mjk eoatcmor bjm`catj ua ecack mj eobuaèceòajs ecmc fcirècatj jbpjzõ c trciclcr eoa protoeokos propòs yc quj ja kc fcsj àè`ck ao jx`stâc aàdüa jstãamcr cpkècikj. 6 Eoa jk pcso mjk t`jbpo jbpjzcroa c cpcrjejr protoeokos jstãamcr quj pjrb`t`jroa quj eoatcmorjs mj m`fjrjatjs fcirècatjs pum`jrca ut`k`zcr ua b`sbo kjaduclj mj eobuaèce`õa. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 97= C eoatàuce`õa eobjatcrjbos kos protoeokos bãs `bportcatjs quj sj jstãa ut`k`zcamo ja kc cetuck`mcm, cpkècmos ja kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. 6.4.3 @JE 63374 Catjr òrbjatj Catjròrb jatj kkcb kkcbcmo cmo @JE3374 , js ua moeubjato àtjraceòack jstãamcr quj mjserìj ua protoeoko jxtjascbjatj uscmo pcrc kjjr eoatcmorjs mj fceturce`õa ja kc Za`õa Juropjc. Jk @JE 63374 sj eoas`mjrc rjjbpkczcmo por jk @JE 697:6, pjro sj s`duj ut`k`zcamo porquj js s`bpkj y buy cejptcmo. Javâc mctos ja CUE@@ ut`k ut`k`zcam `zcamoo ua pujrt pujrtoo sjr` sjr`j. j. Kos bjmò bjmòss mj eobua eobuaèce èce`õa `õa fâs` fâsèos eos soa eoa bomukce`õa mj kc kuz, jav`cmos eoa ua mòmo KJM y rjeì`mos eoa ua fotomòmo, o ua pcr mj ecikjs, por ko djajrck ua YU-=>:. Jk protoeoko sõko pjrb`tj jav`cr o rjeì`r, y ao pujmj trciclcr mj forbc s`buktãajc. Jstc aorbc js kc quj mjaj eobo nc mj sjr jk ncrmwcrj mj kc eoajx`õa õptèc. 6.4.9 @JE 67>47-:-379 Jk @JE 67>47-:-379 js ua protoeoko jstãamcr àtjraceòack, àtjraceòack, puikècmo por jk @JE ck pràe`pò mj kos cóos 07. Wjrb`tj kc eobuaèce`õa jatrj uac ua`mcm ejatrck ejatrck y vcròs eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Jk protoeoko jstã icscmo ja kc crqu`tjeturc JWC (Jancaejm Wjrforbcaej Cre Cren`t n`tjet jeturj urj))Jky @JE mjaj mj aj sõk sõkoo kc ecp ecpc fâsè fâs èc, c, kc mj jak jakcej cej y kc mj mj cpkèc cpk èce`õ e`õaa mj bomjko OU@. 67>47-:-379 sjcusc iãsècbjatj, eoa bjmòs trcasb`s`õa kjatos. Eucamo ja jk bjrecmo jspcóok jbpjzcroa c cpcrjejr eoatcmorjs tr`fãsèos jkjetrõaèos, ecmc fcirècatj mje`m`õ àeorporcr ck jqu`po jk protoeoko quj ja cqujk bobjato eoas`mjrõ cmjeucmo, ckduaos mj jkkos àekuso prop`jtcròs mjk fcirècatj. Frjatj c jstc e`reuastcae`c, YJJ eobo rjspoascikj mj kc kjeturc rjbotc mj kos eoatcmorjs mjstàcmos c kos drcamjs eoasub`morjs, mje`m`õ àtjatcr eorrjd`r jstc s`tuce`õa y propuso jstj jstãamcr pcrc kc kjeturc mj kos eoatcmorjs. Eobo rjsuktcmo mj cqujkkc propujstc cpcrje`jroa m`fjrjatjs fcsjs< Ja uac pr`bjrc fcsj sj àeorporõ c tomos kos eoatcmorjs tr`fãsèos àstckcikjs ja Jspcóc jk protoeoko @JE >47-:-379 pcrc kc kjeturc mj cqujkkos pcrãbjtros quj • ajejs`tcic YJJ pcrc eoatrokcr jk ickcaej jajrdàtèo. • Ja uac sjduamc fcsj kc eobpcóâcs jkàetrècs, trciclcamo mj forbc eoaluatc mja`jroa uac sjduamc pcrtj quj kjs pjrb`t`jrc eoadurcr tomos kos jqu`pos mj kc b`sbc forbc. Jk rjsuktcmo fuj quj sj mja`jroa kos eobcamos ajejscròs pcrc quj kcs tcr`fcs, jk eoatrok mj kos e`jrrjs, kcs potjae`cs eoatrctcmcs, jte, sj pum`jrca prodrcbcr mj kc b`sbc forbc. Ja uac tjrejrc fcsj sj mja`jroa uac sjr`j mj pcrãbjtros csoe`cmos c kc eck`mcm mj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjm y kos eobcamos ajejscròs pcrc su eoadurce`õa y kjeturc. • 6 6.4.5 MKBU bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 97: Jk MKBU (Mjvèj Kcaducdj Bjsscdj spje`ectòa) js ua kjaduclj cistrceto ua`vjrsck pcrc kc jstcamcr`zce`õa mj kc eobuaèce`õa mj bjm`mc mjatro mj @JE. MKBU js ua jstãamcr ci`jrto y nc s`mo puikècmo eobo @JE 6355=-=-=3. MKBU jstc ci`jrto c otros t`pos mj eoatcmorjs m`fjrjatjs c kos mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc eobo kos mj dcs, eckor, cduc jte. Oiljt`vos mjk MKBU • Eobpctìkj< Zao mj kos oiljt`vos js dcrcat`zcr kc àtjropjrci`k`mcm mj kos jqu`pos mj m`fjrjatjs fcirècatjs. • @amjpjam`jatj< MKBU js àmjpjam`jatj mjk bjmò mj eobuaèce`õa ut`k`zcmo y dcrcat`zc kc àtjropjrci`k`mcm mj eoatcmorjs mj m`fjrjatjs fcirècatjs ja s`stjbcs mj eobuaèce`õa bukt`bjm`c y cpkèceòajs bukt`fuaeòackjs. • Jxpcamìkj< MKBU fce`k`tc kc cbpk`ce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs jx`stjatjs. Ao js ajejscrò cmoptcr postjròrjs jqu`pos mj eobuaèce`õa. Jsto sj trcmuej ja bjaorjs eostjs djajrckjs y eoadurce`õa mj kos s`stjbcs bãs s`bpkj. Jk MKBU js uao mj kos protoeokos euyo uso sj jstã jxtjam`jamo ao sõko por tomc Juropc, sào por jk rjsto mjk buamo. Jk njeno mj quj sj ncyc puikècmo uac @JE eobo jstãamcr ci`jrto nc fce`k`tcmo quj buencs eobpcóâcs jkàetrècs ncyca icscmo ja jk sus proyjetos mj tjkjdjst`õa. 6.> Djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc Kos eoatcmorjs quj eubpkja eoa kc jspje`ece`õa mj s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa cetuckbjatj àtjdrca ko quj sj eoaoej eobo ua jkjbjato mj eortj. Jstj m`spos`t`vo pjrb`tj mj forbc rjbotc eoatrokcr jk subà`stro. 6 F`d. 6.3> - Jkjbjato mj eortj àtjdrcmo bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 976 Jx`stja mos drcamjs fuaeòajs csoe`cmcs c jstj jkjbjato< Kc pr`bjrc eoas`stj ja kc posì`k`mcm mj quj mj forbc rjbotc (ut`k`zcamo kc prop`c rjm jkàetrèc eobo bjmò mj eobuaèceòajs), jk eoatcmor rjeìc kc ormja mj eortcr jk subà`stro mj usucrò ack y postjròrbjatj mj rjpoajrko. F`d. 6.30 - Djst`õa rjbotc mj kc mjbcamc Jstc posì`k`mcm pjrb`t`rã c kcs eobpcóâcs jkàetrècs eortcr jk subà`stro mj forbc rjbotc ja kos s`du`jatjs ecsos< Wor `bpcdo< Ja ecso mj quj jk usucrò ack ao cioaj kos rjeìos eorrjspoam`jatjs, y mjspuàs mj sjdu`r tomos kos pcsos quj kjdckbjatj jstãa mja`mos, sjrã posìkj • eortcr jk subà`stro y rjpoajrko postjròrbjatj sà ajejs`mcm mj mjspkczcrsj ck mobè`kò. Wor sjdur`mcm< U` sj supjrc jk fcetor mj s`buktcaj`mcm mj ecrdc eoa jk quj jstãa m`bjasòacmos kos trcasforbcmorjs mj kos ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, sjrã posìkj mjseoajetcr ckduaos cioacmos catjs mj quj sj promuzec uac s`tuce`õa erâtèc. • 6 F`d. 6.97 - Eoatrok totck mj kc mjbcamc bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 974 Otrc posìkj s`tuce`õa sjrâc quj frjatj c kc `bposì`k`mcm mj cubjatcr kc ecpce`mcm mj djajrce`õa frjatj c ua pèo mj mjbcamc, kc üaèc posì`k`mcm por pcrtj mj kc eobpcóâc jkàetrèc sjc mjseoajetcr ecrdcs mobàstècs mj forbc eoatrokcmc jv`tcamo mj jstc forbc jk eokcpso jkàetrèo. Kc otrc fuae`õa mjk jkjbjato mj eortj js k`b`tcr kc potjae`c eoasub`mc por jk usucrò. Ja kc bcyorâc mj kos jatoraos mobàstèos jx`stja m`spos`t`vos bjeãaèos euyc fuae`õa js k`b`tcr kc potjae`c eoasub`mc. Ja jk futuro sjrãa kos propòs eoatcmorjs kos quj àtjdrja jstc fuae`õa cportcamo kcs s`du`jatjs vjatclcs< • Ja jk ecso mj quj sj supjrj kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc jk eoatcmor mjseoajetcrã jk subà`stro y jk usucrò mjijrã mjseoajetcr ckduacs ecrdcs ncstc jstcr por mjiclo mjk bãx`bo eoatrctcmo. Ja jstj ecso jk eoatcmor ut`k`zc su ‛U`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa por mjtjee`õa mj e`reu`to ci`jrto‒ y ja eucato mjtjetj quj jk usucrò nc ci`jrto y nc vujkto c ejrrcr jk àtjrruptor djajrck, mj forbc cutobãtèc rjpoamrã jk subà`stro. Ja jk ecso mj quj ao ncyca mjseoajetcmo kcs ecrdcs soircatjs, mjspuàs mj jljeutcr kc bcaòirc mj sjdur`mcm, jk eoatcmor vokvjrã c cir`r jk e`reu`to, eortcamo jk subà`stro. F`d. 6.93 - U`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa Otrc mj kcs vjatclcs quj cportc jstj s`stjbc js quj kc potjae`c bãx`bc js eoadurcikj rjbotcbjatj ja jk ecso mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, ko quj pjrb`tj mcr rjspujstc c uac pjtè`õa mj cbpk`ce`õa mj potjae`c sà ajejs`mcm mj mjspkczcrsj ncstc jk mobè`kò. • Wor ükt`bo tjajbos kc posì`k`mcm mj prodrcbcr uac eoas`dac mjk kâb`tj mj potjae`c pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs tcr`fcs, por ko tcato, jstj bjeca`sbo aos pujmj pjrb`t`r cmjeucr kcs posì`k`mcmjs mj djajrce`õa eoa kos kâb`tjs mj eoasubo. • F`d. 6.99 - Eoatrok mj potjae`c por tcr`fcs 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 97> 6.>.3 Djst`õa pcs`vc mj kc mjbcamc Kc `mjc mj kc djst`õa pcs`vc js mcr àforbce`õa ck usucrò ack cejrec mj euãk js su eoasubo rjck ja euckqu`jr bobjato y su àujae`c ja kcs jb`sòajs mj EO9. Otrc posì`k`mcm js mcr àforbce`õa c kos usucròs cejrec mj tcr`fcs bãs jeoaõbècs eoa kc `mjc mj djstòacr bjlor su mjbcamc. F`d. 6.95 - Djst`õa pcs`vc mj kc mjbcamc 6.>.9 Djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc Womjbos àtromue`r ua m`spos`t`vo ecpcz mj eoajetcr y mjseoajetcr kcs ecrdcs mobàstècs ao erâtècs, por jljbpko kc kcvcmorc, jk kcvcvcl`kkcs, jte. Wor ko tcato mjpjam`jamo mj kc tcr`fc o mjpjam`jamo mj kc ecpce`mcm mj djajrce`õa mj jajrdâc sjrã posìkj mje`m`r mj forbc cutobãtèc eobo m`strìu`r jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc. F`d. 6.9= - Djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc 6.0 Fuaeòajs cmèòackjs Kos eoatcmorjs bjeãaèos nca tja`mo murcatj buencs màecmcs eobo üaèc b`s`õa proporeòacr uac bjm`mc f`cikj mj kc jajrdâc. Cetuckbjatj eoa kc àeorporce`õa mj kc jkjetrõaèc js posìkj m`spoajr mj uac sjr`j mj fuaeòajs quj cportca ua vckor cócm`mo c kc djst`õa mjk eoatcmor. 6 Jstcs fuaeòajs cmèòackjs jstãa csoe`cmcs c kc posì`k`mcm por pcrtj mjk eoatcmor mj djstòacr bõmukos mj jatrcmcs y mj sck`mcs. C eoatàuce`õa eoatàuce` õa vjrjbos vjr jbos ckduacs c kduacs mj kcs fuaeòajs bãs tâpècs t âpècs csoe`cmcs c jstos jsto s bõmukos jspje`ckjs. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 970 6.0.3 Bõmukos mj jatrcmcs Jx`stja ckduacs àstckceòajs ja kcs quj jstãa boatcmos jkjbjatos bjeãaèos quj àmèca por jljbpko kc tcr`fc cet`vc (rjkol tcr`fcrò), o i`ja jk sàeroa`sbo pcrc jk pjròmo mj eãkeuko mj kc bãx`bc mjbcamc, jte. Wcrc pomjr sjdu`r uscamo jstos m`spos`t`vos jxtjraos, ja kos eoatcmorjs jstãtèos pomjbos jaeoatrcr jatrcmcs m`d`tckjs pcrc su djst`õa. F`d. 6.9: - Bõmukos mj jatrcmcs Jx`stja eoatcmorjs mj dcs y cduc quj jb`tja puksos proporeòackjs ck eoasubo. Jk eoatcmor pujmj m`spoajr mj jatrcmcs quj pjrb`tca eoatci`k`zcr jstos `bpuksos, mj forbc quj jk eoatcmor sj pujmj eoavjrt`r ja ua eoaejatrcmor mj bjm`mcs mjk jatorao mobàstèo y ceubukcr àforbce`õa soirj jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc, dcs y cduc. 6.0.9 Bõmukos mj sck`mcs Jk eoatcmor pujmj àeorporcr sck`mcs quj mja `bpuksos proporeòackjs ck eoasubo mj jajrdâc. Js posìkj csoe`cr c ecmc uac mj kcs jajrdâcs quj ceubukc jk eoatcmor uac sck`mc àmjpjam`jatj mj `bpuksos. Zac mj kcs posìkjs cpkèceòajs mj jstos puksos js kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj kc àforbce`õa provja`jatj mj vcròs jqu`pos, y kujdo bjm`catj ua ecack mj eobuaèceòajs js posìkj ncejr uac kjeturc rjbotc mj jstc àforbce`õa. 6 F`d. 6.96 - Bõmukos mj sck`mcs bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 937 Otrc posìkj cpkèce`õa mj kcs sck`mcs soa eobo àmècmorjs mj kcs tcr`fcs. Uj pujmj csoe`cr jk jstcmo mj kos rjkàs mj sck`mc c kc eoajx`õa mj e`reu`tos quj sõko mjija fuaeòacr eucamo mjtjrbàcmcs tcr`fcs jstãa cet`vcs, por jljbpko, pomjbos jspjrcr c uac tcr`fc t`po vckkj pcrc eoajetcr ecrdcs quj ao soa erâtècs. 6.37 Eck`mcm mj subà`stro 6.37.3 @atromuee`õa c kc bjm`mc mj eck`mcm Jk eoasubo jkàetrèo jx`stj drce`cs c ua eoaluato mj cdjatjs quj àtjrv`jaja c ko kcrdo mj tomo ua proejso. Jbpjzcamo por kc djajrce`õa, pcscamo por jk trcasportj y kc m`strìue`õa, ncstc kkjdcr ck eoasubo ack, kc jkjetrè`mcm sufrj uac sjr`j mj cktjrceòajs quj ja oecsòajs cfjetca mj forbc eoas`mjrcikj. Kcs eobpcóâcs jkàetrècs jaecrdcmcs mj rjck`zcr kc m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc sj jaecrdca mj dcrcat`zcr quj kc tjas`õa subà`strcmc eubpkc eoa uac sjr`j mj pcrãbjtros, kos euckjs pujmja vcr`cr ja fuae`õa mj kc zoac djodrãec. Kcs ecrdcs eoajetcmcs c kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa soa buy m`stàtcs, y c bjm`mc quj jvokueòac kc tjeaokodâc, buencs mj kcs ecrdcs tcbi`àa vcrâca y cfjetca c kc jstci`k`mcm mjk eoaluato mj kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa. Kcs àmustr`cs ut`k`zca ecmc vjz proejsos bãs sof`stècmos ja kos quj ncy bãs jkjbjatos mj eoatrok, cutobct`zce`õa y rjdukce`õa, quj pjrb`tja rjck`zcr proejsos mj forbc bãs cutobãtèc y sjr bãs eobpjt`t`vos. Djajrckbjatj, jstcs ecrdcs t`jaja uac drca sjasì`k`mcm c kcs vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa, catj kcs euckjs provoeca bckos fuaeòacb`jatos y proikjbcs erâtèos ja kos proejsos. Wor otro kcmo, ecmc vjz bãs kcs jbprjscs àv`jrtja ja bjm`r y eoatrokcr kc eck`mcm mjk subà`stro jkàetrèo pcrc jv`tcr uaos eostjs csoe`cmos djajrckbjatj c proejsos promuet`vos. Uj ncej `bprjseàmìkj eoatrokcr ao soko kos eostjs csoe`cmos c kcs fcktcs mj eoatàu`mcm mjk subà`stro, sào tcbi`àa kos csoe`cmos c kc fcktc mj eck`mcm mjk subà`stro. Js mj v`tck `bportcae`c supjrv`scr jk iuja fuaeòacb`jato mj kc àstckce`õa y mj kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c jstc, csâ eobo rjck`zcr uac eorrjetc djst`õa jajrdàtèc pcrc jv`tcr jxejsos mj eoasubo àajejscròs. Kc dkoick`zce`õa mj kos bjrecmos, ncej tcbi`àa quj kos m`fjrjatjs àtjrkoeutorjs `bpkècmos ja kos proejsos mj kc djajrce`õa, jk trcasportj y jk eoasubo mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc, tjadca kc ajejs`mcm mj ncikcr ja kos b`sbos tàrbàos pcrc cfroatcr kos aujvos rjtos futuros quj `bpkèca uac opt`b`zce`õa tcato mj kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa eobo mj kcs àstckceòajs jkàetrècs. Wor jstj bot`vo, kcs aorbct`vcs cetuckjs nceja bueno àafcs`s ja ut`k`zcr jkjbjatos quj b`mca eoaforbj c uac sjr`j mj er`tjròs mjtjrbàcmos pcrc fce`k`tcr csâ kc àtjrprjtce`õa mj tomc kc àforbce`õa. 6 Kc bjm`mc ja m`stàtos puatos mj kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa ncej àm`spjascikj m`spoajr mj jqu`pos quj csjdurja por ua kcmo uac vck`mjz cisokutc ja kc bjm`mc, y por otro kcmo uac roiustjz eoatrcstcmc, ck jaeoatrcrsj ja jatoraos eobpkjlos. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 933 Jstos jqu`pos soa kos jqu`pos mj rjfjrjae`c pcrc eobpcóâcs jkàetrècs mj tomo jk buamo ja jatoraos y rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa buy m`stàtcs. Ck b`sbo t`jbpo, kcs jbprjscs opjrca ecmc vjz mj forbc bãs nci`tuck ja ua jatorao dkoick, quj oik`dc c quj sjca bãs eobpjt`t`vcs y opt`bèja sus proejsos. Wcrc jkko sj ncej àm`spjascikj cack`zcr y jstum`cr kcs pjrturiceòajs jkàetrècs quj cfjetca c kos proejsos promuet`vos mj kcs jbprjscs eoa jk oiljt`vo mj bjlorcr j àbua`zcr kcs àstckceòajs. 6.37.9 Aorbct`vc Yjkct`vo c kos cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro, tcato ja eobo t`jaja quj bjm`r eobo ja quj t`jaja quj rjd`strcr, jx`stja pràe`pckbjatj 9 aorbct`vcs c a`vjk juropjo, y soa< @JE-63777-=-57 y JA :7367 Wor otro kcmo, ja jk ecso mj Jspcóc, jx`stja mjerjtos quj puikèc jk doi`jrao y quj rjdukca, jatrj otros tjbcs, kos âamèjs mj eck`mcm zoack o kos t`jbpos bjmòs mj àtjrrupe`õa. ]omos ]omos àstos pcrãbjtros sj mjija rjd`strcr rjd`strcr,, yc ao por jk usucrò ack, s` ao quj kc rjspoasci`k`mcm rjecj soirj kc m`strìu`morc mj jajrdâc, quj mjij mj prjsjatcr sus âamèjs mj eck`mcm ck mjpcrtcbjato mj @amustr`c. Jk Yjck Mjerjto 30::/9777, ncikc jstcikjej uac sjr`j mj er`tjròs k`djrcbjatj m`stàtos mj kos quj jstcikjej kc aorbc JA :7367. Wor jljbpko kc JA :7367, jat`jamj por àtjrrupe`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa eucamo kc tjas`õa ja kos puatos mj subà`stro ao supjrc jk 37% mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc. ]cbi`àa mjaj eobo àtjrrupe`õa mj kcrdc murce`õa, eucamo àstc js supjròr c 5 bàutos y irjvj eucamo js `duck o àfjròr c 5 bàutos. Ja jk YM 30::/9777, mjaj quj kos kâb`tjs bãx`bos pcrc vcr`ceòajs mj tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa c kos eoasub`morjs ackjs mjijrãa sjr àfjròrjs ck 4% mj kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa mjekcrcmc ja kudcr mjk +/- 37% quj js ko quj jstcikjej kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367. 6.37.9.3 @JE-63777-=-57 Zac mj kcs aorbct`vcs àtjraceòackjs bãs jx`djatjs quj jx`stja cetuckbjatj js kc aorbct`vc @JE-63777-=-57, quj jspje`ec eõbo kos cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro mjija rjck`zcr kcs bjm`mcs mj tomo ua eoaluato mj pcrãbjtros. 6 Mjatro mj jstc aorbct`vc, sj m`fjrjae`ca 5 ekcsjs< C, I y U. Ekcsj C sj rjsjrvc c cqujkkos jqu`pos mj bãs prje`s`õa y bãs prjstceòajs, kos euckjs mjija eubpk`r mj forbc buy r`durosc eoa uac bjtomokodâc mj bjm`mc, y mjija tjajr uac jkjvcmc prje`s`õa ja tomos kos pcrãbjtros quj b`mja. Cqujkkos jqu`pos ejrt`ecmos eoa kc prje`s`õa ekcsj C mj jstc aorbct`vc, soa ut`k`zcmos eobo jkjbjatos pctroajs y pujmja sjr uscmos kkjdcmo jk ecso c rjsokvjr euckqu`jr t`po mj m`sputc. E@YEZ]OY, m`spoaj mj kc dcbc mj cack`zcmorjs mj eck`mcm SAC sjr`j =77, quj eubpkja eoa jstcs jx`djatjs aorbct`vcs, s`jamo ja àstckceòajs buy m`vjrscs kos pctroajs mj bjm`mc ut`k`zcmos. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 939 Jk rjd`stro mj vckorjs n`stõrèos pjrb`tj eoaoejr kc jvokue`õa y kc tjamjae`c mj kc tjas`õa subà`strcmc y kc potjae`c eoasub`mc ja kc àstckce`õa jkàetrèc, pjrb`t`jamo cmjbãs `mjat`ecr caobckâcs quj àtjrjrca ja jk õpt`bo rjam`b`jato mj kcs bãquàcs y s`stjbcs eoajetcmos c kc rjm. Cmjb ãs mjk rjd Cmjbãs rjd`st `stro ro mj kos m`f m`fjrj jrjatjs atjs pcr pcrãbj ãbjtro tross mj eck eck`mc `mcmm ja tja tjas`õ s`õa, a, ncy bomjkos mj cack`zcmorjs quj soa ecpcejs mj bjm`r eorr`jatj, por ko quj m`spoaja mj tomos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos, tckjs eobo potjae`cs, jajrdâcs, fcetorjs mj potjae`c, ]NM ja eorr`jatj, jte. Euckqu`jr jvjato mj tjas`õa js pjrejptìkj mj oecsòacr fuaeòacb`jatos àcmjeucmos ja e`jrto t`po mj jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos. Yjd`strcamo jstcs àe`mjae`cs sjdüa kc aorbct`vc mj eck`mcm mj rjm @JE-63777-=-57 Ekcsj C, pjrb`tj `mjat`ecr eoa jxcet`tum kcs ecuscs mj kcs cvjrâcs y tobcr csâ kcs bjm`mcs eorrjetorcs ajejscr`cs pcrc bà`b`zcr kos eostjs csoe`cmos c kc promuet`v`mcm. 6.37.9.9 JA-:7367 Kc aorbct`vc mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro c a`vjk juropjo sj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj JA :7367. Kc cmcptce`õa c a`vjk jspcóok js kc aorbc ZAJ-JA:7367 . Kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367 jstcikjej uacs eoamèòajs pcrc kos rjd`stros cack`zcmos mj tjas`õa jecz, èhjr y crbõaèos. Ja eucato c tjas`õa jecz, àstos rjd`stros sjrãa probjmòs mj 37 bàutos rjd`strcmos c ko kcrdo mj uac sjbcac. Mj jstos rjd`stros, ua 0:% mjija jstcr jatrj jk +/- 37% mj kc tjas`õa aobàck. Zac soirjtjas`õa ao jstã mja`mc eoa bãrdjajs ja kc aorbc ZAJ-JA:7367 y ja eucato ck t`jbpo mj murce`õa tca soko sj eobjatc quj kc murce`õa js rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdc eucamo sj trctc mj uac soirjtjas`õa tjbporck c frjeujae`c àmustr`ck. Za nujeo mj tjas`õa sj jat`jamj eobo uac rjmuee`õa mj kc tjas`õa jatrj jk 07% y jk 3% mj kc tjas`õa mjekcrcmc murcatj ua t`jbpo eobprjam`mo jatrj 37 bs y 3 bàuto. Wor ükt`bo, sj eoas`mjrc àtjrrupe`õa eucamo kc tjas`õa iclc mjk 3% mjk vckor aobàck. Cmjbãs jx`stja vcròs t`pos mj àtjrrupeòajs< Wrodrcbcmcs< eucamo jk usucrò js àforbcmo catjs quj sj promuzec Cee`mjatck< ecuscmc por fckkos trcas`toròs t rcas`toròs aorbckbjatj oecsòacmos por jvjatos jxtjraos. Kcs àtjrrupeòajs cee`mjatckjs sj ekcs`eca ja< 6 • Mj kcrdc murce`õa< 1 mj 5 bàutos • Mj eortc murce`õa< ≭ mj 5 bàutos Ja eucato c èhjr, èhjr, jx`stja mos tàrbàos, jk pst y jk jk pkt. Jk probjmò murcatj 37 bàutos mj jstos vckorjs jecejs js jk eoaoe`mo eobo Wst. Uj eoas`mjrc quj jk èhjr js pjrejptìkj por jk olo nubcao eucamo jk Wst 1 3. bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 935 Wor otro kcmo tjajbos jk Wkt, quj ao js bãs quj jk ‛Âamèj mj pjrejptì`k`mcm pcrc t`jbpos kcrdos‒. Jstj vckor sj oit`jaj mj probjm`cr murcatj 9 norcs (js mje`r 39 vckorjs) mj Wst. Kc aorbc ZAJ-JA :7367 jstcikjej quj jk Wkt mjij sjr ≭ 3 pcrc jk 0:% mj t`jbpo mj rjd`stro (3 sjbcac). Ja ko quj c crbõaèos sj rjjrj, c eoatàuce`õa sj bujstrc uac tcikc ja kc quj sj jstcikjeja kos vckorjs bãx`bos pcrc ecmc ormja mj crbõaèo ja tjas`õa ncstc jk crbõaèo 9: quj js ncstc moamj jstcikjej kc aorbc. Cmjbãs jk 0:% mj kos vckorjs probjmò mj ecmc tcsc àm`v`muck mjij jstcr por mjiclo mj kos vckorjs jspje`ecmos ja kc tcikc. C r bõ a ` e o s ` bp c r j s C r bõ a ` e o s p c r j s Ao b ük t ` pk o s m j 5 B ük t ` pk os mj 5 O r mj a ]jas`õa rjkct`vc Or m j a ]jas`õa rjkct`vc Or m j a ]jas`õa rjkct`vc : 6% 5 :% 9 9% 4 :% 0 3, : % = 3% 33 5 ,: % 3: 7, : % 6 ...9 = 7 ,: % 35 5% 93 7, : % 34 9% 30 3 ,: % 95 3 ,: % 9: 3 ,: % ]cikc 6.0 - Vckorjs bãx`bos pcrc ecmc ormja mj crbõaèo. Ja eucato ck ]NM, àstj mjij sjr àfjròr o `duck ck >% àekuyjamo kos crbõaèos ncstc ormja =7. 6.33 Yjsubja Ja jk prjsjatj ecpâtuko soirj kc bjm`mc jkàetrèc sj nca ciormcmo tjbcs rjkceòacmos eoa kos eoatcmorjs nobokodcmos y kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro. Uj nca eobjatcmo tjbcs rjkceòacmos eoa jk bjrecmo jkàetrèo y jk bcreo kjdck quj ko rjdukc, csâ eobo mjk eoatcmor mj jajrdâc, mjsmj eobo b`mj kc jajrdâc àtjracbjatj ncstc kos pcrãbjtros quj ckbcejac ja bjbor`c y kos mjsecrdc bjm`catj m`fjrjatjs protoeokos mj eobuaèceòajs. Wor ükt`bo tcbi`àa sj nca eobjatcmo tjbcs rjkceòacmos eoa kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro, tcato mj kos pcrãbjtros quj pjrs`duj kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro, eobo mj kc aorbct`vc juropjc quj ko rjdukc. 6 Eobo eoaekusòajs c àstj ecpâtuko, pomrâcbos mje`r quj jk eoatcmor js ua jqu`po quj murcatj buenos cóos ao nciâc jvokueòacmo, pjro mjatro mj kos 3: ükt`bos cóos, nc jxpjr`bjatcmo jk ecbiò mj kos eoatcmorjs bjeãaèos c kos eoatcmorjs jstãtèos o jkjetrõaèos. Kos eoatcmorjs cetuckjs soa jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos, quj bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 93= àeorporca ua bèroproejscmor quj pjrb`tj eoavjrt`rkos ja jqu`pos bukt`fuae`õa, eoa m`fjrjatjs posì`k`mcmjs posì`k`mcmjs ja eobuaèceòajs, quj ncej quj pujmc kkjdcr c sjr ua cack`zcmor mj rjm bãs, mjatro mj ua s`stjbc mj djst`õa jajrdàtèo, njeno quj ncej ckduaos cóos, jrc totckbjatj `bpjascikj. 6.39 Yjfjrjae`cs nttp<//www.uajsc.ajt nttp<//www.objk.js nttp<//www.rjj.js nttp<//www.jajrd`cysoe`jmcm.js nttp<//www.b`tye.js/ nttp<//www.eaj.js nttp<//www.mkbs.eob Moe< M`rjet`vc Juropjc 977=-99-EJ Moe< ZAJ-JA :7=47-5-9774.pmf Moe< ZAJ-JA :7=47-3-9774.pmf Moe< Yjck Mjerjto 3337/9774 6 bjm`mc mj jajrdâc y eck`mcm mj subà`stro 4 NJYYCB@JA] NJYYCB@JA]CU CU MJ BJM@MC P CAÃK@U@U MJ KC YJM JKÀE]Y@EC 4.3 @atromuee`õa Eobo yc cmjkcatãicbos ja jk ecpâtuko :, kc àstckce`õa mj cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs jkàetrècs mj t`po lo js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj. Mènos cack`zcmorjs sj jaeujatrca prjsjatjs mjsmj kcs ejkmcs mj bjm`c tjas`õa ja suijstceòajs y ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, pcscamo por kos eucmros djajrckjs mj ceobjt`mc y eucmros mj m`strìue`õa ja iclc tjas`õa. Jk propò eoatcmor mj jajrdâc sujkj àeku`r ua cack`zcmor mj rjm, cpcrtj mj kcs fuaeòajs prop`cs pcrc kc bjm`mc y tcr`ece`õa mj kc jajrdâc. Kos ijajfèòs quj ecmc usucrò iusec oitjajr eoa kc àstckce`õa mj kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs soa mj m`fjrjatj âamokj, cuaquj kos oiljt`vos mj tomos jkkos sujkja sjr mj mos t`pos< • Ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj mctos mj jxpkotce`õa mj uac bcajrc rjdukcr ja jk t`jbpo. Jstos mctos soa mjk t`po pjrk mj eoasubo mj potjae`c cet`vc, eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, eoasubos por sjeeòajs, jte. • Ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj mctos rjd`strcmos ja ecso mj promue`rsj ckduac àe`mjae`c ja jk subà`stro. Jstos mctos soa ekcvj ja jk m`cdaõstèo mj cvjrâcs y ja kc pkca`ece`õa mj bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo Ncstc jk prjsjatj, eucamo nc tja`mo kudcr kc prok`fjrce`õa mj àstrubjatos jkjetrõaèos icscmos ja bèroproejscmor, kc rjeop`kce`õa mj mctos mj jxpkotce`õa mj kcs àstckceòajs jkàetrècs àmustr`ckjs y/o eobjre`ckjs sj rjck`zcic mj bcajrc bcauck, j àekuso pomrâcbos mje`r quj ecs` crtjscack. Kos mctos quj bãs frjeujatjbjatj sj rjeodâca jrca buy iãsèos, tckjs eobo< Vckorjs mj kc tjas`õa, jajrdâcs cet`vc y rjcet`vc y eos φ. ]omo jkko eoa jk a mj eoatrokcr iãsècbjatj trjs eoscs< Kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro, kos eoasubos y posìkjs pjack`zceòajs por rjcet`vc. Kõdècbjatj kc rjeop`kce`õa bcauck mj mènos mctos js eostosc, poeo s`stjbãtèc y propjasc c jrror y cmjbãs kc eck`mcm mj kc àforbce`õa js poirj, poeo prje`sc y bueno bjaos àstcatãajc. Wrje`scbjatj, mj kc ajejs`mcm mj m`spoajr mj àforbce`õa cetuck y prje`sc, ace`jroa kos pr`bjros cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs eoa eobuaèce`õa àeorporcmc, pum`àamosj eoajetcr ja rjm, moamj pujmja cetucr eobo s`stjbcs ‛bcstjr‒ eoa rjeod`mc mj mctos o eobo jsekcvos mjatro mj ua ius mj eobuaèce`õa y s`jamo kjâikjs (tjkj-kjeturc) mjsmj ua s`stjbc bcjstro quj eobpcrtj jk b`sbo ‛kjaduclj‒, o bjlor mèno, jk b`sbo protoeoko mj eobuaèce`õa. 4 Kcs rjmjs àè`ckjs jrca buy rum`bjatcr`cs y rjkct`vcbjatj c`skcmcs por jk njeno mj quj ecmc fcirècatj tjaâc su propò protoeoko mj eobuaèce`õa. Jsto nc jvokueòacmo nce`c m`fjrjatjs s`stjbcs mj eobuaèce`õa jstãamcr, eobuaècikjs ‛tomos eoa tomos‒, moamj ecmc àstrubjato o drupo mj àstrubjatos cportc m`fjrjatjs vckorjs , sjdüa kcs ajejs`mcmjs(vjkoe`mcm mj ecpturc, ecpce`mcm eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 936 mj ckbcejaclj mj mctos, vjkoe`mcm mj eobuaèce`õa, jte.), cuaquj jk eoaejpto iãsèo s`duj s`jamo jk b`sbo, àstrubjatce`õa y tobc mj mje`sòajs pr`bcr`cs m`strìu`mcs y rjeod`mc mj mctos y djst`õa c a`vjk mj s`stjbc ejatrck`zcmc. Zao mj kos àeoavja`jatjs quj pujmja prjsjatcrsj ja jk ecso mj àstrubjatce`õa m`strìu`mc ja pkcatcs buy jxtjascs, eoa ua s`stjbc ejatrck mj rjeod`mc y djst`õa mj mctos, js prje`scbjatj kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj mènc àforbce`õa. Ja jk ecso `mjck ja quj kos jqu`pos sj jaeujatrja tomos uiècmos ja uac ãrjc prõx`bc eoa m`stcae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj eortcs jatrj jkkos, kc eobuaèce`õa c a`vjk koeck js subcbjatj sjae`kkc c trcvàs mj ua s`bpkj ius mj ecbpo. Jk jakcej eoa ua s`stjbc ejatrck (ormjacmor o WKE) pujmj rjqujr`r s`stjbcs mj eobuaèce`õa bãs sostècmos c a`vjk mj ko quj sj mjaobàc rjm mj ãrjc koeck (KCA). Ja otros ecsos y mji`mo c kc m`spjrs`õa mj kos m`fjrjatjs eucmros jkàetrèos c ko kcrdo mj uac pkcatc o ja m`stàtos jm`eòs, kc eobuaèce`õa mjij ncejr uso eobiàcmo mj iusjs mj ecbpo y KCA y rjqu`jrj, por supujsto, mj protoeokos bãs sostècmos. Jk a`vjk mj jakcej pujmj kkjdcr àekuso c jakczcr m`vjrscs pkcatcs s`tucmcs c buenos h`kõbjtros mj m`stcae`c. Wcrc jstos ecsos kc rjm yc ao js ua s`bpkj ius mj ecbpo o uac KCA mjmècmc, sào quj ncy quj rjeurr`r c kc rjm püikèc mj tjkjeobuaèceòajs. Jstc jstrueturc js kc quj sj eoaoej nci`tuckbjatj eobo TCA (mjk àdkàs T`mj Crjc Ajtworh, rjm mj ãrjc cbpk`c) Jstj ecpâtuko mjk kìro ao prjtjamj sjr ua trctcmo jxncust`vo soirj iusjs mj eobuaèce`õa y soirj s`stjbcs mj jakcej KCA o TCA. Jk oiljt`vo iãsèo js mcr ua rjsubja mjser`pt`vo, eoa kos pràe`pckjs tàrbàos kàdûâstèos y kos mctos tàeaèos jsjae`ckjs mj kc tjeaokodâc cetuck mj iusjs mj àstrubjatce`õa y eoatrok. Uj mjserì`rã kc jstrueturc fâsèc (ecikjcmo) y kcs pràe`pckjs ecrcetjrâstècs mj kos m`fjrjatjs s`stjbcs mj trcasb`s`õa mj mctos y kos protoeokos mj eobuaèce`õa (sj pujmj mja`r c ua protoeoko eobo jk `mòbc, kjaduclj o jstãamcr quj ut`k`zca mos o bãs m`spos`t`vos jkjetrõaèos pcrc ‛jatjamjrsj‒ y eobuaècrsj jatrj sâ). 4 F`d. 4.3 - Drãeo ― Eurvc mj Ecrdc E`reutor eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 934 4.9 Eoaejptos iãsèos soirj àstrubjatos ja rjm Kc drca bcyorâc mj s`stjbcs eoa àstrubjatce`õa y eoatrok m`strìu`mo eobiàca m`stàtos t`pos mj puatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrokcmorjs eoa bcyor o bjaor drcmo mj àtjk`djae`c (proejscmorjs bãs o bjaos potjatjs). Ja eoaerjto, kos cack`zcmorjs cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, sujkja jstcr cdrupcmos ja uac rjm koeck mj iclo a`vjk, y mj pjqujóc jxtjas`õa, eobuaècmc ja ua bomo quj sj mjaobàc ‛bcjstro-jsekcvo‒. Wor ko djajrck, kos àstrubjatos mj kc rjm ‛bcjstro-jsekcvo‒ jstãa àtjreoajetcmos bjm`catj jakcejs sjae`kkos y protoeokos buy s`bpkjs, forbcamo ko quj sj mjaobàc ua ‛ius mj ecbpo‒ mj iclo a`vjk. Ja jstj t`po mj iusjs, sujkj ncijr ua aomo o àstrubjato ckdo bãs potjatj j ‛àtjk`djatj‒ quj jk rjsto, quj sj mjaobàc ‛Bcjstro‒ (Bcstjr) y quj s`rvj mj jakcej c otros proejscmorjs mj a`vjk supjròr ja kc rjm. Jk ‛bcjstro‒ pujmj sjr ua àstrubjato eoa proejscmor bãs potjatj, ua cutõbctc prodrcbcikj (CW) o ua ormjacmor. Jk jakcej kõdèo jatrj jk ‛bcjstro‒ y jk rjsto mj aomos mjk ius koeck (‛jsekcvos‒) js àmjpjam`jatjbjatj mj euck sjc jk ecikjcmo mj kc rjm (jakcej fâsèo) y sj rjck`zc mj forbc quj kos jsekcvos sõko rjspoamja c pjtèòajs mj àforbce`õa mjk bcjstro. Js mje`r jk protoeoko js s`jbprj prjduatc-rj prjduatc-rjspujstc, spujstc, àè`cmc por jk bcjstro y jk jsekcvo ao trcasb`tj c bjaos quj sjc àtjrrodcmo. Csâ sj jv`tc kc eok`s`õa ja kc rjm mj m`stàtos pjr`fàrèos ncikcamo ck b`sbo t`jbpo. Ja ecbiò, oisàrvjsj quj tomos kos àstrubjatos mj kc rjm rjeìja tomc kc àforbce`õa quj e`reukc por kc rjm. C vjejs, ja jk crdot mj eobuaèceòajs, kos tàrbàos trcasb`t`r y rjeì`r sj sust`tuyja por ‛ncikcr‒ y ‛jseuencr‒. M`râcbos jatoaejs quj jk ‛bcjstro‒ pujmj ncikcr s`jbprj y kos ‛jsekcvos‒ ncikca sõko eucamo soa àtjrrodcmos. C jstc tàeaèc sj kc eoaoej c vjejs eobo ‛pokkàd‒. Otro cspjeto c eoas`mjrcr js ¿eõbo sj `mjat`ec ecmc àstrubjato ja kc rjm? Wujs i`ja, pcrc `mjat`ecr kos m`stàtos àstrubjatos mj kc rjm, ecmc uao mjijrã tjajr ua aübjro mj pjr`fàrèo cs`dacmo, quj ko `mjat`fèc mjatro mjk ius mj forbc uaâvoec. Kc cs`dace`õa mj jstj aübjro, csâ eobo kc eoadurce`õa mj otros pcrãbjtros mj kc eobuaèce`õa sj pujmj ncejr, i`ja por jk propò tjekcmo mjk àstrubjato, o eoajetcamo puato c puato jk àstrubjato c ua ormjacmor y bjm`catj ua softwcrj m`sjócmo pcrc jsj a. Mjpjam`jamo mjk protoeoko mj eobuaèce`õa y mjk t`po mj rjm, jk aübjro mj pjr`fàrèo pomrã sjr s`bpkjbjatj ua aübjro, djajrckbjatj jatrj 3 y 9:: pcrc iusjs mj ecbpo, o uac m`rjee`õa @W pcrc rjmjs TCA. 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 93> F`d. 4.9 - Eoadurce`õa por tjekcmo mj ua àstrubjato EVB-B@A@ Kc àforbce`õa quj js ecpcz mj mcr ua àstrubjato y jk forbcto mj kc b`sbc mjpjamj mjk t`po mj àstrubjato. Ecmc t`po ja pcrtèukcr js ecpcz mj bjm`r ua mjtjrbàcmo aübjro mj pcrãbjtros, eoa uac mjtjrbàcmc frjeujae`c mj bjm`mc, ja boaofãsèo o ja tr`fãsèo y m`spoaj mj uac e`jrtc ecat`mcm mj bjbor`c pcrc ckbcejacr mctos. Mj njeno, ctjam`jamo c su bjbor`c àtjrac y c kc forbc mj mjsecrdcr kos mctos pomjbos m`stàdu`r mos t`pos mj àstrubjatos< @astrubjatos f`los eoajetcmos pjrbcajatjbjatj ja rjm. Jstos sujkja tjajr poec ecpce`mcm mj bjbor`c y ua s`stjbc mj eobuaèceòajs potjatj, quj kjs pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r mctos c drca vjkoe`mcm y ducrmcrkos ja ua ormjacmor ejatrck. Djajrckbjatj kos mctos sj ckbcejaja tjbporckbjatj ja rjd`stros y jk bcjstro mj kc rjm àtjrrodc ck àstrubjato c àtjrvckos mj t`jbpo rjdukcrjs @astrubjatos portãt`kjs o los eoa eoajx`õa tjbporck c rjm (por jljbpko c trcvàs mj kkcbcmc tjkjfõaèc) . Jstos sujkja tjajr drca ecpce`mcm mj bjbor`c y ducrmca kos mctos mj pjrâomos rjkct`vcbjatj kcrdos ja enjros. Kos enjros pujmja vce`crsj ck ack mj ua pjrâomo, sà ajejs`mcm mj uac rjm, eoa uac eoajx`õa puato c puato c ua ormjacmor, o ja ecso mj àstrubjatos eoa eoajx`õa tjbporck c rjm, pujmja mjsecrdcrsj pjr`õmècbjatj kos enjros c ua ormjacmor ejatrck. Wcrc kos àstrubjatos mjk pr`bjr t`po, kos fcirècatjs àmèca ja jk bcauck mj àstrueeòajs eõbo sj ckbcejaca kos m`stàtos mctos ja kos rjd`stros àtjraos mjk cpcrcto, mj forbc quj jk s`stjbc mj eobuaèceòajs mjijrã `r c kjjr jstos rjd`stros mj uac forbc bãs o bjaos rjdukcr pcrc oitjajr jk n`stõrèo mj mctos. C tâtuko tâ tuko mj jljbpk jljbpkoo kc F`d. 4-5 bujstr bujstrcc jk bcpc mj rjd`s rjd`stros tros mj ua àstr àstrubjato ubjato JMBh mj E@YEZ]OY, àmècamo jk pcrãbjtro quj eoat`jaj ecmc rjd`stro. 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc F`d. 4.5 - Bcpc mj rjd`stros mj ua àstrubjato JMBh mj E@YEZ]OY. 930 Kc posì`k`mcm mj eoajx`õa mj àstrubjatos ja rjm fce`k`tc quj kos àtjdrcmorjs mj s`stjbcs pujmca rjeodjr j àtjdrcr ja uac sokc icsj mj mctos kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos y otros mctos mj proejso, rjd`stros mj ek`bct`zce`õa, jte., ut`k`zcamo uac üaèc pkctcforbc mj v`suck`zce`õa y eoatrok UECMC. Kc ua`ece`õa mj forbctos j àtjrprjtce`õa mj mctos ja uao mj jstos s`stjbcs quj àtjdrca mctos mj m`fjrjatjs àstrubjatos j àekuso mj m`fjrjatjs fcirècatjs sujkj rjqujr`r mj ckdüa t`po mj prodrcbc mj àtjrfcz, kkcbcmos c vjejs ‛mr`vjrs‒. 4.5 A`vjkjs OU@ mj ua s`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa Ja 3044, kc @atjraceòack Utcamcrms Ordca`sctòa (@UO), erjõ ua suieob`tà pcrc mjscrrokkcr jstãamcrjs mj eobuaèce`õa mj mctos quj probov`jrca kc ceejsì`k`mcm ua`vjrsck y uac àtjropjrci`k`mcm jatrj promuetos mj m`fjrjatjs fcirècatjs. Jk rjsuktcmo mj jstos jsfujrzos fuj jk bomjko mjaobàcmo OU@ (Opja Uystjbs @atjreoaajetòa). Jk bomjko OU@ ao jspje`ec ua jstãamcr mj eobuaèce`õa, pjro jstcikjej uac m`v`s`õa fuaeòack mj kcs tcrjcs mj eobuaèceòajs y sj nc eoavjrt`mo ja ua jstãamcr sjdu`mo buam`ckbjatj. Kos jqu`pos prjsjatca m`fjrjae`cs mj eoadurce`õa< EWZ, vjkoe`mcm, bjbor`c, àtjrfcejs pcrc eobuaèceòajs, eõm`dos mj ecrcetjrjs, jte. Jstcs m`fjrjae`cs nceja quj ciormcr jk proikjbc mj eobuaèce`õa eobo ua tomo sjc eobpkjlo. Wor jkko OU@ propoaj m`v`m`r jk proikjbc dkoick mj kc eobuaèce`õa, ja tcrjcs bãs s`bpkjs fce`k`tcamo csâ kc sokue`õa. Kc m`v`s`õa mj tcrjcs mjij eoatjbpkcr mjsmj kos ecikjs, kos eoajetorjs y kos i`ts ncstc jk eoaejpto cpkèce`õa. Kc m`v`s`õa propujstc ja jk bomjko OU@, jstcikjej uac jstrueturc quj prjsjatc kcs s`du`jatjs pcrtèukcr`mcmjs< • Jstrueturc buktà`vjk< Ecmc a`vjk sj mjmèc c rjsokvjr uac pcrtj mjk proikjbc mj eobuaèce`õa. Jsto js, ecmc a`vjk jljeutc fuaeòajs jspje`ecs m`sjócmcs pcrc ctjamjr c kc ecpc supjròr. • Ecmc a`vjk supjròr ut`k`zc kos sjrvèòs mj kos a`vjkjs àfjròrjs< Ecmc a`vjk sj 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc • • 997 eobuaèc eoa su s`b`kcr ja otrcs eobputcmorcs, pjro mjij ncejrko jav`camo ua bjasclj c trcvàs mj kos a`vjkjs àfjròrjs ja kc b`sbc eobputcmorc. Kc eobuaèce`õa jatrj a`vjkjs jstã i`ja mja`mc. Jk a`vjk A ut`k`zc kos sjrvèòs mjk a`vjk A-3 y proporeòac sjrvèòs ck a`vjk A+3. Jatrj kos m`fjrjatjs a`vjkjs jx`stja àtjrfcejs kkcbcmcs ‛puatos mj ceejso‒ c kos sjrvèòs. Jaecijzcmos< Ja ecmc a`vjk, sj cócmj ck bjasclj uac àforbce`õa mj eoatrok. Jstj jkjbjato mj eoatrok pjrb`tj quj ua a`vjk ja kc eobputcmorc rjejptorc sj jatjrj mj quj su s`b`kcr ja kc eobputcmorc jb`sorc jstc jav`ãamokj àforbce`õa. Euckqu`jr a`vjk mcmo, pujmj àeorporcr ua jaecijzcmo ck bjasclj. Wor jstc rczõa, sj eoas`mjrc quj ua bjasclj jstc eoast`tu`mo mj mos pcrtjs< Jaecijzcmo j @aforbce`õa. Jatoaejs, kc àeorporce`õa mj jaecijzcmos js ajejscr`c cuaquj rjprjsjatc ua kotj jxtrc mj àforbce`õa, ko • quj `bpkèc quj ua bjasclj eorto pujmc sjr vokubàoso. Uà jbicrdo, eobo kc eobputcmorc mjstào rjt`rc kos jaecijzcmos ja ormja àvjrso c eobo fujroa àeorporcmos ja kc eobputcmorc or`dja, ackbjatj jk usucrò sõko rjeìj jk bjasclj or`dàck. Za`mcmjs o ikoqujs mj àforbce`õa< Ja ecmc a`vjk, kc ua`mcm mj àforbce`õa t`jaj m`fjrjatj aobirj y jstrueturc< Kc F`d. 4.= bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj kos a`vjkjs mjk bomjko OU@ y ja kos pãrrcfos s`du`jatjs sj mc uac irjvj mjser`pe`õa mj ecmc uao mj jkkos. 4 F`d. 4.= - W`kc o p`rãb`mj OU@ eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 993 A`vjk Fâsèo< Mjaj jk bjmò mj eobuaèce`õa ut`k`zcmo pcrc kc trcasfjrjae`c mj àforbce`õa, m`spoaj mjk eoatrok mj jstj bjmò y jspje`ec i`ts mj eoatrok. Jstj a`vjk euirj kos s`du`jatjs cspjetos< • Eoajxòajs fâsècs jatrj eobputcmorcs • Mjtckkjs bjeãaèos mj kc àtjrfcz (eoajetorjs) • A`vjkjs jkàetrèos mj tjas`õa mj sjóck. • Cspjetos fuaeòackjs fuaeòack js mj kc k c àtjrfcz fâsèc. Kâajcs mj protoeoko ncrmwcrj (E]U, (E] U, Y]U, jte.) • ]àeaèc mj trcasb`s`õa y t`po mj trcasb`s`õa< Ujr`j o pcrckjko • • Mjaj kc eom`ece`õa mj kâajc. Eom`ece`õa mj i`ts. Mjaj kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasb`s`õa< ‛Icum Yctj‒ • Mjaj jk bomo mj opjrce`õa mj kc kâajc mj mctos. A`vjk Jakcej< Jstj a`vjk proporeòac fce`k`mcmjs pcrc kc trcasb`s`õa mj ikoqujs mj mctos jatrj mos jstceòajs mj rjm. Jsto js, ordca`zc kos 3‐s y kos 7‐s mjk A`vjk Fâsèo ja forbctos o drupos kõdèos mj àforbce`õa. Jstj a`vjk euirj kos s`du`jatjs cspjetos< • Mjtjetcr jrrorjs ja jk a`vjk fâsèo. • Jstcikjej jk bàtomo mj ceejso c kc rjm. • Jstcikjej kcs rjdkcs mjk jakcej kõdèo. • Yjck`zc kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos c trcvàs mjk jakcej fâsèo. • Jav`c ikoqujs mj mctos eoa jk eoatrok ajejscrò pcrc jk sàeroa`sbo. • Eoatrokc jk a`vjk y js kc àtjrfcejs eoa jk a`vjk mj rjm. A`vjk mj Yjm < Jstj a`vjk mjaj jk jarutcb`jato y jk javâo mj pcqujtjs jatrj rjmjs. Kcs fuaeòajs mj jstj a`vjk soa< • Jstcikjejr, bcatjajr y tjrbàcr kcs eoajxòajs • Wroporeòacr jk jarutcb`jato mj bjascljs, mjtjrbàcamo s` ua bjasclj ja pcrtèukcr mjijrã jav`crsj ck a`vjk = (A`vjk mj ]rcasportj) o i`ja ck a`vjk 9 (Jakcej mj mctos). • Eoabutc, jarutc y eoatrokc kc eoadjst`õa mj kos pcqujtjs mj àforbce`õa ja uac sui-rjm. • Mjaj jk jstcmo mj kos bjascljs quj sj javâca c aomos mj kc rjm. A`vjk mj ]rcasportj < Jstj a`vjk cetüc eobo ua pujatj jatrj kos trjs a`vjkjs àfjròrjs totckbjatj or`jatcmos c kcs eobuaèceòajs y kos trjs a`vjkjs supjròrjs totckbjatj or`jatcmos c jk proejscb`jato mj mctos. Kcs fuaeòajs mj jstj a`vjk soa< • Csjdurcr kc kkjdcmc k kjdcmc c a`vjk ‛sjs`õ ‛sjs`õa‒ a‒ mj m j mctos mcto s mjk a`vjk mj rjm. rj m. • Jstcikjejr eobo m`rjeeòacr kos m`spos`t`vos mj kc rjm. Cs`dac uac m`rjee`õa üaèc mj trcasportj c ecmc usucrò. 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc • • • • 999 Mja`r uac posìkj jstrueturc buktècack. Jsto js, pujmj soportcr bükt`pkjs eoajxòajs. Mja`r kc bcajrc mj nci`k`tcr y mjsnci`k`tcr kcs eoajxòajs jatrj aomos. Mjtjrbàcr jk protoeoko quj dcrcat`zc jk javâo mjk bjasclj. Jstcikjejr kc trcaspcrjae`c mj mctos csâ eobo kc eoaf`ci`k`mcm ja kc trcasfjrjae`c mj àforbce`õa jatrj mos s`stjbcs. A`vjk Ujs`õa< Uj jaecrdc mj provjjr kos sjrvèòs ut`k`zcmos pcrc kc ordca`zce`õa y sàeroa`zce`õa mjk m`ãkodo jatrj usucròs y jk bcajlo j àtjrecbiò mj mctos. • Jstcikjejr jk àèò y tjrbào mj kc sjs`õa y kc rjeupjrce`õa mj kc sjs`õa. • Eoatrokcr usucròs. jk m`ãkodo8 jstcikjejr jk ormja ja quj kos bjascljs mjija u`r jatrj • • • • • • • Yjfjrjae`cr c kos m`spos`t`vos por aobirj y ao por m`rjee`õa. Wjrb`tj jserì`r prodrcbcs quj eorrjrãa ja euckqu`jr àstckce`õa mj rjm. A`vjk Wrjsjatce`õa< ]rcmuej jk forbcto y cs`dac uac sàtcx`s c kos mctos pcrc su trcasb`s`õa ja kc rjm. Mjtjrbàc kc forbc mj prjsjatce`õa mj kos mctos sà prjoeupcrsj mj su s`da`ecmo. Jstcikjej àmjpjamjae`c c kos proejsos mj cpkèce`õa eoas`mjrcamo kcs m`fjrjae`cs ja kc rjprjsjatce`õa mj mctos. Wroporeòac sjrvèòs pcrc jk a`vjk mj cpkèceòajs ck àtjrprjtcr jk s`da`ecmo mj kos mctos àtjrecbi`cmos. Eoatrokc jk àtjrecbiò y kc v`suck`zce`õa. A`vjk Cpkèce`õa< Wroporeòac sjrvèòs ck usucrò mjk Bomjko OU@. • Wroporeòac eobuaèce`õa jatrj mos proejsos mj cpkèce`õa, tckjs eobo< prodrcbcs mj cpkèce`õa, cpkèceòajs mj rjm, jte. • Wroporeòac cspjetos mj eobuaèceòajs pcrc cpkèceòajs jspje`ecs jatrj usucròs mj rjmjs< bcajlo mj kc rjm, protoeokos mj trcasfjrjae`cs mj cren`vos (ftp), jte. • Ja buenos iusjs àmustr`ckjs c a`vjk koeck jk bomjko ao js eobpkjto y kcs ecpcs Yjm, ]rcasportj, Ujs`õa y Wrjsjatce`õa, sj jadkoica ja uac sokc, ua`jamo jk a`vjk rjm ck a`vjk cpkèce`õa. 4.= Jakcejs fâsèos Ja jstj cpcrtcmo sj ncrã ua irjvj rjpcso mj kos pràe`pckjs t`pos mj jakcejs fâsèos ut`k`zcmos ja eobuaèceòajs àmustr`ckjs. 4.=.3 Jakcej YU959 4 Jstj t`po mj jakcej jstã m`sjócmo pcrc kc eoajx`õa puato c puato jatrj ua s`stjbc bcjstro y uac jstce`õa o jsekcvo. Jk jakcej YU959 jstã m`sjócmo pcrc eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 995 m`stcae`cs eortcs y pujmj eoas`mjrcrsj roiusto pcrc koad`tumjs mj ecikj ao supjròrjs c 3: bjtros. Kc eoajx`õa YU-959 jstã rjdukcmo por kc Aorbc J@C YU959E y ja pràe`pò sj erjõ pcrc rjdukcr kc eoajx`õa mj ua ormjacmor (M]J, Mctc ]jrbàck Jqu`pbjat) c ua BOMJB (MEJ, Mctc Eobbuaèctòas Jqu`pbjat). Ujdüa kc Aorbc, jstc eoajx`õa uscic uscic ua eoajetor mj 9: pct`kkcs (‛pàs‒) (MI-9:). Ao oistcatj jstc eoajx`õa sj eoav`rt`õ ja ua jstãamcr pcrc ua`r puato c puato ormjacmorjs jatrj sâ u ormjacmorjs eoa àstrubjatos (eoajx`õa M]J-M]J), uscamo ua eoajetor mj 0 pct`kkcs (MI-0) , vjr kc F`d. 4-:. F`d. 4.: - Eoajetorjs y tjrbàckjs mj kc eoajx`õa YU959 ja ua WE (M]J) C a`vjk fâsèo, kc eoajx`õa e oajx`õa eobpkjt eobpkjtcc sj rjck`z rjck`zcc bjm`catj b jm`catj : n`kos, n` kos, bãs kc pcatckkc pcatckkc,, vjr F`d. 4-6, pjro ja ckduaos ecsos sj prjseàmj mj kcs sjóckjs mj protoeoko ncrmwcrj, E]U-Y]U, y sj rjmuej jk s`stjbc c 5 n`kos (]xM, YxM y DAM). F`d. 4.6 - Eoajxòajs Eoajxòajs YU-959 mj : n`kos y mj 5 n`kos 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 99= Ja jk jakcej YU-959 kos mctos sj trcasb`tja ja sjr`j, js mje`r, kos i`ts mj ua pcqujtj mj àforbce`õa sj javâca uao trcs otro mjatro mj uaos mjtjrbàcmos ‛skot‒ mj t`jbpo, vjr F`d. 4.4. Jk aübjro mj i`ts por sjduamo quj sj trcasb`tj, js uac bjm`mc mj kc vjkoe`mcm quj sj eoaoej eoa jk aobirj mj ‛ icum rctj‒. F`d. 4.4 - Eom`ece`õa mj mctos ja sjr`j Kos a`vjkjs kõdèos sj eorrjspoamja eoa sjóckjs jkàetrècs euyc eom`ece`õa js < ‛3‒ eucamo kc tjas`õa kâajc-DAM jstã jatrj -5 y -3: voktòs, y ‛7‒ eucamo kc tjas`õa kâajc-DAM jstã jatrj +5 y +3: voktòs, vjr F`d. 4.>. Jk bjasclj eobpkjto eoat`jaj, cmjbãs mjk pcqujtj mj i`ts eoa kos mctos c jav`cr jav`cr,, uaos i`ts cmèòackjs mj eoatrok. Kos Kos i`ts mj eoatrok soa, iãsècbjatj, ua i`t mj àèò (stcrt) ua i`t mj pcr`mcm y uao o bãs i`ts mj ack ( stop), vjr F`d. 4.>. F`d. 4.> - Eom`ece`õa mj i`ts ja kc eoajx`õa YU-959 4 Ja kcs rjmjs mj àstrubjatce`õa àmustr`ck, jk jakcej YU-959 sj usc pcrc cqujkkcs cpkèceòajs moamj sj mjij eoajetcr ua bcjstro, djajrckbjatj ua ormjacmor WE c ua soko jsekcvo (cack`zcmor mj rjm u otro m`spos`t`vo), por jkko sj mjaobàc tcbi`àa ‛eoajx`õa puato c puato. Otro ecso ja jk quj sj sujkj cpkècr js pcrc ua`r jk ormjacmor c ua eoavjrsor YU-959 c YU-=>: ja jk aomo bcjstro. Ao eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 99: oistcatj jstj ükt`bo ecso js ecmc vjz bjaos frjeujatj porquj kos ormjacmorjs WE ao sujkja kkjvcr yc sck`mcs YU-959, sào quj ja su kudcr sujkja kkjvcr sck`mcs mj t`po pujrto ZUI quj sj usca pcrc kc eoajx`õa puato c puato mj `duck forbc quj sj nc njeno ja jk pcscmo eoa kcs sck`mcs YU-959. 4.=.9 Wujrtos ZUI Cetuckbjatj, kc sck`mc sck`m c sjr`j nci`tuck ja ormjacmorjs WE, js mjk t`po pujrto ZUI. Uj trctc tcbi`àa mj uac sck`mc mj mctos t`po sjr`j, pjro mj t`po m`fjrjae`ck. Jsto qu`jrj mje`r quj ao ncy uac sokc kâajc mj mctos sào mos, (Mcto+ y Mcto-), eoa a`vjkjs kõdèos eobpkjbjatcròs, ja djajrck +:V y -:V, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 4.0. Jstj t`po mj eom`ece`õa mj kos i`ts js buy roiustc frjatj c ru`mos y trcas`toròs jxtjraos, yc quj ja ecso mj quj kc kâajc ecptj uac àtjrfjrjae`c, àstc sj supjrpoaj c ecmc sjóck ja jk b`sbo sjat`mo y ck ncejr kc m`fjrjae`c mj sjóckjs ja jk rjejptor mjscpcrjej (mj cnâ jk aobirj mj s`stjbc m`fjrjae`ck) Kc eom`ece`õa mj i`ts ja jk ecso mjk ZUI ao js por a`vjkjs kõdèos sào quj sj cs`dac ua ‛3‒ s` ao ncy ecbiò mj vckor kõdèo y ua ‛3‒ s` ncy ecbiò. Jstc eom`fèce`õa sj kkcbc AY\@. Kc F`d. 4.0 bujstrc uac sjóck eoa eom`fèce`õa AY\@ y kc F`d. 4.37 bujstrc kc forbc fâsèc mj kos eoajetorjs y kcs sjóckjs quj eorrjspoamja c ecmc pct`kkc pcrc kos pujrtos ZUI. F`d. 4.0 - Ujóckjs mj ua ius m`fjrjae`ck t`po ZUI F`d. 4.37 - Wujrtos ZUI mjk ormjacmor 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 996 4.=.5 Jakcej eoa ius YU-=>: Jk jakcej YU-=>: js ua jakcej bukt`puato, ja eoatrcstj eoa jk jakcej YU-959, quj ko njbos mja`mo eobo ua jakcej puato c puato. Jsto qu`jrj mje`r quj ua b`sbo lujdo mj ecikjs pujmj jakczcr ua bcjstro eoa vcròs jsekcvos. Jk lujdo mj ecikjs quj jakczca bcjstro y jsekcvos sj mjaobàc ‛ ius ‒. Kc jstrueturc mj ius js uac jstrueturc moamj sj eoajetca ja pcrckjko tomos kos àstrubjatos, bcjstro y jsekcvos, tck eobo bujstrc kc F`d. 4.33.c. Aõtjsj quj jk ius ao pujmj tjajr uac eoadurce`õa ja jstrjkkc eobo kc quj bujstrc kc F`d. 4.33.i, pujs jsto provoec jrrorjs mj eobuaèce`õa. c) Eoajx`õa ja ius< Eorrjetc i) Eoajx`õa ja jstrjkkc< Jrrõajc F`d. 4.33 - Eoajx`õa ius YU-=>: y eoajx`õa jrrõajc ja jstrjkkc Jk ius YU-=>: sj icsc ja uac eoajx`õa fâsèc bjm`catj trjs n`kos. Kcs sjóckjs jkàetrècs, soa mj t`po m`fjrjae`ck (`duck quj mja`bos pcrc kos pujrtos ZUI) y sj `mjat`eca eobo< C+ kc sjóck pos`t`vc, , I- kc sjóck ajdct`vc, y DAM jk eobüa). Kos ecikjs mj kcs kâajcs cet`vcs, C+ y I- mjija `r trjazcmos y jk DAM pujmj `r trjazcmo o ao. Ja jk ius, jk eoaluato mj ecikjs mjij `r cpcatckkcmo. Kos a`vjkjs jstãamcr mj tjas`õa mj C+ y I- rjspjeto ck eobüa (DAM) soa mj +: voktòs y -: voktòs rjspjet`vcbjatj. Ja eucato ck eoajetor ao ncy jstãamcr mja`mo, cuaquj ckduacs vjejs sj sujkj uscr ua eoajetor MI0, moamj kcs pct`kkcs soa kcs àmècmcs ja kc F`d. 4.39. 4 F`d. 4.39 - Ujóckjs y eoajx`õa mjk ius YU-=>: eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 994 Js jv`mjatj quj ja jk ius YU-=>: ao pujmja trcasb`t`r y rjeì`r tomos kos pjr`fàrèos c kc vjz, sào quj ck ncijr uac sokc kâajc pcrc trcasb`t`r y rjeì`r, sõko ua pjr`fàrèo pujmj jstcr oeupcamo kc kâajc. C jstj t`po mj trcasb`s`õa sj kj kkcbc ‛nckf mupkjx‒ por eoatrcposè`õa c ko quj oeurrj ja ua YU-959, quj ck tjajr kâajcs sjpcrcmcs pcrc trcasb`t`r y rjeì`r c kc vjz, pujmj jstcr trcasb`t`jamo y rjeì`jamo c kc vjz , ko euck sj mjs`dac eobo ‛ fukk mupkjx‒ Jk jakcej YU-=>: js uao mj kos bãs ut`k`zcmos eobo ius mj ecbpo mj iclo a`vjk. Uus pràe`pckjs vjatclcs soa su s`bpkè`mcm mj àstckce`õa, kc roiustjz frjatj c ru`mo y kc vjrsct`k`mcm ja eucato c aübjro mj jstceòajs. Uj trctc mj ua s`stjbc `mjck pcrc trcasb`t`r àforbce`õa c kcs m`stcae`cs nci`tuckjs mjatro mj uac pkcatc, pujs pjrb`tj ncstc 3.977 bjtros mj kâajc sà rjpjt`morjs. Jk jstãamcr YU-=>: bcrec quj jk ius sõko pujmj tjajr 59 jstceòajs (bcjstro + jsekcvos), pjro ja rjck`mcm pujmj eoatrokcr ncstc 9:: jstceòajs, ecmc uac `mjat`ecmc eoa uac m`rjee`õa o aübjro mj pjr`fàrèo. Djajrckbjatj kc m`rjee`õa mj kos pjr`fàrèos sj sujkj mcr por ua aübjro ja njxcmje`bck jatrj 7 y 9:: (77N c FFN). Kc m`rjee`õa 77N ao sj cs`dac c aàdüa pjr`fàrèo y eucamo ua bjasclj sj m`r`dj c jstc m`rjee`õa sj kkcbc bjasclj mj m`fus`õa y sj jat`jamj quj ko mjija rjeì`r tomos kos jkjbjatos mj kc rjm. Js mje`r, euckqu`jr m`spos`t`vo eoajetcikj c ua ius YU-=>: sj `mjat`ecrã por uac m`rjee`õa prop`c mjatro mjk ius, quj aorbckbjatj sjrã eoadurcikj, pjro cmjbãs ctjamjrã c kos bjascljs jav`cmos c kc m`rjee`õa 77N. 4.=.= Eoavjrsorjs mj jakcej Ja ckduacs oecsòajs jx`stja icrrjrcs fâsècs o cbi`jatjs buy ru`mosos jkàetrècbjatj quj m`euktca jk ecikjcmo aorbck, mjser`to catjròrbjatj, mj ua ius YU-=>:. Otrcs vjejs kos puatos c jakczcr jstãa buy m`stcatjs jatrj sâ, nce`jamo `bposìkj jk ecikjcmo jatrj jstceòajs. Ja jstos ecsos jk jakcej fâsèo pujmj rjck`zcrsj bjm`catj eoavjrsorjs mj sjóck tckjs eobo ceopkcmorjs mj irc õptèc, jakcejs rcmò, jakcej por WKE (Wowjr Kàj Eobbuaèctòas), jte. Jk jakcej rcmò js uao mj kos prjfjr`mos eucamo mjija eobuaècrsj trcasmuetorjs quj tobca sjóck mj cktc tjas`õa por jljbpko. Cetuckbjatj jx`stja pcrjs mj trcasb`sor ― rjejptor jstãamcr eoa tjeaokodâc T` o Ikujtootn, quj fce`k`tca jstj t`po mj jakcejs. Wcrc puatos buy m`stcatjs pujmj pjascrsj ja jakcejs eoa sjóckjs mj rcmòfrjeujae`c (YF) bomukcmc mj ckduac forbc y trcasb`t`mc c trcvàs mj ua pcr mj catjacs mj ZNF ua`mcs c bomjbs rcmò. 4 Aõtjsj quj jstj t`po mj eoavjrsorjs proporeòaca ua jakcej ja jk euck jk bjmò fâsèo pcsc mj ecikj c sjóck rcmò y vèjvjrsc, pjro kc eobuaèce`õa js totckbjatj àmjpjam`jatj mjk t`po mj jakcej. Uj mèj quj jk jakcej js trcaspcrjatj , js mje`r, mc ko b`sbo tjajr ua ecikj quj jk jakcej rcmò quj uac irc õptèc. U` kos i`ts pcsca, jk protoeoko mj eobuaèce`õa ao m`stàdu`rã euck js jk bjmò. Kcs m`stcae`cs quj pujmja kkjdcr c ckecazcrsj eoa jakcejs rcmò, mjpjamjrãa ja ecmc ecso mj kc frjeujae`c mj trcasb`s`õa, y por supujsto, mj kc potjae`c mj jb`s`õa mj kos bomjbs. eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 99> F`d. 4.35 - Yjm ormjacmor - YU-959 - bomjb rcmò - Ius YU-=>: 4.: Jakcej Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W Jtnjrajt js ua jstãamcr c a`vjk 9 mj OU@, js mje`r c a`vjk mj jakcej. Jstj jstãamcr luato eoa ua protoeoko c a`vjk mj rjm mjaobàcmo protoeoko @W (@atjrajt Wrotoeok) sj nc eoavjrt`mo ja ua jstãamcr pcrc rjmjs mj eobputcmorcs tcato c a`vjk KCA (ãrjc koeck) eobo c a`vjk TCA (rjmjs mj ãrjc jxtjam`mc). Jk ceejso ck bjmò (A`vjk OU@ 9) sj rjck`zc por mjtjee`õa mj eok`s`õa EUBC/EM. Jtnjrajt mjaj cmjbãs kcs ecrcetjrâstècs mj ecikjcmo y sjóck`zce`õa mj a`vjk fâsèo y kos forbctos mj trcbcs mj mctos mjk a`vjk mj jakcej mjk bomjko OU@. Jk protoeoko mj Jtnjrajt sj tobõ eobo icsj pcrc kc rjmcee`õa mjk jstãamcr àtjraceòack @JJJ >79.5. Zsuckbjatj sj tobca Jtnjrajt j @JJJ >79.5 eobo sàõa`bos. Cbics sj m`fjrjae`ca ja uao mj kos ecbpos mj kc trcbc mj mctos, pjro kcs trcbcs Jtnjrajt y @JJJ >79.5 pujmja eojx`st`r ja kc b`sbc rjm. Jtnjrajt eoa protoeoko @W js ua bjmò mj eobuaèce`õa quj pjrb`tj eoadurcr s`stjbcs bukt`-sjrvèò, js mje`r, s`stjbcs quj soportca ja jk b`sbo bjmò vcròs ecackjs, por jljbpko pcrc trcasb`t`r s`buktãajcbjatj cumò, v`mjo, cpkèceòajs wji y ua kcrdo jteàtjrc, soportcamo ua drca ulo mj mctos eoatàuo y opjrcamo ja kc b`sbc rjm eobpcrt`mc. 4 Mji`mo c kcs jaorbjs posì`k`mcmjs mj `bpkcatce`õa mj s`stjbcs mj eobuaèce`õa eobpcrt`mc c trcvàs mjk protoeoko Jtnjrajt @W, àstj sj nc eoavjrt`mo tcbi`àa ja ua jstãamcr mj cpkèce`õa, ja rjmjs mj àstrubjatce`õa àmustr`ck, eobo ko js ja jk sjetor mj kcs eobuaèceòajs. Jsto pjrb`tj trcasb`t`r c trcvàs mj uac b`sbc rjm mj eobuaèce`õa eobpcrt`mc, m`vjrsos t`pos mj mctos, tcato mj s`stjbcs mj djst`õa jbprjscr`ck, eobo mj djst`õa opjrct`vc. Eoa jk fà mj pomjr àtjdrcr ja jk eoaluato mj mctos mj djst`õa opjrct`vc kos pcrãbjtros mj eck`mcm mj rjm, eoasubos mj jajrdâc y otros pcrãbjtros eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 990 jkàetrèos, buenos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs cetuckjs m`spoaja yc mj ua pujrto mj eoajx`õa m`rjeto c Jtnjrajt. 4.:.3 Bjmò fâsèo mjk jakcej Jtnjrajt Yjeormjbos quj jk a`vjk fâsèo lc kos a`vjkjs mj sjóck jkàetrèos y jk t`po mj ecikjs y eoajetorjs jbpkjcmos por ua s`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa. Jk ecack mj eobuaèceòajs js ua ecack ‛fukk mupkjx‒ eoa mos pcrjs m`fjrjae`ckjs, Jk ecikj aorbck`zcmo por J@C js ua ecikj mj > n`kos euycs sjóckjs y eokorjs soa kos quj àmèc kc F`d. 4.3=. F`d. 4.3= - Ecikjs mjk ius Jtnjrajt< Eokorjs y sjóckjs Ncy mos t`pos mj ecikjs, mjaobàcmos t`po :6>C o t`po :6>I, eoa eokorjs m`stàtos. Ecikj m`rjeto Jk ecikj m`rjeto s`rvj pcrc eoajetcr m`spos`t`vos m`stàtos, quj pomjbos kkcbcr M]J (]jrbàck) y MEJ (Jqu`po mj Eobuaèceòajs). Ja jstj ecso sjrâc por jljbpko jakcej mj ua ormjacmor (M]J) eoa ua ‛nui‒ o eoa ua ‛sw`ten‒ (MEJ). Ja jstj ecso cbios jxtrjbos mjk ecikj mjija tjajr kc b`sbc m`strìue`õa C o I . Ao jx`stj m`fjrjae`c ckduac ja kc eoajet`v`mcm jatrj kc eoadurce`õa :6>C y kc :6>I, s`jbprj y eucamo ja ja cbios jxtrjbos sj usj kc b`sbc. Ecikj eruzcmo 4 Jk ecikj eruzcmo s`rvj pcrc eoajetcr mos m`spos`t`vos `duckjs, js mje`r mos M]J (9 ormjacmorjs) o mos MEJ (9 nui) jatrj sâ (vjr cpcrtcmo 4.6). Womrâc sjr tcbi`àa kc eoajx`õa m`rjetc WE c aomo mj uac KCA sà pcscr por ua ‛nui‒. Cetuckbjatj kc bcyorâc mj nuis o sw`tenjs soportca ecikjs eruzcmos pcrc eoajetcrsj jatrj sâ. Wor otro kcmo, c ckduacs tcrljtcs mj rjm kjs js àm`fjrjatj quj sj kjs eoajetj ua ecikj eruzcmo o aorbck, jkkcs b`sbcs sj eoadurca pcrc pomjr ut`k`zcrko WEWE o WE-Nui/sw`ten. eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 957 F`d. 4.3: Eoajetorjs Jtnjrajt 4.:.9 A`vjk Yjm Jtnjrajt Kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, ck `duck quj euckqu`jr otro m`spos`t`vo eoajetcmo c uac rjm Jtnjrajt, mjija m`spoajr mj uac m`rjee`õa mj ceejso ck bjmò (BCE cmmrjss). Ja icsj c jstj aübjro sj cs`dac ua aübjro mj `mjat`ece`õa c ecmc pjr`fàrèo, quj ja jk ecso mj rjmjs Jtnjrajt sj mjaobàc m`rjee`õa @W. Jstc m`rjee`õa pjrb`tj ck cack`zcmor `mjat`ecrsj ja kc rjm y opjrcr mjatro mj kc b`sbc `duck quj ko ncrâc ua ormjacmor, uac `bprjsorc u otro m`spos`t`vo. Ja ckduaos ecsos, sõko ua àstrubjato o ua aomo mj kc rjm mj àstrubjatos t`jaj àtjrfcz Jtnjrajt y àstj sj usc mj pcscrjkc pcrc ua ius koeck mjk t`po YU-=>: por jljbpko (vjr F`d. 4.36) F`d. 4.36 - Yjm Ormjacmor-Uw`ten-KCA-Ius mj @astrubjatce`õa 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 953 4.6 Yjmjs mj ãrjc ãrjc koeck koeck (KCA) ICUCMCU JA jtnjrajt Zac Yjm mj Ãrjc Koeck sj mjaj eobo kc àtjreoajx`õa mj vcròs ormjacmorjs o pjr`fàrèos ua`mos por ua mjtjrbàcmo jakcej fâsèo. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos rjfjr`rjbos jspjeâecbjatj c jakcejs icscmos ja protoeoko @W. Jk protoeoko @W jstã prjpcrcmo pcrc kc trcasb`s`õa mj pcqujtjs mj mctos por ecackjs m`vjrsos j `bpkjbjatc tomcs kcs ecpcs mj kc jstrueturc OU@ mjser`tc catjròrbjatj ja jk cpcrtcmo 4.5 Jk ãbi`to mj cpkèce`õa mj kcs rjmjs icscmcs ja Jtnjrajt js kc eobuaèce`õa jatrj ‛a‒ pjr`fàrèos ja uac b`sbc rjm eobpcrt`mc. Mjpjam`jamo mj kc m`bjas`õa mj kc rjm y mj kc topokodâc, jk bjmò fâsèo ut`k`zcmo pujmj sjr mj m`fjrjatjs acturckjzcs (ecikj, irc õptèc, T@F@, jte.). 4.6.3 Jqu`pos uscmos ja rjmjs Jtnjrajt Ja uac rjm Jtnjrajt pujmja jaeoatrcrsj kos s`du`jatjs t`pos mj jqu`pos djstòacamo kcs eobuaèceòajs mj kc rjm< • ]crljtcs mj rjm, • Yjpjt`morjs • Eoaejatrcmorjs (Nuis) • Wujatjs (Ir`mdjs) • Eoabutcmorjs (Uw`ten) • Jarutcmorjs (Youtjrs) Kos aomos mj rjm pujmja ekcs`ecrsj ja mos drcamjs drupos< jqu`pos tjrbàckjs mj mctos (M]J) y jqu`pos mj eobuaèce`õa mj mctos (MEJ). Kos M]J soa m`spos`t`vos mj rjm quj sujkja sjr jk or`dja y/o mjstào mj kos mctos< kos WE, kcs jstceòajs mj trciclo, kos sjrv`morjs mj cren`vos, kos sjrv`morjs mj `bprjs`õa8 tomos soa M]J. Kos MEJ soa kos m`spos`t`vos mj rjm àtjrbjm`cròs, quj s`rvja pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk jakcej. Jstos m`spos`t`vos rjeìja kcs trcbcs y kcs rjtrcasb`tja c kc rjm, ecbi`camo ckduacs vjejs kc eom`ece`õa. Kos MEJ bãs eobuajs eobuajs soa kos routjrs, kos eoabutcmorjs, eoabutcmorjs, kos nui, kos rjpjt`morjs, rjpjt`morjs, kos pujatjs y kos bomjbs. • ]crljtc mj @atjrfcz mj Yjm - Wjrb`tj quj ua ormjacmor ceejmc c uac rjm koeck. Ecmc tcrljtc t`jaj uac üaèc m`rjee`õa BCE quj kc `mjat`ec ja kc rjm. Za ormjacmor eoajetcmo c uac rjm sj mjaobàc aomo. • Yjpjt`mor - Jstj m`spos`t`vo cubjatc jk ckecaej mj uac eoajx`õa fâsèc, rjeì`jamo kcs sjóckjs y rjtrcasb`t`àamokcs, pcrc jv`tcr su mjdrcmce`õa, c trcvàs mjk bjmò mj trcasb`s`õa, kodrãamosj ua ckecaej bcyor. Zsuckbjatj sj usc pcrc ua`r mos ãrjcs koeckjs mj `duck tjeaokodâc y sõko t`jaj mos pujrtos. Opjrc ja kc ecpc fâsèc mjk bomjko OU@. 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc • • • 959 Eoaejatrcmor o nui - Fuaeòac eobo ua rjpjt`mor pjro pjrb`tj kc àtjreoajx`õa mj bükt`pkjs aomos. Uu fuaeòacb`jato js rjkct`vcbjatj s`bpkj pujs rjeìj uac trcbc mj jtnjrajt, por uao mj sus pujrtos, y kc rjp`tj por tomos sus pujrtos rjstcatjs sà jljeutcr aàdüa proejso soirj kcs b`sbcs. Wujatj o ir`mdj - Jstj m`spos`t`vo àtjreoajetc sjdbjatos mj rjm nce`jamo jk ecbiò mj trcbcs jatrj kcs rjmjs mj ceujrmo eoa uac tcikc mj m`rjeeòajs quj kj mèj ja quà sjdbjato jstã uiècmc uac m`rjee`õa BCE mcmc. Uj m`sjóca pcrc uso jatrj KCA‐s quj usca protoeokos `màatèos ja kc ecpc fâsèc y BCE (mj ceejso ck bjmò). Jx`stja ir`mdjs bãs sostècmos quj pjrb`tja kc eoavjrs`õa mj forbctos BCE m`fjrjatjs (Jtnjrajt-]ohja Yàd por jljbpko). Eoabutcmor o Uw`ten - Jstj m`spos`t`vo fuaeòac eobo ua pujatj, pjro pjrb`tj kc àtjreoajx`õa mj bükt`pkjs sjdbjatos mj rjm, fuaeòac ja vjkoe`mcmjs bãs rãp`mcs y js bãs sostècmo. Kos sw`tenjs pujmja tjajr otrcs fuaeòack`mcmjs, eobo Yjmjs v`rtuckjs , y pjrb`tja su eoadurce`õa c trcvàs mj kc prop`c rjm. Djstòaca iãsècbjatj kc ecpc 9 mjk bomjko OU@ (jakcej mj mctos). Kos eoabutcmorjs soa ecpcejs mj proejscr kc àforbce`õa mj kcs trcbcs y djstòacr kcs tcikcs mj m`rjeeòajs. • • 4 Youtjr - Jk routjr, c m`fjrjae`c mjk nui y jk sw`ten, js ua m`spos`t`vo euyc fuae`õa js kc eobuaèce`õa eruzcmc nce`c otrcs rjmjs mj eobuaèce`õa sjpcrcmcs djodrãfècbjatj o c @atjrajt (TCA ― T`mj Crjc Ajtworh). Jkko `bpkèc quj bjm`catj mèno m`spos`t`vo jk usucrò pujmj jakczcr uac eoajx`õa eoa otrcs Yjmjs mj Ãrjc Koeck mj bcajrc pr`vcmc y eoa ua jaer`ptcb`jato mj kc àforbce`õa, jv`tcamo csâ kc vukajrce`õa mj kc àforbce`õa por pcrtj mj tjrejros (VWA - Yjm Wr`vcmc V`rtuck), o i`ja, pujmja ut`k`zcrsj pcrc mcr ceejso c ua usucrò mjsmj jk jxtjròr erjcamo ja jk rutcs mj m`rjeeòacb`jato. Bomjb - Jk bomjb js ua m`spos`t`vo quj ecbi`c kc eom`fèce`õa mj i`ts. Ja djajrck sj eom`eca kos i`ts eoa m`stàtcs frjeujae`cs. F`d. 4.34 - Yjm KCA eoatrokcmc mjsmj uac rjm TCA eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 955 4.6.9 Otros bjmòs mj jakcej fâsèo pcrc Jtnjrajt Cpcrtj mj kc eoajx`õa por ecikj, js frjeujatj jaeoatrcr jakcejs c trcvàs mj otros bjmòs tckjs eobo< Fìrc õptèc, @afrc-rolos, jakcejs rcmò (T`-F` por jljbpko), jakcejs tjkjfõaèos, jte. Kc tcikc 4.3 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kos t`pos mj jakcej y vjkoe`mcmjs ut`k`zcmos ja rjmjs Jtnjrajt Fìrc Õptèc Wcrc m`stcae`cs supjròrjs c kos 377 bjtros, kc irc õptèc motc c kc rjm mj eobuaèce`õa mj bcyorjs m`stcae`cs mj eobuaèce`õa. Kc irc õptèc js ua eoamuetor mj v`mrò (o bctjr`ckjs pkãstèos), quj pjrb`tj ja javâo mj drca ecat`mcm mj àforbce`õa c drca vjkoe`mcm y ja bcyorjs m`stcae`cs. Mjpjam`jamo mj kc m`stcae`c quj sj mjsjj cicrecr, pujmja `bpkjbjatcrsj m`fjrjatjs t`pos mj irc õptèc< kc irc bukt`bomo o boaobomo. Eoa kc irc õptèc bukt`bomo sj pujmja ckecazcr koad`tumjs mj kâajc ncstc 9 hb, b`jatrcs quj eoa kc irc õptèc bukt`bomo sõko sj pujmja ckecazcr m`stcae`cs ncstc 377hb eoa ua kcsjr mj cktc àtjas`mcm. T`- Ja oecsòajs js prje`so pcscr eobuaèceòajs c trcvàs mj icrrjrcs fâsècs (buros, eclcs, jte.) o sjpcrcr e`reu`tos jatrj rjmjs mj cktc o bjm`c tjas`õa (C], B]) y kos jqu`pos mj proejso mj mctos. Ja jstos ecsos kc àstckce`õa mj ua ius mj eobuaèce`õa eoa ecikjs pujmj sjr buy m`fâe`k o àekuso àv`cikj. Wor jkko, kcs eobuaèceòajs vâc jakcejs mj rcmòfrjeujae`c (YF) pujmja sjr uac sokue`õa. Jk t`po mj jakcej YF bãs eoaoe`mo ja aujstros mâcs js jk T`-. Àstj t`po mj jakcej pjrb`tj kc eoastruee`õa mj rjmjs jtnjrajt mj cktc vjkoe`mcm, drce`cs c su drca caeno mj icamc. Kos jakcejs T`- sujkja m`spoajr mj protoeokos mj e`frcmo quj jv`tca kc àtrus`õa ja kos b`sbos mj usucròs usucròs cljaos c kc rjm. Kcs m`stcae`cs bãx`bcs quj pomrãa kkjdcr c ckecazcrsj, mjpjamjrãa ja ecmc ecso mj kc potjae`c mjk jb`sor y rjejptor mj sjóck. ]jkjfoaâc lc y bõv`k Wcrc rjmjs mj ãrjc jxtjam`mc, TCA, kos jakcejs sj sujkja rjck`zcr c trcvàs mj kâajcs mj tjkjfoaâc lc o bõv`k. 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 95= ]cikc 4.3 - Ecrcetjrâstècs mj kos jakcejs Jtnjrajt soirj m`stàtos bjmòs fâsèos Vjkoe`mcm mj trcasb`s`õa ]`po mj ecikj M`stcae`c bãx`bc ]opokodâc 3 7I cs j 9 3 7 B ips E oc x ` ck 3> : b Iu s ( Eo a j e t o r ] ) 3 7I cs j ] 3 7 B ips Wcr ]rjazcmo 3 77 b Jstrjkkc (Nui o Uw`ten) 3 7I cs j F 3 7 B ip s F ` ir c õp t ` e c 9 77 7 b Jstrjkkc (Nui o Uw`ten) 3 77B ip s Wcr ]rjazcmo (ectjdorâc 5Z]W) 377 b Jstrjkkc. Nckf Mupkjx (nui) y Fukk Mupkjx(sw`ten) 3 7 7 Bi p s Wcr ]rjazcmo (ectjdorâc :Z]W) 377 b Jstrjkkc. Nckf Mupkjx (nui) y Fukk ]jeaokodâc 3 7 7 Ic s j ] = 3 7 7 Ic s j ] ^ Mupkjx(sw`ten) 3 7 7 Ic s j F ^ 3 7 7 Bi p s F ` ir c õ pt ` e c 977 7 b Ao pjrb`tj jk uso mj nuis 377 7I cs j ] 37 77B ips = pcrjs trjazcmo (ectjdorâc :Z]W) 377 b Jstrjkkc. Fukk Mupkjx (sw`ten) 3 7 7 7 I c s j U^ 37 77B ip s Fìrc õptèc (bukt`bomo) ::7 b Jstrjkkc. Fukk Mupkjx (sw`ten) 37 77I cs j K^ 37 77B ip s Fìrc õptèc (boaobomo) :777 b Jstrjkkc. Fukk Mupkjx (sw`ten) 4.4 Djst`õa jajrdàtèc, eoatrok mj eck`mcm eck`mcm y djst`õa mj kc Cpkèceòajs< mjbcamc Zac vjz eobjatcmos kos cspjetos bãs `bportcatjs rjkceòacmos eoa kc tjeaokodâc mj kcs eobuaèceòajs y su uso ja kcs rjmjs mj àstrubjatce`õa àmustr`ck pcscbos c eoatàuce`õa c mjserì`r eoa ua e`jrto mjtckkj tomo jk cspjeto mj cpkèce`õa mj jstcs rjmjs mj àstrubjatos c kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj mctos mj cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs y jqu`pos mj eoatrok mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro. Jstos jqu`pos jstãa nci`tuckbjatj mjstàcmos c eoatrok jajrdàtèo, eoatrok mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro y djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc. Ja ko quj s`duj kkcbcrjbos c jsto ja eoaluato djst`õa mj kc rjm jkàetrèc 4.4.3 Uoftwcrj pcrc kc djst`õa mj kc rjm jkàetrèc 4 Kc jxpkotce`õa mj kos mctos bjm`mos y trcasb`t`mos por kos cack`zcmorjs mj rjmjs, aorbckbjatj rjqu`jrj uac àtjrfcz mj prjsjatce`õa àtjk`dìkj pcrc jk usucrò, c sjr posìkj eoa ecpce`mcm drãec y eoa e`jrtc àtjk`djae`c pcrc jk proejscmo mj mctos. Wor jkko, cmjbãs mj kos àstrubjatos mj ecbpo, jk s`stjbc mj djst`õa mj kc rjm rjqu`jrj ua ormjacmor ejatrck mj rjeod`mc mj mctos y c kc vjz àtjrfcz nobirj-proejso, cmb`t`jamo jatrcmcs. Jk ormjacmor ejatrck mj kc rjm sujkj cetucr eobo bcjstro mj kc b`sbc, ecpturcamo y ckbcejacamo tomc kc àforbce`õa subà`strcmc por kos àstrubjatos mj bjm`mc. eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 95: Kc jxpkotce`õa mj kos mctos sj eobpkjtc eoa ua softwcrj UECMC quj fce`k`tj ck usucrò kc prjsjatce`õa y kc àtjrprjtce`õa mj kos mctos mj ua bomo fãe`k j àtu`t`vo. Zac vjz proejscmos kos mctos sj pujmj proejmjr c kc tobc mj mje`sòajs pcrc kc bjlorc mj kc je`jae`c jajrdàtèc, bjlorc mj kc eck`mcm mj subà`stro o djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc Wcrc pomjr eoaerjtcr ua poeo bãs kcs fuaeòajs mj kcs rjmjs mj àstrubjatos motcmos eoa mènos pcqujtjs mj softwcrj UECMC, ja ko quj s`duj aos rjfjr`rjbos c uac rjm t`po, eoa àstrubjatos E@YEZ]OY, UC, eoatrokcmc por jk softwcrj propò mjaobàcmo WowjrUtumò Uecmc®. Kc rjm t`po ja jstj ecso t`jaj kc jstrueturc bostrcmc ja kc F`d. 4.3>. Uj trctc mj uac rjm mj t`po bcjstrojsekcvo, eoa uac jstce`õa quj csubj jk pcpjk mj bcstjr o eoatrokcmor mjk ius (djajrckbjatj ua WE) c trcvàs mj m`fjrjatjs jakcejs mj eobuaèce`õa. TCA KCA KCA F`d. 4.3> - ]opokodâc bujstrc pcrc uac rjm mj cack`zcmorjs 4.> Wrjstceòajs mj uac rjm eoatrokcmc eoa Wowjrstumò Wowjrstumò Kos pràe`pckjs ijajfèòs quj pujmj oitjajr jk usucrò mj kc jxpkotce`õa mj ua eoaluato eoaluato mj àstrubjatos, àstrubjatos, cack`zcmorjs mj rjm, bjm`morjs mj mj eck`mcm, eoatcmorjs, jte, eoatrokcmos por jk s`stjbc WowjrUtumò Uecmc® soa kos s`du`jatjs< 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 956 4.>.3 Eoadurce`õa rjbotc mj kos jqu`pos Kc rjm mj eobuaèce`õa, uac vjz eoaf`durcmc y cs`dacmos kos aübjros mj pjr`fàrèo, pjrb`tj eoadurcr eoadurcr mj forbc rjbotc, rjbotc, mjsmj kc jstce`õa ejatrck, tomos y ecmc uao kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kc rjm. Jstc eoaf`durce`õa eobprjamj aorbckbjatj kos s`du`jatjs âtjbs< clustj mj kcs rjkceòajs mj trcasforbce`õa mj tjas`õa y eorr`jatj, clustj mj kcs eoas`dacs csoe`cmcs c sck`mcs m`d`tckjs o cackõdècs, cs`dace`õa mjk aobirj o kâajc ck quj vc csoe`cmo jk jqu`po, y ua kcrdo jteàtjrc. 4.>.9 V`suck`zce`õa ja t`jbpo rjck mj pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos Ja fcsj mj jxpkotce`õa mj kc rjm mj cack`zcmorjs, jk softwcrj UECMC pjrb`t`rã ck usucrò v`suck`zcr ja kc pcatckkc mjk ormjacmor ejatrck tomos kos mctos mj tomos kos cack`zcmorjs. Cmjbãs, jstos mctos pujmja sjr ckbcejacmos ja m`seo o euckqu`jr bjbor`c bcs`vc, mj forbc quj jk softwcrj UECMC pjrb`t`rã, cpcrtj mj prjsjatcr kos mctos ja t`jbpo rjck, kc rjck`zce`õa mj drãeos mj n`stõrèos, pjrkjs mj ecrdc y otros t`pos mj pcatckkcs mj cdrjdce`õa mj mctos. Jk aübjro mj vcr`cikjs quj js posìkj v`suck`zcr mjpjamj mjk t`po mj cack`zcmor àstckcmo. Ja kc bcyorâc mj jkkos pomjbos vjr y rjd`strcr jatrj 977 y :77 pcrãbjtros m`stàtos. Kcs vcr`cikjs m`spoaìkjs soa mj m`stàtc âamokj y vca mjsmj kos vckorjs àstcatãajos, vckorjs jecejs, vckorjs jecejs bãx`bos y bâa`bos, pcscamo por kos jvjatos mj eck`mcm mj subà`stro jkàetrèo, mctos mj totck`zcmorjs mj jajrdâc, jte. ]omo jkko pjrb`tj ck usucrò ua eoaoe`b`jato jxncust`vo mjk eobportcb`jato mj su àstckce`õa y mjk jstcmo mj kcs kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa jkàetrèc y pkca`ecr sus proejsos promuet`vos eoa v`stcs c uac bcyor je`jae`c jajrdàtèc. 4.>.5 Wcatckkcs mjk s`stjbc WowjrUtumò Uecmc® Js frjeujatj quj uac rjm mj bjm`mc mj uac pkcatc àmustr`ck àekuyc uac drca ecat`mcm mj cack`zcmorjs àstckcmos ja ecbpo (mjejacs o ejatjacrjs). Wor jkko, y pcrc quj kc àforbce`õa sjc ekcrc j àtjk`dìkj mj forbc rãp`mc por jk usucrò, js ajejscr`c kc erjce`õa mj sàõptèos icscmos ja jsqujbcs ua`kcrjs, quj cyumja ck usucrò c `mjat`ecr rãp`mcbjatj kc proejmjae`c mj kc àforbce`õa quj jstã v`jamo y kj pjrb`tc vjr ja jk sàõptèo, mjsmj kc àforbce`õa bãs rjkjvcatj mj kc àstckce`õa ncstc jk mjtckkj quj qu`jrc vjr, s`bpkjbjatj sjóckcamo jk àstrubjato quj qu`jrj v`suck`zcr. Cm jbãs Cmjb ãs,, jk so softftwc wcrj rj pu pujm jmjj pr prop opor ore` eòa oacr cr ck us usuc ucr`ròo à àfo forb rbce ce`õ `õaa n` n`st stõr õrè ècc y cdrjdcmc quj kj cyumja ja kc tobc mj mje`sòajs c kc norc mj eoatrokcr vcr`cikjs tàeaècs y jeoaõbècs mjk proejso . 4 Kcs pcatckkcs UECMC soa âatjdrcbjatj eoadurcikjs por jk usucrò pcrc bostrcr kos mctos quj sj prjjrc y ja kc forbc mjsjcmc. Cüa csâ, jk pcqujtj mj softwcrj eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 954 provjj ck usucrò mj ua drca aübjro mj njrrcb`jatcs pcrc kc jkciorce`õa mj pcatckkcs mj m`sjóo propò, mj ua bomo fãe`k y sjae`kko. 4.>.= Yjd`stro mj n`stõrèos Ja jk WowjrUtumò Uecmc® , jk rjd`stro mj n`stõrèos sj rjck`zc mj bcajrc cutobãtèc. Jk usucrò ao mjij eoadurcr ope`õa ckduac pcrc àè`cr jk rjd`stro yc quj jk bcstjr mj eobuaèce`õa rjck`zc mènc djst`õa uac vjz cócm`mo ua pjr`fàrèo c kc rjm. Zac vjz mjtjetcmo jk jqu`po, jk softwcrj jkciorc uac icsj mj mctos quj eoat`jaj tomos kos mctos bjm`mos por jk cack`zcmor eoa uac ecmjae`c mj t`jbpo prjmjtjrbàcmc. 4 F`d. 4.30 - Mctos rjd`strcmos y mctos ja t`jbpo rjck eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 95> 4.>.: V`suck`zce`õa mj n`stõrèos bjm`catj tcikcs y drãeos Zac vjz rjd`strcmos kos mctos ja kc icsj mj mctos, jk softwcrj WowjrUtumò Uecmc® proporeòac njrrcb`jatcs pcrc pomjrkos prjsjatcr ja forbc mj drãeos mj m`stàtos t`pos (kàjckjs, icrrcs, jte.). Js jk propò usucrò qu`ja pujmj jkjd`r kc forbc mj prjsjatce`õa y jk pjrâomo mj t`jbpo mjk drãeo. Wostjròrbjatj jx`stja fuaeòajs mj zoob, quj pjrb`tja vjr kos mjtckkjs mj pjrâomos bãs eortos. Eoa tomc jstc àforbce`õa pujmj cack`zcrsj eõbomcbjatj kc jvokue`õa mj uao o bãs pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos o mj proejso c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo. Wjrb`tj tcbi`àa v`suck`zcr kc jvokue`õa mj vcr`cikjs cdrjdcmcs c ko kcrdo mjk t`jbpo (jajrdâcs cet`vc, rjcet`vc àmuet`vc, rjcet`vc ecpce`t`vc, eoatcmorjs cduc oo dcs, jvjatos, jte.). ]omc jstc àforbce`õa pujmj sjr prjsjatcmc por mj pcatckkc pujmj `bpr`b`rsj pcrc kc jkciorce`õa mj àforbjs pcrc cum`tor`cs jajrdàtècs. 4.>.6 Jkciorce`õa mj àforbjs Bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrUtumò Uecmc® , jk usucrò t`jaj kc posì`k`mcm mj jkciorcr àforbjs àekuyjamo drãeos rjkct`vos c kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos bjm`mos y rjd`strcmos ja kc icsj mj mctos. Kc àforbce`õa ckbcejacmc pjrb`tj rjck`zcr àforbjs mj eoasubo àm`v`muck`zcmo por jqu`pos, àforbjs dkoickjs j àekuso s`bukceòajs mj eostj por sjeeòajs o s`bukce`õa mjk totck mj kc fceturc jkàetrèc. Uj pujmja àtromue`r y cetuck`zcr kcs tcr`fcs, eoatjbpkcamo kc m`ser`bàce`õa norcr`c por trcbos y por tàrbàos mj potjae`c quj eorrjspoamca c ecmc frcalc norcr`c y c ecmc mâc mjk eckjamcrò. Jk softwcrj fce`k`tc jaorbjbjatj ck usucrò jk eoaoejr jk eoasubo mj ecmc puato mj bjm`mc, pum`jamo eckeukcr eostjs pcre`ckjs por mjpcrtcbjatos, por kâajcs mj promuee`õa, por pcrejkcs, jte. 4.>.4 Ckcrbcs y v`suck`zce`õa mj jvjatos Jk WowjrUtumò Uecmc® m`spoaj mj ua bõmuko mj eoatrok y ckcrbcs quj pjrb`tj cv`scr ck usucrò mj euckqu`jr àe`mjae`c quj oeurrc ja kc àstckce`õa. Kcs ckcrbcs pujmja csoe`crsj mj uac forbc sjae`kkc c euckqu`jr pcrãbjtro àtjdrcmo ja jk UECMC, yc sjc ua pcrãbjtro jkàetrèo o mj proejso, eoa kc ack`mcm mj kkjvcr c ecio uac v`d`kcae`c mj kc àstckce`õa. Wujmj tcbi`àa uscrsj kcs ckcrbcs pcrc mjtjetcr kâb`tjs mj tokjrcae`c mj ckduaos pcrãbjtros eoa v`stcs c bcatja`b`jato prjvjat`vo. 4.>.> Uoftwcrj bukt`pujsto (sjrv`mor Tji) 4 WowjrUtumò Uecmc®, kkjvc àtjdrcmo ua sjrv`mor wji àtjrao8 mj jstc bcajrc, jk rjsto mj usucròs eoajetcmos c kc rjm eorporct`vc mj kc jbprjsc (KCA o TCA), pujmja v`suck`zcr kos mctos n`stõrèos o mj t`jbpo rjck, proejmjatjs mjk sjrv`mor bcstjr. Kcs pcatckkcs sjrãa màãbècs, y por tcato, jk ek`jatj wji tjamrã kc eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 950 posì`k`mcm mj v`suck`zcr tomos kos mctos ja t`jbpo rjck, ck `duck quj jk sjrv`mor bcstjr.. Jk ceejso mj usucròs rjbotos jstã rjstràd`mo bjm`catj uac ekcvj pcrc bcstjr ecmc usucrò rjd`strcmo. Jk aübjro mj usucròs wji quj pujmja eoajetcrsj ck sjrv`mor js `k`b`tcmo y pcrc kc ecmc uao mj jkkos sj pujmj kkjvcr c ecio ua ktro mj ceejso, k`b`tcamo jk ceejso c mjtjrbàcmo t`po mj mctos. 4.0 U`stjbcs mj tjkjdjst`õa Uj mjfàj eobo s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa, ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc, motcmo mj eobuaèce`õa i`m`rjeeòack, jatrj ua ormjacmor ejatrck y uac rjm forbcmc por cack`zcmorjs, bjm`morjs mj eck`mcm y eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc, quj àekuyj tcbi`àa jkjbjatos mj bcaòirc eoatrokcikjs rjbotcbjatj (àtjrruptorjs, rjkàs, cutõbctcs, jte.). Jk s`stjbc t`jaj por oiljto motcr c kcs eobpcóâcs m`strìu`morcs mj jajrdâc mj uac njrrcb`jatc mj v`d`kcae`c y eoatrok rjboto. Jk s`stjbc mjij pjrb`t`r, eoa kcs bãx`bcs dcrcatâcs mj àtjdr`mcm y sjdur`mcm, jk ceejso rjboto c kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc, eoa m`spoaì`k`mcm mj kjeturc, djst`õa mj kc jajrdâc, eoatrok mj kc potjae`c mjbcamcmc y eoatrctcmc, djst`õa mj kc eoajx`õa/mjseoajx`õa mj subà`stros, jatrj otrcs fuaeòack`mcmjs, posì`k`tcamo jk àtjrecbiò mj àforbce`õa y cetuce`õa jatrj kos s`stjbcs mj kcs jbprjscs y kos eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. 4.0.3 Jkjbjatos iãsèos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa Za s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa sujkj jstcr eobpujsto por< Jqu`pos mj bjm`mc< Jk ecso bãs frjeujatj js quj sjca eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc cet`vc y rjcet`vc, s`tucmos ja kos puatos froatjrc jatrj jk ek`jatj y kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc mj jajrdâc. Jk oiljt`vo mj kc tjkjdjst`õa sujkj sjr kc m`ser`bàce`õa norcr`c mj kc jajrdâc y jk eoatrok mj kc potjae`c mjbcamcmc, eoa posì`k`mcm mj eoajx`õa / mjseoajx`õa rjbotc mjk totck o pcrtj mjk subà`stro. Eoaejatrcmor àtjrbjmò< Jstj js ua jkjbjato àtjrbjmò jatrj jk s`stjbc àforbãtèo mj djst`õa y eoatrok y kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc, quj pjrb`tj kc cdrjdce`õa y djst`õa koeck mj ua aübjro k`b`tcmo mj jqu`pos mj bjm`mc. M`spoaj mj eobuaèceòajs eoa jk s`stjbc àforbãtèo y eoa kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc. Nci`tuckbjatj sj sujkj àstckcr ua eoaejatrcmor por ecmc ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, eoa fuaeòajs mj tjkjdjst`õa mj otros eoaejatrcmorjs sjeuamcròs o m`rjetcbjatj mj kos eoatcmorjs, djstòacamo kcs eobuaèceòajs jatrj tomos jkkos. 4 U`stjbc àforbãtèo mj djst`õa y eoatrok < Uj trctc mj ua jqu`po tjrbàck mj mctos (M]J) eoa ua softwcrj quj djstòac kos ulos mj àforbce`õa jatrj kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc (eoatcmorjs) y kc rjm mj ormjacmorjs mj kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc mj jajrdâc, mj forbc m`rjetc o c trcvàs mj eoaejatrcmorjs àtjrbjmòs. Jstc njrrcb`jatc àforbãtèc mjij pomjr kjjr kos pcrãbjtros mj eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=7 kos eoatcmorjs, tckjs eobo eurvcs mj jajrdâcs, jvjatos, e`jrrjs mj fceturce`õa, ckcrbcs mj àtrus`sbo. Mj kc b`sbc forbc pujmj cetucr soirj jk eoatcmor, por jljbpko rjck`zcamo ua e`jrrj mj fceturce`õa rjboto, o i`ja mjseoajetcr jk subà`stro. U`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor < Jstj s`stjbc eobprjamj jk bjmò fâsèo y jk protoeoko quj sj ut`k`zca pcrc jk àtjrecbiò mj àforbce`õa jatrj kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc y jk eoaejatrcmor. Mèno s`stjbc mjij mj pjrb`t`r uac eobuaèce`õa i`m`rjeeòack, eoa uac vjkoe`mcm ao ajejscr`cbjatj jkjvcmc, yc quj kos rjqu`s`tos, tcato kjdckjs eobo mjk propò s`stjbc ao ko mjbcamca. Yjqu`s`tos iãsèos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa < Kos jkjbjatos iãsèos mj quj mjij mjij m`spoajr ua ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa soa< Uàeroa`zce`õa norcr`c y Eoatrok mj sjdur`mcm y pr`vce`mcm mj mctos. Uàeroa`zce`õa norcr`c< Jstc prjstce`õa js àm`spjascikj pcrc kc djst`õa mj kcs m`stàtcs frcalcs mj kc tcr`fc jkàetrèc. Jk s`stjbc pujmj jstcr icscmo ja sjóckjs rjeì`mcs vâc DWU o DWYU (pcrc s`stjbcs cutõaobos) o ja sjóckjs rjeì`mcs mj kos a`vjkjs supjròrjs, bjm`catj uac jstrueturc ljrcrqu`zcmc mj sàeroa`zce`õa, quj propcdc kc sjóck c trcvàs mj kos eoaejatrcmorjs àtjrbjmòs y eoatcmorjs, bjm`catj õrmjajs mj supjrv`s`õa y pujstc ja norc. Wr`vce`mcm y sjdur`mcm mj mctos< Jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa mjijrã m`spoajr mj bjeca`sbos mj eoatrok mj ceejso dcrcatèja kc pr`vce`mcm mjàforbce`õa mctos y mj s`stjbcs mj eoatrok mj jrrorjs qujquj dcrcatèja kc àtjdr`mcm mj kc trcasb`t`mc. Djajrckbjatj jstc ükt`bc pcrtj sj eobpkjtc eoa s`stjbcs mj eoarbce`õa mj rjejpe`õa mj bjascljs, jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmorjs y jatrj jstos y jk ormjacmor ejatrck. 4.0.9 U`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa pcrc tjkjdjst`õa Jx`stja bükt`pkjs bjmòs fâsèos pcrc jstcikjejr uac eobuaèce`õa i`m`rjeeòack pcrc ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa. Eobo jljbpkos pomjbos e`tcr kc tjkjfoaâc lc (Y]E), tjkjfoaâc bõv`k (DUB, DWYU) , Jakcejs Ycmò o eobuaèce`õa por kc kâajc jkàetrèc (WKE). 4 Kc tjeaokodâc c uscr mjij mj sjr f`cikj, roiustc y eoa ua eostj soirj kcs eobuaèceòajs buy iclo, yc quj ao pujmj sjr bcs eostoso jk jqu`po/bomuko mj tjkjeobuaèce`õa quj jk propò jqu`po mj bjm`mc (eoatcmor). Otrc mj kcs prjb`scs c tjajr ja eujatc js quj mjij mj sjr ua s`stjbc cuto-eoadurcikj, mj forbc quj ao sjc ajejscrò mcr mj cktc ja kc rjm c ecmc uao mj kos eoatcmorjs o eoaejatrcmorjs àtjrbjmòs mj forbc bcauck mjatro mjk s`stjbc mj djst`õa dkoick. Mjij mj sjr ua s`stjbc Wkud&Wkcy , moamj kc eoajx`õa mj ua aujvo aomo ja uac rjm `bpk`quj su rjeoaoe`b`jato cutobãtèo. Cetuckbjatj jk s`stjbc bãs b ãs jxtjam`mo quj cicrec tomos àstos rjqu`s`tos, y otros eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=3 quj sj mjtckkcrãa bãs cmjkcatj, js jk WKE ( Wowjr Kàj Eobbuaèctòas). Àstj sj nc cmoptcmo eobo jk s`stjbc mj eobuaèceòajs `mõajo jatrj eoatcmorjs mj cioacmos y kc eobpcóâc m`strìu`morc, yc quj js mj kos poeos s`stjbcs quj ofrjej uacs prjstceòajs y fuaeòack`mcmjs, eoa uac ci`k`mcm quj otros s`stjbcs ao soa ecpcejs mj ofrjejr, cpcrtj mj euir`r tomcs kcs ajejs`mcmjs catjròrbjatj eobjatcmcs y otrcs quj bãs cmjkcatjs sj mjtckkcrãa. 4.37 Yjmjs mj eobuaèceòajs WKE< Crqu`tjeturc Zac vjz mjfà`mo quj jk bjmò mj eobuaèce`õa bãs eoavja`jatj jatrj kos jqu`pos mj pujmj bjm`mcmja`r y jk eoaejatrcmor mjkkc ejatro mjmj trcasforbce`õa (E]) js jk WKE, yc sj kc jstrueturc mj rjm koeck jakcej jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor ja ua s`stjbc iãsèo mj tjkjdjst`õa. Ja kc F`d. 4.97, sj pujmj oisjrvcr kc jstrueturc iãsèc mj jstc rjm koeck. Kc eobuaèce`õa mjk eoatcmor eoa jk eoaejatrcmor sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj kos ecikjs mj potjae`c mj kc rjm mj m`strìue`õa, bjm`catj eobuaèceòajs WKE. C a`vjk supjròr, jk eoaejatrcmor WKE jstã jakczcmo eoa jk tjrbàck mj mctos mj kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc bjm`catj ua s`stjbc mj eobuaèce`õa, quj pomrâc sjr tcbi`àa WKE. Ao oistcatj kos jakcejs WKE ja kâajcs mj B] prjsjatca ua bcyor drcmo mj m`euktcm ja kos ceopkcb`jatos, mji`mo c kcs jx`djae`cs mj c`skcb`jato. Ja djajrck jk jakcej eoaejatrcmor - tjrbàck mj eobpcóâc sj rjck`zc c trcvàs mj ua jakcej @W (@atjrajt) c trcvàs mj kâajc tjkjfõaèc Y]E , DUB o DWYU. F`d. 4.97 - Jstrueturc iãsèc mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa eoa WKE 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=9 Ja jk jljbpko catjròr sj tjaâc ua jakcej mj ua soko E] eoa ua eoaejatrcmor, pjro jv`mjatjbjatj kcs rjmjs mj m`strìue`õa mj kcs jbprjscs jkàetrècs sujkja sjr bueno bãs eobpkjlcs y ecmc ejatro mj m`strìue`õa o suijstce`õa (UJ) t`jaj vcr`cs kâajcs mj sck`mc c E] y ecmc uac mj jkkcs eoa bukt`tum mj mjr`vceòajs. Za jljbpko mj uac posìkj crqu`tjeturc mjk s`stjbc dkoick mj tjkjdjst`õa icscmo ja WKE, pomrâc sjr jk quj sj bujstrc ja kc F`d. 4.93. Ja àstj jsqujbc sj pujmja vjr m`fjrjatjs eoaejatrcmorjs eoajetcmos ecmc uao c kc rjm mj I] mj ua E]. C su vjz tomos kos eoaejatrcmorjs jstãa eoajetcmos, yc sjc vâc DUB/ DWYU o Jtnjrajt ck tjrbàck mj kjeturcs mj kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc mj jajrdâc. Oisàrvjsj quj jk tjrbàck mj eobpcóâc pujmj sjr c su vjz ua WE eoaejatrcmo eoaejatrcmorr quj jakczc eoa bãquàcs bãs potjatjs ja ejatros mj fceturce`õa o ejatros mj m`spctenàd. F`d. 4.93 - Crqu`tjeturc djajrck mj uac rjm mj eoaejatrcmorjs WKE Kos jascyos mj rjmjs forbcmcs por eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmorjs E@YEZ]OY, motcmos mj eobuaèce`õa WKE, jakczcmos eoa tjrbàckjs mj m`vjrscs eobpcóâcs m`strìu`morcs c trcvàs mj kc rjm tjkjfõaèc, nca mjbostrcmo quj jk s`stjbc mj eobuaèceòajs mjser`to js totckbjatj fuaeòack y pjrb`tj uac djst`õa ejatrck`zcmc mj fceturce`õa y eoatrok mj ecrdcs. 4.333 Ecrcetjrâstècs djajrckjs mj uac rjm mj 4.3 mj eobuaèce`õa eobuaèce`õa WKE 4 Kos eoatcmorjs eoajetcmos c kcs kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa mj ua ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa eoaforbca uac rjm koeck mj eobuaèceòajs WKE, pum`jamo eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=5 eobuaècr ncstc ua bãx`bo mj 34>: eoatcmorjs. Jstc rjm koeck jstã djstòacmc, eobo sj nc mèno bãs crrìc, por ua eoaejatrcmor, quj javâc tomos kos mctos c kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc mj jajrdâc. Ja oecsòajs kcs eobuaèceòajs c trcvàs mj kc kâajc jkàetrèc (WKE) prjsjatca uac sjr`j mj proikjbcs mji`mo c kc supjrposè`õa mj ru`mo c kc sjóck WKE o c ctjauce`õa mj àstc mji`mo c kcs kcrdcs m`stcae`cs y c kcs vcr`ceòajs mj kc `bpjmcae`c totck mj kc rjm. ]omo jkko m`euktc kc eobuaèce`õa y jx`dj provjjr bjm`mcs pcrc dcrcat`zcr jk jakcej jatrj eoatcmorjs y eoaejatrcmor, c pjscr mjk ru`mo y mj kc ctjauce`õa catjs e`tcmcs. E@YEZ]OY Kos s`stjbcs WKE àeorporcmos kos eoatcmorjs m`spoaja mj mj uaceobuaèce`õa sjr`j mj eoatrokjs icscmos jac ncrmwcrj y softwcrj pcrc ncejr frjatj c tomos jstcs eoatàdjae`cs. Kos eoatrokjs bãs mjstcecmos soa< Jarutcb`jato màãbèo, Yoiustjz ja kc bomukce`õa, ]rcasb`s`õa buktècack y jkjee`õa mjk ecack bãs eoavja`jatj, jte. Icamcs mj frjeujae`cs Jk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa mj E@YEZ]OY, eoa eobuaèceòajs WKE eubpkj eoa kc aorbct`vc juropjc JA :776:-3, ja kc euck sj mjaja kos a`vjkjs bãx`bos mj sjóck c àyjetcr y kcs icamcs mj frjeujae`c aorbck`zcmcs, pcrc kc eobuaèce`õa WKE c trcvàs mj kc rjm jkàetrèc. Kc F`d. 4.99 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs m`stàtcs icamcs aorbck`zcmcs y kos bãx`bos a`vjkjs mj sjóck ja mIλV quj jstã pjrb`t`mo àyjetcr. F`d. 4.99 - Icamc mj frjeujae`cs WKE sjdüa JA :776:-3 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc I c a m c F r j q u ja e` c C 5 - 0: hNz hN z W r o t o e o ko J l j bp k o ao I ao E M Z so Yjsjrvcmo Yjsjrvc mo eobpcóâcs eob pcóâcs jkàetrècs 0 : - 3 9: h N z E ob u a ` e ce ` õa àtjrac sà protoeoko mj ceejso 39 : - 3= 7 h N z E ob u a ` e ce ` õa àtjrac eoa protoeoko mj ceejso 3 = 7 - 3 = > . : h N z Wc r c s ` s t j b c s m j 9== B jd cf o aâ c àtjrac EUBC/EM Mobõ bõttèc ao ckcrbcs y sjdur`mcm ]ck y eobo sj pujmj oisjrvcr ja kc tcikc mj kc F`d. 4.99, kc icamc C, mj 5 c 0:hNz, js kc icamc rjsjrvcmc pcrc kcs eobuaèceòajs WKE ja kâajcs prop`jmcm mj kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc mj jajrdâc. Wcrc otrcs cpkèceòajs, eobo pomrâc sjr kc mobõtèc, mjija ut`k`zcrsj kcs icamcs mj frjeujae`cs I, E o M o bomukce`õa mj icamc caenc (WKE Jtnjrajt). Kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c ja jstos s`stjbcs mj icamc caenc pujmj kkjdcr c kos 35: Bips y sj rjck`zc por bjmò mj rjmjs mj trcasportj D`dci`t Jtnjrajt (3777 Bips) o UMN/Uoajt (rjm mj tjkjfõaèc mj irc õptèc mj ncstc =7 Dips). 4.33.3 Bomukce`õa y vjkoe`mcm mjk WKE aorbc JA :776:-3 Wcrc ncejr bãs roiustcs eobuaèceòajs c trcvàs mj kcMj rjmjstc jkàetrèc, sj jbpkjc bomukce`õa MEUHkcs (M`ffjrjat`ck Eomj Un`ft Hjyàd). forbc sj eoas`duj uac vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos mj ncstc 4,: hips cktcbjatj cikj. Kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c js vcr`cikj yc quj jk proejscmor jaecrdcmo mj kc djst`õa mj kcs eobuaèceòajs WKE, pjrb`tj vcr`cr ja fuae`õa mj kc eck`mcm mj sjóck, kc vjkoe`mcm mj trcasfjrjae`c, oitja`jamo uac iujac rjkce`õa jatrj roiustjz y vjkoe`mcm. C eoatàuce`õa sj bujstrc uac tcikc , c bomo mj rjfjrjae`c quj rjkceòac roiustjz eoa vjkoe`mcm< ]cikc 4.9 - Vjkoe`mcmjs mjk s`stjbc WKE eoa bomukce`õa MEUH Bo mo B o m o U t ca mc r m B o m o Y o iu s t o Vjkoe`mcm 4. : h i ps : h ip s 1 9. : h i ps B o m o b u y r oi us t o 3. 9 : h ip s 1 7. 6 9: h i ps Cmèòa ckbjatj, sj jbpkjc jk protoeok Cmèòackbjatj, protoeokoo EUBC/EM pcrc mjtjetcr s` jk bjmò mj eobuaèce`õa jstã o ao m`spoaìkj y jv`tcr eok`sòajs ja kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos. Jsto sj rjck`zc erjcamo trjs ecackjs mj eobuaèceòajs, js mje`r trjs icamcs mj frjeujae`cs, por kcs quj sj jb`tj kc b`sbc sjóck, rjmue`jamo csâ kcs posì`k`mcmjs mj fckko ja kcs eobuaèceòajs. 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=: 4.33.9 U`stjbc mj rjpjt`morjs Ja kc eobuaèce`õa jatrj jk eoaejatrcmor WKE y ua eoatcmor, js posìkj quj, mji`mo c kc vcr`ci`k`mcm ja kcs ecrcetjrâstècs mj kc rjm jkàetrèc, sjc `bposìkj kc trcasfjrjae`c mj mctos (jxejso mj ru`mo jkàetrèo, m`stcae`c o ctjauce`õa mj kc sjóck). Ja jstj ecso, jatrc ja cee`õa kc fuae`õa mj rjpjt`mor. Kc fuae`õa mj rjpjt`mor ncej posìkj ut`k`zcr uao o bãs eoatcmorjs quj ncdca mj rjpjt`morjs mj kc sjóck mjk ükt`bo eoatcmor mj kc ecmjac. Ja kc F`d. 4.95 sj pujmj vjr ua jljbpko, moamj sj ut`k`zca mos eoatcmorjs eobo rjpjt`morjs pcrc ncejr posìkj kc eobuaèce`õa jatrj jk eoaejatrcmor WKE y ua tjrejr eoatcmor. F`d. 4.95 - Eoatcmor eobo rjpjt`mor mj eobuaèceòajs WKE E@YEZ]OY Jk protoeoko mj eobuaèceòajs ofrjej , cs`dac ut`k`zcrã c ecmc eoatcmor ua a`vjk, y ja fuae`õa mjk WKE a`vjk quj moamj sj jaeujatrj, jk eoatcmor bãs o bjaos rjpjt`morjs pcrc eobuaècrsj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE. Kos eoatcmorjs quj sj eobuaèca m`rjetcbjatj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE pjrtjajeja ck a`vjk 3, kos mj a`vjk 9 ajejs`tcrãa ua rjpjt`mor y csâ ncstc kos eoatcmorjs mj a`vjk 4 quj pujmja ut`k`zcr ncstc 6 rjpjt`morjs àtjrbjmòs. Mj jstc forbc sj eoas`duj eobuaècr eoa eoatcmorjs c m`stcae`cs quj, àè`ckbjatj ao sjrâca posìkjs s` jk jakcej jatrj eoatcmor y eoaejatrcmor WKE fujrc m`rjeto. 4.33.5 U`stjbc Wkud & Wkcy Kos m`fjrjatjs eoatcmorjs quj eoaforbca uac rjm mj eobuaèce`õa, sj jaeujatrca rjd`strcmos ja jk eoaejatrcmor WKE. Jstc àforbce`õa pujmj sjr kjâmc por kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc, pomjrmjsokè`tcr mctos c ja ecmc uao mj jstos eoatcmorjs. Kos eoatcmorjs ao sj pcrc rjd`strca forbc bcauck jk eoaejatrcmor WKE, sào quj jk s`stjbc WKE mj E@YEZ]OY, ofrjej kc fuaeòack`mcm kkcbcmc Wkud&Wkcy, quj pjrb`tj quj mj forbc cutobãtèc y cutõaobc por pcrtj mjk eoaejatrcmor y mjk eoatcmor eoatcmor,, jk eoatcmor iusquj iusquj jk bjlor ecbào (bjlor sjóck sjóck mj eobuaèceòajs WKE) pcrc kkjdcr ck eoaejatrcmor, yc sjc mj forbc m`rjetc o c trcvàs mj otros eoatcmorjs (rjpjt`morjs). 4 Jk proejso pcrc jk rjd`stro ja kc icsj mj mctos mj ua eoaejatrcmor js jk s`du`jatj. M`spoajbos mj ua eoaejatrcmor WKE yc àstckcmo ja kc rjm, y sj eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=6 àstckc ua aujvo eoatcmor. Àstj ükt`bo iusecrã ja jk bobjato mj ck`bjatcrsj, ua eoaejatrcmor WKE. U` kc eobuaèce`õa, m`stcae`c y otros fcetorjs ko pjrb`tja, àstj sj eoajetcrã ck eoaejatrcmor y sj cócm`rã c kc icsj mj mctos mjk eoaejatrcmor WKE cutobãtècbjatj, y tcbi`àa mj forbc cutobãtèc jk eoaejatrcmor WKE jbpjzcrã kc rutàc mj mjsecrdc y jxportce`õa mj mctos. U` ao js csâ, jk aujvo eoatcmor eoajetcmo c kc rjm, iusecrã otros eoatcmorjs ejrecaos c àk, pcrc mja`rkos eobo rjpjt`morjs mj su sjóck, pcrc quj c trcvàs mj àstos pujmc kkjdcr c eoajetcr eoa jk eoaejatrcmor. Jk proejso cutobãtèo mj eoajx`õa c kc rjm (cktc ja kc icsj mj mctos mjk eoaejatrcmor WKE) jstcikjej c quà a`vjk pjrtjajejrã ua aujvo eoatcmor, csâ eobo aübjrojvcküc mj rjpjt`morjs sj ut`k`zcrã pcrc ceejmjr àk. Wcrc jkko, jk aujvo jkeoatcmor uac sjr`jquj mj pcrãbjtros mj mj eck`mcm mjkc jakcej. 4.33.= Jarutcb`jato màãbèo Eucamo kcs eobuaèceòajs eoa ua eoatcmor fckkca, jk eoaejatrcmor WKE o jk propò eoatcmor ko mjtjetc, àè`ãamosj kc iüsqujmc mj uac aujvc rutc. Jsto js ko quj ja jk s`stjbc WKE mj E@YEZ]OY, mjaobàcbos jarutcb`jato màãbèo. Jk s`stjbc js ecpcz mj iusecr mj forbc màãbèc y cutobãtèc ua aujvo ecbào pcrc ceejmjr c ua eoatcmor ja jk ecso mj quj jk jarutcb`jato jstcikje`mo àè`ckbjatj ao sjc jk eorrjeto. Jk jarutcb`jato eoa bjlor eck`mcm, sjrã jk quj sj jstcikjzec eobo eobuaèce`õa eoa jk eoaejatrcmor. kc rutc quj àè`ckbjatj mjtjrbàj pcrc eobuaècr, ao s`da`ecYjsub`jamo, quj sjc kc mja`t`vc, yc quj jk s`stjbcsjpjrb`tj jk ecbiò mjk jarutcb`jato mji`mo c ecbiòs ja kc eck`mcm mj kcs eobuaèceòajs WKE. Wor jljbpko ja kc s`du`jatj F`d. 4.9=, pomjbos vjr quj cuaquj aorbckbjatj kc forbc mj ceejmjr ck eoatcmor C js vâc jk eoatcmor I, ja ecso mj fckkcr jstj ecbào, sjrã posìkj jstcikjejr uac aujvc rutc eoa jk eoatcmor E. F`d. 4.9= - Jarutcb`jato màãbèo 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=4 4.39 Jspje`eceòajs fuaeòackjs mjk s`stjbc mj tjkjdjstòa Ja àstj cpcrtcmo sjr trctcrãa ckduaos mj kos cspjetos bãs fuaeòackjs mj kc eobuaèce`õa WKE, js mje`r, jk fuaeòacb`jato dkoick mj tomos kos eobpoajatjs mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa< jqu`po mj bjm`mc, eoaejatrcmor WKE y softwcrj mj djst`õa. 4.39.3 U`stjbc cutobãtèo Zac mj kos rjqujr`b`jatos iãsèos mj ua s`stjbc mj tjkjdjst`õa js quj sjc ua s`stjbc mj bjm`mc y eobuaèce`õa i`m`rjeeòack. Cmjbãs mjij sjr ua s`stjbc cutobãtèo, quj ao sjc kc àtjrvjae`õa mj aàdüa trãb`tjs cdjatj, pcrc jk cktc js mj mje`r, ua eoatcmor, bãsajejscr`c quj kos ajejscròs y oik`dctoròs cmbà`strct`vos mj kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc, ja jk cktc mj u aujvo subà`stro. Kos jqu`pos mj bjm`mc pcrc subà`stros àfjròrjs c kos 3: hT , t`po mj ek`jatj quj cdrupc jk bcyor aubjro mj subà`stros, ja tomo jk pcrquj mj eoatcmorjs, mjija sct`sfcejr oik`dctor`cbjatj kcs mos eoamèòajs catjs e`tcmcs. Jk s`stjbc E@YEZ]OY icscmo ja jk eoaejatrcmor WKE->77 js ua s`stjbc totckbjatj cutobãtèo, yc quj ja jk bobjato mj kc àstckce`õa mj ua aujvo eoatcmor ja kc rjm, àstj sj eoajetc cutobãtècbjatj ck eoaejatrcmor, quj sj jaecrdc mj< • Mjsecrdcr àforbce`õa rjkct`vc ck propò jqu`po mj bjm`mc. • Cetuc k`zcr kc eurvc mj jajr Cetuck`zcr jajrdâc dâc norcr norcr`c `c ncst ncstcc kc fjenc cetu cetuck, ck, mj forb forbcc quj ja kc prõx`bc jxportce`õa, quj sj rjck`zc mj forbc m`cr`c c kos sjrvèòs ejatrckjs mj kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc, sj jav`crãa kos aujvos mctos mjk aujvo eoatcmor àstckcmo ja kc rjm. Kc eobproice`õa mj quj ua jqu`po sj nc eoajetcmo y eobuaèc eorrjetcbjatj eoa jk eoaejatrcmor WKE->77, sj pujmj ncejr bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrWKE® o i`ja mjs mjk propò eoaejatrcmor WKE->77, oisjrvcamo kc k`stc mj eoatcmorjs eoajetcmos, y b`rcamo kc ükt`bc fjenc mj eobuaèce`õa. 4.39.9 Eoatrok mj potjae`c àtjdrcmo ja jk eoatcmor Ecij mjstcecr, por su rjkjvcae`c, jk s`stjbc mj eortj y rjeoajx`õa ofrje`mo por E@YEZ]OY ja sus eoatcmorjs mj jajrdâc. Àstj eoatrok mj potjae`c pjrb`tj prodrcbcr kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc ja ecmc subà`stro, kc mj eorr`jatj forbc qujeoatrctcmc, cetüc eobojsuamje`r, k`b`tcmor mj eorr`jatj. Jk k`b`tcmor mj eorr`jatj, àtjdrcmo mjatro mjk eoatcmor, ao sust`tuyj, ck @DC a` ck @EW, quj sj jstcikjeja eobo oik`dctoròs ja ecmc puato mj subà`stro. 4 Àstj eoatrok mj kc potjae`c, pjrb`tj sjr prodrcbcmo y bcaòircmo (eortj y rjeoajx`õa) c trcvàs mj eobuaèceòajs WKE, cuaquj jk cioacmo mjij scijr jk fuaeòacb`jato ja kc rjeoajx`õa, yc quj mjij sjdu`r uaos pcsos pcrc rjstcikjejr jk subà`stro. eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=> Wcsos ja kc rjeoajx`õa< Ja jk ecso mj quj jk cioacmo sj qujmj sà subà`stro, àstj mjij scijr quj ao vokvjrã c tjajr eorr`jatj, ncstc quj ao circ jk e`reu`to, js mje`r, ncstc quj ao circ jk bcdajtotàrbèo bcdajtotàrbèo djajrck (@EW o @DC). Ja jk bobjato bobjato mj cir`r jk e`reu`to, jk eoatrok mj potjae`c àtjdrcmo ja jk eoatcmor mjvokvjrã jk subà`stro, yc quj mjtjetc kc cpjrturc mjk e`reu`to, mj forbc quj eucamo e`jrrj jk bcdajtotàrbèo (@EW o @DC), yc tjamrã rjstcikje`mo jk subà`stro. Wujmj mcrsj jk ecso quj kc eobpcóâc m`strìu`morc mje`mc, por jk bot`vo quj erjc oportuao, eortcr jk subà`stro mj ua cioacmo, jatoaejs, àstj ao tjamrã tjas`õa, cuaquj ncdc kc bcaòirc cir`rmj y ejrrcr jk bcdajtotàrbèo djajrck, ncstc quj kc m`strìu`morc, ao mj kcmjormja rjstcikjejr jk subà`stro, por tjkjbjm`mc. Ja àstj bobjato jk cioacmo yc pujmj rjck`zcr kc bcaòirc mj cir`r y ejrrcr jk bcdajtotàrbèo djajrck (@EW o @DC). Jk jkjbjato mj eortj tjamrã trjs fuaeòajs pràe`pckjs< Eortj prodrcbcmo< Ja àstj ecso jk jkjbjato mj eortj, eortcrã jk subà`stro, por ua eobcamo jav`cmo por eobuaèceòajs WKE, mjsmj jk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa (Eoaejatrcmor WKE->77), c trcvàs mjk pujrto õptèo, o i`ja mjsmj kcs oeàcs mj kc jbprjsc m`strìu`morc (WowjrWKE )) Yjeoajx`õa prodrcbcmc/cutobãtèc < Jk rjcrbj mjspuàs mj ua eortj prodrcbcmo, sjrã àmècmo mjsmj jk ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, por eobcamo. WowjrWKE WKE (Eoaejatrcmor WKE->77), c trcvàs mjk pujrto õptèo, o mjsmj jk Jk eoatcmor ao rjeoajetcrã ja jk b`sbo àstcatj mjk eobcamo por tjbcs mj sjdur`mcm. Uõko sj rjcrbcrã ja jk bobjato ja jk quj jk cioacmo, circ jk e`reu`to (cir`jamo jk tàrbèo pràe`pck), y ko vujkvc c ejrrcr. Ja jk bobjato ja quj sj kj àmèc ck eoatcmor quj pujmj ejrrcr jk jkjbjato mj eortj, àstj b`mj kc potjae`c quj sj jstã eoasub`jamo, mj forbc quj mjtjetc s` jk e`reu`to jstã ci`jrto o ao. Ja jk bobjato ja jk quj jk cioacmo cirj jk e`reu`to, jk eoatcmor ko mjtjetc, àstj e`jrrj jk jkjbjato mj eortj, y eucamo sj e`jrrj jk bcdajtotàrbèo, yc vujkvj c tjajr subà`stro. Eortj por soirjeorr`jatj < Jk jkjbjato mj eortj jstcrã prodrcbcmo eoa uac eorr`jatj bãx`bc, quj mjijrâc eorrjspoamjr eoa kc potjae`c eoatrctcmc. Jx`stj kc posì`k`mcm mj quj jkmjeoatcmor tjadc tcr`fcs, prodrcbcmcs por ko tcato jx`stj mj quj jk jkjbjato eortj tjadc mosmos eorr`jatjs (p.jl. kc 3:posì`k`mcm C murcatj jk mâc y =7 C murcatj kc aoenj). Wcrc kc rjeoajx`õa, sj trctc mj sjdu`r jk b`sbo proejm`b`jato mjser`to catjròrbjatj. 4.35 Ecpce`mcm mj djst`õa mj ecrdcs 4 Bjm`catj jk jkjbjato mj eortj y kc njrrcb`jatc mj àforbãtèc WowjrWKE, js posìkj ncejr uac djst`õa cet`vc mj kc mjbcamc, cetucamo soirj ua drupo mj eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9=0 eoatcmorjs, rjmue`jamo jk eoasubo dkoick c icsj mj eortjs prodrcbcmos mj subà`stro c e`jrtcs sjeeòajs o pcrtjs mj uac pkcatc, proejso, kâajc o sjetor. sjetor. Ja mja`t`vc sj trctc mj eoatrokcr kcs puatcs mj eoasubo y mj eoasjdu`r uac eurvc mj ecrdc ko bãs pkcac posìkj Jk s`stjbc ofrjej bukt`tum mj posì`k`mcmjs, yc quj kc àstckce`õa mj ua eoatcmor tr`fãsèo ja kc ecijejrc mj uac àstckce`õa, eobo totck`zcmor mj kc àstckce`õa (o ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa) aos pjrb`t`rã eoaoejr ja tomo bobjato jk a`vjk mj ecrdc mjk trcasforbcmor, y ja ecso mj s`tuce`õa erâtèc, cetucr, bjm`catj jk softwcrj WowjrWKE, eoa jk a mj mjseoajetcr ecrdcs ao erâtècs, rjmue`jamo eoasubos ncstc eoasjdu`r sck`r mj kc s`tuce`õa pjk`dro potjae`ck por jxejso mj ecrdc mjk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Otro mj kos ijajeòs posìkjs quj aos ofrjejrâc kc àstckce`õa mj ua eoatcmor ja ecijejrc, sjrâc jk eoaoejr jk a`vjk mj pàrm`mcs mj kcs ecrdcs mj ua mjtjrbàcmo ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, s`bpkjbjatj eobpcrcamo kcs bjm`mcs mjk totck`zcmor y kc subc mj tomos kos eoasubos pcre`ckjs. 4.3= Yjsubja C ko kcr kcrdo do mjk ecpâ ecpâtuk tuko, o, njbo njboss mjsc mjscrro rrokkc kkcmo mo uac sjr sjr`j `j mj eoa eoaejpt ejptos os ecm ecmcc vjz bãs k`dcmos ck buamo mj kc m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc. Njbos pujsto jk àafcs`s ja mjbostrcr kos ijajeòs quj pujmj cportcr ck usucrò ua s`stjbc mj àstrubjatos y eoajetcmos ja rjm. Iãsècbjatj pjrb`tj mj jk eoatrok mj ulos m`strìu`mos jajrdâc ja kcs pkcatcs àmustr`ckjs, jk eoatrok mjjsto kc eck`mcm subà`stro y kc djst`õa mj kc mjbcamc. Eoaejptos eobo jk mj promuet`v`mcm y eoatrok mj eostjs, jstãa jstrjencbjatj k`dcmos c kc àstckce`õa mj s`stjbcs quj dcrcatèja ua iuja fuaeòacb`jato mj kcs àstckceòajs y quj s`rvc eobo uac njrrcb`jatc mj djst`õa jajrdàtèc pcrc eoaoejr ja tomo bobjato jk eoasubo dkoick y jspjeâeo (por p`jzc o por toajkcmc, jte). Csâ pujs kcs quj njbos mjaobàcmo njrrcb`jatcs pcrc kc djst`õa jajrdàtèc soa fuamcbjatckjs pcrc vckorcr kc promuet`v`mcm y pcrc vckorcr jk jk `bpceto mjk eostj jajrdàtèo soirj jk eostj totck mj ua mjtjrbàcmo i`ja o sjrvèò. C ko k o kcrdo mjk ecpâtu ecpâtuko ko sj nca mjser mjser`to `to euckjs jrca jstcs njrrc njrrcb`jatc b`jatcss y sj nc v`sto quj pcrc kc rjeod`mc y proejscmo mj mctos js fuamcbjatck m`spoajr mj trjs jkjbjatos< @astrubjatos mj bjm`mc y eoatrok, ua s`stjbc mj eobuaèceòajs quj pjrb`tc kc kjeturc mj mctos ja euckqu`jr puato mj uac pkcatc y ua softwcrj quj pjrb`tc kc ejatrck`zce`õa mj jstos mctos y su proejscmo. 4 eobuaèce`õa y Njrrcb`jatcs mj caÃk`s`s mjk s`stjbc jkàetrèo > UJDZY@MCM JA KC YJM< WYO]JEE@ÕA M@FJYJAE@CK >.3 @atromuee`õa Zac mj kcs pràe`pckjs prjoeupceòajs ja jk fuaeòacb`jato mj uac àstckce`õa jkàetrèc js sà mumc kc sjdur`mcm, tcato mj kc prop`c àstckce`õa eobo mj kcs pjrsoacs y i`jajs rjkceòacmos eoa mènc àstckce`õa . Jk tàrbào sjdur`mcm eobprjamj iãsècbjatj mos cspjetos< • Kc protjee`õa eoatrc mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato ja eoamèòajs aorbckjs mj uso mj kc àstckce`õa. • Kc protjee`õa ja ecso mj eoamèòajs cee`mjatckjs o caõbckcs< Iãsècbjatj soirjtjasòajs y eortoe`reu`tos. Ja jstj ecpâtuko aos ejatrcrjbos iãsècbjatj ja jk pr`bjro mj jstos cspjetos, js mje`r, jk cspjeto mj c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac àstckce`õa sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa mj fcsjs m`stàtcs o jatrj àstcs, bcsc y t`jrrc. Ja jstj kìro ao trctcrjbos mj kos tjbcs mj protjee`õa mj soirjtjasòajs o protjee`õa mj eortoe`reu`tos. Kos mjfjetos mj c`skcb`jato pujmja promue`r mos t`pos mj proikjbcs< • Wjk`dro mj jkjetroeue`õa pcrc kcs pjrsoacs, por eoatceto m`rjeto eoa pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mjk propò s`stjbc jkàetrèo o por eoatceto àm`rjeto c trcvàs mj kcs javokvjatjs. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj : c 37 bC pujmja sjr sue`jatjs pcrc provoecr uac ir`kce`õa ecrmâcec s` ja jk ecbào mj pcso mj kc eorr`jatj sj vja cfjetcmos kos büseukos mjk eorczõa. Eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 57 bC sj eoas`mjrca pjk`droscs ja euckqu`jr ecso. • Wjk`dro mj àejamò ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj fudc `bportcatjs c trcvàs mj ecbàos rjs`st`vos eoa rjs`stjae`cs rjkct`vcbjatj drcamjs o por eortoe`reu`to c trcvàs mjk eoamuetor mj t`jrrc. Mj njeno, sj nc eobproicmo quj eorr`jatjs mjk ormja mj 577 bC, e`reukcamo jatrj p`jzcs eoamuetorcs eoa jkjvcmc rjs`st`v`mcm, eobo pujmj sjr jk ecso mj n`jrro ox`mcmo, pujmja kkjdcr c promue`r pàrm`mcs sue`jatjs pcrc poajr jk õx`mo àecamjsejatj j àè`cr ua àejamò. Kcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj proikjbcs soa jsjae`ckbjatj mj mos t`pos< > • C`skcb `jato jatrj pcrtjs javokv C`skcb`jato javokvjatjs jatjs y pcrtjs sobjt sobjt`mcs `mcs c tjas` tjas`õa. õa. Jsto s`da` s`da`ec ec quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetrèos mjija m`sjócrsj mj tck forbc quj euckqu`jr pcrtj eoamuetorc ceejsìkj ck tceto jstà mji`mcbjatj c`skcmc mj kcs pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c tjas`õa. • Eoajx`õa mj kcs javokvjatjs c t`jrrc y protjee`õa mj kcs àstckceòajs ja ecso mj fudc bjm`catj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o rjkàs mj v`d`kcae`c mj c`skcb`jato. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9:9 Ja jstj ecpâtuko, mcrjbos uac irjvj mjser`pe`õa mj kcs ecuscs quj pujmja provoecr pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato y ekcs`fècrjbos kcs javokvjatjs sjdüa su ecpce`mcm mj bcatjajr jk c`skcb`jato catj mjtjrbàcmcs eoamèòajs cbi`jatckjs jxtjracs. Wor otro kcmo sj ncrã uac mjser`pe`õa mj kos m`stàtos rjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro c t`jrrc y mj kcs vjatclcs j àeoavja`jatjs mj ecmc uao, mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj kc sjdur`mcm y mj kc fce`k`mcm mj protjee`õa. Wor ükt`bo, ncrjbos uac mjser`pe`õa bãs mjtckkcmc mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck ja àstckceòajs eoa m`stàtos rjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro y mj kcs bcscs. >.9 Mjaèòajs Catjs mj prosjdu` prosjdu`rr eoa kc mjser` mjser`pe`õa pe`õa mj kos k os bàtomos mj protjee` p rotjee`õa õa m`fjrja m`fjrjae`ck e`ck vcbos c mcr uac sjr`j mj mjfàèòajs rjkct`vcs c c`skcb`jato jatrj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs mj uac àstckce`õa jkàetrèc. Kc bcyorâc mj kcs mjfàèòajs jstãa icscmcs ja kcs aorbcs @JE-6377> j @JE-6756= , cuaquj ao sj nc njeno uac trcmuee`õa k`tjrck. • Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs< Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs m`rjetcbjatj eoajetcmcs c uao mj kos eoamuetorjs mj fcsj o ck ajutro. • Bcsc< Wcrtjs eoamuetorcs javokvjatjs mj ua jqu`po jkàetrèo quj cee`mjatckbjatj pujmja tjajr eoatceto eoa pcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs. • Ekcsj mj protjee`õa @W mj uac javokvjatj< Kc ekcsj mj protjee`õa sj mjaj por kc ecpce`mcm mj kc javokvjatj mj protjdjr kcs pcrtjs àtjròrjs eoatrc kc pjajtrce`õa mj pcrtâeukcs sõk`mcs mj m`vjrso tcbcóo o eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos ja m`fjrjatjs e`reuastcae`cs. • ]`jrrc< Wcrtj o eoaluato mj pcrtjs eoamuetorcs ja eoatceto eoa jk sujko, mjstàcmcs c sjr ut`k`zcmcs eobo potjae`ck ejro mj rjfjrjae`c mj euckqu`jr àstckce`õa jkàetrèc. • Eoamuetor mj t`jrrc< Eoamuetor ua`mo ck potjae`ck mj t`jrrc, eoa uac rjs`stjae`c sue`jatjbjatj iclc pcrc quj ao jx`stca m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck s`da`ect`vcs, àekuso ja ecso mj e`reukcr kcs eorr`jatjs mj mjfjeto prjv`stcs ja kc àstckce`õa. • Yàd`bja mj eoajx`õa mjk ajutro c t`jrrc (@JE 6756=-5)< @amèc kc eoadurce`õa mj uac mjtjrbàcmc àstckce`õa por ko quj sj rjjrj c kc eoajx`õa c t`jrrc mjk ajutro • • y mj kcs bcscs. (Vàcsj cpcrtcmo >.=) Eoatceto m`rjeto< Eoatceto mj uac pjrsoac m`rjetcbjatj eoa uac pcrtj cet`vc sobjt`mc c tjas`õa. (Vjr kc F`d. >.3) Eoatceto àm`rjeto< Eoatceto mj uac pjrsoac eoa uac pcrtj eoamuetorc ao cet`vc sobjt`mc c tjas`õa soko ja ecso mj mjfjeto. (Vjr kc F`d. >.9) > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc K3 K3 K9 K9 K5 K5 A F`d. >.3 - Jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto m`rjeto K3 K3 9:5 K9 K9 K5 K5 A Fckko mj C`skcb`jato Ecrdc jkàetrèc F`d. >.9 - Jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto àm`rjeto > • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc< Eorr`jatj quj e`reukc mjsmj kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs nce`c jk t`jrrc mji`mc c ua mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato. • Eorr`jatj mj fudc< Eorr`jatj quj e`reukc mjsmj kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs nce`c jk t`jrrc ja cusjae`c mj euckqu`jr mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato. • Eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck, @∆< Vckor jecz mj kc eorr`jatj rjsuktcatj mj kc subc vjetor`ck mj kos vckorjs àstcatãajos mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck @M (Ja kc mjaobàce`õa àdkjsc YEEI, Yjs`muck Eurrjat E`reu`t Irjchjr). M`spos`t`vo jkjetrobjeãaèo mjstàcmo c eortcr kc eorr`jatj mj ua mjtjrbàcmo e`reu`to, ja ecso mj quj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck supjrj ua mjtjrbàcmo vckor ubirck mj m`spcro. U` jk m`spos`t`vo, cmjbãs, proporeòac protjee`õa eoatrc eortoe`reu`tos, sj mjaobàc àtjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck eoa protjee`õa mj soirjecrdc (YEIO, ja àdkàs). sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9:= • Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck< Yjkà quj mjtjetc kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck. Ja rjck`mcm js uac pcrtj mjk àtjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck, sà jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj. • Eorr`jatj rjs`muck, mj fuaeòacb`jato< Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck quj ecusc jk m`spcro mj ua @M. • Eorr`jatj rjs`muck, mj ao fuaeòacb`jato < Vckor mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck por mjiclo mj kc euck ua @M ao m`spcrc. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck àmjpjam`jatj mj kc tjas`õa < @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj AO AJEJU@]C AJEJU@] C tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc fuaeòacr.. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck mjpjam`jatj mj kc tjas`õa < @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj AJEJU@]C AJEJU@] C tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc fuaeòacr. • @atjrruptor eoa sjdur`mcm pos`t`vc < Uj mèj mj cqujk quj àekuso ja cusjae`c mj ck`bjatce`õa (fcktc mj uac fcsj) eoatàüc s`jamo ecpcz mj m`spcrcr kc protjee`õa. Ja ecso mj @M quj rjqu`jrja ck`bjatce`õa pcrc su fuaeòacb`jato, mjija cir`r cutobãtècbjatj eucamo fcktc kc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa pcrc quj pujmca sjr eoas`mjrcmos mj sjdur`mcm pos`t`vc. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck t`po CE< @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj fuaeòac eorrjetcbjatj eucamo mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs rjs`muckjs cktjracs sàuso`mckjs, yc sjca cpkècmcs irusecbjatj o mj forbc drcmuck. • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck t`po C< @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck quj fuaeòac eorrjetcbjatj tcato s` mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs rjs`muckjs cktjracs sàuso`mckjs eobo eucamo mjtjetc eorr`jatjs m`fjrjae`ckjs eoatàucs pukscmcs, yc sjca cpkècmcs irusecbjatj o mj forbc drcmuck. >.5 Jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj eorr`jatj jkàetrèc ja kcs kcs pjrsoacs pjrsoacs Ja jk jstumò tàeaèo puikècmo ja kc aorbc @JE-=40-3 sj àmèca kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj jkàetrèc ja jk nobirj y kos ca`bckjs mobàstèos ja kc dcbc mj frjeujae`cs mj 3: Nz c 377 Nz, y quj s`rvja mj duâc pcrc jstcikjejr kcs prjser`peòajs mj sjdur`mcm jkàetrèc. Ja ecso mj ua eoatceto m`rjeto, jk pjk`dro pcrc kc pjrsoac, mj kc eorr`jatj quj pcsc c trcvàs mj su eujrpo, mjpjamj jsjae`ckbjatj mjk vckor mj mènc eorr`jatj y mjk t`jbpo quj murc. Wràe`pckbjatj, jk r`jsdo mj ir`kce`õa vjatrèukcr mjk eorczõa sj eoas`mjrc uac mj kcs ecuscs bcyorjs mj cee`mjatjs bortckjs por enoquj jkàetrèo. Ja kc F`d. >.5 sj rjsubja kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj cktjrac ja jk eujrpo nubcao ja fuae`õa mjk vckor mj eorr`jatj (vckor jecz ja bC) y su murce`õa ja t`jbpo (bs). > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9:: F`d. >.5 - \oacs t`jbpo/eorr`jatj mj kos jfjetos eorr`jatj cktjrac mj 3: Nz c 377 Nz Jk rjsubja mj kcs m`stàtcs zoacs js jk s`du`jatj< • \oac 3< Ao sj promuej aàduac rjcee`õa. Uj eoas`mjrc jk ubirck mj pjrejpe`õa y rjcee`õa c ua vckor mj 7,: bC. • \oac 9 < Mj 7,: bC ncstc jk kâb`tj mj kc eurvc I, ncy pjrejpe`õa, pjro ao sj promuej aàdüa jfjeto pjk`droso. Kc eurvc I jbp`jzc c uaos 37 bC, y eorrjspoamj ck ubirck mj ao soktcr, mj eoatrcee`õa buseukcr. • \oac 5 < Js kc zoac k`b`tcmc por kc eurvc I ncstc E3. Uj promuej eoatrcee`õa buseukcr y m`euktcmjs mj mj rjsp`rce`õa, ao sujkj mcóo ordãaèo. Kc eurvc E3 js jk ubirck ir`kce`õacuaquj vjatrèukcr. Jstjpromue`rsj ubirck mjpjamj tcato mj kos pcrãbjtros (cactobâc mjk eujrpo, jstcmo mj kcs fuaeòajs ecrmâcecs) eobo mj kos pcrãbjtros jkàetrèos (murce`õa, rjeorr`mo mj kc eorr`jatj, vckor mj eorr`jatj, jte.). Kos 57 bC jstãa lusto por mjiclo mj jstj ubirck. • \oac =< C pcrtj mj kos jfjetos mj kc zoac 5 sj pujmj promue`r pcrcmc mjk eorczõa, pcrcmc mj kc rjsp`rce`õa y qujbcmurcs drcvjs. Kc proici`k`mcm mj fìr`kce`õa vjatrèukcr js mj ua : % jatrj E3-E9, mj ua :7 % jatrj E9-E5 y mj bãs mj ua :7 % por jae`bc mj kc eurvc E5. Jstos vckorjs soa kos quj pjrb`tja jstcikjejr jk ubirck mj kcs m`stàtcs protjeeòajs m`fjrjae`ckjs aorbck`zcmcs. >.= ]jasòajs mj sjdur`mcm Jk vckor kâb`tj mj kc tjas`õa mj sjdur`mcm mjij sjr tck quj cpkècmc ck eujrpo nubcao jk vckor mj eorr`jatj quj sj mjr`vc por kc rjs`stjae`c quj prjsjatc ao supoadc r`jsdos pcrc jk àm`v`muo. Kc aorbc ZAJ 97=67 mjaj uaos vckorjs mj sjdur`mcm pcrc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs quj ja fuae`õa mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto Ze aos mca jk t`jbpo bãx`bo mj eortj ja ecso mj mjfjeto. Jstos t`jbpos tcbi`àa soa fuae`õa mjk t`po mj cbi`jatj< sjeo o nübjmo. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9:6 Kc aorbc ZAJ 97=67-=-=3 jstcikjej kos s`du`jatjs vckorjs mj tjas`õa kâb`tj eoavjaeòack mj eoatceto, eoa rjspjeto c t`jrrc< • ZK ≭ :7 V pcrc koeckjs sjeos • ZK ≭ 9: V pcrc koeckjs nübjmos C jstos vckorjs mj tjas`õa, kc rjs`s rjs`stjae`c tjae`c quj prjsjatc jk eujrpo nubcao js tck quj ja jk ecso mj eoatceto kcs eorr`jatjs quj sj mjr`vca jstãa por mjiclo mj kos ubirckjs quj prjsjatca pjk`dro. >.: Javokvjatjs y drcmos mj protjee`õa mj jqu`pos mj I] Kcs fuaeòajs iãsècs mj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetrèos soa kcs s`du`jatjs< • @bpjm`r jk eoatceto m`rjeto mj pjrsoacs eoa kcs pcrtjs eoamuetorcs cet`vcs. • @bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj eujrpos sõk`mos jxtrcóos (crjac, pokvo, àsjetos, rojmorjs, jte.) • @bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos. • @bpjm`r kc pjajtrce`õa mj dcsjs eorros`vos o mj rcm`ceòajs jkjetrobcdaàtècs o auekjcrjs (kuz, pcrtâeukcs auekjcrjs, jte.) • Wrotjdjr eoatrc enoqujs. >.:.3 Drcmos mj protjee`õa @W Wcrc ecrcetjr`zcr jk eobportcb`jato mj kcs javokvjatjs ja jqu`pos mj iclc tjas`õa sj eom`fèca bjm`catj uac s`dkcs quj sj eoaoeja eobo ‛drcmo mj protjee`õa @W‒ o ‛eõm`do @W‒ , mja`mo ja kcs aorbcs JA-67.:90 y JA 670=4-3. Jk drcmo mj protjee`õa sj ecrcetjr`zc bjm`catj mos e`frcs ecrcetjrâstècs< Kc pr`bjrc (c vjejs sjdu`mc mj uac kjtrc) mjs`dac kc jstcaquj`mcm mj kc javokvjatj frjatj c pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos o pcrtâeukcs sõk`mcs. Kc sjduamc mjfàj kc jstcaquj`mcm mj kc javokvjatj catj kc pjajtrce`õa mj kâqu`mos. Kcs ]cikcs >.3 y >.9 mjtckkca kos s`da`ecmos mj ecmc uac mj kcs e`tcmcs e`frcs. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9:4 ]cikc >.3. U`da`ecmo mj kc pr`bjrc e`frc mjk eõm`do @W (*) Kc s`dkc ‛x‒ mjs`dac uac sjduamc e`frc euckqu`jrc, vjr ]cikc >.9 E õ m` d o ( * ) M j s e r ` p e ` õ a c i r j v ` c m c @W 3x Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 :7 bb @W 9x @W 9Kx õ @W 9xI Oi s jr v ce ` o a j s @bp`mj jk eoatceto m`rjeto mj uac drca supjre`j mjk eujrpo nubcao, tck eobo kc bcao, eoa kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs y p`jzcs ja bov`b`jato Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 39,: bb Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛I‒ ck ack Þ 1 39,: bb y eoatrc eoatcetos àmèc quj sj m`stàduj jatrj @W 5x @W 5Kx õ @W5xE @W =x @W =Kx õ @W=xM eoa jk mjmo mj prujic jstãamcr pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa ua mjmo crtèukcmo jstãamcr jstãamcr mj >7 bb mj koad`tum, Þ 239 bb y eoa puatc i`sjkcmc. (Forbc mja`mc ja kc aorbc) Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 9,: bb Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛E‒ ck ack, Þ 1 39,: bb y eoatrc àmèc quj sj m`stàduj jatrj eoatcetos c trcvàs mj uac pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa vcr`kkc mj Þ 2 9,: bb y kc vcr`kkc, s`bukcamo ko quj koad`tum àfjròr c 377 bb pomrâc sjr ua mjstora`kkcmor mjstora`kkcmor.. Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 3 bb Wrotjee`õa eoatrc pjajtrce`õa Kc s`dkc ‛K‒ cócm`mc trcs kc mj oiljtos sõk`mos mj Þ 1 3 pr`bjrc e`frc o ‛M‒ ck ack, bb y eoatrc eoatcetos c trcvàs àmèc quj sj m`stàduj jatrj mj uac vcr`kkc vcr`kkc mj Þ 2 3 bb y pjajtrce`õa y eoatceto eoa kc koad`tum àfjròr c 377 bb > @W :x Wrotjee`õa eoatrc jk pokvo @W 6x Jstcaquj`mcm totck eoatrc jk pokvo vcr`kkc, s`bukcamo ko quj pomrâc sjr ua ckcbirj o ecikj râd`mo. Wjrb`tj su pjajtrce`õa ja tcato quj ao sj mjpos`tj soirj pcrtjs moamj sj eobprobjtc jk c`skcb`jato. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc ]cikc >.9.- U`da`ecmo mj kc sjduamc e`frc e` frc mjk eõm`do @W (*) Kc s`dkc ‛x‒ mjs`dac uac pr`bjrc e`frc euckqu`jrc, vjr ]cikc >.3 Eõm`do Eõm` do (* (*)) Mjse Mjser` r`pe pe`õ `õa a @W x3 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc dotjo mj cduc ja m`rjee`õa vjrtèck @W x9 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc ecâmc mj cduc eoa uac àekàce`õa bãx`bc mj 3:¼ @W x5 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc ecâmc mj cduc eoa uac àekàce`õa bãx`bc mj 67¼ @W x= Wrotjd`mo eoatrc proyjee`õa mj cduc ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa @W x: Wrotjd`mo eoatrc enorro mj cduc proyjetcmo c prjs`õa ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa @W x6 Wrotjd`mo eoatrc dokpjs mj bcr. Cduc proyjetcmc ja euckqu`jr m`rjee`õa 9:> @W x4 @W x> Wrotjd`mo eoatrc kos jfjetos mj kc àbjrs`õa. (Wrjs`õa y t`jbpo k`b`tcmos) Wrotjd`mo eoatrc kos jfjetos mj kc àbjrs`õa. (Wrjs`õa y t`jbpo jspje`ckjs) >.6 Yjdâbjajs mj eoajx`õa mj ajutro y t`jrrc Wcrc csjdurcr kc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs y i`jajs eoatrc kos posìkjs fckkos mj c`skcb`jato ja uac àstckce`õa jkàetrèc , js eoavja`jatj quj kcs javokvjatjs mj kos jqu`pos jkàetrèos jstàa eoajetcmos c ua potjae`ck mj t`jrrc mj rjfjrjae`c. Wor otro kcmo, kc eoatàu`mcm mj sjrvèò y kc sjdur`mcm mj àstckceòajs eoa pcrtjs sobjt`mcs c mjsecrdcs ctbosfàrècs, nceja ceoasjlcikj quj kc àstckce`õa jkàetrèc jstà protjd`mc eoatrc posìkjs m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck jxejs`vcs jatrj kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos y t`jrrc. ]omcs kcs eoas`mjrceòajs catjròrjs nceja pkcatjcr kc prjduatc mj eõbo mjija rjfjr`rsj c t`jrrc kcs pcrtjs cet`vcs y kcs javokvjatjs mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc. Wcrc jk ecso mj àstckceòajs mj iclc tjas`õa , ck`bjatcmcs s`jbprj c trcvàs mj ua trcasforbcmor B]/I] , kos puatos mj àtjràs soa mos< > • ¿Ncy o ao ajutro ja jk sjeuamcrò mjk trcasforbcmor?, y ja ecso mj jx`st`r, ¿eõbo sj rjjrj jk eoamuetor ajutro c t`jrrc? • ¿Eõbo sj eoajetca kcs bcscs mj kc àstckce`õa mj I] c t`jrrc? Kc rjspujstc c jstcs prjduatcs ao js üaèc y mjpjam`jamo mj euck sjc jk àtjràs pràe`pck (protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs, protjee`õa mj r`jsdo mj àejamò, protjee`õa eoatrc mjsecrdcs ctbosfàrècs, jte.) pujmj mcr kudcr c m`stàtos jsqujbcs mj eoajx`õa, quj nca s`mo mjser`tos por kc aorbc @JE 6756= y quj rjsub`bos ja kcs tcikcs >.5 y >.=. Kc mjs`dace`õa jstãamcr mj kcs m`stàtcs forbcs mj eoajx`õa sj eom`ec bjm`catj mos kjtrcs iãsècs sjdüa @JE 6756=. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9:0 Ckd uacss aor Ckduac aorbcs bcs ( AFE35-377) cócmja uac kjtrc supkjbjatcr`c pcrc mjs`dacr eobo jstãa rjkceòacmos jk t`jrrc mj I] eoa kos njrrcljs mj B]. Kos s`da`ecmos mj kc kjtrc supkjbjatcr`c supkjbjatcr`c sj mjtckkca ja kc ]cikc ]cikc >.:. ]cikc >.5.- U`da`ecmo mj kcs mos kjtrcs mj mjs`dace`õa mj ràd`bja mj ajutro sjdüa @JE 6756= Eõm`do U ` d a `  ec m o @amèc eobo sj ncej kc Wr`bjrc kjtrc eoajx`õa mjk sjeuamcrò mjk trcasforbcmor B]/I] c t`jrrc. Vcr`catjs ]< ajutro ua`mo m`rjetcbjatj c t`jrrc @< Ajutro c`skcmo mj t`jrrc. Jx`stja quj kcmj eoajx`õavcr`catjs sj ncej ja c trcvàs uac `bpjmcae`c, otrcs ja quj jk c`skcb`jato js totck o àekuso pujmj ao jx`st`r jk ajutro ]< Bcscs ua`mcs m`rjetcbjatj c t`jrrc. @amèc kc forbc mj Ujduamc Kjtrc eoajx`õa mj kcs A< Bcscs eoajetcmcs c bcscs c t`jrrc ajutro. (Uoko t`jaj sjat`mo s` kc pr`bjrc kjtrc js ]) Aotcs< Kc pr`bjrc kjtrc @ sõko cmb`tj eobo sjduamc kjtrc ]. Csâ pujs kcs eoadurc eoadurceòajs eòajs posìkj posìkjss soa ]] ]],, ]A , @]. Kc eoadurce`õa ]A t`jaj m`vjrscs vcr`catjs (vjr ]cikc >.=) Mjser`pe`õa mj kos s`stjbcs posìkjs< > • ]]< Ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ua`mo c t`jrrc mj kc J] (Jstce`õa ]rcasforbcmorc) y bcscs mj kc àstckce`õa ua`mcs ck t`jrrc koeck. Ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to fcsj c bcsc, kcs rjs`stjae`cs mj kcs tobcs mj t`jrrc k`b`tca kc eorr`jatj mj eortoe`reu`to, pjro pujmja cpcrjejr tjasòajs pjk`droscs jatrj kcs bcscs y t`jrrc. Wor jkko, sj rjqu`jrj uac protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck eoa cetuce`õa àstcatãajc. Jsto ecusc c vjejs proikjbcs mj poec sjkjet`v`mcm y mj àtjrrupeòajs mj pcrtjs mj kc àstckce`õa buy ckjlcmcs mjk mjfjeto. • ]A< Ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ua`mo c t`jrrc mj kc J] y bcscs mj kc àstckce`õa ua`mcs ck b`sbo puato c trcvàs mj ua eoamuetor (ecso mj ]AE) o mj mos eoamuetorjs (ecso mj ]AU). Ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to fcsj ― bcsc kcs eorr`jatjs mj mjfjeto soa buy drcamjs y pujmja cpcrjejr tcbi`àa tjasòajs pjk`droscs jatrj kcs bcscs y jk t`jrrc koeck mj kc àstckce`õa. • @]< Ja kc eoajx`õa @] , jk ajutro mjk trcasforbcmor ao sj @]< sj poaj c t`jrrc m`rjetcbjatj. Ckduacs vjejs sj bcat`jaj totckbjatj c`skcmo y otrcs vjejs sj uaj c t`jrrc c trcvàs mj uac `bpjmcae`c mj vckor rjkct`vcbjatj ckto (eoajx`õa eoaoe`mc eobo ajutro `bpjmcatj). Jstj t`po mj eoajx`õa mjij protjdjrsj eoa ua rjkà v`d`kcatj mj c`skcb`jato y js bãs roiustc ja eucato c quj ao djajrc m`spcros àtjbpjst`vos mj kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs. Ja ecso mj pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato por ua sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 967 puato ao jx`stj m`spcro, sào soko cv`so mj pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato. Uoko ja ecso mj mjfjeto moikj m`spcrc kc protjee`õa mj soirjecrdc. ]cikc >.=.- Eoadurceòajs posìkjs mjk ràd`bja mj ajutro ja I] E o a j x ` õ a / Js q u j bc ]] @] E c r c e t j r â s t è c s • Ja tjorâc ua soko m`fjrjae`ck ja ecijejrc protjdj euckqu`jr fudc ja euckqu`jr puato. • Jk bàtomo js poeo sjkjet`vo. Ja ecso mj fudc ja uac mjr`vce`õa pujmj m`spcrcr jk totck. • Wcrc uac iujac eoatàu`mcm mj sjrvèò mjija jseckoacrsj kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro.. • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto bomjrcmc ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj - bcsc, • Kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs ja kcs mjr`vceòajs m`spcrca soko s` ncy ua moikj mjfjeto • C vjejs sj rjqu`jr r jqu`jrjj ua eoatro eoatrokcmor kcmor pjrbcajatj mj c`skcb`jato (EWC) (EW C) ja jk trcasforbcmor. • Js bãs roiusto mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj kc m`spoaì`k`mcm mj jajrdâc. Za pjqujóo mjfjeto ao ecusc àtjrrupe`õa • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cktc ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj ― bcsc • ]jasòajs pjk`droscs ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto. • Wronì`mo sjeeòacr jk ajutro ja jstj t`po mj eoajx`õa • Eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cktc ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto fcsj ― bcsc • ]jasòajs pjk`droscs ja ecso mj eortoe`reu`to m`rjeto. • Wjk`dro mj pàrm`mc mj protjee`õa s` sj eortc jk eoamuetor WJ • Jstj s`stjbc eoas`stj ja ut`k`zcr jk s`stjbc ]AU cducs mjiclo mj ua ]AE. ]A-E ]A-U > ]A-E-U< ]AE sjdu`mo mj ]AU sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 963 ]cikc >.:.- U`da`ecmo mj kc tjrejrc kjtrc ja kc mjs`dace`õa mjk ràd`bja mj ajutro sjdüa aorbc frcaejsc AFE35-377 . ]jrejrc kjtrc Y A U ]`jrrc mj njrrcljs mj kc J] E o aj e t cm o E o aj e t cm o C`skcmo ]`jrrc mj I] mjk trcasforbcmor E o aj e t cm o E o aj e t cm o C`skcmo Bcscs mj I] E oa je t c mo C ` s k cm o C`skcmoo C`skcm >.4 Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Kc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs eoatrc jk r`jsdo mj jkjetroeue`õa por eoatceto m`rjeto y kc protjee`õa eoatrc àejamòs ja ecso mj mjr`vceòajs fortu`tcs c bcsc , jx`dja jk jbpkjo mj m`spos`t`vos mj mjseoajx`õa quj cetüca eucamo sj promuej uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc. t`jrrc. Jstos m`spos`t`vos sj mjaobàca mjaobàca djajrckbjatj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o àtjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs. Kc m`fjrjae`c jatrj cbios jstã ja jk njeno mj quj tjadca o ao àeorporcmo jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj, tck eobo sj nc àmècmo ja jk cpcrtcmo mj mjaèòajs (Vàcsj kc mjaè`õa mj rjkà m`fjrjae`ck). Kos a`vjkjs mj eorr`jatj mj m`spcro cmb`t`mos, soa m`stàtos sjdüa sj trctj mj protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs o mj i`jajs (djajrckbjatj 57 bC pcrc protjee`õa mj pjrsoacs y 577 bC o bãs pcrc jk ecso mj protjee`õa mj àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs). Jk jbpkjo mj m`spos`t`vos m`fjrjae`ckjs mj vckor `duck o àfjròr c 57 bC soa s`jbprj uac bjm`mc mj protjee`õa eobpkjbjatcr`c c otrcs bjm`mcs mj protjee`õa eoatrc kos eoatcetos m`rjetos. Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sj usca eobo protjee`õa cmèòack pjro auaec eobo üaèc protjee`õa eoatrc kos eoatcetos m`rjetos. >.4.3 Wràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato Jk jbpkjo mj kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs o àtjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs jstã pjascmo iãsècbjatj pcrc àstckceòajs eoa ràd`bja mj ajutro ]] o eoa e`jrtcs eoamèòajs jk ràd`bja ]A (soko t`po ]A-U). Kc mjtjee`õa mj kc eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck sj rjck`zc bjm`catj ua trcasforbcmor mj eorr`jatj , djajrckbjatj eoa aüekjo toro`mck mj iclc m`spjrs`õa y cktc sjasì`k`mcm. C trcvàs mjk nujeo mjk aüekjo sj nceja pcscr tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos, sjdüa bujstrc jk jsqujbc mj pràe`pò mj kc F`d. >.=. > U` kc subc mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj tomos kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos (fcsjs y ajutro) js ejro jk ulo erjcmo ja jk trcasforbcmor sjrã auko y por tcato kc sjóck quj àstj mcrã ja jk sjeuamcrò sjrã tcbi`àa aukc. Jsto s`da`ec quj kcs eorr`jatjs quj jatrca por ckduao mj kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos rjtoraca por otro eoamuetor cet`vo, mj tck forbc quj kc subc js ejro ja tomo bobjato y por tcato ao ncy rjtorao mj eorr`jatj por otros ecbàos, js mje`r ao ncy fudc. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 969 Ja ecso mj fudc, kc subc mj eorr`jatjs ja kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos ao js ejro, mji`mo c kc eorr`jatj mj fudc quj rjtorac por jk t`jrrc. Jsto ecusc uac tjas`õa ja jk sjeuamcrò mjk trcasforbcmor m`fjrjae`ck, quj mji`mcbjatj cbpk`ecmc y trctcmc ncej m`spcrcr jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck y àstj c su vjz cet`vc jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj. F`d. >.=.- Wràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato mj ua àtjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck >.4.9 ]`pos mj m`spos`t`vos m`fjrjae`ckjs Kcs trjs pcrtjs iãsècs mj tomo àtjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck pujmja jstcr luatcs ja ua soko m`spos`t`vo o pujmja sjr pcrtjs sjpcrcmcs. Ujdüa jsto pomjbos m`stàdu`r vcròs t`pos mj àtjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs< • @atjrruptor m`fjrjae`ck eobpkjto. @aekuyj jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc, jk rjkà mj mjtjee`õa y jk m`spos`t`vo mj eortj. Jstc eoaf`durce`õa sujkj jbpkjcrsj pcrc pjqujócs potjae`cs o ja àtjrruptorjs mobàstèos. • Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck + àtjrruptor< Jk rjkà àekuyj jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc y jk rjkà mj mjtjee`õa, eoa ua eoatceto mj sck`mc mj iclc potjae`c. Jstj eoatceto jstã pjascmo pcrc cetucr soirj ua àtjrruptor cutobãtèo eoavjaeòack, yc sjc c trcvàs mj kc ioiàc mj bâa`bc o mj kc ioiàc mj jb`s`õa.. • ]rcasforbcmor + rjkà mjtjetor + àtjrruptor< Jstc bomck`mcm js caãkodc c kc catjròr, pjro jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc js uac p`jzc cpcrtj mjk rjkà mj mjtjee`õa. > F`d. >.:.- M`stàtcs jljeueòajs mjk eoaluato trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc y rjkà m`fjrjae`ck sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 965 >.4.5 Cpkèce`õa mj àtjrruptorjs cutobãtèos y eoatcetorjs eobo m`spos`t`vos mj eortj mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck. Ja àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs mj potjae`c bjm`c y cktc, jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck ao pujmj eortcr eortcr kc potjae`c totck. totck. Wor jkko sj sujkja sujkja jbpkjcr àtjrruptorjs cutobãtèos o eoatcetorjs, eoa jk pomjr mj eortj cmjeucmo pcrc rjck`zcr mènc fuae`õa mj eortj. Ck ut`k`zcr àtjrruptorjs cutobãtèos cutobãtèos eobo m`spos`t`vos m`spos`t`vos mj eortj por eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto , pomjbos cmoptcr mos t`pos mj jsqujbc mj m`spcro, ecmc uao eoa e`jrtcs vjatclcs j àeoavja`jatjs quj quj sj eobjatca c eoatàuce`õa< eoatàuce`õa< • M`spcro por ioiàc mj bâa`bc< Za àtjrruptor cutobãtèo eoa ioiàc mj bâa`bc, m`spcrc ja jk ecso mj quj mènc ioiàc sj qujmj sà ck`bjatce`õa. Kc cpkèce`õa eobo jkjbjato mj eortj mj ua s`stjbc m`fjrjae`ck mj mos forbcs m`stàtcs, sjdüa pujmj vjrsjmjjaprotjee`õa kos jsqujbcs mj kcspujmj durcsncejrsj >.6 y >.4. Ja kc F`d. >.6, kc ck`bjatce`õa mjk rjkà sj tobc cducs crrìc mjk àtjrruptor y jsto pjrb`tj ua rjcrbj jkàetrèo mjk s`stjbc. Ckduacs vjejs sj jbpkjc ua eoatcetor ja vjz mj ua àtjrruptor eoa ioiàc mj bâa`bc, mj forbc quj ck rjcrbcr jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck cutobãtècbjatj vujkvj c ck`bjatcrsj jk s`stjbc. Ja tck ecso, s` jk mjfjeto pjrs`stj, jk rjkà vujkvj c m`spcrcr àbjm`ctcbjatj ck àtjatcr rjcrbcrko. Ja kc F`d. >.4, kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs ciclo mjk àtjrruptor, ko euck qu`jrj mje`r quj jk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck sj qujmc sà ck`bjatce`õa ck m`spcrcr y aorbckbjatj jsto supoaj ua rjcrbj cutobãtèo. > F`d. >.6.- M`spcro por ioiàc mj bâa`bc eoa rjcrbj bcauck sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 96= F`d. >.4.- M`spcro por ioiàc mj bâa`bc eoa rjcrbj cutobãtèo. • M`spcro por ioiàc mj jb`s`õa< Za àtjrruptor cutobãtèo eoa ioiàc mj jb`s`õa, m`spcrc ja jk ecso mj quj mènc ioiàc rjeìc tjas`õa mj ck`bjatce`õa. Kc cpkèce`õa mj jstj t`po mj m`spcro pcrc jk eortj mj ua s`stjbc mj protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck pujmj ncejrsj tcbi`àa mj mos forbcs m`stàtcs, sjdüa pujmj vjrsj ja kos jsqujbcs mj kcs durcs >.> y >.0. Ja kc F`d. >.>. kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs crrìc mjk àtjrruptor, eoa ko euck, ck promue`rsj jk m`spcro qujmc jaekcvcmo jk s`stjbc y ao js posìkj jk rjcrbj mjk àtjrruptor ncstc ncijr rjcrbcmo jk rjkà. Mjij tjajrsj prjecue`õa ck ut`k`zcr jstj bàtomo, pujs ckduaos àtjrruptorjs cutobãtèos ao cmb`tja tjajr kc ioiàc mj jb`s`õa ck`bjatcmc murcatj kcrdo t`jbpo. Ja kc F`d. >.0, kc ck`bjatce`õa sj tobc cducs ciclo, eoa ko euck jk rjcrbj mjk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck js cutobãtèo, pjro ncy quj rjcrbcr jk àtjrruptor mj forbc bcauck. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 96: F`d. >.>.- M`spcro por ioiàc mj jb`s`õa eoa rjcrbj bcauck. F`d. >.0.- M`spcro por ioiàc mj jb`s`õa eoa rjcrbj cutobãtèo. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 966 >.4.= Ekcs`eceòa mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sjdüa jk t`po mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs sj ekcs`eca ja m`fjrjatjs t`pos, sjdüa su ecpce`mcm pcrc dcrcat`zcr kc protjee`õa eoatrc vcròs t`pos mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c t`jrrc. c) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po CE Uoa kos m`fjrjae`ckjs quj dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro pcrc eorr`jatjs mj fudc cktjracs sàuso`mckjs, tcato cpkècmcs irusecbjatj eobo mj cubjato prodrjs`vo. Uj bcreca eoa jk sâbioko i) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po C Jstos m`fjrjae`ckjs dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro pcrc kcs s`du`jatjs eorr`jatjs mj fudc< • Eorr`jatjs cktjracs sàuso`mckjs • Eorr`jatjs eoatàucs pukscatjs • Eorr`jatjs eoatàucs pukscatjs, supjrpujstcs soirj eorr`jatjs eoatàucs k`scs mj 7,776 C, eoa o sà eoatrok mj ãaduko mj fcsj, àmjpjam`jatj mj kc pokcr`mcm, tcato cpkècmcs irusecbjatj eobo mj cubjato prodrjs`vo. Uj bcreca eoa jk sâbioko e) M`fjrjae`ckjs t`po I Jstos m`fjrjae`ckjs jstãa mj ceujrmo eoa kc aorbc @JE-69=95. Uoa m`fjrjae`ckjs quj dcrcat`zca jk m`spcro eobo jk t`po C, y cmjbãs pcrc jstcs eorr`jatjs mj fudc< • Eorr`jatjs sàuso`mck cktjrac ncstc 3777 Nz. • Eorr`jatjs eoatàucs k`scs mj 7,= vjejs kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck cs`dacmc o 37 bC, jk quj sjc jk vckor bãs jkjvcmo mj kos mos supjrpujstos c uac eorr`jatj cktjrac. • Eorr`jatj eoatàucs k`scs mj 7,= vjejs kc eorr`jatj rjs`muck cs`dacmc o 37 bC, jk quj sjc jk vckor bãs jkjvcmo mj kos mos supjrpujstos c uac eorr`jatj eoatàuc pukscatj. • Wcrc eorr`jatjs eoatàucs pukscatjs rjet`ecmcs provja`jatjs mj mos o bãs fcsjs. • Wcrc eorr`jatjs eoatàucs k`scs provja`jatjs mj e`reu`tos bukt`fcsj. Uj bcreca eoa jk moikj sâbioko o cktjract`vcbjatj > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 964 >.> Ujkjet`v`mcm mj kc protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Zao mj kos cspjetos `bportcatjs ja uac àstckce`õa jkàetrèc js quj kos jkjbjatos mj protjee`õa mjija àtjrrubp`r jk sjrvèò soko ja kcs sjeeòajs o pcrtjs mjfjetuoscs, bcatja`jamo kc ck`bjatce`õa ja kcs pcrtjs quj ao tjadca aàdüa mjfjeto. Wcrc jkko, sj sujkj suim`v`m`r kc àstckce`õa ja pcrtjs o kâajcs àmjpjam`jatjs y sj ut`k`zc ua rjkà m`fjrjae`ck àm`v`muck pcrc ecmc kâajc. Cua csâ, pcrc protjdjr kcs kâajcs quj jakczca kc ceobjt`mc eoa kos eucmros mj m`strìue`õa, sj sujkj poajr ua m`fjrjae`ck ja ecijejrc. Mjij dcrcat`zcrsj, sà jbicrdo, quj jk s`stjbc tjadc kc sue`jatj sjkjet`v`mcm pcrc quj ua mjfjeto ja uac kâajc àm`v`muck ao provoquj jk m`spcro mjk m`fjrjae`ck djajrck (vàcsj F`d. >.37) F`d. >.37.- Jsqujbc ua`kcr mj protjee`õa mj vcr`cs kâajcs >.>.3 Bàtomos pcrc oitjajr sjkjet`v`mcm mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs Eucamo sj àstckc ua m`fjrjae`ck cducs crrìc mj otros ncy quj proeurcr quj uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto ja ua suie`reu`to mà kudcr ck m`spcro mjk m`fjrjae`ck quj protjdj jstj suie`reu`to, y ao m`spcrj jk m`fjrjae`ck cducs crrìc c bjaos quj pjrs`stc jk mjfjeto. Kos bàtomos pcrc csjdurcr kc sjkjet`v`mcm ja ua jsqujbc mj protjee`õa eobo jk mj kc F`d. >.37. sj icsca djajrckbjatj ja kos s`du`jatjs pràe`pòs< • Yjtcrmo mjk m`spcro cducs crrìc. • M`sbàue`õa mj kc sjasì`k`mcm cducs crrìc. • F`ktrcmo mj pjrturiceòajs cducs crrìc. • Eobiàce`õa mj kos catjròrjs Ja djajrck, jk s`stjbc bãs sjduro js uac eobiàce`õa mj kc sjasì`k`mcm y mjk rjtcrmo mj m`spcro. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 96> Ujdüa kc duâc @JE/]Y 695:7, kc rjdkc djajrck pcrc csjdurcr kc sjkjet`v`mcm sj icsc ja mos clustjs< • Kc eorr`jatj mj m`spcro cs`dacmc ck m`fjrjae`ck cducs crrìc mjij sjr ck bjaos uacs 5 vjejs kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto cs`dacmc ck m`fjrjae`ck cducs ciclo. Aorbckbjatj jstc rjkce`õa js jatrj mos y trjs vjejs. • Jk t`jbpo bâa`bo mj ao cetuce`õa mjk m`fjrjae`ck cducs crrìc mjij sjr supjròr ck t`jbpo mj m`spcro bãx`bo mjk eoaluato m`fjrjae`ck àstckcmo cducs ciclo. Otrc mj kcs prop`jmcmjs quj mjij jx`d`rsj ck m`fjrjae`ck djajrck js quj sjc rjkct`vcbjatj àsjasìkj c kcs pjrturiceòajs, js mje`r quj tjadc ua ktrcmo cmjeucmo mj kcs sjóckjs jspürjcs djajrcmcs por fudcs c trcvàs mj ecpce`mcmjs pcrãs`tcs murcatj kc eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa mj ecrdcs pjscmcs. >.>.9 Clustj mj kos rjtcrmos mj kos m`fjrjae`ckjs Wcrc mjtjrbàcr kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro y csjdurcr kc protjee`õa por m`fjrjae`ck sj t`jaja ja eujatc kos jstumòs rjck`zcmos y pkcsbcmos ja kc aorbc @JE 67=40, quj nceja rjfjrjae`c c kos jfjetos mj kc eorr`jatj ja jk nobirj. Kc cpjrturc cutobãtèc mj kc àstckce`õa sj rjck`zc ja icsj c ua ubirck mj eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto y uaos t`jbpos mj rjspujstc o fuaeòacb`jato. c) Wcrc kos àtjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs mobàstèos o usos caãkodos, kc aorbc ZAJ-JA-6377> / @JE-6377> mjfàj kos t`jbpos mj fuaeòacb`jato y mj ao cetuce`õa pcrc mos t`pos< • M`fjrjae`ckjs àstcatãajos (t`po Djajrck) • M`fjrjae`ckjs sjkjet`vos (t`po U) ]cikc >.6 < Vckorjs sjdüa ZAJ JA-6377> pcrc kos t`po CE. ]@WO @AU]CA]ÃAJO UJKJE]@VO @a ((C C) EZCKSZ@JY VCKOY 1 9: @Νa (C) ]OMOU KOU VCKOYJU 1 7,75 VCKOYJU AOYBCK@\CMOU MJ ]@JBWO MJ FZAE@OACB@JA]O(s) EOA ZAC EOYY@JA]J M@FJYJAE@CK (@Ν)< @Νa 9@Νa :@Νa :77 C 7,5 7,3: 7,7= 7,7= 7,: 7,9 7,3: 7,3: ]@JBWO MJ FZAE@OACB@JA]O 7,7= BÃ^@BO ]@JBWO MJ AO CE]ZCE@ÕA CE]ZCE@Õ A BÂA@BO 7,35 7,76 7,7: ]@JBWO MJ FZAE@OACB@JA]O BÃ^@BO Wcrc kodrcr uac sjkjet`v`mcm pujmja àstckcrsj m`fjrjae`ckjs sjkjet`vos cducs crrìc mj m`fjrjae`ckjs mj t`po djajrck àstcatãajos. > i) Wcrc kos àtjrruptorjs cutobãtèos eoa protjee`õa por eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck àeorporcmc mj potjae`c js kc aorbc ZAJ-JA 670=4-9 / @JE-670=4-9 kc quj mjaj kos t`jbpos mj m`spcro. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 960 ]`po ao tjbpor`zcmo (àstcatãajo)< ]cikc >.4< Ecrcetjrâstècs mj fuaeòacb`jato pcrc jk t`po ao tjbpor`zcmo. Wcrc 57 bC s`jbprj t`jaja quj sjr mjk t`po ao tjbpor`zcmo. ]`po tjbpor`zcmo (sjkjet`vo)< Wcrc ua t`po tjbpor`zcmo, kc aorbc àmèc quj jk t`jbpo kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc sj mjaj c 9 @∆a,s`jamo 7,76 s jk t`jbpo bâa`bo mj ao rjspujstc pjrb`t`mo. ]cikc >.>< Ecrcetjrâstècs mj ao fuaeòacb`jato pcrc jk t`po tjbpor`zcmo quj t`jaj ua kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc mj 7,76 s. Otros t`jbpos kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc rjeobjamcmos por kc aorbc soa 7,3 s ― 7,9 s ― 7,5 s ― 7,= s ― 7,: s ― 3 s. Wcrc jstos t`jbpos kâb`tj mj ao rjspujstc supjròrjs c 7,76 s jk fcirècatj t`jaj quj mjekcrcr kos t`jbpos mj fuaeòacb`jato. Ja jk ecso mj quj mj ua àtjrruptor mj ecrcetjrâstèc t`jbpo/eorr`jatj àvjrsc jk fcirècatj t`jaj quj àmècr kc rjkce`õa eorr`jatj m`fjrjae`ck rjs`muck/ t`jbpo mj eortj. e) Kos m`fjrjae`ckjs jkjetrõaèos csoe`cmos c àtjrruptorjs soa aorbckbjatj rjdukcikjs ja t`jbpo y sjasì`k`mcm, y jstãa suljtos c kos vckorjs catjròrjs, sjdüa kc aorbc @JE-670=4-9 . Cmjbãs pcrc pjrb`t pjrb`t`r`r kc sjkjet` s jkjet`v`mcm, v`mcm, kc aorbc a orbc @JE-6756=-=-=3 mj àstckceòajs jkàetrècs mj iclc tjas`õa mjaja pcrc kc protjee`õa eoatrc eoatcetos àm`rjetos kos t`jbpos bãx`bos mj mjseoajx`õa mjk m`spos`t`vo mj protjee`õa. Cmb`tj pcrc e`reu`tos mj m`strìue`õa (quj ao sjca e`reu`tos ackjs)< • Ja s`stjbcs ]] ua t`jbpo mj mjseoajx`õa ncstc 3 s. • Ja s`stjbcs ]A jstj t`jbpo cubjatc ncstc : s. >.0 M`spcros àtjbpjst`vos ja kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs Mjtjrbàcmcs pjrturiceòajs y/o mjtjrbàcmos vèòs mj àstckce`õa provoeca c vjejs m`spcros àtjbpjst`vos mj kos m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck. Kcs ecuscs pràe`pckjs mj m`spcro pujmja cdrupcrsj ja mos drcamjs drupos< > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc • M`sposè`õa mj ecikjs buy cs`bàtrèc ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc. • Wrjsjae`c mj pjrturiceòajs ja kc rjm. 947 Kc m`sposè`õa buy cs`bàtrèc mj ecikjs o pkjtàcs ja ua trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc m`fjrjae`ck, ecusc fkulos mj m`spjrs`õa quj provoeca mjtjee`õa mj mjfjeto àekuso ja ecso mj quj kcs eorr`jatjs subja ejro. Jstj fjaõbjao js bãs frjeujatj ja tcbcóos drcamjs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj bjm`mc y pujmj sokvjatcrsj eoa kc ut`k`zce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs eoa ua m`ãbjtro bãs drcamj mjk ajejscrò , proeurcamo ejatrcr kos eoamuetorjs , o pujmj tcbi`àa bjlorcrsj eoa jk jbpkjo mj ua ceejsorò ja forbc mj tuio mj n`jrro mukej eobo àmèc kc F`d. >.33 F`d. >.33.>.33.- ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasforbcmor toro`mck mj bjm`mc eoa tuio mj eobpjasce`õa mj m`spjrs`õa Ja eucato ck m`spcro por pjrturiceòajs, pomjbos m`stàdu`r mos posìkjs ecuscs mj mènos m`spcros< • Wjrturiceòajs quj or`dàca fudc trcas`tor`c. • Wjrturiceòajs quj àtjrjrja ja jk s`stjbc jkjetrõaèo mj mjtjee`õa. Jk pr`bjr drupo mj pjrturiceòajs ecusca uac eorr`jatj mj fudc mj eortc murce`õa c pjscr mj quj jk s`stjbc ao t`jaj aàdüa mjfjeto pjrbcajatj c t`jrrc. Djajrckbjatj jstj t`po mj fudcs sj promueja c trcvàs mj kos eoamjascmorjs mj ktro, ja bomo eobüa pcrc pjrturiceòajs JB@ o c trcvàs mj kcs ecpce`mcmjs pcrãs`tcs mjk propò s`stjbc (ecikjs jatjrrcmos o m`strìu`mos c trcvàs mj icamjlcs bjtãkècs eoa rjeorr`mos kcrdos). Jk sjduamo drupo mj ecuscs mj m`spcro àtjbpjst`vo, js mje`r, kos m`spcros promue`mos por àtjrfjrjae`c mjk s`stjbc jkjetrõaèo mj mjtjee`õa sj jv`tca ut`k`zcamo rjkàs quj ncyca supjrcmo kcs prujics mj àbua`mcm, sjdüa jascyos mj Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc, Jkjetrobcdaàtèc, jx`d`mos por kc m`rjet`vc Juropjc y kcs aorbcs jspjeâecs mj promueto (por jljbpko sjdüa aorbc @JE 63:=5 / ZAJ-JA63:=5 ). Kc ]cikc ]cikc >.0 mc uac sjr`j mj posìkjs ecuscs mj m`spcro àtjbpjst`vo y ckduaos eoasjlos pcrc jv`tcr mènos mènos m`spcros. m`spcros. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 943 ]cikc >.0.- Wosìkjs ecuscs mj m`spcro àtjbpjst`vo mj rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs E cu sc s m j m ` s p cr o C) Ecikjs E cikjs o icrrcs icr rcs buy mjsejatr mjsejatrcmos cmos ja jk trcasforbcmor mj bjm`mc I) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj jqu`pos mj t`r`storjs eoabutcamo por eoatrok mj fcsj (crrcaecmorjs jstãtèos, rjet`ecmorjs eoatrokcmos) ecuscamo cktos mZ/mt E) Eoajx`õa por crrcaquj W o s ` i k j s s o k u e ò a j s Eokoecr tuio mj duâc pcrc jv`tcr kc m`spjrs`õa. Eokoecr rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa jk jqu`po quj àtjrjrj. m`rjeto mj cktos drcamjs ecuscamo mZ/mbotorjs, t M) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj ckduac ecrdc protjd`mc eoa ktro JB@ mj drca potjae`c (drcamjs ( drcamjs crrcaecmor eoa rjcetcae`c mj enoquj cjstãtèo kc jatrcmc. Uui`r jk a`vjk mj m`spcro mjk rjkà m`fjrjae`ck ja kc kâajc quj àekuyj mèncs ecrdcs. Wrjvjr crrcaquj jseckoacmo o crrcaecmorjs o drcamjs jqu`pos mj t`r`storjs). Kos ktros mj JB@ àeorporca eoamjascmorjs jatrj fcsjs y t`jrrc. J) Wrjsjae`c ja kc rjm mj bükt`pkjs ecrdcs mj pjqujóc potjae`c eoa ktro JB@ àeorporcmo (ickcstos jkjetrõaèos, ormjacmorjs, `bprjsorcs, fcx, jte.). Kos ktros mj JB@ àeorporca eoamjascmorjs jatrj fcsjs y t`jrrc. F) Ecuscs jaubjrcmcs ja E) o M) cdrcvcmcs por kc prjsjae`c mj cktos a`vjkjs mj crbõaèos y kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa kcrdcs y buy ceopkcmcs c t`jrrc. D) Za`õa jatrj ajutro y t`jrrc por jrror ja ckduac pcrtj mj kc àstckce`õa. Uuim`v`m`r kc kâajc ja vcr`cs. Uuim`v`m`r jk eoasubo mj kc kâajc ja vcr`cs kâajcs eoa protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck àm`v`muck. F`ktrcr crbõaèos ja kcs ecrdcs o rjmue`r su eoatja`mo eoa rjcetcae`cs o trcasforbcmorjs mj c`skcb`jato ]UC . Mjij iusecrsj y jk`bàcrsj tomc ua`õa mj ajutro c t`jrrc quj ao sjc kc mjk trcasforbcmor ja s`stjbcs ]]. >.37 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs mj cktc àbua`mcm c kcs pjrturiceòajs > Zac mj kcs ecrcetjrâstècs bãs `bportcatjs mj euckqu`jr s`stjbc mj protjee`õa js quj soko mjij m`spcrcr s` jx`stj rjckbjatj mjfjeto y cmjbãs mjij àtjrrubp`r soko kc pcrtj mjfjetuosc, o jk bâa`bo mj pcrtjs ao mjfjetuoscs , dcrcat`zcamo por tcato uac bãx`bc eoatàu`mcm mj sjrvèò. Wcrc dcrcat`zcr jstcs prjstceòajs pujmj optcrsj por mos sokueòajs o por uac eobiàce`õa mj cbics< Jk uso mj rjkàs mj cktc àbua`mcm c pjrturiceòajs y jk uso mj rjkàs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãtèc. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 949 >.37.3 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs àbua`zcmos Kos rjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs àbua`zcmos eoas`stja iãsècbjatj ja rjkàs quj ktrca kcs pjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c y soko soa sjasìkjs c kc fudc mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Jstj t`po mj rjkàs `daorca kcs fudcs mj cktc frjeujae`c y por tcato pujmja rjsuktcr cmjeucmos ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eobo vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c, noraos mj àmuee`õa c cktc frjeujae`c, UC@, jte. Mj njeno, jstos rjkàs mjtjetca kc pàrm`mc mj c`skcb`jato pjro soa prãetècbjatj àsjasìkjs c kcs fudcs provoecmcs c trcvàs mj kcs ecpce`mcmjs pcrãs`tcs. F`d. >.39.- Yjkà supjràbua`zcmo Ckduacs mj kcs k cs ecrcetjr ec rcetjrâstècs âstècs mj jstos jst os m`fjrjae` m` fjrjae`ckjs ckjs àbua`z àbua`zcmos cmos soa < • Eobportcb`jato mj ao m`spcro frjatj c pjrturiceòajs trcas`tor`cs. ]`jaja quj supjrcr kcs prujics mj eobpctì`k`mcm jkjetrobcdaàtèc quj sj àmèca ja kc aorbc ZAJ JA 63:=5 / @JE 63:=5 ja jk ecso mj àtjrruptorjs m`fjrjae`ckjs, o kc @JE 0=4-9. • F`ktrcmo mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs y fudcs mj cktc frjeujae`c, eorr`jatjs ao pjk`droscs. • Bjm`mc mj sjóckjs aorbckbjatj ao sàuso`mckjs. Bjm`mc mj kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto ja vjrmcmjro vckor jecz, cua eoa m`storsòajs `bportcatjs. • Ormja mj mjseoajx`õa c pcrt`r, por jljbpko, mjk >7 % mjk ubirck mj m`spcro • clustcmo (kc aorbc àmèc quj t`jaja quj m`spcrcr jatrj jk :7 y jk 377 %). Eurvcs mj m`spcro sjkjeeòacikjs t`po àstcatãajcs, sjkjet`vcs o àvjrscs. >.37.9 Yjkàs m`fjrjae`ckjs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãtèc > Otrc posìkj sokue`õa pcrc dcrcat`zcr uac iujac eoatàu`mcm mj sjrvèò y c kc vjz tjajr uac protjee`õa eoatrc tomo t`po mj fudcs js kc ut`k`zce`õa mj rjkàs àtjk`djatjs eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãtèc. Jstos rjkàs m`spcrca eucamo jx`stj uac fudc, pjro sj rjcrbca cutobãtècbjatj ck ecio mj uaos sjduamos. Uj àtjatc jk sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 945 rjcrbj vcr`cs vjejs y s` pjrs`stj kc fcktc c ecmc àtjato mj rjcrbj jk rjkà qujmc mja`t`vcbjatj mjseoajetcmo. Kc F`d. >.35 bujstrc ua eoaluato mj rjkà eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãtèc y ua àtjrruptor eoa bcamo jkàetrèo. F`d. >.35.- Yjkà m`fjrjae`ck eoa rjeoajx`õa cutobãtèc eoa àtjrruptor eoa bcamo jkàetrèo Kc rjeoajx`õa cutobãtèc js uac iujac sokue`õa pcrc cqujk t`po mj àstckceòajs ja quj js ajejscrò ua subà`stro eoatàucmo mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc sà pjrsoack mj bcatja`b`jato< • @astckceòajs rurckjs • Eãbcrcs fr`dorâecs • Ckubircmo Ckubir cmo püikè püikèoo • Yjpjt`morjs mj tjkjfoaâc bõv`k • Eucmros mj sjbãforos • @kubàce`õa tüajkjs • Ecljros cutobãtèos Ja tomo s`stjbc mj rjeoajx`õa cutobãtèc ncy quj eoaoejr quj t`po mj protjeeòajs ncy àstckcmcs, quj protjeeòajs pujmja rjeoajetcrsj y ja quj eoamèòajs. >.33 Ujdur`mcm ja ejatrckjs, >.33 ejatrckjs, pcrqujs pcrqujs mj cktc tjas`õa tjas`õa y jstceòajs trcasforbcmorcs > Kc sjdur`mcm ja àstckceòajs àstckceòajs mj cktc tjas`õa tjas`õa mjpjamj ja drca drca bjm`mc mj quj kcs pujstcs c t`jrrc mj kos djajrcmorjs , trcasforbcmorjs y njrrcljs sjca eorrjetcs. Jk rjdkcbjato mj cktc tjas`õa jstcikjej kc oik`dctor`jmcm mj uac sjr`j mj jascyos eobo kos mj tjas`õa mj pcso y eoatceto (vàcsj cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj) csâ eobo, kc ajejs`mcm mj jfjetucr rjv`sòajs pjr`õmècs mj kc pujstc c t`jrrc ecmc 5 cóos eobo bãx`bo. C eoatàuce`õa mja`rjbos kos pràe`pckjs jascyos y pcrãbjtros c eoatrokcr. Jk t`po mj àstrubjato c ut`k`zcr pcrc rjck`zcr mènos jascyos mjij pjrb`t`r kc àyjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs ja kc àstckce`õa mj sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 94= t`jrrc, ao s`jamo vãk`mos kos ekãsèos àstrubjatos quj eobprujica rjs`stjae`cs mj t`jrrcs bjm`catj kc àyjee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mài`kjs. >.33.3 ]jas`õa mj pcso Js kc tjas`õa quj pujmj rjsuktcr cpkècmc jatrj kos p`js mj uac pjrsoac, c kc m`stcae`c mj ua pcso, murcatj jk fuaeòacb`jato mj uac àstckce`õa y ja ecso mj uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto. Jk bot`vo por jk euck àtjrjsc kc bjm`mc mj jstc tjas`õa js jk mj vjkcr por kc sjdur`mcm mj uac pjrsoac quj pum`jrc jstcr ecbàcamo ja kcs prox`b`mcmjs mjk jkjetromo mj pujstc c t`jrrc, ja jk bobjato mj promue`rsj uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto jkjvcmc. Kc bjm`mc jstãamcr sj rjck`zc eoa mos jkjetromos mj uac supjre`j mj 977 eb9, sjpcrcmos 3 b, pcrc s`bukcr kos p`js. Jk pjso mj ecmc jkjetromo sjdüa aorbc js mj 9:7 A (cprox`bcmcbjatj 9: hd) >.33.9 ]jas`õa mj eoatceto Js kc tjas`õa c kc euck pujmj jstcr sobjt`mo jk eujrpo nubcao jstcamo ja eoatceto eoa kcs ecrecscs y kcs jstrueturcs bjtãkècs mj bãquàcs y cpcrjkkcljs quj aorbckbjatj ao jstãa iclo tjas`õa. Jk bot`vo por jk euck àtjrjsc kc bjm`mc mj jstc tjas`õa js jk mj prjvja`r kc jkjetroeue`õa mj uac pjrsoac quj eoa kc bcao jstuv`jrc toecamo uac pcrtj bjtãkèc mj kc àstckce`õa, quj pum`jrc rjeì`r tjas`õa ja ecso mj mjfjeto mj c`skcb`jato, tja`jamo por otrc pcrtj kos p`js ja eoatceto eoa jk sujko. Kc F`d. >.3= bujstrc jk BWE-DJ]JU] , cpcrcto jspje`ckbjatj m`sjócmo pcrc kc bjm`mc mj kcs tjasòajs mj pcso y eoatceto y pcrc kc bjmè`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mjk tjrrjao eoa eorr`jatjs jkjvcmcs. > F`d. >.3=.- Bjm`mor BWE-DJ]JU] sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 94: >.39 Bjm`mc mj kcs kcs tjasòajs tjasòajs mj pcso pcso y eoatceto Kc @astruee`õa ]àeaèc Eobpkjbjatcr`c B@J-YC]-35 puikècmc ja jk IOJ 3>5 mj 3 mj cdosto mj 30>=, ja su cpcrtcmo 3.3. mjtjrbàc kcs tjasòajs bãx`bcs mj pcso y eoatceto cmb`sìkjs pcrc àstckceòajs mj pujstc c t`jrrc ja ejatrckjs, pcrqujs mj C] y jstceòajs mj trcasforbce`õa. Eoaerjtcbjatj ja kos cpcrtcmos >.3 y >.9 jstcikjej kc oik`dctor`jmcm mj vjr`ecr mèncs tjasòajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto. >.39.3 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso Wcrc jfjetucr eorrjetcbjatj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso mjij s`tucrsj jk bjm`mor (DJ]JU] por jljbpko) c uac m`stcae`c sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmc mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r (97 õ bãs bjtros), proeurcamo ao eokoecrko jae`bc mj kc zoac oeupcmc por kos jkjetromos quj eobpoaja jk t`jrrc. Kc F`d. >.3: bujstrc kc m`sposè`õa mj kos jkjetromos y mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr. F`d. >.3:.- Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj pcso Kc prujic eoas`stj ja ncejr ncejr e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto mjfjeto c trcvàs mjk t`jrrc y bjm`r kc tjas`õa jatrj kcs mos pjscs mj 9: hd. Wcrc pomjr àyjetcr kc eorr`jatj mj mjfjeto c trcvàs mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r, js ajejscrò m`spoajr mj ua jkjetromo cux`k`cr mj t`jrrc sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmo mjk quj sj mjsjc bjm`r, mj forbc quj kos drcm`jatjs mj tjas`õa quj sj promueja ckrjmjmor mj kos jkjetromos ao sj àuyca butucbjatj. Ja kc prãetèc sj ceoasjlc uac sjpcrce`õa bâa`bc jatrj jk jkjetromo cux`k`cr y jk quj sj b`mj, mj uaos 97 bjtros. Jstc m`stcae`c mjij sjr bcyor ja propore`õa c kc profuam`mcm mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc y c kc jxtjas`õa mj su zoac mj àujae`c. Kc rjs`stjae`c mjk t`jrrc cux`k`cr, subcmc c kc mjk t`jrrc c bjm`r ao mjij soirjpcscr jk vckor mj 377 T. > Wcrc jfjetucr jk jascyo sj àyjetc uac eorr`jatj mj : C pcrc jstceòajs trcasforbcmorcs (:7 C, pcrc pcrqujs mj C] o ejatrckjs) c trcvàs mjk e`reu`to pràe`pck forbcmo por jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y jk t`jrrc cux`k`cr y sj b`mj kc tjas`õa jatrj kcs pjscs mj 9: hd, s`tucmcs c 3b. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 946 >.39.9 Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto Ck `duck quj pcrc kc tjas`õa mj pcso, pcrc jfjetucr eorrjetcbjatj kc bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto mjij s`tucrsj jk bjm`mor c uac m`stcae`c mj uaos 97 õ bãs bjtros mjk puato mj bjm`mc. Kc F`d. >.36 bujstrc kc m`sposè`õa mj kos jkjetromos y mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr. F`d. >.36.- Bjm`mc mj kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto Kcs pjscs sj eokoeca luatcs, ua`mcs jkàetrècbjatj bjm`catj ua ecikj pujatj (s`bukca kos p`js mj kc pjrsoac quj pujmj jstcr sobjt`mo c kc tjas`õa mj eoatceto). Uj eoajetca c ua soko ioraj mj jatrcmc mjk bjm`mor mj tjas`õa. Jk otro ioraj mj jatrcmc mjk voktâbjtro sj eoajetc ck WZA]O MJ EOA]CE]O c jascycr (pcrtj bjtãkèc, vckkc, cpcrjkkclj, ecrecsc, jte.). Kc m`stcae`c jatrj kos mos jkjetromos y mèno puato mj eoatceto, oiljto mj bjm`mc, js mj ua bjtro. Jstc bjm`mc mjij jfjetucrsj ja ecmc uac mj kcs pcrtjs bjtãkècs quj eoatjadc kc àstckce`õa, cuaquj jstàa ua`mcs tomcs jkkcs c t`jrrc por uac rjm jqu`potjae`ck, yc quj pujmj oeurr`r quj jk t`jrrc tjadc drcm`jatjs mj potjae`ck `bportcatjs c ko kcrdo y caeno mj tomo jk bckkcmo, prjsjatcamo por tcato m`stàtcs m`fjrjae`cs mj potjae`ck frjatj c ecmc pcrtj bjtãkèc. >.39.5 Vckorjs cmb`sìkjs mj kcs tjasòajs mj pcso y eoatceto Kc àstruee`õa tàeaèc eobpkjbjatcr`c B@J-YC]-35, IOJ.3>5 mj 3-7>-30>=, ja su cpcrtcmo 3.3 àmèc kcs tjasòajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto cmb`sìkjs pcrc àstckceòajs mj pujstc c t`jrrc. Kcs tjasòajs mj pcso y eoatceto bãx`bcs cmb`sìkjs sjdüa kcs @astrueeòajs eobpkjbjatcr`cs mjk Bà`stjrò mj @amustr`c IOJ. 903 MJ :-39->4 v`jaja mjtjrbàcmcs por kcs s`du`jatjs fõrbukcs cprox`bcmcs< Vp 2 > 37.H ta (>.3) H Ve 2 a t (>.9) sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 944 Moamj< H249 y a23 pcrc t`jbpos àfjròrjs c 7.0 s. H24>.: y a27.3> pcrc t`jbpos jatrj 7.0 y 5 s. t 2 murce`õa mj kc fcktc, ja sjduamos. Jk rjdkcbjato jstcikjej, cmjbãs quj pcrc t`jbpos eobprjam`mos jatrj 5 y : sjduamos, kc tjas`õa mj pcso ao mjij soirjpcscr kos 6=7 V y kc mj eoatceto kos 6= V y pcrc t`jbpos supjròrjs c : sjduamos, kc tjas`õa mj pcso ao mjij soirjpcscr kos :77 V y kc mj eoatceto kos :7 V. Kc ]cikc >.4 bujstrc ua rjsubja mj kcs tjasòajs bãx`bcs cmb`sìkjs. ]cikc >.37.- Bãx`bcs tjasòajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto cmb`sìkjs sjdüa rjdkcbjato rjdkcb jato mj C]. C]. Kc bjmè`õa mj tjasòajs mj pcso y mj eoatceto pujmj rjsuktcr fcksjcmc mji`mo c kc jx`stjae`c mj eorr`jatjs jrrãtècs, vcdciuamcs o pcrãs`tcs e`reukcatjs por jk tjrrjao. Jk IOJ 903, mj : mj mè`jbirj mj 30>4, jstcikjej kc forbc mj eorrjd`r kcs bjm`mcs ja ecso mj quj mèncs eorr`jatjs jrrãtècs sjca s`da`ect`vcs. >.35 Bjm`mc mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj uac tobc mj t`jrrc Ja buenos ecsos js ajejscr`c kc bjmè`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj kcs eoajxòajs c t`jrrc, àekuyjamo kcs ecrcetjrâstècs mjk tjrrjao moamj jstã `bpkcatcmc. Jstc bjm`mc mjij ncejrsj eoa eorr`jatjs rjkct`vcbjatj cktcs pcrc oitjajr kos rjsuktcmos ja eoamèòajs rjckjs mj mjfjeto. Wcrc jkko, sj ut`k`zc jk b`sbo t`po mj àstrubjatos jbpkjcmos pcrc kc bjm`mc mj kcs tjasòajs mj pcso y eoatceto, yc quj jstos pjrb`tja àyjetcr eorr`jatjs cktcs. Uj jv`tca csâ kos jrrorjs mj kos bjm`morjs quj fuaeòaca eoa eorr`jatjs buy mài`kjs mji`mos, por jljbpko, c ]`jbpo ]jasòa pcso bãx`bc ]jasòa eoatceto bãx`bc B ã s mj : s : 77 V :7 V Mj 5 c : s 6 =7 V 6= V 9s 6 07 V 60 V 3s 4 >: V 4> . : V 7. 0 s > 77 V >7 V 7. 4 s 3 79 7 V 37 9 V 7. : s 3 == 7 V 3= = V 7. 9 s 5 67 7 V 56 7 V 77..3 s õ bjaos 4977 V 49 7 V > kc nubjmcm supjre`ck mjk tjrrjao o c ua ecikj mj t`jrrc buy cfjetcmo por kc eorros`õa o por uac eoajx`õa mjfjetuosc. sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 94> Jk bàtomo mj bjm`mc eoas`stj ja ncejr e`reukcr uac eorr`jatj mj : C clustcikj jatrj jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y ua jkjetromo mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr, sjpcrcmos eobo bâa`bo 97 bjtros. Ckrjmjmor mj ecmc t`jrrc cpcrjej uac zoac mj drcm`jatj mj potjae`ck y mjij proeurcrsj quj kcs zoacs mj cbios t`jrrcs ao sj sokcpja. U` jsto js csâ, cpcrjej ja kc zoac b`tcm mj m`stcae`c, jatrj cbics t`jrrcs, uac zoac ajutrc mj potjae`ck ejro ja kc euck eoajetcrjbos ua jkjetromo mj t`jrrc cux`k`cr. B`m`jamo kc tjas`õa jatrj jk t`jrrc c bjm`r y jk t`jrrc cux`k`cr y m`v`m`àamokc por kc eorr`jatj àyjetcmc oitjajbos uac bjm`mc rjck mj kc rjs`stjae`c mjk t`jrrc, àekuyjamo kc àujae`c mjk tjrrjao. Kc F`d. >.34 bujstrc ua jsqujbc mjk bàtomo mj bjm`mc. F`d. >.34.- Bjmè`õa mj kc rjs`stjae`c mj kc tobc mj t`jrrc, àekuyjamo kc mjk tjrrjao >.3= Yjsubja Ja jstj ecpâtuko sj nca rjv`scmo ckduaos cspjetos rjkceòacmos eoa kc sjdur`mcm ja kcs àstckceòajs jkàetrècs. E`jrtcbjatj jstc sjdur`mcm js ua cspjeto `bportcatj, pujsto quj kcs àstckceòajs jatrcóca r`jsdos, tcato pcrc kcs pjrsoacs quj ut`k`zca o bca`pukca mèncs àstckceòajs, eobo r`jsdos mj mcóos bctjr`ckjs (soirj tomo por àejamò). Njbos v`sto kcs forbcs mj protjdjr mènos r`jsdos, c icsj mj m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck y c icsj mj eoatrokcr kcs tobcs mj t`jrrc ja àstckceòajs mj C]. Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj ckduaos fjaõbjaos trcas`toròs o ckduaos rjejptorjs eoa ktros JB@ pujmja provoecr m`spcros àtjbpjst`vos, djajrcamo jsto ua eobprob`so jatrj sjdur`mcm y protjee`õa por ua kcmo y eoatàu`mcm mj sjrvèò por otro. Ja tckjs ecsos njbos v`sto quj sj m`spoaj mj ckduacs sokueòajs quj pjrb`tja pck`cr jk proikjbc. Ja euckqu`jr ecso kc bãx`bc ack mjij sjr quj auaec mjij scer`ecrsj kc sjdur`mcm c ecbiò mj aàduac otrc jx`djae`c. > sjdur`mcm ja kc rjm< Wrotjee`õa m`fjrjae`ck 0 ]ÀEA@ECU MJ EOBWJAUCE@ÕA P F@K]YCMO MJ WJY]ZYICE@OAJU 0.3 @atromuee`õa Ja jk ecpâtuko 5 sj n`zo uac cbpk`c mjser`pe`õa mj kcs tàeaècs mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja rjmjs eoa iclc m`stors`õa por crbõaèos. Kc prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos y mj mjsjqu`kìròs, mjser`tc ja jk ecpâtuko =, ncej quj kc eobpjasce`õa eoavjaeòack c icsj mj s`bpkjs eoamjascmorjs, ao sjc cprop`cmc ja buenos ecsos c ecusc mj kos fjaõbjaos mj rjsoacae`c quj oeurrja ja kcs rjmjs àmustr`ckjs y quj sj mjserì`rãa bãs cmjkcatj. Ja jstj ecpâtuko mjmècrjbos kc ctjae`õa fuamcbjatckbjatj c mos tjbcs< c) Eobpjasce` õa mj jajrdâcs fkuetucatjs ja rjmjs m`stors òacmcs por kos crbõaèos. Js mje`r, eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y f`ktrcmo mj mènos crbõaèos. i) Jstumò mj pjajtrce`õa pjajtrce`õa mj crbõaèos y otrcs pjrturiceòajs ja rjmjs mj iclc iclc y bjm`c tjas`õa. Ja jk ecpâtuko = njbos mjser`to jk or`dja mj kcs pjrturiceòajs y ckduacs mj sus eoasjeujae`cs c a`vjk mj soirjecrdcs ja kc rjm, pjro ao njbos mjser`to eobo sj propcdca c trcvàs mj kc rjm a` eobo pujmja jv`tcrsj kos jfjetos mj pokue`õa quj promueja soirj mènc rjm kcs ecrdcs ao kàjckjs. Jstj vc c sjr jk tjbc ejatrck mj jstj ecpâtuko, ja jk quj àtjatcrjbos mcr ckduaos er`tjròs mj jkjee`õa mj ktros pcrc àstckceòajs c a`vjk dkoick. Jk ecpâtuko prõx`bo sj vc c mjmècr bãs jspjeâecbjatj c ktros pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck mj ckduacs ecrdcs, pràe`pckbjatj ecrdcs ck`bjatcmcs por eoavjrt`morjs eoajetcmos c rjm c trcvàs mj ua rjet`ecmor. 0.9 Bomjko mj kc rjm< crbõaèos mj tjas`õa Ja jk ecpâtuko = njbos lust`ecmo jk or`dja mj kcs eorr`jatjs crbõaècs por kc ao kàjck`mcm mj e`jrtos rjejptorjs. Ecij prjduatcrsj cnorc, eobo cfjetcrãa jstcs eorr`jatjs c otros rjejptorjs eoajetcmos ja pcrckjko ja kc b`sbc rjm. Eoas`mjrcamo ja pràe`pò sõko s`stjbcs jqu`kìrcmos, pomjbos rczoacr kc rjspujstc eoas`mjrcamo quj ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa eobüa mj vcròs rjejptorjs, WEE , ecmc fcsj sj pujmj rjprjsjatcr por ua jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj eobo jk mj kc F`d. 0.3, forbcmo por uac fujatj `mjck mj tjas`õa sjao`mck ( Z:7) , mj :7 Nz (o 67 Nz ja rjmjs euyc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck sjc jstc), jatrj fcsj y ajutro eoa uac `bpjmcae`c àtjrac \ 2 Y + l^ . ` ` ` 0 Wcrc jk jstumò mj pjajtrce`õa mj crbõaèos, ut`k`zcrjbos jstj jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj, pjro mjijrjbos tjajr ja eujatc quj tjamrjbos quj bom`ecr mèno jsqujbc jqu`vckjatj pcrc ecmc uac mj kcs frjeujae`cs crbõaècs quj qujrcbo s tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9>7 jstum`cr. Eoaerjtcbjatj, pcrc kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõaèos, kc fujatj mj tjas`õa quj rjprjsjatc kc rjm sj mjij caukcr (eortoe`reu`tcr) y ja ecbiò kc fujatj mj eorr`jatj @a js kc quj ck`bjatc jk e`reu`to. Jk eãkeuko mj pjajtrce`õa eoas`st`rã ja mjtjrbàcr eobo sj rjpcrtj mènc eorr`jatj ja jk aumo WEE. FCUJ \` 2 Y` + l^` WEE \K 2 YK + l^K WEE @da @da Otros cioacmos Z:7 (:7 Nz) B 5 @a @a @ra AJZ]YO F`d. 0.3.- E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj ja WEE \r Cack `zcamo Cack`zc amo jk jsq jsqujb ujbcc jqu` jqu`vck vckjat jatjj vjb vjbos os quj eoa eoajet jetcmc cmcss ck pua puato to WEE sj jaeujatrca ecrdcs kàjckjs rjprjsjatcmcs por kc `bpjmcae`c \r y ecrdcs ao kàjckjs rjprjsjatcmcs ja pcrtj por \r y ja pcrtj por kc fujatj mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs @a y quj prjsjatca uac `bpjmcae`c àtjrac \ K 2 YK + l^ K. Aõtjsj quj \ ` àekuyj tcato jk s`stjbc mj ck`bjatce`õa eobo kcs ecrdcs mj otros cioacmos. Ja jk aumo WEE ncirã ua rjpcrto mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs jatrj kc rjm y kcs ecrdcs quj sj pomrã eckeukcr c pcrt`r mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj. Yjeormcamo quj kc fujatj Z:7 àtjrv`jaj sõko c :7 Nz y quj mjij sust`tu`rsj por ua eortoe`reu`to c kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõaèos. Kc frcee`õa mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs quj sj mjr`vcrã nce`c kc rjm vjamrã mcmc por kc jeuce`õa (0.3) \ r @ 2 @ (0.3) da a \ +\ r ` Kc tjas`õa mj rjm ja jk puato WEE yc ao sjrã por tcato sjao`mck, sào quj rjsuktcrã m`storsòacmc por kc ecâmc mj tjas`õa quj kcs eorr`jatjs crbõaècs promuzeca soirj kc `bpjmcae`c àtjrac mj kc rjm. \ .\ Z x 2 Z :7 ∙ \` .@ da 2 Z ∙ @ a ` r (0.9) \ +\ ` r 0 Csâ pujs kc tjas`õa ja jk puato WEE eoat`jaj e`jrtcs eobpoajatjs crbõaècs, tcato bãs eucato bcyor sjc kc `bpjmcae`c àtjrac mj kc rjm eobpcrcmc eoa kc mjk rjsto mj ecrdc. Ncy quj rjeormcr uac vjz bãs, quj euckqu`jrc mj kcs `bpjmcae`cs quj bcajlcbos ja jk eãkeuko mj crbõaèos, \`, \K y \r, mjija eckeukcrsj o bjm`rsj c kc frjeujae`c mj mèno crbõaèo pcrc cpkècrkcs c kc jeuce`õa (0.9), tja`jamo ja eujatc kcs oisjrvceòajs quj sj mca c eoatàuce`õa. tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9>3 0.9.3 Oisjrvceòajs `bportcatjs soirj jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj< Kc rjm prjsjatcrã, ja djajrck, uac jstrueturc bãs eobpkjlc quj kc quj njbos eoas`mjrcmo,, eoa àmuetcae`cs (m`spjrs`õa mj trcasforbcmo eoas`mjrcmo trcasforbcmorjs) rjs) y eoamjascm eoamjascmorjs orjs (eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc), mcamo kudcr c rjsoacae`cs jatrj jstos jkjbjatos. Jk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj mènc rjm ao sjrã por tcato tcato tca s`bpkj eobo ko njbos eoas`mjrcmo. • Mj njeno, jk eoaoe`b`jato mjk e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj mj kc rjm y kcs ecrdcs js uao mj kos puatos ekcvj pcrc eoaoejr kos crbõaèos mj tjas`õa y c kc vjz uao mj kos mctos bãs m`fâe`kjs mj oitjajr oitjajr.. ]àadcsj ja eujatc quj quj ncy ecrdcs y eoamjascmorjs quj sj eoajetca y sj mjseoajetca y bckkcs quj ecbi`ca mj eoadurce`õa, ko euck ncej quj mèno e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sjc ecbi`catj, • mji`àamosj `bpjmcae`cs.eoas`mjrcr ck bjaos kos vckorjs jxtrjbos mj ecmc uac mj kcs • Kcs rjs`stjae`cs Y mj euckqu`jrc mj kos e`reu`tos cubjatca eoa kc frjeujae`c mji`mo ck jfjeto mj rjs`stjae`c jqu`vckjatj mj pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro y ja bjaor eucatâc por jfjeto pjkèukcr o jfjeto "shà". Kcs àmuetcae`cs eoa aüekjo pujmja cubjatcr su `bpjmcae`c ja propore`õa ao kàjck eoa kc frjeujae`c, mji`mo c fjaõbjaos mj scturce`õa y pàrm`mcs (Yjeuàrmjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs ja jk n`jrro soa cprox`bcmcbjatj proporeòackjs c f 3,> ). • Kos eoamjascmorjs pujmja ao vcr`cr kàjckbjatj su `bpjmcae`c eoa kc frjeujae`c mji`mo c pàrm`mcs ja kos m`jkàetrèos y c su forbc eoastruet`vc ja forbc mj kãbàcs jarokkcmcs, quj ncej quj prjsjatja uac àmuet`v`mcm pcrãs`tc. • Wcrc eoaoejr jk vckor mj kos crbõaèos mj tjas`õa ja ua puato euckqu`jrc mj kc rjm mjija eoaoejrsj kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj àstc y mj kcs ecrdcs c kc frjeujae`c mj ecmc crbõaèo y jstos mctos sujkja sjr m`fâe`kjs mj oitjajr por eãkeuko o c trcvàs mj bomjkos. Jsto ncej quj sjc m`fâe`k ncejr prjmèeòajs eoa prje`s`õa y quj jk proikjbc eobpkjto mjic ciormcrsj ja mos fcsjs< Za m`sjóo prjvò cprox`bcmo, bjmèòajs eoa ua cack`zcmor cack`zcmor mj rjm y rjclustj mjk m`sjóo ack. • Jx`stja prodrcbcs mj s`bukce`õa pcrc bomjkcr mj forbc bãs prje`sc jk eobportcb`jato mj kc rjm, eobo kos icscmos ja JB]W X3R o kos icscmos ja Bctkci ― U`bukàh ut`k`zcamo kc kìrjrâc Wowjr Uystjbs ]ookiox X9R • Oisàrvjsj quj eobo eoasjeujae`c mj kos m`stàtos vckorjs mj `bpjmcae`c c ecmc frjeujae`c, jk jspjetro mj crbõaèos mj tjas`õa ja ua mjtjrbàcmo puato mj kc rjm pujmj rjsuktcr buy m`stàto mjk jspjetro mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs djajrcmcs por kcs ecrdcs ao kàjckjs mj kc rjm. Jstc m`fjrjae`c pujmj sjr jspje`ckbjatj `bportcatj s` cpcrjeja rjsoacae`cs pcrckjko c ckduac mj kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõaèos, tck eobo sj vjrã c eoatàuce`õa. 0.5 Yjsoacae`cs ja kcs àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs 0 Ja kc durc 0.9 njbos rjprjsjatcmo jk jsqujbc ua`kcr y jk jqu`vckjatj mj uac rjm àmustr`ck eoa jstce`õa trcasforbcmorc prop`c. Ja mèno jsqujbc cpcrjeja uac ioiàc y ua eoamjascmor ja pcrckjko. Ujdüa jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=, tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9>9 ja jstj t`po mj e`reu`tos y c mjtjrbàcmcs frjeujae`cs pujmj promue`rsj uac rjsoacae`c ja pcrckjko. Csâ pujs, ja kc e`tcmc àstckce`õa pujmj prjsjatcrsj mènc rjsoacae`c y eobo sj nc v`sto ja jk e`tcmo cpcrtcmo 9.3=, jsto pomrâc djajrcr fujrtjs soirjecrdcs, tcato ja kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs eobo ja jk propò trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor.. Js posìkj tcbi`àa quj sj promuzeca rjsoacae`cs sjr`j s` jk or`dja mj kos crbõaèos js kc rjm mj bjm`c tjas`õa, ao oistcatj jstos ecsos ao kos trctcrjbos ja mjtckkj, por eucato rjqu`jrja bomjkos mj s`bukce`õa mj rjmjs bãs potjatjs quj kos quj vja`bos ut`k`zcamo ja jstj tjxto. Ja ko quj s`duj mcrjbos ckduaos jljbpkos mj eãkeuko mj kos pcrãbjtros ja e`reu`tos jqu`vckjatjs s`bpkjs y bostrcrjbos kos posìkjs jfjetos mj kc rjsoacae`c ja kos b`sbos. 0.5.3 Eãkeukos cprox`bcmos mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko ja ecso mj ecrdc mài`k Eoas`mjrjbos aujvcbjatj ua jsqujbc ua`kcr jqu`vckjatj pcrje`mo ck quj sj propuso eobo jsqujbc t`po ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=. Wcrc s`tuceòajs ja quj kc ecrdc js buy mài`k (Yp y ^S mj vckor jkjvcmo), pujmj mcrsj uac rjsoacae`c ja pcrckjko jatrj kc rjcetcae`c mjk trcasforbcmor, ^t ja pcrckjko eoa kc prop`c mj kc ecrdc ^S, y jk eoamjascmor mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc, Ê (eoas`mjrcbos ÊE;; ^t). Uee 2˛ ∑ ^t ]rcasforbcmor U Zp(hVC) / Zs uee êe 2˛ 7 Ê YW ^S @a B YJM W y S jqu`pos eoa y sà m`stors`õa M`stors`õa Ictjrâcs mj Crbõaèos eoamjascmorjs Jqu`pos eoa Ictjrâcs mj Jqu`pos sà M`stors`õa eoamjascmorjs M`stors`õa W3 (hT) SE (hvcr) W9 (hT) S3 (hvcr) S9 (hvcr) F`d. 0.9.- E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj jqu`vckjatj y posìkj rjsoacae`c rjsoacae`c ja uac rjm eoa eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc. 0 Jk vckor ^tπ (rjcetcae`c c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck (:7 Nz õ 67 Nz) pujmj eckeukcrsj sjdüa sj àmèõ ja (9.==) , cuaquj djajrckbjatj sj supoaj quj ja vceâo kc pcrtj rjs`st`vc mj kc `bpjmcae`c mjk trcasforbcmor js mjsprje`cikj eoa ko quj ^tπ vjamrâc mcmc por (0.5) , quj sj mjmuej m`rjetcbjatj mj (9.=>). Jk vckor mj Êπ, tcbi`àa c frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, v`jaj mcmo por (0.=) y kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c y kc fuamcbjatck pujmj eckeukcrsj c pcrt`r mj kcs jeuceòajs catjròrjs, sjdüa kc jeuce`õa (0.:). tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc Z9 ^ t  e U ee Z 9 .u  e % ee 377 .U Z9 ^ E Y  2 9>5 (0.5) (0.=) e S ^ E / ^ t 2 Uee / S (0.:) moamj Uee js kc potjae`c mj eortoe`reu`to mjk trcasforbcmor (vjr ecpâtuko 9) y S kc potjae`c rjcet`vc mj kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs. Ja ecso mj quj πY / π eoàe`mc eoa jk ormja mj ckdüa crbõaèo djajrcmo por jk jqu`po pjrturicmor pjrturicmor,, sj prjsjatcrâca fujrtjs soirjàtjas`mcmjs ja kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs y ja jk trcasforbcmor trcasforbcmor mji`mcs c kc rjsoacae`c, tck eobo sj m`lo ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.3=.9. Kc protjee`õa mj jstj t`po mj soirjàtjas`mcmjs bjrjej uac ctjae`õa jspje`ck y sj m`seut`rã ja ua cpcrtcmo postjròr. Jljbpko< Uupõadcsj ua trcasforbcmor mj U 2 3777 hVĆ eoa uac tjas`õa porejatuck mj eortoe`reu`to uee% 2 :%. Uupõadcsj quj pcrc eobpjascr rjcet`vc sj eokoecsj uac ictjrâc mj S 2 >77 hvcr. Kc frjeujae`c c kc euck pomrâc jatrcr ja rjsoacae`c, s` sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc eobpkjtc, sjrâc mj< 377.U 377.777 U 2 2 2 97.777 hV hVC C ee u % : ee Y 2 U ee /S2 97777 >77 2:8 f Y 2 :.:7 Nz 2 9:7 Nz Vjbos quj kc rjsoacae`c sj promuej lusto ja jk :· crbõaèo, quj sujkj sjr uao mj kos ecrcetjrâstèos. Wjro aorbckbjatj kc ictjrâc eoajetcrã por jseckoajs, por ko euck jk pjk`dro mj rjsoacae`c jx`stj c otrcs frjeujae`cs. Wor jljbpko, s` sõko sj jaeujatrca eoajetcmos =77 hvcr mj kc ictjrâc y rjpjt`bos jk eãkeuko , sj oit`jaj uac rjsoacae`c prõx`bc ck 4· crbõaèo , quj js otro mj kos bãs s`da`ect`vos quj sujkja cpcrjejr ja kcs rjmjs àmustr`ckjs. Y 2 U ee /S2 97777 =77 2 4 ,74 8 f Y 2 4 ,74.:7 Nz 2 5:5 Nz 0.5.9 Ecsos prãetèos mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko Ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr njbos supujsto uac s`tuce`õa ckdo caõbckc ja quj kc rjsoacae`c sj promueâc s` kos eoamjascmorjs jstcica eoajetcmos àekuso ja cusjae`c mj ecrdc. Jsto sõko pujmj oeurr`r ja ecso mj uac bckc rjdukce`õa mj kc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc o ja s`tuceòajs trcas`tor`cs. Ja ecsos prãetèos 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9>= ko quj sujkj oeurr`r js quj kc rjm ck`bjatc, mj forbc pjrbcajatj, ecrdcs quj t`jaja ua fcetor mj potjae`c buy iclo, tck js jk ecso ja ceeòacb`jatos moamj ncy botorjs quj vca crrcstrcmos y por tcato mjvujkvja potjae`c cet`vc c kc rjm, pjro ja ecbiò eoasubja potjae`c rjcet`vc o jk ecso mj àstckceòajs eoa eodjajrce`õa eoa bãquàcs csâaeroacs. Za jljbpko js jk quj bujstrc kc durc 0.5.c, euyo e`reu`to jqu`vckjatj sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc durc 0.5.i. U, êe uee% @a Se B Frjao -W3 , +S3 @a B Jst`rclj +W9 , +S9 Stot ^jq +S3 +S9 +W9 Wtot -W3 M`cdrcbc Vjetor`ck c ) C e e ` o a c b` j a t o Ê YW Ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs ]rcasforbcmor + rjcet`vc ecrdcs @a M`stors`õa Crbõaèos W cet`vc totck i) E`reu`to jqu`vckjatj F`d. 0.5.- Ceeòacb`jato Ceeòacb`jato eoa iclo fcetor mj potjae`c, potjae`c, propjaso c rjsoacae`c rjsoacae`c Ja eoaluato kc àstckce`õa mj kc durc 0.5 tjamrâc uac potjae`c cet`vc buy iclc y ja ecbiò uac potjae`c rjcet`vc buy cktc. Kc pcrtj àmuet`vc prov`jaj, por tcato, mj kc ^t ja pcrckjko eoa uac ^S mji`mc c kc rjcet`vc eoasub`mc por kcs ecrdcs. Yp, por otro kcmo, js kc rjs`stjae`c jqu`vckjatj mji`mc c kc potjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc. Kos eãkeukos mj uac y otrc sj mca ja kcs jeuceòajs s`du`jatjs. ^ Z 9 Z 9 .u % 2 e 2 e ee U 377.U ee t ^ Z9 2 e S S ^ ^ (0.6) jq 2 ^ t (0.4) t .^ S +^ (0.>) S Z9 Y 2 e W W 0 ^ (0.0) Z9 2 e S E (0.37) tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9>: Kc `bpjmcae`c jqu`vckjatj v`stc por kc fujatj mj crbõaèos js< a^ \ a 2 Y9( 3 ∙ a9 ^ jq Y P jq E )9 + a9 ^ 9 (0.33) jq Oisàrvjsj quj sj trctc mj ua e`reu`to K-E pcrckjko, moamj Yp t`jaj ua pcpjk mj cbort`duce`õa. Wor tcato, eucato bcyor sjc kc potjae`c cet`vc eoasub`mc (bjaor vckor mj Yp) bãs cbort`ducmo js jk e`reu`to y kc rjsoacae`c ao js tca fujrtj, pjro cüa csâ, pujmja mcrsj s`tuceòajs eoa rjsoacae`cs cbort`ducmcs quj djajrca fujrtjs ose`kceòajs ja jk s`stjbc. Za jljbpko prãetèo mj rjsoacae`c pomjbos vjrko ja kc durc 0.=. Ja kc F`d. 0.=.c vjbos kcs forbcs mj oamc mjk s`stjbc eucamo ao sj eoajetc kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs mj eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c. Eucamo sj vca eoajetcamo pcsos y prõx`bo ck eos 2 3 sj promuej uac rjsoacae`c c kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõaèo 33, tck eobo pujmj vjrsj ja kc F`d.0.=.i y ja kc tcikc 0.3. FOYBC MJ OAMC (rjsoacae`c.U]M) 35/79/9774 36<54<56 Va F3< 994 (V) ]NM< 9.6 % Bãx< 59= (V) Bâa< -595 (V) Va F5< 99> (V) ]NM< 9.6 % Bãx< 59: (V) Bâa< -599 (V) Va F9< 996 (V) ]NM< 9.9 % Bãx< 595 (V) Bâa< -593 (V) 7.7 7.7 @a F3< 536.60> (C) ]NM< 6.6 % Bãx< =64.677 (C) Bâa< -=6>.>77 (C) @a F9< 5:9.>90 (C) ]NM< 4.0 % Bãx< :97.>77 (C) Bâa< -:35.977 (C) Cet< -9>> (V) @a F5< 5==.=70 (C) ]NM< :.6 % Bãx< =06.>77 (C) Bâa< -:7=.=77 (C) Bãx< 59= (V) Bâa< -595 (V) c) ]jasòajs ]jasòajs y eorr`jatjs sà kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs FOYBC MJ OAMC (rjsoacae`c.U]M) 35/79/9774 36<=7<36 Va F3< 990 (V) ]NM< 34.5 % Bãx< 56: (V) Bâa< -544 (V) Va F5< 957 (V) ]NM< 99.> % Bãx< 50: (V) Bâa< -5>0 (V) Va F9< 990 (V) ]NM< 97.: % Bãx< 505 (V) Bâa< -545 (V) 7.7 7.7 @a F3< 939.=34 (C) ]NM< >3.0 % Bãx< 490.677 (C) Bâa< -46>.=77 (C) @a F9< 394.053 (C) ]NM< >5.0 % Bãx< =:6.=77 (C) Bâa< -549.777 (C) Cet< -305 (V) @a F5< 395.:64 (C) ]NM< >:.0 % Bãx< =:=.777 (C) Bâa< -==7.777 (C) Bãx< 56: (V) Bâa< -544 (V) i) ]jasòajs ]jasòajs y eorr`jatjs eoa kc ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs 0 F`d. 0.=.- ]jas`õa ]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja uac àstckce`õa eoa iclo eoasubo mj potjae`c cet`vc. Wrovoec rjsoacae`c ck crbõaèo 33 ck eoajetcr jk jqu`po mj eobpjasce`õa (Bjm`mc jfjetucmc eoa CY.: mj E@YEZ]OY y softwcrj WOTJYV@U@OA) tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9>6 ]cikc 0.3.- Vckorjs aubàrèos mj kos crbõaèos eorrjspoam`jatjs c kc F`d. 0.=.i, fcsj 3. ]cikc mj crbõaèos fcsj 3 (rjsoacae`c.U]M) ( rjsoacae`c.U]M) Fjenc 35/79/9774 36<=7<36 ]jas`õa fcsj 3 Eorr`jatj fcsj 3 Vrbs (V)<959 ]NM (%)<34.5 Mjsfcsj (¼)<7.7 Fuamcbjatck (V)<990 @rbs (C)<5600:4.94: Fuamcbjatck (C)<939.=34 Crbõaèo 9(+) 5(-) Cbpk`tum (%) 7.76: 7.935 Mjsfcsj (¼) 950.3 5:>.= =(+) :(-) 6(+) 4(-) 7.977 7.5>5 7.943 7.976 94:.0 5:5.3 30:.6 36.> >(+) 9.5=3 0(-) 37(-) 33(+) 3.697 =.636 36.670 7.=34 3.9>3 7.960 7.:75 7.55> 360.3 9>:.: 9=5.7 =>.3 349.0 96>.6 394.= 940.4 5=.> 39(-) 35(+) 3=(+) 3:(-) 36(+) ]NM (%)<>3.0 Mjsfcsj (¼)<53:.> Cbpk`tum (%) 3.950 7.457 Mjsfcsj (¼) 595.9 ::.: >(+) 3.3=4 7.>69 9.67> 9.4>> 37.506 9=7.3 >>.5 309.= 63.7 9==.4 0(-) 37(-) 33(+) 37.4>4 59.360 354.33: 59.= =0.4 9:4.= 39(-) 35(+) 3=(+) 3:(-) 36(+) 5.549 35.=44 3.>:4 9.:0= 3.454 66.= 939.5 37>.3 907.0 374.: Crbõaèo 9(+) 5(-) =(+) :(-) 6(+) 4(-) 0.5.5 Ecsos prãetèos mj rjsoacae`c sjr`j Wujmj mcrsj jk ecso mj àstckceòajs eoa trcasforbcmor y uac mjtjrbàcmc eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc f`lc ja jk sjeuamcrò mjk b`sbo. Jstc s`tuce`õa, rjprjsjatcmc ja kc durc 0.: , pujmj mcr kudcr c rjsoacae`c sjr`j jatrj kc ^t mjk trcasforbcmor y Ê mjk eoamjascmor s` kc tjas`õa ja jk kcmo mj cktc prjsjatc crbõaèos s`da`ect`vos. Oisàrvjsj quj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c ja jk ecso `mjck pujmj eckeukcrsj por kc b`sbc jeuce`õa 0.:. Ao oistcatj js bueno bãs m`fâe`k mj prjmje`r jstj t`po mj rjsoacae`cs, pujsto quj ao sj m`spoaj nci`tuckbjatj mj vckorjs quj pjrb`tca bomjkcr kc rjm mj C] C] eoa tomos sus trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs. Ja euckqu`jr ecso pcrc jv`tcr jstj t`po mj mj rjsoacae`cs sj rjeob`jamc rjeob`jamc jk jbpkjo mj f`ktros mj rjenczo, sjdüa aorbc @JE-63.6=9, quj sj mjserìja c eoatàuce`õa. 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc @a ]Y3 @a Za C] ]Y9 I] E B Eoamjascmorjs f`los ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasf orbcmor ]Y9 ^t Uà ecrdcs 9>4 ~7 êe 2 Za Ê Eoamjascmorjs f`los F`d. 0.:.- Yjsoacae`c sjr`j mji`mc mji`mc c kc prjsjae`c mj crbõaèos crbõaèos ja C] C] 0.5.= Uokue`õa c kos proikjbcs mj rjsoacae`c Kc sokue`õa prãetèc, tcato pcrc jk ecso mj rjsoacae`c pcrckjko, eobo pcrc rjsoacae`c sjr`j, rjeobjamcmc por kc aorbc JA-636=9, js ut`k`zcr f`ktros mjsàtoa`zcmos, tcbi`àa kkcbcmos mj rjenczo. Jsto eoas`stj ja àeorporcr rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa ecmc uao mj kos eoamjascmorjs, forbcamo ua eoaluato K-E sjr`j euyc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c sjc àfjròr y jstà sue`jatjbjatj ckjlcmc mj kc mjk crbõaèo quj or`dàc kc pjrturice`õa. 0 Ja ckduaos bcauckjs o ectãkodos mj eoamjascmorjs sj propoaj eobo sokue`õa jk jbpkjo mj eoamjascmorjs quj sj mjaobàca jrrõajcbjatj rjs`stjatjs c crbõaèos. Jstc sokue`õa js àjecz y ao jv`tc kc rjsoacae`c c bjaos quj sj àerjbjatja s`da`ect`vcbjatj kcs pàrm`mcs mj kos eoamjascmorjs, js mje`r, c bjaos quj sj ut`kèja eoamjascmorjs eoa uac drca rjs`stjae`c mj pàrm`mcs Ys (vjr cpcrtcmo 9.3=, F`d. 9.53). Ja tck ecso jk cubjato mj pàrm`mcs provoec drcamjs eckjatcb`jatos y caukc kos ijajeòs mj kc eobpjasce`õa. Kc sokue`õa `mjck, sjdüa kc aorbc JA-636=9 js jk jbpkjo mj ktros eobo kos quj sj mjserìja ja jk cpcrtcmo s`du`jatj. tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 9>> 0.= F`ktros Kc bcyor pcrtj mj kos proikjbcs mj pjrturiceòajs quj njbos àmècmo catjròrbjatj pujmja sjr eorrjd`mos bjm`catj ktros. Kõdècbjatj, ecmc t`po mj proikjbc rjqu`jrj ua jstumò mj kcs ecrdcs quj pujmja sjr jk or`dja mj kcs pjrturiceòajss y, ja kc bjm`mc mj ko posìkj, bjmèòajs mj eorr`jatjs y tjasòajs pjrturiceòaj eoa caãk`s`s mj crbõaèos pcrc pomjr jkjd`r jk ktro cmjeucmo. Kc tcikc 0.9 mc ua rjsubja mj kcs posìkjs sokueòajs c m`stàtos t`pos mj proikjbcs quj pujmja prjsjatcrsj ja kcs rjmjs àmustr`ckjs. ]cikc 0.9 - ]`pos mj ktros y su cpkèce`õa WY OI K JB C ]@WO MJ F@K]YO Eorrjee`õa mj proikjbcs mj rjsoacae`c F`ktros mj rjenczo o "mjsàtoa`zcmos" ja jqu`pos mj eorrjee`õa mj FW Cisore` õa mj crbõaèos pcrc rjmue`r jk F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck, t`po FCY-S o mj Cisore`õa ]NM mj kc àstckce`õa. cisore`õa sàtoa`zcmos, t`po FCY-N F`ktros cet`vos CF y CWF Eorr`jatj mj kâajc mj eoavjrt`morjs eoa Yjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa kc jatrcmc mj rjm ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõaèos F`ktros KEK Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj eoatàuc. W j rtu ri c eò a j s J B @ ja kc rjm mj F`ktros JB@ ja jk kcmo mj rjm eoavjrt`morjs EC/EE y EC/EC eoa bomukce`õa WTB Wjrturiceòajs JB@ ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc F`ktros mu/mt ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc mj eoavjrt`morjs bomukce`õa WTB EE/EC y EC/EC eoa F`ktros ‛Uàus ‒ ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc Yjenczo Yjenc zo mj mj frjeuja frjeujae`cs e`cs mj tjkje tjkjeoatro oatrok.k. F`ktross mj rjenc F`ktro rjenczo zo mj mj icamc icamc 0.: F`ktros mj rjenczo o mjsàtoa`zcmos Jk oiljt`vo mjk f`ktro mj rjenczo js jv`tcr kc cbpk`fèce`õa mj crbõaèos ecuscmc por kcs rjsoacae`cs jatrj trcasforbcmor y eoamjascmorjs y jv`tcr kc soirjecrdc mj crbõaèos ja kcs ictjrâcs mj eoamjascmorjs. Ja rjck`mcm, mjijrâc ut`k`zcrsj ua ktro mj rjenczo ja kudcr mj uac ictjrâc mj eoamjascmorjs eoavjaeòack, s`jbprj quj jk ]NM mj kc tjas`õa mj rjm supjrj ua 9,: c 5%. 0 Jk ktro jstã eobpujsto eobpujsto mj vcr`cs rcbcs K-E eoa uac eoadurce`õa eobo kc àmècmc ja jk ua`kcr mj kc durc durc 0.6. (]catcs (]catcs rcbcs eobo sjca ajejscr`cs pcrc eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj kc àstckce`õa). Kcs e`tcmcs rcbcs sj pomrãa eoajetcr y mjseoajetcr ja fuae`õa mj kc mjbcamc mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Csâ pujs sj trctc mj ua s`stjbc euyc pràe`pck fuae`õa js kc eorrjee`õa mjk eos y quj àeorporc kcs rjcetcae`cs ja sjr`j eoa kos eoamjascmorjs pcrc jv`tcr kcs rjsoacae`cs tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc YJM ECYDCU Yjdukcmor mj FW E3 E9 E` Ea F`d. 0.6.- Eoadurce`õa mj ua ktro mj rjenczo F`d. 0.4.- F`ktro mj rjenczo rjenczo FY mj =>7 hvcr (E@YEZ]OY, UC) 9>0 Kos ktros mj rjenczo sj jspje`eca nce`jamo rjfjrjae`c ck kkcbcmo fcetor mj soirjtjas`õa, p% , quj mc kc rjkce`õa jatrj kc tjas`õa mj kc rjcetcae`c y kc mjk eoamjascmor y lc kc frjeujae`c prop`c mj rjsoacae`c mjk eoaluato, sjdüa kc s`du`jatj jeuce`õa.  2 377. p% 2 377. ZE  ZK   Y  9 (0.39) Kc eokoece`õa mj ktros mj rjenczo ja uac mjtjrbàcmc àstckce`õa, ncej quj iclj kc `bpjmcae`c jqu`vckjatj ja jk puato mj eoajx`õa c kc rjm, WEE, eoa ko euck, s` kc `bpjmcae`c mj eortoe`reu`to eortoe`reu`to mj kc prop`c prop`c rjm js yc rczoacikjbjatj iclc, sj rjmueja kos crbõaèos mj tjas`õa ja mèno puato. 0.:.3 Jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj rjenczo Kc jkjee`õa mj ua f`ktro mj rjenczo sj ncej ja icsj c kc potjae`c rjcet`vc ajejscr`c. Csâ pujs, jk mcto ekcvj pcrc jkjd`rko soa kos hvcr ajejscròs ja kc àstckce`õa, eckeukcmos eoa kos b`sbos er`tjròs quj sj m`jroa ja jk ecpâtuko 5. 0 Ja eucato c kc jkjee`õa mjk fcetor p % mjk f`ktro, ko bãs frjeujatj ja rjmjs àmustr`ckjs tr`fãsècs js quj jk crbõaèo mobàcatj sjc jk :·, por ko quj sj sujkja jkjd`r f`ktros eoa p 24%, (rjsoacae`c mjk f`ktro c 3>0 Nz pcrc rjm mj :7 Nz o 996,4 Nz pcrc rjm mj 67 Nz) . Ja ecso mj rjmjs eoa fujrtj prjsjae`c mj ecrdcs boaofãsècs, kos ktros mj 4% pujmja ao `bpjm`r totckbjatj kc rjsoacae`c y pujmja cbpk`ecr jk tjrejr crbõaèo. Ja tck ecso kc prop`c aorbc @JE-636=9 ceoasjlc jkjd`r frjeujae`cs prop`cs bãs iclcs. Ko tâpèo js jkjd`r f`ktros mj p23=% (rjsoacae`c mjk ktro c 355,6 Nz pcrc rjm mj :7 Nz y 367,5 Nz pcrc rjm mj 67 Nz) tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 907 ]àadcsj ja eujatc, ja jk ecso mj rjmjs ck`bjatcmcs por djajrcmorjs c`skcmos (drupos jkjetrõdjaos) eoa vckorjs mj êe buy cktos (mj 37% c 3:%) , kkcbcmcs rjmjs ikcamcs, quj kc eokoece`õa mj ktros mj rjenczo pujmj ecuscr soirjecrdcs ja jk ktro, quj t`jamj c cisorijr ecat`mcmjs buy s`da`ect`vcs mj crbõaèos. Ja tck ecso js bjlor m`bjasòacr jk ktro eobo ktro mj cisore`õa o ncejr ua m`sjóo jspje`ck mjk ktro. Ja euckqu`jr ecso jk ktro mj rjenczo eoatàüc `bp`m`jamo kc rjsoacae`c y bjlorc sjasìkjbjatj kc `bpjmcae`c ja jk jbicrrcmo djajrck. 0.6 F`ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck FCY-S Kos ktros mj cisore`õa pcre`ck, t`po FCY-S, soa ktros rjdukcmos por jseckoajs, forbcmos pcsos KE eobpujstos ecmc uao mjcisorijr mos pcrtjs, uac prjpcrcmc por pcrcvcròs cisorijr crbõaèo :¼ y otrc prjpcrcmc pcrc crbõaèo 4¼. Jk propõs`to pràe`pck mj kos ktros FCY-S js eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc, y sj eoatrokca eoa ua rjdukcmor mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc aorbck, eoa e`jrtcs fuaeòajs jspje`ckjs mj eoatrok pcrc jv`tcr rjsoacae`cs. Jstcs fuaeòajs soa jxekus`vcs mj ckduaos rjdukcmorjs cvcazcmos, eobo js jk ecso mjk eobputjr WKZU mj E@YEZ]OY. Kos eoamjascmorjs mj uac FCY-S jstãa soirjm`bjasòacmos pcrc quj, cpcrtj mj kc eorr`jatj rjcet`vc, pujmca cisorijr crbõaèos crbõaèos mj ormja : y 4. Ecmc pcso mj jstos f`ktros eoas`stj ja mos drupos KE, quj sj bcaòirca s`buktãajcbjatj, uao pcrc cisorijr eorr`jatj mjk :¼ crbõaèo y otro pcrc cisorijr eorr`jatj mjk 4¼. Kcs proporeòajs mj eorr`jatj mj ecmc uao sj m`sjóca pcrc cmcptcrsj c kos eoavjrt`morjs bãs jstãamcr mj 6 puksos, cuaquj pujmja ncejrsj m`sjóos jspje`ckjs cmcptcmos c otros t`pos mj ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj quj kc sàtoaâc mj kos drupos KE ao pujmj ncejrsj mj euckqu`jr forbc, sào quj mjija rjspjtcrsj e`jrtcs proporeòajs mj cisore`õa mj :¼ y mj 4¼ crbõaèo. Mj jstc forbc sj jv`tca posìkjs rjsoacae`cs quj pomrâca oeurr`r s` kc propore`õa mj ktrcmo mj 4¼ fujsj supjròr c kc mj :¼. Kos ktros mjk t`po FCY-S pujmja jstcr doijracmos tcbi`àa por t`r`storjs eoa ua rjdukcmor mj t`po eobputjr+ F. Kcs fuaeòajs mj àtjk`djae`c cat`-rjsoacae`c mjk eobputjr+ pjrb`tja jv`tcr kcs rjsoacae`cs, yc quj ja ecso mj àtjatcr promue`rsj jk rjdukcmor k`b`tcrâc jk aübjro mj pcsos quj sj eoajetca y m`spcrcrâc uac ckcrbc Jk jsqujbc mj pràe`pò mj ua pcso mj ua f`ktro FCY-S ja jljeue`õa eoa eoatcetorjs js eobo kos quj bujstrc kc d 0.>. 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc CF3 Z3 V3 T3 Z3 V3 T3 K3 E3 6 iorajs K9 Z9 V9 T9 Z33 V33 T33 Z9 V9 T9 Z39 V39 T39 903 c) ]`pos jstãamcr c =77V/:7Nz, eoajx`õa tr`ãaduko CF3 Z3 V3 T3 Z3 V3 T3 K3 K9 Z9 V9 T9 Z9 V9 T9 Z33 V33 T33 Z39 V 39 T39 E3 6 iorajs i) ]`pos jstãamcr pcrc =>7V/67Nz, eoajx`õa jstrjkkc F`d. 0.> .- Jsqujbc Jsqujbc mj ua pcso mj FCY-S 0.4 F`ktros mj cisore`õa 0 Kos ktros mj cisore`õa prjtjamja mjr`vcr uac pcrtj `bportcatj mj kc eorr`jatj mj crbõaèos djajrcmc por uac mjtjrbàcmc ecrdc nce`c jk ktro mj forbc quj àstc ao vcyc nce`c kc rjm y ao cfjetj c otrcs ecrdcs vjeàcs. Nci`tuckbjatj sj eokoeca ja jk kcmo mj iclc tjas`õa o ja euckqu`jr ecso ko bãs prõx`bos posìkj c kcs ecrdcs quj djajrca drca ecat`mcm mj crbõaèos. Womjbos m`stàdu`r mos tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 909 t`pos mj ktros, kos pcs`vos, forbcmos por vcr`cs rcbcs K-E y kos cet`vos icscmos ja oamukcmorjs jkjetrõaèos. Ja jstj cpcrtcmo aos ejatrcrjbos ja kos pcs`vos. 0.4.3 F`ktros pcs`vos mj cisore`õa Eoastruet`vcbjatj kos ktros pcs`vos mj cisore`õa soa s`b`kcrjs Eoastruet`vcbjatj s`b`kcrjs c kos mj rjenczo. Jstãa forbcmos por vcr`cs rcbcs K-E, mj forbc quj uac o vcr`cs mj jkkcs forbca ua drupo mjmècmo c ktrcr ua mjtjrbàcmo crbõaèo. Kos vckorjs mj K y E jstãa m`bjasòacmos sjdüa kc eorr`jatj crbõaèc quj mjica cisorijr. Kos pcsos aorbck`zcmos m`spoaja mj eoamjascmorj eoamjascmorjss soirjm`bjasòac soirjm`bjasòacmos, mos, aorbckbjatj eoajetcmos ja jstrjkkc, pcrc tjajr ua bcrdja sue`jatj mj sjdur`mcm ja eucato c eorr`jatj quj àstos pujmja cisorijr. Kc rjcetcae`c eorrjspoam`jatj mj ecmc pcso sj eckeukc pcrc quj kc frjeujae`c mj rjsoacae`c mjk KE sjr`j sjc kc mjsjcmc. Ja djajrck, kos pcsos mj ua ktro pcs`vo mj cisore`õa ao pujmja eoajetcrsj y mjseoajetcrsj pcre`ckbjatj mj forbc àm`ser`bàcmc. Wor otro kcmo ecmc uao mj mènos pcsos cportc uac eobpjasce`õa pjrbcajatj mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc mj s`dao ecpce`t`vo c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. fuamcbjatck. Ckduacs vjejs jsto provoec soirj- eobpjasce`õa mjk eos , soirj tomo eucamo kc àstckce`õa vc rjkct`vcbjatj mjsecrdcmc, pjro ncy buenc mjbcamc mj ktrcmo. Wcrc jv`tcr jsto sj mjija mjseoajetcr drupos K-E eucamo iclc jk a`vjk mj ecrdc, pjro mjij tjajrsj ja eujatc quj kos pr`bjros pcsos c mjseoajetcr mjija sjr s`jbprj kos pcsos quj ktrca kos crbõaèos mj ormja bãs ckto. Wor jkko, kc rjdukce`õa mj jstos ktros mjij ncejrsj eoa rjdukcmorjs àtjk`djatjs, quj m`spoadca mj prodrcbc kàjck. (Wrodrcbc kàjck s`da`ec eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa K@FO, quj s`da`ec ‛Kcst à rst out‒ , jk ükt`bo ja jatrcr js jk pr`bjro ja sck`r. Ao s`rvj pcrc jstos ecsos jk prodrcbc FEW). Eobo jljbpko mj rjdukcmor àtjk`djatj tjajbos jk eobputjr+, quj m`spoaj mj mèno prodrcbc mj eoajx`õa kàjck y quj cmjbãs protjdj jk ktro, pujs pjrb`tj mjtjetcr soirjecrdcs mj crbõaèos ja kos m`stàtos pcsos KE. Kos f`ktros mj cisore`õa pujmja tcbi`àa eoatrokcrsj mj forbc sjae`kkc, s`bpkjbjatj por jk a`vjk mj eorr`jatj mj kc ecrdc. Ja tck ecso jk eoatrokcmor pujmj sjr ua rjkà mj eorr`jatj t`po EVB o s`b`kcr. 0.4.9 Yjcetcae`c sjr`j pcrc ktros mj cisore`õa Wcrc quj jk ktro mj cisore`õa sjc jfjet`vo mjij jstcr sjpcrcmo mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por uac rjcetcae`c mj enoquj euyc `bpjmcae`c c kos crbõaèos \enoquj nc mj sjr buy supjròr c kc mjk ktro \ktro. (Vjr durcs 0.0 y 0.37). 0 Kc rjcetcae`c sjr`j, ja ecso mj cpkècr ua ktro mj cisore`õa c uac eoadurce`õa eobo kc mj kc d. 0.0, sj m`bjasòac pcrc kc eorr`jatj eorr`jatj bãx`bc prjv`sìkj y pcrc uac ecâmc mj tjas`õa, c kc frjeujae`c frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, fuamcbjatck, ja torao ck =%. Ja jk ecso mj ktros cpkècmos c ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa, d. 0.37, ao ncej fcktc eokoecr kc rjcetcae`c yc quj jk propò trcasforbcmor ncej jk pcpjk mj kc \enoquj. tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc ]YCAUFOYBCMOY @k`bp`c @k`bp`c @k`bp`c O]YOU CIOACMOU @k`bp`c \ENOSZJ @crbõaèos O]YCU ECYDCU \f`ktro ECYDC C F@K]YCY B F@K]YO MJ CIUOYE@ÕA F`d. 0.0.- F`ktro mj cisore`õa pcrc uac uac sjee`õa mj I], I], sjpcrcmc mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por uac rjcetcae`c mj enoquj 905 ]YCAUFOYBCMOY \ENOSZJ @crbõaèos \f`ktro ECYDC C F@K]YCY B O]YOU CIOACMOU F@K]YO MJ CIUOYE@ÕA F`d. 0.37.- F`ktro mj cisore`õa cisore`õa pcrc ua ejatro mj trcasforbce`õa, trcasforbce`õa, sjpcrcmo mjk rjsto mj ecrdcs por jk propò trcasforbcmor 0.4.5 ¿Mõamj mjij cpkècrsj ua ktro mj cisore`õa? Za f`ktro mj cisore`õa ao pujmj cpkècrsj c euckqu`jr àstckce`õa mj forbc àm`ser`bàcmc. Zacs vjejs jsto ao js posìkj tàeaècbjatj s` kc `bpjmcae`c 0 prop`c mj kc rjm js yc buy cktc y ao js posìkj cócm`r jk enoquj cmèòack ja sjr`j quj njbos bjaeòacmo ja jk cpcrtcmo 0.4.9. Otrcs vjejs jk ktro mj cisore`õa ao js àtjrjscatj jeoaõbècbjatj, soirj tomo pcrc pjqujócs potjae`cs mj ecrdc. Wcrc pjascr ja cpkècr ua ktro mj cisore`õa mjij trctcrsj mj ktrcr uac ecrdc mj potjae`c eoas`mjrcikj. Ao js àtjrjscatj ktrcr ecrdcs mj buy poeos cbpjròs, yc quj m`fâe`kbjatj ecusca pjrturiceòajs `bportcatjs soirj otrcs ecrdcs vjeàcs y proporeòackbjatj c su potjae`c t`jaja ua eostj jkjvcmo. Ja ecbiò jk ktro mj cisore`õa pcs`vo sujkj sjr uac iujac sokue`õa pcrc ejatros mj trcasforbce`õa ecrdcmos pràe`pckbjatj eoa eoavjrt`morjs jkjetrõaèos (djajrckbjatj rjet`ecmorjs mj 6 puksos). tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 90= 0.4.= Jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa ja I] Kos ktros mj cisore`õa sj pomrãa eobpoajr mj vcròs drupos K-E, uao pcrc ecmc crbõaèo c ktrcr. C su vjz ecmc drupo pujmj frceeòacrsj ja drupos K-E bãs pjqujóos, djajrckbjatj kkcbcmos ‛pcsos‒ Ecmc pcso sj ecrcetjr`zc por mos pcrãbjtros< Ormja mjk crbõaèo c ktrcr (:, 4, 33, jte.) y eorr`jatj bãx`bc mj crbõaèo quj js ecpcz mj cmb`t`r. Za ktro mj cisore`õa mjij m`bjasòacrsj pcrc kc eorr`jatj totck c ktrcr mj ecmc uao mj kos crbõaèos. Djajrckbjatj sj ktrca sõko crbõaèos `bpcrjs. Ao pujmja ktrcrsj crbõaèos `bpcrjs mj ormja ckto sà ktrcr kos `bpcrjs mj ormja bãst`jaja iclo, cuaquj pcrjzeca kosjkko, crbõaèos mj ormja ckto vckorjs bãs iclosao qujjx`st`r. kos mjNci`tuckbjatj ormja iclo. Wor ko nci`tuck js mjmècr bãs pcsos ck ktrcmo mj kos crbõaèos mj ormja iclo y bjaos c kos mj ormja ckto. Kc durc 0.33 bujstrc kc `bpjmcae`c ja fuae`õa mj kc frjeujae`c mj ua pcso sàtoa`zcmo ck :· crbõaèo, y kc durc 0.39, kc `bpjmcae`c dkoick mj ua ktro eoa pcsos mj :·, 4· y 33· crbõaèo. Oisàrvjsj quj c kc frjeujae`c mj ecmc uao mj kos pcsos, kc `bpjmcae`c pcsc por ua ua bâa`bo, pjro jatrj ecmc uac mj mèncs frjeujae`cs sj promuej ua bãx`bo mj `bpjmcae`c. Jstj njeno js jk quj `bp`mj mjseoajetcr ua mjtjrbàcmo drupo mj ua crbõaèo àtjrbjmò (por jljbpko jk mj 4· crbõaèo) tja`jamo eoajetcmos uao catjròr y uao postjròr (por jljbpko pcrc jk :· y jk 33·). 97 37 7 -37 )-97 b n-57 O / I-=7 m ( -:7 \ -67 -47 ->7 377 3777 frjeujae`c (Nz) F`d. 0.3 0.33.-Yjspujstc 3.-Yjspujstc ja frjeujae`cs frjeujae`cs mj ua pcso pcso a2: 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc =7 57 97 37 ) 7 b n-37 O / I-97 m ( -57 \ -=7 -:7 -67 377 3777 frjeujae`c (Nz) F`d. 0.39.- Yjspu Yjspujstc jstc ja frjeujae`c mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa tâpèo mj trjs drupos eoa a2:, a24, a233 0.4.: ¿Eõbo jkjd`r kos pcsos?< 90: Kos pcsos mj ua jqu`po mj cisore`õa sj jk`dja por kc eorr`jatj quj sj mjsjc ktrcr. Wcrc ecmc crbõaèo, mjijrãa eokoecrsj tcatos pcsos (tomos `duckjs) eobo sjca ajejscròs pcrc quj kc eorr`jatj totck cmb`sìkj sjc bcyor o `duck c kc eorr`jatj totck mj mèno crbõaèo c ktrcr ja jk pjor ecso. Ja djajrck, sj m`spoaj mj ckduaos jstãamcr y ja ecsosàtoa`zcmos mj ajejs`tcr eorr`jatjs supjròrjs sj pujmja poajrpcsos ja pcrckjko vcròs drupos ck b`sbo crbõaèo. Csâ por jljbpko, kc tcikc 0.5 bujstrc kos jqu`pos m`spoaìkjs mj kc sjr`j FCY-N mj E@YEZ]OY. Oisàrvjsj quj iãsècbjatj sj ut`k`zca mos t`pos mj pcsos< • Wcsos quj pjrb`tja cisorijr 55 C mj crbõaèo y mca uaos 34 hvcr mj eobpjasce`õa c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. • Wcsos quj pjrb`tja cisorijr >7 C mj crbõaèo y mca uaos =7 hvcr mj eobpjasce`õa c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck. Mj kos pãrrcfos catjròrjs sj mjmuej quj< cpcrtj mj su fuae`õa mj f`ktrcmo, ua f`ktro mj cisore`õa cportc s`jbprj uac potjae`c rjcet`vc c kc frjeujae`c fuamcbjatck, mjk ormja mj 7,: hvcr por ecmc cbpjrò mj eorr`jatj ktrcmc (c =77 V, :7 Nz). Mcmo quj kc potjae`c rjcet`vc y jk a`vjk mj crbõaèos ao t`jaja porquj `r m`rjetcbjatj k`dcmos, pujmj mcrsj jk ecso mj quj pcrc sct`sfcejr kcs ajejs`mcmjs mj ktrcmo sj tjadc uac soirj-eobpjasce`õa. Jstc s`tuce`õa mjij jv`tcrsj prodrcbcamo kc ckcrbc eorrjspoam`jatj ja jk rjdukcmor. 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 906 ]cikc 0.5 - F`ktros jstãamcr t`po FCY-N Aotc< Mjij àmècrsj euãatos pcsos sj mjmèca c ktrcr ecmc crbõaèo FCY-N -CW:4 =77 V / :7 Nz :¼ (C) 4¼ (C) E o bp o s ` e ` õ a hvc r @YBU ]`po 55 55 55(:¼) + 55(4¼) 5= 6> FCY:-NW-CW:4-66-=77 66 55 55(:¼) + (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) :3 07 FCY:-NW-CW:4-00-=77 66 66 9 x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) 6> 33: FCY:-NW-CW:4-359-=77 00 66 55(:¼) + 9 x (55 (:¼) + 55(4¼)) >: 3 =6 FCY:-NW-CW:4-36:-=77 00 00 5 x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) 3 79 3 45 FCY:-N6-CW:4-30>-=77 3 59 3 59 00 35 9 55(:¼) + 5 x (55 (:¼) + 55(4¼)) = x (55(:¼) + 55(4¼)) 330 3 56 9 75 9 53 FCY:-N>-CW:4-953-=77 FCY:-N>-CW:4-96=-=77 3 67 36 7 9 x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼)) 3 6= 9 40 FCY:-N6-CW:4-597-=77 9 =7 36 7 >7(:¼) + 9 x (>7 (:¼) + >7(4¼)) 9 7: 5 := FCY:-N6-CW:4-=77-=77 9 =7 9= 7 5 x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼)) 9 =6 = 30 FCY:-N6-CW:4-=>7-=77 5 97 9= 7 >7(:¼) + 5 x (>7 (:¼) + >7(4¼)) 9 >4 = 09 FCY:-N>-CW:4-:67-=77 5 97 59 7 = x (>7(:¼) + >7(4¼)) 5 9> FCY:-N>-CW:4-6=7-=77 : :0 0.4.6 Jljbpko mj jkjee`õa mj ua ktro mj cisore`õa Uupõadcsj jk ecso mj ua vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm mj ua botor quj eoasubj :77 C, eoajetcmo rjmmjmj y quj djajrc kos s`du`jatjs crbõaèos< 9>% mj c:¼8uac 36% 4¼,=77 0% V, mj :7 33¼Nz y ecat`mcmjs àfjròrjs ck :% mj crbõaèos mj ormja supjròr. Eãkeuko mj eorr`jatjs mj crbõaèos< ]cikc 0.= - Eorr`jatjs c ktrcr CYBÕA@EO % @]O]CK @ CYBÕA@EO :¼ 9> % m j : 77 C 3= 7 C 4¼ 36 % m j : 77 C >7 C 33¼ 0% mj :7 7 C =: C Ujdüa vjrsj tcikc mj mj t`pos 0.5, sj m`spoaj mj pcsos quj pujmja ktrcr >7pujmj C ecmc uao,jaaokc `bportc, bobjato, mj quà ormja mj crbõaèo sj trctj. Jatoaejs, m`v`m`jamo kos 3=7 C mj :¼ por >7 y rjmoamjcamo por jxejso mc 9 pcsos pcrc jk :¼ crbõaèo. Jk 4¼ mc >7 C , pujmj cejptcrsj ua soko pcso (jstã ja jk kâb`tj) y pcrc kos =: C mj 33¼ poamrjbos otro pcso. Csâ pujs jk ktro c jkjd`r sjrâc ua ktro quj tjamrâc kc eoadurce`õa quj àmècbos ja kc ]cikc 0.: 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 904 ]cikc 0 :. - Eoadurce`õa mjk mjk ktro Crbõaèo Eorr`jatj Eorr`ja tj :¼ 3= 7 C 4¼ >7 C 33¼ =: C YJCE]@VC ]O]CK A¼ mj pcsos 9 3 3 Eorr`jat j bãx. Eorr`jatj bãx . 36 7 C >7 C >7 C Yjcet`v c Yjcet`vc >7 h v c r =7 h v c r =7 h v c r 36 7 h v cr C pcrt`r pcrt` r mj jstos mctos, mjijbos jkjd`r ua ktro, quj mj njeno ao jstã ja tcikc mj t`pos 0.5, pjro quj pomjbos eoadurcr eoa = pcsos mj >7 C. Jk t`po sjrâc FCY:-N6-=77-=x>7. Mjijrã àmècrsj cmjbãs quj kc eoadurce`õa mjsjcmc js 9 pcsos pcrc :ª crbõaèo, 3 pcso pcrc 4¼ y 3 pcso pcrc 33¼. 0.> Crbõaèos bükt`pkos mj 5 Js frjeujatj jaeoatrcr àstckceòajs eoa bukt`tum mj rjejptorjs boaofãsèos eoa rjet`ecmor mj jatrcmc. ]ck js jk ecso mj jm`eòs mj oeàcs, icaeos, jstumòs mj tjkjv`s`õa jte., moamj sj eoajetca kubàcr`cs, jqu`pos àforbãtèos, eãbcrcs, tjrbàckjs, fcx, jte. Cetuckbjatj jx`stja buenos rjejptorjs quj rjet`eca kc tjas`õa mj rjm r jm pcrc oitjajr tjas`õa eoatàuc y kujdo àstc sj oamukc c m`fjrjatj tjas`õa o frjeujae`c. Jbpjzcamo por kos uorjsejatjs quj usca rjcetcae`cs jkjetrõaècs, kos s`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa mj kãbpcrcs mj mjsecrdc y ack`zcamo por tomo t`po mj jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos, js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj quj kos rjejptorjs boaofãsèos djajrja crbõaèos. Kcs àstckceòajs eoa jstj t`po mj rjejptorjs prjsjatca uac proikjbãtèc pjeuk`cr, yc quj sj djajrca crbõaèos mj ormja mj trjseorr`jatj y sus bükt`pkos, quj subcmos ja jk eoamuetor ajutro ja forbc nobopokcr, tckcpcrjeja eobo bujstrc kc durc 0.35 (Vjr cpcrtcmo 9.37). crbõaèos eoa a 2 h.5 :7 Nz y crbõaèos eoa a ≧ h.5 ]rcasforbcmor ]rcasfo rbcmor mj m`strìue`õa 997 V fcsj - ajutro K3 K9 K5 A WJ 0 F`d. 0.35.- Uubc mj eorr`jatjs eorr`jatjs mj ormja trjs y bükt`pkos, ja jk eoamuetor ajutro ajutro tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 90> Ja kcs e`tcmcs àstckceòajs pujmj mcrsj jk ecso pcrcmõlèo mj quj kc eorr`jatj ja jk ajutro sjc àekuso supjròr c kc mj kcs fcsjs, àekuso ja jk ecso mj ua rjpcrto pjrfjeto mj ecrdcs jatrj jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. Jsto sujkj oecsòacr oecsòacr m`spcros àtjbpjst`vos mj m`spos`t`vos mj protjee`õa bcdajtotàrbèos y soirjeckjatcb`jato soirjeckjatcb `jato mjk eoamuetor ajutro mj mèncs àstckceòajs. Kc durc 6.30 bujstrc uac bjm`mc tâpèc ja uac fcsj mj uac mj jstcs àstckceòajs. Wujmj oisjrvcrsj kc jkjvcmc propore`õa mj tjrejr crbõaèo ja kc eorr`jatj. ]jas`õa F3< 99: (V) ]NM< 9.7>% 533 7 -533 Vrbs< 996 (V) ]NM< 9.7>% 9 7.70% 5 3.34% = 7.7:% : 3.:9% V3< 99: (V) 6 4 > 35 7.3>% 3= 7.76% 3: 7.30% 7.7=% 7.65% 7.7=% 0 37 33 39 7.94% 7.75% 7.96% 7.70% Eorr`jatj Eorr`ja tj F3< 37> (C) (C ) ]NM< 5:.=5% 97> 7 -933 @rbs< 336 (C) @3< 37> (C) ]NM< 5:.=5% 9 3.96% 0 7.33% 5 54.4=% 37 7.33% = 7.60% 33 7.9=% : 9.>=% 39 7.7>% 6 4 > 7.95% 7.>:% 7.3>% 35 7.79% 3= 7.36% 3: 7.93% F`d. 0.3=.- ]jas`õa ]jas`õa y eorr`jatj ja uac àstckce`õa eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj 5r crbõaèo Eoa ua ktro mj cisore`õa, eobo kos mjser`tos ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr, sj pujmja ktrcr kos crbõaèos ecrcetjrâstèos ecrcetjrâstèos djajrcmos djajrcmos por ecrdcs tr`fãsècs jqu`kìrcmcs jqu`kìrcmcs (:¼, 4¼, 33¼, 33¼, jte.). Ao oistcatj jstos ktros ao soa buy rjeobjamcikjs rjeobjamcikjs pcrc ktrcmo mjk tjrejr crbõaèo , yc quj su or`dja, cpcrtj mj kcs ecrdcs boaofãsècs, pujmj sjr kc scturce`õa mj ckdüa trcasforbcmor mj ck`bjatce`õa y jk njeno mj f`ktrcrko supoamrâc ua eortoe`reu`to c kc frjeujae`c mj mèno crbõaèo , jbpjorcamo por tcato kc s`tuce`õa. Kc jk`bàce`õa mj crbõaèos bükt`pkos mj trjs sj sujkj kkjvcr c ecio bjm`catj trcasforbcmorjs mj c`skcb`jato ja eoajx`õa eoaoe`mos eobo trcasforbcmorjs ‛M-y sjpcrcmorjs‒, tcbi`àa bjm`catj ktrosM-y, mj ikoqujo, o bjm`catj trcasforbcmorjs ja eoajx`õa z`d-zcd. 0.0 ]rcasforbcmorjs M-y sjpcrcmor sjpcrcmorjs js E@YEZ]OY m`spoaj, por jljbpko, mj kos f`ktros ]UC forbcmos por ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor M-y eoa ua f`ktro cmèòack quj cbort`duc jk quàto crbõaèo. Za jsqujbc mj pràe`pò pujmj vjrsj ja kc durc 0.3:. 997 V fcsj - fcsj K3 K9 K5 A F@K]YO AE WJ 0 ]UC trcasforbcmor mj c`skcb`jato (`bpjmcae`c àfà`tc c kos crbõaèos h.5) F`d. 0.3:.- Jsqujbc mj pràe`pò mj ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor sjpcrcmor M-y tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 900 0.0.3 Jbpkczcb`jato y eãkeuko mj potjae`c Js `bportcatj quj jk sjpcrcmor M-y jstà uiècmo ko bãs prõx`bo posìkj c kcs ecrdcs, por ko quj ao sj rjeob`jamca ktros ejatrck`zcmos pcrc potjae`cs drcamjs, sào bãs i`ja ktros ktros mj bjaor potjae`c potjae`c prõx`bos c kos ejatros ejatros mj eoasubo ja boaofãsèo. Ja eucato c su m`bjasòacmo, kos trcasforbcmorjs M-y v`jaja ecrcetjr`zcmos por su potjae`c ja hVC. Wcrc eoaoejr kc eorr`jatj quj soa ecpcejs mj subà`strcr, mjij cpkècrsj ua fcetor mj eorrjee`õa quj mjpjamj mjk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kc ecrdc , àekuyjamo kos crbõaèos. Wcrc `kustrcr jk eãkeukoWcrc tobcrjbos jljbpko ua trcasforbcmor ]UC mj E@YEZ]OY. eckeukcr eobo kc potjae`c aobàck eoaoe`jamo kcsjpcrcmor eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck y kos porejatcljs mj crbõaèos prjv`stos mjij cpkècrsj kc s`du`jatj fõrbukc< U 2 a 5 Z @ E 3 ∓ (a a23 %@ a )9 377 2 5Z @ FU E 3 (0.35) Moamj ZE js kc tjas`õa jatrj fcsjs mj sjeuamcrò (nci`tuckbjatj 957 V) , @ 3 js kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck , a js jk ormja mjk crbõaèo, %@a js jk % mj crbõaèo a (@aekuyjamo kos kos bükt`pkos mj 5 quj sj vca c ktrcr) y FU js jk fcetor mj soirjecrdc. FU 2 a %@ (0.3=) a )9 ∓ (a a23 377 ]cikc 0.6.- Mctos Jljbpko < Mj i j bo s m `bj a sò a c r u a ]U C p c rc ck`bjatcr ua eoaluato mj ormjacmorjs rjpcrt`mos ja vcr`cs fcsjs c 997V. Njbos bjm`mo kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj eoa ua CY: ja bomo .c:` y njbos oitja`mo kc tcikc quj sj àmèc ck bcrdja pcrc uac mj kcs fcsjs. Ja ecso mj ràd`bja mjsjqu`kìrcmo 9 5 = : 6 4 > @rbs<:>.= (C) @3< :6.9 :6.9 (C) (C) ]NM< 56.46% 5.96% 0 9.=0% 57.>=% 37 3.74% 33 3.::% 7.0=% 95.69% 39 9.95% 3.77% 35 3.5:% =.:4% 3= 3.94% 3: 3.77% 7.47% sj tobcrã kc mj bcyor eorr`jatj. 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 577 0.0.9 Eãkeuko mjk fcetor mj soirjecrdc< Kc tcikc 0.4 bujstrc kos eãkeukos icscmos ja kos mctos mj kc tcikc 0.6. ]cikc 0.4.- Eãkeukos % @a a 377  %@a  a   377  9 3 3 3 9 7. 7 59 6 7 . 77 =9 :37 = 5 7. 5 7>= 7 . >: :00 :7 = = 7. 7 70= 7 . 77 3=3 54 6 : 6 7. 9 569 7 . 73 3 . 50 =46 3 7 . 77 56 4 7 . 7= :4 7. 379 55 673 > 7 . 77 4 7. 775 35 6 0 7 . 79 =0 7. 7:7 997 >3 37 7 . 73 74 7.733==0 33 7 . 73 :: 7. 790 747 9: 39 7 . 79 95 7. 743 670 46 35 7 . 73 5: 7. 757 >77 9: 3= 7 . 73 94 7. 753 639 >= 3: 7 . 73 7. 799 : a FCE]OY MJ UOIYJECYDC %@ a ∓ ( a 377 ) 9 3,07 3 Jk rjsuktcmo js ua fcetor mj soirjecrdc mj 3,0. Jstj fcetor àmècrâc quj kc potjae`c ajejscr`c ja hVC sjrã 3,0 vjejs bcyor quj s` kc eorr`jatj fujsj sõko kc fuamcbjatck. Kc potjae`c ajejscr`c ja aujstro ecso sjrâc < U(hVC)2 5 Z a @ E 3 ∓ (a 3 %@ a )9 377 2 3,459 ´ 997 ´:6 ,9 ´3,0 ≊ =7,6 hVC 0.0.5 Eãkeuko mj kc eorr`jatj cmb`sìkj ja ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor Jstj eãkeuko ao js bãs quj jk ja àvjrso mjk ecso catjròr. Uj trctc eoaoejr euãk js kc eorr`jatj cmb`sìkj ua trcasforbcmor sjpcrcmor mj mj potjae`c U eoaoe`mc, nci`jamo cack`zcmo jk eoatja`mo mj crbõaèos mj kc eorr`jatj quj mjij subà`strcr. Uj rjsujkvj cpkècamo kc jeuce`õa (0.3:)< @ 0 3 U 2 (0.3:) 5 Ze FU Moamj ZE js kc tjas`õa jatrj fcsjs mj sjeuamcrò (nci`tuckbjatj 9577 V), @3 js kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck y FU js jk fcetor mj soirjecrdc, eckeukcmo sjdüa sj nc v`sto ja jk cpcrtcmo catjròr. tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 573 Jljbpko< ¿Suà eorr`jatj js ecpcz mj mcr ua ]UC mj =7 hVC euyc ecrdc t`jaj ua eoatja`mo mj crbõaèos eobo jk àmècmo ja kc tcikc 0.6? Eckeukcrâcbos jk FU `duck quj ko njbos njeno ja jk jljbpko catjròr (tcikc 0.4). ]obcbos por tcato jk rjsuktcmo mj 3,0 oitja`mo ckkâ y cpkècbos kc jeuce`õa (0.3:) @ 3 2 U 5 Z FU e 2 =7.777 3,459 ´ 997 ´ 3,0 2 ::,9 C 0.37 F`ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro Kos ktros mj ikoqujo ja ajutro pcrc jk tjrejr crbõaèo, soa ktros KE m`sjócmos pcrc kc rjmuee`õa mj eorr`jatjs mj tjrejr crbõaèo y crbõaèos bükt`pkos mj 5 ja djajrck quj rjtoraca por jk ajutro mj kcs àstckceòajs tr`fãsècs. Jk ktro jstã icscmo ja ua e`reu`to KE pcrckjko, eobo jk quj bujstrc kc d. 0.36. Uj trctc mj ua KE pcrckjko sàtoa`zcmo c frjeujae`c prõx`bc ck tjrejr crbõaèo, eoa ko euck su `bpjmcae`c sj ncej bãx`bc c kcs frjeujae`cs prõx`bcs c mèno crbõaèo. A9 A3 FI5 F`d. 0.36.- Jsqujbc mj pràe`pò pràe`pò mj ua ktro mj ikoqujo ja ajutro Jk jsqujbc mj cpkèce`õa js jk quj bujstrc kc d 0.34. Oisàrvjsj quj jk ktro sj àtjreckc ja jk eoamuetor ajutro. Wcajk mj m`strìue`õa @ecrdc K3 K9 K5 A A3 FI5] A9 F`d. 0.34.- Jsqujbc mj cpkèce`õa cpkèce`õa mj ua ktro mj ikoqujo ja ajutro 0 Eobo ijajeò cmèòack sj t`jaj quj pcrc kos crbõaèos mj ormja supjròr c 5, jk ktro sj cócmj uac pjqujóc `bpjmcae`c. Kcs vjatclcs mj jbpkjo mjk kos ktros mj ikoqujo soa< tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 579 • Yjmuee`õa mjk tjrejr crbõaèo ncstc ua 07% • Yjmuee`õa cprje`cikj mj otros crbõaèos • Yjmuee`õa mj kc eorr`jatj mjk ajutro cisori`mc • M`sbàue`õa mj pàrm`mcs ja kc àstckce`õa. • Yjmuee`õa mj àtjrfjrjae`cs • Bjlorc mjk fcetor mj potjae`c Ao oistcatj, jstj t`po mj ktros prjsjatc ua àeoavja`jatj< ja ecso mj eoasubos mjsjqu`kìrcmos pujmj mcr tjasòajs fcsj-ajutro mjsjqu`kìrcmcs y oecsòacr soirjtjasòajs ja ckduac fcsj y, cmjbãs, sujkj djajrcr m`stors`õa mj kc tjas`õa c c kc jatrcmc mj kos rjejptorjs. 0.33 F`ktros cet`vos Kos ktros cet`vos soa jqu`pos icscmos ja eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c eoabutcmos, eoa bomukce`õa mj caeno mj pukso WTB y quj t`jaja por b`s`õa kc mj ecaejkcr kos crbõaèos mj tjas`õa y / o eorr`jatj prjsjatjs ja uac mjtjrbàcmc kâajc. Wujmja m`stàdu`rsj mos t`pos< c) F`ktros sjr`j i) F`ktros pcrckjko Jk oiljt`vo mjk ktro sjr`j js jk mj bjlorcr jk subà`stro mj tjas`õa quj rjeìj kc ecrdc, eorr`d`jamo kcs pjrturiceòajs proejmjatjs mjk kcmo mj rjm. Kos ktros sjr`j pjrb`tja eorrjd`r iclcs tjasòajs y ose`kceòajs mj tjas`õa (fkèhjr) y ckduaos crbõaèos mj ormja iclo, cuaquj ja cpkèceòajs tckjs eobo sokmcmurcs, drücs, noraos mj àmuee`õa eoa ràd`bja buy uetucatj, jte. , jk èhjr pujmj sjr jk`bàcmo, tcbi`àa, bjm`catj drupos jstãtèos mj eobpjasce`õa mj fcetor mj potjae`c doijracmos por t`r`storjs. Kc durc 0.3> bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj pràe`pò mj ua ktro cet`vo sjr`j. Eobo pujmj vjrsj sj icsc ja kc subc o rjstc mj tjas`õa ja sjr`j eoa kc mj rjm, ck oiljto mj eorrjd`r kcs pjrturiceòajs catjs àmècmcs. YJM MJ CK@BJA]CE@ÕA CK@BJA]CE@ÕA ECYDCU CWKE EOA]YOK 0 EOA]YOK MJ ]JAU@ÕA F`d. 0.3>.- F`ktro cet`vo sjr`j tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 575 Kc fuae`õa mj ua ktro pcrckjko js m`sbàu`r kos crbõaèos mj eorr`jatj quj sj v`jrtja c kc rjm mj ck`bjatce`õa mji`mos c ecrdcs ao kàjckjs. Uu pràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato sj icsc ja àyjetcr c kc rjm uac eorr`jatj tck quj subcmc c kc mj kc ecrdc promuzec ua totck ja rjm, kìrj mj pjrturiceòajs y ja fcsj eoa kc tjas`õa. Ja mja`t`vc, uac eorr`jatj quj v`stc mjsmj rjm mà ua fcetor mj potjae`c ua`mcm. Wcrc opt`b`zcr su tcbcóo kos ktros pcrckjko sujkja eobiàcrsj eoa ictjrâcs jstãtècs, tck eobo bujstrc jk jsqujbc s`bpk`ecmo mj kc durc 0.30. Ja mènc eobiàce`õa kc ictjrâc jstãtèc eobpjasc jk mjsfcsj mj kc eobpoajatj fuamcbjatck y jk ktro pcrckjko eobpjasc kc m`stors`õa crbõaèc, àyjetcamo uac oamc eobo kc quj quj bujstrc kc durc 0.97, c tâtuko mj jljbpko. jljbpko. YJM MJ CK@BJA] CK@BJA]CE@ÕA CE@ÕA ECYDCU CWKE ]UE MJ a WCUOU EOA]YOK EOA]YOK EOA]YOK MJ EOYY@JA]J YJDZKCMOY MJ FCE]OY MJ WO]JAE@C F`d. 0.30.- F`ktro cet`vo pcrckjko eobiàcmo eobiàcmo eoa eoa eobpjascmor eobpjascmor jstãtèo mj rjcet`vc 35: Eorr`jatj mjsjcmc ja rjm Eorr`jatj mj ecrdc -35: 35: 0 Eorr`jatj mjk f`ktro -35: 377 bs 337 bs 397 bs 357 bs 3=7 bs F`d. 0.97.- Wràe`pò mj fuaeòacb`jato mj ua ktro cet`vo pcrckjko. pcrckjko. tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 57= 0.39 Eobpjascmorjs jstãtèos eoa ktro Ja jk cpcrtcmo 5.37 sj jxpkècroa yc kcs vjatclcs mj kos jqu`pos jstãtèos pcrc eobpjascr kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc ja ecrdcs eoa ua eoasubo buy uetucatj. Ja buenos ecsos, kos eobpjascmorjs eobpjascmorjs jstãtèos eoas`duja m`sbàu`r m`sbàu`r mrãstècbjatj kcs puatcs mj eoasubo mji`mcs c bãquàcs mj sokmcr, drücs, noraos mj àmuee`õa, o àekuso kcs mji`mcs ck crrcaquj mj botorjs csâaeroaos, kodrcamo eoa jkko uac rjmuee`õa mrãstèc mjk èhjr ja kc rjm quj mjij soportcr jstcs puatcs mj eoasubo. ]ck eobo sj m`lo ja jk cpcrtcmo 0.:, s` kc rjm ja kc quj mjij àstckcrsj ua jqu`po jstãtèo t`jaj ua ]NM ja tjas`õa supjròr c 9,: c 5%, mjijbos pjascr ja kc eokoece`õa mj uapujmja ktro mjjqu`pcrsj rjenczo. Kos mj rjsuktcamo fcetor mj potjae`c eoa ktro mj rjenczo eoa eobpjascmorjs bcaòirc jstãtèc, kos jqu`pos jstãtèos eoa ktro t`po FYJ (E@YEZ]OY) o s`b`kcrjs. Mjsmj ua puato mj v`stc jkàetrèo, kos eobpjascmorjs jstãtèos eoa ktro soa `màatèos c ua jqu`po eoavjaeòack mj eobpjasce`õa mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc, eoa mos pcrtèukcr`mcmjs< • Kos àtjrruptorjs jstãtèos • Kcs rjcetcae`cs mj ktro Jk jsqujbc mj kc durc 0.93, bujstrc kos jkjbjatos jsjae`ckjs mj ua pcso mj ua jqu`po jstãtèo. Wcrc bcyor aübjro mj pcsos, sj tjamrãa jsqujbcs caãkodos c kos bostrcmos, ecmc uao mj jkkos doijracmo por uac sck`mc m`stàtc mjk rjdukcmor EOBWZ]JY. Ecmc ikoquj mj àtjrruptorjs jstãtèo eoastc mj mos pcrtjs < (Vàcsj kc durc 0.99 ) • Ikoquj mj potjae`c jstãtèo, IWJ • Wkcec mj eoatrok EWEb o EWE5` 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 57: ] U C F Y O M C K Z D J Y 0 F`d. 0.93.- Jsqujbc mj ua jqu`po jqu`po jstãtèo eoa ktros tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 576 0.39.3 Ikoquj mj Wotjae`c Jstãtèo (IWJ) Jstj ikoquj eoat`jaj mos t`r`storjs por fcsj y jk rcm`cmor mj rjfr`djrce`õa. Jk eckìrj mj kos eobpoajatjs mj potjae`c js jk cmjeucmo c kc potjae`c mjk eoamjascmor quj mjija bcaòircr. K3 K9 K5 eobputjr...f Eob CE] EOB Ck`bjatce`õa C3 Cux`k`cr C9 WKCEC MJ EOA]YOK Z3 V3 T3 EWE Z9 V9 T9 Y Y Y V3 Z9 Z3 V9 IWJ T3 T9 EOAMJAUCMOYJU F`d. 0.99.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs mj mj ua pcso tr`fãsèo eoa àtjrruptor jstãtèo 0.39.9 Wkcec mj Eoatrok mj Wcso por Ejro t`po EWEb Ecmc àtjrruptor jstãtèo t`jaj uac pkcec mj eoatrok EWEB o EWE5` quj eoatrokc kc eoajx`õa y mjseoajx`õa c pcso por ejro mj ua drupo mjk ktro (K-E) . Kc pkcec jxtrcj mj rjm kcs sjóckjs mj sàeroa`sbo sàeroa`sbo pcrc eoatrokcr kc eoajx`õa eoajx`õa mj ecmc fcsj fcsj ck pcso por ejro mj tjas`õa y rjeìj kc ormja mj eoajx`õa o mjseoajx`õa c trcvàs mj kos tjrbàckjs EOB y CE] , eoajetcmos c uac mj kcs sck`mcs jstãtècs mjk rjdukcmor EOBWZ]JY FCU]EOB. ]cato kcs sjóckjs mj sàeroa`sbo eobo kcs mj ejicmo , jatrj kct`po pkcec EWEb y kos t`r`storjs , sj trcasb`tja c trcvàs mj optoceopkcmorjs o c trcvàs mj trcasforbcmorjs mj `bpuksos, mj forbc quj kos e`reu`tos jkjetrõaèos mj eoatrok jstãa c`skcmos dckvãaècbjatj mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c. 0 Jx`stj tcbi`àa kc posì`k`mcm mj bcamo fcsj-fcsj o tr`fãsèo doijracamo kc EWE c trcvàs mj ua ecack YU-=>:. Ja jstj ecso mjij uscrsj kc EWE5` y ua rjdukcmor mj kc sjr`j eobputjr +. tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 574 K3 K9 K5 A =77 V CE UZWWKP B O E 3 9 5 E E E 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 Uck`mcs àm`v`muckjs (a+3) ecikjs ] U J ] EOB Ea M J F D EOB CE] EOB CK3 =77V 9D9 3D9 9D3 9H3 3H3 5H9 9H9 3H9 3D3 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 5D9 5D3 5H3 ] U J ] EOB K EOB Ea CK3 E 957V M J F D EOB CE] EOB CK3 =77V 5D9 9D9 3D9 9D3 9H3 3H3 5H9 9H9 3H9 3D3 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 5D3 5H3 ] U J ] EOB K EOB Ea CK3 E 957V M J F D EOB CE] EOB CK3 =77V 9D3 9H3 5D3 5H3 EOB K CK3 E 957V 7V 7V 7V EWE5`-xB] Bcamo ]r`fãsèo EWE5`-xB] Bcamo ]r`fãsèo EWE5`-xB] Bcamo ]r`fãsèo Ikoquj mj potjae`c 5D9 9D9 3D9 3H3 5H9 9H9 3H9 3D3 Ikoquj mj potjae`c Ikoquj mj potjae`c F`d. 0.95 - M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs ikoqujs mj uac ictjrâc mj mj 5 pcsos eoa àtjrruptor jstãtèo eoa bcamo por rjdukcmor eoa sck`mcs jstãtècs y bjm`mc mj ua soko FE 0.39.5 Wkcec mj Eoatrok mj Wcso por Ejro t`po EWE5` Jstc js uac pkcec mj mjscrrokko bãs cvcazcmo, prjpcrcmc pcrc opjrcr eoaluatcbjatj eoa rjdukcmorjs mj FW quj pujmca trcasb`t`r kcs ormjajs mj eoajx`õa c trcvàs mj ua ecack mj eobuaèceòajs YU-=>: y bjm`catj ua protoeoko BOMIZU. Za jljbpko mj jstj t`po mj eoatrok ko vjbos ja kc d. 0.9=. Jstj t`po mj eoatrok cmb`tj cmjbãs jk eoatrok àmjpjam`jatj fcsj-fcsj. K3 K9 K5 =77 V CE UZWWKP eosφ27,> + NUU U YY eobputjr+ YU-=>: (5 ecikjs) 3H9 3D9 3H3 3D3 9H9 9D9 9H3 9D3 5H9 5D9 5H3 5D3 UN YU+ YU- UN YU+ YUEOB CK3 =77 V 957 V 7V EWE5`-xYU 0 9H9 3D9 9D9 5H9 5D9 3D3 9D3 5D3 3H3 9H3 5H3 EOB CML C I E M J 3H9 K CK3 E Ikoquj mj potjae`c F`d. 0.9=.- M`cdrcbc mj ikoqujs ikoqujs mj ua pcso tr`fãsèo eoa àtjrruptor àtjrruptor jstãtèo eoa bcamo YU-=>: y protoeoko BOMIZU tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 57> 0.39.= Yjs`stjae`cs mj mjsecrdc ja jqu`pos jstãtèos eoa ktro Ja ua jqu`po jstãtèo eoa ktro, kc tjas`õa c kc euck sj ecrdc jk eoamjascmor js bcyor quj kc prop`c tjas`õa mj rjm mji`mo c kc rjcetcae`c sjr`j. Eoaerjtcbjatj ja ktros eoa p24% , jk vckor mj erjstc ck euck sj ecrdc jk eoamjascmor mjspuàs mj kc mjseoajx`õa js mjk ormja mj ua 4% supjròr ck vckor mj erjstc mj kc prop`c rjm. Jsto ncej quj s` sj prjtjamj uac rjeoajx`õa buy àbjm`ctc mjspuàs mj kc mjseoajx`õa , mjic mjsecrdcrsj jstj 4% cmèòack, pujs ja ecso eoatrcrò kc eoatrokcmorc EWEb `bpjm`rã kc rjeoajx`õa ncstc vjr quj sj `duckca kc tjas`õa mj rjm y kc mjk eoamjascmor, pcrc rjspjtcr kc eoajx`õa c pcso por ejro. Kcs pkcecs EWE5` nca s`mo m`sjócmcs prje`scbjatj pcrc jk`bàcr jstj proikjbc, yc quj sj nca motcmo mj ua s`stjbc àtjk`djatj mj eoatrok quj b`mj jk àstcatj mj bâa`bc tjas`õa. 0.39.: Jqu`pos mj ktros boaofãsèos Ckduacs ecrdcs boaofãs` boaofãsècs ecs eobo jqu`pos mj sokmcmur sokmcmurcc y otros, cisorija uac eorr`jatj uetucatj sõko jatrj mos fcsjs. Kc eobpjasce`õa mj jstos jqu`pos ao pujmj sjr dkoick , sào quj sj rjqu`jrj jk jbpkjo mj jqu`pos mj eobpjasce`õa jstãtèos, eoa ktro, boaofãsèos. Jstos jqu`pos pujmja doijracrsj eoa ua rjdukcmor EOBWZ]JY quj cmb`tc fuaeòacb`jato ja boaofãsèo o m`rjetcbjatj eoa ua eoatceto mjk eoatrokcmor mj kc ecrdc. Ja ecso mj bãquàcs mj sokmcr, sokmcr, por jljbpko, sj tobc ua eoatceto kìrj mj tjas`õa mjk jqu`po mj sokmcmurc , quj e`jrrj ecmc vjz quj ncy quj sokmcr. Kc ecmjae`c pujmj sjr tca rãp`mc eobo rjqu`jrc kc ecrdc, pjro ncymj quj tjajr ja eujatc quj kc prjsjae`c mj ,ktro rjqu`jrj rjs`stjae`cs mj mjsecrdc iclo vckor, pcrc cpkèceòajs rãp`mcs tck eobo sj nc jxpkècmo catjròrbjatj. Kcs pkcecs EWE5` nca s`mo m`sjócmcs prje`scbjatj pcrc jk`bàcr jstj proikjbc, yc quj sj nca motcmo mj ua s`stjbc àtjk`djatj mj eoatrok quj jadcaenc kc pr`bjrc vjz cüa eoa m`fjrjae`cs mj tjas`õa mjk ormja mj 377V. ]ja`jamo ja eujatc quj jk e`reu`to kkjvc uac rjcetcae`c jsto ao ecusc aàdüa t`po mj trcas`torò caorbck. 0.35 Eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc ja s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos Ja kcs rjmjs àtjracs mj kcsfujrtjbjatj àstckceòajs àmustr`ckjs Eoatrìuyja js ecmc vjz bãs frjeujatj jaeoatrcr eoasubos mjsjqu`kìrcmos. c mèno mjsjqu`kìrò mos t`pos mj ecrdcs< Wor ua kcmo kcs ecrdcs jatrj fcsj y ajutro y por otro kcmo ecrdcs boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y fcsj. Kos jfjetos bãs `bportcatjs mj mènos mjsjqu`kìròs soa mj mos t`pos< 0 c) Eorr`jatjs mj ajutro jkjvcmcs (Eorr`jatj nobopokcr) i) Eorr`jatjs ja kcs fcsjs mjs`duckjs, eoa mjsfcsjs mjs`duckjs (Eobpoajatj àvjrsc) tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 570 Jk cubjato mj kc eorr`jatj mj ajutro por mjsjqu`kìrò js ua tjbc buy eoaoe`mo, pjro kos jfjetos mjk mjsjqu`kìrò mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj fcsj nca s`mo bjaos jstum`cmos. Mèno mjsjqu`kìrò m`sbàuyj s`da`ect`vcbjatj kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj. C tâtuko mj jljbpko, eoas`mjrjbos ua trcasforbcmor mj 3777 hVC. Jk m`sjóo sj nc njeno eoas`mjrcamo quj jstc potjae`c jstcrã rjpcrt`mc jatrj kcs trjs fcsjs. U` prjtjam`àrcbos ck`bjatcr eoa àk ua s`stjbc euycs ecrdcs jstuv`jrca tomcs jkkcs jatrj uac fcsj y ajutro o ecrdcs jatrj mos fcsjs, jv`mjatjbjatj ao pomrâcbos oitjajr 3777 hT, cuaquj jk fcetor mj potjae`c mj kcs ecrdcs fujsj kc ua`mcm (àekuyjamo eosφ + rjmuee`õa por crbõaèos). Csâ pujs kc potjae`c quj pomjbos oitjajr mj ua trcasforbcmor mjpjamj mj ckduac forbc mjk drcmo mj mjsjqu`kìrò mj kcs ecrdcs. Oisàrvjsj quj jk proikjbc t`jaj ua e`jrto pcrckjk`sbo eoa jk mjk fcetor mj potjae`c. Ja jfjeto, s` eoajetcbos c ua trcasforbcmor, eobo jk mjk jljbpko catjròr, mj 3777 hVC, ecrdcs eoa ua fcetor mj potjae`c àfjròr c kc ua`mcm, tcbpoeo pomjbos oitjajr kos 3777 hT. Jk jljbpko catjròr s`rvj pcrc poajr mj rjk`jvj quj jk mjsjqu`kìrò mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc, ck `duck quj ua fcetor mj potjae`c àfjròr c kc ua`mcm, eobportca ua uso àje`jatj mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa y trcasportj. Ja jk cpcrtcmo 9.37 sj jxpkècroa kos pràe`pòs tjõrèos mj kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos, sj mja`jroa kos eoje`jatjs mj mjsjqu`kìrò y mj cs`bjtrâc. Icsãamoaos ja jsto, c eoatàuce`õa sj propoaja sokueòajs pcrc bjlorcr kc je`jae`c mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa mj jajrdâc jkàetrèc bjlorcamo jk jqu`kìrò mj eoasubos y jk rjpcrto mj rjcet`vc ja kcs fcsjs. Kos mjsjqu`kìròs mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc t`jaja mos jfjetos< c) Yjmueja kc ecpce`mcm mj ecrdc y kc je`jae`c mj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa. i) Djajrca mjsjqu`kìròs mj kcs tjasòajs ja jk puato mj ceopko mj kos cioacmos. Wor tcato, mji`mo c jstj jfjeto kos mjsjqu`kìròs mj uac àstckce`õa propcdca sus jfjetos c otrcs àstckceòajs vjeàcs. Yjspjeto ck pr`bjr puato, quj js jk quj bãs aos àtjrjsc ja jstj pãrrcfo, ecij mje`r quj ja buencs àstckceòajs cetuckjs sj cejatüc jk a`vjk mj mjsjqu`kìrò mji`mo c kc prjsjae`c mj mjtjrbàcmcs ecrdcs quj tobca ck`bjatce`õa jatrj fcsj y ajutro (ecso eobüa ja jm`fèòs eobjre`ckjs o mj ofèàcs) o ecrdcs quj jstãa eoajetcmcs jatrj mos fcsjs (jk ecso bãs tâpèo soa kcs bãquàcs mj sokmcmurc y ckduaos t`pos mj noraos, cbios eoa potjae`cs buy s`da`ect`vcs). Kc eoasjeujae`c mjm`bjasòacmos, jsto js quj kâajcs y trcasforbcmorjs mj m`strìue`õa, cpcrjatjbjatj i`ja soa àecpcejs mj subà`strcr kc potjae`c àstckcmc sà ecuscr proikjbcs mj soirjeckjatcb`jato, iclo rjam`b`jato, scturce`õa mj trcasforbcmorjs, jte. 0 Ja rjsubja, jk mjsjqu`kìrò mj kcs eorr`jatjs mj ecrdc nc mj sjr eoas`mjrcmo eobo uac ecusc bãs mj àje`jae`c mjk s`stjbc mj m`strìue`õa jajrdàtèc. Ja ecso mj mjsjqu`kìròs `bportcatjs, sj rjqu`jrja àstckceòajs (trcasforbcmorjs y ecikjs) bãs soirjm`bjasòacmcs y sj djajrca bcyorjs pàrm`mcs quj ja uac àstckce`õa mj `duck potjae`c eoa eoasubos jqu`kìrcmos. tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 537 0.35.3 Aujvcs tàeaècs mj eobpjasce`õa mj FW pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos Eobo njbos vja`mo jstum`camo ja ecpâtukos catjròrjs, jk s`stjbc ekãsèo mj eobpjasce`õa mj rjcet`vc y ktrcmo mj crbõaèos sj icsc ja jqu`pos quj eoajetca pcsos tr`fãsèos jqu`kìrcmos. Js frjeujatj àekuso quj jk rjdukcmor mj FW b`mc eorr`jatj sõko ja uac fcsj y rjdukj kc eobpjasce`õa supoa`jamo supoa`jamo quj jk s`stjbc js jqu`kìrcmo. Kc eoajx`õa mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c sj ncej bjm`catj eoatcetorjs (ictjrâcs eoavjaeòackjs) o bjm`catj t`r`storjs (ictjrâcs jstãtècs) ja jk ecso mj ecrdcs eoa ua pjrk mj eorr`jatj buy vcr`cikj eoa jk t`jbpo (drcamjs vcr`ceòajs ja eortos àtjrvckos mj t`jbpo). Kc d.0.95 bujstrc ua jsqujbc tâpèo mj eoajx`õa mj ua rjdukcmor pcrc eoatrok mj eos φ, b`m`jamo tjas`õa jatrj mos fcsjs y eorr`jatj mj uac sokc fcsj. Uj bujstrc sõko ua pcso mjk e`reu`to mj potjae`c, cuaquj jk jqu`po sj eobpoaj nci`tuckbjatj mj vcròs pcsos quj pjrb`t`râca kc rjdukce`õa ja ua s`stjbc jqu`kìrcmo. Wcrc s`stjbcs eoa ecrdcs buy mjsjqu`kìrcmcs jk jsqujbc mj kc d. 0.95 ao eoas`duj uac iujac rjdukce`õa mjk eos φ y pujmj promue`r uac eobpjasce`õa jrrõajc por vcròs bot`vos< Jk pr`bjro y bãs `bportcatj js quj kc eobpjasce`õa mjpjamj mj kc fcsj moamj sj b`mj kc eorr`jatj. Ujdüa sjc kc bãs ecrdcmc o kc bjaos ecrdcmc jk s`stjbc pujmj erjcr soirj-eobpjasce`õa o fcktc mj eobpjasce`õa c a`vjk dkoick, djajrcamo ja cbios ecsos pàrm`mcs àajejscr`cs y ecuscamo ua eoasubo mj jajrdâc rjcet`vc quj kujdo sjrã bot`vo mj ua rjecrdo ja kc fceturc mjk subà`stro jkàetrèo. Uupujsto quj sj b`mc ja trjs fcsjs y sj eobpjasj sjdüa ua vckor probjmò mj kc jajrdâc rjcet`vc bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs (F`d. 0.9=, sj eoas`duj uac aotcikj bjlorc, pjro jk s`stjbc mj eobpjasce`õa s`duj s`jamo `bpjrfjeto, yc quj sj ecrdc eoa uac rjcet`vc àajejscr`c ckduacs fcsjs y ao sj kkjdc c eobpjascr eobpkjtcbjatj otrcs. Wcrc sokueòacr jstos proikjbcs y cubjatcr kc je`jae`c mj kos s`stjbcs mj eobpjasce`õa mjk fcetor mj potjae`c E@YEZ]OY nc mjscrrokkcmo uac aujvc sjr`j mj rjdukcmorjs, mjaobàcmc eobputjr pkus, ecpcejs mj bjm`r y rjck`zcr kc eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck mj ecmc fcsj, tcato pcrc s`stjbcs moamj mobàca kcs ecrdcs ja jstrjkkc (fcsj ― ajutro) eobo pcrc s`stjbcs ja kos quj mobàca kcs ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko (tr`fãsècs o boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y fcsj). Kc f`d. 0.9= bujstrc ua jsqujbc pcrc ua pcso mj ua f`ktro, eoatrokcmo por t`r`storjs, t`r`stor js, ja eoadurce`õa tr`ãaduko, mj forbc quj pujmj eobpjascrsj ecmc fcsj àm`v`muckbjatj. Aõtjsj quj jstc eobpjasce`õa mjij ncejrsj s`jbprj eoa àtjrruptorjs jstãtèos. Ao pomrâc ncejrsj eoa eoatcetorjs, pujsto quj àstos eoajetca kcs trjs fcsjs c kc vjz. 0 Wcrc àstckceòajs moamj mobàca kcs ecrdcs boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y ajutro, kos pcsos pomrâca eoadurcrsj ja jstrjkkc y jk rjdukcmor b`m`jamo kc tjas`õa y eorr`jatj ja kcs trjs fcsjs y eobpjascamo ecmc uac àmjpjam`jatjbjatj. Ao oistcatj jstj s`stjbc rjsuktc uacs 5 vjejs bãs ecro quj uac eobpjasce`õa eoavjaeòack ja tr`ãaduko. Wor jkko jk s`stjbc eobputjr pkus pjrb`tj rjck`zcr kc eo eobp bpjj asc asce` e`õõ a j a t r`ã r`ãaa du du ko ko y c pk` pkèc ec u a c kd kd or` or`tt p cz cz mj mj jse jseoo dj dj r kc tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 533 eoajx`õa õpt`bc quj bà`b`zc kc eorr`jatj mj tomcs y ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, rjjqu`kìrc pcrtj mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs y eoas`duj jk bâa`bo mj pàrm`mcs y ja eoasjeujae`c kc bãx`bc je`jae`c ja kc àstckce`õa. 0.3= @ae`mjae`c mjk mjsjqu`kìrò mjsjqu`kìrò ja kos eostjs mj mj uac àstckce`õa mj subà`stro Kos eostjs mj uac àstckce`õa pcrc ck`bjatcr uac pkcatc àmustr`ck, ua jm`eò eobjre`ck, ua jm`fèò mj ofèàcs o mj v`v`jamcs, pomjbos m`v`m`rkos ja mos drcamjs eoaejptos< c) Eostj mj kc àfrcjstrueturc pcrc ck`bjatce`õa, iãsècbjatj trcasforbcmorjs y kâajcs mj m`strìue`õa. i) Eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc. Jk mjsjqu`kìrò mj ecrdcs àerjbjatc kos eostjs por cbios eoaejptos. Ja jfjeto, c ecusc mjk mjsjqu`kìrò sj mjij cubjatcr kc potjae`c aobàck mj kos trcasforbcmorjs y kc sjee`õa mj kos ecikjs, pujs kc eorr`jatj bãx`bc quj e`reukcrã por ckduac mj kcs fcsjs ja ecso mj mjsjqu`kìrò sjrã bcyor quj kc quj e`reukcrâc ja ecso mj ck`bjatcr ecrdcs jqu`kìrcmcs. C tâtuko mj jljbpko jljb pko ncdcbos ncdc bos ua sjae`kko eãkeuko pcrc uac ua c ecrdc mj 3 hVC ja mos ecsos< Ecso 3< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc por ua s`stjbc tr`fãsèo jqu`kìrcmo c =77 V. Jk eoasubo js mj 3,== C por fcsj, ja kcs trjs fcsjs. Ecso 9< Ecrdc ck`bjatcmc jatrj mos fcsjs. Jk eoasubo mj eorr`jatj js mj 9,: C ja mos fcsjs y ejro ja kc tjrejrc. Wor tcato ja jstj ecso mj mjsjqu`kìrò jxtrjbo pomjbos tjajr quj soirjm`bjasòacr kos ecikjs y jk trcasforbcmor ncstc ua 45%. Ja eucato ck eostj mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc, àstj tcbi`àa sj àerjbjatc ja kos s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos, mji`mo c kcs pàrm`mcs. U` tobcbos eobo jljbpko jk b`sbo ecso catjròr y kkcbcbos Y c kc rjs`stjae`c mj ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs, rjsuktcrãa uacs pàrm`mcs mj trcasportj quj sjrãa< Ecso 3< Wàrm`m Wàrm`mcs cs por hVC 9 5 fcsjs x (Y@ )2 5xYx3,==926,99 x Y wctòs por hVC Ecso 9< Wàrm`m Wàrm`mcs cs por hVC 9 9 fcsjs x (Y@ )2 9xYx9,:9239,: x Y wctòs por hVC Oisàrvjsj quj kcs pàrm`mcs soa prãetècbjatj jk moikj pcrc jk ecso jxtrjbo eoas`mjrcmo. 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 539 0.3=.3 Jljbpkos tâpèos Wcrc poajr mj bca`jsto kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa àm`v`muck fcsj-fcsj sj nc njeno ua jstumò mj mos ecsos tâpèos. Jk ecso 3 js uac àstckce`õa eoa ua eoaluato mj ecrdcs àmuet`vcs jqu`kìrcmcs ja tr`ãaduko y otrcs ecrdcs boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y fcsj, tcbi`àa àmuet`vcs, ck`bjatcmcs c =77 V / :7 Nz. Kos mctos mj potjae`cs, eorr`jatjs y pàrm`mcs catjs y mjspuàs mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj pujmja vjrsj ja kc tcikc 3. ]cikc 3.- Ecrdc ecso 3< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj-Fcsj Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) Fcsj 3 Fcsj Fcsj Fcsj 9 Fcsj Fcsj 5 ]ot otck ck Fcsj Fcsj 3 Fcsj Fcsj 9 Fcsj Fcsj 5 ]ot otck ck 40,5 ,5: : => =>,7 ,76 6 47, 7,0 06 30> 30>,5 ,54 4 49, 9,4 45 :4,70 ,70 6> 6>,: ,:= = 30>, >,5 54 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) 40,5: 47,06 Eorr`jatj (C) =>4,0 549,6: 549,6: Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 95>, 95 >,7: 7: 35 35>, >,>4 >4 35 35>, >,>4 >4 :3 :3:, :,4> 4> 37 377, 7,>= >= =>,76 30>,54 30 - 6,63 9,=9 -0,75 534,:: 9=>,=: 577,:0 63,4 63 ,45 5 07,5 07 ,5: : 7 9:9, 9: 9,09 09 Kc ]cikc 9 bujstrc kos rjsuktcmos mj eobpjasce`õa mj kc b`sbc ecrdc (ecso 3) ut`k`zcamo uac eobpjasce`õa icscmc ja kc potjae`c probjmò mj kcs trjs fcsjs. ]cikc 9.- Ecrdc ecso e cso 3< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjmò Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 Bàtomo probjm`cmo Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck ]ot otck ck Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) 40,5 ,5: : =>,7 => ,76 6 47, 7,0 06 30> 30 >,5 ,54 4 40, 0,5 5: =>,7 ,76 6 47,0 47 ,06 6 30>, >,5 54 Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) 40 4 0,5: 47,06 =>,76 30>,54 35,99 =,>= -3>,76 7 Eorr`jatj (C) =>4,0 549,6: 549,6: 5=0,4: 937,73 53>,5> - Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 95>, 95 >,7: 7: 35>, 35>,>4 >4 35>, 35>,>4 >4 :3:, :3:,4> 4> 399, 399,59 59 - ==,3 == ,37 7 373, 37 3,56 56 964, 964,40 40 Aõtjsj quj kc eobpjasce`õa mj FW fcsj c fcsj (tcikc 3), cpcrtj mj caukcr kc potjae`c rjcet`vc, eoas`duj ua jqu`kìrcmo mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs eoasub`mcs por ecmc uac mj kcs fcsjs y uac uac rjmuee`õa mj pàrm`mcs, ecs` c kc b`tcm. Ja jk ecso mj eobpjasce`õa por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjm`cmc (tcikc 5), eoa kc b`sbc ecrdcpjro mjk s`duj ecso 3, vjbos uac quj rjmuee`õa sj p`jrmj jk jfjeto mj jqu`kìrcmo mj potjae`cs cet`vcs, nci`jamo eoas`mjrcikj mj eorr`jatjs y mj pàrm`mcs. Ao oistcatj jk ecso 3 js ua ecso jspje`ckbjatj fcvorcikj pcrc kc eobpjasce`õa por probjmò. C eoatàuce`õa prjsjatcbos otro ecso (ecso 9) ja jk euck ncy uac ecrdc rjs`st`vc jatrj mos fcsjs, quj provoec uac soirjeobpjasce`õa ja uac mj kcs fcsjs. 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 535 ]cikc 5.- Ecrdc ecso 9< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 Fcsj-Fcsj ]ot otck ck Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) >4,4 >4 ,45 5 337 37,6 ,6= = 50,6 50 ,64 4 95>, 95 >,7: 7: >=,3 >= ,30 0 377, 37 7,0: 0: :9,0 :9 ,07 7 95>, 95 >,7: 7: Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) -3=,:9 :=,30 50,64 40,5: -94,4= 3>,76 0,6> 7 Eorr`jatj (C) 5>6,6= :5:,6: 9=5,0: Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 3=0, 3= 0,:7 :7 9> 9>6, 6,09 09 :0,: :0 ,:3 3 - 5>:,=3 ==:,09 955,>9 =0:, =0 :,05 05 3= 3=>, >,:= := 30 30>, >,>= >= :=,6 := ,64 4 =79, =7 9,7: 7: Ck `duck quj ja jk ecso 3, kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj-fcsj eoas`duj e oas`duj caukcr kc potjae`c potjae` c rjcet`vc totck y cmjbãs t`jaj ua jfjeto mj jqu`kìrcmo mj kcs potjae`cs cet`vcs (vjr tcikc 5). Kc eobpjasce`õa por potjae`c probjmò, cpkècmc c jstj ecso t`jaj ua jfjeto eoatrcrò ck mjsjcmo, pujs kc eorr`jatj mj uac mj kcs fcsjs cubjatc ja kudcr mj m`sbàu`r (vjr tcikc =). ]cikc =.- Ecrdc ecso 9< Yjsuktcmos mj kc eobpjasce`õa por jk bàtomo mj kc potjae`c probjmò Catjs mj eobpjascr Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck Mjspuàs mj eobpjascr Bàtomo probjm`cmo Fcsj Fc sj 3 Fc Fcsj sj 9 Fc Fcsj sj 5 ]ot otck ck Wotjae`c cet`vc (hT) >4,4 >4 ,45 5 337 37,6 ,6= = 50,6 50 ,64 4 95>, 95 >,7: 7: >4,4 >4 ,45 5 337 37,6 ,6= = 50,6 50 ,64 4 95>, 95 >,7: 7: Wotjae`c rjcet`vc (hvcr) -3=,:9 :=,30 50,64 40,5: -=7,04 94,4= 35,99 7 Eorr`jatj (C) Wàrm`mcs T (Y23 bΠ por fcsj) 5>6,6= :5:,6: 9=5,0: 3=0, 3= 0,:7 :7 9> 9>6, 6,09 09 :0,: :0 ,:3 3 =93,7 ,77 7 =0:,0= 3>3,>5 =0:, =0 :,05 05 34 344, 4,9= 9= 9= 9=:, :,0: 0: 55,7 55 ,76 6 =:6, =: 6,9: 9: Kos ecsos jstum`cmos pomjbos eoas`mjrcrkos tâpèos ja pkcatcs àmustr`ckjs, mõamj ko eobüa js kc eoajx`õa mj ecrdcs ja tr`ãaduko o ecrdcs boaofãsècs jatrj fcsj y fcsj (ecso mj kcs bãquàcs mj sokmcmurc, eoavjrt`morjs boaofãsèos, jte.). Wcrc jm`eòs mj oeàcs jk ecso sujkj sjr m`stàto, yc quj kcs ecrdcs sujkja jstcr jatrj fcsj y ajutro y kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj fcsj nc mj ncejrsj eoajetcamo kos eoamjascmorjs ja jstrjkkc. Jstc sokue`õa sujkj sjr bãs ecrc por kc ajejs`mcm mj cubjatcr jk tcbcóo mj kos eoamjascmorjs ck trciclcr jstos c bjaor tjas`õa. 0.3: Yjsubja C ko kcr kcrdo do mj jst jstjj ecpâ ecpâtuk tukoo njb njbos os jst jstum` um`cmo cmo jk fjaõ fjaõbjao bjao mj pro propcdc pcdce`õ e`õaa mj pjrturiceòajs ja kcs rjmjs jkàetrècs y kcs pràe`pckjs tàeaècs pcrc rjmue`rkcs. 0 Njbos v`sto quj ckduaos t`pos mj proikjbcs eobo jk mj cbpk`ece`õa mj kos crbõaèos por jfjeto mj kc rjsoacae`c soa pjrfjetcbjatj jv`tcikjs eoa ictjrâcs mj ktros mj rjenczo. Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj s` mj ko quj sj trctc js mj jk`bàcr tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 53= kos crbõaèos mj eorr`jatj, kc pr`bjrc pcrtj mj kc sokue`õa eoas`stj ja rjmue`r kos crbõaèos promue`mos por mjtjrbàcmos jqu`pos eoavjrt`morjs, c icsj mj rjcetcae`cs y ja uac sjduamc fcsj pujmj pjascrsj ja jk jbpkjo mj ktros mj cisore`õa, yc sjca pcs`vos o cet`vos. Uj nc v`sto tcbi`àa kc eoavja`jae`c mj cpkècr jqu`pos jstãtèos pcrc rjmue`r jk èhjr y quj buencs vjejs jstos jqu`pos nca mj `r ceobpcócmos mj ktros. Uj nca eobjatcmo tcbi`àa kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa eoa bjm`mc ja kcs trjs fcsjs pcrc s`stjbcs mjsjqu`kìrcmos o àekuso kcs vjatclcs mj kc eobpjasce`õa fcsj c fcsj eoa kc quj sj eoas`duj, cmjbãs, ua rjjqu`kìrò mj eoasubo. Njbos v`sto tcbi`àa quj mjtjrbàcmos t`pos mj ecrdcs provoeca bãs mj ua t`po mj pjrturice`õa. Csâ kos eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c sujkja promue`r crbõaèos, pjro tcbi`àa pjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c, pcrc kcs euckjs mjijbos pjascr ja jk jbpkjo mj ktros JB@. @as`st`bos uac vjz bãs ja ko `bportcatj quj js ncejr ua iuja m`cdaõstèo mjk proikjbc quj sj mjsjc sokueòacr pcrc eoaoejr jk t`po o t`pos mj ktro `mõajo pcrc jk`bàcr o pck`cr kcs pjrturiceòajs quj sj mjsjj. Wcrc jkko js prje`so cportcr mctos ko bãs jxncust`vos posìkj mj kc àstckce`õa y s`jbprj quj sjc posìkj jfjetucr bjmèòajs prjv`cs eoa kos àstrubjatos cmjeucmos, mjser`tos ja jk ecpâtuko catjròr catjròr.. Yjfjrjae`cs< X3R JB]W JB]W,, Jkjetrobcdajtè ]rcas`jats Wrodrcb 8 nttp<//www.jbtp.eob/ X9R ]nj BctnTorhs - BC]KCI cam U`bukàh for ]jenaèck ]jenaèck Eobputàd8 www.bctnworhs. eob X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-636=9, Yjmjs àmustr`ckjs mj eorr`jatj cktjrac cfjetcmcs por crbõaèos< Jbpkjo mj ktros y mj eoamjascmorjs c àstckcr ja pcrckjko, M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY 0 tàeaècs mj eobWjasce`õa y f`ktrcmo mj WjrturIceòajs 37 F@K F@K]YOU ]YOU WCYC WCYC EOAVJY]@MOYJU JU]Ã]@EOU 37.3 @atromueeòa Jk tàrbào eoavjrt`mor jstãtèo mj jajrdâc o eoavjrt`mor mj potjae`c sj usc pcrc mjs`dacr euckqu`jr jqu`po icscmo ja sjbèoamuetorjs mj potjae`c quj t`jaj eobo fuae`õa eoavjrt`r jajrdâc jkàetrèc eoa uacs mjtjrbàcmcs ecrcetjrâstècs mj forbc mj oamc, tjas`õa y frjeujae`c c otrc forbc moamj jstcs ecrcetjrâstècs vcrâca. Jk uso mj eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c sj nc djajrck`zcmo ükt`bcbjatj ja kos s`stjbcs jkàetrèos, tcato tcato ja cpkèceòajs àmustr`ckjs àmustr`ckjs eobo mobjstècs, mobjstècs, mji`mo c kc fce`k`mcm eoa quj kc potjae`c sj pujmj bca`pukcr c cktc frjeujae`c. Ao oistcatj, kos jfjetos sjeuamcròs mj kc eoajx`õa mj mènos eoavjrt`morjs c kc rjm, rjkceòacmos eoa kc djajrce`õa mj crbõaèos y JB@ c vjejs sj nca mjsjst`bcmo. Kc pokue`õa djajrcmc mc proikjbcs `bportcatjs mj mos t`pos< Wjrturiceòajs mj iclc frjeujae`c< Fkèhjr (mj 7,: c 57 Nz) y crbõaèos (:7 Nz c 9:77 Nz) • • Wjrturiceòajs mj cktc frjeujae`c< icamc C (0 hNz c 3:7 hNz) y icamc I (3:7 hNz c 57 BNz) Kc forbc bãs nci`tuck mj m`strìue`õa mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc js kc eorr`jatj cktjrac (E.C.) eoa tjasòajs m`vjrscs y frjeujae`cs mj :7 õ 67 Nz. Ao oistcatj kos eoasubos pujmja sjr ja eorr`jatj eoatàuc (E.E.) o ja forbc mj eorr`jatj cktjrac eoa m`stàtc tjas`õa y frjeujae`c. Wcrc eoavjrt`r kc jajrdâc c kc forbc rjqujr`mc por kcs m`stàtcs ecrdcs o àekuso pcrc jakczcr m`stàtcs fujatjs eoa m`stàtos vckorjs mj tjas`õa y/o frjeujae`c sj jbpkjca kos eoavjrt`morjs jstãtèos mj jajrdâc. Za rjsubja mj kos t`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs, sjdüa jk t`po mj eoavjrs`õa mjsjcmo ko pomjbos vjr ja kc F`d. 37.3. F`d. 37.3- ]`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 536 Cetu ckbj bjat atjj js jstã tãaa pr prok ok`f`f jr jrca camo mo ko koss rj rjej ejpt ptor orjs js qu qujj jb jbpk pkjc jcaa ck ckdü düaa t`t`po po mj Ce tuck eoavjrt`mor ja su ecmjac mj ck`bjatce`õa. Jbpjzcamo por kcs kubàcr`cs mj cktc jfè`jae`c, djajrckbjatj icscmcs ja uac kãbpcrc mj dcs ck`bjatcmc c cktc frjeujae`c, eoatàucamo por kos rjdukcmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm mj botorjs y kcs fujatjs mj ck`bjatce`õa ààtjrrubp`mcs (UC@), jte. ]omos jstos eoavjrt`morjs soa propjasos c djajrcr crbõaèos y pjrturiceòajs JB@ y rjqu`jrja ckdüa t`po mj ktrcmo, tcato ja jk kcmo mj rjm o kcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa ja djajrck eobo ja jk kcmo mj ecrdc. Jstj ecpâtuko ko mjmècrjbos mjmècrjbos ck jstumò mj jstj t`po mj ktros, quj mjaobàcbos djaàrècbjatj ‛ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs‒. Iãsècbjatj, por ko quj sj rjjrj c kc uièce`õa mj kos ktros pomjbos m`stàdu`r mos t`pos< • • F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo mj ck`bjatce`õa F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo mj ecrdc Wcrc eobprjamjr kc fuae`õa mj kos m`stàtos t`pos mj ktros mjijbos eoaoejr kcs jstrueturcs tâpècs mj kos eoavjrt`morjs. Jstcs jstrueturcs eobprjamja por ko djajrck uac jtcpc mj eoavjrt`mor E.C.-E.E. (rjet`fècmor) y otrc jtcpc mj eoavjrt`mor E.E.-E.C. (oamukcmor). U` kc ecrdc js ja E.E., kc jtcpc mjk oamukcmor ao jx`stj y kos ktros ja jk kcmo mj eoatàuc mjpjamja mj s` kc ecrdc js àmuet`vc (botor) o mj t`po f.j.b. (ecrdcmor mj ictjrâcs), o mj otrc âamokj. F`d. 37.9 Eoavjrt`mor tâpèo E.C./E.C.< Vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm pcrc botor mj E.C. Kcs F`durcs 37.9 c 37.6 bujstrca m`stàtos t`pos mj eoavjrt`morjs pcrc kcs cpkèceòajs bãs tâpècs. 37 F`d. 37.5- Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.C. eoa rjet`ecmor cet`vo (CFJ, cet`vj froat jam) jam) f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc F`d. 37.=- Eoavjrt`mor Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.E. eoa ecrdc àmuet`vc< Vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm pcrc botor mj E.E. 534 F`d. 37.:- Eoavjrt`mor E.C./E.E. eoa ecrdc àmuet`vc àmuet`vc eoa rjet`ecmor cet`vo (CFJ) (CFJ) F`d. 37.6- Eoavjrt`mor E.C.-E.E. E.C.-E.E. eoa ecrdc f.j.b. < Ecrdcmor mj ictjrâcs 37 Kos t`pos iãsèos mj f`ktros quj jstum`crjbos pcrc kcs jstrueturcs mj eoavjrt`morjs mjser`tcs catjròrbjatj sjrãa kos s`du`jatjs< f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 53> • F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj crbõaèos ja jk kcmo mj rjm mj rjet`ecmorjs (Yjcetcae`cs E.C., ktros KEK y Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj E.E.) • F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj JB@ ja jk kcmo rjm. • F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj r`zcmo ja jk kcmo ecrdc mj E.E (Yjcetcae`cs y ktros KE) JB@@ kcmo F`ktros pcrc kcmo ecrdc ja E.C (F`ktros Uàus, F`ktros mv/mt y F`ktros JB ecrdc) • 37.9 F`ktros pcrc rjmuee`õa mj crbõaèos ja jk kcmo rjm mj 37.9 rjet`ecmorjs Za drupo buy `bportcatj mj eoavjrt`morjs sj ceopkca c kc rjm bjm`catj ua rjet`fècmor ao eoatrokcmo, icscmo ja mòmos. Ja jk ecso mj rjm tr`fãsèc kc jstrueturc mjk rjet`ecmor js kc tâpèc mj 6 mòmos quj vjbos ja kcs F`durcs 37.9 y 37.=. Jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs djajrca kc tâpèc forbc mj oamc mj kc F`d. 37.4, quj t`jaj ua ckto eoatja`mo mj crbõaèos `bpcrjs y ao bükt`pkos mj 5. Kos crbõaèos mobàcatjs mobàcatjs pcrc jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs eoavjrt`morjs soa, eobo yc sj m`lo, kos mj ormja (h*6³3), js mje`r< ormja :, 4, 33, 35…. jte. F`d. 37.4.- Forbc mj mj oamc tâpèc mj mj ua rjet`ecmor mj 6 puksos eoajetcmo m`rjetcbjatj c rjm Kcs aorbcs X9R ― X5R k`b`tca jk bãx`bo eoatja`mo mj crbõaèos quj kcs ecrdcs mj uac àstckce`õa pujmja vjrtjr ja kc rjm y por tcato oik`dca c kc eokoece`õa mj ktros ja kcs ecrdcs catjs bjaeòacmcs. Kos t`pos mj ktros pcrc jstc fuae`õa soa iãsècbjatj trjs< 37 • Yjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.C. • F`ktros KEK • Yjcetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.E. f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 530 37.9.3 Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj rjm Kc rjcetcae`c mjk kcmo mj rjm sj ut`k`zc pcrc rjmue`r kos crbõaèos, pjro t`jaj cmjbãs jk jfjeto mj ctjaucr kos nujeos y kos pèos mji`mos c kc eoabutce`õa y c kc ecrdc àè`ck mjk eoamjascmor mjk kcmo mj E.E. Nci`tuckbjatj sj trctc mj rjcetcae`cs quj mca jatrj ua 5,:% y ua =% mj ecâmc mj tjas`õa c kc eorr`jatj fuamcbjatck aobàck. Eoastruet`vcbjatj mjija jstcr cmcptcmcs pcrc bà`b`zcr kcs pàrm`mcs por jfjeto Fouecukm y por n`stàrjs`s. Ja ecso mj eorr`jatjs mj rjm buy r`zcmcs eoa ]NM ja torao ck =7% o bãs, kcs rjcetcae`cs pjrb`tja fãe`kbjatj rjmue`r rjmue`r jstc tcsc c ua 9:%. Kc F`d. 37.> mc mc kc eobpcrce`õa mj kcs forbcs mj oamc mj ua rjet`ecmor eoajetcmo m`rjetcbjatj c rjm y jk b`sbo rjet`ecmor eoa uac rjcetcae`c mj =% c) Uà rjcetcae`c i) Eoa rjcetcae`c F`d. 37.>.- Forbc mmjj oamc mj kc eorr`jatj sà y eoa rjcetcae`c 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 597 37.9.9 F`ktros KEK Kos ktros KEK jstãa jspje`ckbjatj m`sjócmos pcrc jk`bàcr kos crbõaèos mj kc eorr`jatj cisori`mc por por eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c. potjae`c. Uj trctc mj ktros pcs`vos pcs`vos c icsj mj uac eobiàce`õa sjr`j-pcrckjko mj àmuetcae`cs y eoamjascmorjs tck eobo bujstrc jsqujbãtècbjat jsqujbãtècbjatjj kc F`d.4. Csâ pujs, kos ktros KEK soa ua pcso bãs cmjkcatj mj kc s`bpkj rjcetcae`c mj rjmuee`õa mj r`zcmo y jstãa m`sjócmos pcrc rjmue`r jk ]NM( @) c vckorjs àfjròrjs c ua 37%, mj forbc quj pjrb`tca eubpk`r eoa kcs aorbcs @JE-63777-5.= y @JJJ-:30 F`d. 37.0.- Jstrueturc Jstrueturc mj kos ktros KEK Eorr`jatj mj rjm sà jk ktro KEK (]NM(@) 2 =7%) Eorr`jatj mj rjm eoa jk ktro KEK (]NM(@ ); =%) 37 F`d. 37.37- Forbcs mj oamc oamc ja ua eoavjrt`mor, eoavjrt`mor, eoa y sà ktro KEK f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 593 ( Kee) 37.9.5 Yjcetcae`cs ja jk kcmo mj E.E. (K Ja jk ecso mj rjdukcmorjs c t`r`storjs pcrc botorjs mj E.E. (F`d.37.=), js prjfjrìkj eokoecr kc àmuetcae`c ja jk kcmo mj E.E. , pujs jsto bjlorc buy sjasìkjbjatj jk ]NM mj kc eorr`jatj y jv`tc kcs en`spcs mj eoabutce`õa ja jk eokjetor mjk botor. Jstj t`po mj proikjbcs, csâ eobo jk mj jxejso mj r`zcmo ja ckduaos eoavjrt`morjs mj frjeujae`c o UC@, pujmja rjsokvjrsj bjm`catj rjcetcae`cs boaofãsècs mj ktrcmo ja jk kcmo mj eoatàuc. Kc fõrbukc pcrc jk eãkeuko mj jstcs rjcetcae`cs js kc àmècmc ja (37.3) K 2 bà 9,4.Z s .@ .( p ∙ 3). F mbjm o (37.3) Moamj Zs js kc tjas`õa jecz jatrj fcsj y ajutro , @mbjm js kc eorr`jatj bjm`c ja jk kcmo mj eoatàuc , p js jk aübjro mj puksos mjk rjet`ecmor (9 ja jk ecso mj boaofãsèos y djajrckbjatj 6 ja jk ecso mj pujatjs tr`fãsèos) y Fo js jk fcetor mj oamukce`õa mjsjcmo ja kc eorr`jatj eoatàuc ktrcmc. @ ∙@ m bà F 2 m bcx o (37.9) 9. @ mbjm Aotc< Ja ecso mj quj jk rjet`ecmor ck`bjatj ua botor mj eorr`jatj eoatàuc mjijrã mjseoatcrsj mj Kbà kc prop`c àmuetcae`c mj àmue`mo mjk botor. Wcrc sjkjeeòacr kc rjcetcae`c ajejscr`c pcrc uac mjtjrbàcmc cpkèce`õa mjija tjajrsj ja eujatc jk vckor mj K ja bN y kos vckorjs bjmò y bãx`bo mj eorr`jatj eoatàuc (@mbjm , @mbcx) pcrc prjvjr su fuaeòacb`jato sà scturce`õa. c ) Y j ce t c ae ` c m j r j m i ) Y j c e tc a e ` c k c m o E . E . e) F`ktro KEK F`d. 37.3 37.333- Yjcetcae`cs Yjcetcae`cs y ktro KEK 37.5 F`ktros JB@ pcrc rjm mj vcr`cmorjs vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@ 37 Kos eoavjrt`morjs jkjetrõaèos (vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y UC@) djajrca àtjrfjrjae`cs jkjetrobcdaàtècs jkjetrobcdaàtècs (JB@), mji`mo c kos caeos ciruptos mj tjas`õa or`dàcmos por kos caeos ciruptos mj eoabutce`õa mj kos sjbèoamuetorjs. f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 599 Eobo sj nc mèno, kc propcdce`õa c trcvàs mj ecikjs (JB@ eoamue`mcs) sujkja cicrecr frjeujae`cs quj vca mjsmj 37 hNz c uaos 57 BNz. Jx`stja mos forbcs iãsècs mj propcdce`õa mj kcs JB@< Kc propcdce`õa ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck y kc propcdce`õa ja bomo eobüa, tcbi`àa kkcbcmcs s`bàtrèc y cs`bàtrèc (F`d. 37.39). Ja kc propcdce`õa m`fjrjae`ck, kc `mc y rjtorao mj kcs eorr`jatjs pjrturicmorcs mj cktc frjeujae`c sj rjck`zc por kos eoamuetorjs cet`vos (fcsjs y ajutro ja ecso mj jx`st`r). Ja kc propcdce`õa ja bomo eobüa kcs eorr`jatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c e`reukca ja ua sjat`mo por kcs fcsjs y ajutro y jk rjtorao sj rjck`zc por jk eoamuetor mj protjee`õa (WJ, kkcbcmo c vjejs t`jrrc). Kc F`durc 37.39 bujstrc jsqujbãtècbjatj kos eoaejptos mj bomo m`fjrjae`ck y bomo eobüa. F`d. 37.39 - Wjrturiceòajs JB@ ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck y bomo eobüa Kcs àtjrfjrjae`cs djajrcmcs por kos eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c sujkja tjajr uac eobpoajatj buy `bportcatj mj "Bomo Eobüa" y sujkja ecuscr bck fuaeòacb`jato mj ormjacmorjs ,cutõbctcs prodrcbcikjs, jqu`pos mj eoatrok aubàrèo, y ja djajrck mj jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos quj opjrca eoa sjóckjs mj a`vjkjs buy iclos. iclos. Wor jkko kc M`rjet`vc Juropjc 977=/37>/EJ jstcikjeja kc oik`dctor`jmcm oik`dctor`jm cm mj eubpk`r e`jrtos k`b`tjs mj jb`s`õa lcmos ja uac sjr`j mj Aorbcs tckjs eobo< • ZAJ- JA 63777-6-= Aorbc djaàrèc mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jatorao àmustr`ck ZAJ- JA 63777-6-5 Aorbc djaàrèc mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa ja jatorao rjs`mjae`ck j àmustr`c k`djrc • JA ::799 (E@UWY 99) Kâb`tjs mj pjrturiceòajs eoamue`mcs y rcm`cmcs • @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9 . Aorbcs mj promueto mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm y crrcaecmorjs jstãtèos. • 37 Wcrc ktrcr kcs pjrturiceòajs JB@ mjija ut`k`zcrsj enoqujs eoa aüekjos mj fjrr`tc eoa ua iuja eobportcb`jato c cktcs frjeujae`cs. Kc eck`mcm mj mènc rjspujstc sj sujkj bjm`r por jk pcrãbjtro mjaobàcmo pàrm`mcs mj àsjre`õa , (@K) , mja`mcs eobo sj àmèc ja kc jeuce`õa (37.5) . f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 595 ( 37 5) W (Uà f`ktro) :7 Ω @K 2 (Eoa f`ktro) W :7Ω Kc prujic aorbct`vc mj pàrm`mcs mj àsjre`õa sj ncej eoa uac `bpjmcae`c mj fujatj y uac `bpjmcae`c mj ecrdc, `duckjs cbics c :7 Π. Ao oistcatj ja jk jatorao rjck, kcs `bpjmcae`cs mj rjm y ecrdc m`stca bueno mjk vckor :7 Π y cmjbãs vcrâca buenâs`bo ja jk rcado mj 37 hNz c 57 BNz, y por tcato, jk eobportcb`jato rjck mjk ktro pujmj sjr buy m`stàto mjk quj sj oit`jaj eoa jk jascyo aorbct`vo. Wcrc eoasjdu`r vckorjs eoavja`jatjs mj pàrm`mcs mj àsjre`õa ja jk jatorao rjck mj fuaeòacb`jato mjk ktro mjij rjeurr`rsj c ktros mj mos jtcpcs, tck eobo jk quj sj bujstrc ja kcs F`durc 37.35 euycs eurvcs mj rjspujstc ja bomo eobüa y ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck, sjdüa jascyo aorbct`vo, sj bujstrca ja kc F`durc 37.3=. F`d. 37.35- F`ktro JB@ mj moikj jtcpc pcrc ecrdcs tr`fãsècs sà ajutro F`d. 37.3=- Wàrm`mcs mj àsjre`õa mj mj ua ktro JB@ ja bomo eobüa y ja bomo m`fjrjae`ck 37 Uj m`spoaj mj mos t`pos mj ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs mj potjae`c< Mj trjs y mj euctro n`kos. Kos mj trjs n`kos (sà ajutro) jstãa pjascmos iãsècbjatj pcrc ktrcr kc pjrturice`õa mj kos vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c y crrcaecmorjs jstãtèos, pcrc quj jstos pujmca eubpk`r kcs aorbcs @JE 63>77-5 / @JE 0=4-=-9. Kos ktros mj f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 59= euctro n`kos àekuyja ktrcmo ja jk eoamuetor ajutro8 jstãa pjascmos pcrc cpkècr c kc sck`mc mj UC@ (U`stjbcs mj ck`bjatce`õa ààtjrrubp`mc). Kc F`durc 37.3: bujstrc ua jsqujbc mj ua ktro mj moikj jtcpc pcrc jstc cpkèce`õa. F`d. 37.3:- F`ktro JB@ mj moikj jtcpc pcrc ecrdcs tr`fãsècs eoa ajutro 37.= F`ktros KEK pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos Ja kcs F`ds. 37.5, 37.: y 37.6 sj nca rjprjsjatcmo eoavjrt`morjs jakczcmos c rjm bjm`catj ua rjet`ecmor cet`vo. Jstj t`po mj rjet`ecmorjs ao js tomcvâc buy eobüa ja kcs ecrdcs aorbckjs, pjro rjsuktc ecmc vjz bãs usuck ja kos s`stjbcs quj ut`k`zca ck`bjatce`õa b`xtc mj rjm y mj uac fujatj rjaovcikj (fotovoktcèc o pjqujóos djajrcmorjs jõkèos). Jstj t`po mj eoavjrt`morjs sujkj rjdukcr kc eorr`jatj quj tobc mj rjm bjm`catj ua s`stjbc mj bomukce`õa mjaobàcmo WTB (Wuksj T`mtn Bomukctòa), quj eoas`stj ja eoabutcr uac tjas`õa eoatâauc mcamo cktjract`vcbjatj vckorjs +J y ―J , rjdukcamo kc caenurc cae nurc mj kos puksos, pu ksos, , mj forbc quj ck ktrcr kc sjóck sjóc k rjsuktj rjs uktj uac sjao`mj. Jstj t`po mj oamcs sj rjprjsjatc jsqujbãtècbjatj ja kc F`d.37.36 y ja jk mjtckkj mj kc F`d.37.34. Kc oamc ja czuk js kc tjas`õa, forbcmc por trcbos mj oamc eucmrcmc, b`jatrcs quj kc oamc ja rolo rjprjsjatc kc eobpoajatj mj iclc frjeujae`c quj sj jxtrcj ck ktrcr kc catjròr. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc F`d. 37.36- Oamc sjao`mck oitja`mc por bomukce`õa WTB 59: F`d. 37.34- Mjtckkj mj kc bomukce`õa WTB 37 U` ncejbos ua jstumò frjeujae`ck mj jstj t`po mj oamcs, vjbos quj, cpcrtj mj kc eobpoajatj mj iclc frjeujae`c (sjao`mj ja rolo) sj oit`jaja uac sjr`j mj frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa, f s 2 3 / ] , tck y eobo sj nc rjprjsjatcmo ja kc F`d. 37.3>. Ja jk ecso jstum`cmo, kc sjóck oitja`mc eoa kc bomukce`õa WTB (rolo) js uac oamc mj :7 Nz y pcrc oitjajrkc sj nc uscmo uac frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mj : hNz, eoa ko quj kos crbõaèos oitja`mos ja jk jspjetro jstãa ja torao c kos bükt`pkos mj jstc frjeujae`c. f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 596 F`d. 37.3>- Jspjetro mj kcs oamcs rjprjsjatcmcs ja kc F`d. 37.36 Jk t`po mj ktro cmjeucmo pcrc kos eoavjrt`morjs quj opjrca eoa jstj t`po mj oamcs WTB js ua f`ktro KEK cmcptcmo cmcptcmo c kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mjk eoavjrt`mor. Mènc frjeujae`c sujkj jstcr jatrj 37 hNz y 97 hNz ja eoavjrt`morjs mj iclc potjae`c y js mjk ormja mj 3 c 5 hNz pcrc eoavjrt`morjs bãs potjatjs y jk oiljt`vo mjk ktro js `bpjm`r quj kcs eobpoajatjs mj jstc frjeujae`c y sus bükt`pkos sj propcduja por kc rjm. 37.: F`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs E.C.- E.C. Kos eoavjrt`morjs E.C.-E.C. bãs eobüabjatj jbpkjcmos ja jqu`pos àmustr`ckjs eoastca mj ua rjet`ecmor ao eoatrokcmo y ua oamukcmor, eoa uac jstrueturc eobo kc àmècmc ja kc F`d.37.9. Bãs rje`jatjbjatj jbp`jzca c prok`fjrcr kos quj t`jaja ua rjet`ecmor cet`vo (F`d. 37.5) y kos icscmos ja eoavjrt`morjs bctrè`ckjs, quj ao vcbos c mjserì`r cquâ. Mjsmj jk puato mj v`stc mj rjm, jstos eoavjrt`morjs ut`k`zca kos b`sbos ktros mjser`tos ja kos cpcrtcmos 37.5 y 37.=. Wor ko quj ncej rjfjrjae`c ck kcmo mj ecrdc, jstos eoavjrt`morjs jbpkjca uac bomukce`õa WTB eobo kc mjser`tc pcrc rjet`ecmorjs cet`vos y jsto djajrc trjs t`pos mj proikjbcs< • Wroikjbc mj JB@ ja kos ecikjs mj kc ecrdc (djajrckbjatj ua botor) Wroikjbc mj rjjxòajs ja kâajcs kcrdcs jatrj eoavjrt`mor y ecrdc. (Djajrca cktos mv/mt y soirjtjasòajs) • • Wroikjbc mj r`zcmo jxejs`vo y pàrm`mcs ja kc ecrdc 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 594 Wcrc rjsokvjr jstos proikjbcs sj jbpkjca trjs t`pos mj ktros< • Enoqujs mj cktc frjeujae`c (NF) pcrc JB@ F`ktros mj k`b`tce`õa mj mZ/mt o cat`-rjjx`õa, pcrc jv`tcr soirjtjasòajs ja ecikjs kcrdos. • • F`ktros ‛sàus‒ pcrc rjmuee`õa mjk r`zcmo ja kc ecrdc 37.:.3 Enoqujs mj cktc frjeujae`c pcrc rjmuee`õa mj JB@ Eobo sj nc mèno, kos ecikjs mj sck`mc mj kos vcr`cmorjs mj frjeujae`c trcasportca eorr`jatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c (frjeujae`cs bükt`pkos mj kc mj eoabutce`õa). Wcrc jv`tcr kc propcdce`õa mj àtjrfjrjae`cs ja bomo eobüa quj jsto djajrc, sj sujkj rjeobjamcr quj kos ecikjs c botor sjca ecikjs cpcatckkcmos. Wjro mjatro mjk crbcrò mj eoatrok s`jbprj sujkj qujmcr ua trcbo mj ecikj ao cpcatckkcmo, quj pujmj rcm`cr nce`c kos m`spos`t`vos mj eoatrok vjeàos. Wcrc jv`tcr quj jstc rcm`ce`õa cfjetj c kos jqu`pos jkjetrõaèos prõx`bos ck eoavjrt`mor mjija jbpkjcrsj enoqujs mj fjrr`tc eokoecmos lusto c kc sck`mc mj ecikjs mjk eoavjrt`mor. E@YEZ]OY m`spoaj mj kos enoqujs t`po EJB-xx. , pcrc ctjaucr jstj t`po mj pjrturiceòajs. 37.:.9 F`ktros pcrc jk kcmo ecrdc mj vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm Eobo njbos mèno catjròrbjatj kc bomukce`õa WTB sj jbpkjc pcrc djajrcr oamcs sjao`mckjs mj frjeujae`c vcr`cikj pcrc rjdukcr kc vjkoe`mcm mj kos botorjs jkàetrèos mj àmuee`õa. Eobo sj m`lo catjròrbjatj jstcs oamcs eoat`jaja uac frjeujae`c bomukcmorc (iclc frjeujae`c) quj js cqujkkc eoa kc quj qujrjbos ck`bjatcr jk botor, pjro eoat`jaja tcbi`àa uac sjr`j mj cktcs frjeujae`cs, quj soa kc fuamcbjatck mj eoabutce`õa f s y sus crbõaèos. Ja jstj t`po mj cpkèce`õa (vcr`cmor mj vjkoe`mcm mj botor) kc prop`c àmuetcae`c mjk botor ncej jk pcpjk mj ktro. Wor jkko, c pjscr mj quj kc tjas`õa quj proporeòac jk eoavjrt`mor eoas`stj ja uac sjr`j mj puksos, kc eorr`jatj t`jaj forbc sjao`mck eobo sj vò ja kc F`d. 37.36. Ao oistcatj, ja ecso mj quj jk ecikj jatrj eoavjrt`mor y botor sjc mj koad`tum eoas`mjrcikj, kc propcdce`õa mj kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõaèos y kc prop`c frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa, pujmja oecsòacr kc mjdrcmce`õa mj kc forbc mj oamc y djajrcr soirjtjasòajs (Vpèo13577 V pcrc botorjs ck`bjatcmos c =77 V) quj eobprobjtja kos c`skcb`jatos mjk botor. Cs`b`sbo jsto provoec sckto mj en`spc y pècmo mj eolàjtjs, eckjatcb`jatos àajejscròs y jb`s`õa mj àtjrfjrjae`cs rcm`cmcs c trcvàs mj kos ecikjs. Jstos fjaõbjaos sj mjija c kc rjjx`õa mj oamcs quj sj promuej ja kos ecikjs eucamo sj propcdca por jkkos frjeujae`cs supjròrjs c ua e`jrto kâb`tj. 37 Kc F`d. 37.30c bujstrc uac oamc mj tjas`õa eoa ckto eoatja`mo mj cktcs frjeujae`cs moamj sj promueja pèos mji`mos c kc rjjx`õa ja jk jxtrjbo mj botor. Kc F`d.37.30i bujstrc kc oamc ja jk jxtrjbo mjk b`sbo ecikj, s` sj jv`tc f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 59> kc propcdce`õa mj kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs bjm`catj ua ktro pcsc iclos, quj ikoqujc kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs (ktro sàus). c) Oamc ja jk jxtrjbo mj ua ecikj eoa rjjx`õa i) Oamc Oamc ktrcmc, sà rjjx`õa rjjx`õa F`d. 37.30- Oamcs mj cktc frjeujae`c propcdcmcs propcdcmcs ja ecikjs mj drca koad`tum 37.:.37.3 Jk fjaõbjao mj rjjx`õa ja ecikjs Kos pràe`pòs tjõrèos quj jxpkèca kos fjaõbjaos mjser`tos catjròrbjatj soa kos s`du`jatjs< U` eoajetcbos ua djajrcmor eoa tjas`õa sjao`mck, mj uac frjeujae`c f , c ua ecikj eoa rjs`stjae`c mjsprje`cikj y eoa uac àmuetcae`c y ecpce`mcm m`strìu`mcs K ja Njaròs/b y E ja Fcrcmòs/b , sj mjbujstrc quj kc vjkoe`mcm mj propcdce`õa mj kc oamc c ko kcrdo mjk ecikj v`jaj mcmc por (37.=) v2 3 (37.=) KE sj mjaj kc koad`tum mj oamc eobo kc m`stcae`c rjeorr`mc por jstc oamc ja ua pjrâomo ] 2 3 / f . Csâ pujs kc koad`tum mj oamc sjrã (37.:) 2 v] 2 v (37.:) f sj mjaj tcbi`àa ua pcrãbjtro mjaobàcmo `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâstèc mjk ecikj, \ 7 , eobo< \7 2 37 K (37.6) E f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 590 Yjeuàrmjsj quj K y E soa pcrãbjtros por ua`mcm mj koad`tum. C tâtuko mj jljbpko kc tcikc 37.3 mc kos vckorjs mj K y E por ua`mcm mj koad`tum pcrc ecikjs tâpèos ut`k`zcmos ja kc eoajx`õa mj botorjs c vcr`cmorjs mj vjkoe`mcm. Wcrc ua ecikj mj `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâstèc \ 7 quj ua`jsj ua eoavjrt`mor WTB eoa ua botor, euyc `bpjmcae`c fujsj \ b , sj promue`râc uac rjjx`õa mj kcs oamcs jk eoje`jatj mj rjjx`õa sjrâc< Ε2 \b ∙ \7 (37.4) \b + \7 Kc s`tuce`õa `mjck sjr`c tjajr ua eoje`jatj mj rjjx`õa Ε 2 7 o ko quj js ko b`sbo, kc `bpjmcae`c ecrcetjrâstèc mj kc kâajc mjijrâc sjr `duck c kc `bpjmcae`c mjk botor ja tomo tomo jk rcado mj mj frjeujae`cs. Ja jstj ecso ao ncirâc rjjx`õa a` sj promue`râca kcs soirjtjasòajs catjs mjser`tcs. Ao oistcatj jsto js prãetècbjatj `bposìkj y por jkko, pcrc jv`tcr jstos fjaõbjaos, mjija eokoecrsj ktros jatrj jk vcr`cmor y jk botor. Aorbckbjatj pomjbos optcr por mos t`pos mj sokueòajs< • 3) F`ktro mZ/m t. Js ua ktro KE eoa kc frjeujae`c mj eortj lustc pcrc jv`tcr kc rjjx`õa y kcs soirjtjasòajs 9) F`ktro ‛sàus‒. Js ua ktro KE eoa uac frjeujae`c mj eortj bueno bãs iclc quj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa • Ja djajrck jk ktro ‛sàus‒ rjsujkvj totckbjatj jk proikjbc, pujs ctjaüc tomcs kcs cktcs frjeujae`cs, b`jatrcs quj kos ktros mZ/mt , mjlca pcscr frjeujae`cs bãs cktcs y ktrca ko lusto pcrc jv`tcr kc rjjx`õa. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc ]cikc 37.3 Vckorjs tâpèos mj K y E por hb mj ua ecikj tr`kcr (Fujatj< Yjhc Ecikjs) E ci k j E X bF / h b R K Xb N / h b R 5x 3 6/ 3 6 7 , 5: 7, 5 7 5x 9 :/ 3 6 7 , =: 7, 9 6 5x 5 :/ 3 6 7 , :7 7, 9 = 5x : 7/ 9 : 7 , 67 7, 9 9 5x 4 7/ 5 : 7 , 6: 7, 9 7 5x 0 :/ : 7 5x 3 97 / 47 7 , 47 7 , 4: 7, 3 > 7, 3 4 5x 3 :7 / 47 7 , 4: 7, 3 6 5x 3 >: / 0: 7 4: 7, 3 : 5x 9 =7 / 39 7 7 , 4: 7, 3 : =x 3 6/ 3 6 7 , 57 7, 5 7 557 =x 9 :/ 3 6 7 , 5: 7, 9 4 =x 5 :/ 3 6 7 , =: 7, 9 6 =x : 7/ 9 : 7 , :7 7, 9 = =x 4 7/ 5 : =x 0 :/ : 7 7 , :: 7 , 6: 7, 9 = 7, 9 5 =x 3 97 / 47 7 , 47 7, 9 5 =x 3 :7 / 47 7 , 4: 7, 9 5 =x 3 >: / 0: 7 , >7 7, 9 9 =x 9 =7 / 39 7 7 , >: 7, 9 9 37.:.5 M`stcae`c erâtèc y frjeujae`c mj eortj mj kos ktros m Z/mt y sàus Kos proikjbcs mj soirjtjasòajs mji`mos c kc rjjx`õa mj oamcs jbp`jzca c promue`rsj eucamo kc koad`tum mjk ecikj quj uaj jk eoavjrt`mor y jk botor js supjròr c / 9 . Csâ pujs kc koad`tum erâtèc mjk ecikj pcrc uac oamc euyc frjeujae`c bãx`bc fujsj f bcx, sjrâc< Ker`tèc 2 37 9 2 3 9 f bcx KE ( 37.>) f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 553 Wcrc uac tjas`õa djajrcmc eoa puksos WTB, pujmj jx`st`r rjjx`õa c ckduac mj kcs frjeujae`cs mj kos crbõaèos. Uujkj eoas`mjrcrsj quj kc frjeujae`c f bcx js kc frjeujae`c mjk crbõaèo 33 mj kc oamc, eoa ko euck pcrc jk eãkeuko mj Ker`tèc sj tobcrâc f bcx 2 33 f s , moamj f s js kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa mjk eoavjrt`mor. Womjbos pkcatjcr jk proikjbc c kc àvjrsc, mcmc uac koad`tum mj ecikj, kc frjeujae`c bãx`bc quj pujmj propcdcrsj sà tjajr proikjbcs mj rjfkjx`õa sjrâc< 3 f bcx 2 ( 37.0) 9 Kecikj KE Jsto aos pjrb`tj m`bjasòacr kc frjeujae`c mj eortj mjk ktro m Z/mt. Jstj ktro mjij sjr ua ktro pcsc iclos quj mjijrã m`bjasòacrsj pcrc ikoqujcr c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor kcs frjeujae`cs `duckjs o supjròrjs c f bcx . Wcrc jstj eãkeuko sj sujkj tobcr f eortj 2 f s / 37 , js mje`r, quj jk ktro mj sck`mc mjij eortcr eobo bâa`bo uac màecmc por mjiclo mj kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa. Eobo jstos ktros sujkja sjr ktros KE (9¼ ormja) c kc frjeujae`c mj eoabutce`õa sj tjamrã uac ctjauce`õa mj =7 mI, js mje`r sj ctjaüc kc frjeujae`c f s c 3/377 pcrtj. 37.:.= Jkjee`õa mj ktros U@AZU y m Z/mt Kos ktros ‛sàus‒ sj eoajetca lusto c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor, b`jatrcs quj kos ktros mZ/mt sj sujkja eoajetcr ja jk kcmo mjk botor. Ja djajrck sj prjjrj sokueòacr kos proikjbcs mj rjjx`õa bjm`catj ktros ‛ sàus‒ pujs jstos ofrjeja kc vjatclc cócm`mc mj ck`bjatcr jk botor eoa uac oamc prãetècbjatj prãetècbjatj sjao`mck (vjr F`d.37.30) y jv`tcr kcs pàrm`mcs mjk n`jrro ja kc bãquàc promue`mcs por kcs eobpoajatjs mj cktc frjeujae`c ao ktrcmcs. F`d. 37.30 - Eoajx`õa mj ua ktro sàus Kc F`d.37.97 bujstrc kc eoajx`õa mj ua ktro sàus c kc sck`mc mjk eoavjrt`mor. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 559 F`d. 37.97 - Eoajx`õa mj ua ktro sàus 37.6 Yjsubja Ujdüa jstumòs mj Yjm Jkàetrèc, prãetècbjatj ua 47% mj kc jajrdâc eoasub`mc ja kc cetuck`mcm sufrj ckdüa t`po mj trcasforbce`õa c trcvàs mj ua eoavjrt`mor, por jkko, jstj ecpâtuko ko njbos mjmècmo jspjeâfècbjatj c kos f`ktros pcrc eoavjrt`morjs. Ujdüa njbos mèno kc ecrcetjrâstèc eobüa c tomos jkkos js quj sujkja eoasub`r eorr`jatjs mj cktcs frjeujae`cs quj ncy quj ktrcr pcrc jv`tcr quj pokueòaja kc rjm o quj promuzeca fjaõbjaos trcas`toròs ja kcs ecrdcs. Kc drca vcr`jmcm mj eoaF`durceòajs y kc m`vjrs`mcm mj frjeujae`cs y forbcs mj oamc nceja quj ao sj pujmc ncikcr mj uaos t`pos aorbck`zcmos mj ktros, sào quj buencs vjejs soa ktros quj ncy quj m`sjócr c bjm`mc o ncy quj cmcptcr c ecmc cpkèce`õa. Ao oistcatj njbos proeurcmo ck bjaos mjserì`r kos m`stàtos proikjbcs quj sj promueja y mjserì`r ja kâajcs djajrckjs kcs jspje`eceòajs quj mjija eubpk`r kos ktros quj rjsujkvja jk proikjbc. 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos Jfè`jae`c ja jk uso mj kc jajrdâc jkàetrèc 555 37.4 Yjfjrjae`cs X3R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-98 Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs jb`sòajs mj eorr`jatj crbõaèc (Jqu`pos pcrc @;36 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X9R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-= 8 Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< K`b`tce`õa mj kcs jb`sòajs mj eorr`jatjs crbõaècs ja kcs rjmjs mj I] pcrc jqu`pos eoa eorr`jatj cs`dacmc @136 C)8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X5R Aorbc ZAJ-JA-63777-5-398 Eobpctì`k`mcm Jkjetrobcdaàtèc< Kâb`tjs pcrc kcs eorr`jatjs crbõaècs promue`mcs por kos jqu`pos eoajetcmos c kcs rjmjs püikècs mj I] eoa eorr`jatj mj jatrcmc 136 C y ;4: C por fcsj8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X=R Aorbc ZAJ- JA 63777-6-= Aorbc djaàrèc mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj JB@ ja jatorao àmustr`ck8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) X:R Aorbc ZAJ- JA 63777-6-5 Aorbc djaàrèc mj kâb`tjs mj jb`s`õa mj JB@ ja jatorao rjs`mjae`ck j àmustr`c k`djrc8 EJAJKJE (M`strìuyj ja Jspcóc CJAOY) 37 f`ktros Wcrc eoavjrt`morjs jstÃtèos

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