Ih-Pou Ut Iterto Stem of Ut Selecting Proportions for orma-Density and HighDensity Concrete Guide Reported by AC Committee 211 N N I � • � � N I u 0 Q u < can nc nsu _ Always advancing First Printing July 2022 A I Always advancing ISBN: 978-1-64195-1869 Selecting Proportions for Normal-Density and High-Density ConcreteGuide Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. A rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied in whole or part in any printed, mechanical electronic, lm or other distribution and storage media without the written consent of ACI. The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these eorts the users of ACI documents occasionally nd information or requirements tha may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. 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Bognacki Pete Bome Aony J Cadioo Ramo L Crquio Bryn R Ctle Teck L Chu Mchael A Wisoant, Secrety John . Cook Kik K Deic Berd J choldt III Johua J Edwars imoy S. olks Davd W. owle Brett A ari G. ery Hari T J is nce S Heiige Ric D i Dvi . Hoingswort TarifM Jer Robet S. Jenkis Joe Kelley Gy Knigt rc P Koele Frk A Koeliski Robe C ewis Tyer Ley Joh J. ucino Dawa Ldija Ally C e Kevin A MacDo . McGie Kik Obl H Celi Ozyiiim Jmes S. Perce Steve A Rga G Mcael Roinon Jame M Shione awence . Stte Consulting Mebers Doa E Dixo Si avni Jme N. ingscei Royce J Rhd Joh P. Ri Av Shypl This guide to concrete proportioning provide background ior mation on, and a procedure fo electing and adjuting concrete mixture proportion. It applie to normal-densi concrete both with and without chemical admixtures, supplementa cementitiou materials or both he procedure ues calculation baed on the abolute olume occupied by the mixture constituent. The proce dure incorporate consideration of requirement for aggregate gradation worabili trength, and durabili Example calcula tions are provided including adjustment baed on the reults of the rt trial batch Appendixe cover laborato tets and propor tioning of highdensi concrete Keywords: asoute volme; mixe; air conte riiy; mixe propotoning pplemety cemeniios mate ial tchig waercemeiious matei io (w/cm); woability yield ACI Committee Reports and Guides are intended r gidanc in planning, dsigning, xcting and inspcting constrction This docment is intended r the se of individuals who ar comptnt to valat th signicanc and imitations of its content and recommendations and who will accpt rsponsibility r th application of th matrial it contains The American Concrete nstitute discaims any and all rsponsibility r th statd principls. h nstitut shall not be iable r any loss or damage arising thereom. Rrnc to this docmnt shall not b mad in contract documents. If items und in this document are desired by th Architct/Enginr to b a part of th contract documnts they shal be restated in mandatory langage r incorporation by th Architct/nginr. Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue Woodwar L Vogt CONTENTS CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2 1 . 1Histoca ackgound, p 2 1 .2Inroducton, p 2 1 .3Scope p 3 CHAPTER 2-NOTATION AD DEFIITIONS, p. 3 2.1Noaion p 3 2.2Dnions, p CHAPTER 3COCRETE PROPERTIES, p. 4 3 . 1Water-ceentious maerals rao (w!) p. 4 3.2Worabity p 4 3 .3Consstncy p. 3.4Sengh p 3.5Duabiity, p 5 3.6Densy p. 3 .7Geneation of heat p 3.8Paly, p 5 AC! PRC-21 1 1 -22 spss AC! 21 1 1- 91 (09) an was aope a pbsd Juy 2022. Copyg © 2022 Ameran Cocre Inse All rghts resve incldng igs of reprouco a us n ay m or by any mas, g e mang o opes by ay poo pocess, o by ron o m chaica dvc prined witte or ora o coig son o visal reproucton or r use ay knowdg or rval sysem or v nless pemsso wng i obane om the copyig popreors. 2 SELECTI NG PROPORI ONS FOR NORMA L-DENS ITY AND HG HDE NSTY CONC REEGUD E (AC PRC-2 11.1-22) 39Shrnkage p. 5 3 OModls of ascity, p 5 CHAPTER 4-BACKGROUND INFORMATIO, p 6 1Tial atching, p 6 2Smp p 6 3Aggrgas p. 6 4Water p 7 5Chemical admxtues p. 7 6A p. 7 7Water-cementios mateials aio (wlcm), p. 8 A 7Mxtes sma os p. 32 APPEDIX B-HIGHDESITY CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIOING, p 33 B1Gnal p. 33 B2Aggregate selecton p 33 B 3Adjstmnt n ancipaon of dyng, p 33 B4Adjstment r entaned ar p. 33 B5Handlng of hgh-density aggregates p 33 B6Prpacd aggga p. 33 CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AD SCOPE CHAPTER 5PROPORTIO SELECTIO PROCEDURE, p 13 5. 1Backgond, p 1 5.2Seection pocess p. 14 5. 3simaion of atch wghs p. 1 4 CHAPTER 6-EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES, p 17 6. 1Backgond p 1 7 6.2A-entanng admixures p 18 6.3 Watr-dcng admixrs p . 1 8 CHAPTER 7EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS, p 19 7. 1Backgond p 1 9 7.2Pozzolanc vrss cmntios p. 1 9 7. 3Types o f sppemenary cementios mateials p 19 7.4Mixr poporonng wh sppmnay cmni ios matrals, p 20 7.5 Teary sysems p 2 1 7.6Impac of SCMs on ssanablity, p 2 1 CHAPTER 8-TRIAL BATCHING, p 21 CHAPTER 9-SAMPLE COMPUTATIOS, p 2 9. 1Backgond, p 2 1 9.2Example 1 : Mxure propotioning sng portland cement only p 22 9.3 xampl 2: Mixr poporonng of nay mixtr contanng y ash p. 24 9.4xampl 3: Mixr propotioning sing cmni ios ecency cto p. 26 9.5 Example : Mxtue propoionng sng tage pase volm, p 27 CHAPTER 0REFERECES, p 28 Ahord docmns p. 29 APPEDIX ALABORATORY TESTS, p 29 A. Need laboaory esing p 29 A.2Pqaicaion of matials, p 30 A.3 Popts of cmntios matrals, p 30 A.4Popetes o f aggregaes p. 30 A.5Tial ach srs p. 3 1 A.6Test mehods p . 3 1 � Copyright Am 1.-Historical backgound Th aliy o talor concr proprs n accordanc wih proect reqiemens eecs technological deveop mns tha hav tan pac r th mos pat, snc th arly 1 900s Th s of th watr-cmnt rao (/)on of h key paameers of mxure poporonngas a tool r est maing stngh was rcognizd n appoxmaly 1 9 1 8. In the ealy 190s mpovements n dabilty wee acheved wih he se of ar entainment These m ajor developments in concrt tchnology wr agmntd by h dvlop men of chemcal admixures to achieve specal poperies conrac possl dcncis, and mpov cost c tiveness (ACI 21 2.3R). The s water-edcng admxte was developed n he 1 920s and was paented in Erope in 1 932 , and hn in h Und Sas n 1 939 . Slowly, wate-edcng admxtues came ino wdespread se n he 1 970s and played a mao ole in improvng wokability thby adsng mxt poporons. Arond ths tim, t was also nd hat som concrt characistcs cold b improved wih the addtion of cetan ndsial y-podcts now cald spplmntay cmnitos matrals (SCMs). The se of hese maeials has no ony mpoved varos concee popertes b also played a maor ole in coni ng o nvronmnal sstainabily With h mpmna tion o these technologcal developmens n crent prac tic mos commcaly prodcd conct conans som type of chemical admixres SCM or oth and ther pes ence needs o e consi deed while mixure proporonng 1.2-ntroduco Concr is composd pncpay of agggats, a port land o blended cement and waer and may contain SCMs chemcal admixres or oth I wll contain some amont of ntrappd a and may also contain prposly nrand air creaed wh he se of an admxtue o ar-entanng cmn. Chmical admixrs a qnly sd to acc ra or rad h im of stng, mpov woabity, o redce wate reqiemens (ACI 2 1 2. 3R) Thei se may ac strngth and ohr conct proprs. Dpndng on the type and amon cean SCMs sch as y ash (ACI 232.2R), nara pozzolans, slag cmn (ACI 233R), and sica m (ACI 23R) may b sd in conjncton wih potland o lended cemen. They are added o povde spcic poptis sch as highr srngth dcasd pm ability essance o he ntusion of aggressive sotons Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NO RMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) inceased essance to alkali-aggregae eacton and sule atack (ACI 225R and ACI 233R) rducd hat of hydra tion educed shinage iproved late-age sengh devel opent and r econoic reasons Th sction of mxu propotions nvovs a alanc between economy and equrements duality strengh, woabilty dnsty and apparanc Th rquid cha acerscs are deterned y the inended appcaion of concree and y the condions expected to e encountered a th tim of placmn and yond Ths chaactrsics should be deailed n the o specicaions Soe characer istics a govd by h concr uildng cod A road rang of chaactriscs rangng o hgh stngth o slf consolidaon and owale lls o low-pemeablty rdge dcks o pvous concr paking los and any oth characeistcs and applicaons have been made possile wih th us of adixturs and SCMs Th bs concr proporions a asd on prvous xp rience wth he maeials ha will e used on siila poj cs. Lacking tha nuous mthods hav bn dvlopd propoioning concee xtues. Mehods have een developed angng om abiary ceen:sand:roc:wae proportions (hat s 1 :2 3 :0 5) prcal hods such as wokability cors (Shlstone 1 990), and mehods developed o st prncipls such as packng modls (d Larard and Sedan 2002) and suspenson ehods (ACI 2 l l 6T) I is beyond he scope of his dscussion to revew he back ground and hoy bhnd ths hods o hos of h la tivey simple procedues of ths gude. Computer programs concree mixre desgn ncopoating many of hese thois ar comrcally avalab. Frquntly xistng conct popotions a popo tioned o nclude chemical adxtues SCMs, o a dieren aial sourc Th pranc of h rproporiond concree should agan e veied y ral atches n he labo ratoy or eld Proporons calculad by any mthod should always consideed provisional subect to revson based on tral batch rsus Dpnding on crcumstanc tral atchs ay e pepaed in a laoratory. With success n the la the ras should move on o ll-size eld baches wh he aials ans and mthods xpctd r th pojc. This procedue when asle avods pitlls of assung tha data o small bachs mixd n a laboatoy nvronn will pedict permance unde eld condions When using axmum-sze aggregaes larger han 2 n. laoraory ral batchs should vid and adjusd n th ld using ixtres of he size and type o e used duing constrction. Tral batch pocdurs ar dscussd in Chapt 8 wih add tional bacground and dals provdd in th appndxs 1.3Scope Ths guide descries a ehod selecng proporions concr mad wth hydauc cnt mting ASTM C l50/ Cl50M C595/C595M or Cl l57/Cl l57M wh or whou othe ceenitous ateials chemical admixres o boh. This conc consists of noal-dnsy aggrgats high densiy aggegaes, o boh (as disinguished om gh- 3 weght aggregates) wih a worabilty sutable r normal cast-n-plac constucton (as disngushd o spcalty concete mixures such as pevious o self-consolidatng concetes) Poporonng with lghtwegh aggegaes and rcycld aggrgas ar ohr comon optons; howv they ae beyond the scope of ths docuent. Please efe to ASTM C33 0/C330M and ACI 213R lightwght agg gaes, and ACI 555R recycled aggregaes Also incuded are seveal design exaples applying the pocdu o a vaiy of situaons Fo popoonng wth gound liesone or othe aggegate mneal ller efe to ACI 21 1 7R Inrmation is providd on trms and concpts usd in the poporionng pocedue tha may e unmila to a ovic usr The procedue poduces a s approxiaion r propor tons of a concr mixur I s inndd tha h propor tons chcd by tial batchs n h laboaoy ld or boh and adusted as necessary o poduce a concrete wth al th dsd chaactistics CHAPTER 2-NOTATIO AND DEFINITIONS 2.1-otation %free pecentage ofee oiste on an aggregae% pcntag of supplmntay cntious %SCM %total A% Air% c cm ' ' MC% m; mo msso mwe PV Rr w Wbathd aeral to otal ceenitous by wegh % pecentage of otal evapoable moisre connt % pcntag of oisu asorpion of an aggegae, % pecentage of concrete volume occuped by ai % ceent weght, lb cntious wgh lb specied compessive srength, ps requied aveage compressive srength, ps pcntag of moistur connt of an agg gae % pcntag of oistu contn of an agggat % intial wegh of sample eng tested r oistu connt b oven-dy wegh of sample, b satuatd suc-dry wight of sapl l wa wght lb paste volume rlativ yild % wae weght, lb bach-ady oistu-adjustd wa wight l toal ee wae, lb wght of agggat n saurad surc-dy conditon yeld % dsign targ volum ft Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 4 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HGHDE NSTY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC-211.1 -22) 2.2-Defnons Plas rr to h las vrsion o f ACI Conct Trmi nology r a comprehensive ls of dentions Dentions povided heren complement hat esource h srngh gand om ac h pound of cement in a cuc yard Wth unts of ps/l/yd , s computd by dvding h sngh by h wgh of cmn a cuc yard of conct mixur weight pe unit volume of ovn-dry agggat compacd by roddin g. I is also known as "dry-rodded density. In his guide, dy-rodded density s usd as th prrrd tm h aily o lvl smooth consolida and oherwse eat suces of esh o recenly placed concr to produc a dsd apparanc and suc he rao of weight of a volume of a matial at a sad tmpratur to th wght of h sam volum of dslld watr at tha satd mpatu (rr o ASTM Cl2 r details). It is also known as "ela iv dnsity. In ths guid spcic gaviy s usd as th prered tem the weight per unt volume of a mateal. I s also known as "dnsity. In his gud dnsy is usd as he pered term. h amount or quantity of havinss. I is aso nown as "mass In ths gude, weigh s used as the prered tem CHAPTER 3-CONCRETE PROPERTIES The selection of concree proporons involves maching h qurmnts of h projc wh h matials and mthods availal. In ths chap som of h commonly encounered propertes hat go nto specfyng, designing, and proporioning conct will b discussd. Concr properes descie he way concee behaves whle eing mixed, placed, cued, or in use. Concrt propotons usually consid woraily srengh, and durabily needed he specic applica ion. Oth popris may nd to consdrd to nsur meeng he expectatons of he nsalled maerials These properes include pumpabily, nshability, leeding, dnsiy hat gnraion and pmaliy Fo concr slabs, morta conent and admxtues used can sgnicantly act nishing and s chaactrsics of th conct mat ials A proect can mpose the need a parcula property such as rapd sengh gain, modulus of elasiciy, lling of a stl-congsd spac color and archtctual nsh For some of these popeties, we ll-estalished elatonships are nown. Fo oths h laonshp wn th spcic propry and h mxu dsgn can gnraly dscibd with the deails wored ou though tal aches. 3.1-Watercementious maeals ao (w/c) I has long n known (Aams 1918) ha r a givn s of matras and co nditons concr sngh and durablity ae dectly related o the /. Ths s he raio o f he weigh of war xcudng tha asord y th agggat dvidd y he weigh of cementious maeials n a mxtue, stated � Copyright Am as a decimal. The abreviaton of cm epresens cement and supplemenary cementious materials (SCMs) such as y ash sl ica m and slag cmnt as dscussd th n Chape 7 Dncs in stngh at a gvn / may sult om changes n placemen or curing conditons; he maxmum sz gradaton surc txur parcl shap stngh and stness of aggegates; derences in cement types o sources ar conten and he use of chemcal admixres tha ac th cmnt hydation pocss o hat dvlop cemenitous properes hemselves. Because mos o f these cors a masuabl hy a accountd in h com mndations r quaniy of watr Accuat prdictons of srength and he meeting of stengh tages should e based on ial achs o xprnc wih th poc matials and equements. 3.2Workabily Wokaliy is tha propery of eshly mixed concete tha dtrmins th as wth which i can b mxd placd consodated, and nished to a homogeneous condion. I is aeced by wae quanty, aggegate grading, paricle shape, and proporions of aggrgat as wll as y th amounts and qualties o f cemen and othe cementious materals, chem ical admxurs amount of ntrand air and th conssncy of he mixre 3.3Consistency Conssency s he degree o which a eshly mxed concete resists demaontha is, s abilty to ow. It s measued in tms of slump (ASTM Cl43/Cl43M); th hgh h slump h mor mobil th mxtu wll b. This aily o ow aects the ease with which the concree can e placed. In poply propotond conct h uni war connt required o produce a given slump will depend on seveal cors. The wae equrement inceases as aggegates bcom mo angula and rough-txurd (bu hs disadvan tage may be oset y mprovemens n oher chaacteistics such as bond to cmnt past). Th qud mixing wat decreases as he maxmum sie of well-graded aggregate is inceased, or the level of a entrainment inceases Mxng wat rquimns usually ar ducd by watr-ducng admxues (ACI 2123R). Slump chaactestics ae used dvloping spcal concts such as sf-consoldatng concee (ACI 237R), or othe applcaions needng close conol of worabilty (ACI 238 R) 3.4-Strengh Convnonaly h avag of wo 6 x 1 2 n. o th 4 x 8 n. cylndrs rcad curd and sd a h ag of 28 days s he value accepted as concree's compessve srngth (ASTM C3 9/C39M). It s usd as a conrolling vau srucural desgn, concree poporonng, and evaluaton of con. Conct s commonly s pcid wh comps sv sngths om 2500 p si to gat han 1 0000 ps . Th varabe naue of its consituents, the eects of he place mn and curng nvionmnt all ac conct stngh. Sengh is aeced by vaiaons in mixure consituents, Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NO RMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) producton processes and cuing conditons and can e expected o vary an allowable amoun aound a cental mean value (ACI 2 1R). Fo insance some hghway pave men mxtes require eachng age srength n 6 hous accomplished wh high cementious conents and multiple admxtes In mass and high-strength concees (8000 psi ) mixtures are ofen poporoned to povde he design srengh at an age greaer han 28 days Howeve such concrete may equre a minmum ealy-age stengh such as 3 days, to povde r adequae ealy sengh opeatons such as m emoval rm anchoage o pesressing The choice of stengh o w/c m can e aected by early-stengh or duraily equiements 3.5Duabity Concrete s expeced to have a long sevce li and herere duraily is pat of he specicaion concrete construction (ACI 301), and concete bulding codes (ACI 318) (rer o ACI 201.2R rher details). Alhough meetng the specied compressive stengh is an essenal and mpoan chaacterisic of concrete dura bily consdeaions may requre a lowe w!c m, resulting in srength greater than speced A low w/c m wll prolong the li of concete y reducng pemeaily Ressance o weatheing patcularly eezng and hawng and to salts used ce emoval s geatly mpoved y ncopoation of an entaned ai system. Enained a s used in exteio concrete where eezing occus (ACI 20 1 .2R) . The duraliy of concree exposed o seawater or sulte-bearng so ls can be enhanced wh the use of sule-ressng cement slag cemen silca me o other SCMs In some aeas, aggre gates should e checked r alali-aggegate reacvy (AAR). If AAR is deected migatng seps should e taen Rer to ACI 201 2R, AC I 2 2 1 l R and ASTM C l 8 moe inmaon on the migaton ofAAR 3.6Densy For ceran applcaions concete may be needed pimaily s densiy. Normal-densiy concete s appoxmately 10 to 10 lb/ (with o wihout ai entranment) Hgh densiy concee s ofen used counerweghs on lif brdges, weghs r sinking oil pipelnes , a shield om adi ation and insulaion om sound. S ome applcations o f low densiy concree ae some rdge decks and elevaed oos By usng specal aggegates densties as hgh as 30 l/f and as low as 0 lb/ can e oained 3.7-Generation of hea The hydration of cemen generaes heat (rer o ACI 20.lR and ACI 301 Secton 8. 1 3 more inma tion) Theee in many lage stctual elemens where a hgh volume o f concree s pl aced, heat geneaton should be consideed A mao concern n proporionng mass concete, o any concete element of sucien sze and shape, i s the accumulaton of excessive hea and consequen expanson of volume Thee can e a high hermal die ental beween he coe and the elavely cool surce of the concree elemen. The sesses nduced y the hemal 5 derential can lead to unaccepable cracks Temperare conrol measures ncludng a themal derential of 3°F 1 9. °C) o less should be consideed o educe he potenial r such themally nduced crackng Concree placemens paticularly when the mnmum cross-seconal dimensons of a solid concrete meme approach o exceed 2 to 3 ft or when low w/c m ae beng used may require that measures be taken to conol the geneation of hea It s po ssible r concete empeate to exceed 160°F (70°C) and if the temperaure rse of the concete s no mnimized and the hea is not disspated at a reasonale ate, or ifthe concrete is subjeced to a severe empeaue deental (3 °F [ 1 9 4°C] o more) o themal gradien, cracing s lely o occur. Such cracing occus a he suce of the concete typcally rst at he cener of he lage suces concete where estrant is pimaly neal (e to ACI 20 l R Secion 4.3 5) . Temperature conol measues can nclude a relaively low intial placemen temperaure replacement of cemen wth SCM educed quanties of cementious materals use of chemical admxtues, o crculaion o f chlled wae. In some situaions insulation of concete suces may e requed to adjus hese various concree condions and exposures. I should be emphasized hat mass concee s not necessarly lage-aggegate concete and hat conce abou generaon of an excessve amount of heat n concree s no conned to massive dam or undaton structues 3.8Permeabiliy Low pemeaily s an mpotan cto r the poduc ton of duable concree by minmzng ngress of harml chemicals whch is oen accomplshed by he addiion of an SCM o usng low w/cm. Chemcal admxtues can also be used f low pemealiy is requied (e to ACI 212.3R r permeability-reducing admxes) Ths s of paticular inerest conceing highway idges needng to prevent chlorde nsion ha ultimately corodes the einrcng steel At he othe end of the permeablity scale, pervous concete is used in areas where i is desrale o have waer pass though the concrete r hydrologcal envronmenal o susanablity easons This s managed by he use of ltle o no nes with he help of chemical admixures. Re o ACI 5221 r addional nmaion regadng pevious concree. 3.9Shinkage Reducing shrnkage is citcal to mmg concete cracing Mehods r educng shrnkage nclude he reduc ton of paste conent usage of shinkage-reducng admx tues, usage of shrnkage-compensatng concete adequate cuing and conol of waer conten (rer o ACI 209R and ACI 224R r the nmaion). ACI 223R provides inmaon on shrnkage-compensatng concrete 3.10Moduus of easticy The modulus ofelascity is someimes of conce in appl catons where deectons ae consideed such as brdges oors and he sway of tall buldng s. Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 6 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HGHDE NSTY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC-211.1 -22) CHAPTER 4-BACKGROUD IFORMATION 4.1-Trial batching Tal baching s a pocess tha demonsates tha a concr mxur wih qud propris can producd wih a given se of mateials and ools y mxtue popo tions. Shotcomings dnd in th tral achs ar addrssd though mxtu dsgn modications o mov closer to he desired popetes The process contnues until all h rqurmns a saisd. 4.2Slump Slump is th masu of consistncy of shy mixd concree mortar or stcco equal o the subsidence measured to th nast 1 /4 n. of th spcimn immdatly ar removal of he sump cone (rer o ASTM Cl 43/C1 43M r thr nmaon). Th quanty of wat p uni volum of conc qud to poduc a givn slump is dpndn on he nominal maximum se paricle shape and gading of th agggats; th conct mpatu; th amoun of entraned a; and use of chemical admxues Slump s no greay aected by he quanty of cemen o cementious matrials whin nomal us lvs Dpndng on aggga textue and shape mixng-wate equrements may e some what abov o bow th taulatd vaus, ut thy a su cently accurate r he rs estmate The derences n water demand ae not necessarly reected n srength ecause oth compnsaing cors may nvovd A oundd and an angula coarse aggregae boh well and smilaly gaded and of hgh qualy can e expeced to produce concete of approximatly h sam comprssiv stngh r th sam cmn cor dsp dncs n war-cmnt ato (/) or w!cm, esultng om he dieen mixng-wate equre mns. Paticl shap is no ncssarly an ndicaor tha an aggregate wll be eher aove o below in s sengh producing capaciy Mxtues of the siest cons istency tha can b placd cntly should b usd The slump val ues concete containing aggregae lager than 1 - 1 2 in ar basd on sump tss mad af rmoval of parcles larger than 1 - 1/2 i n by wet screenng 4.3Aggregates 431 Wellgraded-A well-gaded aggregae has a parcl-sz dsriution hat poducs maximum dnsy that s minmum vod space Such an aggegae mnimies the requed pase needed to ll the aggegate vods (rer to ACI 2 l l .6T r dals on optmal grading and pacing density) The aggregate combnations his gude are assumd to wll-gradd and mt ASTM C33/C33M qualis o rgonay availal agggas accpd y th local stae agencies 432 Nominal maximum aggregate size Usd r th esimaon ofthe intial wate conten he nomna maximum aggrga siz is ndd in conjuncton wih h slump This s bcaus gnrally th arg an aggga s, th less wate s needed to mobie . The nomina maximum aggrga sz is th smals siv opning hrough which he enre amount of the aggregate s pemtted to pass - � Copyright Am Large nomnal maxmum ses of well-graded aggre gats hav w vods han smallr szs Hnc, concts wih the larger-sied aggregates requie less mota pe unt volume of concree Geneally he nomnal maximum sie of aggga should th lagst that is conomically avail able and conssent wth dmensons of the sucure In no cas sould th nominal maxmum sz xcd 1 /5 of h narowes dimensi on etween sdes of ms; 1/3 he deph of slabs; o 3/4 of he minmum clear spacing beween indvidual incng bas bundls of bars o ptn sonng strands (e to ACI 3 18 Secion 26.42 l (a)(5)) Ths limitaons a somms wavd f worabity and mhods of consolidaton ar such tha th concr can b placed without honeycomng o vods. In areas congesed wih nrcng sl, post-nsiond ducts, o conduts, the propotioner should selec a nominal maximum se of agggat so conct can placd whout xcssv sgr gaton pocts, o vods Whn high-stngh conct is desired es esuls may e obtaned with educed nomnal maxmum sizs of aggrga bcaus hs produc high srengths at a given w!cm (ACI 363R ACI 2 1 l .4R). 4 33 Large aggregate sizes-I general he larges aggre gat siz praccal th spcic job should b usd. Som specia consideatons ae needed when using hese age szs (aov 1 n.) Less morar per unit volume of concete requires a reducton when propotoning waer cemen and sand a givn mxu Bcaus hr s lss pas and gnraly lowe slumps (1 o 2 in) admixure dosages can e signi canty deent to oban he same esults as a mixure wih small aggrgas Air-nraning admxus may qui grar dosags Enained a may be proporioned nto the mxtue o incas worabity Whn using larg aggga wih low cemen ctors ai entranment is no necessaily detrmenal to srength In mos cases he mxng-wae equrement is rducd scnty to improv th ! and to hus compn sae r he stengh-educng eect of a entranment. Fo concs w ith lag nomnal maximum sizs of aggrga, air conents recommended exreme exposure should be consideed even hough thee may be lile o no exposure o mosr or zng For some applications aggregae sies over 6 in are avail abl In h nitd Sats, projcts usng larg aggrgat ses have been typcally propotioned and placed usng 3 n. nomina maxmum sie aggregae 4 3.4 Bulk volume ofcoarse aggregate per unit o lume The voume of loose stone compacted to speccaons of ASTM C29/C29M tha wll b akn up in h unit volum of h oncrt mixu 43 5 Fineness modulus-U wth the maximum aggre gat sz th nnss modulus s usd o simat h bu volume of coase aggegae pe unt volume ofconcete. This valu suls om an ASTM C 1 36/C l 36M siv analysis. It is a cto oband y progrssivly adding h cumulav sums of the percenages reaned on specied sieves hen divding ha sum y 100 Th svs, halvng in opnng se ae 6 n (150 mm) 3 n (75 mm) 1-1/2 in (375 mm) Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HGH- DENSITY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC211. 1-22) 3/4 in (19 ) 3/8 in. (9 ) No. 4 (4.7 ) No. 8 (2 36 ), No. 1 6 ( 1 . 1 8 ) No 30 (600 ), No. 50 (300 ) and No 1 00 ( 1 0 ). I is an esae of he posion in he seve sack whee he aveage se parcle is locad In ohr words, s a asu of h avrag partcl se hat aecs the way he voids eween the coase aggre gat patcls a l ld 436 Drydded densiU deerinaion o f he weigh of coase aggegate ae he bulk volue has een caculad, is th wigh p unt vou of ovn-dry aggregate copaced y oddng as dened n ASTM C29/ C29M 43.7 Saturated suace-d relative densi (specfc gravi)U detenng he asolute volue of coars agggat and usd to drin th wght of h ne aggegae s he ato of the weght of a volue of a aial (ncl uding th wgh of watr wthn h voids bu no includng th vods wn paricls) at a sad tpr aue to the weigh of an equal volue of distilled waer a a stad patu. Satuatd surc-dry (SSD) spcic gravties ae easued usng he procedues ofASTM Cl 27 and C l 2 8 r coase and ne aggregates respecively. 4.4-Water Wat usd in xg conct should conrm o ASTM Cl602/Cl602M. ASTM C l 602/C l 602M allows he use of potale wate wihou testing and ncludes ethods qualfyng nonpoal soucs of wa wh consdr aion of eects on seing e and strength Testng equen ces ae esablshed to ensue connued ontoring of wae qualy Th sandad ncluds oponal lis chords, sus aalis, and solds n xing watr that can invoed when appropiae 4.5-Chemical admixures Cheical adxtues are used o odfy the properes of concr o a o worabl duabl or conocal; incease o dec ease the e of set acceleate stengh gan or conrol tpraur gan. Chcal adxus should used only afe an appopiae evaluaton has been conduced to show hat the desied eecs have een accoplished n th concr und h conditons of inndd us. Wa reducing adxres se-conrollng adxtues or boh conrming o th qurnts of ASTM C494/C494M, when used sngulaly o in cobnation wih othe checal adxtues wil sgncany reduce the quanty of wae pr uni volu of concr. Th us of so chca adxtes even at the sae slup wll iprove such qual its as wokablity, nshaity pupailiy duabity and coprssiv and xural stngh. Whn only usd to incease slup checal adxtes ay not iprove any ohr of th poptis of h conct ASTM C 1 602/ C l 602M eques liquid adxtures used in quanites tha incas h / y or han 0.0 1 cound as pat of th ixng wa. 7 4.6-Ai Th volu of a nds to b known caus is included n the su ofthe volues of he known ngredients when applyng he absolute volue ethod o deerine th vou of n aggrgat. A n conc appars n wo rs: entrapped and enained Enrapped ar bubles are gnally largr han nraind ons and irgularly shapd and dispsd. ntaind ubs a gnray sallr han 0 1 and are ound unde icroscopc exainaon The dsiution of th ubls asurd by h spacing cor is as porant as the se Enained air is ntoduced into conct to nhanc h concr's zng-and-hawng rssanc. I is poducd wh h addion to h conct xtue of ai-enraning adxtues. 4.61 Entrapped ntrappd ar s h air vods in concete tha ae no purposely entained. They are lage irgular n shap lss us than thos of ntaind ar and 0 04 in ( 1 ) o lagr n sz. ntrappd a is sn against the sdes of he r and n broken concree as vsible voids ndr aggrga paticls Tale . 3. 3 appoxaes th e aount of enapped ar to be expected n non-ar-entaned concree in he tale. 4.62 Entrained ntrand a tas h oficro scopc ar bules inentionally incopoated n a ceen tous past duing ixng usually y us of a surc-aciv agen. The air bubes ae ypically etween 00004 and 0 04 in ( 1 0 and 1 000 µ) in daeer and spheical o nearly so. As iporant as h siz of th ubls is thr dispson thoughou the ceent paste Soe waer-reducing adix tues w l unntentionally entran ai Tal 5 .3 3 ndicas h approxiat aount of ntrappd ai to b xpct d in non-ai-ntrand concrt and shows th recoended average ar conten air-enraned concete. If air nrann s ndd or dsid, th rquid toal ar conent levels ae gven each aggregae sie dependng on the pupose of the entained air and the severy of expo sur if ntrand ar s ndd r duraily The use of noal aouns of ai enrainen in concete wh a spcid stngth of approxialy 5000 ps ay not be possibe because each added percent of air lowers the axiu sengh oainale wth a given coinaon of arals In ths cass, h xposu o wa dicing salts, and eeng teperaes should e caelly evaluated If a r is n ot contnually w and wll no t b xposd to decng sas lower air-conent values such as hose gven in Table 3 .3 r F 1 exposue class ae approprae even though th concr is xposd to zng-and-hawng teperaures Howeve r an exposue condtion where the b ay b saturatd por to zng th us of ar nainn should no sacrcd r stngh. In crain applicatons i ay e und ha he conten of entraned ai s lowr than hat spcid, dspit th us of usually satiscory levels of ar-enainng adixure Ths happens occasionallyr xap, whn vry hgh cn contnts ar nvovd In such cass , th achivn of qud duablity ay be deonstraed y satisctory esults of xainaon of a-vod srucur n h past ofth hardnd concete (Ley et a 20 12 ) Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HGHDE NSTY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC-211.1 -22) 8 When rial atches are used o esalish stength ela ionshps o vify strngth-poducng capabity of a ixure, he least vorale coinaon of xing water and ai conent should e used. The a conent should e h axiu pmid o likly to occu and h concr should be designed o he highes pessle slup. Ths will avoid dvopng an ovr-opsic sia of stngth on he assupton ha aveage, athe than exee, condi ions wll pevail n the eld If he concete otained in the ld has a lowr sup ai connt or oh th propotions of ingredents should e adjusted to ainan required yield Fo addtional nration on air connt condations to ACI 201 .2R 3 01 and 302.lR 4 6 3 Eect on trength Fo noral concee, he addi ion of ach addiional prcnag pont of a will rduc he sengh of he concree appoxaely 5% ( Yudaku al. 201 ). 4.7-Watercementitious maeas aio (w/c) Th wa-cntous aras ao (w/cm) is th ao paraeter controllng concee srengh Fo a given ixure of concree aterals, a specic w/cm produces a uniqu stngh. Fo h sa ixur achving a spcd srengh requies a paricula w/cm. Alhough t s piariy a dnan of concr srengh, w/cm aecs othe porant properes such as density, elasic odulus, duablity, shrnkage and cracing, and prmabity. Achivng on of hs poptis ay ca w/cm lowe than one that ght e dctaed y strength Once he / s chosen, is used o detene the weigh of cnitous atials f th quanty of wa s nown or vc vrsa 471 w/c selectionT selecion of w!cm s ade asd on h srngth qud Howv hr a svral possbilies and ore han one w/cm ay e ndcated, and an oderly consderaon is needed Frst, w/cm ay e spec d n conac docunts. Nx th nvironntal condi ions should be exaned. ACI 3 18 Chape 19 lss several xposu cagois wih ultipl casss ach calling r a parcula srength and w/cm The lowest w!cm r any of the applcale cases, or he w/cm requied o produce he rquird sngth nds o b consdd Finally o account he vaiabliy of concee, the requred aveage copes sve strength, J', wll dcate a paticular w/cm The w/cm slctd r th dsign wll b h lowst valu slcd o beween hose required by speccaon, exposue class, o rquid avag coprssv strngth Th rlaionshp beween w/cm and strength can be evaluated though w/cm cuves tha plot he srengh poduced by a patcular set of ingdns as w/cm is changd. Withou such an analysis Table 5 . 3 4 can be used o estate w/cm 472 w/c speced by contractW w/cm is spc d by conac t should b copard to thos ndd duablity and strength If anoher consdeaion produces a lowr w/cm, h spcication is consdrd to hav been exceeded 473 w/c neededfor durabiliT qud w/cm and strngth duabilty s dpndnt on th xposu. ACI 3 1 8 Chaper 1 9 requires consideaton of exposue o th llowng u catgors: sul xposur (S) zing and-thawing exposure (F), exposure when n contac wh wae (W), and exposue o corosion (C) ACI 30 Chape also adopts ths ur xposur cagors dscid n ACI 3 1 8 Chape 1 9 Tal 4.3a shows h rquirns r xposur Ca goy S r sulte exposure Tale 4.7.3 shows the requireens r Exposue Cae goy F r zng-and-hawng xposur Tale 4.73c shows he requireens r Exposure Cae goy W n conac wih wae Tal 4..3d shows th rquirns r xposu Ca goy C condtons rquing corosion protcton of renrceent. 4 7 31 Freezing-and-thawing exposureT zing and-thawing exposue class has u categores: F, F , F2, and F3. The F caegory is not exposed to eeng and-thwing condi ons and Catgois F l though F3 a exposed o a lesse to a greaer exent The a conen zing-and-hawing rssanc s spcd n Tal 4. 3 l . Tabe 4.3aRequiemens or concee by Exposue Caegoy S fo sulfae exposue (ACI 30120 Tabe 4.2.2.G(b)) Maxmum Exposre cass w/cm * so SI S2 NA 0.50 0.45 Optio I 0.45 Optio 2 0.40 S3 Requied cemetitious mateals-types Calcum chlode Minimum.', psi ASTM C O/C OM ASTM C 57/C1157M ASTM C595/C595M admxtre 2500 NA NA NA No rsictio I 000 Typ wih MS) signation MS No rsictio 500 y§ Typs wit S) sigion S No pmid V pl pozzoan or ypes wit (HS) esigion HS pu pozzol o 500 No pmid lg cmt pl pooa o lg cmt lg cm 5000 Typs wit S) sigion S No pmid 'Th mamm wlcm lms o no app o gwegh ore tAlteative combiatons of cementious maeials of ose ised n his able are acceptabe f este r slte resisance and meeig the crieia n Tabe 4 6(b or sawa posue oh ps o poran cemes wh cacm alma C 3A) cons p o 1% are apab e cm os o ced 0 !Othe avaiabe types of ceme suc as Type I l o Type I are acceptabe n Exposre Cass es S o S2 if the CA coens ae less an 8% or % especively The amon of the specc source of the pozzoan or slag cemet to be se sha be at least the amout deemie by tes or sevice record to mprve slte resisance whe se i cocee coaning Type V cement Alteaively he amon of the spec c souce of he pozzan or sag se shal ot be less an e amon este i accordance wi AST C /C2M a meng h qurmns o Tab 4.2 26 b . I Tpe V mn s sd as e sol cemos maera, opoa su ssace eqme 0 40% mamm epanson n ASTM C 1 50/C 5M s appcab � Copyright Am Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NO RMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) Table 4.73b-Requements for concree by Exposue Categoy F or feezngandthawing exposure (ACI 3020 Tabe 4.2.2.6(c)) Exposue Maxmm Mnimm Additiona . cass ', psi Ai content eqrements w FO A 500 A 055 3500 abe 42.6(c) A 2 05 abe 42.6(c) A 4500 Tbe 3 00 5000 abe 42.6(c) 4.2 1 ) 3 be pai 05 500 Tabe 6 c) I 1) concrete •Te maimm wlcm limits do o appy o lightweight concree Tabe 4.73c-Requiemens o Exposure Categoy W n contact wth wate (ACI 30120 Tabe 4.2.2.6(d)) Exposre cass WO WI W Maxmm w* A A 050 Mnmm ' psi 2500 500 000 Addtona minmum reqrements None 6a) 6a) "e maximm wm limis do o appy o lighweigh onree Tabe 4.73d-Requiemens or Exposure Cate goy C or condions requing corrosion protec ion of einfocemen (ACI 3020 Tabe 4.2.2.6(e)) Maximum watesobe choride on C) content Exposre Maximum Mnmm in concete, % by mass of cass ', ps cementtous materias! w o-petesed cocee co NA 500 100 C NA 2500 0.30 C2 0.40 5000 0.15 Prestrese concree co NA 500 006 C NA 2500 0.06 C2 0.40 5000 0.06 Te maimm w/cm limits do o appy o lightweight concree e maximm emeniios maerias onen se in deemiing hloe one sha ot ecee wo times e mass o porand ceme. Tabe 4.73.1-Toa ai content o concrete exposed to cyces of feeng and hawing (ACI 3020 Tabe 4.2.2.6(c)) : : : i Nomna maximm aggegate sze, n. 38 1/2 3/ I 1-1 2 3 Tota ai content, % •t Exposue Casses F2 and F3 Exposre Cass Fl 7.5 60 70 5.5 60 5.0 60 5 5. 5 5 50 4.0 4.5 3.5 'Toeance o a r cote as delvere sha be ± 1 % oj; eqa o or greaer ha 50 ps i, i is aepable o ree air one by 1 0 peceage point 9 able 4.73.2-Limts on suppementay cementi ous materias fo concrete assigned o Exposure Class F3 (ACI 3020 Table 4.2.1.(b)) Sppementay cementitious matea y ash or nua pozzons coming to ASTM C618 Sag cemen coming to ASM C989 C989M Silica me conming to ASTM C 0 otal o fy ash or aural pozzoas sag cement n siic me Toal o y ah or ual poolans ad lca me Maximum % of tota cementtos materia by mass 25 50 10 sot 35 Tota cemenitios materia also incldes ASTM C 1/C 0M C9/CM ad 157/C 57M eme he maximm peeages above sha le: (a) Fy ash or natal pozzoans pese ASTM C 1 / C 1 M or C9 /C M ype I P blee eme (b Slag cemet pese ASTM C 1 1 /C M or C9/C M Type IS bened cemen (c) Sca me comig toASTM C 24 present in ASTM C 1 /C 1 M o 595 /C5 5M ype I bended emen FJy ash o naura pozzoans and silica ume sal constitte o moe an 2% and 0% especvey, of he oa mass of he emeos maeals able 4.73.3Sufae concenration ranges fo each sufate exposure (ACI 20.2R6 able 6..4.1 (a)) Sfte exposre cass SO, egigie S I Moee! S Severe S3, Very sevee Wate-soue suate (S04) in so (% y weigt) 000 to 01 0 0.1 0 to 0.20 00 to 00 over 00 Sfte S0) n water ppm) 0 to 1 50 15 0 to 15 00 1500 to 10,000 ove 10000 When se an be epenishe by owg waer or om aoher exerio soe, the pesece o to 10 ppm o se shod be consdeed moerae epose fhe oree w be exposed o ses a maxmm wlm of05 wi a inimmJ' o ps s eede r moeate epose o e sevee ad vey severe exposes a wlm of05 ad a minimm sreng of 5 ps ae neee 4732 When SCMs are used r Exposue Class F lis on ther use ae lsed in Table 47 33 Suate exposure-Tl . . lists the sulte concentraon anges each sule exposue class Exposue o seawae can be consi deed an equvalent to modeate sulte exposue Sulte concenraon ranges the sulte exposure classe s are n Tale When sulte exposue i s ancipaed, consult ACI 0 .R 4734 PermeabiThere ae also Permeablity Caegoies WO and W stuctures n consant conac wth wae In the rst case peealiy is no a con sideation; in he second case i s In Table ., concrete exposed to water whee pereablity is not an ssue has only a requiemen of 500 ps. Concete exposed o wae where permeabity s an ssue such as concete used n a waer arer elementha s the wall of a wae tankcan have a axiu w/cm of 050 and mnu compessve strength of 000 ps. 473 Coon Finally thee is he corosion class with Caegoies CO through . In he CO caegoy the stuctue is dry or protected om oistue. In the Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 10 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AN D HGHD ENSTY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC-21 1.1-22) Tabe 4.74.-Requied average compressve stengh er f daa ae no avaiabe o esabsh standad deviaon (ACI 30120 Tabe 4.2.3.3(b)) Speced c mpressive stengt ', psi Requied aveage cmpessve strengt', psi Les than 3000 3000 to 5000 Ove 5000 lc' 1000 ', ps Use the larger f: + 100 f' + 700 5000 or le fc, = lc' I 34 , =l' + 33k - 500 Ove 5000 f,' = lc I 34 J= 09 0/c' + .33k Tabe 4.74.3-kaco or inceasing sampe sandard deviaon or numbe of strengh ess consideed in calcuaing standad deviation (ACI 30120 Tabe 4.2.3.3(a)2) Total nm be o tests cnsdeed 15 20 25 30 o more k-ct fr nceasing sampe standad deviaton 116 108 103 100 oe Lnea epolao r nermeae nmbe of e aepable C 1 category here s no exposue o exeal chloides b n Categoy C2 there ae exernal chlorides. In the C and C l categoies a mnimm compessve strength of 2500 ps s the only reqiremen. In he C2 caegoy, whee here s expose o exeal chloides such as deicng sas acksh water seawaer or spray om these souces a maximm w/cm of0. 40 and mnmum compressive stengh of00 0 ps ae reqied as shown in Table 47 .3 d 474 w/cm fm rquird strngth-Bee of the vai aly of concree, a eqied aveage compressive stength J' is often equired. The equired average compressive srengh shold exceed the specied compressive stength ' by a sucien margin to keep the nume of noncom plian test esults elow 1 % (ACI 2 l 4R; ACI 301 ). Several methods ae used o determine the reqed average sengh dependng on he amount of stengh es daa tha is availale. 4741 n no data ar avaiab-We no daa ae availale r deerminng the sandard devaion Tale 4. 7 4. 1 can e used to deermine he required average compessve strength 47 4.2 Standard diation dtrmindfrom 30 strngth tsts-We he sandard deviaton is determned om more than 30 strength ests, i s sed whou modicaion. 47 4. 3 Standard diation dtrmindfrom fwr than 30 strngth tsts- When s is based on 1 to 29 tests the s of those est esls is multiplied by the approprae modca tion ctor otained om Table 4 7. 4 3. 4744 Rquird avrag strngth whn standard dia tion is dtrmind-Wh an applicale vale of the sandard deviaon he equaions om Table 47 .4 4 can e used to calclae c. 4745 w/cm through watrcmnt ratio curs-A good way to desgn a concree mixure is based on expeence wih he mateias to e used and the esults achieved in the pas. It is hghly desiable o have or to develop he ela tionship beween strength and w/cm the materals to e � Copyright Am Table 4.74.4-Requred aveage compessive strengh fer if daa are avaiable to esablsh a sample sandard deviaon, ps (ACI 3020 Table 4.2.3.3(a)1) ', psi Noe: / is requed average compressive steng;' s spec e cocee strength k o om Table 423 3(a)2 and , anda evaon aulaed n acorace wi 4.23 2. sed. Whe n such a relaionshp s availale he / he required aveage compressive sengh can be chosen 4746 w/cm by tabl-Approximate and relatively conservative vaes w/cm r concree containng potland cemen can e taken om Table 53.4 Wh typcal mae rals, the taulated w/cm shold podce 28-day srengths close o those shown ased on ess of specimens cued nde standard laboatoy condions. 475 Cmnt-Cement shold mee the equrements of ASTM Cl50/Cl 5 0 MAASHTO M 85 ASTM C595/ C9M-AASHTO M 240M/M 240 o ASTM Cll7/ C l l 5 7 M Specc gravty cemen s generally assmed to be 315 ASTM Cl50/Cl 5 0 M; al ohers may be slightly lowe 47.6 Suppmnta cmntitious matrials-Supple menary cementious maerals (SCMs) ae ofen used n concete n combnation wth potland o lended cement economy redction of hea of hydation improved wokablity and mpoved strength or duability nde he antcpated sevice envonment These benets depend on the amount and ype of SCMs used sch as y ash natal pozzoans (ASTM C618) slag cemen (ASTM C989/ C989M) and silca me (ASTM Cl240) As dened n ASTM C61 8 pozzolans ae "sliceous o slceous and alumnos maeals which n themselves possess lle or no cemenitos vale b wll in nely dvded rm and n the pesence of mosure chemicay reac wih calcm hydroxide a odnary temperaures o m componds possessng cementios popeties. Fly ash is he ney dvided esde tha esls om he comstion of gound or powdered coal Fly ash sed n concete s classed ino two categores: Class F whch has poolanc properes and Class C whch n additon to havng pozzolanc properes also has some cementios poperies in tha ths maeral may e self-seing when mxed wih water Class C y ash may conain lme (CaO) amounts hghe than 1 0% The use of y ash in concree is moe lly descred and discssed in ACI 2322R Blas-ace sag is a y-prodct of the poducion of pg iron. When his slag s apdly quenched and gound wll possess laent cementious popeties. Aer pocessing he maeial is known as slag cemen whose hydralic proper ties vary and can be separaed nto gades noted n ASTM C989/C989M. The grade casscaton gves gudance on the elave stengh poental of 0% slag ceme nt moars o Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC211.1-22) 11 the rerence poland ceent motar a 7 and 28 days. Slag cmn grads ar 80, 1 00, and 1 20, i n ordr of ncrasing srengh poentia When slag ceent is used n concree wih potland ceent he leves and ae of srength devel opmnt will dpnd o n th poptis of h s lag cn, h properes of the potland cemen and he relave and toal amounts of slag cmnt and potland cmnt Silca e as used n concete s a y-poduct resulting o the reducton of high-pury quarz wth coal and wood chips n an lcic ac ac during th producton of slicon eal o rosilcon alloys (ASTM Cl240) Silca m, whch condnss om th gass scaping o h acs, has a vry high connt of aophous slicon dioxde and consists of very ne spheical patcles Othe nas hat hav n usd includ sli ca dust condnsd o precopaced slica me and microslica he most appro prat is silca m. Mthods popotoning and valuating concr ixtres conaning these SCMs should e ased on ral batchs using a rang of ngrdin proporions By valu aing the eec on stengh wae equieen tme of se and other impotan popetes he optmum amount of cmntious matrals can b dnd In h asnc of pror inrmaton and n he neres of preparng esaed proportions a s tral bach or a sis of ral batchs n accordance wth ASTM C 1 92/C l 92M he llowng ypcal ranges are gven ased on he percentage o f he ingedents by h oal wght o f SCM usd i n th batch r srucua concree: Cass F y ash15 o 25% Class C y ash15 o 35% Natal pozzolans1 0 o 20% Slag cn25 to 0% Silca e5 to 10% Whn using SCMs, h quantity of h matrals usd p cubic yad of concree may be derent o hat pevi ously shown. Often cerain specal equred properies such as vy high strngth odulus of lasticy or slf consoldaton nvolve usng ternary o quaternary blends usng muipl SCMs. In cass wh hgh aly strnghs ar qurd th toal weigh of SCM ay e geate han would e needed if po land cn wr th only cmntious matrial Wh high early stengh s no requied highe pecenages of y ash ar qunty usd Oftn i s und tha wh h us of y ash and slag cemen the amount of mxing wae equied o obain he dsrd slump and worabity of conct may b ow than hat used in a mixre usng only potland ceen. Whn slica m s usd, addional xing wa s usuay rqurd han whn using only potland cn. In calcu lating he aoun of chemical adxtes to dispense a givn batch of conct, h dosag should gnrally appled o the toal aount of cementious aeral. Unde these condtions the educon in mi xng wate conven tional wa-rducng admxus (Typs A, D, and E should be a leas 5% and high-ange wae-reducng admix turs (HRWRAs), a last 1 2%. Whn sag cnt s usd n concete xtues contanng some HRWRA the admixre dosag ay b rducd y approximaly 25% copad to xtues conaining ony porland cement Due o dieences n hei specc gravties a gven wght of an SCM wll not occupy th sam voum as an equal weight of potland cemen. The specic gravity of blndd cns wll b lss han that of porland cnt. Thus when using eher blended cemens o SCMs the yeld of the concete mixre should be adjusted using the acual spcic gavis of h arals usd. Class C y as h noally of exeely low caon conent sualy has ltl or no c on nraind a or on th air nainng adixtur dosag at. Many Class F y ashs may requie a hgher dosage of ai-entraning admxre o oain spcid air connts; if cabon contnt is high, h dosag rae may e seveal es tha of non-y-ash concrete The dosag rquird ay also qut vaial Th ntand ar connt of concr conainng hi gh-caron-contn y ash ay be dicul o obtan and mainan. Oher ceentious marals ay tatd th sam as cn n dtrminng the poper quantiy of ar-entainng admixtures per cubic yad of concree o pe 1 00 l of cementious maeial used. Concr contaning a poposd lnd of cnt, ohr ceentious aeials and admixures should be esed to dn h tm qud sttng a varous mpa tues. The use of os SCMs generally slows the ie-of settng of the concee and his perod ay be polonged by hghr prcntags of hs matals n h cntiious blend cod weaher and he pesence of chemical adix tues no ulated speccally r acceleraon Bcaus of th possil advrs cs on nshng tm and consqunt laor coss in som cold clmas, the popoton of other ceenitous maerals n he bend may hav to rducd low th opum amoun r strength consderaons. Some Class C y ashes ay aect settng ie wheeas soe othe cementious maeials may hav lttl c on sting Any ducon in cmnt conent wll educe heat geneaton and noay polong th sing tim. When naral pozzolans y ash slag cement and slica e are used n concree a wate-cemen-plus-SCM raio o / should b considd in plac of h radtional / by weigh. 4.77 Absolut volum mthod-I his pocdur th weghts o f waer ai ceenitous aerals and coarse aggegate ae deened eher hrough speccaton expe rnc, or chats. Onc ths valus ar known th asolut volues of these aeials ae deermined usng he proper spcic gravtis. Thn thos volums ar sumd along wh th volum pcntag of ai That sum is sutactd om the unit volume to deermine he required volue of n aggga Th volum of n aggrgat s hn convered o s equivalent wegh usng he specic gravty and h wgh-volu rlaonshp. 4.7 7 1 Unit volumTe unt volu ths pocdur is 1 yd The sum or the absolute volues of all the concete mixur ngrdints wll th uni volu. Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 12 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AN D HGHDENSTY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC-211.1-22) 4772 Abolut olumI the case of solids he displacmnt voum of paticls thmslvs, ncuding thei peeale and peeale voids bu excludng space beween parcles; in the case of uids hei volue A mor xac pocdu r calculatng th quird amount of ne aggregate nvolves the use of volumes displacd y th ingdnts. Th asout volum mhod presened subtacts he sum of he absolute volues of the deermined constients o he unt voue o deterine th rqurd volum of th sand om whch h wight of sand is deermined The desgn s checked y measuring the yild wth pocdurs of ASTM Cl38/C l 3 8 M as wll as tsng h mixur's ohr rquird propris. 4773 Spcc graviwightvolum rlationhipTe volum occupd in conct by any ingdn s qual to s weigh divided y the densiy of tha ateial Th spcic gravity is th ao of th dnsity of a susanc to h dnsy o f wat at a spcd mpratur and pessure. The densy s he wegh per un volue of a substanc Th wgh-voum rlaionshp dnd y the specic gravity of a susance is used o deene the volume of a known susance if he wegh s known and vic vrsa. Th dnsiy of a susanc wll b th spcic gravty mulpled by he densty of waer. Once the density is known, h wigh of a gvn volum of h susanc can be und y dividing the volue by he densty If the volume is known he weigh is und by mutiplying it y th dnsy 47 7 4 hortical a irr dniThe su of the weighs of the constuens of a concete ixtre dvided by h sum of h absolut volums ss h vou of ar. 478 Moitur adjutmnt Knowng th mostur conten of aggegae sockples s vaiale the ne water bachd o h xtu ypcally has to adjustd to accom odae tha varaily Moiste adjusens ae no par of the desg n They are adusens to the design weghs of the aggrgats and wa nd d to achiv th conct ixtur desgn wth respec o wae. The weight of he design water should adusd wat on h agggats tha s to hydrae ceent. The ee waer s the toal aoun of water minus h e absobed wae. When aggegaes are elow SSD, hy wll absor war so addtional war will nd to e added to the batch wate When aggregaes are above SSD, th s wa on h aggrgat so wat will suraced om the atch waer. 4781 On Oven dry is he mosture condion achvd whn an aggrga s did to consant wight In this state he aggegate contains no osure a all If an SSD wight s known, th ovn-dry wight can b und usng h l lowing quaton. When he oven-dry weigh s known the SSD weght can be und us ing he llowing equaion ( A% m = m 1 + 100 47 82 Saturatd cdry i s the mosture condi ion achivd af a lly sauratd aggrgat is did untl all he surce oiste has been evaporated. � Copyright Am (47.8.2) 4783 otal moitur contntThe moisture content is th amoun of moisu hat can b vapoatd om an aggrgat undr contolld condtions and compud om ASTM C66 I contains boh he asored and he surc moistu. The ota osure conten compuaion s m; m m %total = 100 (47.8.3) 4784 AborptionDetened though the pocedures ofASTM Cl 27 and C l 2 8 absopon s th mosur connt when he aggegate s dried o ts SSD condion to its oven-dy state A he SSD sae he aggegate has absored as much wa as possibl, ut th s no moisu on h surce of the parcles. A% = m m m 100 (47.8.4) 4785 Fr watr ee waer is the toal amoun of wa ss h wat absobd ino h aggrga. Ths wat is on he surce of the aggregae paricles and is availale to hydat cmnt. - (4.78.1) ) %fr = %total A% (47.8.5) 47.86 Fr watr wight computation whn ovn-d wight i kownTo compue the ee wae the oven-dy weght of he aggegate is ultiplied y he ee moistue connt o dtrmin th wigh of war ndd o adjust h design wate conent (47.8.6) 47.87 Fr watr wight computation whn SSD wight i kownWhen the weight s given in erms of SSD wght s convtd no ovn-dy wght y divding y (l + 100 mw m l + A% MC0 (47.8.7) 100 478 8 Conntional mthodfor computation offr watr wightBecause typcal batch ckets give he weighs of th concr constitunts in SSD ms s convnnt to copute the ee water based on these values wthout convrng o ovn-dry wght Th watr is compud as the SSD weght mulipled by he moi stue conent. mw = msD Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg x MC% (47.8.8) SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NO RMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) Ths method poduces an insignicant deence compared o the heoreical mehod hard aggegates. I overesmaes the ee water because it ovestates he oven dry wegh slghtly resuling n a ltle moe aggegate and a lile less water n the mixure han called by he design usually well wihin the weighng toleances r wae given y ASTM C94/C94M Cae should be exercsed however, when using highly asoben aggegates a high mosure conens whee is possle o shi he ! o he nearest 0.0 1 479 47.91 Yield s he volume of eshly mixed concrete produced om a known quaniy of ingedens: the total wegh of ingredens divded y he densiy of he eshly mixed concree It is compued based on he elaion ship given in ASTM Cl38/C13 8 M Concrete is poduced on a volumeic ass ethe as a cubc yad or a cubic meter bu i is atched on a weigh ass accoding to a mxtue desgn o mxtue propotions If he mxte propoions ae no ached o detemned properly he comned materals may produce eihe more or less than the desred volume of concree. I s the sum of the weight of he ngediens bached dvded y he esh densiy, also determined y ASTM C 1 3 8/ Cl38M The result is a volume tha is compared o he volume he ingredens wee supposed o poduce The age yeld is 1 yd o 27 ft of concree maeial in most cases. 4.7.92 Relative yield () is he raio of the actual volume of concree obaned ( o he volume as designed (Yd) the atch calculated as llows (49.2) A value r geaer han 1 00 indicates an excess of concete eing produced whereas a value less han 1 .00 nd cates the atch o be shot o f s desgned volume Even though he concete aching pocess i s designed o produce 1 yd (27 ) varaions in bach weghs, specic gaviy of maerials aggregae moi stue condions and ai conent will result n ucaions in the batch volume Thee is no publshed yield toleance n eithe ASTM o ACI docu mens bu a pacical olerance can e esmaed. 4793 B In the eld, ASTM C94/C94M batchng olerances allow the atch weghs o vary ±1 % cemenitous materals and up to a maxmum ±2% aggegates when weghed n indvidual batches nained air tolerances allow r as much as ± 1 .5 % of the mxtue volume If he poduce decides o monito the overall toler ance of he yield of the atchng pocess a 1 or 2% yield would gve the numbers dealed n Tale 4.7 9.3 A 1 % ove ach on aggegaes and a 2% addtional (ove target) air conten can resul in a yeld o f 1 03 on some mxtes. As long as the is withn 0.98 o 1 02 the yield s pob ably wihin accepable oleances; howeve a contactor wh a 1000 yd placement might oject to havng o purchase an exta 20 yd above wha he anicipaed. 13 able 4.79.3-0verall batch oleances for yied Overall batch toerances fr yied Target 1% Ry 2% Ry ft 7.2 63 1.01 099 254 66 1.0 098 Over eld (+) Under ield (-) 47.94 B of Typcally in batchng concete materals the weighing ou of he cementious maerals s more consant than hat of he aggegates due to compensaion and adjustment of ee mosre on the aggegate Also, he cos dierence of cemen compaed to aggegate puts a cus on coec oleance r cemen Fo a gven mxe desgn the cemenitous conent is elatvely xed o he accuacy of he scale om batch to atch This relatively consant cement cto has he llowing eec on changing batch yields caused by a vaey of cors If the concee ach under-yelds (produces less han the desied concee volume), he llowing condions may occu: (a) Cementious maeals ae ypically weighed on a sepa rae scal e and are ily constan r a given bached mixre design. When a load ofconcree is atched and und o e in an unde-yield conditon, the pecent of cement pe volume of materal is geate han ha of he desgn thus causing a lower / (pesumng oginal wate content wih smlar slump) and leadng to highe compressive senghs, and a more cosly concree per cubic yad (b) I f the atch sie s smalle than expeced, bu the waer conent s not changed the concete mixre may have a gher-han-accepable slump (c) The contacto wll eceive less concete than requesed. If he concete ach ove-yields (poduces more han the desied concee volume) he llowing condions may occu: (a) As stated prevously the same amoun of cement is bached and he concee is und o e in an over-yeld conditon. Ths equres the same amount of cemen to cover a larger popotion of aggegates and resuls n less net cemen pe yad hus lowe stengths (b) The larger ach will require more water r a gven slump which wll result in a highe / and lower-than ancipaed strength (c) If he wate conten s no changed, the concete mxtue may have lowe-han-equesed slump Relative yeld trial batches should be repored n the eld o la epot CHAPTER 5-PROPORTION SELECTION PROCEDURE The pocedure r selecon of mixtre proporions gven in this secon s applcale to nomal-densy and high densy concetes. The same asc data and pocedures can also be used n propotionng concetes using mulple aggre gae sze acions mulple ypes of cementious mateials o oh. Sample compuaions r hese ypes of concee are gven n the examples of Chapter 9. Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue Am ercan Concrete Institute - Copyrighted© Material - www.concrete.org 14 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AN D HGHDENSTY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC-211.1-22) 5.1-Backgound Slction of concr popotons should b asd on s daa o expeence wih the aeials o e used. Where such bacground s limied o no avalable esaes given hn may b mployd Th innt is o produc a al ach which will e tesed the requied esh and had nd propis and modd as ncssay to produc th qurd proprs Th llowing nrmaton r avalabl materials is usel: (a) Sv analyss of n and coas aggrgats () Densty of coase aggegate (c) Bul spcic gravtis dnsty a SSD conditons, and asorpons of aggrgas (d) Mxing-waer equrements of concree developed o xprnc wih avalabl aggrgas (e) Relatonships etween stengh and he rao of / or w/cm r avalabl cobinaions of cns ohr cni ious matrals if considd and aggrgas ( Specic gavies of hydaulc cemen and other cmnttious matials, f usd Esaes om Tables 53.3 and 5.3.4 espectvely may e used when inaon o Seps (d) and (e) are not avalabl 5.2Seecon pocess The selecon process egins by esang the equired ach weghs r he concete. The esaon nvolves a squnc of logcal, saightrwad stps tha, in c, he chaactestics of he availale materals no a mixture sutable r he wo The jo speccaons ay dicae som o all of h llowing (a) Maxmum w/cm () Miniu cementious mateials content (c) Air connt (d) Slump (e) Nominal axum sie of aggregae ( Stngth (g) Oher equrements elating to requred average stngh, admixurs and spcial yps of cnt, othr cementtious mateials o aggegae 5.3Esmaon o batch weghs Regardless of whethe the concree characeistcs are pscrbd y h spcications or ar lf to h ndividual selecing the poporons esaon of atch weights per cuic yard of concree can e es accomplshed in the llowng squnc 531 Stp Choc of sump-I slup s no speci d, a valu appropra h wo can b slctd o Tal 5.3 . 1 Th valus providd n Tal 5.3 1 apply to concree poduced whou a waer-reducing admixture (WA). Most structual conct includs a WRA or hgh ange water-educng admixure (rer o Chapter 6 r more nration). Th slumps shown n Tal 5. 3 1 may incas whn chmcal admxurs ar usd, provding h admxur reated concete has he sae or lowe w/cm and does no xhi sggaon pontal and xcssiv lding Th slup ranges shown apply when vbraion is used o consol- � Copyright Am Table 5.3.1-Typca sump ranges or concee wthout waterreducing admixtures or various ypes of consucon ypcal slump rages, n. Types f costructio I o 4 2 o 4 Siped Mass oncree . 2 o 5 3 o 5 Pavemets ss pi fotigs aissos substucre walls reire atio w, ad foings Beams eirce ws ad uiig colns Slmp ay be ncreased w e -age or hg-ange water-ecg amxtues are ue, pove a h amreae coce a e ame o ower wlcm a does no exhbit segegation or excessve beeng. idae the concete This table is povded as gudance a starng poin r ial batchs and slump valus should be adjused ased on vaous condtions I should no be appld as a spcication. 53.2 Stp 2: Choc of nomna maxmum sz of aggr gat-Geneally the noinal maxmum se of aggregate should b h lagst tha is conoically availal and consisen with densions of he structure. The nonal axmum siz shou ld no xcd 1 /5 of h narowst dmnsion wn sds of rms; 1/3 th dph of slabs; o 3/ of the iniu clea spacing between ndvidual rncing bas, undls of bas o ptnsoning stands (ACI 30 1 ; ACI 31 8) 53.3 Stp 3 Estmaton ofmxng watr an da r contnt Th qantity of watr pr cuc yad of conct rquid to poduce a gven slup s dependent on the nonal axmum s parcl shap surc txtur and gadng of th aggrgas th concr tmpraur h nrand air contn; and us of chmical admixurs. Slump is no signcanly aected by the quanity of ceentious ails withn normal us lvls An nial sat the ixing-wate weght can e taken o Table 5.33. It povids appoxmat ixing-wat wghs pr cuc yad of concr mad wth vaious nonal maximu sizs of aggregaes wth and wthou ar enainmen T he ai rquirmns shown ar hos om ACI 3 1 8 Chaptr 1 9 duabilty equements. 5331 Afe deemnng the appoxmate waer and air contns adus h valus r h applicabl condi tions provided in Table 5 3. 3 1 . I is ecomended o wth hold approxaly 1 0% o f his watr intially and hn add slowly o oban poper slup an ntial rs ral. The qanity of water can be the rened depending on numrous cors such as agggat xtu and shap, h type and dosage of admixures epeaue changes and oh vaious ctos as listd in Tal 5 3. 3 . 1 53311 Chmca admxturs-eil admixures are use d to odi vaious properies of concrete Ch ecal adxus should b usd only aft an appopiat valua tion has been conduced o show that the desied eects can b accop lishd in th paticular conct und h cond tions o f inndd us If such adxtus ar usd, th slu mp can be increased he water content can be adused llowng Tal 5 .3 3 1 , o a coinaton of boh ASTM C9/C9M and ASTM C 1602/C l 602M equre the weight of the wate Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC211. 1-22) 15 Tabe 5.3.3-Appoxmate mixing wae and ai content o deren slumps fo concrete whout water reducing admxtues and nomna maxmum szes o aggegates Water of concrete indicated nominal maximum szes o aggegates, lb/yd Slmp n. 3/8 1/2 34 1 Non-air-etined coee 350 I to 335 315 300 3 to 385 365 30 35 37 5 5 to 6 400 350 330 6 to 7 410 385 360 340 Moe hn Approximate entrapped i coten i on-air-eained cocete, % 3 5 15 Air-enraie concrete 1to2 305 95 280 70 95 3 to 4 340 35 305 5 to 6 35 5 335 315 300 35 325 6 to 7 365 310 Moe hn 7 . - AC 318 Required oal i, % Exposure Cas FI posue Case 2 3 - 60 5. 5 7.5 0 - - 1-1/2 2 3 5 300 305 315 60 85 90 300 0 5 255 20 - - - I 05 03 250 275 80 290 40 65 0 80 205 25 0 260 50 60 5 6.0 5 55 0 5.0 45 3.5 'Sl umps are maximum amonts r angua aggregates gade wihi imis of acceped speci aios 1Te slmp vaes ar based o slmp ests mae ae remova of paces larger a - / i by we sceeg !S lump vale o more a 7 n are al oba e roug he ue o waeredcng adme. We ug waeeducng admre, llow maucurer ecommenaons Noe: ee qane o mng wae ae ue compug cemeniou coe r ra bace a 68 o 77°F Tabe 5.3.3.1-Adjustmens to esmated wae conten or vaous condons (adaped rom Bueau o Recamaion Concrete Manua, A Water Resources Technical Pubication, Chape I, Secton 45) Adjustments" Changed condtion Wate content % 8 Rounde ggege Eac I % inease i ai coent 3 Eah I% decree in i oten 3 Wereding mite (WRA) sed 5 1 Higrge waereduig amire HRWR) use a lmp iease of I in. +3 -3 Eah sump decrease o I in +2 ah I 0° incree in oncrete temperatre 2 c I 0 eease n cocete empeatre Ec I 0% inrease i y ash onet as cemet 3 eplcemet by weight a 1 0% decree in y ah coet ement +3 eplcemet, by weight Eh 10% incree in sag cement onte as 5 ceme eplement by weigh Ec I 0% ecese in lag eme coent +5 ceme eplement by weigh +5 Mucte sad i ed 'Tese adjusmens assme te user s startig a stana laboraory emperatues o 68 o 77F wh concee avng a 3 o 4 n. ump a coanng reaoab we shaped aggregates gaded wi i limis of acceped speccaio s a naua sa havg a ee moulu o2 7 5 e mbo "+ epeen he ado o wae weeas e symbol repeses e eucton i wae coent in lqud admixurs includd as pat of h toal mxing water when t causes a change of the / of 0 01 o moe. 53312 Air contnt-The secton of Table .33 non-ai-nrand conct appoxmas th ntrappd a content o be expeced in mxtues ased on the nominal maximum sz of agggat In th low pat of h al the required otal air conent r Classes F 1 F2 and F3 spec id n A CI 3 1 8 Chapr 1 9 ar also providd Inial propor toning calculations should use he a conten as a pecent of th whol Additonal ecommendaons r a conent and toleances r air conten conrol in the eld are given in ACI 3 18 ASTM C94/C94M also povds a connt limits. The equrements n other documents may not always match xacly; thr in proporionng consdraon should b gven to selecting an ar conent tha wll mee he needs of the jo as well as mee the applcable speccatons. 5.34 Stp 4: Slction of w/cmTh quid w/cm is deemned no only y sength requiremens bu also by cors such as duabilty Bcaus drnt aggrgas and cmntious maials may produc dirn sngths a th same w/cm, it s desiable o have o to develop he relation ship bwn sngth and w/cm r th marials to b u sd. In the absence of such daa, appoxmae and elatvely consvatv valus r conct conaning p I porland cmnt can takn om Tabl 5 3 .4 The elatonship n Table 3.4 assumes a nomnal maximum siz of aggga of approximatly 3/4 o 1 n. For a given source of aggregate stengh poduced at a gven w!cm wll ncrease as nomnal maxmum se of aggga dcrass. Wih ypical maeials, the abulated w/cm should produce strngths clos to thos shown asd on 28-day tsts of specimens cued under standad laoraory condions. Codes require ha he average strengh selected should exceed he speced sengh y a sucien margin o keep the numbe of low tests wthn specc limts (ACI 214R; A CI 3 0 l ; AC I 3 1 8) . Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 16 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AN D HGHD ENSTY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC-21 1.1-22) Tabe 5.3.4-Relationship beteen w/c and compressive strengh o concee Table 5.3.6-Buk voume o coarse aggegate pe unt of voume o concrete w!cm, by weight Compessve strengt at 28 days ps' 000 6000 5000 000 3000 2000 Nnaientaned concrete 03 01 08 05 0.68 0.8 Aientrained concrete <033 033 00 08 059 04 Vaues ae estmate aveage sengs o ccree ctaining t mre an % a o n-ai-naned nre ad 6% a a cn or a-eraie cce F a cnstat wlm, the sregth ccree s edce as e air cnte is icrease wnygh-day sregh vales may be csvave ad may ag we vars cemius materas ae sed Te ate a wc e 8-day steng is evelped may als age Cmpessve sregth s base n x n r 4 x 8 n cylders mis ced i acrda wi ASM 3 /3 IM s are cyins ms ure a 73 4 ± 3° p t tesing 1Cncre wi a wlcm hat s less an 033 may eqire e addtn f cemica admires, supplemeay meiius maias a hgh cemis maeras cn aive a 28ay cmpressiv sng 70 psi For exposure casses of S hrough S3 F though F3 , W2 and C2 the w!cm shoud be kep low even though srengh equieents ay be et with a hgher vaue. Rer o Tabe 47.3a hrough Tae 73d r axiu w!cm and niu stengh equreents. Tabe 4 7. 3 1 addionally povides equred ar contens r Exposure Casses F 1 though F3 as a ncon of noinal axiu sze of aggregae. 535 Stp 5 Calculation of cmntitious matrials contnt-Te quantiy of ceentious aeials pe uni voue of concete s xed y the determinaions ade in Seps 3 and 4. The requied quanty of ceentious ate rias is equa to the estaed ixng-wate content o Sep 3 dvided by he w!cm o Sep If however the speccaton ncudes a sepaae inu li on ceeni tious aerals in additon to requireens r strength and duraiy, the ixure shoud e based on whcheve crte rion eads o the arger quanty of ceentious ateras. SCMs or cheica adixures are often used to increase wokabity strength, duraiy, appeaance, and othe cors ipotan to he perance of concree Rer o ACI 234R 232.2R 233R and 212.3R r ore deaied inraton. 536 Stp 6 Estimation of coars aggrgat contnt Aggegates of essentay he sae noinal axu sze and gadng w produce concree of satiscory wok ay when a paicular voue of coarse aggregate on an oven-dry-rodded basi s s u sed pe unit voue of concree. Appopate vaues r ths aggregae voue ae gven in Tae .3.6. The u volue of aggegae needed r a cuic yard of concree, n cubc e t on an oven-dry-rodded asis, is equa o he vaue o Tabe . 3. 6 uliped y 27. This voue s convered o he dry wegh of coase aggregate y uli pyng the u voue y the oven-dry-odded densiy of he coarse aggregate. The oven-dry wegh i s then converted � Copyright Am Nomna maximum sze f aggegate, in. 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1-1 3 Voume ven-drydded case aggegate• per nt voume f concrete dierent neness mdl ne aggegate I 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 050 08 06 0 059 0.5 055 053 0.66 0.6 06 0.60 01 069 06 065 0.5 0.71 0.69 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.80 0.78 0.76 Vlmes ar based aggregaes n ven-dy-e cdtn as descibe i ASM 29/ 9 s e vlms are secd m mpica reanships pce ncete wth a egree f wrkably stabe or usual enoce cstrc n F ss wab re sh as qid o cce pavmen nsuc tn they may be ncrease by apprmaely 0% Rer ASM 36/ 3 M or caluan ness mls Table 5.3.8Design egh summary* Design weight Mixing wer Cementitous maerls Cose aggregate (S SD) Fine ggregate (SSD Toal weight Step 3 Step 5 Step 6 Step - f cemca admxures ae used rec the amixure dsage (z/yd) Rec te arg ar ne perage acrding e prvidd vales ab 53 3 (Sep 3) . to an equvaen SSD wegh by uiplying by 1 pus he absorption (1 + A ) . 537 Stp 7 stimation ofn aggrgat contnt- he copeton of Sep 6 he weghs of all he ngredients of th e concete ixure have been esiaed except the weight of ne aggregae. Cacuaing he required quanity of ne aggegate nvoves the use of the voues dispaced by he ingedents. In concrete the voue occupied y any ngre den s equa to is wegh dvided y the densiy of hat aeial (the atte eing he poduct of the densty of wae and he specc gavy of he aea). For his cacua tion he toa voue dspaced y he known ngediens xing water ai, ceentiious aeras, and coase aggre gate (SSD)s subacted o he unt voue of concee 27 ft o otain he requied nue of cubc et of n � aggegate needed. To copee he desgn, hat voue of sand s then converted to an SSD weight based on s SSD densy by utpyng he voue y he specc gavy of the aggregae tes the density o f water. 538 Stp 8 Dsign wight summarnte he consuen weghs oained o the previous steps ino Tabe 53.8 539 Stp 9 : rial batch-Tral batches of a proposed concete xte ae ade to conr tha he conaton of aerals w produce he equred esh and hardened popeies. The ixture design weights of Tabe .3.8 yp cay need adusens to accoun r changes n aggregate oistre contens pio to baching. These adjustents ae to accoodate changes n sockpe condtons and are not adjusens o he design of he xue Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC211. 1-22) 17 Table 5.3.9.-Batch weigh summay* Design weigt Batch weigh Waer Step 3 - Cemeniious meial Step 5 Coarse ggrege SSD) Step 6 Fie ggege (SSD ) Step 7 - Tot weigh 'If cmca admxr a d, rec he admure ag (zy ) Rco target air cnte percenage accrdng o e prided vales i Tabe 5 . 3 3 (Step 3. 53. 91 Moisture adjustmentsTyy, aggrgas will have geater oistue conent than hei SSD cond tion. The aount atchd will nd to incasd om h dsign weigh expessed as SSD by he ee wae on he aggre gate so tha he corect aoun of aggegate is used. I can happn tha h aggga is so dry h aoun to b wighd ou needs to e deceased wh additonal waer added o brng it to SSD Th nsrucions tha llow wll work boh cases. To deterne the weght of aggegate to be ached, use th llowng mula ach aggrga and hn n these values into the atch wegh sumary (Table 5 .3 .9. 1 ) wbatched ( + MC%) = (l + A%) SSD (5.3.9.l) Th dinc twn th atchd wat and th mixng wate weght o the mixure propotions s the weigh of th watr It s suracd om th xing-wa wigh the weight of wae o e atched. Ene his value ino Tabl 5 .3 9 . 1 Th wat addd o h mixur plus th wate should equal he mixng-water weght. The otal ach wight af osur adjustnts should ach h toal xtu wght The otal aount of mateials wll e needed o compute th yd. Th pocdu s llusatd in h xaps of Chape 9. 53.10 Step 10: Post-trial batch adjustmentsT calcu latd ixtur propotions should chcd rquird perance by eans of ral aches pepared and esed in accodanc wih ASTM Cl 92/Cl92M o ll-szd ld batches. Only sucent waer should be used to poduce the equred slup regadless of the quanty assued in scting h tial propotions Th concr should checked density and yeld (ASTM Cl38/C 1 3 8 M) and air contn (ASTM C l 38/C l 3 8M; ASTM C l 73/Cl 73M ASTM C23 l /C23 1M ). It should also be caelly observed wokablity resistance o segegaton and nishing proprtis. Appopiat adustmnts should b ad in h propotions subsequen baches o corect deciences n accordanc wth h ll owng suggstions 53 10 1 Adjustment Re-esae he quanity of he requied mxng wae per cubic yad of concree by ulti plyng th nt xing-war contn of h ria bach y 27 and divding the poduct y the yield of he tial atch n cubc t If h sup of h tal bach was not corc incas o dcas h r-stimatd quantiy of watr y lb each 1 n. equied ncrease or decrease n slump. In cases wher e he addtion of water is undes able, he use of wat-ducng admixturs can b consdrd. 53 10 2 Adjustment If he desred ai conten (r ai-ntrand concrt) was not achivd -stimat th admixre dosage r he requed ai content, and educe or incease he xing-wae conent of Section 5. 5 . 1 y 5 lb r ach 1 % by whch h ar connt is o incasd or deceased o tha of he pevious ral bach. 5.3 10 .3 Adjustment If h dsrd strngth was not achvd /-vrsus-strngth cus can b usd to adjust the value. An example s sh own n Chaper 9. Th masurd cmn cincy can also b usd to adust the sengh. Cement ecency s he srength gained o ach pound of cmn n a cuic yad. Wih unts of ps/ /yd , i is computed by divding the tal atch srength by h wght of cnt r a cubic yard of th tral ach. Dvidng th dnc btwn h inndd stngh and the measued sengh by the cemen ecency esuls in the wght of cmn to addd to a cubc yad to ncras o sutraced o decease he stengh. To eep he w!cm consant a waer adustment wll e needed. The ne volue chang rsuling o hs changs s ost by an adjus ent to he weight of sand to keep he yield constan at one cuc yard. An xap is shown in Chapt 9. 5 310 4 Postadjustments new batch weghts staing wih Sep 5 (Section 5.3.5) and odify the volue of coars agggat om Tal 5 3. 6 f ncssay o povid pope wokablity. CHAPTER 6EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES 6.1Background Checal admixures ae dened as liquids or dispes ile powdes used as ingedents n ceenitous mixres to impov th conoy proprs or boh in th pasic o hadened sae. This chap wll provid basic nmaion ndd r poportoning of concree xes ncorporaing cheical admixres. Although he desgn method presened n his gud maks only passing ntion ofhis vry ltl comr cial concree is poduced whou cheical admixures. Chca admixurs a usd o ailo h poptis of concrete mixres to mee specc permance requie ents o f a gven project such as worabity, e of setng stngth shikag duabilty prmabity viscosiy rheology colo and othe popeties. The ype and dosage of chmica admixurs ar slctd basd on th dsd panc qumnts. As war-rducing admixurs (WRAs) and a-entraning admixtures (AEAs) ae aong th ost comonly usd chical admixurs in th concrete ndusy ths chape will ephase the eects of ths wo admixur typs on mixur poporonng. Howvr admixurs ohr han WRA and AA such as set etarders acceleatos, and shinage-educng adix turs a also usd o vaious prmanc targts. For Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 18 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AN D HGHD ENSTY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC-21 1.1-22) rther detals on admxue types and ther use in concree, to ACI 2 1 2.3R 6.2-Arentranng admxtures Ai-ntraning admxtus (AAs) ar usd o pupos lly entran a system of nely dispersed a ubles primarly o incas th sistanc against zng-and hawing damage whee ccally satated exteio concree s exposed to epeated eeing-and-thawing cycles n cold wath climats. Conct s svly damagd whn enough ce rms in the capllares ecause ice creates a prssur gra than th nsil sngh of th cmn pas whch disrupts th capillay wals. Th addton of AEAs stablies microscopic air bubles (enained a) durng mixng. Ths ubbls povid a svor r watr o mgrae nto durng eeing, hereby reducing he tensle rcs crad in th cmn past causd by th xpansion of zing wat in h smallr capllary vod spacs Whn hawing occurs, the wate is rced ack nto he capllaies y compssd ar n th vods thby ng h vods r use agan durng the next eeng cycle. Howeve, should e noed tha he ar bubles entained y he AEA a dirn han th ntrappd ai n conct. nappd ar voids are incopoated no he concete durng mxing Ths a manly rgula n shap and usuay 004 in ( 1 mm) or lage in se Enraned air bules are inen ionally added into concree o stalie andomly distb ud microscopic ai bubls tha a typically sphrca or neay so, ranging in se eween 0.0004 and 0.04 n (0. 0 1 and 1 mm) n damete Due to he lage sie, enapped air ubbs do no povd th ncssary proction against th cycls of zing and thawng of h crically saturatd concree A-entrained vods ae needed poecion and can b achvd hrough h us of an AA AEAs may also be used to mpove wokabliy as he enained air ubles have a lubrcation eec on the mixur Du o th sz and shap of th a voids a enraned concete typically contans up o 1 0% less water han non-air-naind concrt of qual wokablity. Ths educon n he volume of mixng water as well as the volume of entained and enrapped ai mus be consdered n popoonng. In additon h ncras o f a contn may cause a educion n stengh. Therere, mixre popo ionng should don with th cons draion of h tag ar conten's mpact on srength (efe to ACI 2123R r moe inrmaton) Th quanty of AA qurd to achiv an appropa level of ar enainmen n concree s vaiale and depends on many mxur dsgn chaactrsics. Among hs ar h chaactistics of aggrgats yp and propoions of th concree admixres, ype and duation of mixng, conss ncy tmpraur cmn nnss and chmistry and th use of other cemenitous maerials 6.3Watereducng admixures Water-educng admixres (Ws) are used to educe the amount of wat qurd to achv and maintain th tag slump of eshly mxed concete The educon of wae in � Copyright Am the mxe can also have oher enes such as loweing he w!cm, hry ncasng th stngh. Rducng wa can also mpove the duability, educe shrnkage and cacng poental, and reduce pemeaily The use of a WRApemts a rduction in cmnitous connt whn poporonng concee mixures due to he reducion n wae conten r a gvn w!cm. WRAs can also usd to ncras slump whl mantaining he oignal wae conten of he mixe WRAs ae gouped ino hree geneal categoies based on th xpctd amoun of wa ducon although th is no standad classcaon indcating the amoun of wae rducton associad wth ach cagoy Nomal-rang WRA rduc th amoun of watr by a minmum of 5%. Mid-range waer-reducing admxtes (MRWRAs) reduce wat connt y btwn 5 and 1 0% Hig h-ang war reducing admxtues (HRWRAs) can acheve wae educ tions of twn 12 and 40% (Kosmatka and Wison 2016). Howvr h watr rducton may vary (abov o low) om he ypcal amouns listed herein. Theee, these limits hould sv ony as a gnrc stating poin that may be u sel r water adjusmen n mixre proporionng WRAs are ypcally used to produce slumps in he lowng angs (a) ormal-ange WRA: 0 o 6 in . (b) MRWRA 2 to 7 in (c) HRWRA: 5 o 9 n. convenonal concete and up to 30 n o f slump ow self-conso lidaing concete (SCC ) WRAs ar on muatd n comnaon with st reades or acceleaos Se reardes extend he tme concee remains plastc (wokable), whch is u sel dung ho wahr o xndd tanspotaton im. St accraors rduc th tm of sttng and acclra stngh gain This can e usel in cod weaher o anytime reduced tme of sting o acc lrad strngh gain is dsird. ASTM C494/C494M species the characeistcs s even wate-educng and se-control lng admixures as llows ( 1 ) yp AWatr-ducng (2) ype BRetading (3) yp CAcclatng (4) ype DWate-educng and reardng (5) ype EWater-reducing and acceleang (6) yp FWa-rducing high-ang (7) ype GWate-educng, high-range, and readng ASTM C494/C494M has on addtional admxtu cassi caon, Type SSpecc Permance Admxres. Type S admxes ae desgned to aec specc permance char actrsics of h concr without substanally impactng the slump, time o f seting, o strength gain of he concete. Thr ar many cass whr mo han on or two drnt typs of chmcal admixurs a addd to conc. Whn h use of muliple admxtes s anticpated, especally n chal lngng applicaons chmical admixtur supprs should be consu led while stl l n the concete mxue poporonng phas. In addtion h mixur propotioning phas should includ a discuss ion o n h ach war adjustmnt ndd o accoun r he waer n he admixures (especi ally f added at hig dosag ras) and hir xpcd watr-rducton levels The compablty of chemcal admixtures wih each Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC211. 1-22) 19 othe and cementios mateials as well as he combined cts of sing mltpl chmical admxts on concr permance shold be assessed dng the ral aching phase. Fll-scale al atches and mockps of srucal lmns will hlp idni any nxpctd bhavios and allow mixtre adjstments. CHAPTER 7-EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS 1-Background Spplmnay cmnios matials (SCMs) a sd to mpov prmanc and cos-cncy of concr mixtures while conrtng to sstanabil ty. Many of these maials a naral maals whas oths ar indsral by-prodcs, as shown n Table 7. 1 2Pooanc vesus cementous Fly ash, slica me, slag cemen, meakaoln, and calcind clay a som of th mos commonly sd SCM s When blended wth porland cement, S CMs conrte o he properes of concete hrogh hydalc actvity, poolanc acivty or oth (Kosmata and Wlson 201 6) Hydalc acivty occs when phases in the SCM chemcally reac wih war hry mng cmntos hydraion pod cts simlar o those med hrogh he hydraon of pot land cemen. Poolanc actvity occs when silceos o alminoslicos marial n th SCM acts wih calcim hydoxde (porlandite), whch n t ms calcm sl cae hydrae (C-S-H) Fthemore, poolans do not have any cmntios propris whn sd alon Howvr whn sd in connction wh potland cmnt hy rac wih calcm hydoxde. Consideing calcm hydoxde is h most solbl of h hydraon prodcs (and hs s a weak lin in concree om poosiy and dability perspec tives, as opposed to C-S-H, whch conites to stengh and pmaily nhancmn of concr) pozzolanc acivty s highly desed Table 7.2 shows the comparson Tabe 1Supplementay cementious maeials hat are classifed as byproducs vesus naural poducs By-prdcts Natral oducts Cas C y ah Metkaoln Ca F y ash Calined ay Slg ceme Ccie shale Siic me Rice u ash - Tabe 2Supplementay cementitous materas hat ae cassifed as pozzolanic versus cementitous Pzzaic Pozzolanc + Cementtios Cas F y as Ca C y Siic fme Slg cemet Meain Ccie cly Calined e - Rice husk s - of commonly sed SCMs ased on ther poolanc verss cmntios chaactrisics. Dependng on the ype and amont of SCMs being sed, they geneally: (a) Improv h woraly of concr and dcras th tendency o bleed and segegae (b) Rdc po sz and h porosty o f boh th cmnt marx and he nercial ransiion one (c) Enhance dailty and sevice life in tems of dcasng prmablity ncasng sistanc to chmical atac, deceasng shrinkage, and ncreasng ressance to thmal cracng and alali-aggrgat xpansion (d) Incas arly o lma srngth SCMs are added to concree as a pecentage weigh asis as pat of h otal cmntios sy sm whr thy may b sed as a patal replacemen of hydalc cemen where th toal cmnitos matrals contn s incasd hld consant o dcrasd dpnd ng on h prrmanc of th SCM, n the rm of a hydalc cement The decsion on th SCMs ng addd as a rplacmn or addtion o th oveall cementios sysem as well as he selection of the toal cementios materals conent shold e made based on th ovrall prmanc rqrmns 3Types of supplementay cementitious materias A ief smmay of he mpac of some of he most commonly sd SCMs on conct popts along wth the key consideaton poins whle poporonng mixres conainng SCMs, is povided in he llowing. 7.3 1 Fy Fly ash s a y-prodct of h combson of gond or powdrd coal. Dpndng on th soc o f th coal, chaacerscs o f y ash may vary, heey derng thr in nc on concr pmanc. Thr a wo yps of y ash ha are commonly sed n concete: Class C and Class F y ashes (ASTM C618 also recognes Class N naral pozzolans). Fly ash shold conm to h rqi ments of ASTM C6 l 8. Class F y ashs gnally contan a low amon of lm (sally less than 1 8% CaO), whereas i is typcal Class C y ashes to have higher lime conens (typically moe han 8% CaO ) Dpnding on h prmanc qmnt y ash is ypically sed within 1 5 to 3 5% o f he toal cemen tos marals connt (ACI 232.2R). Howv highr and lowe amons than the ypcal vales lised have been sccesslly sed and can be selected depending on the poc qrmns. Althogh he mpac of y ash on concete popeties dpnds on th yp and amon of y ash th llowng statmnts a applicabl mos mxts. Fly ash nds to mpo ve wokabliy de o its sphercal mo phology hat lads to h dcion of h inrpatcl cion Th re, whle poportoning a mxtue ncooraing y ash, dpnding on h slctd amont and typ ofy ash slighly lowr wa connt (p o 1 0%) may b ndd compad to a plain concete mixre conanng porland cemen only to achv th sam slmp. D o ts slow pozzolanc ac tvity, y ash can ncease the settng tme and decrease the Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 20 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND H GHDENSTY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC-211.1 -22) hea of hydation. Consideing ths reardng eect, the type and amoun of y ash should b carully slcd r po ecs hat eque early tme of settng o are exposed o cold weathe condtions Mixurs ncopoating y ash spcially whn usd highe han 20% of he otal ceentious conent, can reduce shinkag thby ducng th potntial r shnag elated cracs Dependng on the physical and chemcal properes of y ash, i also deceases permeablity, enhances duraily and may incas h ula stngh of th mixures However, at early ages (especally up o 3 days), mixurs wh y ash ay show lowr sngh gan than mixurs wh poland cmnt only For mor nmaion on y ash, rer to ACI 232.2R and 232.3R. 732 Slag cn s a by-product of on producton n a blas rnace ASTM C989/C989M classies slag cn ino th ll owng hr grads asd on s rac ivy lvl: 1 ) Gad 80; 2) Gad 1 00 and 3) Grad 1 20 Dependng on the perrmance equeent, slag cemen s ypcally usd o rplac 20 to 50% of h toal cmntious materials conent. However, higher and lowe aounts than he typical values listed have been successlly used and can slctd dpndng on h pojc rquirmns and in some applcaions, up o 80% of slag cemen ay e used (ACI 233R) Depending on the neness and amoun used, slag ceen may incease o decrease the wate deand Mxtues contanng slag cnt may qui slghly low watr contens (up o %) copaed to a plain concete ixture contanng porland cemen only o acheve the sae slup Slag cn typically dcrass th ha of hydra ion howvr i has a no impact on th im of sting dependng on he aoun and aen epeatue. I nhancs durabilty and ulimat srngth For or in maton on slag ceent, efe to ACI 233R. 733 Slica me s he y-poduct of h producon of lntal silicon o alloys contaning silicon Silica e should conrm to he equieens of ASTM Cl240. Dpndng on th pmanc qur men, slica me is ypically used wihn to 1 0% of the otal cementious mateials conent Howeve, highe and lowr aounts than th typcal valus listd hav bn successlly used and can e seleced dependng on the projc rquins Slica e has a very ne paricle sie tha s, on average, 1 00 tme s saller than he paricle se o f potland cemen Du to s parcls having a high spcc suc ara silica e often ncreases the waer demand and ay promo sckinss of a concr mxtu. Thr whn all othr condtons ar kp th sa whn popotioning a xtue containng slica me, he use of a hgh-range watr-rducing admixur (HRWRA) an incas in watr conten, o he conaton of boh wll be needed to match h slump of a mixur containng porland cmnt only Unl os of h ohr SCM typs slica u dos no have a reardaion eect on tme of seting. In addtion, i s usd to ncras boh arly-ag and ultimat strngth du to ts very high poolanic eactivty I sgnicantly reduces � Copyright Am the peealiy; hence, it is ofen used n ixtures whee xpos to dltious susancs such as chloid pntra tion is a conce. Moe nrmation on slica me can be und n ACI 234R 73.4 Makaoln s a natural pozzolan tha cons to he equirements of ASTM C618 Type N. Mtakolin s ypically usd wthin 5 to 1 5% of h toal ceenitous materials conten. Howeve, hghe and lowe aouns han he typical values lsed have een succsslly usd and can b slctd dpnding on h proec equreents. Maoln is usd in applcations wh hgh sngh and low prmability a qud Fo mor inrmaton on eaaoln and othe natual poolans, rer to ACI 232 l R. 74-Mxture propooning wh supplementay cemenious materias In th dsgn hod condd by this guid unlss a pelended ceent s eng used, each SCM added is tra as an addional xtu componnt wth its patic ula specic gravty occupying whaever volume is dicaed by he quanty used us lke cement) and included in he volu calculations Pozzolans a typically rncd n terms of pecen by weight of otal ceenious materals, although so locations rrnc hm in trs of prcnt by volume. Where no specc efeence o he conay is ncluded, he deul rerence should e as a percent by wigh. When popotoning concee xtues contaning SCMs, the llowng ctos should e consdered whle deer ning th dsd yp and aoun: (a) Pozzolanic actvty of h SCM and is ct on concee strengh at oth ealy and lae ages (b) Ipact on th sing ti and tardation (c) Eect on the wate demand neede d r the desied wokablity and placeabilty (d) Spcic gravty of h SCM and ts ct on h volue o f concree produced n the batch () ct on h dosag ra o f chmical admxurs usd in he m xue ( Eect of SCMs on heat of hydraion, permeabilty, and shinag (g) Amount of SCM and cemen needed o ee he prmanc qurmnts (h) pac on leedng rae and the need r addtional curng Tabl 74 s povdd as guidanc r th poporonng of xtues containng SCMs. The elationship esablshed in ths abl r a gvn SCM typ and thir corspondng ipact on concr popris is applicabl only whn all the oer paaeers are ept consant (r exaple, toal cnitous aials contn / and chical admix tue dosage ate) It should e noed ha thee may be cases wh th rlaionshp may ll outsid of th ons shown hr dpndng on th slcd sourc and amount of SCM. In the ody of he table are arrows up, down, sideways, and up and down anng hat ncrasing th amount of a constiuent will cause the easue of the propery Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECT ING PROPORIONS FOR NORMA L-DEN SITY AND HG H-DE NSITY CONC REEGU DE (AC PRC211 .1 -22) 21 Table 74-Eecs of SCM ypes on concete properties (Taylor et al. 2006) Propety Cass y ash Class C y ash Sag cement Silica fme Metakaolin Worabiity i t t 1 Heat o hydraton 1 1 < 1 Tme o settng 1 < 1 1 Ar content i 1 i 1 Early strengt - i Long-term strengt Permeabty i 1 Coride ngress 1 Alal-sca eacton Sulate esistance Feezng-and-tawing resistance < < Drying srinage Note: lncass; ! Decreases Inceases or decreases � Neutra. to go up down stay th sam or chang could go th way, respecvely. 75Tenary sysems Dependng on the selected ype and amoun of SCM, incooatng xcssiv amouns of a sngl typ of SCM (bnary mxtues) may have negaive sde eecs such as extended seting me In such cases, a possile soluton is to us a ay mixur which is a combnation of th cementious maerials that are lended to balance esh proprs duraliy and strngth For xampl dpnding on he selected amount, comining SCMs su ch as y ash and slica me may e ale to ose he advese eects of y ash on sing tm whas y ash may ost th incasd watr dmand associad wih sl ca m. 76lmpac o SCMs on sustanabilty Cmnt producon ms appoxmaly 5% of gloal caon doxide and consumes % of global enegy consumption (Hndiks al. 2004). Thr th plac men of cement wth SCMs improves susanab lity y using natual pozzolans, consuming y-poducts, and educing he dmand on cmn cln producton considing h dirc relaon etween he amouns of cemen cline poduced and th caron doxd gnrad. In addtion h incasd durailty acheved wih SCMs educes he need epai and eplacement, esulng n geater susainabliy. CHAPTER 8-TRIAL BATCHIG Onc th proprs rquird of a concrt hav n detemined, the next step is to determine he mxte mae rials and poporons tha wll acheve hose properes. Thos poporons can b asd on prvous xpinc o can e developed usng an assormen of desgn methods. Lacng thos th mthod commndd n his guid can b usd o stablsh popotons th s tial ach Onc those popotons have been detemined, tral baches ae conducd to dmonsra hat h ndd propts a indeed poduced. This noton is ndamenal o his gude. By whatv mthod h proporions a sablshd h tral atchng should show ha all h qud poprtis a withn applcale oleances r the tes. If none are given in th spccaton ASTM C9/C94M givs guidanc on slump and air connt olancs. Only thn can i said tha the purpose of ths guide has been met. On h rquisi poprtis ar no achvd on h st tial Whn his happns th mixur propotons ar adjustd to move he perrmance of the mxte n he desed diec ton. Somms tha adusmn wors o improv on popey, ut causes anoher to ecome decien. Anoher adjusmen i s then made, anothe tial ach is rn, and so on nil all th qurmnts hav n mt. Onc h mixur poduces desed esults in he la, i s ecommended tha it b bachd a producton-lvl amounts using h matials means, and methods o be used he poec to e su re the mxtue wos he same way when scaled up Tral aching s xcud llowing h pocdurs of ASM Cl92/Cl92M. his standard is usd mixur popotoning, evaluaion of dieren mxues and mateials , corlaion wh nondstuctv tss and rsarch purposs. spcis h standard condtions qupmn and proc ues needed to test poposed mixtures r the esh pop rs. Tss such as ASTM C l 06/C1 06M r mpau ASTM C l43/C143M slump, ASTM C l3 8/C 138M r ensy and yeld, and ASTM C23 l/C23 1M or ASTM C 1 73/ C l 3M r ar connt a lsd among th pocdurs. Following pope cuing pocedues s very impotan r poducng rpoducibl rsuls and r compang wth th results comng om he eld. To assure elale results, ests should e perrmed y an appropraely ceted peson Th mhod of h h-point cu can b usd to scover he elaionshp between w!cm and sength r a mily of mxtus wh simila poptis bu dng in strength Such a curve can e use d r he desgn of mixres whin he sengh range of the cuve, as well as srength adjusmn of th mixur f ndd. Once he results of he ial bach have been gatheed, Tabl 8 may hlp gud th ncssary adjusmns. CHAPTER 9-SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS 9.1-Background Th llowng ur xampl poblms will b usd to dmonstat th popotoning procdur Th condions lsed in the llowing apply to all examples Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 22 SELECTI NG PROPORI ONS FOR NORMA L-DENS ITY AND HGHD ENSTY CONC REEGUD E (AC PRC-2 11.1 -22) Tabe 8-Eect o addtonal consttuents on vaous fesh properties (Kosmatka and Wson 2016) Prpety Cement w/cm Water Ai Fly ash Sag ement Siia ume Water demand l l N/A l l l l i N/A l i l ! l ! l i l ! i l i i Wraity Ar cntent Beedng and segregaton Finisaiity Tme o settng Heat of hydraton Strengt Pemeabty Crakng ote: l i i - < i i i l j Icases; L Derases; ! Incass or dereases; < Nutal. (a) ASTM Cl50/C150M Type I porland cemen wll e used. Is specc gravty s assmed to e 3 1 5 . () Coase and ne aggegates in each case meet the equements of ASTM C33/C33M 9.2-Example 1: Mixtue popotonng usng portand cement ony Concete is required a porion of a scure tha will e elow grond level in a locaon whee i will no e exposed o severe weatheing constan weing or sule atack. It is in Class FO. A sengh of 2500 psi at 28 days s speced A locally avalable onded coase aggegate with a nomnal maximm sze of 1 5 in s suitale This coase aggregate has a saaed sce-dry (SS D) specic gravity of 2 68 asopon (%) of 0.5% and a dry-rodded density of 100 l/f The ne aggegae has a neness moduls of 2.80, an SSD specc gravity of 264, and an asorpion (%) of 07% The quanties of mxtue constients per cubic yard (yd ) of concete ae determned as olined in the llowing steps. 92 1 Step 1 Estimate slump-O he basis of he inrma tion n Tale 5 .3 1 as well as pevos experence a sl ump of 3 4 n wi ll be tageed r the selece d placemen mehod 22 Step 2 Select nominal maximum size of aggre gateThe locally availale ounded coarse aggegate with a nmnal maximum aggegae sze of 1 .5 n. is sed in his apcaion. ;23 Step 3 stimate mixingwater contentBecase the srucre is n Class FO exposure class non-ar-enained concete wll be sed. From the op porton of Tale 5. 3 3, the appoximate amount o f mixng wate needed o poduce a 3 o 4 n slump n non-ar-enained concete usng 1 5 in nominal maxmm se aggegate s 300 l/yd , and the approximate amon of entapped ar 1 % 924 Step 4 stimate w/cmThe applcaion species an aveage 28-day compessve sengh ) of 2500 ps Fo poporionng wihot a standard devation the stength overdesgn concrees wih a speced strength less than 300 0 psi as eqed y Tale 4. 4. 1 s 1 000 psi. There e, the reqied aveage compressive strength ') r hs mixture propotion becomes 3500 psi Because no dura ily issues ae ndcaed strength alone can dictate the w/cm. Based on Table 53.4, the w/cm estmated to poduce a sengh o f 35 00 psi in non-air-enrained concete i s ine polaed to be 062. � Copyright Am i i 925 Step 5: Calculate cement contentFrom the nr mao developed in Steps 3 and 4, he reqired cement conent is calculated as: 300 lb/yd/062 484 l/yd 926 Step 6 Calculate coarse aggregate contentTh bl volme of coase aggegate s estimated om Table 5.36. Wth the ne aggregae having a neness modlus o f 2 8 0 and he 1 .5 n . nominal maxmm sze of coase aggregae the able ndcaes hat 0 1 ft of coarse aggregae on a dry rodded ass, s a good estimae a cuic ot of concee. Becase its dy-odded densy is 100 l/ each ulk cuic ot of coarse aggregate wold weigh 0 7 1 ft 100 l/ f = 1 l. Because a cuic yard (2 ) s being popor toned he amount will be adjused as he llowin g: 1 l/ f 27 ft/yd 1 91 7 l/yd Absorpton (%) wll e aen ino accon o convet he dy-rodded densy to the core sponding SSD wegh, as shown n the llowng 19 17 l/yd (1 + 0.5%) 1927 lb/yd 927 Step 7 Calculatene aggregate contentConcete consiss of water ai cement coase aggregae and ne aggegate For the cuic yad being proporoned, he weights of all hese excep he ne aggregae have een determined. The rst step necessary to deermne he weight of the ne aggegate is y rst calclaing the asolte volumes o f each of the known mixre constens. The asole volumes are calculaed thogh ther weigh-volme relaionships detemned y heir coesponding specc gravties (rela tve densites). The volme of he ne aggregate sogh is detemned y adding he otal volume of all oher mxtue constens sbaced om the otal volme of one cuic yard. The weigh of he ne aggegate s then calclaed based on is weght-volume relationship sing he known parametesnamely its volme and specc gavy 9271 Absolute volume computations Volme of water = 300 lb/62.4 l/f = 481 f Volme of cemen 484 lb/(3. 1 5 624 lb/ ) 2 46 f Volme of coarse aggegae 1 927 lb/(2.68 624 lb/ft) = 1 1 .52 Volme of ar 1 % 27.00 f 0.2 7 ft Toal volme except ne aggegate = 1 9. 06 f Volme of ne aggregate = 2 00 1 9.06 f = 94 f Toal volme of ngediens 270 0 f Reqired SS D weigh of ne aggregate = 94 ft 264 x 62 4 l/f 1308 lb Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND H GH-DE NSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) 23 able 9.2.8-Constiuent weghts Tabe 9.2.72-Consuent weighs Mixtue costtuents Mixing waer Cemetitiou materia Coarse aggegate SSD) e aggregate SSD) Toal weig lb/yd 300 8 1927 1308 019 lb/ft 1111 193 7137 484 1885 Mxtre constituets Mixig waer Cemeniios maerials Coae aggregate SSD) ine aggregae (SSD) Tota weight b/yd 0 8 1956 137 019 /t 8 193 2.4 51.00 1885 res denity at 1 % a - Ar-ee esity - 18.9 resh deniy - 148.9 150.4 Aifee denity - 150. w!cm =300 lb/484 lb = 0.62 9.27.2 For he rst laboatoy ral bach he consten wighs as wll as th xpctd sh dnsty and h ar ee densty (needed r compuation of yeld and a conten per ASTM Cl38/C l 3 8 M), are calculaed as shown n Tabl 92.2 pror o th mostur adusmns 9.28 Step 8 Moisture adjustment-Th consten wighs r his mixur hav bn sablishd Howvr mosur adusmns may b ncssay at th tim of batchng o properly manage the amoun of waer requied o achiv th targt prrmanc rqurmns. This s usually due o he presence ofwate on the surce of aggregates tha is availabl o hydra cmnt as opposd o war absorbd by aggrgats. Fr wa s th dirnc bwn h toal amount of water subtraced by the absorbed wae. If th aggrgat moisu s abov SSD an adustmnt should be made o the aggegate weights wth the excess moistue above SSD beng subaced om he mixre water This assus hat h toa amount of wat n th batch quals h amount rquid as sad in Tabl 5.3.3 Ths adjustmnts are not apparent n he nital mxe poporionng phase and can ony b dtmnd ar h ia batch is compld. For th matials avalabl tsts indcat a oa mos te conen (%) of 2% the coase aggegate and 6% h n aggrga. Rcaling tha th absorptons of h coarse and ne aggegaes wee 0.5% and 0.7% respec tivly mosur-adusd wights bcom Coase aggegate: 1927 Fin aggrgat 1308 x + 2% + 05% = 1 956 lb/yd +6% = 13 lb/yd + 0.% Th wa conrbutd by th coars agggat s h dierence beween he mosure-adjused aggregate weigh Uus compud) and h SSD wght om Sp 6 Fo coars aggregate ee water s detemned as 1 956 lb/yd 192 lb/yd = 29 lb/yd For n aggrga wa s 13 lb/yd 13 08 lb/yd = 69 lb/yd Th otal war s th sum of th wo amouns 29 lb/yd + 69 lb/yd = 98 lb/yd able 9.2.9Constiuent weghts Mixtue costtuents Oignal /t3 Mixing waer 8 Batched /t3 850 Cemetitiou matera 1793 1793 Coarse aggegate (SSD) 72 72 Fie aggegate SSD) 5100 5100 Toal weig e esity Air-ee desiy 1885 1489 150 198 1475 - Th h wa rquid r batchng s 300 lb/yd 98 lb/yd = 202 b/yd Wih aggrgats adustd o th curn moistu cond ton h constun wights ar shown n Tabl 92 8 . Note hat after he moiste adjusmens, he sum of the wghts of th consuns p cubic yard (yd ) and pr cubc ot (f ) do no change om he oignal poporons. 92.9 Step 9: Posttrial batc-A nial 1 f ral batch of ths mxte was pepared. Alhough the quanity of waer r h tral bach was proporiond to b 48/ft h amount of water added to reach the desied 3 to 4 in. slump resulted in a sump of 2 n. Thr o ncas th slump o ach the design values of3 to 4 n., an additonal water conent of 02 lb/f was added that inceased the oal waer conent o 8. 50 lb/f Th batchd wighs a shown n Tabl 92 .9. ' 92.91 The tral batch poduced concete wh a 2 n. slump tha s blow h 3 to 4 in slctd a Stp 1 . Ev wth xtra war of 1 02 lb/f addd slump was oo low; herere, additonal wate was needed. The mixing wae i h bach was no jus h 48 b/ tha was wighd out bu also ncluded the ee wate on he aggegaes The ee war wghs a und by rvsing h compuations ' drmining th moist wghs om h SSD proporionng weghs The aggregate batched weght s st divded by 1 + % to tu o ovn-dy condion and hn multplid by + % o brng he aggregate to SSD. The esultng equva lnt SSD wgh is subtactd om th batchd wghs to drmin th amoun of wa on th aggrgas n th tial batch Coars aggrga 7244 (mos) 1 + 05% 1 + 2% = 7 1 37 lb/ (SSD) Fr war = 2.44 lb/ft 1 .3 lb/ft = 1 .0 lb/ft Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue Am ercan Concrete Institute - Copyrighted© Material - www.concrete.org 24 SELECTI NG PROPORI ONS FOR NORMA L-DENS ITY AND HG HDE NSTY CONC REEGUD E (AC PRC-2 11.1 -22) Table 9.2.9.6-Constuen weighs Fne aggegae 5 1 00 (ost) + 0.7% 48.45 b/ (SSD) + 6% Free wate 5 1 00 /f 48 45 l/f 255 /f Theree, the ixng waer n the tra ach was 8.50 lb/f bached + 1 07 l/f ee on coarse aggregae + 255 lb/f ee on ne aggregate 1 2 1 2 /f To produce a cuc yad of concete wth the sae 2 n slup as h ial batch would us 1 2. 12 lb/ft x 2.0 0 ft = 32 l/yd of wa To ncras th sup o h asurd 2 n. o th 3 to 4 in rang slctd in Sp 1 h aoun of wat gh be ncreased by anothe 15 l 1 .5 i n addional slup, brngng th ixtu wat r h nx tral to 34 2 b/yd . 9292 The density was easued to e 147.5 lb/ , and the yed was 147.5 l/f 270 0 f/1 48.9 lb/ 2675 ft Kowing the air-ee density to be 150.4 /ft , the gravi tic a conn was coputd o Air% = (150.4 / 14 75 l/ ) 1 50 .4 lb/ft x 100 19% 92.93 With th ncrasd xing wat addiona cn is needed o ainain he w!cm of 0.62 The ceen conten the next ral becoes 342 lb/yd/062 552 /yd 9294 As workabilty was und o e satsctoy, h wight of coars aggga wll rain as oignally proporond. 9295 With hese changes ade, Step 6 is eappied to drmin th aoun of n agggat ndd h nx ral batch Voue o f wae 342 /62 4 /f 5.48 ft Volu of cnt = 5 52 l/(3. 15 x 62.4 l/ft ) = 2.8 1 f Voue of SSD coarse aggregate 1 927 /(2.6 8 62.4 lb/ ) = 1 1 .52 Voue o f a (usng easued air o tra) 1 .9% 27.00 f 0.5 1 f Total volu of ingrdns xcpt n agggat = 20.3 2 f Volu of SSD n agggat rquird = 200 f 2032 f 6.68 f Requed weigh of SS D ne aggegae 6 68 2.64 62.4 lb/ = 1 100 lb 9296 Prior o tia batch osure adjusens, the constunt wighs h nx tial atch pr cubic yard and pr cubc o ar dnd as shown n Tabl 92 9 .6 � Copyright Am Mixture consttents Mixig wate Cemeiious mteials Corse ggege (SSD Fine aggege (SSD) Totl weight lb/yd3 3 55 1927 10 391 l/ft3 16 71.3 4. 15 Feh denity - 145. Ar-fee eity - 148.0 Th / is antand o b 062 (342 lb/552 b) 92.97 Th rsuls of th nx tial atch wi b valuad its properies, and if und decent agan, the adust ns o h popotioning will b ad un th dsid properies are achieved. However, shoud e noed hat an adsn o corct on popry ay advrsly act anohr propry Th procss contnus unti all th rquid properies of the ixure ae acheved. 9.3-Example 2: Mixure popotionng of binay mixture contanng fy ash conct xtu s ndd r sval ponds on a lo s ocaed in Nothe Maine The ponds wil e operaed in such a way as o lly nuncd by h ids ut not the drect pact of the waves For duraiiy, this appca tion s cassed as S , F 3, and W . For additona duabilty, y ash at 20% by wgh as cn rplacn is spcid. oca ounded coarse aggegae wth nona axu sz of 1 .5 n. wth sutab gradaion SS D spcc gaviy of 2.6 6 a dy-oddd dnsty of 1 0 1 l/f and absopton (%) of 0.8% s avaabe ocal naral sand, havng a neness odulus of 2.80, an SSD specc gravty of 265, and an absorpton (%) of 1 .0% wi usd. sapl standad deviaon (S) of 300 psi has been deterned o silar xus 931 Step 1 Estimate slump- slup of 5 to 6 n. is specied. 93.2 Step 2 Select nominal maximum size of aggre gate-Th ocaly availae rounded coarse aggegate wih a nona axu aggrga sz of 1 5 n is usd in his applicaton. 933 Step 3: Estimate water contentv saltwae and zng-and-hawing xposus plac this applicaton ino Exposure Cass F3 . The evel o f ar entranent F3 is und in Ta 5.33 Givn th nonal axiu aggr ga siz of 1 5 n. a toal ai contn of 5 5% is quid. To enain 5.5% a, an ai-enanng agen (AEA) wl e used. Fo hs xposur consdraions along wth h 5 o 6 n. sup and he 1 5 in. noina axiu se of aggregae, an appoxa ixng-watr wigh of 280 l s co ndd conct whou a war-rducing adxtu (WR) ased on Tabe 5.3.3 Howeve, a WR wihin he anucur's rcondd dos will b usd Thr Tabe 5 .3 3 1 suggess water reducion of 5% when using a WR, whch ylds a 1 4 wat rducton. Th us of 20% y ash rplacn aows a th wae reduction of 6%, which yed s to 1 7 b based on Tabl 5.3 3 1 . Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND H GH-DE NSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) 25 Furhermore, Table 3. 3 suggests a wae reducton of 8% h us of oundd aggrgas whch yilds to an addiional 22 lb. The estmated mxng water hen ecomes 280 lb 14 lb (due to W) 1 7 (due to y ash) 22 l (du o roundd agggas) = 22 lb Ths war ducons a stimats and should valu atd wth a ral batch. 934 Step 4 Estimate w/cmThe selection of w/cm rqurs considation of oth th duraily and stngh requrements Based on Table 47.3a though Table 4.7.3d, F3 zing-and-hawing xposur allows only a maxmum w/cm of0.40 and minmum' of5000 psi. In h tida splash one seawae exposure, S pems only a maximum / cm of 0 50 and minimum ' of 4000 ps i Fo wa tght ness, W has a minmum of 200 ps i Based on ths, he F3 equiemens r eeing-and-thawng exposue goves duabity considations The srength needs o comply wh speccaons th rquird avag comprssv srngh ) Th local suppler antcpated in he 000 psi ang e Fo these mxtues, a sample standad devation s) of 300 ps was computd Appying h mula om Tabl 4.44 h requied aveage strength will need o be the larger of ' ' + .34 000 psi + (1 .34 300 ps) 400 ps or + 2 33 00 000 ps + (23 3 = 5200 ps 300 ps) 00 As i is high 5400 psi is slcd r fc,1• Fom Tal 534 inrpolatng btwn 5000 and 6000 ps valus air-enrained concrete, w/cm of0 37 is chosen Because 0.3 is lowr han h w/cm of 040 rquird r ssanc to eeng and hawng, 037 s he w/cm selected propotioning 93.5 Step 5 Calculate cementitious materials content Because the w/cm selected r proporionng s 037, he cmnitous maials connt s th watr contn dvidd by 0.37 Mixng-wate weght of 227 lb s divided y he selected w/cm of 0 37 to calculate he cementous materals connt whch s 614 lb. Fy ash at 20% rplacmn lv will yield 123 while he emanng amount (491 lb) wil constut potland cmn Th local y ash wih spcic gravity of 24 0, w ll have a volume of 08 2 f The cemen volume wll e 20 • When y ash is used, Tae 3.3 1 suggsts a wat rduction o f 3 % r ach additonal 1 0% y ash eplacement Ths wae adjusmen was already accound r n Sp 3 936 Step 6 Calculate coarse aggregate content-B on Table 3 6, a dy-odded volume of 0.7 1 f per un volum s commndd a nomnal maximum siz of aggegate of 1 . n. and a neness moduus of sand of 2.8 0 Consdng h dry-roddd dnsy ing 1 0 1 b/ft a dy roddd volum of 0 1 f suls in h ovn-dy wight of Table 9.3.72-Constiuent weghts Mixture costtents Mixing wate Cemen l ash Coarse ggege (SSD) Fie aggege SSD) Tol wei g b/yd3 91 12 1951 11 3916 lb/ft3 81 1819 4.56 72.6 163 150 Fres denity at 55% air - 150 Air-fee esit 15 coas aggrgat o b 1 l Th corspondng wgh pr yad s calculated by multplyng 7 1 7 l 2700 , which poducs an ovn-dy coas agggat wgh of 1 93 6 b/ yd • Asopon (%) wil l be taken ino account to convet th dy-oddd dnsity o h cospondng SSD wigh as shown in he llowing 1 936 l/yd (1 + 0.8%) = 195 1 lb/yd 9.37 Step 7 Calculatene aggregate content Usng th calculated volume of each mixre constent, the wegh of n agggat s calculad as shown in 9 .3 . . 9.371 Absout volum computaons Volume of wate 227 lb/62.4 lb/ 364 Volum of cmn = 491 lb/(3 1 5 62 4 l/f ) = 250 ft Volume of y ash 1 23 lb/(2.40 62 4 l/f) 08 2 Volume of coase aggregae 1 9 1 lb/(26 6 62.4 l/f ) = 1 1 5 f Volume of air . % 2700 ft 1 49 ft Total volume of ingedents excep ne aggregate 202 0 ft Volum of n aggga rqurd = 2 00 ft 2020 6 80 ft Rquid wgh of SSD n aggrgat = 6 .8 0 f 265 x 62 4 l/f 1 124 b Air-ee volume 2 1 f / = 22 l/(491 l + 123 lb) = 0.3 9372 For the s laoraory tral ach, the consient wghts as wll as th xpcd sh dnsity and th air ee densiy (needed computaton of yel d and ar conent pe ASTM C38/C 1 3 8 M), ae calculated as shown in Tabl 9 .3 2 pio to h moistu adjusmns 938 Step 8: Moisture adjustment-For the maeials avalabl tsts indcat a otal moistu contn (MC%) of % r the coarse aggregae and 3% r the ne aggregate. Recallng hat he asopons of he coase and ne agge gas wr 0. 8% and 1 .0% spctvly moistu-adjustd weghts ecome Coars aggga 1 95 1 F e aggregae: 1 1 24 x 1+% + 08% = 1 955 /yd 1 + 3% - 146 lb/yd + 1.0% Th war contrbud by h coars aggrga is th derence eween the moiste-adjusted aggegae weight Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue Am ercan Concrete Institute - Copyrighted© Material - www.concrete.org 26 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HGHDE NSTY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC-211.1 -22) Tabe 9.3.8-Consuent weghs lb/ft3 1819 4.56 721 10 Mixture costtuents Mixing water Cemen ly ah Coarse aggegte (SSD) Fie aggegate SSD) Toal weigh lyd3 01 91 123 1955 116 3916 Feh desity - - Ar-fee desiy us coputed) and he S SD weight om Step 6. Fo coase aggregate, ee wae s determined as 1955 lb/yd 195 1 lb/yd = 4 lb/yd and r ne aggregae, ee wae s 1 146 lb/yd 1 124 b/yd = 22 lb/yd Th toal war s h sum of h wo aouns 4 lb/yd + 22 b/yd = 26 lb/yd Thr th watr qurd baching s 22 7 lb/yd 26 lb/yd 201 lb/yd Wth aggegaes adjused to her curen osre condi ion th consitunt wghs a shown in Tabl 9 3. 8 No tha aft th mosur adjustnts th su of h wighs of h consitunts pr cubc yad (yd ) and pr cubic o ( ) do not change om the orgina proportions 93.9 Step 9: Post-trial batchTh tral bach producd he llowing resuls: Th sup was masurd to b 55 n. Thrr no adusmn on th WR dos s ndd. Howvr th sh densiy was measued o be 146.0 lb/ft , and he yeld was 14 60 lb/f 200 /1 450 lb/f = 2.1 9 f Knowing th ar-ee densiy o be 1 53 4 b/f , he graveric ai conten was coputd as lows _ (1 5 3 4 1 4 6 0) . i r% 1534 The ai conten was 0.7% lowe than the aget air conten of 55% and h mixur ov-yildd slghtly. Th rsus ae generally good. A slght incease in AEA dosage will sighly incease the a conen nto the accepable range and incas h slup sighly as wll Consdr doing the nex tral bach of a couple yads in a mixe of he type (r xampl cntal-mixd truck-mixd) to b usd on th pojc. 9.4Example 3: Mixure popoonng usng cementous eciency faco Th cmntious cncy cor is h comprssiv srngh achivd divdd by th aoun of cmntious ateial used (ps/b). Ths cor s ofen used to copare the prmanc of drnt xtus A atonal way to adjus � Copyright Am the stengh of a concete ixture s by using the cement tious eciency cto I can be used to ehe ncrease o dcras h sngh of a xtu by sval hundd ps. Because sength is aeced by w!cm, when he ceentious cncy cor is usd o adjust h srngth of a xtu it s mpotan o ensure he / s not kep he same to see an pac on the stength. Ths can be acheved by keepng th wa connt h sam whl adustng th cntious aeial conen. 94.1 Step 1 Calculate cemen titious eciency factor Th us of his ctor stngth adusnt will b deonsraed starng wth he llowng mixure popor tions r a cubc yard tagng 4500 psi hat whn ral batched, only reached 4200 ps. In ths xe, a coarse agggat wth nominal axum sz of 1 n. wh suiabl gadaton sauad surc-dry (SSD) spcic gaviy of 273 ad absopton (%) of 0.7 % was used. The ne aggre gat having an SSD spcc gaviy of 2.6 4 and an absorp tion (%) of 06% wil be used Cement: 564 lb Fine aggregae: 1550 lb Coas agggat: 1600 lb Wae: 300 b Toal wght: 4014 lb Densty: 1487 lb/f The w/cm was calcuated o be 300 lb/564 lb = 0.53 Th cntious ara cincy cto was calculad as 4200 psi/564 lb = 745 psi/lb. 942 Step 2 Adjust mixture constituents bas ed on the desired strength gainT slump was und o b satisc toy Howvr bcaus 300 psi of srngh gain s ndd the / was educed by inceasng he cementious ae ra connt whil ping th war contn th sam. (1 ) The ceentous aeal eciency ctor s 745 ps/b. (2) The stengh gain needed s 4500 psi 4200 psi = 300 ps. (3) T he additional cementious weigh needed to be added is dtmind by dvdng th srngth incras ndd by h ceenitous ecency cor: 300 ps i/745 ps /lb = 40 lb. (4) The new ceenitous weigh s 564 lb + 40 b = 604 lb . (5) Th wa contnt s kp constan as 300 lb Thr re, he new w/cm is 300 lb/604 lb = 050 (6) B caus w/cm is ducd o 0.5 3 to 0. 50 a WR whin the manucue's ecomended dose is used o antain he age slump. () Th yild is pt constan by moving a volum of ne aggegae equal o he volume of he addional ceenti tous maial (8) Th volum of additonal cmntious aal is 40 lb/(3.1 5 624 lb/) = 0 20 f • (9) Th volum of n agggat is rducd by 020 f . The coresponding ne aggregate weight is calculaed as 020 x (264 62 4 lb/ft) = 33 lb. Hnc h n aggr ga wight is ducd by 33 b. ( 1 0) The new ne aggregae wegh is 1 550 lb 33 lb = 1 5 1 lb Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND H GH-DE NSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) 27 943 Step 3: Calculate the new mixture pportions The poporons the nex ial ach ae shown in he llowng: Cement 604 lb Fine aggregae: 1 5 1 7 l Coase aggegate: 1 600 lb Wate: 300 l Toal weight: 402 1 lb Densy 1489 lb/ft strength and resistance o chloide penetrailty) will lead to a lower pase volue 25% pase volume n 1 yd of concete s 25% 2 7.0 0 ft 6 75 ft , which wll e the new paste volume. The new cement wegh is calculaed as llows (V 62.4 (1 %SCM)) C %SCM l w cm + (1 %SCM) + 315 SCMRD I 9.5-Example 4: Mixture popoionng using aget pase voume The pase volue ( is dened as he su of volues of the ceentous maerals and wae expressed as a percen of the otal concee volume A lower paste volue can lead to lower concree shinage lowe concete temperaure due to lower heat of hydaton lowe maerials cos and lowe caon otpin of concete. AASHTO PP 84 lss a pase volume of2 5% as one of the approaches o reduce unwaned slab warping and cackng due to shinage (if cacking is a conce) 95.1 Step 1 Calculate paste volume- concree mxtue has een desgned r concee ples exposed o aggessve seawaer in Floida The exposure class the concete is F, C2, S l , and W l . Accoding to Tales 4.7 3a though 4.73d, the concete needs to have a w/cm of 0.40 and have a mnimu compressive srength of 5000 ps. Due to he desed esstance o chlorde peneraon, a xte contaning slag ceent at 50% eplacemen level (by wegh) is used The llowing mixure whch has een und o atain he sengh ressance o chloide penetraion and wokability levels, s desgned Cement = 350 l/yd with a specic gravity of 3 . 1 5 Slag cement 35 0 lb/yd wih a specic gavity of2.90 Toal ceentitous aeals content 35 0 l/yd + 35 0 l/ yd = 700 l/yd Wate 280 lb/yd w/cm = 280 lb/yd/700 l/yd = 0.40 Coase aggregae 1 800 l/yd with a specic gavity of 280 Fin e aggregae = 1 200 lb/yd wih a specc gravty of 260 Fine-to-coarse aggregate raio s 40%/60% The percen paste volume of he aove mxtre is shown in he llowing: Cement = 350 l/(3. 1 5 62.4 lb/f ) = 1.78 Slag cement 350 l/(2.90 x 62.4 lb/ ) 1 .93 f Wate = 28 0 lb/(1 62.4 lb/ ) = 4.49 f Toal paste volume = 8 20 f Percen paste volue 8. 20 f/2700 30.4% 9.5.2 Step Adjust mixture constituents to achieve the target paste volume of Because the xtue already attans the target sengh and essance to chloide pene tration t was decided to manan the sae w/cm of 040 and 50% eplacement level of slag cemen A lower wae conent along wih the targe w/cm (r aainng age Insering he appropae values, he new ceen weight is deemned as shown in the llowing C eent = Sag = (6.75 62.4 (l 50%)) = 288 b (1 50%) 040+ + 315 2.9 ( Cemen %SCM (1 %SCM) = 288 50% = (150%) 288 l Theee otal cementous maeial content is calcu laed as 288 lb + 288 l = 576 lb. Because w/cm s kep constan as 040, water content is calculated as 040 576 = 230 l 953 Step 3 Calculate the new paste volume for ercation New paste volume (23 0 l/62 4 l/f + 288 lb/3. 15 /624 lb/ft + 288 lb/2.90/62.4 lb/ ) 6.75 f New pecent pase volume 6.75 f /2700 25% Reducon n paste volume compared o oignal mixure (8 20 f 6.75 ) 1 .45 f Ths reducton wll need an ncrease n otal aggegate volue o poduce he cubic yad. Dvdng his aggegate volume y he ne-to-coase aggregate ratio of 40%/60% yelds the llowng adjustents Increase in coarse aggregae = 60% 1 45 280 624 lb/ft 152 l Incease in ne aggregae = 40% 1 45 f 624 l/ft 94 l 260 9.54 Step 4 Calculate the new mixture proportions Ceen 288 lb Slag cemen = 288 lb Waer 230 l Coarse aggregae = ( 1 800 lb + 1 52 lb) = 1 952 l Fne aggegate = (1 200 l + 94 l) = 1 294 l Because he new xing-wate conten s 230 lb, which is 1 8% lowe than ere (280 lb) the xture should be desgned wh a high-ange wate-educng admixre Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 28 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND H GHDENSTY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC-211.1 -22) (HRWRA) to atan the tage worail y It should e noted hat vy low mxing-war contns (particulay low 200 lb/yd ) wll result n diculty n nshng in the eld The equations povded in his example can be used any argt pas volum w/cm, SCM% and spcic gaviy. CHAPTER 10�REFERENCES Comm ttee documens ae lised s y document number and yea of publcation llowed by auhoed documens listd aphabically. American Association ofState Highway and Transportation Ocials (AASHTO) AASHTO M 8-2020Sandard Specication r Pot land Cmn AASHTO M 240 M/M 240- 2020Sandard Speci cation Blndd Hydraulic Cmnt AASHTO PP 84-202 0Standard Pactc Dvloping Pmance Engineeed Concete Pavement Mxtes Aerican Concrete Institute AC!) CI 20 1 2R- 1 6Guide o Durable Concete CI 20 l R-05( 1 2)Gud to Mass Concr ACI 209R-92(08)Pedicon of Ceep, Shinage, and Tmpatur cts in Concrt Srucurs ACI 2 4R-08Gude Se ecting Poporons r High-Srengh Concrete sng Portland Cement and Other Cmnitous Marals ACI 2 6T- 4Aggregate Suspenson Mxre Popo tioning Mehod ACI 2 1 l R-20Guid Poporonng Concr Mxurs wh Gound Calcum Caronat and Othr Mnea Flles ACI 2 1 2. 3R- 1 6Rpor on Chmca Admixurs r Concee ACI 21 3R- 1 Guide r Scra Lighweight Agggat Concr ACI 2 1 R- 1 1 ( 1 9)Guide to Evaluaon of Sengh Tes Rsults of Conct ACI 22 1 . R-9 1 (08)Report on Alal-Aggegae Reacivy ACI 223R- 1 0Guid r th Us of Shkag Compensaing Concree ACI 22R-0 1 (08)Conrol of Cackng n Concr Sces ACI 22R- 1 9Guide o he Selection and se of Hydaulc Cmns ACI 23 2. R-1 2Report on he Use o f Raw o Processed Natual Pozzolans n Conct ACI 2322R - 1 8Rpor on th Us ofFl y Ash n Concr ACI 2323R-1Repor on High-Volume Fly Ash Conc Structual Applicatons ACI 23 3RGuide to the Use o f Slag Cement n Concree and Mota ACI 23R-06(12)Gud th Us of Sica Fum in Concee ACI 23R -0( 1 9)Slf-Conso lidaing Conct � Copyright Am ACI 2 38 . R-08Repot on Measurements of Woraily and Rheology of Fesh Concete ACI 301-20Specications Concree Constrction ACI 302. R-1 Gude o Concree Floo and Sla Constucton ACI 30.3R-20Heavyweigh Concete: Measuring, Mixng Transporing and Placing ACI 3 1 8- 1 9Buildng Code Requiemens Strctal Concete and Commenay ACI 363 R- 1 0Rpor on High-Srngth Concr ACI 22. 1 -20Specicaion Constrction o fPervous Conct Pavmnt ACI 5 55R- Rmova and Rus o fHadnd Conct ASTM International ASTM C29/C29M - 1 7aSandad Test Mehod Bulk Dnsiy ("ni Wigh) and Vods in Aggrgat ASTM C3 1 /C3 1 M-2 l aSandard Pactc Makng and Cring Concee Tes Specmens n the Field ASTM C33 /C3 3M- 8Standard Spccaton Concete Aggregaes ASTM C3 9/C39M-2 1Standard Test Method Comprssiv Stngh of Cylndrcal Concrt Spcmns ASTM C70- 20Standard Test Mehod r Surce Mos tu in Fin Agggat ASTM C 78/C7 8M-2 1Standad Tes Mehod Flex ual Srength of Concree (sng Simple Beam wh Thrd Pont oading) ASTM C88 /C8 8M- 8Sandard Test Mehod Sound ness o Aggegates y Use o f Sodum Sule or Magnesium Su ASTM C9/C9M-20Standard Spccaton ReadyMixed Concete ASTM C 25 -2 l aStandard Tmnology Rating o Concete and Concete Aggregaes ASTM C 27 -1 Sandad Test Method r Rela tiv Dnsity (Spcic Gravity) and Absorpion of Coars Aggegae ASTM C 28 - 1 5Standard Tst Mthod r Rlav Densiy (S pecic Gavy) and Asorpion of Fne Aggregate ASTM C 36/C 1 36M- 1 9Sandard Tes Mehod Sv Analyss of Fin and Coas Agggats ASTM C 38/C 1 38 M- 1 7Sandard Tes Mehod Dnsiy (ni Wight) Yild and Ai Connt (Gravimrc) of C oncrete ASTM C 3/C 3M-20Sandard Tes Mehod Sump of Hydaulc-Cmnt Concr ASTM C 0/C 0M-20Standard Speccaon Potand Cmnt ASTM C3/C 3M- 1 6Sandard Ts Mhod Ai Conent of Feshly Mxed Concree by he Volumetic Mthod ASTM C88-17Standad Tes Mehod r Densiy of Hydauc Cmnt ASTM C 92/C 92M- 1 9Sandard Pracc r Makng and Cring Concee Tes Specmens n the aoraory ASTM C23 /C231M-Standad Ts Mthod r A Conent of Freshly Mixed Concree by the Pressure Mehod Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND H GH-DE NSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) 29 ASTM C293/ C293 M- 1 6Standard Test Method Flxural Srngth of Concrt (Usng Smpl Bam wih Center-Poin Loadng) ASTM C295/C2 95M - 1 9Sandad Guide r Peo graphic xaminaon o fAggrgas Conct ASTM C3 1 1/C3 1 1 M-1 8Standard Test Mehods Samplng and Tsng Fly Ash or Natual Pozzolans r Us in Porland-Ceent Concrete ASTM C3 30/C3 30M- l 7aStandad Spec caon Lightwgh Agggats r Stuctual Concr ASTM C494/C494M- 1 9Standad Speccaon Chmcal Admixurs r Concr ASTM C496/C496M- 1 7Standard Tst Mthod Splttng Tensle Srengh o fCylndical Concrete Specimens ASTM C535-16Sandard Ts Mhod Rssanc to Degradaion of age-Se Coarse Aggregae by Arasion and Ipac in h os Angls Machin ASTM C56 6- l 9Sandard Ts Mhod r Toal vapo rale Moistue Content ofAggregae by Dryng ASTM C595/C595M-20Standad Spccaon Blended Hydaulc Ceents ASTM C6 l 7/C6 l 7M- l 5Sandard Pracice Capping Cylindrcal Conct Spcimns ASTM C 6 l 8- l 9Standad Spec caon Coal F ly Ash and Raw or Calcind Natual Pozzolan s n Conct ASTM C637-20Sandad Speccaon r Aggregates Radaion-Shieldn g Concree ASTM C638-20Sandad Dscriptiv Nomnclatu of Constuens of Aggregates r Radiaton-Shelding Concee ASTM C702/ C702M- l 8Standad Pracc r Rducing Sampls ofAgggat o Tstng Siz ASTM C9 1 7/C9 1 7M- 1 8Standard Test Method valuaton of Varailty of Cmnt om a Sngl Souc Based on Stengh ASTM C989/C98 9M- 1 8aStandad Speccaon Slag Cmn r s n Conct and Motars ASTM C l064/C 1 064M-1 7Sandard Tes Mehod Tmpatu of Fshly Mxd Hydraulic-Cn Conct ASTM C l 1 57/C l l 57M-20aStandad Pemance Speccaon r Hydaulc Ceen ASTM C l 23 l /Cl 23 1 M- 1 5Sandad Pracc r Us of Unonded Caps n Deernaton of Copessve Stengh of Hardnd Cyindical Concr Spcns ASTM C l 240-20Standard Specicaion Silca Fume Used n Ceentious Mxtes ASTM C l 252 - l 7Sandard Ts Mhods r Unco pacted Vod Conten of Fine Aggegae (as Inuenced y Paicl Shap Suc Txtu and Grading) ASTM C l 260-2 1 Sandard Ts Mthod r Pontal Alali Reactvity of Aggregates (Mota-Ba Mehod) ASTM C l 293- 2 1 Standad Ts Mthod r Dtrmi naton of engh Change of Concete Due o Alali-Silica Racion ASTM C l 602/Cl 602M-1 8Standad Spcication Mixng Wate sed n he Poduction of Hydraulic Ceen Conc ASTM C l 778-20Standad Guide r Reducng the Risk of Dlous Alkal-Aggrgat Racton n Conct ASTM D75/D75 M- 1 9Standard Pactice Samplng Aggregaes ASTM D4944- 1 8Sandad Ts Mthod r Fl d Deenaton of Water (Moistue) Conten of Soi y the Calcu Cabid Gas Pssur Tst Auhored documents Abrams, D. A., 1 9 1 8, "Desgn of Concrete Mixres, Butn 1 Structural Marias Rsarch aboatoy wis Insitue, Chcago, IL Burau of Rclamation 1 988 Concrete Manual, A War Rsoucs Tchncal Publcation Chaptr III Scon 45 US . Bueau of Reclamaton, Washngton, DC d arad F and Sdan T 2002 "Mixtu Poporonng of High-Perrmance Concete, Cement and Concrete Research V 32, No 1 1 , pp 1 699- 1704 do: 0 10 16/S0008-8846(02)0086 1-X Hendks, C A.; Worell, E; de Jage, D.; Blo, K.; and Rimr P. 2004 ssi on Rducion of Gnhous Gass om the Ceent Indusy, Geenhouse Gas Control Tech ooges Confeence, K. Kosmaa S H and Wilson M. 201 6 Design and Control ofConcrete Mixtures 1 6th editon, Potland Cement Associaon Skoi IL ey, T.; Felce, R ; and Feeman, J M, 20 12 , Concete Paveen Mixe Design and Analyss (MD A): Assessm ent of A Void Sys Rqumnts r Duabl Conct Technical Report, National Conc Pavmnt Tchnology Cene, Iowa Sae Unversy, Ames, IA, 32 pp. Shlsone, J M S, 1990, "Concrete Mxtue Opia ton Concrete International, V 1 2 No 6 Jun pp. 33- 39. Taylor, P C.; Kosaa, S. H; and Voght, G. F, 2006, "Intgatd Marials and Consrucion Practics r Concete Paveen: A Stae-of-the-Pracce Manual, FHWA-HIF-07-004, Federal Highway Adminsaon, Washington DC. Yudaul, E; Taylor, P C.; Ceylan, H; and Bektas, F 20 1 4 "c o f War-to-Bindr Raio Air Connt and Typ of Cmntious Matrials on Frsh and Hard ened Propetes of Bnary and Teary Blended Concete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASC V 26 No 6, p 04014002. APPENDIX A-LABORATORY TESTS A.1-Need fo laboaoy testing Seveal basc physical popeties of ingedent aeials sd r concr nd o b known o dmnd o laoraory ss pror to h slcion of concr mixur popotons. The physcal propeies of he ingedent ae rals ar usd n th proporionng calculatons to drmin and repor he w/cm ; ar conent; quantites of coase, ne, and ntermedae aggregaes; and quantes of ceentious marals and admixurs T h mxtu propotoning proc due s used to establsh intial propotions ial batches and thn n-un and opmz th popoons o provid CopyrightAmerca Cocete Institue America Cocrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.cocrete.org 30 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND H GHDENSTY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC-211.1 -22) he desired wokablity, /, ar conen, cemen conten, stengh and duailty equemens the specc mate ials hat wll e used in the poposed concete mixure The exen of laboatoy esing any gven job wll depend on he project sze and impotance and on the servce condions nvolved. A.2-Prequaliicaton o materials Tess on concete maerals and mxtues can seve the purpose of prequalcaton of ingredent mateials and desred concree pemance poperties r the purpose of estalishing daa equed a mixure sumtal Many of hese tests may only need o be conduced annually o less oen when heir purpose is pequalicaion o f maerals and mxues. These prequalicaion data can then be used r several os Fo example, test data hat estalishes the potenal of alkal-si lca reacivty of an aggregae does no need to be tested every job if he sources ofmaeials and he mxture poportons do no change sgnicantly. A.3-Propertes o cementitious mateals A31 Physical and chemical chaactestics of cemeni ious materals nuence the popetes o f eshly mxed and hadened concete The laoraory should oain ecords of material cetications om the supple and ohe daa on he unmiy of materal characeistcs om hat source, such as epos r potland cement (ASTM C9 l 7 /C9 l 7M) The only propery of cementious maerals used dectly n computaon of concee mixture proporions is specic gavy The specc gavity ofpotland cemens of the types covered by ASTM C l50/Cl 50M may usually e assumed to e 3 1 5 wihou ntroducng appeciable ero n computa ions o f mixtue popoons. Fo r oher types s uch as lended hydraulic cements (ASTM C595/C595M; ASTM Cl157/ C l 1 7M), slag cemen (ASTM C989/C989M), y ash or natual poolan (ASTM C618), o slica me (ASTM Cl240) the specic gravity use in volume calculatons can e obaned om the maeial cercaon provided y he suppler of he mateial o should e deermined by es (ASTM Cl 88; ASTM C 3 l l /C 3 l 1 M; ASTM C989/C989M) A32 Samples of cementious materals should e obtaned om he concree poduce o he maerals supple who will supply maeials r he o The sample should be of sucent quanty r tests conemplated wth a libeal magn addional ess hat migh later e consid eed desrale. Samples o f cementious maerials should e shppe d n aiigh and moi sue-proofcontaines. Depending on he naure of the job and speccaons, samples of the cementious materals used deteminng mixture popo ions and om subsequent shipments may e saved in a igh conaines a reasonale per iod after the jo has been compleed o veify mxtue chaacersics if necessay A33 The concree producer migh choose o conduct a vaey of ess of cementious materals quality-conrol purposes The nen of hese tests may be r the purpose of opmng mxtues r specc applcaions and season ality and r ensung compaiblity o f maeial ngediens r poducng consisten concete with predictale pe- � Copyright Am mance These ess may e nonstandad ess (such as hose montoing colo or am generaon) o standard tests (such as maing morar cues wh concete sand or ll edged laoratory concrete mixtures in accordance wh ASTM C l92/C l 92M whee seting chaacteistics slump entaied air conent, sengh, and other popertes are monitoed). The concree poducer should etan materal cercaons r all shpments of cementious mateials and unrmity eports of the pedominant cemen om a source (ASTM C9 1 7/C9 1 7M) and monior changes in he repored characteistics such as compessve stengh and maeial neness A.4-Popetes of aggregates A4.1 Sieve analyses specc gravty absorption and moistue conent of boh ne and coarse aggegates (ASTM Cl27; ASTM Cl28) and bulk densy y roddng (ASTM C29/C29M) of coase aggegate are physical pop eres necessary r mxtue poporonng computatons. Othe ess tha may be desrale r large or specal ypes of wok nclude peogaphc examnaion (ASTM C29/ C29M) and tests r chemical eactvity (ASTM Cl260; ASTM C l293) soundness (ASTM C88/C88M) duability resistance o abason (ASTM C3), and varous delee rous ustances Such tests yeld nmaion of value n udging the serviceality of concree. A42 Aggegae gradng deemned by sieve analysis (ASTM Cl36/C l 3 6 M) can nuence wate equrements popotions of coase and ne aggregate, and quanty of cementious mateals satiscory wokability. Numerous aggegae gading cuves have een proposed and these tempered y pactcal considerations can be u sed as a tool r mixure proportioning optmaionASTM C33/ C33M provides a selection of sizes and gadings suiale mos concee. Addtional wokality ealed by use of ai enanmen o supplementary cementious mateials (SCM ) such as y ash and slag cemen may permi o some exen, the use of less-rescive aggregae gradings and may accommodae the use of locally available maeral. A43 Aggegae samples ess to deermine characer istcs r poportoning concee mxtues should e epre sentatve of aggegae avalable use n he wok. Fo laboaoy ess, he coase aggregaes should be separaed ino size acons and ecomined at he tme of mixng to asse repesentatve gadng he small test atches. Unde some condions, wok of mporant magniude, laboaoy nvesigaions may involve eots to overcome gading decencies of the availale aggegates. ndesirale sand gradng may e corected y: (a) Sepaaton of he sand nto two o more size acons and ecominng n suiale popotons (b) Increasing o decreasing the quantiy of cetan sizes o balance the gadng (c) Reducing excess coase maeial y gndng o crushg ndesirale coarse-aggregate gradngs may be coeced by: (a) Cushng excess coase actons Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUD E (AC PRC211. 1-22) 31 able 5ypica tes progam o estabish conceemakng popertes of oca maeials Batch quantties b/yd3 Coase Est Mxtre No . Cement Sand aggreate water Used water Tota weght wlc Sum n. Densty cf Concete chaacterstics Yied 28-day comessive t3 stength, psi Wok aility I 500 135 1810 35 350 035 0 10 5 2 500 1250 1875 35 30 3965 0.6 3 1.0 269 3350 OK 3 00 1335 1875 35 35 3955 0.8 4.5 15.5 2718 2130 OK 50 190 185 34 5 35 3960 0 16 09 610 OK 5 550 110 185 345 345 3980 063 3 15 698 3800 OK 6 600 1 165 1875 35 35 3985 05 3.5 18.3 268 4360 OK (b) Wasing szs hat occur n xcss (c) Suppleening decent sies wih anoher nee diae aggregate (d) A combnation of ths mthods Whaever grading adusmens ae made n he labora toy should b pactical and conomically jusid om the sandpoin of ll-se producon and job opeation. Aggegate gading equreents n specicaions should be consistn wih tha of conomically avalabl matials. Besides he aggegate gading, the parcle shape and txu pacularly of manuctud n aggga, will have an mpotan eect on the mixng-water equeents target slump Testng a graded sand to quan changes in th paticl shap and xtu and la hs bac o changes n mixng-wate requieens a target slup of a conc xtu may pov usl (ASTM Cl 252). 5ia bach sees A51 Th tabulad and gaphcal laonshps in h body of his documnt ay b usd o mak pliinary esiaes of bach quanties r tral batches. Optonal seps to obain a quck esimate of prelmnay mixre popo tions ay b sippd thrby pocdng o rapdly o trial batch evaluaon, o the optonal steps ay be used o ipln a or daild procdur hat ncorporas o prnciples of concree echnology and potenally educes the numbe of tral batches equred Howeve, even when using h o dtald appoach, h mathatcal calcula tions tha provide xtue propoions ae stll oo geneal izd to apply wh a hgh dgr of accuracy o a spcic s of matials. I is hr ncssary o mak a srs of concree ess to establsh quantative relationships he aials o b usd An illustration of such a tst pogra is shown n Table A.5 1 A5.2 In th s progra o fTabl A.5 1 , a batch ofdium cn connt and usabl cons sncy s propotiond by h descibed methods. In prepaing Mxte No. 1 , an amoun of wat s usd hat will poduc th dsd slup vn if ths ders om the tageed equrement The eshly mixed concree is tes ted r slup and densty and observed closel y worabily and nish ng chaactistics. In th xapl the yeld s oo high, and he concete s judged to contain an xcss of n aggrga. A53 Mxte No 2 s prepaed, adusted to corect he aeial poporions in Mixre No. 1 , and the esng and valuaon rpad. In ths cas, th dsid sh concrt properes ae acheved wihin accepable olerances and cylndrs ar moldd to chck th copssv strngth Th - Oversaned inaon drvd so r can now b usd o sl ct propor tons a seres of addtional xtuesNo. 3 through 6wih cement conents above and below that of Mixre No 2 ncopassing th ang lily to b ndd. A54 Mixure No. 2 though 6 provde the backgound, inclu dng h rlatonship of sngth o / h paticular combinaion of ingedens needed to selec popotions a range o f specied requieens A.5.5 In laboatoy tsts t sldom will b und vn by expeienced opeaos, hat desired adjusents wll dvlop as smoohly as ndicatd n Tabl A5. 1 Fuhr ore, t should not be expeced tha ll-se producton baches and eld esuls wll copae exactly wih laboa toy suls Conct producrs will hav a gnal ida based on expeience, on he deence n srength level and othr chaactistics btwn mixturs om laboatoy bachs and l l-sz poduction batchs of slar mixur popotons. An adjusen of he selected laboatoy tial bach, whn oving to ll-siz producton, s usually ncs sary. Anothr iporant aspc is to mak adjustnts r ancipaed delvery time and jobse adusmens, which are o generally siulated n laboatoy baches Closer agee mnt bwn laboraory and ld rsults is or lkly f achine xing is employed in the laboratory. This is espe cially dsiabl r ar-naind concr bcaus th yp of ixer, ype of ar-enainng admixre, and duration of xing nuence the aoun of ai enrained n he xe. Br mxng th rst bach th laboraory mxr should b butered or he mixure over-oraed," as described in ASTM C l 92/Cl92M Simi laly any procssing of maials in h laboraoy should simula as closly as praccabl coresponding eamen in the eld, such as he moisre conditoning of th aggrgats. A56 The seres o f tests llusated n Table A.5 1 may be xpandd as th siz and spcal qurmnts of th wok waran. Varabls tha ay rquir nvsgation includ aleave aggregate sources; maximu sies and grad ings drn typs and brands of cn; th us of ohr ceentious mateals; adxtes; and consderaons of concete durabily, volue change, teperare ise, thal propris and tim of s. 6est methods A61 In conducting laboatoy tests o povide nrma ton selecing concete propotions, he latest evsons of th llowng mthods should b usd A611 For ess of ngediens: (a) Dnsity of hydaulc cmnASTM C l 88 Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue Am ercan Concrete Institute - Copyrighted© Material - wwwconcrete.org 32 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HGHDENSTY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC-211.1-22) () Sampng sone, slag, gravel, and sandASTM D75/ D5M (c) Reducing samples of aggregae o esting seASTM C702/C702M (d) Sieve analysis and neness modulus ofne and coase aggregatesASTM C l 36/C13 6M (e) Relative densty (specc gaviy) and asopton of coase aggegatesASTM C l27 ( Relatve densty (specic gaviy) and asopion of ne aggregaesASTM Cl 28 (g) Surce moiste in ne aggregateASTM C70 (h) Toal mostue conen of aggregate by dyng ASTM C566 o a nonstandardzed es such as he speedy mosture meterASTM D94 () Bul densty (uni wegh) and vods n aggregate ASTM C29/C29M ) Uncompaced void conten of ne aggregate (as inu enced y paricle shape surce extue and grading) ASTM Cl252 A.61.2 Fo r tests of concete: (a) Ar conent of eshly mxed concete y the volu metic mehodASTM C l 73/Cl 73M ( ) Ai conent of eshly mixed concree y he pressure methodASTM C23 l/C23 1M (c) Slump o f hydaulc cemen conceteASTM Cl3/ Cl3M (d) Densty (unt weigh), yied, and air conent (gravi metric) of concreeASTM C 138/Cl 38M (e) Temperature of eshy mxed porland-cemen concreeAS TM C 1 064/C 106M ( Mang and curng concree es s pecimens n the ao atoyASTM C l 92/Cl 92M (g) Compressive strength of cylindcal concrete speci mensASTM C39/C39M (h) Flexural sength of concete (smple b eam wih thrd pont loading)ASTM C8/C8M (i) Flexual sengh of concete (sim ple beam wi h cener pont loading)ASTM C293/C293M ) Spliing tensle stengh of cylndrcal concree sp ec mensASTM C496/C496M (k) Capping cylndrcal concete specimensASTM C6 l I C617M (I) se of unonded caps i n determnation of compessve srength of hardened concree cylndersASTM Cl231/ Cl231M 7ixtues fo smal jobs A71 Fo small os whee time and personnel ae not availale to deemne popotions n accordance wih he recommended procedure, mxtues in Table A.7 1 wll usually povde concree that s of adequate sengh and duabity f the amount o f waer added at he mix e is not large enoug h to make the concree wth an excessive ly hgh sump. These mixures have been pedetermined n conr my with he ecommended pocedure by assumng condi tions applcable to he aveage small o, and aggregae of medum densty. Three mxtues ae given r each nomnal maxmum sie of coarse aggegate Fo he selected sie of coarse aggegate Mixure B i s intended r inital use If his mxte proves o e oversanded, change to Mxte C; f it is undesanded, change to Mixue A I shoul d e noed hat he mxtues lsed n he able ae ased on suce-dry sand If the ne aggegae s moist o wet, make appopiate corec tions n atch weights. ness he lightweght aggegate is in lly sauraed suce-dry (SSD) conditon consideaton should be taen tha ighweight aggegae might absob wate and water should be adjused accodngly. able oncree mixtues or smal jobs Proede: Select te prope nom mximu ize o ggege Ue Mixue B ding jt enogh wer o produce a wokable cosey. f he oee ppe to e nersade, hage to ixue A ad if it appear ovesaed, ge to Mixue C. Nominal maxmm size o aggregate, n. 1 Mixtue desgnation A B 3 A B I A B 1-1 A B 2 A B c c c c c Cement 5 5 5 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 0 19 19 19 Appoximate wegts of solid ingredents pe t3 o concete, b Sand (SSD)* Coarse aggegate (SSD) A-entrained Concete wtout Gavel or ai entanment Lghtwegt aggegate concete! cshed stone 8 51 54 47 49 6 56 9 47 58 51 45 49 6 54 3 6 47 56 1 5 66 58 1 5 0 61 43 39 63 74 1 37 65 75 1 5 65 39 3 6 1 79 37 69 45 79 0 69 3 81 38 71 1 36 83 'I mp e ncree buled wgh od 2 b, very we n ue, 4 l b t A-nne concre hou be ue rcure poe o e yle o eezng nd hwng Ar erm be ob by e u e o n r-erg cme o by dig i-nining miure. I f mixure i s se te m u reommnd by te m uar wil n mos ses pru the esire i on. Copyright Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NO RMAL-DENSITY AND HG H-DENSITY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC211. 1-22) 33 A.72 The appoxae ceen conent of concree lsed in th al will hlpl in stmatng cn rqur ens r the job. These estmates apply o the use of po land cement only These equements are based on concree tha has us nough watr to allow a consistncy tha cltates working into s wihou oectionable segre gaton. An ndx of a good conssncy s whn h concrt slides , not rns, o a shovel. APPENDIX BHIGHDENSITY CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONIG B.1Genea Concrete of noal placealiy and worailty can e proportiond dnsis as hgh as 350 lb/ft y using hgh densiy aggegates such as ron ore, ron shot, steel sho, bart ron punchngs and stl punchngs Although ach of h aals has s own spcial characisics thy can be processed to eet he sandard equeens r gading, soundnss clanlnss and oth rlvant aggga prop ties. ACI 30.3R addresses hgh-densy concree n detal and should e consuled bere aeping o propotion hgh-dnsty concr. requied densty by he amoun of he ancipaed densty loss due o dyng. A conservative esiae of his densty loss ay b oand y asuing h wt dnsity and th oven-dy densty of concree cylnders as llows. Cas thr cylndrs and din th w dnsy in accodance wth ASTM Cl38/C 1 3 8 M. Aer 72 hours of standad cuing, dry he cylndes o a constan weigh in an ovn a 21 1 o 230°F and asu th avrag dnsiy. alculate the densy loss due to dying by subactng the ovn-dy dnsty o h w dnsiy. Add this dinc o h qud dry dnsy whn calculating ixture proporions o allow his loss Less consvatv hods of dning dnsy loss ay b appopiae depending on the applcaion Norally, a shly xd dnsiy (wt dnsy) is 8 o 1 0 lb/ft highr than the oven-dy densy B.4Adjustment fo enraned ar If enraned ar is equred to ess condions of exposue, allowanc should ad th loss in wigh du to th volume occuped y the ai To copensae he loss of enrained ai as a result of vibation, the concrete mixre should propotiond wh hgh ai connt. B.2Aggregae selecion B.5Handng of hghdensty aggregaes The selecton of the aggegae should depend on he inended use of he concee. Fo example, n the case of radation shlding tac lmnts withn h aral tha ay ecoe reacve when suected to adiaon should e avoded. In he selecion of mateials and poportioning of hgh-dnsty conct h data ndd and procdurs usd ar simila o hos qurd noral-dnsiy concr. Aggegae density and copo stion high-dens y concrete should mt qurnts of ASTM C637 and ASTM C638. Typcal mateials used as hgh-density aggregaes are lsed in Table B 2 Handlng of hgh-density aggregaes should e in accor ance with ACI 303R (ASTM C637 and ASTM C638). Typical poporons ar shown n ACI 30 4.3 R. B.3-Adusmen n anicpaon o drying If h concrt will b xposd to an nvironnt tha causes a sgncan loss of wegh due to dyng, it should be poportoned so hat he esh densy is hgher han he B.6-Prepaced aggegae High-dnsy pplacd aggrgat concrt should b poporond n th sa ann as noal-dnsty peplaced aggregae concree Example xtue proporons r th pplacd agggat mthod and r ypcal grout poporons can e und n ACI 303R. B61 Concree s required r counerweghts on a lft bdg that will not suctd o zng-and thawing condtions An average 28-day compressive stngh of 3500 ps will b rquid. Placmn condions pet a slup of 2 to 3 n. and a nominal maximu sie aggegae of 1 in The desgn of he couneweight requires Table B.2-Typcal highdensiy aggegates Materia Limonie nd goetite Barie lmenie, hemie, n mgnetie Seel nd iro Decrition Hydo iro oes Baium sute ro oes So peets ad puchings Specifc gavity 34 to 38 4.0 to 4.4 4.2 to 5.0 65 to 75 Resultng cncete densty, b/3 180 to 1 95 205 to 225 21 5 to 240 3 1 0 to 3 50 Tabe B.6.-Popeies of seeced aggegates Proerty Mteia Finees mouus Specic gvity Aorpion Bk eity oma mximm ze Gadion Partce hape Copyright Amerca Socete Institue Coarse aggregate lmenie N/A 461 0.08% 165 lb/ft I in Well-graded Cbicl cushed Am ercan Concrete Institute - Copyrighted© Material - wwwconcrete.org Fne aggegate Specul emtite 30 4.9 5 0.05% N/A N/A - - 34 SELECTING PROPORIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HGHDENSTY CONCREEGUDE (AC PRC-211.1-22) an oven-dy densiy of 225 / (he oven-died condion s spcd and s a mo consrvatv valu han tha of th ar-died condtion). An nvestigaon of economically aval ale materals has indicated the llowing: (a) Cmnt: ASTM Cl 50/Cl 50M Typ I () Fine aggregate: specular heate (c) Coas agggat: lmnit (d) A high-ange wae-reducing admixre (HRW) will be used Tabl B2 ndcats hat hs combnaton of matials may esu in an oven-dy densty of 2 1 5 o 240 l/ . As shown in Tal B. 6 1 th lowng poptis of th aggrgats hav n oband om aoaory tsts. The quanties of ingedents are calculated as lows. B.61.1 Step Th daild approach wll usd B612 Step Fro Table 5.3.3, a concree wh a 2 to 3 in slump and a 1 n nomina maximum sz aggrgat rquirs a wat connt of appoxmatly 3 1 5 /yd As th aggregate s of noral particle shape and expected ulk dens ts no adjusmnt in war conn s mad. No pozzolans ar to be used, so no adusment s ade the eecs. Non air-entraned concete w be used ecause the concree will no xposd to sv wah and hgh a contnt would reduce the dy density ofhe concree. Theere no eduction in wat dmand a ntranmnt is mad A consultng the manucte of the HRWRA a reduction of25% n water deand s expeced so he waer conten is adjused w = 100% ater = � Pw = 236 62.4 = 3.78 ft /yd xposu o sul xposur is anicipatd th ar no rcom mended maxum vaues on wlcm r ths concee. There are no production cods rlvant to th conc ing popo toned; herere Table 4.7.4. 1 is used o deemneJ' ' = fc' + 1 200 ps = 3500 + 1 200 = 4700 ps From Tabl 53.4 intrpolatng bwn th aggga se lines wlc needed o poduce his ' in non-ar-entained concr s und to appoxmaly 0.48 Thus th equred cemen conent is calculated o be Cmnt contn () = 236/048 = 492 lb/yd and th volum of cmnt s sad to cmnt connt = Vcm spcic gravty of cmn dnsty of wa 492 2.50 /yd 3 . 15 62.4 � 27 ft - ( Vwter + Vcment + ,.) = yd 27 (3.78 + 2.50 + 0.41 ) = 20.31 /yd ggregat The actonal volume of coarse aggregae is esiaed om Tabl 5.3.6 a n aggrga havng a nnss modulus of 2.30 and und o 0 72. Thrr th ovn dy wight of coase aggegate wll e Factional volume of coarse aggregae x buk densy x 27 ft/yd = 0.72 x 165 27 = 3208 l/yd The SSD weight of the coarse aggregae will be l 100% ( OD = l + 100% yd3 Th volum acton of th coars aggrga wi b 321 = 1 . 6 f /yd 4.61 62.4 Th volum acton ofth n aggrga wll : B613 Step Bcaus nthr zng-and-thawing Copyright Am Th stmad ntappd air o Tal 53.3 s 1 5%. ;r = 27 f/yd x % air n mixre The cubc et of a enranen is 27.0 /yd 1.5% = 04 1 f /yd B6 1 5 Step The volume of aggregae to e provded is 3 1 5 = 236 b/yd and the volume of waer s esaed as V B6 1 4 Step The volume of air: gggte - Vos ggregat = 20.3 1 1 1 . 1 6 = 9.1 5 /yd The SSD weight of the ne aggregate wll e Msso = Vfin gggt RDo x 62.4 l/f = 9 . 1 5 x 4.95 x 62.4 = 2826 l/yd The anticipated wet densty of he concete will then be th wigh of watr cmnt coars aggrga and n aggegate dvided by the unit volume o W + C + MSSDcoars argate + MSSD, fin aggrga 27 /yd 23 6+ 492+ 3 211+ 2826 25 1 / 27 The actual es esuls indicated he concree possessed he llowing propris: (a) Density (eshly xed): 24 9 lb/ft (b) vn-dry dnsy: 242 l/f (c) A conten: 2.2% (d) Slump: 2.5 n. () Strngh: 5000 ps a 28 days Not: Oven-dy densy of he concree having a comb naton of hmait and ilmn agggats was 7 lb/ lss than th shly mxd dnsity. Institue American Concrete Insttute - Copyrghted© Materal - www.concreteorg American Concrete Institute Always advancing As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose remains "to provide a comradeship in nding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in spreading knowledge. In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities: Technical committees that produce consensus reports guides specications and codes. Spring and fll conventions to facilitate the work of is committees. Educational seminars that disseminate reliable information on concrete. Certication programs fr personnel employed within the concrete industry. Student programs such as scholarships, internships, and competitions. Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia. 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American Concrete Instiute 38800 Counry Club Drive Farmington Hills, M 48331 Phone: +1248848.3700 Fax: +1248.848.3701 wconcreeorg Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue American Concrete Institute d 38800 Country Club Dve Famg Hils, M 48331 USA +.28.883700 wwwcceeg The American Concete Instiute (ACI) is a leadg aoity ad esource woldwde for e developen ad disributio of cosensus-ased stad ads ad teccal esoces, edcaiona rogras, and cetifcaons for indvid ual s and ogazaons volved cocee desig , constuctio, and maeals, who shae a comtent to ursung e best use of concete. divduas terested n te actvies of ACI ae encoaged to expore e ACI weste fo meeship opotuies comtee actives and a wde variety of coc ree esoces As a volu teer e me -dive orga at o ACI invtes paterss ad welcomes al cocree pofessoas who wis to be art of a respeced conneced social gou tat povdes a opporuty for pofessona gowt, eworkig ad enjoyet 1 9 6 95 Copyright Amerca Cocete Institue
