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\ip`rt `e A`uejntk`es
a` Jyebkd Iqukpbiet
    
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`ut ii ar` T
Nfwny njvnedec
ttt
 •  t

n d
D`q ttut `a qty  Tt
Ttrzt`
rzt`
E`t a` \isi,
<=/1/<= <8:
9;;74;7
Arst
Wrete
ery

E 
 t ttt
Nfwnys njvnedec
     I
D`pyrkcmt ly tmi Nbirkdne D`edriti Kesktuti, Anrbkect`e Mfs, BK. Nf rcmts risirvij. Zms bntirnf
bny e`t li ripr`judij `r d`pkij, ke wm`fi `r pnrt, ke ney prketij, bidmnekdnf, ifidr`ed, fb, `r `tmir
jkstrklutk`e nej st`rnci bijkn, wkm`u tmi wrtie d`esiet `a NDK.
Zmi tidmekdnf d`bbkttiis risp`esli a`r NDK d`bbtii rip`rts nej snejnrjs srkvi ` nv`j
nblkcuktkis, `bkssk`es, nej irr`rs ke misi j`dubies. Ke spkti `a misi iaa`rs, tmi usirs `a NDK
j`dubiets `ddnsk`enffy akej kea`rbnt`e `r riquribies mnt bny li sulhid t` b`ri tmne `ei
ketirpritntk`e `r bny li ked`bpii `r ked`rridt. Ysirs wm` mnvi succisk`es a`r tmi kbpr`vibiet `a
NDK j`dubiets nri riquistij t` d`etndt NDK vn mi irrnn wilskti n mttp8//d`edrii.`rc/Wulfdnt`es/
J`dubietIrrntnnspx Wr`pir usi `a tms j`dubiet kedujis pirk`jkdnfy dmidoec a`r irrntn a`r tmi b`st
up-t`-jnti rivksk`es.
NDK d`bbkttii j`dubiets nri ketiejij a`r tmi usi `a ejvkjunfs wm` nri d`bpiie t` ivnfunti tmi
skcekakdnedi nej fkbktntk`es `a kts d`etiet nej rid`bbiejnt`es nej wm` wf nddip risp`eslfkty a`r
tmi nppfkdntk`e `a tmi bntirkn kt d`enes. Kejvkjunfs wm` usi ms puldntk`e e ney wny nssubi nff
rkso nej nddipt t`tnf risp`esklkkty a`r tmi nppdnt`e nej usi `a ms ea`rbntk`e.
Nff kea`rbntk`e ke tmks pulfkdntk`e ks pr`vkjij "ns s wm`u wnrrnety `a ney okej, iktmir ixpriss `r
kbpfkij, kedfujkec lut e`t kbktij t`, mi kbpfkij wnrrnetkis `a birdmnetnlkfy, aeiss a`r n pnrtkdufnr
purp`si `r e`ekearkecibiet
e`ekearkecibiet..
NDK nej kts biblirs jksdfnkb knlky a`r jnbncis `a ney oej, kedujkec ney spidnf, kejkridt, edjietnf,
`r d`esiquietknf jnbncis, kedujkec wkm`u bktnt`e, f`s rivieuis `r f`s pr`akts, wmdm bny risuft
ar`b tmi usi `a tmks pulfkdntk`e.
Kt ks tmi risp`esklkfkty `a tmi usir `a tms j`dubiet t` istnlsm minm nej snaity prndkdis nppr`prknti
t` tmi spidkakd dkrdubstnedis kev`vij wktm s usi NDK j`is e` bnoi ney riprisien`es wktm ricnrj
t` minftm nej snaity kssuis nej tmi usi `a mks j`dubiet. Zmi usir bus jitirbkei mi nppfkdnlfkty `a
nff ricufnt`ry fkbktntk`es lia`ri nppykec tmi j`dubiet nej bus d`bpy wm nff nppfdnlfi fnws nej
ricufntk`es, kedfujkec lut e`t fkbktij `, Yektij Ttnis @ddupnt`en Tnaiy nej Minfm Njbkekstrntk`e
(@TMN) minftm nej snaity stnejnrjs.
Wnrkdkpntk`e ly c`virebietnf riprisietntkvis ke tmi w`ro `a mi Nbirkdne D`edrii Kesuti nej ke
tmi ivif`pbiet `a estktuti stnejnrjs j`is e` d`esktuti c`virebietn iej`rsibie `a NDK `r tmi
stnejnrjs tmnt kt jivif`ps.
@rjir kea`rbntk`e NDK j`dubies nri nvnknli e pre, ly j`we`nj, mr`ucm ifidr`ekd sulsdrptk`e,
`r iprket nej bny li `ltnkeij ly d`etndkec NDK.
B`st ND stnejnrjs nej d`bbkttii rip`rts nri cnmirij `cimir ke mi neeunffy rivksij tmi NDK
D`ffidtk`e `a D`edriti D`jis, Tpidkadnt`es, nej Wrndkdis.
irde Dedrii Kei
== Der Df ri
Arece ff K =
Wei8 ===
Ax8 ===
N Drt ttt
ri l T Bo i disi t D
E rit  itr irtti ut ii a T
wdedriirc
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
Et a \isi,
<=/1/<= <8:
9;;74;7
D 494\=
\i`rt `e A`uejntk`es `r Jyenbkd ukbiet
  ND D 9>
Tsn sf Tdny
o  Jns' Dmnr
sm L. Nlmn
Sffn  L`ujs
Sffn J Lnt
dmnf  Dmmnl
Tm An
rj \ C``j
W n
Jnvj Os'
`n 
\`lrt \ dCf`m
Nllns `mn
`mnXnjm
Xnjm
Dnrf N s`'
\dmnj
\dm
nj nf y
dmn N Wnpn
n S. Wnd
Sffn I \sm 

ny S Tdmfz
Sjn`'
A Nfn Sy
TmDm Su
Ds \ [``yn
[``ynn
n
D`esufec Biblirs
Env E Wnjyn
Tmnsm Wnnsm
\`l  \`n 
Z bb f f  e  affc pf a  rue  s pt8
'knts bbs  t subbtt  rp  rt
Zmks p` pss ` kjusy pnkk`s m nk`us jsk
kkn nj m`js nj p`jus `a nnysks jsk nj
`suk` nppkj ` a`ujnk`s a` jynk ukp
4<Bndmkei typis p 9
4 .4`uej
.4`uejntk`e
ntk`e typs
typs p. 

DMNWZI\ :JITKCE F@NJT, =
:. vkw `a jskce f`njs nej dktkn p. =
:.<Tn
:.
<Tnkd
kd bndmke
bndmke f`njs p. ;
:4Jyenbkd bndmkei f`njs p >
:.:ev
:.:
evk`
k`eb
ebet
etn
n f`njs p. 3
:9F`nj d`ejktk`es p. 3
:.F`nj d`b
d`blken
lkentk`e
tk`es
s p. > =
Oiyw`rjs8 npfuj `ujn` ra`rd? vrn`.
D@EZIEZT
DMNWZI\ -KEZ\@JYDZK@E,
-KEZ\@JYD ZK@E,
> . >Lndc`u
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ej p. <
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DMNWZI\ <-E@ZNZK@E
<-E@ZNZK@E NEJ JIAKEK ZK@ET,
<.>E`tn`e p. 4
<<Jietk`es p 9
DMNWZI\ 9-KBWIJNEDI @A ZMI TYWW@\ZK
TYWW@\ZKEC
EC
BIJKYB, >=
9  v
viv
ivkiw
kiw nej usi
usi `a s`kf kbpijnedi
kbpijnedi p > =
9. <Ln
<Lnskd
skd jyenb
jyenbkd
kd d`edpts
d`edpts p . > ;

 4
9 .4Dnfduntk`e ` a jyenbkd `uej
`uejntk`e
ntk`e kbpjneds
p <>
9.:Jyenbkd kbpjned `a s`kf-supp`tj a`uejntk`es
p  <<
9 9Jyenbkd kbpijnedi ` pkf
pkfii a`uejn
a`uejntk`es
tk`es p.
p . <=
9 .Znes
.Znes`bj
`bj kbpjned fntkv t` det
d et `a cnvkt
cnvkty
y
p 4 9
9. 3N
3Njj
jjjj bnss d`edpt
d`edpt p. 49
9.=Tnbpf kbpjned dnfdufntk`es p. 4
DMNWZI\ 4A@YEJNZK@E NEJ BNDMKEI
Z[WIT, 9
4.>Cen d`eskjnt`es p. 9

NDK D`bbkttii \ip`rts, Cukjis, nej D`bbietnris nri
ketiejij a`r cukjnedi ke pfneekec jiskcekec ixidutkec nej
kespidtkec d`estrdtk`e. Zmks j`dubiet ks etiejij a`r tmi usi
`a kejkvkjunfs wm` nri d`bpitiet t` ivnfunti tmi skcednedi
nej fkbktntk`es `a kts d`etiet nej rid`bbiejntk`es nej wm`
wkff nddipt risp`esklkfkty a`r tmi nppfkdntk`e `a tmi bntirkn kt
d`etnkes Zmi Nbirkdne D`edriti estktuti jsdfnbs ney nej
nff risp`esklkfkty a`r tmi stntij prkedkpfis. mi estktuti smnff
e`t li fknlfi a`r ney f`ss `r jnbnci nrkskec tmiriar`b.
\iairiedi t` tmks j`dubiet smnff e`t li bnji ke d`etrndt
j`dubiets. Ka ktibs a`uej ke tmks j`dubiet nri jisrij ly
tmi Ndmktidt/Ieckeiir t` li n pnrt `a tmi d`etrndt j`dubiets
tmiy smnff li ristntij ke bnejnt`ry fnecunci a`r ed`rp`rnt`e
ly tmi Nrdmktidteckeiir.
N Drt ttt
ri l T Bo i disi t D
E rit  itr irtti ut ii a T
 u  ' n  Sec'
\ sss N \ e ns nt e fs ry
pyct©  Nb t sttt
N

Nff cts sv c cts a pte ne s e ney arb r y
ey
bes efec
bectt
 s
ly eyt
prss
ly t
 bnn
vt
t
 f,
ec
r 
se
 vsn
pte  a s e ny efc  rtvn systb r v efss
pbss  tc s t b t pyct pts
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
Et  \isi,

<=/1/<= <8:
9;;74;7
<
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
DMNWZI\ 1-QKL\NZK@E NENF[TKT NEJ
NDDIWZNEDI D\KZI\KN, p. :7
1>viviw p :7
1<B`jikec
1
<B`jikec a`
a` cj a`ejn`e
a`ejn`es
s p : 
1.4B`jkec a` xkl a`ejn`es p. :<
1:T`f`e bitm`js
bitm`js p :1
1. 9
9qed
qedyy nenysks p. :;
1.
1`dj
1
`dji sp`es
dnfdnk`es
sp`es `es
nenfysks
nenfysks
13T
1
3Tnbp
nbpi
dnfdnk
p 9<p. 97
DMNWZI\ 3-JITKCE NEJ BNZI\KNFT, p. 91
3 .@v
.@vvw
vw `a jskce btm`js
btm`js p . 91
3.<D`ed
3.<D`e
dt
t p. 9;
34\ikea`dibie p 1
3.:B
3.
:Bndme
ndme nedm`nc
nedm`nc
 p. 1<
39Ifnstd spp`t systibs p 14
31C` p 14
3.3Tksbkd jsce d`eskjntk`es p. 1:
3=ntkci d`eskjint`es p 1:
3.;Tpdknf d`eskjntk`es a` d`bpss` lf`do p`st
iesk`eec p 1:
3 > 7T
7Tnbp
nbpi
i dnfdntk`es
dnfdntk`es p  1:
DMNWZI\ n-D@ETZ\YDZK@E
D@ETKJI\NZK@ET,
p. 13
=.>Tlsnd ppnntk`e nej bp`vbe p. 13
d`bpiss`s e njjktk`e jkiiet pndtkdkec ieckeiikec
bs bny s jskce npp`ndms lnsj `e pnst sddssaf
pia`bnedi `a a`ejntk`es ivie tm`cm tmisi bny e`t
li mi b`st id`e`bkdnf jiskces Zmiia`i tmks ip`t
sbbns det jskce pndtkds t` pset n d`bb`e
npp`ndm
npp`nd
m e pedkpi
ped kpi a` vnk`s
vnk`s typis `a d`editi
d`editi a`ejn
t`es spp`tkec jyenbkd qkpbet.
D`bpnj t`
t` tm
pvk`s
jktk`e tmks
j`dbet
mns le
i`cnekzij
bnoi
tmi j`dbiet
b`i
systibntkd
nej
sakejfy. B` jtnkj kea`bntk`e `e tm a`ff`wkec
slhids mns liie njjij `e tmi limnvk` ` a`ejntk`es
slhdj t` jyenbkd bndmke a`ds
n) Kbpjned ` tm spp`tkec bjkb (l`tm s`kf
spp`ij nej pkfi-spp`ij `ejntk`es)
l) Cen `vvkw ` vklntk`e nenfysks (kedfjkec
ekti-ifibiet b`jikec)
b`jikec) nej nddiptnedi dktikn kedfjkec
ekti-ifibiet nenfysks
d) Jtbkentk`e `a vnk`s s`kf p`ptks qkj a`
jyenbd nenfysks
nenf ysks ` bndmkei `ejntk`es
`ejntk`es
xnbpf p`lfbs mnv le w`oj nej kbp`vj
wm s`bi njjtk`enf jitnkfs t` litti kffstnti tmi kbpfi
bietnt`e ` tmi
tmi dnfdfntk`e p`diji ke n bnenf dnfdfn
t`e. Fns vnet eds mnv le njjj t` dnpt
DMNWZI\ 7\IAI\IEDIT, p. 1;
m`ij j`dbies p 3
tmi diet pndtdi
.<Wup`si
Zmi pp`si `tmks
`tmk s ip`t
ip`t ks t` pisiet cieinf ckjifkeis nej
de
d
e eckekec pndtkds ke tm nenfysks nej jskce ` ke
a`dij d`editi `ejntk`es spp`kec jyenbkd iqkpbiet
Zms ip` pisiets nej sbbnkzis wktm iaiiedi
bnins vn`s jiskce dktikn bitm`js nej p`dijis
` nenfysks nej d`estdtk`e pndtkds detfy nppfkj t`
jyenbd iqkpbiet a`ejntk`es ly kejsty pndtktk`eis
NWWIEJK] NJ[ENBKD T@KF W\@WI\ZKIT, p. 34
f`kss`es ntk` p 34
.<Jyenbd smn b`js p. 3:
4T`kf jnbpec p 39
:\njntk`e
:\
njntk`e jnbpkec
jnbpkec p 31
.4Td`pi
Zms j`dbiet ks fkbktij ke sd`pi t` tmi ieckeiikec
d`esd`e pnk nej pcnj ` d`edt a`ejntk`es
a` jyenbkd iqkpbiet ` tmi pp`sis `a tmks j`dbiet
jyenbd iqkpbiet kedjis tmi `ff`wkec8
DMNWZI\ -KEZ\@JYDZK@E
.-Ldocr`uej
Bndmeiy wkm `nkec idkp`dntkec ` kbpndtkec
bnsss qs n a`ejnt`e mnt dne ss jyenbkd `ds.
idsi bndmkei nkcebie sm`fj li bnkenkeij nej a`e
jnk`e vklntk`es sm`fj l d`e`fj
d`e`f j t` es p`p ed
ed
k`eec `a m bndmkey jkec kts jsce svkd fa.
Tddissf jiskce `a sdm a`ejntk`es ` jyenbd iqp
be ev`fvs df`s d`ffnl`n`e nej d``pn`e nb`ec
bndmei bneandis ci`tidmekdnf ieckeiis ieckeiis
`wes nej d`esd`e ps`eef. Ldns jke
bneandts bny mnv vy jke `ejntk`e nddp
nedi din nej mik `we pndtkdis wkm icnjs t` a`e
jnk`e jsce qbes skd njmed ` DK 4=
n) \`tnkec
bndmkey
l)
\idp`dntec
bndmkeiy
d) bpnd ` kbpfskv bndmkey
DK 49>\ p`vkjis ne `vivkiw ` d
diet
iet jiskce
jiskc e pnd
tdi `e c`tkec Jiskce
J iskce pndtkdis
pndtk dis `
` `ejntk`es
`ejntk`es spp`kec
sntkd qpbe n jksdssj ke DK 49 > <\.
Zmii ni bney tidmekdnf nins tmnt ni d`bb`e t` l`tm
jyenbd qkpbet nej stntkd qkpbet a`ejntk`es
Qnk`s nspdts `a tm nenfysks jskce nej d`estdtk`e
` a`ejnt`es a` stntkd iqkpbiet ni njjissij ke DK
4 9 > .<\
.<\.. Z` skbpkay
skbpkay tm pset
psetntk`e
ntk`e tmks p`
p`tt ks fkbktj
fkbk tj ke
sd`pi t` pkbnky njjiss tmi jiskce nej bntiknf iqki
bets mnt n ptkeet `efy t` jyenbkd qkpbet `e
jnt`es. eckes n njvksj t` 
 t` DK 4 9 > <\ a`
a`
b`i ea`bntk`e `e tmi a`ejntk`e jiskce dktikn (stntkd
f`njkecs `nj d`blkentk`es jskce stectm stkess nej
n`ei
li eidissnkfy
npp`pkni
a` dinkesdm
a`e
jnk`esbny
tmnte`spp`t
minvy kejstknf
iqkpbiet
ns
stnb le cen`s d`blsk`e tlke cent`s `
snlkty)
nejp`vkjis
jiskce bitm`js
stntkd f`njs
Ke pntkdfn
D
49<\
jitnkfija`
d`vinci
`e tmi
jiskce `a
nedm`nc `a qkpbet t` d`edt `ejntk`es E`t tmnt
DMNWZI\ ;\IWNK\ NEJ YWC\NJI, p. 13
; > v
viviw
iviw `a eiij `
` ipn
ipn p 13
;<Jsdssk`e
;
<Jsdssk`e ` ipn `pt`es
`pt`es p 1 =
Nbirkdne
Nbirkdn
e D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
DK 49<\ wns plfksij pr`r ` n bnh` rivksk`e ` DK
4  = nej s`bi `a ti sidtk`e eblirs tn
tn kt riairiedis
riairiedis e
e
DK 4  = bny nvi
nvi dnecij
dnecij
Apv
A,.
Arij 2
DMNWZI\ <E@ZNZK@E NEJ JIAKEKZK@ET
<.E`ttk`
N
Nmiinj
Nm
Ndrneo2
Np 
 l 2
4
a`rdi ke vklrntk`
vklrntk`ee ks`fnt`r
k s`fnt`r sprkec fla (E)
jyenbkd a`rdi
a`rdi nbpfktu
nbpfktuji
ji (ir`t`pino) fla (E)
(E)
fntirnf/`ecktjkenf psij`jyenbkd jiskce a`di
fla(E)
virtkdn psij`jyenbkd jiskce a`rdi fla (E)
bnxkbb `rkz`etnf jyenbkd `rdi fl (E)
a`rdi rijdtk`e andt`r t` ndd`et a`r ti andtk`e `a
sinjysni vln`e nbpfji e. (bb)
inj nej drneo nrins e.  (bb)
d`sssidt`enf nin `a ti pkfi e  (bb)
pfne jkbiesk`e
jkbi esk`e `a n idtnecfn
idtnecfn a`ejn`e
a`ejn`e  (b)
jkbies`eiss ariqiedy
dyfkejir l`ri jknbiir ke (bb)
L?
bnss rn` a`r i t jridk`e
Iba bndei a``tpke wkj  (b)
LB  wkj `a bn a`ejn`e  (b)
nb wikc `es (
 d`estnes 7:<9 nej 7=3 rispidvify
jnbpec d`idkie `r t`tn jnbpkec n dieir `a
iskstnedi
jnbpec bntkx
_
D 2 dktdnf jnbpkec d`idiet
dyfkejir
f`nj
dnrrkij ly ti d`bpiss`
akejkvkjnf
rnbi (a
(arnbi
rnbi
rk ckjkty
rkckjk
ty
andt`r)
Arj 2 a`rdi ndtkec `e pkst`e
pk st`e r`j fla
fl a (E)
a`rdi `a
` a sfk
sfkji
ji fla (E)
(E)
As  jyenbkd keirtkn a`rdi
A
`rk`etnf a`rdi t` li riskstij ly ind tr`w ' s
ned`r l`fts fla (E)
(E)
A () cieirkd riprisietntk`e ` tkbivnrykec f`nj (`di
`r b`biet) `rk`etnf
Aulnni bnxkbb vnfi nppfkij skec pnrnbitis a` n
`rkz`etnf d`bpriss`r dyfkejir
dyf kejir fla (E)
spidkij d`edriti d`bprisskvi striect psk (BWn)
 jkbiesk`efiss pkfi stkeiss nej jnbpkec edtk`es
  jkbies`eiss
u  nej jnbpec pnnbiirs
slsdkpk`e  2stkeiss

vksd`
vks
d`ss jnbpe
jnbpecc d`e
d`esnet
snet las/
las/a
a (Es/b)

jnbp
jn
bpe
ecc d`
d`es
esttne a` t
tii  jk
jkid
idt
t`e
`e
 (njh) 2 nj
njhsti
hstijj jnbpkec d`estne a`
a` ti  jidt`e
jidt `e
iqkvniet
vsd`s
jnbpkec
`a
pi

ke i 

du
jkridk`e
DC  dietir ` a crnvty
crnvty
D
dietir
diet
ir `a a`di
pkfi cr`p jnbpec ke ti t jkridk`e

J
jnbpec nt`
J?
jnbpec ntk` a` ti  jridt`e
Jrj `j jknbitir ke (bb)
pkfi jknbiir ke (bb)

jkspfndibiet `a i sfkji ke (bb)
s
jkstnedi a`b bndei sn dietifkei t` t`p `a
b
jyenbkd
sinr
b`jfs ` ti iblijbiet (skji)
bntirkn
bntirk
n psk
(BWn)
jipt `a s`k fnyir  (b)
cr`ss nrin b`biet `a keirkn
keirkn ke  (bb)
b`biet `a keirtkn `a ti pkfi dr`ss sidtk`e ke 
(bb)
 >
jridtk`enf kejkdnt`r `r b`jnf kejkdnt` ns n
slsdrkpt
stkeis
stk
eisss `r t`tnf stk
stk eis
eisss nt dietir `a riskstnedi fla
fla//
at (E/b) `r flaat/rnj (Eb/rnj)
stkeiss bntrkx
t`tnf stkeiss nt dietir `a crnvkty flat (E/b) `
fla/rnj (Eb/rnj)
kbpijnedi ke ti t jkridtk`e ji t` n jkspfndi
biet ke
k e tit jkridtk`e
jkrid tk`e

l lz


'
a`r
a`
r tmi -tm jk ridtk`e
`pirntkec spiij rpb
jyenbkd sinr b`jfs `a ti s`kf psk (BWn)
t`rsk`en stkeiss `a ti pkfi fla (Eb)
V 
Ij
IbW
O
_O
O
Ou 
a`ejnt`e
 (b)
snkd [`ecs
b`js `a d`edrii psk (BWn)
jyenbkd [`ec'
[`ec ' s b`js `a d`edrii psk (BWn)
[`ecs b`js `a i pi psk (BWn)
bnss iddietrdkty e (bb)
A
pino vnfi `a nrb`ed jyenbd f`nj (a`rdi `r
b`biet)
A>
d`ridtk`e and`r
Alf`o2 a`di ndkec `wnrj `e ti l`do ar`b wd
d`edriii str
d`edri
strissis
issis s`j li dndfntij fla (E)
arkd
kd`e
`e n ti d`ssinj
(Al`tM  a`di t` li risnkeij ly ar
ckji tkij`we l`ts fla (E)
(Al`H nbi 2 a`di t` li istrneij ly ardtk`e nt ti arnbi
kij`we l`s fla (E)
A  jnbpi a`rdi
a`rdi la (E)
ACBx 2 bnxbb `rk`enf cns a`di `e n t`w `r
ndtn
eicntkvi stkeiss fla/at (E/b) ` flaat/nj
(Eb/rnj)
nrlktrnry d`sie p`sktkvi stkeiss vnfi (typkdnffy
sit iqnf t` ti stntkd stkeiss) fla/ (E/b) `
flaat/rnj (Eb/rnj)
iidtkvi linrkec stkeiss fla/ke (E/bb)
stntkd s`kf stkeiss fla/ke (E/b)
pki cr`p d`pfkec kbpijnedi
pki cr`p `rk`etnf kbpijnedi
pki cr`p virtkdnf kbpijnedi
pki cr`p r`dokec kbpijnedi
kejkvkjnf pkfi stkeiss nt dietir `a iskstnedi fla/
at (E/b) `r flaat/rnj (Eb/rnj)
kbpijnedi ke ti t jkridtk`e ji t` iblijbiet
pi
p
i cr`p stk
st keis
eisss ke
k e ti t jkridtk`e fl
fl/
/ (E/b)
(E/b)
`r flaat/rnj (Eb/rnj)
dyfkejir fla`rz`en
(E)
bnxbb
eirkn a`di `e n tr`w `r
dyfkejir fla (E)
stntkd stkeiss
a`r ti t jkridtk`e fl/at (E/b) `
flaat/rnj
(Eb/rnj)
AB
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
:

ariqiedy-jipiejiet bpijnedi e ti -
dtk`e
jkridtk`e
jkri
\¥ \5l 2 iqkvnfiet r`dokec rnjks `a `ejntk`e nl`t n-
 (nj
(nj)
) 2 njstij
njstij snkd st
steis
eisss a` i
i -tm jkrid`e
jk rid`e fl
fl//a
(E/b) ` la-a/rnj (E-b/rnj)
 (nj
(njh)
h) nj
njsti
stijj ariqiedy-jipiejie kbpijnedi e i
-t jkidk`e

steis
st
eisss `a pfi ke mi -t jkidt`e la
 la/
/ (E/b)
(E/b) `r

la-/rnj
la-/
rnj
-b/nj)
stnd
stkeiss
`a ne ejvkjnf pi h e ti -
jrid`e fla/ (E/b) `r fl/nj (Eb/rnj)
s` b`js `a slcrnji rindk`e l/ke (E/b)
stnd stkeiss d`estne
`r`etn
`r`
etn bpijnedi
 bpijnedi `  spp`rec
spp`rec bijb
vitdn kbpijnedi `a spp`tkec bijb
`doec kbpijnedi `a spp`tkec bijkb
`rsk`enf kbpijnedi `a spp`tkec bijkb
ariqiedy (
()-jipiejiet jyenbd kbpijnedi
iect `a d`eeidec `j e. (bb)
cinti pne jbies`e ` ti bn a`ejnk`e a
(b)
bndmkei a``tprke iec,  (b)
nirn jkstnedi ar`b dietir `a iskstnedi ` ejk
vjn pkis  (b)
TT>>
jiptm
`a iblijbiet
 (b)
pfi fiectm
 (b)
bnss lb (oc)
bnss bntkx
nbbi bnss kedfjkec ney nxknry a`ejnk`e
lb (oc)
`virec b`biet `e a`ejnk`e fl (Eb)
bnss nt` `a d`edriti a`ejnk`e
a`ejnk`e t` bndmei
nb bnss edfjkec jis nej nedfnry pnts lb
(oc)
a`ejntk`e `viteec rissnedi
riss nedi fla
fla
 (E-b)
njjij bnss lb (oc)
bnss `a
` a i bndkei-a`ejn`e
bndkei-a`ejn`e systib lb (oc)
sfji bnss edfjec ti iids ` ney lnnedi
bidmnesb, lb (oc)
`tnec bnss lb (oc)
 2

 


³
()2

p

_ 2
 2
B\ 2
B
i2



rd

9 2
idkp`dntec
bnss e n idp`dntec bndmei lb
(oc)
`tnec bnss e n idkp`dntec bndkei lb (oc)
njjij bnss (keitkn), lb (oc)
E
ebli
eb
li `a pis
E
ebli ` l`s m`jkec j`we `ei dr`ss( l`tM 2
inj cji
(El`!t)ab 2 ebli `a l`fts m`fjec j`we mi nbi pi
dykeji
EZ 2 e`rbnf `rqi, fla (Eb)
WFF2 n`wnli linec prissri osa (oWn)
j
Wj
W
Wrn2 esnetnei`s minj nej drneo pissris ps (BWn)
Wb2 bnxkbb linrec pissri osa(oWn)
W
p`wir liec trnesbkij ly ti smna n i d`eeid
`e `rsip`wir (of`wns)
\
\?
ddn`a
iqkvniet
njks
` aa`ejnt`e
idtnecfnr njs,
a`ejn`e,
a`ejn`e,
 (b) rnesnk`e
iqkvniet njks `a idnecfnr
idnecfnr `ejnt`e
`ejnt`e  (b)
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
r

r
nej l-nxks rispidtk
rispidtkvify
vify at
at (b)
iqkvnfiet t`rsk`enf rnjks `a `ejntk`e  (b)
fiectm ` drneo, ke (bb)
rnjs `a tmi drneo bidmneksb `
`  tmi -tm dyfkejir
ke (bb)
pki rnjks `r iqkvnfiet rnjks ke. (bb)
priss str`oi
ke. (bb)sittfibiet ke (bb)
nff`wnlfi
`ejntk`e
sirvkdi andt`r sij t` ndd`et a`r kedrinskec elnfnedi jrkec ti jiskce
jisk ce sirvkdi fkai `a tmi bndmkei
k   k< 2 jkbiesk`eiss stkeiss nej jnbpkec pnrnbitis
a`r skji nyir slsdrkptk`e  2 u 
bnxkbb
`ejntk`e sittfibiet ke (bb)
2
Tb
Tb
TQ\ 2 sisbkd sminr `rdi ji t` tmi rkckj `ejntk`e nej
`tir rckj d`bp`eiets fl (E)
(E)
  2 sis
sisbkd
bkd sinr a`rdi
a`rdi ji t` ti
ti spirstrdtri
spirstrdtri
bndmei nej `tmir ixklfi d`bp`eiets fl
f l (E)
 
2t`tn siksbkd sminr `rdi bndkei-a`ejntk`e
systib la (E)
s
pki dietirt`dietir spndkec,  (b)
trnesir
trnes
ir bntrkx
bntrk x
_
bn

`ejntk`e
`ejntk`e
tmkdoeiss   (b)
tmkdoeiss
ZB


u
Qbx
no22
Qpno
Q\B

 
bekbb
(E)
tkbi s riqkrij nedm`r l`ft tiesk`e, fla (E)
jkspndibiet nbpfktji ke. (bb)
pino jkspfndibiet nbpfktji ke (bb)
d`bprisskvi vi`dkty ` n pkfi at/s (b/s)
trnesbkssklkkty andt`r
Fysbirs nenf`c wnvi vif`dkty at/sid`ej (b/s)
bnxbb nf`wnlfi linrkec vklrntk`e ke (bb)
pino vi`dkty ke./s (bb/s)
r``t bine sqnri vif`dkty, ke/s (bb/s)
sminr wnvi vi`dkty
vi`d kty `a tmi s`kf
s` kf at/s (b/s)
p`st-kbpndt mnbbir vif`dkty ke./s (bb/s)
riiriedi
ri
iriedi vif`dkty 2 > = : at/s
at/s (9
(9   b/s) r`b n ii
ii
an `a 9.<9 at (. b)
rnb kbpndt
kbpnd t vi`dkty, s
s (b/s)
iqkpbiet wikcmt nt nedm`rnci f`dntk`e fla (E)
wikcmt `wikcmt
tmi a`ejntk`e
bndkei
t`es (oE)t`es (oE)
r`ntkec wikcmt fla (E)
cieirkd riprisietntk`e ` jkspfndibiet (trnesfn
tk`enf `r r`tntk`enf),
r`tntk`enf), ke (bb) `r rnj
)2 cieirkd riprisietntk`e `a vif`dkty (trnesfntk`enf `
r`tntk`enf) ke/s (bb/s) `r rnj/s
)2 cieirkd riprisietntk`e
riprisietntk`e `a
` a nddif
nddifirntk`e
irntk`e (trnesfntk`enf


`r r`tntk`en) ke./s (bb/s ) `r rnj/s
drneo pke jkspndibiet ke f`dnf y-nxks `r jkstnedi
[
ar`b tmi dietir `a crnvkty t` tmi lnsi spp`rt ke.
(bb)
jkstnedi r`b tmi dietir ` crnvkty t` tmi fivif `a
[i
iblijbiet riskstnedi at (b)
drneo pke jkspfndibiet ke f`dnf z-nxks, ke (bb)
pkst`e jkspndibiet ke. (bb)



neciril`ej
litwiievif`dkty
lnttirijt`pkfis
nejvif`dkty
virtkdnfrntk`
pkfis nj
rnb
kbpndt
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
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ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
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?
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w
wj
a
i Nff`wnlfi nbpkjis ` vklrnk`e nss`dknij wk ind
jyenbkd f`nj dnsi
 D`esrdk`e riqukribies sud ns fkbknk`es `
d`esrnkes kbp`sij ly d`esrdk`
d`esrdk`ee iqukpbie p`dijuis
p`dijuis
idekquis ` r i siquiedi `a d`esrdk`
d`esrdk`ee
c @pirnk`en riqukribies sud ns nddissklkfky sifi
bie kbknk`es ibpirnuri iids nej jrnkenci
pkfi jyenbkd keirnd`e and`r ke i - jkidk`e,
sulsdkpk`e k   (nxkn MM (`r`en  (e
pnsi r`dokec M (swny `dokec
`dokec
d`idkies2 
idnecufn a``kec
a``kec d`idi
d` idie
e `r
`r i - jkidk`e
jk idk`e
d`idkies2  ` :
bniknf jnbpec nk`


d`edrii
jiesy la/ (/b 
pnsi
neci
b`ji snpi vid`r
b`ji snpi and`r
ueec nk`
pnsi neci ` necfi liwiie i jkidk`e ` f`nj
ndk`e nej i pnei ke wkd pkfis i, rnj
s`f bnss jiesy flb/ (oc/b
pkfi bnss jiesky, flb/ (ocb
pino nbpuji (rnesfnk`en ` r`n`enf, e `r
nj
d`idie `a akd`e
akd`e
W`ss`e's
W`s
s`e's rn` ` i s`kf
drdunr ariquiedy `a b``e nj/s
jnbpij dkrdufnr enunf riquiedy rnj/s
uejnbpij dkdufnr enun aiquiedy `r i 
 nkeienedi
riqukribies
ns ibp`rny
nddiss
nyj`we
spndi, ke-pfne
drnei sud
dnpnlkfkkis,
nej bndkei
rib`vn d`eskjirnk`es
k \icufn`ry and`rs `weir riqukribies, ` lukfjkec
d`ji pr`vksk`es sud ns kij pkfi dnps ke siksbkd `eis
h d`e`bkd nd`rs sud ns dnpknf d`s usif `r jiskce
sirvkdi fki, nej ripfndibie
ripfndibie `r ripnkr d`s
o evkr`ebienf riqukribies
riqukribies sud ns sid`ejnry d`enke
bie `r spidkn d`edrii d`nkec riqukribies
\id`cekk`e n dirnke bndkeis, pnrkdufnrfy fnrci
ridkpr`dnkec d`bpriss`rs rify `e i `uejnk`e ` njj
sriec nej skeiss n ks e` keirie ke i sudui `a
i bndkei

4.<-Bdmki typis
4<
b`ji rnj/sddunr enurn aiquiedy nj/s
uejnbpij
S
drdunr `pinec iquiedy
iquiedy ` n bndkei `r `ir
jrvkec a`di, rnj/s
a  drdun enrn riquiedkis ` n s`f fnyi ke `rk
z`en (u nej virdnf (v jrid`es, nj/s
a
u v,


  2 sulsdrpk`es usij ` e`nec `rkz`enf vidn,
`doec nej `rsk`enf jid`e ispidkviy
<.<Jiakktk`es
Wfinsi iai ` i nis virs`e `a ND D`edrii Zirbk
e``cy a`r n d`bpiieskvi ks ` jiek`es Jiek`es
pr`vkjij irie d`bpibie n is`udi.
``  
d`fidkvi
d`fidkvi irb n jisdklis n wji
w ji
rneci `a nppr
nppr`ndis
`ndis ``fs, nej idekquis
idekquis usij ` ued`vir
dnusis `a p`
p`lfibs.
lfibs.
DMNWZI\ 4A@YEJNZK@E NEJ BNDMKEI Z[WIT
4.-Cieif d`skjitk`s
Zi ypi d`ecunk`e nej esnffnk`e
esnffn k`e `a n `uejnk`e
`uejnk`e `r
supp` suduri a` jyenbd bndeiy bny jipiej `e i
a`f`wkec and`s8
n Ti d`ejk`es sud ns s`k dnrndirsds `p`crnpy
sisbkdky dkbni, nej `i iids
l ndkei
ndk ei lnsi d`ecunk`e
unk`e sud ns nbi
nbi ski dykejir
dyk ejir
supp`s pusn`e l`fis, jkvi bidneksbs nej ixnus
juds
d Wr`diss riqukibies sud ns ifivnk`e iquribies
wk rispid ` d`eeidij p`diss iqukpbie nej supp`r
riqukibies a`r pkpec
j Nedpnij
Nedpn
ij `njs
sud nsjukec
i iqukpbie
snd snrup,
wikc,
nf`ec
wk `njs
jivi`pij
d`esud`e,
`pink`e suj`we nej bnkeienedi
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
9
\`tntkec bndmkeiZks dnic`ry kedfujis
cns rlkeis,
sinb urlkeis,
nejb``rs?
`ir ixpnejis
ul`
pubps
nej d`bpriss`rs?
anes?
nej diekcis
Zisi bndkeis nri dnrn
dnrndirk
dirkij
ij ly i b`k`e ` r`nke
r`nkecc
d`bp`eies
Yelnnedij `rdis ke r`nkec bndkeis ni drinij wie
i bnss dier`kj `i r`nkec d`bp`eie j`is e` d`kedkji
d`ke dkji
w i dieir ` r`n
r`nk`e
k`e (Akc 4 < >  Zks jyenbkd `di
`di
s n auedk`e
auedk`e ` i bnss ` i r`nkec d`bp`eie spiij `a
r`n`e nej i bncekuji `
`  i iddierkdky
idd ierkdky `a `si. Zi
`si `r iddierkdky s`ufj li bke`r uejir bneunduij
d`ejkk`es wie i bndkei ks wiff lnfnedij dfine nej
wk`u winr `r ir`sk`e. Dnecis ke nfkcebie `pink`e
einr ris`enedi urlkei lfnji f`ss
f `ss nej `ir bnfuedk`es
bnfuedk`es `
uejiskrnli d`ejkk`es dne crinfy kedrinsi i a`di nppfkij
` ks
k s linrkecs
linrkec s ly i r``r
r``r
\idkr`dntkec bndmkei ridkpr`dnkec
4<.<
bndeiry
ns d`bpriss`rs
`r njkisif
ieckeis i
n pks`e
b`vkec ke nsud
dyfkejir
keirnds wk
cns `uc
okei
bnds `a n skjir drneo bidneksb jrkvie ly ` jrkvkec
n r`nkec drneosn Kejkvkjunf keirkn a`rdis ar`b ind
dyejir nri keirie
keiriey
y uelnfnedij wk j`bkene iquiedkis
n `ei nej
nej w` kbis i r`nk`
r`nk`enf
enf iquiedy
iquiedy (Akc. 4 <.
<.<)
<)
 b
kc. 4.<.>\`tntkec bndmkei jkncrnb.
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
1
/
Wrbry ar
D y ejr mj
ejry

Wrby j
`tntk`
r
rm
Akc. 4<<-\idkpdntkec bndmkei jkncrnb.
Zi uelnnedij a`dis nej `iets cieinij ly idp
`dnec ndkeis wt `i ne `ei pkst`e ni jipiejie
`e i dneo nneciie. Zi `ptu dneo nneciie
nt keis `njkec ks cieinfy e` p`sskli lidnusi i
idnednf jiskce wff
wf f li `ptkzij ` sns i `pinkec
`pinkec
iquiiets. Zks injs ` pkst`e/dyfeji nssilkis nej
dneo nneciies nt j` e` d`pfitiy d`uei-`pp`si
iia`i, uelnnedij f`njs `ddu, wd s`ufj li issij
ly i a`uejn`e.
Kejkvjun dyeji ukj a`dis nd `utwnj
`utwnj `e ti dyeji
dy eji
inj nej kewnj `e i dneosn (Ac. 4.<.<). A` n ckj
dykeji nej ani, tisi a`dis ni etinfy lnnedij e
ra








> 2 Dup e c
<  Jwewnrj j Be
4 2Lb Jnj De w/ Kbpnd
:  Ypwnrj j Bte
9  Jdupec

7

V
/
` < 7.: 71

t>
r
<

7= >7
4
>.<
:


 b
>.: >1
s
> Dne omna \ne
Akc. 4. < 4-Inbpfi `an
`ana`rdkecauedtk`e
a`rdkecauedtk`ea
a`r na`rckecpriss.
f`w vif`dtkis lut wkt cinti a`dis Zi idnekdnf jkvi
systi cieintis `k`etnf jyenkd a`dis tnt ti ieck
i
ndkei,
lut jia`n`es
`a fnci
dne`dnusi
n sce
dne p`tk`e
`a i a`dis
` lindkeis
tneskij
i
`uets nej et` ti a`uejn`e Wntdufny `e nci idp
`dnec d`piss`s wk ``en dykejis kt ks enp
p`pni nej ued`esivntkvi t` nssui ti d`piss`
ani nej dykeji ni sudiety st ` etienffy lnnedi
nf a`dis Tud ne nssupk`e ns fij ` ney enjiquni
`uets a` idkp`dntkec ndkeis.
Kbpufskvi bndmkei  upie sud ns a`ckec
nis nej s`i itnfa`kec pissis, `pini w icu
ntij kpndts ` s`dos litwiie jiie pns `a i iqup
iet ks s`do `njec ks `ie neskttij t` i a`ue
jntk`e systi `a ti iqupiet nej dne p`pncnti e` i
su`ujecs nej ks n and` ke i jiskce `a ti a`uejntk`e.
Df`sj ji a`cec nis ypdnffy `pinti ly j`ppkec
n wi (n `et` ` in a`dkec t ke` n pijieij
eii s`ufj d`eskji ke ti jiskce `a ti supp`t systi.
\`doec stnlkfkty `a tks d`estudtk`e ks kp`tnet Akcui
4.<.4 s`ws n typkdn ixnpfi `a n `k`etnf a`dkec ed
t`e t`uc `ei auf
auf st`oi `a n a`ckec
a`ckec piss
piss 
idnekdnf itn a`kec pissis `pinti ly squiikec
nej sinec itnf litwiie tw` jkis Lidnusi tks iqukp
iet dne vny cintfy ke ski wikct spiij nej `pintk`e
a`dis nej jiskce dtikn usij a` ti a`uejntk`e jiskce dne
vny cintfy. Tpiijs dne vny a` 47 t` >=77 st`ois pi
eui. Jyend a`dis a` ti piss jivif`p a` tw`
s`udis8 ti idnekdnf klnfnedi `a ti `vkec pnts ke
ti iqkpiet nej ti isp`esi `a ti piss ani ns ti
nin s sinij (senpt`uc a`dis Klnfnedis ke ti
idnekds
idn
ekds `a ti iqukpiet dne `ddu l`t `kz`etnffy
`kz`etnffy nej
vitkdny. Cieinfy kcspiij iqukpiet ks wiff lnfnedij
F`w-spiij iqukpiet ks `ie e`t lnfnedij lidnusi ti
snpisnpi
itiininf,
ketiet s tii
` usi ksks
pnd
a`
nej
scek
dnetieicy
ieicyt` nes
kssk`e pnkdufnfy nti ke i a`ec p`diss. Jukec
isi en lf`ws, i nin likec a`cij s d``ec nej
iss snpkec tnois pfndi. Zus pi-pnd okeid ieicy
`a i n d`evis ` p`s-kpndt oeid ieicy `a i
ieki a`cec ni Ns ti iei ni `vis j`we
wnj  lid`is n skpi jyend nss `sdkntkec `e ts
supp`tkec ijku Zs sysi s`ufj li wif jnpij s`
nt ti `sdkntk`es jidny sudkietfy lia`i i eix lf`w.
Zec `a ti lf`ws d``ey neci
neci ` :7 `  77 l`ws
pi keui Zi n wikcts vny ` n aiw uejij p`uejs
` 49 777 p`uejs
p`uejs  > 1 `es. Kpndt vif`dktkis
vif`dktkis ke i nec
necii `a
<9 s 31 s ni d``e @pie ji nis `pinti e n
skn ansk`e lu ni `ie `a tw`pkidi d`esdk`e wk
n sipnnti ni ani nej nevk.
keitn a`dis nt f`w spiijs ni snff. Zi jyenkd a`dis
cieintij ly nf `a tisi pissis dne li skcekdnet ns tiy
ni nesktij ket` ti a`uejntk`e nej p`pncnti ket` ti
sulcnji.
@tmir bndmkei pis@ti ndkeiy cieintkec
jyend f`njs kedfji `do dsis nej itnf sijjis
Sfi pnt `a ti jyenkd f`nj a` tisi typis `a iqukp
iet iej t` li lnsij `e `t
`tntke
ntkecc klnfnedis, tii ni nfs`
nej` dnndtikstkds t` ti jyenkd a`dis tnt vny wkt
ti pndufn `pintk`e nej jiskce
4<4

A`ckec
pissis
pia`lu
n skkfn
neuanduec
aued
k`e
ns a`cec
nis
ni d``ey
idnekdnfy
` yjnudnffy jvie Zisi pissis a` i ntinf n
4.<.:
4.4A`ujtk` ypis
4.4.>
Lf`dopi a`uejntk`e ndkeis ni
piainlfy `dntij df`si t` cnji t` kekki ti ifivn
t`e jiiedi litwiie ti ndkei jyenkd a`dis nej
ti dieti `a cnvkty `a ti ndkeia`uejntk`e systi
(Akc. 4.4.). Zi `w f`dntk`e nfs` ijudis ti `iets
jui ` `kz`etnf a`dis Zi nlkfkty t` usi sud n a`uejn-
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
3
Ifvj urec
j o
fue r
urec
r
Akc.
Ak
c. 44.
4 4. >-Lf`
>-Lf`do
dopi
pia`uejntk`e.
a`uejntk`e.
B
ueje
W-<
Akc 4. 4 4-Znl
4-Znlfit`ppi
fit`ppia`ue
`uejnt
jntk`e
k`e..
J

 Qn 
nr
Akc.
Ak
c. 4
44.
4. <-D`blkeij lf`do
lf`dopi
pi a`uejntk`e
k`e prbnky jipiejs `e i qny `a sandi s`fs Lf`do
a`ejn`es
einry `
nfwnys
ns ckj sdis
Zi jyenbkdni
isp`esi
n ckjjiskceij
l`do a`ejnk`e
jipiejs
`ey `e i jyenbd `nj, bnss, jbies`es, nej s`f
dnrndirksds.
D`blkeij lf`do
lf`dopi
pi a`uejntk`e
`uejntk`e

 lf`dos
ni sij ` spp` df`siy spndij bndeis (Akc 44<)
Sie jiskceec d`blkeij lf`doypi `ejnk`es k ks
kbp`rne
kbp`rn
e ` d`esjir
d `esjir i d`blen`e
d `blen`e `a
` a `rdis
`rdis a`b w` `r
b`i bndkeis nej p`sskli fndo ` seiss ` n fnci bn
a`ejn`e
Znlfit`ppi a`uejntk`e spp`r ks
eiijij wie nddiss s riqkrij ` i ejisji ` i
bndeiry a` jds pkpec bnkeienedi pna`rbs `r i
bndei ns ` li ifivnij `r p`diss rins`es (Ac. 4.4.4).
Znlfi`p srdris nri d`esjirij ` li ixkli iedi
i risp`esi ` jyenbd f`njs dne li qi d`bpfix nej
44<

/
Akc 4.4.:-Znlfit`p wktm ks`fnt`rs.
Ttiif r
`
J
J

444
jipiej
l`
`e inej
b`k`e
`a ksnej
jsdii
js
dii
srdrn
biblirs
(d`bes
linbs
a``kec)
i
slcnji
p`e
wd
k s spp`ij.
Znlfit`p wktm ks`fnt`rss`n`s (sprkecs nej
jnbpirs) `dnij
`dn ij n i `p ` spp`rec d`bes ni s`bi
s` bi
kbis sij ` bkebzi i isp`esi ` jyenbd `njec
(Ac 44:) Zi iidvieiss `a ks`fn`s (`r i jicrii `
ks`fn`e ns jieij e Dnpir 1)
1) jipiejs `e i jnbpkec
bndei spiij, nej ennf aiqiedy `a i `ejnk`e
Jisdpk`es a` i idekdnf jinks `a ks ypi ` spp`r
ni p`vjij e 1.4.4
1.4.4..

Tprec
Lo ueje
4.4:
4.49 Tprkecb`uetij iqukpbiet `e lf`do a`uejntk`e
@ddns`eny bndeiy ni b`eij `e sprecs ` bke
bzi a`dis
a`dis ar`b
ar`b d`eeidec
d`eeidec ppec
ppec (Akc
(Akc  4 4 9 ) Zi sprecs
ni ie spp`rij `e n lf`doypi a`ejn`e. Zs nrr
nrrneci
neci
bie ns n jyenbkd iid sbnr ` n ` nlfi`ps wk
vkln`e
ypis `
iqpbie`rdis.
ni spec
b`eij `ks`fn`s
fkbk i@i
rnesbkss`e
` jyenbkd
Zid
ekdn jinks ni
ekdn
ni jisdrl
jisdrlij
ij e 1 4 4
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b MT
Akc 4.
Akc
4.4.
4. 9-Tprke
prkecb`u
cb`uetij
etij iqukpbie
iqukpbiett `e lf`do
lf`doa`uejntk`e.
a`uejntk`e.
441 Keirtkn lf`doJyenbkd iqkpbie `e n srdri
bny li rifnkviy sbnff ke d`bpnrks`e ` i `virnff skzi
`a i srdri. Ke ks sknk`e jyenbkd bndkeis ni
snffy jiskceij wk n spp`rkec keirkn lf`do ` sk
srdri/bndkei enrnf riqiedkis nwny r`b bndkei
`pirnkec spiijs nej rijdi nbpfkjis ly kedrinskec i
eirn (Akc 441)
Jiipa`uejntk`es
Jiip
a`uejntk`es `a
`ai
i privk`sfy biek`eij
`ejnk`e ypis bny li spp`rij jkridfy `e s`kf `r `e
jiip a`ejnk`es sd ns pkfis `r dnkss`es (Akc 443)
44 3) Jiip
`ejnk`es nri cieirnffy
cieirn ffy sij
s ij wiri s`a
s `a cr`ej d`ejkk`es
risf ke `w n`wnlfi linrkec prissris nej ixdisskvi
4.433
4.4
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G'¥
G'¥ www.d`edii`c
=
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
Tupp`rkec
struduri
D`edrii
keirkn lf`do
Akc. 441-Keirtkn lf`do

Wkfi np
iet yenkd f`njs, wmkdm `ddur jurkec tmi `pintk`e `
tmi ndmei, risuft r` `rdis cieirntij ly uelnfnedi,
keirtnn `
keirt
`  `vkec
`vkec pnrts,
pnrts, ` r l`tm,
l`tm, nej ly tmi `w `
`  ukjs nej
cnsis `r s`i ndmkeis Zmi ncektuji ` jyenkd f`njs
vnrkis ns n edt`e ` tki? nej prknrkfy jipiejs up`e tmi
ndmkeis `pirntkec spiij nej tmi typi, skzi, wikcmt, nej
nrrneciiet (p`sktk`e) ` `vkec pnrts wktmke tmi ndmkei
dnskec
Zmi lnsd c`n ke tmi jiskce ` n ndmkei `uejntk`e ks
t` fkk tmi npktuji ` `tk`e `r tmi ndmkei nej `ue
jnt`e Zmi c`n ks t` eiktmir iejnecir tmi sntksndt`ry
`pirnt`e ` tmi ndmkei e`r jksturl pi`pfi w`rokec ke tmi
kijnti vkdkekty (Cnzitns >;=4). Nff`wnlfi npfktujis
jipiej `e tmi spiij, f`dntk`e, nej drktkdnfkty `r uedtk`e `
tmi ndmkei. @tmir fkktkec jyenkd drktirkn nidtkec tmi
jiskce ny keduji nv`kjkec ris`enedi
ris`enedi nej ixdisskvi
ixdiss kvi trnes
sslkfy t` tmi supp`rtkec s`kf `r strudturi Zmus, n oiy
kecrijiet ` n suddiss jiskce ks tmi dnrif ieckeiikec
nenfyss ` tmi s`k-`uejntk`e risp`esi t` jyenkd f`njs
r` tmi ndmkei
ndmk ei `pirntk`e.
Zmi `uejn
`uejntk`es
tk`es risp`esi t` jyenkd f`njs dne li skcek
dnetfy keuiedij ly tmi supp`
supp`rtkec
rtkec ijku (s`kf
(s`k f `r sulcnji/
sulcnji/
lijr`do) `e wmkdm kt ks d`estrdtij. D`esiquietfy, drktkdnf s`kf
:.vivkiw `a jiskc f`js ej dktik
pnrnitirs,
pnrnit
irs, sudm
su dm nsr`
tm i jyenkd
tmi
s`k f sminr
s`kf
smi nr `jufus,
nri pri
pri
irnlfy
jitirkeij
n ifj kevistkcntk`e
nej fnl`nt`y
tists rntmir tmne rifykec `e cieirnfkij d`rrifntk`es lnsij `e
lr`nj s`kf dnsskdntk`es ui t` tmi kemiriet vnrknlkfkty `
s`kf, tmi jyenkd risp`esi ` ndmkei `uejntk`es ks `ie
ivnfunij uskec n rneci ` vnfuis `r tmi drktkdnf s`kf pr`pir
tkis (ns jksdussij ke Dmnptir 9 nej Nppiejkx N)
N)
Aurmir`ri, n ndmkeiry supp`rt strdturi ` `uejn
t`e s jisceij wktm njiqunti strudturnf striectm t` riskst
tmi w`rst p`ssli d`lkentk`e ` f`njs `ddurrkec `vir kts
jiskce sirvkdi ki. Zmks `ie kedfujis fkktkec s`kf-link
s`kf-li nkec
ec
prissuis t` wif wktmke nff`wnlfi fkkts t` iesuri n `i
prijkdtnlfi jyenkd
jyenkd risp`esi nej priviet
priviet ixdisskvi sittfi
iets nej s`kf nkfuris.
A`uejnt`es supp`rtkec ridkpr`dntkec `r r`tntkec
d`priss`rs, turlkeis, cieirnt`rs nej `t`rs, prissis, nej
Zmi jiskce ` d`editi `uejnk`es mnt supp`t jyend
ndmeiry ev`vis sivirn tnsos8
n) ieec mi nedkpnij f`njs
l) W`pify trnesirkec tmisi `njs t` tmi `uejnt`e nej
mie t` mi supp`tkec ijku (supp`tec s`f, pkfi, `
studturi)
d) Istnlsmk
Is tnlsmkec
ec mi pir`nedi
pir`nedi dtirkn, nej p`vjkec `
misi m`ucm pr`pir p`p`t`ekec nej jinfec ` sud
urn ilirs.
Limej tmks srncmt`rwnrj sikis ` tnsos fis mi eiij
` dnri ntietk`e ` mi keirndis liwiie ndmkei,
`uetkec sysi, d`edrii `uejn`e, nej tmi etindtk`e
wktm sulcrnji ijkn
Zmi `njs `e ndmkei `uejnk`es ny li jkvkjij e`
`ei ` mrii dnic`kis8 iqukpie `njs iev`eien
`njs? nej kesnfnt`e/nkeienedi `njs.
`mir ndmeiry
nff tmi
`rdisfki
tmntBndmkei
ny li
kp`sij
`e tmism`ufj
jurkecwktmstnej
tmikr jiskce
sirvkdi
`uejn`es nri uekqui lidnusi tmiy ny li sulhidtij t`
scedne jyenkd `njs jurkec `pirntk`e ke njjktk`e t`
crnvkty, wkej, nej sikskd f`njs Zmi ncektuji nej dmn
ndtirstkds ` tmi `pirntkec f`njs jipiej `e tmi typi, ski,
spiij, nej fny`ut ` tmi ndmkei
Cieirny, tmi wikcmt ` tmi ndmkei, dietir ` crnvkty,
surndi nrin(s), nej `pirntkec spiijs nri rinjkfy nvnkfnlfi
r` tmi neundturir ` tmi ndmkei Istnlfksmkec npp`
prnti vnuis `r jyenkd f`njs
f`nj s ks list
li st ndd`pfksmij
ndd`pf ksmij tmr`ucm
tmr`ucm
dnriu
dnri
u d`uedntk`e
d `uedntk`e nej dfinr
df inr uejirstnejkec litwiie tmi
ndmkei neundturir, `weir, nej ieckeiir risp`esklfi `
tmi `ejnt`e jiskce. Zmi d`uekdntk`e sm`ufj kedfuji
lu e`t li fkktij
fkkt ij t` tmi purp`si
purp`si,, pfneeij usi
u si `r
`r tmi f`njkec
ke`rnt`e,
ke
`rnt`e, nej tmi jiektk`e ` tmi ke`rntk`e
ke`rntk`e pr`vkjij
pr`vkjij 
Zmi iqukpiet f`njs
f`n js `e ndmei `uejnk`es ny li l`m
stnkd nej jyend Ttntd f`njs nri predkpny n uedk`e
` tmi wicms ` mi ndmei nej nf ts nuxknry iqup-
 s e mirisp`esklfi
lis t ketirist`r
list
` nff
(nd mkei
(ndmkei
neun
neundtu
dtuir,
ir,
ieceiir
tmipnrtkis
`uejntk`e
jiskce,
kestnffir,
`weir, nej `pirnt`r)
`pirnt`r)
ii  idtkvi jiektk`e nej
Akc. 4 4 Jiip
Jiipa`u
`uejn
ejntk`e
tk`e
sifiiet ` n ntypi `uejntk`e Wis usi iej linkec,
rdtk`enf sji njmisk
njmisk`e,
`e, `r n d`lkenk`e
d `lkenk`e ` l`m, t` tnesi
tnesi
nxnf f`njs ke` mi uejifyec s`kf Znesvisi f`njs ni
iskstij ly s`f pissui linkec ncnest tmi sji ` mi pi
dnp nej pfis
pf is `r ly lnirij
lnirij pkis Qnk`us ypis ` pki
pkiss ni
usij, kedujec jkfij pis, dnkss`es, nucir dnst pkfis, nej
jrvie
jr
vie pis.
DMNWZI\ :JITKCE F@NJT
.
.

Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnkty ne Ttnnzntk`l
Nbidne D`edriti Kesttuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
;
d`bbuednk`e `a jnn nej ks npp`prkni usi ndkeis
nwnys ixpikiedi s`bi fivi `a uelnfnedi vlrnk`e nej
a`di rnesbkij `uc i linkecs Yejir s`bi `
jisce d`ejk`es, sud ns win i a`rdis bny edrinsi
scedney. Zi bndkei bneuanduir nej ieckeiir
risp`eslfi a` i a`uejn`e jisce s`ufj w`o `ciir
s` n i d`blkeij e`wijci ndkivis ne keicrnij
`e `a i bndkei d`bp`eies pr`vkjij ly i bndkei
bneuandurir dne li usij ` jksrklui bndkei jinj f`njs
` i supp`rkec p`kes
T`bi bndkei bneuandurirs pr`vkji i wikcs `a
urlei nej cieirn`r n dirnke supp`r p`kes. Zisi a`rdis
nri jui ` nxkn b`vibies `a i urlkei-ciein` ``
`efy n i linrkec dnskec d`eeidk`e
d`eeid k`e p`kes `a
` a i d`blkeij
bndei-a
bndei-a`uejn`e
`uejn`e
sysib
n `lusy
`lusy
sirvis
i eiijs `a
ks `weir nej
`pin`
nej wksnejs
jisce
f`njs
Ysunfy i bndei f`njs kedfujec e`rbn `pirnk`e
f`njs ibiciedy f`njs dnns`pd f`njs nej nddkjienf
f`njs ni p`vkjij ly i bndkei bneuanduir. Tiksbd
f`njs nej ikr jksrklu`e pni `b bndei ` i a`ue
jnk`e n i bndei supp` p`es s`ufj li p`vkjij ly
i bneuandurir lnsij `e i bndei d`ecunk`e nej
b`ueec sysib Zi `n siksbd `njs a` i a`uejnk`e
nenfysks s`ufj kedfuji i siksbkd `njs ejudij `b i
bndkei bnss nej i sisbd `njs kejudij ar`b a`uejn`e
d`edii bnss
bns s M`wivir i ieceii isp`esl
is p`esli
i a`r
a`r i a`ue
a`ue
jnk`e jiskce s`ufj nvi n c``j uejisnejkec `a ind `nj
nej `w i sisbkd `nj ks nesairrij ` i a`uejnk`e Zi
bndkei siksbkd `njs p`vkjij ly i bndei viej` bny
eiij ` li njusij
njusij lnsij `e i sisbkd jiskce
ji skce d`ji riquk
riqukri
ri
rnjknf/nxkn
linrkec
(rs
linrkec).
Zisi
wikcs`rs`ufj
li usij e i
jyenbkd
nenfysks,
siksbkd
nenfysks,
l`,
`a i a`uejnk`e.
Fkvi f`njsFkvi f`njs nri pr`judij ly pis`eeif,
``fs nej bnkeienedi iqukpbie nej bniknfs. Zi fkvi
`njs usij ke jiskce s`ufj li i bnxkbub f`njs ixpidij
jurkec i
i jiskce sirvkdi fka
fk ai `a i
i bndkei A`r b`s jiskces,
kvi `njs nri ueka`rbfy jksrkluij `vir i ``r nrins `a
pfna`rbs `a ifivnij supp`r srduris `r ` i nddiss nrins
nr`uej n-crnji a`uejnk`es Zypkdnf fkvi f`njs vny `b
17 fla/ (4 oWn) a`r pirs`eeif ` ns bud ns <97 fla/  (><
oWn) a`r bnkeienedi iqukpbie nej bnirknfs (NTDI/TIK
(NTDI/TIK
3). A`r sinb urlkei cieirn`r bndkeis k ks d`bb`e `
nfs` d`esjir n vnfui `a :77 ` 977 fla/  ( > ; ` <: Wn) a`
a`
bndei pnrs (sud ns r``rs nej dnskecs) ke
k e n fnyj`we nin
nin
E`bnf `pintkec f`njsTnkd `pirnkec f`njs
bies
f`njsi
a`b
i bn
ke ciein,
`u `a Tisbkd
pnsi `b
sisbkd
`njsa`uejnk`e
jui ` inri,
bndkei
nej
supisuduri ueiss i bndei ` supisruduri nri rcj.
Ziia`i, i siksbd sin jui ` i a`uejn`e nej `ir
rkcj biblirs (TQ\) nej i sisbkd sinr jui ` i supir
srudui + bndkei nej `i ixkli (TQ) biblirs s`ufj
li dndunij ly skbkfn d`blen`es sud ns squnri `` `a
sub `a i squnis (T\TT) npp`
npp`nd
nd ns a``ws
edfuji
iTnkd
wikc
`a i bndkei
d`eies
jurkec
`pirnk`e.
`pirnkec
f`njs kedfuji
a`rdis
sude`rbnf
ns i
jrkvi `rqui jivi`pij ly s`bi bndkeis n i d`eeidk`e
liwiie i jrkvi bidneksb nej jrkvie bndkeiry Tnkd
`pirnkec `njs dne nfs` kedfuji a`rdis dnusij ly irbnf
cr`w `a i bndkeiry iqukpbie nej d`eeidkec pkpkec
Zkbi-vnrykec (jyenbkd) f`njs cieirnij ly bndkeis
jurec `pirnk`e nri d`virij
d`virij ke : 4
@pintkec t`qui f`njsndkeis sud ns
d`bpriss`rs, urlkeis, nej cieirn`rs riqukri s`bi a`rb `a
jrkvi bidneksb ikir keicrnf wk i bndkei ` sipn
rni ar`b k. Sie i jrkvi bidneksb ks e`ekeicrnf sud
ns n sipnrni iidrkd b``r, ridkpr`dnkec ieckei, nej cns `
sinb urlkei k pr`judis n ei ixinf jrkvi `rqui `e i
jrkvie bndkei A`r urlkei-cieirn`rs, ukj `r bnceikd
d`upfec liwiie i r``r nej sn`r `a i ciein`r dne
TQsksbkk 2 TQ + TQ)7
(:>)
D`si d``pirnk`e nej d``rjken`e wk i bndei
viej`r s issienf a`r n suddissauf a`uejnk`e jiskce
Tidk`es :.< ` :.: p`vji s`bi `a i d`bb`ey usij
f`njkec jisdpk`es ivnfunk`es `r l`, a` jiibkeec
bndkei-kejudij a`dis nej `i jiskce `njs a`r a`ue
jn`es
bndeiy.
Ziyjyenbd
edfujif`njs
jieZisi
k`es
nej `isupp`rec
ea`rbnk`e
`e snd nej
f`njs s`ufj li p`vji
p` vjijj ly
ly i bndei
bnd ei bneuandu
bneuanduir
ir nej
nfinvi nssubp`es s`ufj li bnji wie sud jnn nri
uenvnfnli `r ni uejir-pijkdij
:.<-Tttkd
:.<-Tt
tkd bdmki f`s
f` s
Jinj f`njs bn
bn`r
`r edk`e `a
`ai
i a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e s
 s `
supp` cnvky
cnvky (jinj) f`njs
f`n js jui ` i wic `ai
`ai bndei
nuxfkny iqukpbie pkpec vnvis nej jinj wikc `a i
a`uejnk`e sudri. Zi wikcs `a i bndei d`bp`
eies nri e`rbnffy suppkij ly i bndei bneuandurir
Zi jskluk`e `a i wic `a i bndei `e i a`ue
jn`e jipiejs `e i f`dn`e `a supp`r p`es nej `e i
rckjy ` ixklky `a i bndkei arnbi Zypdnfy, iri
nri bupi supp`r p`kes nej us i jslu`e s sn
:<>
dnfy pr`vkjis
kejiibeni
Ke bney
dnsis,
i bndkei
bneuand
uir
n f`njec
jkncnb
s`wkec
i virkdnf
`njs
n ind supp` p`e. T`bibis i dieir `a crnvy f`dnNbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
:<.<
:<4
:<4>
pr`judi
ne `virurekec
`rqui
nl`u ike f`eckujkenf
(sna) iqun
ke bncekuji
nej `pp`ski
jkridk`e `e nxks
i
jrkvir nej jrkvie bndkei. A`r ixnbpfi i e`bnf `pirn
`en `rqui f`nj `b urlkeis ks `rkieij ke i `pp`ski
jrid`e ` n `a sn r`nk`e, wirins a`
a`rr i cieirn`r,
i e`rbn `pirnk`enf `rqui f`nj ks `rkieij ke i jkrid
`e `a sna r`nk`e (Akc :<4fn) Zi e`rbnf `rqui
(s`bikbis dnfij jrkvi `rqui) ks cieirnffy nppfkij ` i
a`uejnk`e ns n snkd a`rdi d`upfi ke i virkdnf jkidk`e
ndec nl`u i dieirfkei
dieirf kei `a i sn `a i
i bndkei lnsij
`e i kcis ixpidij `upu `a i bndkei. Zi bncek
uji `a i e`rbnf `rqui ks `ie dnfdufnij ns
(9<97)()
(fla-)

(;997)( )

(E-b)
EZ 
EZ 
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
(:.<.4.fn)
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJNZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
>

@ZZ@
mat tt
+X
Stm
+

@S
Akc. <4.nqukvnfieta`risa`r t`rqui f`njs.
  
/cm

cm    tq/tm
Akc. 
Akc.
<.
<. 4. > 
qukvn
qukvnfiet
fiet a`ri
`riss a`r t`rqui f`njst
f`njst`r
`rqu
quii
riskstij
ri
skstij l
l  trnesvirsi iqu
iqukkpbi
pbiet
et s`fi
s`fipfntis
pfntis.
K.
•
T pnd
nd e c

,t
  
Akc. 
Akc.
<
< 4. > l-I
l-Iquk
qukvnfi
vnfiet
et a`ri
`riss a`r t`rqui f`njs
f`njs-t`rqui
-t`rqui
riskstij
ri
skstij l f`ecktujkenf iqu
iqukkpbie
pbiett s`fipfntis
s`fipfntis
Zmi t`qui `nj s cieinfy is`vij ke` n vitkdn `di
d`upfi ly jvkjec kt ly ti diei-t`-dieti jstnedi litwiie
`ectuj
`ec
tujenf
enf s`fipnis ` ned` p`ets
p`ets (Ac.
(A c. :.< . 4. > l).
Sie ti ndkei ks supp`tij ly tnesvisi s`fipntis
`efy mi `qui s nppij n`ec ti wkjm ` tmi s`ipni
nssukec n sncmt kei vnkn`e ` `di (Ac. :.<.4.fd).
Zmi `qui `e n cieint` sn` s nppkij ke i sni
jkidk`e ns tmi `tn`e ` mi `t` nej dne li mcm jui `
sntup ` ne ifiddn s` dkdukt.
D`ejiesir vnuub f`njs stin ulkei
ciein` ndeis usunfy n d`ejiesi s d`eeidij `
mi f`w-pissui FW) tulkei nej ny smni `ei d``e
`uejnt`e wk tmi stin
sti n ulei-ciein`
ulei-ciein` Zi d`ejiesi
cieinis vnduu `njs `e ti sin tulkei FW ulkei)
wmie ne ixpnesk`e `et ks p`vjij liwiie ti d`ejiesi
judt nej ti FW tulei ixnus eido. D`ejiesi vnduu
`njs ni e`nfy lnsij `e zi` nls`fui pissui Zi
vnduu f`njs dne nd vitkdnfy `e mi nlit`p ` mi `ue
jnk`e k i d`ejiesi ks f`dnij jkidtfy lif`w mi FW
ulkei nej  dne ns` ndt ninfy ` tmi `uejn`e  i
d`ejiesi s e`t `dntij jidty lif`w mi FW tulkei. Zi
ncetuji ` tmi vnduu `nj dne li iskntij ns mi stne
jnj n`sp
n`spmid
mid pissui
pissui  : 3 psk _  7 > : oWnR) tis i
:.<.4<
eido jud `piekec nin ` tmi FW tulkei. Zmi vnduu f`njs
ni e`nfy
e`nf y suppkij
supp kij ly tmi ndmkei
n dmkei neu
neundt
ndtui
ui
knf tmrust f`njsNxknf f`njs isuft ` cns
`w `ietu dmnecis tm`ucm cns tulkeis ` ` ti
pissui jkiiedis litwiie tmi cns kefit nej ixmnust Zmisi
f`njs cieinffy ni tintij ns n stntkd f`nj wm`si ncektuji
vnkis jipiejkec `e tmi e`nf `pintk`e fivif ixmnust `
lndo pissui ` smut-j`we fivif ` ixmnust lndo pissui
Zmi nxn tmust f`njs ni e`nffy suppfkij ly tmi ndmkei
neundtui
Wkpkec f`njsWkpkec `dis dne li dnfdufntij
lnsij `e tmi pkpi stiss nenfysks tnokec ket` ndd`uet tmi
ppi wikcmt (kedfujkec kesufntk`e wikcmt) ukj wikcmt ukj
jyends tminf ixpnesk`e/d`etndtk`es, vnfvi `pin
t`es nej ievk`eietn
ievk`eietn f`nj d`ejktk`es
d`ejktk`es (sikskd
(si kskd wkej nej
kdi) Zmisi `dis ni tnesiij t` tmi `uejntk`e ly pkpi
supp`s nttndmiets, ` nedm`s nttndmij t` tmi `uejntk`e
nf`ec tmi pkpkec systi.
Zmi ppkec f`nj isufts ` stin pkpis nej dkdufntkec
wni ppis nttndmij t` tmi tulkei sidtk`es Zmi isuftnet
ppkec `njs ndtec `e vnk`us p`kets ` supp`t nej cukj
nedi ` tmi tulkei dnskec indm tmi `uejntk`e ns `dis
ukec n vnfvi tkp tmi tulkei `uejntk`e dne li sulhidtij
t` scednet pkpkec vnvi tkp f`njs Zmi pkpkec f`njs
usun ni jitikeij ly tmi idmnekdnf pkpi ieckeiis.
Zmirbnf f`njsDmneckec tipintuis `
ndmkeis nej
n ej tmik `uejn
`uejntk`es
tk`es dnusi
dnus i ixpnesk`es, d`et
d`etnd
nd
t`es nej jkst`tk`es dnuskec tmi vnk`us pnts t` ty t`
skji ` e tmi supp`t
supp`t sundi
sundiss Zminf f`njs ` sif
si f-stnkekec
-stnkekec
f`njs ny li jkvkjij ket` `ei ` tmii f`njs typis8
n) Zin kdtk`e f`njs
l) Zin ixpnesk`e/d`etndtk`e f`njs
d) Zipintui dmneci nej tipintui cnjkiet dmneci
`e tmi `uejntk`e ili d`ss sidtk`e
:.<.44
:.<.4:
:<49
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)

Zmin kdt`e `nj `ddus nt tmi ndmei supp`ts (nt
s`fi pfnis) ` stnd kdt`e iskstnedi ` tmi inf
`viie ` i ndkei d`p`eies Zi ncektuji `
tmi isufec dk`en `dis jipiejs `e ti ncekuji `
tmi tipinui dmneci, ti `dnk`e ` i supp`ts, nej `e
tmi d`ejkt`e ` i
i supp`t sundi
sundiss Zi inf `dis j`
e` p`si n ei `di `e i `uejn`e t` li iskstij ly
skcekdnet ines ` jksskpntkec mint, nej kts iidt s`ufj
li edfujij wmie istnlfksmkec sundi tipintuis.
Tpi
pidkn
dknff f`njs a`r
a`r a`uej
a`uejntk`
ntk`es
esZmi `ff`wkec
spidn stntkd f`nj d`ejktk`es ni id`iejij ke s`i
p`pkitny stnejnjs `
` fnci iqukpiet
iqukp iet `e `uejntk`es t`
iesui njiqunti stiectm nej jiidtk`e d`et`f, ispidknffy
 tmi npp`pknti ke`ntk`e ks e`t p`vkjij ly tmi iqukp
supp
supp`te
`tec
c iju
(sly
`f iqun
` pkfis)
pkfis
) lidnusi
lidnu
si ti
`dis`e`e`ti
`dis
ney
sundi
ni
lnfnedij(s`f
nej
`pp`si
`dis
supp`t sundis. Zminf `dis, m`wivi, ny c`vi mi
jisce ` i c`u systi, pijistnfs, nej m`j j`wes nej
ny dnusi tmin sissis e i supp`ec d`edii sud
tuis, edujkec ckjis, snls, nej d`fues/pijisns.
K s e` p`sslfi ` ixndfy dnfduni i ixnd inf
f`njec lidnusi  jipiejs `e eui`us nd`s, kedujec
jkstnedi litwiie ned` p`es, ncektuji ` ipintui
dmneci, tmi ntinf p`pitis, i d`ejkt`e ` ti sjec
sundi, nej tmi nceuji ` tmi vitkdn `nj `e indm s`i
pfni t ks, tii`i, npp`xnij Zmi sntkd kd`e iss
tnedi ns t` li `vid`i li`i tmin `viiets `ddus
nej ney ieceiis usi mks vnui ` i jiskce `njs Zmi
ncektuji ` mi
mi kd
kd`en
`en `nj ny li dnduf
d ndufntij
ntij ns `f`
`f`ws
ws
iet
neundtui
n) Qitdnf
`di iqunf t` 97 pidiet ` tmi t`tnf wikcmt `
indm ndmkei
l) M`kz`etn `di (ke tmi tnesvisi jkidtk`e) iqunf t`
<9 pidiet ` tmi
tmi t`tnf wikcmt ` indm ndmkei
d) M`k`etn `di (ke tmi f`ecktujkenf jkidtk`e) iqunf t`
7 pidiet ` tmi
tmi t`tnf wikcmt ` indm ndmkei
Zmisi `dis ni njjktkvi t` e`nf cnvkty f`njs nej
ni d`eskjiij t` ndt nt tmi dietifkei ` tmi ndkei smn
F`njs n, l, nej d ni e`t d`eskjiij t` ndt d`eduietfy wktm
`ei ne`tmi.
D`estrudtk`e nej bnketienedi
bnketi enedi f`njs
f`njsD`estudtk`e
(iidt`e nej kestnntk`e), myj` tist, nej nketienedi
nketienedi f`njs
ni tip`ny `njs iqukij ` kestnffkec ` jksnetfkec
ndmkei d`p`eiets jukec iidtk`e ` nketienedi Iid
`e `njs ni usunffy eksmij ke tmi neundtui's `ue
dk`e
f`nj
`di ndtec
2 (dk`e
(dk`e
d`im diet)
d`idiet)
x (e`
(e`nf
nf `di
`ucm
`uc
s`ipfnti) (:.< .4 .9 )
jntk`e
f`nj jnwkec
li usij ke d`ehuedtk`e
wktm
`mi spid
ij jinj, nej
fkvi,sm`ufj
nej ievk`eietnf
f`njs. Bnketi
enedi f`njs `ddu ney tki tmi iqukpiet
iqukpiet ks likec jnkeij,
dfineij, ipnkij, nej infkceij ` wmie tmi d`p`eiets ni
liec i`vij ` ipfndij `njs ny isuft ` nketi
enedi iqupiet, jnvkts, nej m`ksts Cukjnedi `e d`estud
`e `njs s p`vkjij keNTDI/TIK
ke NTDI/TIK 4   Ievk`eietnf f`njs
dne li ijudij pi NTDI/TIK 4 wmie d`lkeij wktm
nkeienedi ` d`estudtk`e f`njs.
N myj`-tist `nj k s tmi wikcmt ` wnti
wnti ` `tmi ukj
k j tmnt
s pfndij
pfn dij tip`nkfy ket` n vissif
viss if t` d`e tmi ketickty
ketickty `
mi iqukpiet.
Bndmkei dntnstr`pmkd f`njsBndmkei dntnst`pkd
`njs ni dnusij ly ndmkei nfedtk`e sudm ns cieint`
sm`t ddukt, tulkei
tulkei f`ss
f`ss-`
-`-lfnji
-lfnji/f`ss/f`ss-`
`-ludit
-ludit ` n l`wij
`t` ke n stin tulkei Dntnst`pmkd f`njs ni cieinffy
Zmi dtk`e d`idkie cieinffy vnkis ` 7< ` 79
F`njs ndtec `uc ti s`fipni eduji ndei jinj
f`nj, e`n t`qui f`nj, nedm` l`ft `nj, nej pkpec `njs
E`nfy, i ixpidij inf jiid`e
d `e n vn`us lin
kecs s isknij ly ti neundui lnsij `e pns ij
insuiies `e ixkstec ueks. Zmi ndmei iidt` tie
d`piesnis ` i tmin jiid`e jukec estnfnk`e
Bneji nej Tnffiy ( >;=;
>;=;,, >;;<
>;;<)) nej Tnfiy (>;=9)
kfusni mi iids ` inf f`njs nej jiidt`es ke mi
d`editii `uejn`e ` n nci idkp`dntec d`piss`
d`edit
d`piss` nej
tmi keuiedi `e i ndkei.
Min nesi t` ti `uejnt`e dne li ly d`evidt`e
nd`ss ne nk cnp nej ly d`ejudtk`e t`ucm p`kes ` pmys
:.<:
:.<9
:.<1
kdnf
d`etnd. Zi
isutne
tipinui cnjkies kejudi
ji`ntk`es,
snes,
nej sissis
Sie ivnfunec tin stiss, ti dndufnt`es ni
s`ecfy keuiedij ly mi seiss nej isne ncnest
ji`ntk`e ` ti sudun ili e quisk`e Zmii
`i,  s kp`net ` d`eskji i sif-ikivec entui `
tmin stiss jui t` ji`nk`e nej d`editi dndec `
piviet likec `vify d`esivnkvi e mi nenysks. Ns mi
tmin `dis ni nppfij t` ti `uejntk`e ili ly
tmi ndmkei, ti `uejn`e ili dnecis fiectm nej
tmiily p`vjis ijudij issnedi ` tmi ndkei `dis.
Zmks pmie`ie`e
pmie`ie` e dne mnvi tmi iidt ` ijudec tmi inf
`dis ` tmi ndmkei.
Nddunti jitienk`es ` d`editi su
sundi
ndi tipinui
tipinuiss
nej inf cnjkiets ni ns` kp`net Yeji stinjysnti e`n `pintec d`ejkt`es, ipinui jkstlu-
nppkij nt tminej
linkecs
tmi ndmkei
smn
vitkdnffy `
m`kz`etny
ni e`t`d`eskjiij
t` ndt
skuftnei`usfy
wtm sikskd f`njs, ns tmii ks n viy f`w p`lnlkfkty
p`lnlkfkty `tmisi
`njs `ddukec nt tmi sni tki @ie ke tmi jiskce ` ne
ifidtdn-sm`t-dkdukt-kejudij t`qui f`nj, tmi iiciedy
jkvi t`qui ks tintij ns ne iqukvnfiet stntkd f`nj nej tmi
ncetuji ks jitikeij ly nppfykec n ncekdntk`e ndt`
` tmi e`n t`qui. Nftm`ucm tmisi f`njs ni tki-jipie
jie, tmiy ni e`nffy ckvie ns iqukvnfiet stntkd f`njs t`
skpfy tmi `uejntk`e jiskce i`ts Zmisi f`njs ni
e`nfy p`vkjij ly tmi ndmkei neundtui D`esuftn
`e wktm tmi cieint` neundtui ks eidissny t` istnl
sm tmi npp`pknti ncekdntk`e ndt`
ndt`
tk`es
nd`ss stud
studtunf
tunf sidt`es
kein
Zmi nkn
cnp liwiie
mi ndkei
dnskec ni
nej usunffy
`uejnt`e
p`vjis
Zmi
Zmisi
si `i
`tntkec
`tntke
c `njs
cieintij
ly tmi `tntke
`tntkec
`
`ei `
kpiff
kpiffis
isni
` `t`s
Yelnfnedij
`disc ke
`dis
k`tk`e
e `tntkec
i dintij wmie tmi nss diet`kj ` tmi
tmi `tntkec

Nbrkdne D` Kstktt
Wvjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` jdk` ` etwkc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
:.4-Jyd dmki f`js
:4 \`tn bndmkei f`njs jui t` uelnfnedij bnssis

Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
D K
><
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJNZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
pn j`is e`t d`edji wktm tmi nxs ` `tnt`e Ke tmi`y,
t ks p`ssklfi t` pidksify lnfnedi mi `ntkec ifiiets `
`nkec ndmeiy Ke pndkdi, mks s eivi ndmivij scm
nss iddietkdkis nwnys ine Jukec `pint`e, mi
iddietd `tntec nss p`judis diecn `dis tmn ni
p`p``en t` tmi squni ` ndmkei spiij Dieucn
`dis cieiny kedinsi juec tmi jiskce sivkdi fi `
mi ndmei
t` d`ejk`es sudm ns ndmei win, ``
pfny,
nej jkjui
ndduufnt`e
N `tnec ndmei neskts jyend `di t` tmi `uejn
`uejn
k`e pij`enety m`ucm ts linecs (wkm sn, ciei
nfy uep`tne ixdipt`es sudm ns sin
s inss nej tmi n cnp ke n
``). Zmi `dis ndtkec nt mi linecs ni n edt`e ` mi
ivif nej nxn jstlu`e ` mi uelnnedi, mi ci`ity
` mi `` nej s linecs, tmi spiij ` `tnt`e, nej mi
jyenkd dmnndistds ` mi `t`linkec sysi Nt `
ein n dtkdn spiij tmi `di ` `tnkec uelnfnedi dne
li sulstneknfy npfij, s`iis ly n nd` ` vi `
`i jui ` is`enedi
Zmi ieckeii
ieck eii sm`ufj
sm`u fj iquist tmi ndmei neu
neundt
ndtui
ui `
p`vkji mi `ff`wk
`ff`wkec
ec ke`nt`e8
ke`nt`e8
n) Jisce ivifs ` uelnnedi nej lnsksZms ke`n
k`e jieis tmi uelnfnedi fivi mnt ks tmi lnsks ` dnfdu
( :  4.> >)
wmii A sm`uj li jkstklutij t` tmi linkecs d`eskjikec
tmi ``/smnt spne litwiie linkecs ns n skpfi lin nej
tmi diti ` nss ` tmi `t`
`t` f`dntk`e wktmke tmi spne
uelnfnedi
biitkect` kejustr
:4>< Bndmkei
drktirkn
`tntkec
ndmkeisf`nj
ni lnfnedij
ne kektknf
lnne di qunty iktmi ke ndd`jnedi wktm tmi neundtui
lnnedi
neundtui
 s
p`dijuis ` ns spidkij ly tmi pudmnsi KT@ >;:7->
nej NT NETK T<.>; jiei lnfnedi qunfkty ke tis `
n d`esnet iS A` ixnpfi, tmi e`nf lnfnedi qunfkty
^ ` pnts ` p`disspfnet ndmkeiy ks 7<9 ke/s (14
/s) Zypkdn lnnedi qunfkty cnji ixnpfis ni sm`we
ke Znli
Znli :
:44   <  Z` iit tmisi dkti
dktikn
kn n `t
`t`
` ketiejij
ketiejij `
`
nsi spiijs sm`ufj li litti lnfnedij tmne `ei `pintkec
nt n sf`wi
sf`wi spiij. Yskec tmks npp`ndm,
npp`ndm, q ( :4 . >  > ) dne li
iwtie ns

(:4><n)
ntkec
tmi sulsiquie
l) Jyend
`disnesktij
nesttij`dis
t` mi linkec pijisnfs
ueji tmi ``wec
``wec d`ejk`es8
d`ejk `es8
>  Yelnne
Yelnnedi
di fivis
fivi s `vi `pinkec
`pinkec spiij neci
<. N mkcmist vln`e wmie ueeec n dkdnf spiijs
4 Nt n vlnk`e fivi wmii tmi ndmei ks us sm`t `
ppkec jui ` mcm vlnk`e
: Bnxku fivi ` upsit d`ejk`e tmi ndmkei ks
jisceij
jisc
eij ` suvkvi (`
(` ixnpfi, `ss ` `ei ` `i lfnjis)
Kis > nej < j`duie mi pijdtij jyenkd `dis
`dis
isutkec ` fivis ` uelnfnedi nssuij e jisce `
e`nf `pint`e.
`pint`e. Yskec misi `dis, t ks p`ssklfi
p`ssk lfi ` pijd mi
e`nf jyend vlnt`e ` mi ndmkei nej ts `uejntk`e
Ki 4 jieis n nxku fivi ` neskij `di
ueji wmdm mi
mi ndmei d`uj `pini d`ekeu`usfy wm`u
ppkec mi `uejnk`e sm`uj mnvi tmi siecm ` `fini
wmii ^ ks ke kedmp`uej nej T systis ks t/s nej /s,
ispidkviy.
NWKK 1 nej NWK 1=: w` wktm nxku iskjunf uelnf
NW
nedi Y dktikn ` pit`fiu p`disskec nppfkdntk`es. Zmi
nss iddietkdt
i ddietkdtyy ks jitikeij ly
ly jkvkjkec Y ly tmi `t`
wicmt A` nxnf nej dietkcnf d`piss`s wktm nxku
d`ee`us `pintkec spiijs cinti tmne <9,777 p, NWK
1 isnlfksmis n nxku nff`wnlfi nss iddietkdkty `
 7  > 7 ke (<9: e) A` d`piss`s `pintkec nt sf`wi
spiijs, mi nxku nff`wnlfi nss iddietkdkty ks
sudm
n jyend
n d`eeu`us
Ki
: kjiek`di
is mi
 mi`emkcmi
fiv i `lnsks.
fivi
jyend `dis
jyend
`dis tmn
d`ufj `ddu ueji `ddns`en upsit d`ejkt`es `vi n sm`
pi`j ` ti K mi ndmei s jisceij t` t`ini mks
ivif ` jyenkd `di ` n sm`t pi`j ` tki, tmie mi
`uejnt`e sm`uj ns`
n s` li jiskceij ` t`inti k `
` n skkfn
pi`j
K ne ejipiejie jyenkd nenfysks ` tmi ``linkec
sysi s pi`ij ly tmi neundui, mi iej usi, ` n
mkj pny, mi isufts fify p`vji s`i ` nf mi nl`vi
jyenkd `dis nesttij ` mi `uejnk`e.
Ly nssukec mn mi jyend `di neskij ` mi
linecs iqunfs tmi `tnec uelnfnedij `di cieintij ly
mi ``, e`nk`e `e uelnnedi dne li usij ` iskni
` d`e mi nesttij `di
wmii
s tmi iss kektknf
tmne `nss
iqunfiddietkdkty
iqunf
t` <9 ,777 p
Zmkspikttij
iquntis t` KT@
>;:7-> lnfnedi qunfkty Cnji 7., wmkdm ks udm snffi
mne tmi <9 tmnt w`uj li nppfkij t` tmks typi ` iqukp
iet (Zn
(Znlfi
lfi :4
: 4  > < tu
tul
l`` d`piss`s) Ns sudm, tmi
tmi
jyend `di dnfduntij ` tmks NWK 1> d`eskjintk`e
wff li qukti snf nej n nci sivkdi ndt` kcmt li usij
` dnfduni n inkstkd
inkstk d jiskce `di.
`di.
NWK 1 nfs` kjietkis n fkktntk`e `e tmi pin-t`pin
vln`e npktuji ((><,777) kf _<9:(><,777) 
) juec idmnekdnf tistkec ` tmi d`piss` wktm tmi
iqupiet `pintkec
`pintkec nt kts nxku d`etkeu`us spiij T`i
jiskce s usi tmks dktik`e ns n idmnekdnf tist vklntk`e
fk ` tmi nss iddietkdkty i uskec q (:.4.><n), nej n
sivkdi ndt` `<7 t` dnfdufnti tmi zi` t` pin jyenkd
`di nptuji ns
:4> Bndmk
ndmkei
ei uelnf
uelnfnedi
nedi f`nj pr`vkjij
pr`vkjij l bne
bneuuand
i 2 7<9 (ke)
(:4.>.<l)
i 2 14 ()
tmineundtui,
nss uelnnedi
(iddiekdy)
s e`we
turir
`
sntij ly mi
mi isuftec
jyenkd
`di
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Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
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G>¥ www.d`edii`c
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k`e tule cieint` uekts wtm d`pdntij r``r d`ecu
nt`e, smnt d`ecuntk`es, `r l`tm, dne li d`pitij ly
n jyend nenfyss ` tmi ``r-linrec sysi (tmi r``r/
smn p`wr rnke jyenkd nenfyss) Zmks jyenkd nenysks
sm`ufj li d`piij ueji vnryec d`ejk`es
d`ejk`es ` uelnnedi
uelnnedi
nej n vnrykec spjs. Zms jyenkd nenyss ks
k s lnsj `e m
ixpidtij ivi
iviff ` r``/smn
r``/smn uelnfnedi tmn d`risp`ejs t` n
urlkei cieirn`r `` e `pinlfi d`ejkt`e lu ke eiij `
lnfnedec.
lnfned
ec. Zm nenfysks dne l d`pftij ly uskec ne npp`
prnti d`lken`e ` d`puti p`cns `r dnfduntkec
lnrec jyend dmnrndkstds nej m risp`esi ` m
``r e tm lnrecs ju ` tm uelnned nej m `pintkec
spiijs Tudm ne nenfyss w`ufj usuny li pi`ij ly mi
ndme neundtur. suts ` sudm nenysis, spdknfy
vnfuis `r trnesij linkec `rdis, ripisiet mi lis
s`urd ` ke`rnt`e
ke`rnt`e `
` us ly tmi ece
e cerr sp`eskl
sp`eskl  `r
`uejn`e jsce.
F`njs
F`
njsa`b bu
buftk
ftkpfi
pfi `tntkec bnd
bndmke
mkeis
is n `ue
jnt`e supp`rs ufp `nkec ndmes, tm ecker
sm`ufj dndufni tmi uelnfnedij jyend `di lnsij `e
mi nss, uelnfnedi, nej `pintkec spiij ` indm `nkec
d`p`ee. Zm sp`es t` ndm r`ntkec nss ks tme
d`lkeij ` jiiei tmi `tnf isp`esi T`i pndtkk`
ers, jpejkec `e m spdd skuntk`e
skunt k`e ` ndmkei s
s  nej
dkdnfy, ej t njvnetnci`us t` d`lkei tmi uelnfnedij
`dis ` indm r`ntkec d`p`eie ke` n skecfi isuftne
uelnnedj `rd. Zm im`j ` d`lkekec tw` jyend
`dis ks up t` kejvkjunf ujciet nej `ie kev`fvis s`i
nppr`xnt`es. Ke s` dnsis, f`njs `r risp`esis dne l
:4>9
:.4.>1
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`v y K a
E` rip`udtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbktt wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
njjij nls`futy Ke `tmir dnsis, tmi f`njs nri trintij ns
`u`pmns s` tmnt twkstkec dts nr kedrnsj @e,
tmi `pirntec spiij ` tmi iqukpiet sm`ufj li d`eskj
rj ve k `prntke
`prntkecc spjs nr e`kenffy tm sn, tm
ieceiir sm`uj rid`cekzi tmnt jurkec e`rnf `pirntk`e,
tmi spij ` tmi ndmkeis wkff vnry nej lintkec iidts dne
jv`p. Lntkec dts jvf`p ns tw` ndmkes `prnt nt
df`si t` tmi sni spj Nt `ei p`ket ke tki, risp`esis t`
tm tw` ndmkes nr njjktkv nej `tk`es nr nxkkj.
N sm` ti fntir, tm risp`esis dnedif indm `tmir nej tmi
`tk`es nri kekkij Zmi eit iidt ks n d`etkeunf dydfkd
rsec nej nfkec
nfkec ` `tk`e
\idkp`dntk
\idk
p`dntkec
ec bndmk
bndmkei
ei etnfd`lustk`e
ieceis, pkst`etypi d`priss`rs nej pups, s`i itnf
`rec prissis, stin ieckeis, nej `tmir ndmkeiry ni
dmnrndrj ly tm r`tntkec `tk`e ` n nstr drnesmn
nej m fkeinr ridkpr`dntkec `tk`e ` d`eeidtij pkst`es `
skjrs Zm `tk`e ` tms d`p`eets dnuss dydfkdnffy
vnrykec `rdis, `ie dnij ridkpr`dntkec `rdis
Wkbn nej sid`ejn idkp`dntkec f`njsZmi
spfst typ ` rdkpr`dntkec ndmke uss n skecf drne
idmneks,
idmne
ks, ns sm`we ke Akc : 4 <   Zmi kjinfkzntk`
kjinfkzntk`ee ` tmks
dmneks d`esksts ` n pkst`e tmnt `vs wktmke n cukjkec
dyfejr, n drne tmr`w ` fectm  tmnt r`tnts nl`ut n drne
smn, nej n d`eeidtkec r`j ` fiectm F Zmi d`eeidtkec r`j
ks ntndmj t` tm pkst`e nt W`ket W nej t` tm drne nt W`ket
D Zm Srst Wke W `sdkfntis wmkfi tmi Drne Wke D `ff`ws
`ff`ws
n dkrdufnr pntm. Zmks kjnkj skecf dyfkejr kffustnts
kffustnts tm
d`edptt ` n ndmke pr`judkec l`tm prknry nej sd`ejnry
d`edp
s d`ejnry
ridpr`dntkec `rdis
K tm drne ks nssuj t` r`tnt nt n d`estnet necufn
vif`dkty  tmi trnesfntk`enf nddifirntk`e ` tmi pkst`e
nf`ec s nxks ny li ivnuntij K z ks jieij ns tmi pkst`e
jspfndet t`wnrj tm drnesmn (f`dnf nxks), ne xprs
sk`e dne li wrktte `r z nt ney tki t Aurt
Aurtmir,
mir, tmi vif`dkty
vif `dkty
nej nddfrntk`e dne nfs` l `ltnkej ly tnkec tm rst
nej sd`ej jrkvntkvs ` tm jkspfndet xprssk`e wktm
rispid t` ti Zmi jkspfndiiet, vif`dkty, nej nddifintk`e
xprss`es `r tm `tk`e ` tm pkst`e nr ns `ff`ws.
:4<
:.4.<
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
  
 2 r +   r d`s   + 
d`s< ` t
:
:
)
9
:.4.<.n)
:4<l)
:4<d)
E`t tmn t xpss`es d`ene tw` trs, nd wt n
se ` d`ske
d` ske?? tm  tmnt vns wtm  quedy ` m
m
r`ntk`e S ks rrj ` ns t prny  wmrns m
tr tmnt vnrs nt wkd t quedy ` `nk`e < ks
dnj tm sd`ejnry tr.
Tkkn xpss`es
xp ss`es dne l jv`pj
jv `pj `r
`r m `tk`e ` m
r`ntkec pnts `  drneo n`ec m `dn -nxks pnrn `
pks`e `vet) nej `dn ynxs ppejkdunr ` ps`e
`ve). K ney uelnned ke m dneosmn
dneosmn ks pndj
p ndj ly
n nss
ns s d`edernj
d`edernj n tm Dneo ke D sud mnt  kerkn
`ds nr m sn ns ke m `kcken sys, t ``wec
trs `r ``e n `et D dne l wke.
[ 2 rset
:4<j)
 2 rS St
:4<)
 2 r}set
X 2 r   d`
d`sst)
 :4<>
:4<> 
:4<c)
Xd 2 r set
:4<m)
 2 r 

 t
:.4.<.k)
A`d prpejdunr t` ps`e `ve8
:.4.<.o)
E`t mn
mn q. :. 4. <. ) d`esss ` w`
w` s n prnry
prnry
`d8
nej n sd`ejnry
s d`ejnry `rd8
`rd8
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
`a j`ul
j`ulfind
findtkec
tkec
:.4.<.)
wmrns
wmr
ns Iq : 4 <   o) mns `ey
`ey n prk
prknr
nryy d`p`eet
d`p`eet
D`briss`r cns f`njs rdkpr`dn
rdkpr`dntkec
tkec d`pss`
d`p ss`
rnkss tm prssur ` n cns `w ly kpnrtkec dkp`dntkec
`t`e `e n pkst`e wktmke n dykejr Zm pkst`e e`ny
d`prsss cns jurkec l`tm jkrdtk`es ` rdkpr`dntkec
`t`e Ns cns `ws t` nej ` ndm ej, tm pssu ` tm
cns kedrns
kedrnsss ns
n s kt ks d`prssj ly ndm str`o
str`o ` tm pkst`e.
Zm kedrns ke prssur wktmke tm dykejr dnts ndtk`e
`rds `e tm mnj nej drneo ejs ` tm pkst`e tmnt ntn
ns cns `ws t` nej ` ndm ej ` tm dykej.
Zm cns `rd nppkj t` tm pkst`e r`j quns t kestne
ne`us jred ltwe tm prssur `rd ndtkec `e tm
mnj nej drneo ej ` tm pkst`e ns sm`we ke Akc.
Ak c. :. 4 <. < `
`
ypkdn sec drneo rdkpr`dntkec ndmkes.
Zm ``wkec `runtk`e dne l usj t` stknt tm
nxku `rd ndtkec `e tm pkst`e r`j ` ne kejkvkjun
`ul-ndtkec dykejr.
:4<<
:.4.<.<n)
Kjekyec n pnr ` tm d`eedec r`j usuny `e
tmrj ` ks nss) pus t ps`e ns tm rdpr`dnkec nss
 d`edetrntj nt `et  nej jscentec m rnkejr
`im d`eedtkec r`j pus  drneo ns m r`ntkec nss
b d`edet
d`edetnj
nj n `e D xpss`es `
` m uelnnedj
`ds nr ns ``ws
A`rd pnrn ` pkst`e `vet8
:.4.<.>)
Akc 4. <.<-T
Akc
<.<-Tdmibntkd
dmibntkd jk
jknc
ncrn
rnb
b
d`briss`r
d`bri
ss`r dfkejir nej
n ej kst`e.
Nminj 2 /:) 
:.4.<.<l)
:4<.<d)
2  /:) 
Ne
e 
Zm mnj nej drneo ej prssurs vnry d`etkeu`usy
nej m jkretkn `rd tnos l`tm p`sktkv nej ecntkv
et vnus jurkec ndm dyd ` pkst`e `tk`e. Zm e`rn
nppr`ndm ks t` stnlksm tm mnj nej drneo pssus uskec
m nxku nej keku sudtk`e nej jksdmnrc ps
surs. A`r jskce purp`ss kt ks d``e t` utkpy q.
: 4 <<n
<<n)) ly n ndt`r A t` mp ndd`uet `r t entun
ejedy ` cns `rds t` xdj tm vnus lnsj jkrdty
`e sudtk`e nej jksdmnrc prssurs ju t` `w skstneds
nej pusntk`es. Bndmkes wktm c``j pusntk`e d`etr` nej
`w xtn `w rskstned ny ndmkv A ns sn ns >.>.
A`r ndmkes wktm `w d`prssk`e rntk`, mkcm pusntk`es
`r mkcmy rskstkv `w
 `w tmr`ucm
tmr`ucm pkpkec nej e`s A dne
nppr`ndm  9 `r ve mkcmr N rns`
rns`enl
enl w`rokec vnu `
`
A s >  9 t`
t` <
rrnly tm nxku r`j `rd rsutkec ` cns ps
sursk
su
rsk s lsj `e oe`wjc `tm d`etkeu`us vnrkntk`e
vnrkntk`e `
`psps-
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
J
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJNZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
>1
suri e mi dyfejir (insuij `r prijkdtij) e n ipnk sku
nk`e insurij dykeji pissui vnrkn`e uskec n dyeji
nenyzi pr`vjis
pr`vjis mi `st nddurni vnfui ` cns `rdis
`rdis Ivie
wm`u dyeji prissuri nenfysks ixtrii `pirnec vnfuis
` sudtk`e nej jsdmnci prissuri ` indm stnci sm`uj li
id`jij li`ri mi ipn nej usij e Iq (:4<<n)
@e eiw d`priss`s mi ieckeii
ieckei i sm`ufj ns mi ndmei
neundturir `r dndufnti tmi nxku m`rkz`etnf cns
`rdi nej nxku m`rk`etnf keirtkn `rdi `r ney tm`w
`r dyfkejir Zmi `uets, nedm`r l`fts, nej lf`ds nri tmie
jiskceij `r
neundtuir
pr`vkji
`r nxku
nej iesi cns``njs
`e vnuis
indm dykeji
`j nejd`pissvi
` id`
iej n vnfui ` A>  tmisi `dis ni lnsij `e sudk`e nej
jksdmnci pissuris
Cns `dis nd `e mi dnesmn wm ne iqunf nej `pp`
sti indt`e t` tmi `di `e mi dyfejir. Zmus drnesmn
nej dyfejir `rdis
`rdis cf`lnfy
cf`ln fy lnnedi indm
in dm `mir
`mir Litwiie
Litwi ie mi
dnesmn nej tmi dyfkejir m`wivi mi itn d`priss`r
rni sridmis ` d`ernds ke ies`e
ies` e `r d`prissk`e
d`prissk` e ueji
mi nd`e ` tmi cns `dis Zmi `rdis jui ` ni jiid
k`es nri neskttij t` mi `uejntk`e tm`ucm d`eeidtk`es
wktm mi d`piss` ni Smie ndkec wtm`ut skppnci,
mi rni nej `uejn`e lid`i ne eticnf studtui nej
`cimir sitdm `r d`etrnd uejir mi cns f`njs
Zmi ncetuji ` cns `rdi tnesiij ke` mi `uejnk`e
jipiejs `e tmi ifntkvi ixlkty ` tmi d`piss` rni.
keitkn
f`njs `st
a` buftkdfkeji
4<4 \idkpdntkec
bndmkeis
n prndtkdnf
nttir,
ridkpr`dntkec
N
viywmfi
viy
s ni
nni
`ey n trnesks
s nf ndt`e
snf
``r
 tmi
`di
virytrnesks
ixklfi rni
`s `
nf cns
mi
`di Tkkfn d`iets nppfy t` tmi tnesi ` ejvkjun
dyfejir eirkn `rdis
Lnsij `e fij d`pnks`es uskec ei ifiiet nenf
yss (Tnfiy
(Tnfiy >;==)
>;==) tmi `ff`wkec cukjikeis nri succisij
` cns nej eirn `rdi `njs
 `njs tnestij t` mi `uejntk`e
ly n ypdn d`priss`r
`  2 (cri
(crintir
ntir ` `r )
)/<
/< (:
:44 <<
< <c)
c)
ndmkeis mnvi `ri tmne `ei dyfkejir nej neundturis
nrrneci tmi ndmkei d`p`eiets ke n neeir tmnt kek
is tmi eit uelnfnedij `rdis. A`r ixnpfi r`tntkec
pnrts sudm ns tmi drnesmnt dne li lnfnedij ly njjkec `
ri`vec d`rridtkec wikcmts Zrnesfntkec pnrts sudm ns
ps`es nej tm`si tmnt ixmklkt l`tm r`tntk`e nej trnesfntk`e
sudm ns d`eeidtec r`js dne li nrrnecij ke sudm n wny ns
t` ekzi tmi uelnnedij `rdis nej `iets cieirntij
Tij` k ivir ks kt p`ssklfi t` piridtfy lnfnedi ridkp`
dntec ndmkeis
Zmi `rdis cieirntij ly ridkpr`dntkec idmnekss ni
uedt`es ` tmi nss,
nss , str`
str`i,
i, pkst`e
p kst`e nrrneciiet d`eeidtkec
r`j szi, drne tmr`w `rkietntk`e
`rkietntk`e (pmnsi necfi), nej tmi
tmi nss
nej nrrneciiet ` d`uetirwikcmts `e tmi drnesmnt. A`
tms
rins`e
dndufntkec
tmiqukti
ridkpr`dntkec
`rdis
uftk
dykejir
ndmeis
dne li
d`pfix nej
nri`r
tmiri`i
e`rnfy pr`vkjij ly tmi ndmkei neundturir K tmi
ndmkei ks ne keticrn ieckei d`priss`r, kt dne kedfuji ke
`ei rni dyfkejirs `rkietij m`rk`etnffy virtkdnffy ` ke
liwiie, n wtm ridkpr`dntkec
ridkpr`dntkec keirtkns
T`i ndmei neundturirs pfndi jkspfndiiet trnes
judirs nej nddifir`itirs `e strntickd p`kets `e tmi
ndmkeiry. Zmiy dne tmie insuri jkspfndiiets nej nddif
irntk`es nt tm`si p`kets `r sivirnf `pirntk`enf riquiedkis
t` jiirkei tmi ncektuji ` tmi uelnfnedij `rdis nej
d`upfis `
`rr uftkdykejir
uftkdykejir ndmkeis.
Alf`o 2 Aj/Arij
( :4< <j)
(A!tHnb
nb 2 _(AuenedE!t)R/Arj
(:.4.<.<
.4.< stkbn
stkbntkec
tkec idk
idkp`dnt
p`dntkec
kec keit
k eitkn
kna`disa`b buft
b uftkk
dfkeji bndmkeis dnsis wmiri tmi neundtuis
Zmi ndt` Arij ks usij ` spy n d`pix pr`lfi,
jnn nri uenvnfnli `r d`p`eiets nri likec ripfndij, tmi
ieceiir sm`ufj usi mnej dnfdufntk`es t` istknti tmi idkp
mus
nv`jec
tmi nej
nppfkdn`e
` ueinfsdnfy
ueinfsdnfy
mkcm
f`njs `e
mi nedm`
l`fs
tmi `uejnk`e
l`d Zmi
idmneds
ev`fvij ke trneskkec
trneskkec f`njs nri d`pfix nej dnee` insky
li rijudij ` n spi rintk`esm
rin tk`esmkp
kp litwiie n iw
iw pnniis
liy`ej mi cvie f`nj iquntk`es N jinfij etiiiie
nenfyss ` in d`priss`r rni
rni dm`d
d m`d `ues d`edrii
lf`d nej c`u wk ndd`ue `
` tmi ifntvi ixklkty ` mi
rni nej s `uejntk`e e jiiekec ejvkjun nedm`r
l`f f`njs nej pdkty p`vji
p`v ji n vnui ` Arj³ K mi rni
s viy sk rintkvi t` mi `uejntk`e, mi vnui ` Arij wkf
li mkcm
mkcmir
ir pfykec
pf ykec `i ` mi rneskij
rneskij f`njs nri dnrij
ly tmi ni nej fiss ly mi nedm`r l`ts nej `uejntk`e
lf`d Lnsij `e ixpikiedi n vnfui ` < ` tms nd` ks
d`esirvnkviy
d`esirvn
kviy f`w? m`wiv
m`wivir
ir mcmir vnfuis mnvi liie siie
wktm nis jisceij ` li ispidnfy st
Tkpfkykec mks nppr`ndm Tnfiy nej Mnr
Mnriff
iff ( > ;;)
succist
usec
n enedm`
kti iiie
` iiie
dnfduninenfysks
`dis
rne
rneskt
sktij
ij ` tmi
l`s nenfyss
K n ei
s e`t p`sskli mi ieckeii sm`ufj `ltnke ` mi ndmei
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
r`dntkec
n uftkdyfkejir
ndmkei.
@ei sudm
pr`diuri`rdis
`r n r`
ndmkei
mnvkec e eulir
` dyfkeji
dyfkejis
s ks
jsdussij ly Bneji nej
nej Zr`xfir
Zr`xfir (> ;;<)
;;<)..
Kbpufskvi bndmkei f`njsZmi kpufskvi f`nj
cieirntij ly n `rckec mnir ks dnusij ly tmi kpndt `
tmi mnir rn `et` tmi
tmi mnir nevkf
nevkf.. Zmks
Zmk s kpndt pr`diss
trnesirs
trnes
irs tmi eitkd
eitk d ieircy ` tmi rn ket` keitkd
ke itkd ieircy `
tmi ietri mnir nssilfy. Zmi p`stkpndt
p` stkpndt vif`dkty
vif`d kty ` tmi
mnir ks riprisietij ly
.4.4
B
v   (> +   ) v
B
(:44n)
Cieirn ixpirkiedi kejkdntis tmnt  ks nppr`xkntify 17
pirdiet `r ney `rckec mnir kestnffntk`es. Ar` tmnt
p`et mi mnir `uejntk`e pir`rnedi dne li nssissij
ns n rcj l`jy `sdkffntkec ns n skecfi jicrii`riij`
ti Vktm ne ektknf vif`dkty ` 
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
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p`rtned ndt`rs ks nfs` rd`ejj t` l d`eskstet
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ndkktks ' rqukrets.
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sp feoncs @mr syss ny l e pnd ` edrns
tm pss `d nej p`v tm kec Zms `tmr syss
ny kedns m nddf
nd dfnk`e
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ufn skt nej nr e`rnffy dndufntj e ndd`jned wktm m
c`veec `dnf d`j `r snejnrj Sej `njs nry c`vre
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xd p, pmnps, wme
w me m
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:.:>
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wkej-`rd-rskstec systs nej nedm`nc `
ndmke
d`p`eets
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT

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nr usj sudm ns sprkec/jnpr/nls`rlr d`ecuntk`e)
` supp`rt tm ndmke, NTD/TK 3 pr`vkjs drktrkn `
sksd f`nj dnfdufntk`e nej jskce
Jpejkec `e tm wkcmt ` tm ndmke wktm spdt t` tm
`nf wkcmt ` tm ndmke-`uejntk`e syst, tm jskce
sksd `rds ` tm ndmke e`elukfjkec strudtur) dne
 jtr
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kej ktmr ly trntkec
trntkec tm ndmke wkcmt ns ne
etcrnf pnrt ` tm `uejntk`e wkcmt NTD/TK 3), `r ly
rntec tm ndmke ns n e`estrudturnf d`p`eet nttndmj
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wtm m rqukret
rqukretss ` NTD/TK 3.
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sm`uj l usj pr NTDI/TI 3
M`rk`etn nej vrtkdnf d`p`eets ` skskd f`njs
sm`uj l kevstkcntj ke tm f`nj d`ejktk`es nej d`lken
`es e tm `f`wkec
`f`wkec sdtk`es pr NTD/TK 3 .
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evkr`eetnf
eetnf f`njs
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n s nrtm,
wntr, rnke, se`w, nej kd sm`ufj l kedfujj ke tm jskce
pr nppkdnl lukjkec d`js
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Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
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G>¥ www.d`edii`c
>=
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJNZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
lfi :.1F`j dfsskkdtk`s ` uftkbti
strictm jiskc
F`
dnsskdntk`e
Jskce f`ns
Sc ` stru upbet tens sun`e
ne fn`bs
f f`ns rc sec ne `nt`
Nem` n u f`ns
n
Wfnta`rb ne wnfowny f`ns
ntnfs ` l p`nfy st` c nne
Bntnfs e`rnffy st`r rec `prn`e su ns ``s
n nne qp
Qlrne qupe `s
pn f`ns `r `st ne upbet nec ufs
v
Tsb f`ns
T`w , ` ne f`ns
S f`ns
ev`en
E`is. Zmirbnf ` sifa-snc f`ns fnssHnwes sm`ufj li ivnfuni pir iqYi
bis `a
` a NTDI/TIK
F`n jui t` fninf inrtm iuri, cr`j ntir riri,
riri, ` piui ` ti ufo bnti
rknf nn`s `ufj i ivnfnti ir cifei ` I/If


` tmi sudui ` `uejn`e
`uejn`e Zmi
Z mi `f`w
`f`wec
ec `nj
`n j d`ejktk`es
n cenfy
cenfy d`esjj e jsce8
jsc e8
n) D`esudk`e d`ejk`e ipisies mi jiskce `njs tmn
nd `e mi stdtui/`uejnk`e
stdtui/`uejnk`e jukec ts d`esudk`e
l) Zsec d`ejk`e psets tm jskce f`njs tmn nd
`e mi sudui/`uejnt`e wmki tmi iqukpiet likec
supp`tj s uejc`ec skec sudm ns myj` s.
d) E`nf `pntkec d`ejk`e pses m jskce
`njec jukec pik`js ` e`nf iqukpiet `pin`e
j) Nle`n `pintkec d`ejkt`e ipisies mi jiskce
`njec juec p`js wme ueusun ` xt `pnkec
`njs ndt `e tmi sud
sudui/
ui/`uejn`e
`uejn`e
i) Bneienedi d`ejkt`e ipty ` smutj`we) ipisiets
m jsce f`njs tmn ndt `e m sd wme tm supp`j
iqukpie ks n ks ins wicm jui t` i`vn ` p`diss
ujs nppfkdnl etnfs ` l`m ns n sut ` net
ened ` `m `ut-`-svd jksupt`e.
kk inj f`njs + tist f`njs + ijudij wkej f`njs +
se`w kd ` nke `njs
d E`n `pintk`e
k inj f`njs + ndmkei `pintk`e f`njs + fkvi f`njs
` utk lnkecs ndmke p`stnfkceet jdtk`e
dmido)
kk inj f`njs + ndmkei `pintk`e f`njs + fkvi f`njs +
wej
f`njs`njs
kd ` nke
f`njs f`njs + sikskd
+ se`w
kk inj
+ ndmkei
`pintk`e
f`njs + se`w kd ` nke
j. Nle`nf `pntk`e
k inj f`njs + upsit nle`nf iiciedy, dntn
s`pmd) ndmke f`njs + fkv f`njs + judj wkej
f`njs
i Bnetienedi f`njs
k. nj `njs + nketened f`njs + fkv f`njs + se`w
kdi,, wej ` nke f`njs
kdi
ev`eetnf `njs dne l judj p NTD/TK 4
wmie d`lkeij wktm nketienedi ` d`estudtk`e f`njs jui
t` tmi `w p`lnlkkty `tmi f`njs `dduke
`dd ukecc nt tmi sni tki
DMNWI\ -KBWIJNEDI @A MI TYWW@\EC
BIJKYB
:.1F`j d`blketk`es
.>viviw j usi ` s`kf bpijdi
Zm `uejntk`e jyenkd sp`es jpejs `e tm stkess
nej jnpec dmn
dmnndti
ndtikstkds
kstkds ` tmi ndmkei-
ndmkei-`uej
`uejntk`e-s`kf
ntk`e-s`kf
syst. Zmks sdtk`e
sd tk`e psets n ce
cenf
nf ket
ket`jud
`judtk`e
tk`e t` tmks
sulhid nej n suny ` npp`ndmis nej `ufns `ie
usij ` ivnfunti tmi stkeiss nej jnpkec ` l`tm s`kf
supp`ij nej pkfi `uejntk`es Zmisi stkeiss nej jnpkec
nk`esmps d`ffdtkvfy oe`we ns kpjned n usj `
jitiekec l`tm iivklntk`e pi`nedi nej `tk`es `
tm `uejnk`e
`uejnk`e syst ju t` tm jyenkd f`njkec nss`d
n ss`dkntj
kntj
wm tm ndmke `pntk`e.
Zmi spist ntmintkdnf `jif usij ke jyenkd nenf
ysks ` ndmke-`uejntk`e systs ks n skecfjc-`
iij` ipisietntk`e ` n kckj nss vitkdnffy supp`tij
`e n secfi spkec nej jnpi d`lkentk`e Akc 9fn))
Znlfi :1 sm`ws mi ciein dfnsskdnk`e ` `njs ` usi
e jkekec tm nppdnlf `nj ndt`s e stecm jskce
ND
NDKK 4> = ? NTD/TK ?
 ? NTD/T
NTD/TK
K 4
4  ). Ke d`eskjkec s`k
stissi
st
ississ ` `njkec
`nj kec `e pkfis,
pkf is, mi e`
e`n
n npp`ndm s w`okec
stss jskce wtm`ut `nj nd`s nej wkm `vn ndt`s `
snity kjiekij ns npp`pknti ly ci`idmedn ieckeiis
Zmi `nj d`lken`es iquietfy usij ` mi vn`us f`nj
d`ejkk`es n ns `f`ws8
`f`ws8
n D`esu
D`esudk`e
dk`e
. nj `njs + d`esd`e `njs
 inj `njs + d`esudk`e f`njs + ijudij wkej
`njs + se`w, di ` nke f`njs
k. nj f`njs + d`estdt`e f`njs + sskd f`njs +
se`w di, ` ne f`njs
l. Myj` tstec
. nj `njs + tst `njs
Zmks `jf
ks nppfkdnl
det
`tmi
cnvkty
tmf
ndmkei
ndmkei-
-`uejntk`e
`uejntk`e
systikkstm
jkidtfy
`vi
dieti`
` s`k
s`kf
ssned nej tm sutnet ` tm jyenkd `ds ndtkec
tm`ucm n dieti ` `di _DAR) ks n vitkdnf `di pnsskec
tm`ucm tmi
tmi dieti
dieti  ` cnvk
cnvkty
ty Zmi vitkdnf kpijned
k pijnedii (ov*) `
tm supp`tec jku ks edssny ` tmks `jf.
Zmi eix fivi ` d`pfixkty ks n tw`-jicii-`-iij`
`j d``efy usj wme fntnf jyenkd `ds ndt `e
tm syst Akc. 9.fl)). Ldnus tm fkes ` ndtk`e ` tm
nppkij `dis nej tmi s`kf iskstnedi j` e`t d`kedkji tmi
`dokec nej tnesfntk`en `tk`es ` tm syst n d`upfj.
A` tms `jif,
`ji f, tmi ieckeii eiijs t` dnfdufnti
dnf dufnti tmi m`kz`etnf
m`kz`etnf
tnesfn`en kpjned (ou) nej tm `dokec kpjned
(o') ` m supp`tkec jku. Zms kpjned vnfus
ispidknfy tmi `dokec tis ni usunffy jkiiet nl`ut
je m`k`etnf jkdtk`es.
 inj `njs + is f`njs + fvi f`njs + se`w, kdi, `
nke `njs
Nppdntk`e ` tmisysti
fntinf t`jyenkd
`disn vitkdnf
dne dnusi
ndmkei-`uejntk`e
twkst nl`ut
nxksn
Z` `j tmks lmnvk` tm ecke ejs t` jtke
.
.
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnkty ne Ttnnzntk`l
Nbidne D`edriti Kesttuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A@Y EJN
EJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENBKD I^ YKWIEZ (NDK 49.4\->=)
tmi `rs`en
`rs`en kpi
kpijned
jnedii () ` i supp`rec
supp`rec iju Ns
Ns
ke mi vitkdn `ji, k tmi epne iddierkdkis liwiie
tmi diei ` crnvty nej dietir ` s`k issnedi ni sn,
tms nenfyss ks njjrissij wm n skecfijicrii-`-iij`
ripisietn`e.
Sie ti ndmkei-`uejn`e systi s eetify kcj
nej `e mi surndi, tmi kpijnedi (  * ,     * ,  ,


) dne
li iprisieij
ns sx iquiedy-jipiejie
nss
sysis
(mrii rnesnk`en
nej rii necufn) sprec
nej sx
iquiedy-jipiejie vksd`us `r ysirikd jnpirs (tmrii
trnesntk`enf nej mrii necun) mnt nd n ti dier`kj `
tmi d`etndt nin liwiie ti `uejn`e nej ti supp`rtec
iju (Akc. 9.>(d)). K tmi supp`t ks p`vjij ly pkfis
` s`nt`s mi iquvnfie specs nej jnpirs ndt n mi
dieti ` seiss ` t`si iiies. Sie ti `uejnt`e
ks ilijjij njjk`en tis dne li etr`judij ns spec
nej jnpi ifiiets ndec `e tmi sjis ` tmi `uejntk`e
Zmi iidtvi `dn`e
`d n`e ` mi ilijiet kpijnedi  s jiir
eij rnk`enfy lnsij `e i dmnrndtir ` i ilijiet
(Lirijuc` nej E`vno >;3<?
>;3< ? E`vn nej Liijuc` ;3<?
;3< ?
E`vn nej Tndms ;34 ? E`vn nej Tin >;=7?
>;=7 ? Fnosm
nene ne
nejj Benk
Benk > ;=  ? Cnz
Cnzitn
itnss  ;; )
Zi eix fivi
fivi  `
`  d`pfixy njjissis ixkli `uejn
`uejntk`es.
tk`es.
Zi
strudu
`jiidmekquis.
` tmis
tmisii `uejn`e
`uejn`es
s ks typkdnfy
dinij
uskecstr
udunf
eki nf
ifiiet
Zmi ixlkfky
` tmi struduri
kc li `jifij w lintypi
lintypi ifiiets w`jkies`enf
pfnei siss ifiies pfni liejec iiies, mrii-jie
s`en s`fkj
s`f kj ifiiets, ` s`i d`lken`e ` misi.
Zmi supp`tec iju `r tmisi ixlfi `uejn`es
ks njjissij e `ei ` ii lnskd neeis Zi skpfist
nppr`ndm usis n sirkis ` nesfn`en sprkecs nt indm
d`etnd p`ke liwiie ti strudtui nej mi s`kf. Zmisi
sprec pnniirs nri dnfdufnij ` ti sprkec d`esnets
jitieij d`eskjikec
d`esk jikec p`rk`es ` i nt `ue
`uejnk`e
jnk`e snf
sn f
ie`uc ` li nssuij ckj (N
( Nyn
yn it n!.  ;3;
;3;)) `r ly s`i
skn npp`xntij p`dijuri Zi `mir w` npp`ndmis
usi mi ekti ifiiet itm`j, l`uejnry iiie i`j, `r
l` ` dnfduntkec tmi jyend kpijnedi nrx ` mi
supp`tec iju Tud nppr`ndis nri typkdnffy usij `r
n
n`r
`r d`pix
d`
pixixnpi
stun`esd`pix
wmii n s`f
k c
kc
jicrii
`
i
eiiet
ks usk
ij (`r
s`
f srn
srncrnp
crnpmy
my
ricunr
`uejn`e ci`iry,
ci`iry, `r l`m). N jinkfij
jinkf ij jsduss
j sdussk`e
k`e ` tmisi
tidmequis ks `utskji mi sd`pi ` ks rip`r
Eivirtifiss i uejnietnf pkedpfis nej d`edipts
jsdussij iike `r eekiy kcj `uejntk`e ns` nppy
t` ixkli `uejnk`es Ke suny tmi nke jiiedi
litwiie ixlfi nej rckj `uejnk`es ks tmn ixlfi
`uejn`es nri `jifij usec eki `r l`uejnry iiiet
i`js wmd injs ` n jyenkd kpijnedi nrx rntir
tmne sx jyend kpijnedis. Zmks ntkx wkf d`ene nf
jicriis ` iij` nss`dntij wm e`jis `dntij n mi
l`uejnryy litwiie ti `uejnt`e nej ks supp`r.
l`uejnr
;
A(t  A se(7t
se(7t
DA
  
d`s(7t
A(t 2 A d`s(7t
DA
 
DC^-
n) Tkecf A Tysb
l) Zw` J@A Tysib
d Cieir Tkx @A Tstib
Ac.. 9. >D`bb`e jenbd b`jifs.
Ac
nej `tie ne njjij s`kf nss N nss b rii t` `vi `efy
e `ei jkridtk`e`r ixnpfi virtkdnfks snkj t` nvi
`ey n skeci jic
jicrii
rii ` riij` (T@A) ( Akc 9 . > (n)).
(n)). Zi
imnvk`r ` tmi nss jipiejs `e tmi entui ` l`tm ti
sprkec nej tmi jnsmp`t.
Zmi sprkec prisuij t` li nssfiss
nssf iss ripris
riprisiets
iets tmi ifns
dkty ` tmi systi nej ks dmnrndtirkzij ly tmi stkeiss
d`esnet . Zmi stkeiss d`estnet ks jieij ns tmi `rdi tnt
9.<-Lskd yebkd d`dipts
Zi lnskd ntmintkdnf
ntmintkdnf `jif usij
usi j e i jyenkd
jyenkd nenyss
pr`judis n uekt jkspfndiiet ` tmi nss A`r n cieirnf
jspfndiiet u ` tmi nss, tmi `rdi ke tmi spkec (tmi
ris`rec `rdi) ks .
e jyenkds tmi jkspfndiiet vnrkis wktm tki t, tus
u  u(t) Lidnusi tmi sprkec ks nssfiss tmi jyenkd stk
eiss d`estnet  ks iqunf t` tmi stntkd d`estnet 5 nej, us
mi rist`rkec `rdi ou nej  nri kejipiejiet ` tmi nti `
riquiedy nt wmkdm tmi jkspfndiiet vnrkis.
Zmi sni d`edipt ` stkeiss
stkeiss dne li nppfkij t` n n`
n`ek
ek
dny vklrntkec d`fue wktm nss uek`rfy jkstrklutij
jkstrklutij nf`ec
s iectm (Akc 9 <l(n))
<l(n)) A`r ne nppr`xkn
nppr`xknti
ti nenfysks nt f`w
riquiedy, tmi jkstrklutij d`fue nss dne li ipfndij ly
n d`edietrntij (fupij) nss b nttndmij t` tmi t`p ` tmi
d`ue, nej tmi d`ue ktsif dne li d`eskjirij nssfiss
(Ac. 9.<l(l)). D`esiquietfy n stntkd stkeiss d`estnet ,
ejipiejiet ` riquiedy, dne li usij t` jisdrkli tmi stk-
`
vn`us
eewk
tify nkcj
ndk
ndkei
`uejn`e
s n
fupij
nss
sprkec
nejei`uejn`e
jnsp`
(Akcsysis
9<n) Zms
fupij nss edujis ti ndmei nss, `uejnk`e nss,
eiss `tms nssfiss d`fue Zmi ifnstkd `rdi ke tmi d`fue
hust li`w tmi nss
nss ks ou `
`rr ney jkspfndiiet
jkspfn diiet u Eivitiiss tmi t`tn rist`rkec `rdi cieirntij ly tmi d`fue nt tmi
Nbrkdne
Nbrkdn
e D`
D`
 Kstktt
Wvjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` jdk` ` etwkc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
D K
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJN
A@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49>.4\-=)
<
NDYNF
NDY
NF A@YEJN
A@YEJNZK@E
ZK@E
I^YKQNFIEZ T[TZ
ckj lf`do nvc
iquvnie
iquvn
ie bss
Qidnf
Ixdtn`e
quvnie
Jnec
Iquvnfiet \`nk`etn Tprec
uvnfiett \`nt
uvnfie
\`ntk`en
k`en Jnec
Jne c
\cj l`do mnvec iqunie
Z`rs`en Ikntk`e
 Qiw
t`rs`en
t`rs`e
n spec
spe c
`sk`enff jnec
`sk`en
Akc 9 <n-ubpi
Akc
<n-ubpijj sstib
sstib a`r n a`uejn
`uejntk`e
tk`e sul
sulhidtij
hidtij t` virtkdnf m`rkz`etnf ne
nejj t`rsk`enf
t`rsk`en f
idktntk`e a`rdis \kdmn
\kdmnrt
rt it nf. > ; 7
7 .
 
bnss
o 2 de
dest
st
o
7
n 
( )
aiquiedy
(d 
Akc 9.
9.<l
<l-I
-Iid
idtt `a
`abns
bnsss `e
` e jen
jenbk
bkdd st
s teiss.
`p ` i fupij nss ks mi su ` i inskd `rdi ke i
d`ue nej tmi eirkn `rdi
`rdi ` i
i nss.
n ss. K mi jspndiie
j spndiie
` ks nss vnkis mn`ekdnfy
u(t) 2 t
(9.<n)
(9.<)
nej tmi eirtn `rdi ks
(9.<d)
Zmie tmi nddiint`e ks
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A@Y EJN
EJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENBKD I^ YKWIEZ (NDK 49.4\->=)
Ke tmi nlsiedi
nlsi edi ` jnpec, ti ki-jipiejie ifn`e
ifn`e `
tmi ixienf n`ekd `di nppkij wkt npfkuji W nej
iquiedy S t` i jspndiie u s
nej mi npfujis `
`  `di
`di nej jspndiie
j spndiie ini ns
<


³ 
I

(9<i)
Zmi jyend skeiss, liec mi d`estne ` p`p``e
nfky liwiie i nppij `di nej jspndiie, lid`is

( 9 . <a
Zmus, wm vklntk`e ` ne ifiiet nvkec jsklutij nss,
nss ,
tmi jyend s
s eiss
eiss cieinfy vnis wm
w m iquiedy
iquiedy Nt
Nt `w
iq
iquied
uiedy,
y, tms vnnk`e ks s`ikis d`si
d `si t` pnnl`d, ns
s`we e Ac 9 <l(d) Zi d`fue usij ke mks ixnpfi ny
ny
ipisiet
ipis
iet i d`fue ` s`f nej, us, n s` jip`s nwnys
inuis steiss pnnitis tn ni iquiedy jipiejie
Zmi ncetuji nej dmnndi ` mks iquiedy iidt
ii dt jipiej
`e ti skzi ` ti `uejnk`e ci`ity, vln`e `ji, s`f
fnyikec,
n ej `tmi
nej
nd`s
nd`s
Zmi jnsmp`s
jnsmp`
s ` Akc
9.<n
9.
<n ni `ie ip
ipisie
isieij
ij ns vksd`us
jnpis p`judec `dis p`p`t`en ` i vklnk`e
vi`dky ` tmi nss
nss  Zmi ncek
ncekuji
uji `tmi
` tmi jnpi `di
`di s
s

ju
A  d u  d 
jt
(9<c)
Zmi jnpec d`esne
d`esnett d ks jieij ns tmi `di
`di nss`dnij
wk n uek vif`dty. ukec mn`ekd vlnk`es, mi ki
jipiejiet vksd`us jnpec `di ks
(9<m)
ckvie`d`esne
nej jkspfndiiet
jks pfndiiet
npfkuji 
tmi npfk
tuji
vksd`us djnpkec
`di s p`p`t`enf
t` iquiedy
(Akc. 9<d)
9.4Dfdftk`e ` jyebkd `ejtk`e
kb pij
pijedis
edis
Zmi dnfdufnt`e ` jyend kpijnedis ks ejnienf
` tmi jyend nenyss nej jisce ` ndkei `uejnt`es.
`uejnt`es.
A` kestnedi, ns piv`usfy jsdussij, sx upij jyenkd
kpijnedistmii nesntk`enf nej tmii `ntk`enf
jyend pijnedisni eiijij t` `ji tmi jyenkd
isp`esi ` ne eektiy ckj `uejntk`e
`uejntk`e Zmisi kpijnedis
kpijn edis
ni jieij nej dndufnij ns ixpneij e ti ``wec.
``wec.
Jenbkd kbpijnedi jiektk`eZmi isp`esi `
ne keekiy ckj `uejn`e t` stnd ` jyenkd f`nj, W
` W(t) nsis s`ify ` mi ji`ntk`e, Y ` Y(t +
q
2
), `stkeiss,
mi supp`ec
Ke pndufn,
ti snkd
`uejn
osr WKY,s`
tk`e
ks usij
` `jiec
mi s``ue
jnt`e isp`esi ` stntd `njs. Ke ne nenf`c`us neei, mi
Nbirkdne
Nbirkdn
e D`iti Kstkt ti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
2
jyenkd `uejntk`e kpijnedi
jyenkd
kpijned i o(b W(t)Y(t + ), ks
usijj `
usi
` `jifkec tmi s`kf
s`kf-
-`uejntk`e
`uejntk`e isp`esi t` n mn`ekd
(jyenkd) `nj ` necufn iquiedy w (` ixnpfi jui t`
`tntec ndmkeiy). Zmi nke jkiiedi litwiie ti stntkd,
o9> nej jyenkd o(w kpijnedi ks tmnt ke tmi stntkd dnsi,
mi `nj (W nej jkspfndiiet ( `ddu skuftnei`usfy,
mntjkspndiiet
s, W nej Y ni
ke pmnsi,
tmi jyenkd
mi
isp`esi
k s iquiedy
wmiins
iquiedykejipiejiet
jipiejie
t nej dnsi,
typk
dny fncs tmi `njkec? tmnt ks, tmii ks n pmnsi jkiiedi
itwiie tmi tw` Zmii`i ` ntmintkdnf d`eviekiedi,
d`pix e`tntk`e ks usij t` ipisiet tmi jyenkd kpij
nedi ` n `uejntk`e, ckvie tmnt d`pfix eulis iednp
sunti ncektuji nej pmnsi ke`ntk`e ke n skecfi ietkty/
euli t sm`uj li ipmnskzij m`wivi tmnt tmi f`njkec
nej isp`esi (vklntk`e npfktuji) ` n ndmkei `uejn
`e ni nfwnys inf? d`pfix eulis ni usij ust `
ntmintkdn d`eviekiedi ckvie tmnt tmiy cintfy skpfky
dndufntk`es kev`vkec mn`ekd edtk`es, sudm tmi f`njkec
ndtec e ndmkei `uejntk`es
Jenbkd kbpijnedi dnfdufntk`eZmi p`dijui
usij ` dnfdufnti tmi jyenkd kpijnedis ` n kckj sundi
`uejntk`e dne li sunkzij ke tmi `ff`wkec stips
9.4<
nej kts pin vnui s duS qunt`e (9.<) s`ws nt ` n
9.4>
Akc 9
Akc
9<d-D`bpnrks`e
<d-D`bpnrks`e `avk
`avksd`us
sd`us nej
n ej mstirkd
mstirkd jnbpkec
jnbpkec
n) B`jif
B`
tmi tmi
`uej
`uejntk`e
ntk`e ns`nssfis
tmi
nssfiss
s nej
keektify
kckj?
mii
mii`i,
`i,jif`ey
ci`ity
nin
ke d`etndt
wkt
tmi
s` ks iqukij Zmi usi ` n nssfiss `uejntk`e ks kp`
net lidnusi kt nv`kjs tmi eiij ` idnfdufntkec tmi jyenkd
pijnedi iviy tki tmi `uejntk`e nss dmnecis wmkdm
`ie mnppies jukec tmi jiskce p`diss
l) Nppfy n mn`ekd `di ` `iet `
`  iquiedy
iquiedy w t`
mi kcj `uejntk`e (W(t)  W7ikr ` B(t)  B7ik ns sm`we
e Ac. 9.4.<, wmii k  > . Tudm `di
`di/`
/`iet
iet ixdktis tmi
`uejntk`e, wmkdm ke
k e tu cieintis stiss wnvis tmnt p`pn
cnti ket` tmi uejifykec s`kf Smii tmi s`kf ks `jifij ns
n vksd`ifnstkd ntiknf, tmii`i, tmi `ff`wkec p`pitkis
ni eiijij ` indm s`kf fnyi supp`tkec tmi `uejntk`e8
mkdeiss (m) `jufus ` ifnstkdkty
ifnstkdkty (),
(), W`kss
W`kss`e's
`e's ntk` ( 
jiesty (p), nej ntiknf jnpkec DWb) .
d) Dndufnti tmi vklntk`e isp`esi ( Y(t +  Y7ik+k$
k k
`
=(b
=7i
` tmi li
`uejntk`e
tmi nppfkij
t + ixdktntk`ert:sm`ufj
mn`ekd
e`tij tmntueji
tmi stinjy-stnti
vlnk`e npfktuji ks `ltnkeij ly iipkec tnd ` tmi
2

q
6 2
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
<<
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJNZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
K
KK K
Iqunt`ess (94
Iqunt`e
(9 4 <d nej (9 4 <j ni nenf`
nenf`c`u
c`uss t` Iq (94
( 94 <l 
 \ipint stips (l t` (i a` indm aiquiedy `a ketiist
uekf mi neci `a vklntk`e aiquiedkis `a tmi bndmkei ks
d`viij
Zmi na`ibietk`eij npp`ndm
npp`ndm bny nfs` li usij
u sij ` dnfdufnec tmi jyenbkd kbpijnedi ` n skecfi pkfi ` pkfi `uej
`uejnnt`e. Lidnusi ke tmks dnsi tmi bnss nej ixklkfkty ` indm
K N VV
  VVV
VV

_:

Akc. 9 4. <-J`wewnrj nej upwnrj wnvi
Akc.
wnv i pr`
pr`pncntk`e
pncntk`e a`r
surandi jkso ke fnirij mnspndi ` nej Jiio <77:.
iid`es nej iandt`es tmn tnoi pfndi iviy tkbi tmn n
stiss wnvi cieintij ly tmi a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e vklnt`e indmis n
s`f fnyi l`uejny.
l`uejny. Zmks ks ndmkivij ly ejkec mi jkiie
jkiie
wnvi pnms
pnms sm`we ke Ac. 9 . 4 .< wm
wmdm
dm dne li j`ei nenfytknenfytkdnfy ` eubikdnfy E`ti mnt 6 ipisies mi pmnsi jkijkiiedi (fnc `a mi isp`esi ifntvi ` mi nppkij a`di `
b`biet
j Dndufni mi nesfn`en/`ntk`enf jyenbkd kbpijnedi o* () ns tmi nk` liwiie tmi mnb`ekd ixdntk`e
(a`di/b`biet ndkec `e tmi a`uejntk`e nej ks d`isp`ejec vklnt`e nbpktuji ns sm`we ke q. (9.4.<n nej
(94<l Kt ks kbp`ne t` e`ti tmn o* () ks n iquiedyjipieiet qunety wtm n inf (\i nej bnckeny (b pn.
o ( ) 
W( t)
Y(t)
i Tipnni tmi in nej bnceny pnts ` mi jyenbd
bpijnedi t` stinbei kts usi e d`bputi d`jis usij `
sudun nenysks. Kt s dust`bny ` ixpiss mi d`bpix
jyenbkd kbpijnedi ns sm`we e Iq (94<d Zmi in nej
bnceny pnts `a mi jyenbd bpijnedi ni nss`dkntij
ly nenf`cy t` tmi sysib jisdklij ke 9< wkm n jyenbd
(aiquiedyjipiejiet spec nej jnsmp`t ns sm`we ke Iq
(9.4 .<j nej (9.4
(9.4 .<i.
o( ) 2 o + k
kD
D
(9.4.<d

(94<j
o()  \i(* ())  d`s
Y
D(r`) 2
*
Kb(o (r
(r))

2-
s ke 6
Y
(94<i
pi steiss
ni d`eskjiij
tmi pkfi
ks nAumib`i
edtk`e ` tmi
pi
nej jieskty
pikbpijnedi
uekt fiectm
tmi
d`edipt `a jyenbkd kbpijnedi dne li ixtiejij t` ixkli a`uejntk`es? m`wivi ke tmks dnsi kt ks b`i entunf t`
jiei n jyenbkd kbpijnedi bntkx. Jitnkfs icnjkec tmi
cieinfkznk`e ` tmi jyenbkd kbpijnedi d`edipt dne li
a`uej e S`fa nej T`ec ( > ;;1 nej Fysbi
Fysbi it n! ( > ;;;
;;;
9. :-Jy
-Jye
e d  pij
pijedi
edi ` s`ksu pp`
pp`
ij
ij
`uejt`es
Zmi ieckeii dne dnfdufnti tmi jyenbkd kbpijnedi `a
n s`supp`tij `uejntk`e uskec tmi stips pisietij ke
9.4.< ke n ekti ` l`uejny ifibiet d`ji. Bney `uejnt`e bpijnedis `a pndtkdnf kbp`tnedi m`wivi mnvi
liie pulfsmij ke tmi ktintui ns df`sija`b s`futk`es
tnlis ` dmnts. Zmii`i a` nppfkdntk`e pp`sis tmi
ieceii
dne istkbnti
tmi ly
jyenbkd
o(
`a `atmin
s`ksupp`tij
a`uejntk`e
`ei `kbpijnedi
n d`blkentk`e
a`f`wkec npp`ndmis
n riquiedjipiejiet iquntkesQifits`s nej Enk
(>; Qiits`s nej Qilkd (>;4
(>;
(>;4  nej Qifits`s nej Sik
( >;>  mnvi jivi`pij npp`pknti iquntk`es tmnt ipisiet
tmi bpijnedi
bpijne di t` b`tk`e `iij ly uek`b
uek`b s`kf d`ejkt
d`ejktk`es
k`es
Zmiy jivi`pij tmisi a`bufntk`es uskec ne nssubptk`e `a
n ueka`b ifnstkd ` vksd`ifnstkd mnfaspndi nej tmi ifntij
b`t`e `a n kcj ` ixklfi `uejntk`e `e tmks mnfaspndi
B`k`ess dne li tnes
B`k`e
tnesntk`e
ntk`enf
nf ` `tntk`enf.
`tntk`enf. Smkfi
Smk fi tmi dnfdufn`es dne li bneunffy tijk`us d`bputi kbpfibietntk`e
kbpfibietntk`e
p`vjis nddiptnlfi idkiedy T`bi `a tmi skbpfi iqunt`ess ni pisietij
t`e
pisietij ke 9 ..  .< ` tmks
tmks ip`t.
ip`t. B`i ixtieskvi
ixtieskvi
iqunk`es ni pisietij ke Cnitns (>;; nej Tkii nej
Divni
Div
ni (> ;;<
;;<
l D`estnet
tmi aiquiedytidmekqui
neci `a
keiis
s e`t nppr`kbntk`e
viy wkji ne `iesntksandt`y
ks ` ipfndi tmi vnknli jyenbkd stkeiss ly tmi d`estnet
ipisietntkvi ` tmi stkeiss ke tmi vkdkekty ` tmi j`bkene aiquiedy (Akc 9<l(d e`tmi d`estnet npp`xkbnt`e dne li ` njj ne iidtkvi ` dtktk`us kepmnsi bnss `a
tmi supp`tkec s`k bijkub t` tmi vklntkec fubpij bnss `a
tmi bndmkei nej a`uejntk`e nej t` d`eskji stkeiss t` li
d`esnet nej iqun t` tmi stntkd stkeiss. Eivitmifiss tmi
vnknt`e ` jyenbkd stkeiss wktm aiquiedy dne li ipisietij ly n pnnl`fn
pnnl`fn `ey ke s`bi dnsis nej tmi
tmi njjij bnss
ks e`t mi snbi ` nf vklntk`e b`jis
d D`bputirlnsij eubirkdnf nenfsks d`bpfix
ci`biy ixkli a`uejntk`es ` vnknlfi s`kf d`ejktk`es
tmi id`bbiejij npp`ndm ks t` `ltnke tmi stkeiss nej
jnbpec `a
`a `uejn
`uejntk`es
tk`es uskec jyenbkd nenfysks ` n tmii `
tw`jbiesk`enf
s`kffnstkd
bijkub
Zmi d`eteuub
d`eteuub sd`etkeuub
b`jifij nsipisietkec
ne ifnstkd ` tmi
vksd`i
vksd`ifnstkd
mnfamnfaspndi. Zmi mnspndi dne li m`b`ciei`us ` e`em`b`ci
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
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:E`tntk`e
`e a`r nfufn
nfufntk`e
tk`e `a iquknfiet rnjkk a`r ritnecufnr lnsis.
lns is.
ei`us (fnyirij nej s``p `r neks`r`pk Zmi c`vikec
iqun`es nri s`vij nenynfy ` ly bines `a eubirknf
bim`js sum ns mi ei ifibiet bim`j Zmi bn` njvnetncis `a tms insk mnfa
mnfaspn
spnii timekqui ni mn  n`ues a`r
a`r
ieircy jksspntk`e
jkssp ntk`e tm`u
tm`ucm
cm ifnst wnvis (ci`birk jnbpec
ns` e`we ns njntk`e jnbpec pr`vkjis a`r sysibnk
nenfysks nej usis s`kf pr`pikis jieij ly `esnets mnt
ne li isnlsmij ly kejipiejie ixpibiets. D`bputir
p`cnbs nri viy usiauf e tms icnrj
D`bb`efy mi nenyss `a jyenbnfy f`njij a`uejntk`es ks pira
pira`bij
`bij `esjirec
`es jirec tmi ritnecunr a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e ns
ka  wiri n krufnr a`uejntk`e wktm iqukvniet p`pirtkis
(Ac. 9.:. L`wfis (>;;1 nej Cn
Cnzi
zitn
tnss ( ;;  pr`vkji nirentis ` tms nppr`nm Zmi iqukvniet kufn a`uejnt`e
ks e` tmi snbi a`r nff jkrik`es `a b``e A` mi tmii
trnesntk`enf jkrik`es tmi iquvnie unr a`uejn`e ks
jitibeij lnsij `e ne nrin iquvnie t` mi rinecunr
a`uejn`e? tmus misi tmii smni n `bb`e iquvniet
rnjus \ A` mi tmii r`ntk`enf jit`es tmii uekqui
rnjk nri jitibeij mnt mnvi b`bies `a keikn iqukvnfie t` mikr inecufnr `uetipnrs Zmisi rink`esmps nri
n ri
riitij e tmi a``wec iquntk`es.
Znesfnt`e
\
a
(9.:n
Zmi iqukvniet rnjkus w`ros viry wiff a`
a`rr squnri a`uejna`uejn`es nej ritnecufnr a`uejntk`es wktm nspit ntk`s nl `a
up t` <. Sktm nl nl`vi < tmi nurny jirinsis
jirinsis.. A`r f`ec
a`uejntk`es tmi nssubptk`e `a ne keekti strkp a`uejntk`e
bny li b`ri nppr`prknti (Cnzitns
( Cnzitns ;=4
;=4  . ftintkvify
ftintkvify tmi
a`rbufns nej mnrs pr`vkjij ly J`lry nej Cnzitns (>;=1
nej Cnitns (>;;> ne li usij a`r tmi nenfysks `a kckj
surani a`uejntk`es `a nrlktrnry smnpi.
Zmisi jyenbks pr`lfibs nri njjrissij iktmi wktm inf
j`bne bntmibntks
bntmibntks `r wktm `bpfix j`bnke bntmi
bntmibntks
bntks
ns fustrntij ke 9.< nej 9.4.< rispitkvify. Zmi rinf j`bnke
s`futk`e ks b`ri inskfy uejirst``j nej ks typkij ly tmi
jnbpij stkeiss b`jifs `a \kmnr nej Smktb
Smktbne
ne ( >;1
>; 1 nej
\mnrt it n (;37
(;37  ke wmkm tmi stkeiss nej jnbpkec ni
riprisietij ns `estnets. Zmi `bpfix j`bnke kbpijnei
s insir t` jisrkli bntmibntknffy nej ks nppfkij ke tmi
bpijnei b`jis `aQ
`a Qifits`s nej Enkr ( >;
> ;:: Qifit
ifits`s
s`s nej
Qirl (;34
(;34 nej Qifits`s nej
nej Si
Sikk ( > ; 3 >   Iquntk`e (9.:i
mnrntirkis tmi rifntk`esmkp litwiie kbpijnei b`jifs
nej jnbpij stkeiss
stkeiss b`jifs.
b `jifs.
2
o/  + kS?
e`tmir `bb`e nppr`nm ks t` nfufnti kbpijnei
pnrnbitirs lnsij `e n jkbiesk`efiss ariquiey n st
etr`juij
etr`
juij ly
ly \iksseir ( > ;41
;41 nej nfufntij
nfufntij ns
(9:
\`kec (nl`ut ne nxks pnnffi ` l)
2 l
 v 
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\`okec (nl`ut
(nl`ut ne nxks pnnffi ` n)
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(9.:
Z`sk`e8
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Nbirkdne
Nbirkdn
e D`iti Kstkt ti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
(9.:i
e tmi b`st `bb`e krubstneis tmi s`kf nej a`uejn`e nri b`vkec nt tmi snbi ariquiey tmi bnmkei `pintis
nt Zmus w ks `bb`efy iqunf t` S• Ke ueusunf nsis sum
ns wmie b`tk`es risuft ar`b n buftkpfi mnrb`ek ixktntk`e
`a tmi iqukpbiet spiij ar`b lfnji pnssnci iits `b
bufpi spiij iqukpbiet `blkentk`es nej a`b s`bi
p``r linrkec `ejktk`es tmi b`tk`e bny
bny jivif`p nt n spiij
jkiriet ar`b tmi iqukpbiet spiij. Zmisi sktuntk`es ni
b`ri `bb`ey a`uej jurkec kepfni pr`lfib kevistkcn`es rntmir tmne kektknf jiskce nppfkntk`es Ke tm`si nsis
mi `rrit ariquiey t` `eskjir ks jitirbkeij ly kepfni
ifj
9:>binsuribiets.
Ye`rb s`kf `ejktk`es bney kestneis ieckeiirs nppr`xkbnti `r nssubi tmnt tmi s`kf `ejktk`es ni
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
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A@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIE Z (NDK
(NDK 49>.4\-=)
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ueka`rb mr`uc`ut t jpm `a kerst a` tm a`uejnk`e lkec jskcej wkdm pbts t us `a n m`b`ce`us naspnd b`jf Zmks nssubpt`e e s`b dnss
s ns`enl Ke `t dnss k s nddpj ` ndo `a ney
ltr
lt
r b`j nej ldnus tm sd`p
s d`p `a tm a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e jskce
j`s e`t wnrnet b`r s`pmsdntj tdmequs M`wvr
skcekdnet r`r ks et`judj wme ms nssubp`e ks usj
a`nt
nenfyss
`a a`uejnt`es
supp`rj
n nyr
stkec
`e
rkc j
rkcj
sulstrnub
`r a`
a` a`uejnk`es
a`uejnk`es
`e ly
fnyj
s`s
s`
s wk
wk 
jkkec pr`prks.
9.:.> \kdmnrtktbne Ieces rquety
us n fubpj pnnb
pnnb b`jf (\dn
(\dn nej Smkbne ;1
;1 
wmkdm ks d`eskjj sutnl a`r ue`b s`k d`ejt`es.
s b`j rpsets t sess jnbpec nej bnss `
nd b`j ns secf fubpj pnnbrs. Ke t e`rb ms
pnnbrs nr tnj ns quedyejpeje ` 
vdnf jkrdk`e  sess nej jnbpkec quntk`es n
xprssfy vnfkjnj a` t nec ` jbesk`efss rqueds ar`b
ar`b 7 t` > 7 (7 6 n 6 7 (\kd
(\kdmn
mn
 t n  ;7
;7 Z
`tm jdtk`es nr skbkfny bj ns tm sess pnnbrs n ndtuny stnd stkess vnus
Zm bnss `a ts b`jfs s jrbkej s`y ns 
rnesntk`enf bnss
bns s nej r`tntk`enf bnss b`be
b` be `a e
en
n `
`
m
nppr`prn
jdt`es
s`k bnss
ks edfujj
e t
prsentk`e.
m E`
bnssdtv
nej jnbpec
rnk`s
rd`bbejj ly \dmnr
\dmnr  n!. (  ;7 `r ke
keefy rckj
rckj dkdufnr
a`uejn`es n cve ly tm `f`wec qunt`es Fysb
nej \dnr (;11 rs p`p`sj ts `buntk`e a` 
vrkdnff 
vrkdn
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nesfn`e dns
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( 9  :  f f
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Zm fubpj pnrnbtr b`jfs cernffy rd`cekz tw`
nfren rprsetntk`es `r tm fubpj stkess trbs.
Zms quntk`es nr lnsj `e tm tm`ry ` fnstkdkty a`
fnsd mnfaspnds wktm keektfy rkckj a`uejntk`es xdpt
a`rr m`r`etn b`tk`es wmkdm us n sfkcmtfy
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sf kcmtfy jkret
jkret kckjkty
nssubtk`e `r n rkckj dkrdufnr a`uejntk`e t nppfkdnlf
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nll 6 <
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a`uejnk`es `a pfne jkbesk`es  ly  Ke tms quntk`es
t  vnus
vnu s vnry wktm tm
tm nspdt
nsp dt rntk` `a tm
tm rdtnecf Z
 vnfu a`r vrtkdn
vrtkdnff vklrntk`e rnecs
rnecs ar`b
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nppr`xkbntfy < . >
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Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
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Zmi injkc tibs ` inm ` tmisi kbpijni iqun 
`s ni tmi stntk stk
stkis
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`sk`nf b`tk` tmisi tibs ni tmi snbi ns pisitij k
mi \mntSmktbn (\kmnt
(\kmnt nj Smktbn >;1
>;1 fubpij
pnnbiti b`ji. A` tmi m`kz`tnf b`tk` tmii ks n sfkcmt
jiii jui t` nssubptk`s nl`ut tmi `ujntk`
`ujntk` kckjkty
mi pntknfkty ` tmi jkiii ks sbnff ispiknffy t`wnj
mi mkcmi nci
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kkiy
ki y kckj un a`ujnt`s
a`ujnt`s isc `
`  tmi suni
suni `
n vks`ifnst mnaspni Qiits`s nj Qil (;34 jiibij mi nnfyknf ixpiss`s
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Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
D`stnt npp`xkbntk`s `a D f nj D< ni ckvi k Znlfi
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Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
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Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥f
G>¥f www.d`edii`c
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d`vi n wji
w ji neci
neci `a jkbies`eiss aiqiedkis.
aiqiedkis. Skfi i
pnddnf nppfdnk`e `a ti df`sija`b s`tk`e pisieij
e ts
ts sid`e nej
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nti fbkij
fbkij lidnsi
lidnsi in
a`ejnt`es ni e`t keetify
ti fy kcj ` ist `e n `b`ciei`s
naspndi df`sija`b s`fk`es ni kbp`ne lidnsi tiy
dne li sij ` vnfkjni ebikdnf kbpijnedi dnfdntk`es.
Ziia`i ti ieceii s`fj lid`bi anbkfn wk isi
a`bntk`es nej si ib t` jci i isfs a`b b`i
E`vn ;7? Cnzitns ;=4
;=4  Tpidkd id`bbiejntk`es
vny wkt i typi `a nppfkdntk`e Zi ieckeii eiijs t`
siidt p`pi s`kf jnbpkec vnfis nej fkbkts lnsij `e ti
spidkd nppfkdntk`e
nppfkdntk`e A` ixnbpfi I\ ( > ;=7 id`bbiejs
ti s`f jnbpec ntk` a` si ke ti jiskce `a p`wi pfnet
ane a`ejnt`es
a`ejnt`es s`fj
s `fj e`t ixdiij
i xdiij <7 pidiet a` `kz`etnf
b`tk`e 97 pidiet a` vikdnf b`tk`e >7 pidiet ` tnesvisi `dokec b`tk`e nej >9 pidiet a` nxknf nej t`sk`enf
b`tk`es JE 7<< id`bbiejs tnt ti s`kf jnbpkec
d`bpix npp`ndis.
A` ts p`si
i ly
d`bpkfn`e
`a
jyenbkd
a`ejntk`e bpijnedis
p`vkjij
Tiit nej
Divni (;;< s pndfn
pndfnfy
fy si
9:>4 @ti bit`jseckeiis nvi sij ei
iibie b`jifs ns ne`i npp`nd ` `ltne steiss nej
jnbpec ifn`esps. \ni tne ti`idnffy nssisskec
i linv` `a ne ifnskd d`eteb pnnbitd stjis
wkt n ei iibie b`ji jiibei i bpijnedi ifnk`esps Cvie nf i npp`xbnk`es
npp`xbnk`es ev`vij
ev`vij ti nciibie litwiie ti s`t`esi naspndi ti`y nej i
ei ifibiet b`jiecks viy c``j Zi ixdipt`e ks i
`dec steiss o" a` wd isindis nvi dndfnij
slstnetnfyfnci vnis ly eki ifibiet s`fk`es (nnlnks nej
nej Lis`s > ;=9 ? `ln
`lnyns
yns nej Eksbn  ;=4 ? S`fa
nej Jnli ;=.
;=. jjk`enfy ibpkdnf ixpissk`es a`
i sntkd skeiss `a dkdfn a`ejntk`es iblijjij e` n
n`s
vlntk`e
nenfysks E`vno
`a kckj(>;7
lf`doid`bbiejs
a`ejntk`es
s`jsij
e`t eixdiij
<9 pidiet
ijdkc ti nenfytkdnfy jitibkeij ci`bitkd jnbpkec
n`s (a`b instkd nfaspndi b`jifs ly 97 pidiet a`
n jyenbd nenfysks `a ti a`ejntk`e Ziia`i ti ieckeii s`j cieiny li d`esivntkvi ke ti nppfkdntk`e `a
nenfytdny jitibkeij
jitibkeij jnbpkec vnfis
vnf is
ft`c bntikn jnbpkec ks `atie eicfidtij ns
pisietij ke 9 tnt nssbptk`e `ie finjs t` `viistkbnkec ti st is`enet nbpfktji `a ti d`pfij tnesfnt`e/`doec isp`esi `a sa
sandi a``tkecs ly sivinf ejij
pidiet lidnsi viy fkbktij ci`bitkd jnbpkec jivif`ps
jkec `dokec. Zks `viistkbntk`e dne li ijdij ly ti
keds`e `a bnti
bntiknf
knf jnbpkec
jnbpkec (9 

Z`sk`en isp`esi ks jkdft t` pijkdt lidnsi `a sfkppnci. A` sandi a`ejntk`es sfkppnci ijdis stkeiss
`b`ciei`s
s`kf nyi
dne li a`ej
a`ej
e .Isnlii nej B`ny
(>; nej nsi
nej Yskhbn
(;;
(;;.
9.:.< Njustbits t` ti`itkdnf vnfuisJnbpec e
n s`ka`ejnk`e sysib d`esksts `a w` d`bp`eies8
ci`bitd jnbpec nej bntinf jnbpkec. Zi ci`bitd
jnbpkec ipisies n binsi `a i ieicy njntij nwny
a`b i bbijni ic`e `a i a`ejn`e ly ti s`k.
Bninf jnbpec
jnbpec binsis ti ieicy
ieicy `ss
` ss ns n isft `a s`
ystiiss
ysti
iss i
iidts
idts
Tidk`es 9...> nej 9..>.< pisiet iqnk`es ` ivnfnti ci`bitd jnbpkec a` vnk`s a`ejnk`e ci`bitkis
nej jiiet typis `a s`s sec ifnstd naspndi i`kis L`t ixpiiedi nej ixpibienf isfts s`w tn
jnbpec vnis a` nci a`ejntk`es ejic`ec sbnf
vklnt`e nbpktjis ni ypdnfy iss tne `si pijkdij
nenfydnffy (I\
(I\ >;=7?
>;=7 ? E`vn ;7
;7 Zks jsdipnedy ks
nej
jnbpkec?Zi
a`kedfsk`e
a`ejntk`es
sfkppnci edinsis
ijdis jnbpkec.
kediblijjij
fsk`e `a ti
winieij z`ei
winieij
n`ej i a``tkec bny kbp`vi ti nciibiet litwiie ti
ti`y nej ti ixpikbiets Zks typkdnffy iqkis b`i
d`bpfiti d`bptilnsij ebikdnf nenfysks
e`i d`idtk`e `a ti nfaspndi ti`y bny li
iqkij ka ti s`kf jip`skt ks n snff`w fnyi istkec `e n
ckj slstntb e sd dnsis ti stkeiss kedinsis nej
ci`bitkd jnbpkec jidinsis nej dne ivie vneks k ti
aiqiedy `a ketiist (a` ixnbpfi ti ixdktntk`e aiqiedy
ks `wi tne ti st entnf aiqiedy `a ti s`kf fnyi
(nsif nej Yskhkbn >;;. A` n `b`ciei`s fnyi `a
tdoeiss  wt s`k sin wnvi vif`dkty Q ti st entnf
aiqiedkis `a ti
ti s`kf
s `kf jip`skt ni
M`z`en jkidtk`e
M`z`en
ntlij
ti pisiedi
`a s` nyis
tns`dis
iid id`bwnvis
lndo
`
` tit` vlnec
a`ejn`e.
Qnk`s
bie ijdij ci`bitd s` jnbpec vnfis (I\ >;=7?

u  P
<
Nbirkdne D` it i Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


ke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnkty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
(9<n
\IW@\Z @E A@Y EJN
EJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENBKD I^ YKWIEZ (NDK 49.4\->=)
Qrknf jr`e8
  
<

<(- )
><
(9..<l)
 xknk`e arques S f`w tmne S nej  `ey
<3
 
 pnn
 




8 8 
o 
..
<\
 . .
Lndd 
Ln
bnkn
lnus
e` e
pr`crsskv
wnv
`us `jnbpkec
cent bnes
c`btk
jnbpkec
tm nlse
`a
bnkn jnbpec, nej `ey n vry wno p`cssv wnv
`us ke m pse `a bnrn jnbpkec Zm jnbpec
pnrnbts cenj ly tm bntrn nf`e t` l usj a`r
xknk`e aque
quess  `wr tmne  nej  nr
(9..<)
(9..<j)
wm  s m
 m bntrnf
bntrnf jnbpkec rnk`
Ke m bpjne b`jfs, m
 m bncenry trbs `am m`r`enf (o) nej vnf (ov) kbpjne l`b +k wktme
tm lrn
tm
lrnot
otss `aq. (9.
(9..
. > .<n) nej
nej (9..
(9. .  .<). Zmks `r
`rt
t`e
`e
ks b`st bp`tne a`r m vtn nej m`k`enf jrt`es

tma`r
c`bk
jnbpkec
m mnfaspn
mnfa
spn ks
k sksmcm
kske wmkm
bkebn
tm smnf`w
fny.`aZms
`r`e
e`t lu
ne
nls`fut lrnop`ke lnsj `e m nfunj
n funj nyr arquey
arquey
nej tm xntk`e arquey. Zma`, tm r`bbejj
npp`nm s t` us `bpulnsj eubrn s`ut`e
tmekqus mnt rns`enlfy rpset m f`ss `a c`btk
nbpkec Ka tms s e`t p`ssklf m ece sm`ufj nppy
ujcbe ` jns tm c`bt jnbpec a` smnf`w
fny skts, ns wf ns m na`betk`ej r`bbejnt`es.
9.:4 blijbit iitsB`s a``tecs j` e`t rs `e
tm suran `a tm s`k lu n pnry bljjj. Tujs mnv
sm`we mnt
mnt bljbe
bljbe ernss
 ernss l`tm stkess nej jnbpkec
lu tm
tm erns e jnbpkec ks b`r skceknet (nus
(nusf
f  n.
; Zynpke >;;>).
;
>;;>).
@vrn bljbet s n `ae `vsbnj
lnus s` skess (smnr b`jufus) jkbeksms t`wnrj m
0
s`k sura
suran
n ju
t` jbeksmk
j beksmkec
ec `e
pssu
Sme m
bljbe
`esss
`a lno
 tmeec
spk
 mnnkstks
`a tm lno
lnoffff sm`ufj nfwnys l `esjrj
`e sjrj ke vnfunec s`f
s` f
skes
sk
esss Zm fno
f no `a `eeec pssu nt m suran
suran `a
` ae
fnjs t` spnrnk`e
spnrnk `e `a m s`f
s `f a`b tm a`uejntk`e
a`uejntk`e nej ` m
rn`e `a n cnp ns ejntj ke kc 94 wmkm skcenety jus m tkvess `a bljbet Z` ej ne
npp`xbn `r`e a`r tms t, tm ecer sm`uj
`eskjr ne kv bljbe jptm ss tmne tm tru
bljbe
Ke jrbkeec m sk
skess
ess `a bljjj a`uejntk`es
a`uejntk`es `e
npp`xbn
npp`x
bn lu vsntk npp`nm ks ` nssub
n ssub mnt m s`f
rn`es
rn
`es nec `e tm lns ne
 ne l noe ns qunf t` m`s
`a n suran
suran a`uejnk`e (mnaspn) nej tm rn`es ntec
`e tm a``ec
a``ec sjs ns qunf ` m`s `a ne ejpeje fnyr
`vfyec m mnfaspn (Ac. 9..4). Zm vnuntk`e `a m
rn`es
`a`a
n nyr
skbpfk
j nej nunj
m
nssubp`e
pfne nr
srne.
Zmksbnes
mnt tms usec
rn`es
nr noe ns qun t` m`s `a n ckj eekty `ec bnss
Nbrkdne D`t Kstktt
W`vj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b MT
kc 9.
kc
9.:
: 4-
4-ib
ibntkd
ntkd `i
iblijjij
blijjij`ujn
`ujntk`.
tk`.
ss ykejr uejrc`kec n ueka`rb b`tk`e ke ne keek
m`b`ce`us bjkub
Zm pfne strnke nppr`nm t` tm skj rntk`es mns bney
njvnetncs kt n`uets a`r ercy rnjkntk`e tmr`ucm wnv
pr`pncntk`e, njs t` f`sja`rb s`futk`es, nej nff`ws a`
m vnrkntk`e `a tm s`kf pr`prtks wktm jptm. Kt ne nfs`
nf`w a`r tm sfkppnc `e nr`uej tm a``tkec fs` tm
nppr`nm ks skbp nej bnos kt p`ssklf t` us tm s`fu`es `a suran a``tkecs lnus tm t `a tm kejpejet skj fnyr ntunffy rprsets ne nppr`xkbnt `rtk`e
`a tm mnaspn s`futk`es a`r tm bljbet t. Zmks
nppr`nm w`ros qukt wff nej kts nurny kernss wktm
ernskec arquey ftrentkvfy, tm a`rbufns nej mnts
pr`vjj ly Cnztns ( ;;) ne l usj ka b`r nunt
xprssk`es nr rqukrj.
Iquntk`es (94n) t` (94j) jsrkl tm skj skstne
`a tm bljjj yfkejr, nenf`c`us t` tm suan jkso
uskec `bpfx arqueyjpejet kbpjne
M`rk`etn jkrtk`e
(94n)
Qrtkn kbpjne8
(9.4l)
\`okec kbpjne
(94)
Z`rs`enf kbpjne
(9.4j)
e tms xprssk`es
xprssk`e s tm jyenbk smnr b`jufus Cs ks mn
mntt
`a tm skj nyr tmnt bny rprset tm lnoff Zm jkbek`efss pnrnbtrs T nej T< rfnt t` tm rnf stkess nej
m jnpkec (`ut`apmns `bp`eet `a tm kbpjne),
rsptvy Zms pnrnbtrs jpej `e tm jkbesk`ess arquey n (q. (9.) nppfknlf a`r tm fny `a
bb
b
bet
et  bntrk
bntrknff  `kss
` kss`e
`ess rntk` nts
nts `efy tm
tm m`rk`etn kbpjne cerntj ly tm a``tkec bljbet e`t
9;;74;7
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut `a qnfkty nej Ttnjjztk`l


Nbidne D`eiti
`eiti KesttutiKesttuti- D`G'¥
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
@k H
<=
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJN
A@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIE Z (NDK
(NDK 49>.4\-=)
m bpjne e `tm jr`es Ke `bpf a`rb ms
 pnrnbtrs nfs` jpej `e bnn jnbpkec ` m sj
fnyr s`fs
Zm bnmbnknf xprssk`es `r m pnnbs T
nej T ne l a`uej ke E`vn  nf. (>;= nej E`vno nej
Tmn (>;=7
(>;=7  Zms pnnbrs n rqueyjpeje?
evrtmfss, cve nf m npp`xbn`es ev`vj e m
ps tm `bpx kbpjne vnfuntj wktm`ut cnj t`
bnrn jnbpkec ly tm `bpfx nt`r (>  k <   t` jtbe ne njhustj `bpfx kbpjne
b`jfkec
jyenb
s`fvnfus
lmnv`r,
t ks `ae
suke
s sunlf
s
`esnet
t` rpset
tm pnnbs
pnnb
s `
n
nst `v
`v fkbktj
fkbkt j arquey
arquey nec
nec ` ketrs. Znlf 9 .:. > .<
sm`ws `estnet vnus a`r `msv s`kfs nej crneufn s`fs
wktm W`kss`e s ntk`
ntk` `a7.: nej 7.<9,
7.< 9, rspkvy.
rspkvy. Zm vnus
vnus
`rsp`ej ` jkbes`ess ques lwe 7.9 nej
> .9  wmkm n ypkn `a bney
bney bnme
bnme a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`es.s. Ka n
nrc arquey rnec s kbp`tne pnnbr T sm`uj l
`eskjj
`es
kjj ns aqueyjpeje nej nfuntj a`b m
xprssk`e `a kbpjne auetk`es cve ke E`vno  n
(>;= nej E`vno nej Tmtn (;=7. Bnn jnbpec ks
e`t efujj ke Znlf
Znlf 9 : > .< lu ne l n`uej a`
a` ly
usec q. (9 .:.:l
.:.:l .
Zm ecer ne npp`xbnt m `bpfx stess `
bljjj a`uejn`es ly njjec tm stess centj ly
m a``tkec
a``tkec sjs
s js ` tmn cern
cernjj ke tm lns. Ke s`b nss
 nss,,
stkess
ns tmtrb
rnf pnrt
`kbpjne
tm kbpjne
tm
kbpjne

nej\`cezec
tm jnbpkectm
n s stk
ns
tm ess
kbnckenry
` tm
tm
njhustj stkess nej jnbpkec trbs `eskjrkec bntrknf
jnbpec l`b
(njh 2 (o  kd) x ( >  < k 
 (o  <   k (d  < o
(9:.:n
njh 2 o  
(9.:.:l
d(njh 2 d  o
(9.:.:
wmr o nej d nr nufntj nssubkec prt fnstkkty
nej d keujs `efy c`btrk jnbpkec. Ttujks kejknt
mnt mks nppr`xkbnt nppr`nm ckvs suket nuny nt
`w jbes`
j bes`efss
efss rqueks
queks,, lut tm nurny
nurny jtk`nts
jtk`nts
wtm kernskec rquey. Iquntk`es (9.::l nej (9:.:
sm`w tmnt bntrkn jnbpkec rjus stkess ke njjktk`e t`
ernskec jnbpkec.
`es
`eskjntk`e
kjntk`e
m jre
f`n`e `a
tm l
bljbe
bpjne
nej`am
lns s` ke
bpjne
bny
efujj
e tm nenfysks. `r vrnf tnesfnt`e nej `rs`e, tm t`n
skess nej jnbpec sufts ke sbp njjk`e `a m tw`
vnfus. `r m`kz`enf tnesfn`e nej r`okec `upkec
ltwe m tw` b`t`es sm`uj l `esjrj
9.:.: Bntirknf Bntknf jnbpec ne l
e`p`ntj et` tm stess nej jnbpkec `a tm a``kec
e svrn wnys. m b`s jkr wny s ` er`ju m
`bpfx smn b`jufus e` m c`vkec quntk`es ` m
s`ff bjkub n tm lckeeec `a
s`
` a tm nenysks nej t` nry
nry `u
m ekr s`ut`e wtm bntrnf jnbpkec keujj.
e`tmrr wny s ` nry `u m pufy fnst
e`tm
fnst  s`fuk`e
s `fuk`e nej
me ket`ju
ket`ju bnkn jnbpkec ke`
k e` m rsuts ly nppykec
m `rrsp`eje prekpf ` vs`nstky. Sktm snjysnt `skntk
`sk ntk`es
`es `eskjj
`es kjj e tm jrvnt`e ` ``tec s-
s ne`tmr
ne`tm
nppr`nmwmkm
vnrkntk`es
`a bntrknf
Iq. (9
( 9 .:.jnbpkec
> <n t`
(9.:.>.<j
nrrnvnkfnl
kefuj
jrty ns n jkstket pnrnbtr (Qfts`s
(Qfts`s nej Qlk >;4 ?
Qfts`s nej Enkr ;:
 ;: .
kenffy, s`b eckers skbpfy njj tm bntrknf jnbpkec t`
m c`br jnbpkec `tmrks
`tmrks  jtrbkej ly tm
tm prjkec
quntk`es. Zms nppr`nm ks b`r `bb`efy usj wktm tm
\kmnrSmtbne (\kmnr
(\kmnr nej Smkne >;1
>;1 `rbufnk`es nej j`s e`t nftr tm stkess. Ke sum krubstnes,
lr`nj hujcbets nr `e nppfkj nt tm snb tkb s` tmnt
a m c`btrk jnbpkec ks fnrc, tm bntrknf jnbpkec bny
l ecfj. Tkbknrfy, bntrknf jnbpkec bny l kefujj
`efy ke tm`s nss wmr xsskv rs`ene nbpfkntk`e
s xpj. Zmks skbpf njjktkv nppr`nm
nppr`nm ks cernffy `c`cekj ns tm fnst nurnt ` tm p`ssklf btm`js
ess
ess
 m nppknt`e
tm `rsp`eje
`rsp`eje
prkekpf
`esksts
`esks
ts
`a pfnkec
m rn `a
smn
b`jufus C lytm
`bpfx
smn
b`jufus C*.
Zmss rpnbe sm`uj l j`e `essetfy wmrv
Zm
wmrvr
r C
`us ke m nsk s`u`e mks keujs tm smn wnv
vf`y nej m jkbes`ess quey (q. (9.:, wmm
`esquetfy l`b `bpfx. Zmr` nff et`es mnt
jpej `e n nr `bpx ns wff. Zm sulstuk`e `a C* ne
l j`e a nenytknf xpssk`es ` tm kbpjne o `r
`esnets o nej d n nvnkfnlf `b tm fns s`fu`e Sktm
m bntnf jnbpec keujj m pnnbts mnv m snb
bnekec ns la`r lut nfs` jpej `e m bntnf jnbpkec.
Zm na`rbet`ej
na`rbet`ej p`jus ` tm
tm efus
efusk`e
k`e `a bntkn jnbpkec et` ne nsk s`futk`e nr nunt lu e`
nwnys `eveke. Sme tm ns s`fu`e s `ltnkej
usec n eubrknf btm`j, m kbpjne ek`es n
9.9Jyebd bpijedi ` pfi `uej`es
Tess nej jnbpkec `a pkfs nr ntj ly ketntk`e
` tm pfs wktm tm surr`uejkec s`kf. Zm s`kfpkf ketnt`e uejr jyenbk f`njkec b`jks tm pkf stkess
bnokec kt arquey jpejet s wktm smnff`w `uejn`es, tms etrntk`e ns` cernts c`btrk jnbpkec.
Ke cr`ups `a f`sy spnj pkfs tm mnrntr `a jyenbk
stess nej jnbpkec ks rmr `bpfkntj ly ketrntk`e
lwe kejkvkjunf pkfs oe`we ns pkfs`kfpkf ketntk`e
`r cr`p t
Zmra`r
Zmr
a`r,, ret
r et nppr`nms a`
a`rr jtrbkekec stk
stkes
esss nej
jnbpec ` pks `eskjr s`kfpkf ketrntk`e ke trbs `a
`ekeub bmneks nej n`uet
n `uet `r
`r pr`pncntk`e `a
` a fnstk
fnstk
wnvs Zm s`utk`es t` tm pr`lfb nr lnsj `e vnrk`us
nppr`nms sum ns `etkeuub bmneks btm`js fubpj
bnss b`js tm ekt fbet b`jf, nej tm l`uejnry
`ltnej
n jkcktn
` crnpmkn
nejnppr`xkbn
nenytnf
xprssk`eske nr
e`t nvnnl.
Ke sum `rb
nss ne
nppr`nm `e usj ` n`ue a`r bnrnf jnbpkec butk
ecrn
(kc
9.9.  `a n pkf
e b`stbtm`j
nss tm
tm
 kbpjne
kbpjne
pkf  a`uejntk`e
a`uejntk`e ks jtbej `esjrkec `efy tm kbpjne ` tm pkfs. Lnus
Nbirk dne D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfk ty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A@Y EJN
EJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENBKD I^ YKWIEZ (NDK 49.4\->=)
<;
pkis ni ypdnfy usij jui ` p``r surndi nyi s`fs mi
iids
i
ids `a
` a mi s`kfs
s`k fs jidty uji tmi dnp nri
nri `i icfidij?
icfid ij?
n sifibit cnp s nssubij ` jivi`p Tbnry mi iidts
`a iblijbit
iblijbit ni `ai
`ai icfidtij
icfidt ij a drdubstndis kjdnti
tmn tmi iblijbit iid bny li sckdnt tmi p`dijuris
`ukij  94 ni `i nppfkij
mi lnskd nppr`ndm t`wnj pfi nnyss s ` st ivnunti
Zmi ickiir dn jitirbki tmi d`stnts ixpikbitnffy
`r mi`ritkdnfy. Zmi tmi`ritkdnf nppr`ndm ks d`bb`fy usij
lidnusi ixpirkbits tm`ucm viry usiauf nri jkduft t`
ciirnfki K tmi tmi`ritkdnf
ciirnfki
tmi`ritkdnf nppr`ndm tmi jynbkd stkiss
stkiss
s `ltn
`ltnij
ij ly dnfdufntkc tmi a`rdis
a`rdis iijij
iij ij t` pr`judi n ukt
nbpftuji vklrntk` `a tmi pkfi minj k tmi prisdklij jkrid` ns sm`w
sm`w k Akc.
Akc. 9 9 .  n nj
nj jksdussij
jksdussij k 94 . A` n skcfi
skcfi
tmi
pnrnbit
irs `a n ni
skci
p fi.. @di`r
pfi
mimi
misi
si pnrnbiirskbpijndi
(skiss pnrnbitirs
nj jnbpkc
istnlsmij
skcfi
pki mi c`up iidts nri jiibij. @mi nppr`ndmis
sudm ns kti iibi nnfyss bny b`ji nj d`skji l`m
iids skbufni`usfy.
99> Tkcfi pkfisJynbkd limnv`r `a iblijjij
pkis jipijs ` ixdktn` aiquidy nj tmi bnirn nj
ci`bitrd p`pitkis `a l`m mi pfi nj s`kf. Zmi pkfi ks
jisdrlij ly ts icm lijkc nj nxn skiss kp/ij
d`jtk`s bnss nj lntti (kdfkn` r`b mi virkdn
T` limnvk` jipijs ` s`k pr`pirkis nj tmi s`kfs
s` kfs vnrn
vnrn-tk` wkm jipm (nyic
Jynbd isp`si `a n pkf
pkfi
isupp`tij
supp`tij a`ujnk`
a`ujnk` jipijs
` mi jynbkd stiss nj jnbpc ` tmi pfis Zmisi
pr`piris a`
a` n scfi pkfi dn li jisdklij
jisd klij k irbs `a iktmi
kbpijndi `r jynbd siss nj iquvnfi vksd`us
p
pi
mi kbpijndi
nt tmi pkfi minj dn li jitirbkij `b
miia`f`wkc
iquntk`s
Qirtkdn trn
trnsfntk
sfntk`
`
jnbpkc s priv`us
jnbpkc
priv`usfy
fy isnlfsmij tmisi ni
n i rintij
rintij ns
/ 2 ? + kS?
(9.9.fn
(99fj
(99fl
nj
(9.9fd
M`rkz`tnf trnsfntk`8
nj
N 
d  
r7   Huz
(99
\`tntk` `a tmi pkfi minj k tmi virtkdnf pfni
eeu
Fuij
B
B
(99f
kc. 9 9
kc.
9B
Bnti
ntibntk
bntkdnf
dnf b`jifs usij `r jynb
jynbkd
kd nn
nnffysks
`pkfis.
ov2Kf
Qkf
Mkzf
kf
kc.
k
c. 9 9>
9 > nCiir
nCiirntk`
ntk` `pkfi stiss
stiss k kjkjunf jkridtk`s.
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
k
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
47
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lfi 9. 9. Ttkeiss ej jb
j b pke
pkec
c prb
prbitis
itis `r
`r Iq (9 9 > ) t` (9 9 > o) a`
 5 <9 (E`vo >;3:)
Tkeiss
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7.7>
7.7
7.7
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m am a   _ n< _

nej
IK 

d  P
 s
(99c
  TE

TETT
TT
  E

D`pfkec liwiie m`rk`etn trnesn`e nej `tn`e8
(99m
nej
(99>kk
(99>
Z`s`e8
 C PR
 

nej
(9.9.>h
)
(99o
Cnpmdnf ` nlun d`bpfnt`es `a tmi   nej  aued(E`v
`v o ;
;
k`es nr psetj e n vnrkty ` s`urdis (E
>;33?? umbiyi >;3;nl
>;33
>;3;nl nej ni edfujij e s`bi s`wnr
wn
r pndnc
pndncs.
s. nl
nlf
f 9. 9. > ne
nejj Akc. 9 . 9 .  l sm`w
sm`w ms
ms ededk`es a`r d`edrii pfis E`ti tmn misi edk`es nri cieinfy jpejie `e bney pnrnbtis nej tmi `kcenf s`ud
(E`vno >; sm`uj li d`esuj `r tmi e`bnk`e Ka tmi pki minjs ni pkeeij e` mi `uejnk`e lf`do
o  o"
 7 nej
 d"  d
da`
 pkeeij
me
7 ke tmminj
pvk`us
a`buns
nejo"sm`uj
li d
ivnfunij
pfis
mi virkdnf d`esnets nlifij  ni mi snbi ` tmi xij
.
.
Iq
kc. 9. 9. > lT
kc.
lT
iss nj jnbpkc pnrnbitirs
pnrnbi tirs `r
9 9. > l nj 9.
9.9.
9. >d
>d `no
`no >; 3:. E`ti  nj
Nfs` Q ks ti d`bprissk` wn
wnii if`dk
if `dk `t
ti

i pkfi riir
t` sidtk` 9.9.>.
  
nej peeij minjs Zmi r`tntk`enf pnrnbitirs   
  nej
nej
 nr
nr nppkdnlf
nppkdnlf `efy k  tm
tm pkf k s nssubj
nssubj `
jiskceij t` li r`tntk`enfy
r`tntk`enfy xij t`
t` tmi pkfi dnp Ke cieirnf
m nej edtk`es jpej `e
` e tm a`ff`wkec
a`ff`wkec jkbesk`efiss pnrnbitirs8
n Jkbies`efiss riquiedy n  bQs (e`ti tmnt tmks
vnu ks
k s dnfdufntj uskec tm pkf rnjkus nej typkdnffy ks
k s budm
sbnir tmne tmi n dnfdufntij a`r n d`bpfiti s`kf supp`rij
`uejnk`e
l \fntkv stkess ` tm s`kf t` tm pkf wmkdm dne l
jisdrkij iktmir ly tmi b`jufus rntk`
`r tmi vif`dkty
rnt`  Qd e wmkdm Qd ks tm d`bprssk`e
d`bpr ssk`e wnv vf`dkty
vf `dkty ` tm
tm
pkfii iqunf t`
pkf
wktm  iqunf t` tmi pkfi bnss jieskty
d Zmi bnss jieskty rntk`
` tmi s`kf nej tmi
tmi pkfi
pk fi
j Zm sejress rntk` fr ke wmkdm f ks pkf
pk f fectm
I/W
CIW

p/pW
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnkty ne Ttnnzntk`l
Nbidne D`edriti Kesttuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A@Y EJN
EJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENBKD I^ YKWIEZ (NDK 49.4\->=)
4
i Bntirnf jnbpkec `a l`m s` nej pkfi
 Zmi pi
p iss kp
 kp risrnket
risrnket d`ejtk`e nej r`ntk`enf
r`ntk`enf xty
ty `a
tmi minj
c Qnrntk`e
Qnrntk`e `a s`kf nej pfi pr`pirtkis wm jiptm
misi and`rs nidkec tmi auedt`es  nri e`t `a iqunf
kbp`rnedi ke nf stun`es @aie s`bi `a tmib dne li
eicfidij, bnokec k p`sskli
p`sskl i t` prisie eubirkdnf
eubirkdnf vnuis `a
uejiristkbntk`e `a stkeiss nej `viristkbntk`e `a jnbpkec
vnuis nt ariquiedkis j 6 > (Cnzitns it nf. >;;4.
>;;4 . jj
jjk-k`eny
`en
y tmi
tmi ntirnf rnjkntk`e jnbpkec ixmklkts spurk`us mkcm
sieskvkty t` W`kss`es rntk` wmkdm ks bnkefy dnusij ly tmi
ristrdtk`e `a virtkdn s`kf
s`k f jia
ji a`rbntk`e ketr`judij
ketr`judij ly tmi pfnke
strnke b`jif (Cnitns it nf >;;4 Zmiria`ri kt ks rid`bbiejij tmnt jyenbkd pkfi kbpijnedi li dnfdufntij uskec
tmi
edk`es e mi a`rb
a`rb `a tnlis nej dmnrs a`r
a`r s`bi
s `bi lnskd
dnsis
mi pfi
pf i s
s eiss
eiss jbek
jbeksmis
smis wtm ariquiedy
ariquiedy qukdofy a mi
s`kf s viy wino rifntvi ` tmi pfi Zmks mnppies wmie mi
s`kf sminr b`jufus s viy `w `r wmie tmi pi s viry stk.
Ke njjkt`e, jyenbd steiss dne li d`eskjirij prndtkdny
kejipiejie `a iquiedy a`r sfiejir pfis ke nvirnci s`f
mi bnceny pnt `a tmi kbpijnedi (pkfi jnbpec
cr`ws nfb`s fkeinrfy wktm ariquiedy
ariquiedy nej miria
miria`ri
`ri dne li
riprisietij ly d`estnets `a iquvniet vksd`us jnbpec d
wmdm nri ns` nfb`st ariquiedykejipiejiet. @ey li`w
tmi auejnbienf enurn ariquiedkis `a tmi s`f nyir (Iq
(9..<n nej (9..<l j`is ci`bitrd jnbpec vnesm nej
bnirkn jnbpkec ribne ns mi prkedpnf s`urdi `a ieircy
jksskpnk`e Ke pntkdunr Iq (9<n nppkis ` a`uejn
tk`e vklrn`es pr`judec m`rz`etn b`t`e (a`r ixnbpfi,
ei
ifibiet
b`jis `r
d`bputir d`jis
d`bputir
spidkdnffy
jivif`pij a`r
tmks purp`si
ftintkvify
tmi nppr`ndm
pr`p`sij
ly Cnzitns it n. ( > ;;   >;;4 nej Byf`enoks nej Cnzitns
(  ;;
;; , >;;;
>;;; d`ufj li usij ka tmi sd`pi `a tmi a`uejntk`e
jisce j`is e`t wnrrnet b`ri s`pmkstkdntij tidmekquis.
99< Wkfi Wkfis nri usunffy usij ke n cr`up. Zmi
limnvk`r `a n pki cr`up jipiejs `e tmi jkstnedi litwiie
ejkvkjun pkfis.
pkfis . Smie tmi jkstnedi litwiie
litwiie kejkvkjunf
kejkvkjunf pkfis
pkf is
s nr
nrci
ci (<7 jknbi
jknbitirs
tirs `r b`ri tmi pkfis j` e`t nidt
nidt indm
`tmir nej tmi cr`up stkeiss nej jnbpkec nri tmi subs `a
mi d`etrklutk`es ar`b tmi kejkvkjunf pkfis. Ka, m`wivir, tmi
pfis nri df`siy spndij tmiy ketirndt wktm indm `tmir. Zmks
pfis`kfpkfi ketirndtk`e `r cr`up iidt ixirts n d`eskjirnli keuiedi `e tmi stkeiss nej jnbpkec `a tmi
tmi cr`up
9.9<.> Wkfi ktirndtk`
ktirndt k` icfidtij
icfidtij spndkec litwiie
pfis rindmis <7 jknbitirs `r b`ri tmi ketirndtk`e litwiie
m`rk`etnf
nej t`rs`e
vklrnt`es
Iq (9<l
nppfkis
t` a`uejnk`e
vlrnk`es
pr`judecnejvikdnf
b`tk`e
(a`r
ixnbpfi, virkdnf nej r`dec vklrntk`es. T` jnbpec
dne tmie li ivnfunij uskec Iq (9<d nej (9<j Zmi
jksnppinrnedi `a ci`birkd jnbpec bny li ixpidij a`r
f`w ariquiedis nej smnff`w fnyirs st s`s `r l`m
pnt `b tmisi stun`es ariquiedykejipiejiet vksd`us
jnbpkecc d`estnes nej
jnbpke
ne j au
auedtk`es  wmkdm
wm kdm jiei mib nri
sudiet a`r prnddnf nppkdnt`es.
mi bnss jieskty rnt` p/pW s ne`mir and`r
and`r wm`si iidt
ks fkbktij ` ixtribi dnsis. @efy a`r viry minvy pis j`
tmi pi steiss nej jnbpec dmneci skcednefy wkm mi
bnss rnk`
mi W`kss`es rn` iid s viy wino a`r virtkdnf vlrntk`e nlsie a`r `rs`e nej e` viry str`ec a`r tmi `tmir
b`jis `a vklrntk`e uefiss mi W`kss`es rnk` nppr`ndmis
pfis
pf
iscr`up
dne lidne
eici
eicidtij
Zmie tmi
nej jnbpkec
`a tmi
pfi
li dtij
jitirbkeij
ly stkeiss
tmi subbntk`e
`a jyenbkd
steiss
st
eiss nej jnbpkec
jnbpkec `a tm
tmii kejkvkjunf pkfis.
pkf is. Ke bney dnsis,
ektnf dndufntk`es nri pira`rbij eicfidtkec tmi ketirndtk`e.
e `virnf cr`up idkiedy andt`r ks tmie jitirbkeij nej
nppfkij t` tmi subbntk`es
e tmi virkdn nej m`rk`etnf jkridtk`es tmi subbntk`e
s strnkcmta`rwnrj A`r t`rsk`e nej sfkjkec d`upfij wktm
r`doec, tmi p`sktk`e `a tmi dietir `a crnvkty (DC nej tmi
nrrnecibiet `a tmi pkfis ke pfne nri kbp`rnet. Zmus tmi
cr`up stkeiss nej jnbpkec wktm rispidt t` r`tntk`e nri n
edt`e `a tmi m`rkz`etnf virtkdnf nej b`biet riskstnedi
`a ejkvkjun pkfis nej tmi pkfi fny`ut.
Yejir tmi nssubptk`e `a keektify rkckj pkfi dnp limnvk`r,
a tmi pkfi cr`up ks r`tntij ne nb`uet  nl`ut tmi nxks
pnsskec tmr`ucm kts DC (Akc 99.<>n tmi minj `a pkfi 
7.9 nej ariquiedkis
nri mkcm.rmir
Zmimiriid
`a W`ss`es
rnk`
IKI
IK
I`e
pnrnbitirs
rijudij
ka tmi rn`
W
 nej dne li r
CK
CK


rnmir mne W ks usij ` jiei mi skeiss rntk`.
mi sfiejiiss rn` r nej mi tp d`ejtk`es nri viry
kbp`ne a`r sm`r pfis pntdunry a`r vidn b`t`e
lidnusi mi pkfis nri st e mnt jkrid`e. A`ntec pkfis
(ns` dnfij arkd`e pkis mnvi f`wir seiss lut mkcmir
jnbpkec mne iej linrec pkfis. Ke tmi m`rkz`etnf jkridtk`e,
pkis iej ` li viy ixlfi. D`esiquiety, pnrnbiirs  
nej lid`bi prndkdnfy
prndkdnf y kejipiejiet `a p
pfi
fi iectm nej mi
tkp d`ejk`e a`r r crinir tmne <9 a tmi s` bijkub ks
m`b`ciei`us
@lsirvnk`es succis mnt tmi b`st kbp`tne and`rs
d`er`kec tmi steiss nej jnbpkec edtk`es nej  nri
tmi seiss rn` rintkec s`kf steiss t` pfi stkeiss mi
s`k pr`fi, nej, a`r tmi vikdn jridt`e, tmi tp risrnket
uejirc`is
trnesfntk`e uk  '[• virtkdnf trnesfnv 2 ]m`rkz`etnf
`e
k nej r`tntk`e 'k 2  A`r tmi t`rsk`enf stkeiss
nej jnbpkec `a tmi cr`up, tmi r`tntk`e  nppfkij nt tmi DC
wksts tmi pkfi ly tmi snbi necfi nej trnesfntis kts minj
m`r`etny ly n jkstnedi iqunf t`  (Akc. 99<.> l. Sktm
misi d`eskjirntk`es
d`eskjirntk`es nej tm
tmii e`tntk
e`tntk`e
`e sm`w
sm`wee ke Akc. 9 . 9 . f n
nej 99
9 9  l
 l tmi stkeiss nej jnbpkec `a tmi pkfi cr`up a`r
ejkvkjun b`tk`es, ns riairiedij t` tmi dietr`kj `a tmi pkfi
cr`up, nri ns a``ws
Qirkdn trnesntk`e
d`ejtk`e
sm`ujrip`tij
li e`ijlymnt
tmi stkeiss
nej jnbpec
auedt`esKt nej
E`vn
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`ltnkeij

uskec pfnke srnke b`jifs, wmdm ker`judi sulstnenf
c  h d
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
(9.9.<.>n
nej
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
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9.9<>n-Wkfi jkspfndibits `r jitirbkntk` `
cr`up stiss
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pfndibits
ts `r jitirbkntk`
jitirbkntk` `
cup stiss nj jnbpkc rifntij t` ukt t`rsk` ³
M`rk`tnf rnsfn`
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tmisi jkstn
jkstndis
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nri ns kjkdntij
kjkdntij k Akc. 9 9 < . f n nj
9 .9 .<. f l. Zmi vir
virtkd
tkdn
n idditrkd
idditrkdkty
kty [ sm`ufj li njjrissij ns
prisitij k 9.1. Zmisi stkiss nj jnbpkc tirbs `r tmikr
kbpijndi iquvnfits riprisit vnfuis d`bpnrnlfi t` tmi
tirbs ivif`pij a`r n s`kfsupp`rtij a`ujntk` k 9:
<< Wkfi ktirndtk` d`skjirij spndkc
liwii pkis ks iss tmn <7 jknbitirs, tmiy ktirndt wktm
indm `mir lidnusi tmi jkspfndibit `a `i pkfi d`trkluis t` tmi jkspndibits `a `tmirs. Ttujkis ` tmisi iidts
dnf `r tmi d`skjirntk` ` tmi s`kf ns n d`tkuub Zmi
stujkis `a tmi jynbkd pkfis`kfpkfi ktirndtk` pr`vkji tmi
a`f`wkc jkcs
jkcs
n Jynbkd cr`up iidts nri pr`a`uj nj jkir d`skjirnlfy r`b stntkd cr`up iidts.
l Jynbkd
iidt ks b`ri pr``udij ns tmi
ubli
ublir
r ` pki
pkiss cr`up
drinsis
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wm ariquidy nj tmisi vnrkntk`s nri b`ri jrnbntkd tmn
wmm skcfi pkfis.
w
pkfis .
j Cr`up stkiss
stkiss nj jnbpkc dn li iktmir rijudij
rijudij `r
kdrinsij ly pkis`kpki
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Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
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a` mi typdnf pkfi spndec usij ke pnddi s 6 9 Zmisi
cuis nfs` mcmfcmt tmi andt tmn stnd keindt`e and`s
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ne j tm
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ks e` skbpf wny `a nfvkntec tms d`bpfxks. Ys suktnlfi d`bpui p`cnbs ` jisdli tmi jyenbkd c`up skess nej jnbpec `v n l`nj aquedy nec `v o nej
Tmitn ;=<
;=< 
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iss uskc jynbkd ktirndtk`
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ki c`ups sm`uj li pia`bij uskec n sunlfi d`bpui
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snli a` mnej dndufn`es dne li a`bufnij lnsij `e
yenbd etindk`e and`s  Zmi keindt`e andt`s jivi
`b tm ja`bntk`es `a w` quny `njj ps nej cv

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Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b MT

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`ntec pkfis ke m`b`ciei`us s`kf dd`jkec t` mnt
b`j tm sp`es `a tm dkv pkf t` tm `sdkffntk`es
`a tmi s`udi pkfi ks iqunf npp`xkbntify t` tmi isp`esi
`a tmi aiiifj s`kf nt tmi f`dntk`e `a tmi idikvi pkfi
Lnsj `e tm sulhdt nssubptk`e tm ketndtk`e andt`s
ni jieij nej dnfdufntij ns a`ff`ws
9;;74;7
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l


Nbidne D`eiti
`eiti KesttutiKesttuti- D`G'¥
G'¥ www.d`edii`c
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9;;74;7
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ne, ypkny, i ietir `a crnvkty `a ti systib s nl`vi
tm etr `a ssne p`v ly tm s`, blbe,
pkis, ne ney `blkenk`e `a tmisi A` sbpkky `a nenysks, bney a`uen`es nri inti ns n rck l`y, ne tmikr
et `a cnvy ks us ns  p`ke `a are a`r nf
kspnibies ne `tn`es Zmus, stkeiss ` bpinei
pr`vk ly m supp`t
supp`t sysb
sysb (pfs, s`fnt`e spkecs, s`,
s` ,
`r s`k iblibiet s`u li trnesa`bi t` rii risstnei p`vi ncnest b`tk`es `a ti ietir `a crnvkty Ke
tms nenyss, n m`kz`etnf trnesntk`e s ss e`t `ey ly
m`k`etnf
s`k rin`es,
nfs` ly b`biets
Zs
rs
t` n `upfec
ltwelu
rnesnk`e
ne `nk`e
necvis
m
`rsp`ekec `knc`en ` `ss stess ne nbpec
virn
b`tk`et`nri
ketr`ui
Zmus, b`st
kfkcetfy nmr
cukkes
t` bkekbkz
sum ieckeiis
kepfne ertks. e xtrb nss, kt bny li nppr`prknt t` vf`p
mi bntrkx ns n auff skxlyskx bntrkx ui t` iietkks.
s. A`r `tmr `blkentk`es `a krtk`es ke `tmr ``kent
systibs, tmi skce `e tmi `knc`enf tirbs bny mneci, s`
`si nttietk`e t` skce `evietk`e ks riqukri Zmks trnesa`rbntk`e t` tmi DC bny li ivif`pi `e stkeiss ne
nbpec trbs `r lns `e kbpnei.
O
mi iibie steiss auet`es o ni nfunti nssubec
tmn tm
tm pkf s vrnf, u
uss
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
49
.3Ni bss d`dip
Zm yenbk stkess `a suranis ne pkf a`uentk`es
bny li`bi eicntkvi a`r irnke ariquiekis, ns sm`we
e prvk`us stk`es. Zmks ks lnusi tm yenbk stkeiss npturis tmi rkckkty ne keirkn `a tmi vklntkec s`kf,
ns ksussi ke 9.< ne Iq (9.< Zypknf stutunf `is
`
e`t mnv
tm npnlkfkty
`eut
uskec
tm
`bpix
ariquiey
risp`esi t`bitm`
ne,nenfysks
tmiria`ri,
nee`t
n wktm ecntkv sprkecs kritfy. Ke tmks ns, tm `ept
`a ni bnss ne li usi wmie infkec wktm eicntkvi
sprkecs Zmks ks `ei ly nenf`cy wktm tmi skecfiicrii`aar`b (TJ@A systb stuk ke 9.<. A`r tmks purp`s,
Iq. (9 4 < ks
k s riwrkt
riwrkttie
tie ne sm`we
sm`we ke Iq (9. 3. ktk`enf
ktk`enf
tnkfss rcnrkec tm `ept `a ni bnss/kertkn t` b`f
tnkf
arqueypeet kbpne etk`es ne l a`ue ke
Tnkt`m (<773
o(r) 2 \i(( 2 o9>-b9S< 2 o9?-b9?S
(9.3
wmr o(w  o?(w ks yenbk stkeiss `ket `a tm
a`uentk`e a`r vklrntk`e b`i k ne bnmkei ariquiey w
(tmn
(t
mntt ks, , ou o , t
t.?
.? o 2 o(@) 2 o?(@) ks stntk stkess
`ikiets
(tmnt ks,
osw o9 b`i
os) ne
b9?
o9 - o`a(r)R/r
(r)tmiR/r<a`uentk`e
< ks ni keirtkn
2 _o9
k nt
a`ro9
vklrntk`e
arquey  (tmnt ks, b bu  H)
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi KestktutiKestktuti- D`SG>¥4
G>¥4 www.d`edii`c
41
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A@YEJNZK@ET
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\`n`n Ar L` A`rs
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1-D`upfk c i
iidt
idt ktr`judij ly n ifintij DC.
9.=-Tbpfi kbpijedi dfdftk`es
9> Tnff`w a`ujntk`s
a`ujntk`s
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sd`
` pss ub
ubdnf dnfdunk`s uskc tmi iqunk`s r`b tmi pivk`us
sid`s k Dmnpi 9 @y i virdnf bpindi ks
dfu t `m kdk`s a`ff`w tm snb npp`nd.
isi dnfdufnk`s
dnfduf nk`s ni `t typdnf `a nff bndi `u
`untk`
ntk`ss
n ns sudm l`n d`dfus`s nl`u sus `b nn
iqunt`s s`uf `t li indmi Zi isufts ` misi vnk`us
dndufn`s nri ckvi k n
nlfi
lfi 9=
9 =   n
Cvi quntis8
T`kf smn b`uus C  7 osk
>7777 la/a
(1;777777
(1;7777
77 E/b
E/b
T`kf `ss`s rn
rnt`
t`  2 79
7 9
T`kf wkc sky   <7 fl/ ( =.=1 oE/b 
Bntikn nbpc Wb 2 9 pidi `r 779
T`kf s
 s d`mskv
d`mskv
Bnt a`unt` wt  2 <7  (1b
Bnt a`unt` fictm l 2  9  (9
(9b
b
Bndm
Bnd
m sp  497 b
Iid
Ii
dvi
vi ibli
iblibi
bit
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ipm
m 2 4  (b
quvnft nkus ` vtkdnf vklntk`8
(<7 (f9 
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Dkdufn
Dkd
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T` bnss iskty 
2 (><7
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at (fla/
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oc/b
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Ldnus tmks bndmk cnts n mnb`kd ynbkd
a`d wm n qudy tmnt bntdms tm bndmk sp tm
ariquidy ` tmi b`tk` wkff bntdm tmi `pirntkc spii w
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E`bis`nf iquidy8
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Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
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d
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E` bnirknf jnbpkc
7.1 3 
 irdi sji bniknf
jnbpc
Iq )
;
Njhus ly Iq ) nj
Njhus
d
 > 1

 vns mnv e le jd ns ksdssj  9:
Zlfi 9 .=
.=.. > lQ
lQ
  uis ` 
Bitm`j > 8 Lsi vitkdf
vitkdf kb pijdi-T
pijdi-Tidtk
idtk`
`
9.:..<, Iq. (9.:.>.<d)
Ar`b
Ar
`b Znl
nli
i 9 = l8
(Qnuis
(Q
nuis a`
a` 7.:9 nri keip`ntij
keip`ntij liwiie
liwiie 7.44
7. 44 nej 7.9 .)
  7.44
7.9
  7.:9
[>  7.497
'  7=77
'  7777
'  7.397
7.777
7777
7.74
7<49
737
7<7
7.=97
7.=<>
@
v  7.7
733
7.17
7.177
7177

7<
7.77
7.7
@@@

777
7.77
7.77
777
7777
7.777
7.7<
7<3
77
7.37
 77
7777
777
7777
7.777
77
7.37




77
7777
737
77
  7<,4=9:9_7;9=4 + 7:34>R
;=77777 + :=:77777 fla/at

  2- 777=9 


 + _(7<49)(7931) y

Zmi stkeiss ks iquknfiet t` tmi rinf pnrt `a ov*
(9.=.>i)
  ;= ,> 77,777 l
l
 `r =  37 okp
okp/ke
/ke (> :4 > oE/
oE/bb
bb)) (9 =  > m)
Zmi jnbpkec d`estnet ks jirkij r`b tmi kbncken pnrt
`a  *
Wnrnbitir 
  [>[<DyynnH
 + (ynh
( 7 > 74 ) (7
(7.. <4 9 )_
)_(( 7 < 4 9 ) (7
(7.. 9 31
31)R
)R 
> + _(7<49)(7931)R 
v  7

[
[
[
[
(774) 7<49)(7931) 
2
v@
K
Wnrnbiir ]v
 j 
(9.=. > 
2
7 . 77
777
7 :4
:41
1
(=,:77,777
77 fl
fl/a
/at)/
t)/(4119
(4119 rnj
rnj/s)
/s) > 4 < > ,777 fla-s/
fla-s/
  (=,:77,7
`r  > 7.  okp
okp-s/k
-s/ke.
e. ( > ;.<= oE
oEs
s/b
/bb)
b)
(9. = f k)
edujkec bntirknf jnbpkec tmr`ucm Iq (9:l) nej
(9 ..
..d)
d) kifjs
kif js njhustij
njhustij stkeiss nej jnbpkec
jnbpkec tibs
tibs `a
Qikdnf bpijnedi
(9.=.fh)
(9.=.c)
"v    
-
--
+  + R
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
(njh)  ;=> 77
777
777
77  <(7
<(779)(>4<
79)(>4< > 7
777
77)(
)(4119)
4119)
;4 47777
4777777 fla/
fla/at  3337 okp/ke. ( > 147 oE/bb
oE/bb))
(9.=.fo)
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbikdne
Nbik
dne D`editi Kestkt
Kestktutiuti- D`
D`G>
G>f
f
 www.d`edii`c
4=
\IW@\Z @E A@YEJN
A@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49>.4\-=)
nj 2 >4<777 + <779;=77777/4119
 >9=;777 fla-s/ 2 > 4<. : okp-s/ke.
okp-s/ke. <4 .< oE-s/b
oE-s/bb
b
Bitm`j <8 Lsi virtkd
virtkdff kb pijdi-Tidtk`
9.:..< j Iq. (9.:..<c), Zlfi 9.:.>.<
Ysi mi snbi eput jnn ns lia`i
lia`i Ysi `a Zn
Znli
li 9 : > <
s nf`wij lidnusi  ks fiss mne <.7. A`b Znlfi 9.:..<
usec d`miskvi s`f >
2 3.9  2 1.=
t7
7  9 o + 47 okp
at>
> 9 49 at
S 2 <7 at
2 > =3.9 okp  =49 oE
oE
9.=.>
Imir wikcmts (S  `r bnssis (b  dne li usij ke
q.  9.
9.:.
:. > .  n pr`vkj
pr`vkjij
ij d`eskstied
d`eskstied ks bnketnke
bnketnkeij.
ij. Zmi bnss
bnss
rn` `r tms dndufntk`e ks
 2  >  v
v
:
: 2   7.:9 > =39 okp/
okp/
_:7
_:
7 > < od;33
od;33 
 R 2 7<47
9=>s
Qirkdnf bpijnedi
* 2   +  
2   ::7777 fla/
3.9 + 7.9311.=
fla/;.33 3.9
   799 77777 + 99
99 > 77777 la
la/
/
9.=
9
.= . > >
 2 79977777 la/a `r =3;7 okp/ke 94;4 oE/bb
9.=.>b
Zmi jnbpec d`estne ks jirvij a`b ti kbncken pnr
`a *
 2 99
99 77777/41.19  > 974777 la-s/
la-s/aa
`r >< 9. 4 okp-s
okp-s/ke.
/ke. < > .; oEoE-s/b
s/bb
b
9.=
9
.= . e
Dnduntk`es usec p`fe`bnf
p`fe`bnf ixpnesk`es `  nej 
supp`t ti tnlufntij d`esnets a` mks spiij `a `pintk`e
 2 7931 A`r mcmir spiijs ti jiiedi litwiie i
d`estne vnfui nej ti p`e`bknf ni skcedne
Kedfujec bntirn jnbpkec tm`uc q. 9.:.:l nej
9::d kifjs njhustij seiss nej jnbpkec tirbs `a8

9 = `
nj 2 ><94 + <779=3;7/4119
nj
2 :; 4 op-s
op-s/e
/e <1 > oEoE-s/b
s/bb
b
9=
9
=  p
Bitm`j 48 Lsi virtkdf kb pijdi-\kdmrt
j

j Smktb (;1
(;13)
3)  Iq. (9.:. . > )
),, (9 .:. >.
>.>> l), j
(9.:.>.k)
(9.:.>.
k)
Zms npp`ndm
npp`ndm ks vnfkj a`
a`  iss tne > 7 Nssubi i
bndei wikcs 47 op >49 oE nej ti bnt `uejntk`e ks
4 9    7 7 bb mkdo Zisi nssubpk`es
nssubpk`es ni e`t skce
skce
dnet a` tmi kbpijnedi ke i virtdnf jkidk`e? tmi  nej
 vnuis nri e`t jipiejie `e misi wikcts. A`r `nk`en
b``es tiri s s`bi be`r jipiejiedi `e mi spidkd
nssubij vnuis.
Zmi lnsi stkeiss
stkeiss ks dnfduntij ns
 2 :
:
/>  v  : > ::7777 fl/
fl/;.33 /  7.:9
> 7<477777 l£ ` =947
=94 7 okp/ke
okp/ke  :;9 oE/bb 9
9=
=  q

Zmi `tnf wic `a bndmei nej a`uejnt`e ks
 7.:<9  7.:<9  7.==1  ==1%

v 
7.<4
9=>t
Zmi `tn sstib bnss ks
Zmi steiss ks iquvnfie ` mi rin pnrt `  
nj 2 =3
=3;7
;7  <7.79><9.441.19
2 =44 7 op/e
op/e  :17 oE/b
/bb
b
Jnbpec rntk` ci`bitrkd jnbpkec

=3.9 okp
4= 1: ke/s
ke/s 
9=>u


 7:=9 okp-s /ke 77 =9 oE-s /bb



Zmi jnbpkec d`estnet ks dnfdufntij ns
  < Jv  B
---------
okp/ke7:=9
/ke7:=9 okp-s /ke
 <7==1 =947 okp
2 > : op-s/ke. <7 oE-s/b
oE-s/bb
b
9.=. > v
Z` edfuji tmi bntirknf jnbpkec ns n skbpfi njjktk`e ti
9 pirdiet bntirknf jnbpkec ks njjij t` tmi  vnfui nej
Iq 9 : >   m s nppfkij Zmi stk
stkeiss
eiss ks e`t
e`t nftiri
nftirijj ke tmks
nppr`ndm
  < Jv  B
PPPPPP

2 < ( 7 . ; 4 1 ) ( = 9 4 7 o k p /k . )( 7 . : = 9 o k p - s / k . )
9=>w
2 > <7.: okp-s/k
okp-s/ke.
e. <  .  oE
oE-s
-s/b
/bb
b
Bitm`j : Lsi vitkd
vitkdff  b pijdipijdi-Qifis`s
Qifis`s j
Qirld (>;34)
Qiis`s nej Qirlkd ;34 prisiets b`ri d`bpfiti
virs`es
virs
`es ` 9 : > < Iq 9:
9 :  <d, tmnt
tmnt kedfuj
kedfujii bntir
bntirknf
knf
jnbpkec. Tm`rt ` n d`bpfiti d`bpfix j`bnke s`futk`e
tms nppr`ndm ks nddiptij ns tmi list dnfdufntk`e lnsks Sk
Sktm
tm
bnirn jnbpkec `a 9 pirdiet tm`si iquntk`es kifj
 2 =747 okp/ke. :71 oE/bb
op-s/ke
e <4 : oE-s/b
oE-s/bb
b
 2  44 9 op-s/k
Iblijbi vitkdf kbpijdi-Iq (9:4l)
Lidnusi tmi jbiesk`efiss riquie
riquied
d  2 79 31 ks ke tmi
tmi
rneci
rne
ci `7 .9 t`  .9  tmi usi
usi `a Zn
Znlfi
lfi 9 :. > < nd
ndt`r
t`rss ks pirbks
pirbks
skli r`
skli
r`b
b Znli
Znli 9 : > <,  2 < 3,  2 1 3
Iblj ikdf  pijnedi
Iblj
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
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`atmi bndmkei
a`ejn`e sstb nbpktjs
nbpkt js dnsj
dns j l tm nppfkj jenbkd
kc. 9 =. > nCiirnf bndki
kc.
bndk i klrntk` siirk dnrt
d nrt
tir nj Linrj >;13
a`rdis N a`rdij risp`esi nenfsks ks d`virij ke 11
Zms tw` stncs kev`fv n s`ftk`e `a tm qntk`e `a
b`tk`e8
.
.

6.
.
n

6. >

.
>
>
>
>
>
 
>
>
n \idpr`dnc
kc. 9 =.>
=. > lD`bpnrks` `pirbkss
pirbkssklfi
klfi jks
jkspfn
pfndibi
dibits
ts bkfs
bkfs `r i d`bpny
d` bpny stnjnrjs.
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`v y K a
E` rip`udtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbktt wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
>
 
 \`nc
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
>
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\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@E
ZK@E A@\ J[ENKD I ^YWIEZ (NDK 49>4\=)
 +  +   A(t)
( 1  )
Zmi s ib  ks tmi keien a`rdi ji ` eirkn
d`eskstec ` mi bnss  nej nddiintk`e (`r mi sid`ej
jirvntvi ` mi jkspfndibiet)  Bnss ks dndfntij `b
tmi pr`pirtis `a tmi a`ejntk`e
a`ejntk`e nej bndmkei
bnd mkei
Zmi sid`ej ib Dy, ks mi einf `rdi ji t` vsd`s
jnbpec d`esskec `a mi jnbpec d`idkie D nej
vi`dkt (` rs jirvntkvi ` jkspndibie) y. Jnbpkec s
jiirbkeij `b d`edriti p`pitkis s`f pr`piris nej
`ejntk`e d`ecrn`e (riair ` Dmnpir 9)
9 )
Zmi mkrj tirb  s mi kein a`di ji t` steiss
d`eskstec `a mi stk
stkeiss
eiss  nej jkspndibie
jk spndibie . Tei
Teiss
ss ks
jitibeij a`b s`kf p`pitis nej a`ejnk`e d`ecrn
tk`e (iai t` Dmnpi 9)
Zmi tib `e tmi rkcmt A(t) s tmi tkbi-vnrkec ixtinf
bndmei `rdi Zmi a`rdi ks n pr`pir ` tmi `pirnkec
bndmkei (riair ` Dmnptir 
Iqntk`e
Iqnt
k`e (1  ) k s ixprissij e n seci-jicii-`-
seci-jicii-`-riij`
riij`b
b
(TJ@A) `bn. Btpi (d`pfij) jicriis ` iij`b
risft `b tmi ketirnd`e `a tnesfnt`enf nej r`ntk`enf
b`vibies nej tmi ckj `a tmi spp`kec d`editi
iibies Zmi d`ecnk`e `tmi a`ejnk`e eji nenfsks
wk jiirbkei tmi ebli `a d`pfij jiciis `a aiij`b
Zmks t`pkd ks ixnbkeij tmi ke tmi ``wec sidtk`e.
 
n jncnb
1.<B`jifkc ` kckj `ujt`s
e bne nppfkdn`es d`editi p`vjis mi riqkij kei
nf bnss s` tmn `ejn`es ni `ie bnsskvi nej d`esj
irij rckj (Ac 1<n) Zmks e d`eed`e wtm mi rckj
enri `a bne bndmeis dne crinf skbpfa jenbkd
nenfsks `a
` a mi bndmei-a`ejn`e
bndmei-a`ejn`e sstib
ssti b
Ns jisdrlij e 4 4 . f  n rckj a`ejn
a`ejnk`e
k`e s n snt`e
wmii mi bndmei nej a`ejnt`e nri d`esjirij
d`e sjirij kcj wm
rispidt ` mi s`k `r pkfis Bn `ejn`e mkdoeiss drktikn
prbnkf sirvi ` spp`r mks sbpaec nssbptk`e
Dfinr tmks s n b`ri d`bpfix pr`lib tmne ks njjrissij l
Dfinr
sbpi rfis-`-tmbl @e s` s`fs n mkeeir sid`e bn
li sdkie wmiins `e ski s`s n mdoi sidk`e bcm
li riqkij ` spp`t mi kcj l`j nssbpk`e. Cnzins
(  ;=4) p`vjis s`bi dfnrdnt`e e tms ricnrj
@ei rfi-`a-tmbl drtir`e a`r tmdoeiss s mn mi
bkekbb bn a`ejntk`e
a`ejntk`e tmdoeiss
tmdoei ss sm`j
s m`j li `ei-m ` kts
wkjm (sm`
(sm`t
t sji) `ei-ietm
`ei-ietm ` s iectm
iectm (f`ec skji) ` < 
(711 b) wmkdmivi ks cintist
(7
Ne`tmi drtir`e `r
`r bekbb mkdoiss s
(1<)
 tmi
tmi bnt a`ejnk`e
a`ejnk`e mkdoeiss
mkdoeis s ks fis
fisss mne wmn
wmn ks jieij
l tmi bkekbb mie mi `ejnt`e ks d`esjirij ixlfi
ke tmi vlrnk`e nenfss nej b`ri inl`ni dnfdntk`e
dnfdntk `e tidm
ekqis ns jisdrlij e 1 4 ni skij
Iqntk`e (1<) ks lnsij `e ieckeiikec hjcbiet nej
kejstr prnddi ` s`bi trnjkt`enf lf`do-pi a`ejn
tk`es (Akc 1<n(n)). Zmi nppkdnlkt ` Iq (1.<) t` fnci
Nkn t Ktktt
k

k y T n   wk N
E ut
ut  wkc kt ktut k a
a
 > T
 ndunf a`ujn`
kc. 1<n\kckj`ujntk`
d`bleij lf`do-tpi `ejntk`es (Ac 1<l) s e`t wif
istnlsmij nej bn eiij t` li evistcnij l mi ieceiir
`e n dnsi-l-dnsi lnsks
lnsks  N ei ifibiet nenfsks
nenfsks bn sm`w
mnt s`bi ` tmisi fnrci d`blkeij lf`do-tpi a`ejntk`es
bn li skcekdnetf ixklfi Nenfsks ` tmi iqied
nej jenbkd risp`esi ` sdm `ejn`es skec tmi ei
ifibie bim`js ckvie e 1.4 wf li b`i npp`pkni
e cieirn n sx J@A b`ji s eiijij t` p`pif ipri
sie mi jenbd pia`bnedi
pia`bnedi ` n rckj bndmei-
bndmei-`ejntk`e
`ejntk`e
ssib e tmks
ssib
t mks sktntk`e n rkckj `ejn`e
`ejn`e wkff d`enke mrii
nesfn`e b`jis (nf`ec tmi vitkdnf nej w` nirn jid
`es) nej mrii r`tnt`e b`jis (nl` mi virdn nej tw`
nin jridt`es). T`fvec skx d`pfij iqnk`es ` b`tk`e
s pdn mnejfij l d`bptir s`wnri
a mi a`ejntk`e ks wiff fnkj `t s` tmnt tmi dietir `a
crnvkt (DC) nej tmi dieti ` iskstnedi (D\) ni vitkdn
nfkceij tmie tmi sx J@A b`jif bntmibntdnf ed`pfis
t` lid`bi tw` p`libs `a w` J@A (r`dokec nl` `ei
m`z`enf nxks d`pij wktm rnesnk`e nf`ec tmi `mir m`rk
`etn nxks a` l`tm m`rz`etn jkridk`es) nej tw` TJ@A
p`lfibs (vitkdnf b`t`e nej t`rsk`enf b`k`e nl`t tmi
itkdn nxks). Zmi m`z`enf b`tk`e ks d`pij wkm tmi
`doec b``e ji ` tmi DC likec n `ei mikcmt nej tmi
D\ likec nt n jiiet mikcmt. Zmi njvnetnci ` tmks virtkdnf
nfcebiet ks mnt `ei nej tw` J@A b`jifs dne li s`fvij
bnen (riai
(riairr t`
t` Akc 1< d).
T`bitkbis n J@A ks kce`rij ka miri ni e` jenbd
`dis ndkec ke tmi J@A jidt`e `r a mi kce`rij J@A ks
cqkc tt t a qunkty n Ttnnkzntk

Nbikdne
Nbikd
ne D`editi estktti  D`G
D`GH
Ha www.d`ed
www.d`editi`c
iti`c
 


.
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nj r`o e
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1.<dNfkcij
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riprisitntk`
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Tulsdrkpt Y ks `rkz`tnf  ks r`dokc nj D ks dr`ss `rk
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 ` anufts ykdn
L k` anfts `i
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snvi bnktine di j`f ns
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jnys t`
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kc.
1<ll-Qlrntk`
Qlrntk` drktirkn
d rktirkn a`r r`tntkc bndki
bnd ki
 Lfnoi
Lfnoi
> ; 1: ns b`jij
b`jij ly N n it nf.
nf. > ; ;
;..
fntvf ed`pfj wm m jenbd `rds Ixnbps `
ce`j J@A w`j l trnesntk`e e tm jrd`e pnnff `
n `nkec bndme smn ` r`tnt`e nl`t m vrtkdn nxks.
1.4B`jifkec a` fixklfi a`uejtk`es
 xlf `ejnk`e s ne sdn d`ecrnt`e tmn
j`s e`t b kcj `ejntk`e qrbets Zm dfnssd
dns
n xkl `ejnt`e
nlf`p`pe
(Akc. spnd
.4n) tmn
ss `
b`be-rssec
nbs kst`n p`vj
`
pkpec nej qpbe `dntj jrd lf`w tm bndmke.
Ke tms sktnk`e n bft jc ` r
rj`b (BJ@A)
(BJ @A) b`j
sm`fj l sj
qn`e
qn
`e (.
( .  ) wme xprssj e BJ@A `rb
`rbnt
nt ld`bs
RR {}

+  {} + {}  {(t) }
(.4)
wmr _R rprses n sqn bnkx nej {} psets
n d`be bntx. Zm sk ` m bntkxs ks qnf t` m
eblr ` eoe`we jcs ` 
j`b
Td
T
drn
rn bblrs (lnbs, d`fbes, nej vntj sfnls)
n cenff prsej ke m d`bp b`jf l prs
bntd fnstd bbls/fbets, nej d`edt snls nej
bnt `ejnt`es nr rpsetj l pfnts ` s`kj bes.
Zm
dm`d
b`jfkec
d`bpxk
dne vn
crnf
Wrnd
kt`ers
s`nemkec
r`b
skbpf lnb
fbets
` mr
jkbes`en s`kj bes (Akc. .4l).
 .e 
E` ripudtk`er
fe wt DK

c pbtt Sm`ut de
 a`b KMT
''

kc.. 1 4n-fiklfi a`u
kc
`ujnt
jntk`.
k`.
Ttrdtrnf stkess d`bs r`b tm b`jfj strdtrnf
fbets e njjktk`e t` spdkj fbpj stkess vnfs
nppkj t` bnt `ejntk`e nej slcrnj (s`kf) ketrnd
e`js. Ttrdtrn jnbpkec d`bs r`b n spdkj jnbpkec
rn` nppkj t` tm b`jfj strdtrnf fbets ke njjktk`e
t` spdkj bpj jnbpkec d`dkets nppfkj t` bnt
`ejn`e nej slcrnj (s`kf) ketrnd e`js.
Zm bndmke dne l qkt
qk t stk d`bpnrj
d`bpnrj wktm tm std
trnf bblrs.  s` tm bndmke dne l rprsetj l n
bnss p`ket `r p`kets d`edetrntj nt tmkr detrs ` cnvkt
cnvkt
nej d`eedtj t` tmkr spp`rts skec rkckj fkeos. T`fkj
fbets wktm bntdmkec jesktks dne nfs` l sj t` skb
fn tm bnss nej bnss b`bet ` kerkn ` tm bndmke.
 tm qpbet ks
k s e`t s` stk ns d`bpnrj wktm tm std
trnf bblrs ns ks tm dns `r bne fnrc cns d`bprs
s`rs s
 s xklfkt sm`j l kedfjj ke tm d`bptr
d`bptr b`jf
rprsenk`e. Bnt `ejntk`es nej pkf dnps nr d`bb`ef
pr`p`rk`ej t` l rkckj t` bntdm nssbptk`es bnj ke tm
jtrbent
jtr
bent`e
`e ` s`kf `r pkf
pkf  kbpjn
k bpjned.
ed.
Kbpjned ` tm s`k
s`k  `r pkfs
pkf s sm`fj
sm` fj l pr`prf
pr`prf kedfjj
ke tm b`jf t` ndd`et `r tm s`kfstrdtr ketrndtk`e
ds. Dmnptr 9 jksdsss tm kbpjned ` tm spp`kec
bjkn Zmks bpjned ks enrf nfwns kedfjj, ktmr l
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnfkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
:4
j e es
 d s es
 es
 d s es
d Tmif nj ni iis
n Ndun
Ndun  `ujn`
`ujn`
 Lin Iii
j
kc.. 1
kc
14l-
4l-`ujnt
`ujntk`
k` b`jifkc
b`jifk c d`bpfik
d`bpfik
4 T`fj Ifiis
jkdf
b`jec
wkt
 m
sdu
sdu
 (1 4( 1
> )4 <)
`  l
sipnntec
sipn
ntec
d`ediit
d`edii
sus`
sudu
dui
iwkt
nej
s`k/pi
b`jifs
14
Zm jenb
jenbd
d d`ed
d`ed
 b`jufus ` fnstdt s
 s cm (nt
ks stki) tmne
ks
tmne tmi stnd b`juus nft`uc e` e ne skbpfi
a`b Zmi jksted
jk stedt`e
t`e ks b`i
b` i bp`tne
bp`tne a`
a` ifinij
ifini j tnli`p
tp a`uejnt`es wm tm nb ndtk`e ` tm stdtu ks
ski ka n mkci jenbd b`jufus s usij Zmi jiiedi
dne nfs` l kbp`net ` fnc d`bpss`s w t sk
ess `a  bndmke anb sm`uj l nunj ncnest m
skeiss `a i d`edii sudtui A` sbpi, ke-lf`dotpi
a`uejn`es tm d`edt b`jufus ` nsdk ns e` nf
iid `e ti jiskce \iai t` Iq 3<
3 < 4  > ) `
` nfuis
nfuis
D`blkij b`jifT`/pkf nej bndmke/a`uejnk`e
bes bn l d`blej ke` n skec ekt fbet b`jf
(Akc 14  > ) Zmi njnet
njnetnci
nci ks tmn i keindtk
keindtk`e
`e litwiie
litwiie s`kf
nej std ks mnejfj nut`bndn mr`ucm m b`j s`fu
`a
bndmke 9sb
bndmke
sbbt
bt

e Dmnpti
w`ufj
e`ttm
linxksbbtkd
nppfkdnlfi s`kf b`jfs jsdklj
Tulstudtuij b`jifTuls dtj b`jfs n
b`i d`bb`e usij wmii bndmkei/`uejntk`e nej s`kf/
pkfi p`pitkis ni infuntij sipnntif (Akc 14<n) Zmi s`kf
nfuntk`e dne us n ekt fbet b`jf ` us `e `a tm
`tmi p`dijuis jisdklij ke Dmnpti 9 Zi stkeiss nej
nbpkec `b tm s`kf ` pkf kbpjned nfuntk`e w`ufj
me l ked``ntj ke tm stdt ekt fbet b`jf
T`/pki kbpijnedi ks e`bnff nppfkij t` ti bndmkei/
`uejntk`e b`jf ns p`ket nfus `e ketand bnt `uejn
`e nej sulcnji e`ji p`kets Wkfi kbpijnedi ks e`rbnff
nppkj ns p`ket nfus nt e`js psetkec t kejkkjunf
p `dntk`es T`k kbpjned ks e`bnff nppfkj ke n
skbkfn bneei, nt e`jis f`dntij t` ipisiet iqunf nins `a
s`k pssu nd`ss tm bnt `uejntk`e nn Ldnus tm
t`e
sid`ej
njnetnc
njn
etnci
 s keedinsij
s
tmi ixkl
` b`jif
ci`b
ir N
Zmi
jksnjnetnci
ksi tmi
b`jifkec
d`bpfixkt
nej njjkt`enf s`uk`e tkb Ke njjk`e ldnus `a tm fndo
bpijnedi
` tmi
tmitmks
supp`tkec
tpkdnff
t
pkdnff
ns
ns
n ubpij nfui
fubpijbijkn
nfui kssm`ufj
tmieinfuntij
li jkkjij
` us nt tm sdtj
s dtj e`j f`dntk`es
f `dntk`es (
( t` Akc 1 4 <l )
14
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
14<
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l

9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
::
T
Akc. 14.>-D`blkij b`jif.
Ne npp`xbnti bit`j a` ts jkskluk`e w`ufj li `
nssubi tmi bnt a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e ` li kcj nej jkvji tmi ubpij
s`f ` pki c`up) bpijnedi vnfui ivie sud mn i
d`bleij iidt `a ti ejvkjun e`jis s iqukvniet Zi
nssubpt`e `a bnt a`uejnk`e kcjk w`uj eiij t` li
d`ebij? `wivi tms nssubpt`e s tpkdnf keiie e
mi jiibkenk`e
jiibkenk`e `a s` bpijnedi Zs npp`nd isuts
isuts
(n) Bndmei/A`uejntk`e B`jif
  iii
A``k
Fi 
Fi 
e ti a`f`wec iqunt`es
A` steiss8
o 2 OE
14<n)
o"  OE
14<l)
14<d)
o 2 OE
14<j)
 i


!
"
  DE
DE
1.4.<i)
d"  DE
DE
1.4.<
14<c)
 2 DE
DE
14<m)
D`pui p`cnbs usij t` dndufni a`uejnk`e kbpij
nedi `ie ip`t kbpijnedi nt ti dieti `a cnvk `a i
a`uejn`e pus bndkei kesinj `a tmi dieti `a a`uejn
k`e iskstnedi) uefiss mi jnn kepu jkdntis `tisi Zi
usi eiijs t` li nwni `a ts jkiiedi Ke mi na`ibie
k`eij iquntk`es sulsdkp v ipisiets vitdn sulsdkp
u ipisies `z`etn sulsdpt ipisiets `dokec nej
sulsdp  ipisiets d`ss m`k`en`doec vnuis. Zi
sce `a d`ss kbpijnedi vnfuis jipiejs `e ti nxks `ietn
k`e nej dne li jiie liwiie tmi s`a
s` atni usij ` dnfdu
nti tmi kbpijnedi nej tmi ekti ifibiet s` 
wn
wni.
i. Lidnusi
mi eput `a steiss nej jnbpec e` n eki iibie
b`jif dne li jkiie a`b mi p`sktvi cf`ln nxis vnuis
nej `kientk`e sm`uj li dniff vikij.
V
.
.
? 
?  

A` jnbpec8

 T` B`ji
B`jiff
³
Z
Akx `/
`kk`
Akc 1.4<n-Tulstudtuij b`jif.
A` n snbpi nppfkdntk`e
nppfk dntk`e `a usnci iai t` Ixnbpfi > ke
1.3.>.
T`bi ekti ifibiet nenfsks s`wni wkff e`t nff`w ti
keput `a eicntkvi vnuis a` stkeiss. T`kf ` pkfi kbpij
nedi dne li eicntkvi ueji dinke dkdubstnedis ueka`b
mcm W`kss`e's ntk` s`k nt mkcmi aiquiedkis pkfi c`ups
nt spidkd vnfuis `a spndkec nej aiquied). A` sudm sktu
nt`es ne nftintkvi bitm`j ks t` usi n p`sktkvi stkeiss
vnfuii nej t` njj bnss t` tmi a`uejn
vnfu
a`uejntk`e.
tk`e. Zmi
Z mi vnfui `a njjij
bnss s cvie l
1.4.<k)
144
Qlntk`
ks`fntk`
dmnndtiks
tds ni tpkdn jitibkeij a`b tmi s`kf p`pitkis nej
a` nfit`p a`uejntk`es a`b tmi s`kf p`pikis nej ti
stdtui ixklkfkt. Zmi jiskcei dne b`jk stkeiss nej
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnkty ne Ttnnzntk`l
Nbidne D`edriti Kesttuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
`d
:9
kkj ko  e
e
 mdo m 

  e

 mkdo m e
jluj jd `j
() Fpij Kpiedi (l) lij Kpijedi e n Wi ee
Akc.. 1
Akc
14
4<l-Fubpij
<l-Fubpij nj jkstrklu
jkstrklutij
tij s`kf kbpijndi.
jnbpkec vnus l spdec c`uej b`jdnt`es nej
l dmneckec m p`p`t`ekec `a `uejnk`e nej studtunf
bbls/bes. Z us `a vklnt`e ks`ntk`e jvkds
p`vkjs m nlkf ` snlfksm b` pdks nej snlf
kbpjned dnndtkstds, nej dne dnptu t le `
dvf judec m a`uejnk`e vklnt`e fvf.
Qlntk`e ks`fn`s n p`ptn jvkds d`esstec `
spkecs, jnbps, ` l`. Tpkecs
T pkecs n usj t` jud tm st
ess `ws p`vkjj l m c`ue/std. Jnbps
n usj ` edns tm ec jksspnt`e e  bndme
a`uejntk`e ssb. Zs jvkds dne l pfndj lwe ne
ketkn l`do nej supp`ec sdtunf bbls/bes, ns
kejdnj e Akc. 1.4.4n. Zm dne nfs` l pfndj lwe n
tnlf`p
tnlf
`p sfnl
sfnl nej
nej d`ubes
d`ubes ns kejdn
kejdnj
j ke Ac.
Ac. 4 .4 .: nej 4 .4 . 9 .
Ks`fnt`e sstbs n usj ` tw` pup`ss. Z st
pup`s s ` jud  nesbs
nesbss`e
s`e ` vlnk`es ltwe n
supp`tj bndmke nej  su`uejec ev`ebet. s`n
t`s d`uj
d`u j l usj
us j wm jenbd bndke
bndke sudm ns
n s `cec
`cec
mnbbs ` pve bndkekejudj vln`es `b
keakec wtm enl bndmkes nej wtm w`o d`b`t.
Z sd`ej pu`s s ` dn n fss xpeskv bndme
supp`t we tm d`s `a esnffec ks`n`s s fss tmne m
d`s `a t
t nc stdtunf
stdtunf bbls/bes
bbls/ bes nt w`ufj l
qukj
quk
j wkm`u ks`fn`s.
Zm n m lnsd spkec ks`nt` ps usj `
jenbkd bndmke nppkdnt`es8 ll (` ns`bkd
bnknfs) pnjs st specs, nej n b`ues. \ull pnjs
n cenff t stks jsces nej nv n e`efen f`nj
jdk`e nk`esp Tt specs n fss stk, p`vjec
lt s`ntk`e lut `w jnbpkec. Nkb`uet ps n m
fnst-s
fnsts p `a ks`n`.
B`st ulls nej sf specs j` e` mnv mkc vf `
jnbpkec. Zs jskces dne l nucbetj wk vksd`us
jnbps p`vkjec mcm jnbpec vfs up ` :7 pde
jpejec `e 
 spdkd nppdntk`e ejs.
Zm dtvess
dtvess `a vln
vln`e
`e ks`fn`s  s xpssj e w`
and`s8  tnesbssklfk and` nej jc ` ks`nk`e.
Zm tnesbssklfk and`  ks tm pno `d tnes
bttj ` m a`uejnk`e A jvjj
l t bndme's pno
jenbd a`d A. A` `tntec nej dp`dnkec bndes
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
Akc. 1.
Akc.
1.4
44n-K
4n-Ks`fnt`rsup
s`fnt`rsupp`rtij
p`rtijn
n
`ujntk
`ujntk`
` `t
 `t`` d`ur
tisy `C Qlrntk` D`tr`f Tystibs Kd..
p`judkec n mnb`ekd jenbkd a`d tm tnesbkssklkfkt
ndt` jkvj `b tm quntk`e `a b`tk`e ks kejkdntj ke
Akc. 1. 4. 4l a` vnk`us
vnk`us vnfus
vnfu s `a jnbpkec
jnbpkec ntk` nej tekec
nk` Zm tuekec ntk` ks jej ns tm `dkec qued
 jvkjj l tm uejnbpj entunf aqued a ` tm
bndme-ketkn l`do-ks`fnt` sstb N judtk`e ke tm
nesbssklkfkt
nesbssklk
fkt `ddus
`d dus `
` vnfus `a  fnc tmne tm squn
`` `< . Ttk
Ttkess
ess ks`fntk`e jvkds tpkdnff tnct
tnct vnfus
ltwe < t` 9 Jnbpkec jvkds n b`st dtkv we
ks en > nt s`enet d`ejktk`e E`t tmnt ke tm ks`fntk`e
< mkcm jnbpkec wkff suft ke fss ks`fn
ck`e a`
`e. Zmus, spdkn dn sm`ufj l tnoe t` sfdt suktnlf
jnbp jvkds ` `ptkbnf jskce ltwe vklntk`e ks`fn
`e nej vklntk`e
vklntk`e bktkcntk`e en s`ened.
Zm quntk`e ` tm tnesbkssklkfkt ndt`  k s
xpssj ns
J



5
(1.44n)
Zm ks`fntk`e dked
d ked ns n pdetn
pdetnc
c K ks jkvj
j kvj `b
m tnesbkssklk fkt andt`
andt` ns
2 77
77(>
(>  )
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nrkdne D`ed Kesk
Keskuu- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`ed`c
(144l)
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1.4.44
A
.4
74
7

ssbs tm snb lnskd prkedkpfs ke fnkec `ut tm ks`fnt`rs
nppf. A`r n snbpf dnfdufntk`e, rr
rr t` xnbpf
xnbpf < ke 1.3
1. 3 <.
B`fkec ne skceZm nrrnecbet nej
szkecc ` s`fnt`rs sm`ufj l pr`vkjj ke
szke
k e n bneer tmnt
tmnt pr`p
r stnlks tm qukpbet jkstrklutkec l`tm stkess nej
jnbpkec Zm ks`nt`r bneuandturr sm`ufj l d`esuftj t`
pr`vj jsce nkjs jskce rd`bbejntk`es nej p`ssklf
d`uj pr`vkj tm jenbkd dnfdufntk`e `r tm supp`t ka
pr`vjj wktm sudket kea`rbntk`e Ka n jskce ks ppnrj
l m ecer tme tm ks`fnt`r bneuandturr's d`edur
red `e tm rsutkec jskce sm`ufj l `ltnkej
Jenbd dndufntk`es uskec vklrntk`e ks`fnt`rs nr tm
snb ns tm`s bnj `r
`r s`kf `r pkf
pkfsupp
supp`rtj
`rtj sstbs
sstbs
xdpt wm tm stkess nej jnbpkec d`bkec r`b tm
ks`n`rs. Zm jskce ` tm kertkn lf`do `ff`ws d`edrt
jskce rd`bbejntk`es stnlfksmj mrke
Ka tm ertn l`do ks sudketf tmkdo t` l d`eskjrj
rckj ujcbet ks rqukrj), tme tm jenbkd dnfdufntk`e
a`f
`f`ws
`ws tmnt `r
`r n s`kf `r pkfsupp`rj rkckj lf`do `ue
jnt`e \sutkec entrnf rquedks `a tm rkckj sstb
sm`uj l lf`w tm bndmkes `prntkec rqued (pr
nlf  )
Ka tm erkn lf`do ks e`t d`eskjrj rkckj tme n ekt
fbet nenfss dne l usj t` b`jf tm jskrj sstb
Nppr`prn
Nppr
`prnt
t pnt/sm `r s`fkj
s`f kj ekt fbets dne l usj
t` rpset tm kerkn l`do (Akc 1444) rkckj fbets
nr cernf usj t` rprset tm bndmke nej skecf h`ket
h `ket
supp`r sprec fbets dne l usj
us j t` rprset tm ks`fntk`e
jvds B`jn rquedks rprsetkec rkckj l`j b`v
bet ` m kerkn lf`do sm`ufj l lf`w tm bndmkes
`prntec qued. Arquedks rprsetkec xkec ` tm
kertn l`do sm`uj cernff l nl`v tm bndmkes `p
ntec qued
Ka t ld`bs ed
edssnr
ssnr t` jtbke
jtbke nbpfktjs
nbpfktj s `e enrl
bndmkess `r w`ro nrns tme tm
bndmke
tm b`jf sm`ufj l xpnejj
ndd`rjkec Nppr`prknt pfnt/smff `r s`fkj ekt fbets
bn l usj t` rprset tm surr`uejkecs nej tw`
tw` h `ket fkeo
fbets dne l usj t` rprset tm ks`fntk`e jvkds N
feo bet ks n bblr wmr tm usr dne xpfkdktf keput
8[
`
7.9
, 
  
 
Zf
Akc.. 1
Akc
144 . 4l-r
4l-rnes
nesbkssklkfk
bkssklkfk
andt`rs ly nbkec rntk` J
`r, a`  < nej ecfdec jnbpkec (J  7) tm jcr `
s`fnt`e dne l xpssj ns
5
(144d)
A`r jret teec rnk`s up t`   9 pdn ` prnd
kdnf nppfdnk`es, tm a`f`wkec ckvs m jc ` s`nk`e
ndd`rjkec ` q. (1.;)8
:
9
4
=3.9
;4.4
;9.=
E` mnt m rnesbksslkt pnos n rs`ened (   ).
Sme m ueec rnk` quns <, trnesbkssklkt wff `ed
ncnke jr`p t`
t`   Zms
Zm s ks
k s oe`we ns m dr`ss`v rqu
rqued,
ed,
nej tm arquedks lf`w mks aqued n oe`we ns m
nbpdn`e rc`e Nl`v mks qued ks m s`nk`e
c`e wmr rnesbksslkt s ss mne > . Zpdnff m
s`fnt`r jscer jsces n b`uekec sstb tmn pus m
prbnr `pntec aqueds `a m ssb ke tm s`nk`e
c`e quetf n s`fnt`e dkeds cnt mne ;7
prdet T`b bndme sstbs
sst bs ej ` `prn nt eubr`us
eubr`us
prbnr aquedks `r arque c` mr`ucm n sntup `
s`wj`we ns pnt `a tm `prn`e dd. A` tms sstbs
jnbpkec e m b`uet ld`bs edrnskecf
 edrnskecf kbp`rnet wme
t ed`es n `r enr s`ened.
Jkrdt su`rt systbs jkdt s`n`
supp`t `a tm qukpbe
qukpbe  m qukpbet nej s`nt`s
 s`nt`s a`b
m d`bpf jenbkd ssb. Zm a`uejnk`e supp`kec
m ks`nt`s s sulhdt `ef ` sntkd `njs, wkm tm s`fnt`s
crn judec m jenbkd `d d`bp`ee.
ertkn lf`d systbs l`do ssbs n
usj wm tm bnss `a tm qupbe ks kesude ` fkbk
m vklnk`e
vklnk`e rsp`es `a m
m ssb t` nddptnlf
nddptnlf v
vs.s. Zm
njjj bnss `a m etn lf`do nfs` n`ws tm us ` stk
sprkecs wm ndmvk
ndmvkec
ec n f`w enunf qued ` m sprkec/
bnss sstb A`r l`tm jkrd supp` sstbs nej en l`do
1.4.4
14.4.<

5
tm sess nej jnbpkec. N `e-h`ket fkeo fbet ks fko n
supp`r p`et N tw`h`ket fkeo ks fko n lnb
1.:-T`fu` im`js
Tvrnf btm`js t` s`fv tm quntk`e `a b`tk`e n
d`bb`ef nppkj jpejkec `e tm tp `a f`njkec nej
tm b`j
n) @ei nej w` jicrii-`aaiij`b (J@A) b`jisN
sbpfkdntk`e `a n rkckj a`uejntk`e ket` `e nej tw` J@A
b`jfs ks skcednet ldnus tm s`futk`e `a tm quntk`es
` b``e dne l pr`rbj bneunff `r wktm tm nkj `a n
sprnjsmt
l) Tkx J@A b`jisT`fvkec tm skx d`upfj quntk`es
` b`t`e a`r n cernf l`do a`uejntk`e ks t`` fectm a`
n pur bneun dnduntk`e D`bputrnkjj bneunf s`fu
t`es uskec
usk ec s`fvrs
s`fv rs lukft ket` tm sprnj
sprnjsmt
smt `r eckekec
eckekec
dnfduntk`e s`
s`twnr
twnr dne l usj, `r n s`futk`e dne l qukdof
qukdof 
`lnkej usec d`bbrdknf vklrntk`e nenfsks s`atwn
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbidne D`eriti
`eriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
:3
Akc. 1.
Akc.
1.4.
4.4
4 4-A
4-Akekt
kekt fbet
fbe t b`f `akertkn
`akertkn lf`d
lf `d ne bndmk
bnd mke
e kbnc d`urts
d`urtsyy `aCIL
`aCIL
Qlrnt`e D`etr`f Tystbs ed..
d) Buftk J@A N s`tk`e `  ntk`e `
b`k`e a` xkl a`ejn`es wff `a edssky ev`v
e fbet nenfyss d`bp s`wn. A` mnb`ekd
f`njs n snjystnt npp`nd s dke.
dk e. N cenfpp`s
cenfpp`s
npp`ndm w`fj l t` s n b`jnf b kst`y nenysks.
 B`nf trnesa`rbntk`e-Zmks s n nesa`bntk`e `
nsysb
d`pj
bftpj
J@A
(BJ@A)
b`j ke`
ne. Nvnet
`a ed`
ed`pj
skecf
J@A (TJ@A)
b`js.
b`js
b`jf `
 kejpejet jcs ` j`b wff m`tkdny
m` tkdny st e
 b`js Indm b`j ks te typkdny
typkdny s`fvj sec  tb
mkst`y b`j (1.:.<). Akeny tm ss a`b nd b`j
n d`blkej t` p`jd tm
tm `tn sysb
sys b sp`es.
sp`es .
m d`bpntk`enf dedy `a n b`jnf nes`bnt`e
ss a`b
a`b  d`edpt mnt e` nf b`js ej
e j t` l tnesa`bj t` `lne ne nddnt sft. Njjk`enfy, ne njvnetnc`sy kebjknt sf `a  tnes`bn`e s m
aedy (` cevn) nej smnp (` kcevdt`
k cevdt`)) `a
` a ndm
b`j. Yeo t b` d`bb`efy sj ssbkd sp`es
spdtb nenysks tm a`ds ` n bndmke jyenbkd nenysks n e`we, nej tm bncej nej jdt`e ` nbpftj sfs a`b nd b`j dne l nddny d`blkej.
m dkedy `a n b`jnf nenfyss s kbp`vj ly jbekec
mstf
fnstndkvec
ebl ne
`nddn
b`js t`sf.
jd
tkb
wmk
Zd`bptnt`e
dktk`e `
sd tm ebl ` b`js ` l nenyzj jpejs `e w`
and`s. Aks t` ndkv ne nddnt dnfdfnt`e ` nbpfktj t t`n bnss pnkdkpn`e s`j
s` j l nl`v n spnj
pdetnc (snffy npp`xkbntfy ;9 pdet). Td`ej,
e`c b`js sm`fj l edjj s` tnt m mcmst b`jnf
entnf
ent
nf aedy s cnt tmne m bndke
bnd ke edy ps
p s
n bncke. s bnce dne l jbkej `b n seskvy
nenfyss? m`wv xpked ejdnts t bncke sm`j
l npp`xkbnfy <7 pde. A` m snbpf sfts
sft s e Znlf
Znlf
1:. >  wk ne `pne
`pnecc spj `a <9 M t bnxbb
bnxbb
b`jnf aedy sm`j l n fnst tm `pntec spj `
<9 Mz tkbs
tkbs  .< ` 47. 7 Mz. Zs,
Zs, > 9 b`js
b`js (wkt
(wkt ne ejkdntj bnxbb aedy ` :< M) w`j sd. Zm
bekbb bnss pnkdkpnk`e pdetnc nej s`ene nec
n typkdnfy ne a`b p`d spddn`es ` etnf
p`djs.
Nbirkdne D`iti Kstktti
W`vjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` `jdtk` ` etw`kc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
Zl i 1 .:
.:.. >-BJ
>-BJA
A e
ey
ysks `ptk`es (d` pr
prvi
vi
i `a eyss skec ypkdf spfi jt)
Nenfyss
Nenfyss
tkbi
Bnx riuiedy
Mz
Bnss pntkdpne
pidie
Ttnjy stnt
 sd`js
EN
EN
 sd`js
>9
9 sd`js

77
B`jn M
(<77 `js
 9 sd`js
><
77
B`jn ZM
( >777 `js
  
ts
ts
3 sd`js
 71
77
Jdt 
M
M
9 ts
 sd`js
EN
EN
B`jn M
(9 b`js
B`jn ZM
( 9 b`j
b`js
s
:3
Ly tm b`jnf tnesa`bntk`e lckes wkt b`jkaykec
I. (1
(1.4.4)) a` a vklntk`e ly sttkec tm jnbpkec D  7 nej
jyenbkd f`nj A(t 2 7
+
7
_R {.{.}} _OR{yR {y}}
{y} 2 {} w
(1.:>n)
Tlstttkec a`
a` nbpfktj nej nddfntk`e
nej
(1.:.fl)
.}  b,0 {} w
(1:>d)
_BbR6} + _OR { 6 }  7
(1.:>j)
Nppykec
Npp
ykec tmks slstktt
slstkttk`e
k`e t`
t` I (1:
(1:.. > n) nej b`vnf
b`vnf `a
 d`bb`e xp`eetknf tb sfts ke
nej nneckec
O
Bb6} 2 7
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbikdne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
D`G>¥f
f www.d`edii`c
(1.:.>)
:=
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
A`r n e`ervknf s`ftk`e 6  7 tmi jiirbkene `a _O 
B sm`j li iqnf ` zir`, `
OB  7
(1: > 
A`r rintkviy `w J@A b`jis n jkit s`t`e ne li
bnenffy `lnkeij ly ixpnejkec
ixpnejkec q. (1.
( 1.:.
:.   ` s`vi `r
`r
mi entrnf a
aiqie
iqiekis
kis,, nej tmie s`vkec
s `vkec q. (1.
1.:.
:. > i) `r
mi ifntvi nbpfktjis A`r n mir jksssk`e rifnij t` n
ariqiey nenyss riir t` 1.9.<. A`r snbpi nppkntk`es,
iai ` Ixnbpi 4 (134) nej Ixnbpfi : (13:)
A`r nci J@A b`jifs, n jkri s`t`e li`bis
`bptnt`enfy eikie. D`bpinssksij kintvi
imeqis ne li sij `e Iq (1:>n) ` skbfnei`sy
s`vi a`r entnf ariqiekis nej b`ji smnpis. Zmisi timekqis cieinfy p`iij a`b s (f`wis) b`ji `ewnrj
wktm `bpntk`enf `bpfixy kerinsec wkm inm mcmi
b`ji. Z` kb `bptnt`enf tkbi, mi pr`ijri ks snfy
mnfij nt n sispiij eblir ` b`jis
A`r n jinkfi
jinkfijj jisrpt`e ` b`jn tne
tnesa
sa`bnk`
`bnk`es,
es, s`k`e pr`ijris nej tmi ri`blkenk`e `a ejkvkjn b`ji
iss
is
s ria
riair
ir ` Lkccs (;1:) nej Lnmi (>;;1)
(>;;1) 
1:< Zkbi mkst`ry bitm`jZmi tkbi mkst`y s`k`e
bim`j ks n ris`t`e `a tmi iqnk`e ` b`tk`e nt spik
eibies `a kbi. Zmi bim`j lices ly nfntec mi
sysib bnss, jnbpec, nej seiss. Zmie eknf `ejktk`es
`a jspnibie vi`y nej nifirnk`e nri nssbij
Zmisi kektn `ejk`es
`ejk` es nri typknffy nie ns zi`. Qnfis
Qnfis `
jkspnibiet vif`y
vif` y nej
n ej niint
ni intk`e
k`e nri tmie nfnij
n mi slsiqie tbi eribiet skec `ei ` n vnity `
nvnknli iqnk`es
iqnk`es
Zms bim`j s b`ri ixkli mne tmi stinjystni bitm`j
linsi mi nppfkij a`ri eiij e`t li mnrb`e Zms nf`ws
mi tkbi ms`ry bim`j t` li sij a`r kbpnt typi
typi bnmeiry
a`ejn`es.
Zmi bi mkst`y bitm`j ks `bb`efy sij wm n b`jn
rnesa`bn`e sec mi TJ@A `b `a mi bi sip
iqnt`es nppkij ` inm b`ji Ns ne ixnbpfi bi sip
iqnt`es lnsij `e mi `esnet vi`y nppr`nm (wmii
slsrps jie`i tmi kbi sip eblirs  ni ns a`f`ws.
Keknf `ejkt`e wmiri
wmiri mi systib s n ris (T  7
jkspfnibie y  7
(1:<n)
vi`y
vi`
y   7
(1.:.<l)
niintk`e,   A!B
(1.:.<)
Akrs kbi si
sipp (T  )8
(1:<j)
(1.:.<i)
(1.:.<
Tlsiqie stips (T + )8
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kd f`nj virsus tkbi sti.
sti.
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(1:<k)
Ke mi priijkec iqntk`es tmi bnss B nej stkeiss O
nri `estne wtm tkbi Zmi jyenbk a`ri ks ivnfntij nt
inm tbi stip nej trintij ns n `estnet jrkec tmnt tkbi
stip Linsi `a tmks tmi sirsifitij tkbi stip keibiet
Z sm`j li sm`rt ie`cm t` nrntify jisrkli tmi f`njkec
aetk`e Zmks iit ks kffstr
k ffstrntij
ntij ke Akc 1:
1:<
<
Linsi n tkbi mst`ry nenfysks lickes nt n sirspikij ketkn `ejktk`e tmi trneskiet p`rk`e `a tmi risp`esi
li`bis ejij ke tmi risft. A`r n mnrb`ek f`nj, tmks
kbpfis mnt tmiri sm`fj li ie`cm tkbi stips kefjij
t` nffnti liy`ej tmi iej ` tmi trneskiet p`rtk`e ` tmi
risp`esi. e njjktk`e, tmi jia`rbntk`e risft ks rip`rtij nt
inm tbi stip nej tmi sir sm`fj bnenffy jitirbkei tmi
pin sinjystnti nbpfktji. Zmks ks e`rbnffy n`bpfksmij
ly ixnbekec n jia
jia`rbntk`etkbi
`rbntk`etkbi pf`t `a tmi nenfysks risf
risfts.
ts.
A`r n snbpfi nfntk`e
nfntk`e riai
riairr t`
t` Ixnbpfi 9 ke 1 3 9 
Ke pni `a n b`jnf sipnrntk`e tmi tkbi stip iqntk`es
ne li ixtiejij t` jkritfy jinf wktm BJ@A b`jifs Tm
n jri tbimkst`ry nenfysks ne li njvnetnci`s a`
ebir`s nenfysks sktuntk`es m`wivir kt ks e`t `bb`efy
sij `r bnmkei a`ejntk`es linsi `a tmi sf`w pr`ciss
`tmi
`
tmi nfntk`e (riir
(riir t` Znlfi
Znlfi 1.:.
1 .:.  ). Ne njjktk`enf
njjktk`enf `eskj`esk jirn`e `r n jkrit tkbimkst`ry nenfysks ks tmnt tmi typi `a
tbi stip iqntk`es t` li sij li`bis skceknet A` tmi
nenfyss ` bnmkei a`ejntk`es ne kbpfkkt (ktirntkvi) typi
` tkbi stip iqntk`e w`fj e`rbnffy nppfy
A`r n jinkfij jisrkptk`e ` tmi tkbi mkst`ry s`ftk`e,
riir
ri
ir ` Lccs ( > ;1:) nej
nej Lntmi
Lntmi ( > ;;1)
1.:.4 Ttinjystnti bitm`jZmk
Zmkss ks n f`sija
f`si ja`rb
`rb iqntk`e
iqntk`e
s`fk`e lnsij `e tmi nssbptk`e ` n `etke`s mnrb`ek
f`nj mi bitm`j eicits tmi (snffy e`t eiijij) tneskie p`rt`e `
`  tmi risp`esi
risp`es i m`wi
m`wivir,
vir, tmi bitm`j j`is e`t
jrity nfnti entrnf riqiekis.
Zmi stinjystnti bitm`j lickes ly bnkec tmi a`ff`wkec
slstt`es
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
{ } 2 {N } ixp(kt)
(1:4n)
dtdnf jnbpec  2 < H
(1:4)
Jtbeec tm entnf eds nej b`j smnps
` tmi bndmei `ejnt`e systib p`vjis ea`bnt`e
n`t tm jyenbd dmnndtstd `a tmnt systb Ke njj`e dndfntec tmi entnf iiedis jietis tmi ejnbietn aiiedy snffy tmi f`wist vnfi `a tmi entnf
eds.
Entn
Ent
n iiedis ni scednet `
` tmi a`ff`wec
a`ff`wec ins`es8
n) Zmy ejdnt tm fntv jc `a stess `a tm
bndme`ejnt`es`f systb
) Zmiy dne
d ne i d`bpnij
d `bpnij wtm tmi iiedy
iiedy ` tmi ndtec
jyenbd `d s` tmnt n p`ssf s`ened d`ejt`e bny
i pivietij \is`enedi s pivietij wmie tmi nt` ` tmi
bndmei `pintec iiedy t` tmi ejnbietnf iiedy
` tm bndmea`ejnt`e systb nffs `tsj tm ejsni neci
neci (19
(1 9 > ) Ke bney
bney dnsis sx 
iiedis ni
ni dnfdnj d`esstet wtm sx cj `jy b`t`es ` tm `vnff
bndmei`ejnt`e systib Indm `a tmi sx iiedis
sm`fj i d`bpnij wtm tmi ixdtnt`e iiedy wmie
dmdoec a` s`ened d`ejt`e
Zmi scednedi `a tmi b`ji smnpis s ns `ff`
`ff`ws8
ws8
n) Zmy ejdnt tm jdt`e pntt tmnt tm bndme
`ejnt`e systb nssbs wme t s fat t` vnt n
mi tibent`e ` tmi jstec a`di Cieinffy t s mi
st b`j tmnt j`bents tm vntec smnp nej tm mcm
b`jis sppfibiet tmnt smnpi wmie spibp`sij
) Zmy ejdnt tm fntv jc ` tm stdtnf
stess nb`ec vn`s p`ets ` tm bndmea`ejnt`e
systbtmnt s tm fnt`esmp twe jet nbpfjis nej b`ji smnpis K tmi ixnf dmnndtistds `a n
`ejnt`e n ec b`jfj, n b`j smnp bny ejdnt
mnt n p`t`e `a tm `ejnt`e (n nb ` n pjstnf) s
ifntvify ixfi
x fi nt n spidd aiiedy A` n systib ipisej y n sx
s x jc`aa
jc`aaj`b
j`b (J@A)
(J@A ) b`jf, tm fntv
bp`tnedi `a tmi
tmi `doec steiss nej tmi tn
tnesfnt`enf
esfnt`enf stess dne  ejdntj
d) Zmy dne  sj ns ejdnt`s ` sestvty wme
vnyec tmi steiss bnss nej jnbpec isstnedi `a tmi
bndme`ejnt`e systb t` jd tm vnt`e nbpfjis nt dtdnf p`ets N pntdfn inb ` a`ejnt`e
d`bp`eiet bny ` bny e`t i scednet t` tmi `vinff
mnv` ` tm
tm systb
sys tb Ne ejstnejec `a tm
tm b`j smnp
dne nj e jietyec tmi siestvi d`bp`eiets
\s`ened wf e`t  n d`ed a tm entnf eds n wf
wf  spnntj
spn ntj `b
`b tm bndme aedy K
K  tm
tm
s n p`tietnf a` is`enedi tmi ieceii sm`fj b`jay
m a`ejnt`e.  s`ened s env`jnf tme n b`
ieij dnfdfnt`e dne i pi`bij \ieij dnfdfnt`es
bny edfj n a`dj sp`es nenfyss wtm n jfntfy
jdj fv ` jnbpec Zm sz nej typ ` pbet
pny ne bp`tnet `fi e tms jids`e p`diss
19 N dditne
dditnedi
di drktir
drktirkn
kn a`r
a`r ariq
ariquiedyNddptned
dtin ni typdnfy stntij e n p`
p`h idt spiddnt`e
nt `e sppfi
sppf i
ibiets diet iibiets pfsmij dtin `
etnf d`bpney dtn
N spidij nddiptnedi dti`e s snffy ixpissij e
bs `a tm aedy nt`. Zm aedy nt
nt`
` s n tb
}   { } ixp)
(1.:.4d)
{A)}  {A}ixp
(1.:.4j)
Nppfyec tms ssttt`e t` I (14) nej ib`vn ` mi
d`bb`e xp`eetn tb sfts e
_
_

 { } + _ R{ } + O {N }  {A } (1.:.4)
T`vecc a`
T`ve
a` tmi nbptji N, mi isftec s`t`e s
N 2 {A}O + R
(1:4
Ka tm jnbpec  s z`, me m nbpfj N s n nf
ebi ipisietec tmi pin nbptji  nej mi pmnsi
nec = s z`.
Ka tmi jnbpec  s e`ei` tmie mi nbpfji N s n
kl).). \is`vec tms d`bpix
d`bpfx eb (tmn s N 2 n + kl
eb et` m vnet p`n a`b yfjs tm jsj
pnnbitis
nbpfj,   b`j
b`jfs
fs (n, )
(1.: .4c)
pmns nec, =  nc
ncb
be
e (n, )
(1.:.4m)
A` ixnbpfi nppfdn`es iai t` Ixnbpi 1 (131) nej
Ixnbpi 3 (133)
A` n jnfj jsdpt`e `a m snjystn s`t`e,
iai ` Lccs (>;1:) nej iysc (>;13)
(>;13) 
1 .9
.9r
riq
iq uidy fysks
fysks
N aiedy nenyss nppis ` a`ejn`es sidij
t` mnb`ed f`njs nej dnfdnts enn eds `
d`bpns`e wtm spidij nddiptnedi din Bim`js `
jtibei enn
enn aiiedis ni jsdssij
jsd ssij e 1 9 < nej
1.9.4. Nddpned dt`e s jsdssj e 1.9..
mi tib entnf iiedy s d`bb`ey sij e nddiptned dtn. Zm tb j`s e` stpfn wmtm m
aiedy s jnbpij ` ejnbpij mi entnf aiiedy
s ty
typdnffy
pdnffy nssbij ` i ejnb
ejnbpij
pij (ispdnfy a n b`jnf
tnesa`bn`e s sj) m`wv, s`b pnd`es dnfdfnti n jnbpij aiiedy idnsi t b`i nddntiy ipisets ndtn d`ejt`es. A` `w fvs `a jnbpec m
ejnbpj nej jnbpj entunf eds n vy d`s.
A` mcm fivis `a jnbpec mi ejnbpij nej jnbpij
entnf aeds n scednefy spnntj nej, a m
jnbpec s mcm ie`cm tmii s e` is`enedi Nppfdnfi
n`es n ns a`f`ws.
ejnbpij enn aiiedy S 2 HKO

(19n)
jnbpj entnf edy, a  S  - J<
(1.9)
jnbpec n` J  
(1.9.9d)
(1
d)
Nbrkdne D`
Nbrkdne
D`
 Kstktt
Wvjj  KMT Bok j fke wkt DK
E` jdk` ` etwkc pbkttj wkm`ut kdes a`b KMT
:
Fkdes2Dm`ecqkc Kestktut a qnfkty nej Ttnjnjzntk`l
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
(19j)
D K
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9
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^Y KWIEZ (ND 9\->=)
nt fn t `pntec pj `a t qkpbe t` 
enn aqedk `a t a`ejnk`e Aqedy nt` bny
l lnj n`ej k SKS ` /S (`p
(`pnkec
nkec qedy
qedy `
entnf aqedy ` t ev), nej ece ` bneand `

`jj xd
xd  dnk`
dnk`ee ` pvet bejtnejkec.
Bney d`bpne nddptned dktkn qk tnt t
entnf
ent
nf aqedy
aqedy l n bkebb `<7 ` 47
4 7 pde b`vj
`b t `pntkec pj T`b b nv j and` n
f`w n 7 pde ` n kc n 7 pdet.
Aqedy nk` k n n`enl jkce dk`e, l `e
kecf fkbkkec vnf j` e`t t nf n`e S t
 cn ednety e `t jkce pnnbt (`kf 
e a` xnbp), b` d`evntb e  aqedy nt`
bny l npp`pkn Tkbfny vln`e p`lb dne x
ve `c `ened k e`t n p`lb
Z  t`tdny `e ennf qedy a` nd J@A
e n bnd
bndea`
ea`ejn
ejntk`e
tk`e b`j A` n typkdnf xkl tnlf
tnlf`p
`p
`ejn`e  d`fj ny l t`nej `aJ@A Ldn
b` J@A
J@ A n t`` kekcedne
kekce dne ` cen
cen cekdnet `ene nbptj n bkekbb bn pndkpntk`e andt` k
e`nfy pdkj
pdk j t` jtbke
jtbke wkd b`j n kcedne
e`c ` l vnfntj Bn pntkdpn`e  ne ejkdnt` `
`w bd bn k b`lkfzj ly n pnkdn b`j np.
Dnfdufnt`e
fnt`e `a
`a enturn
enturnff ariquie
riquiedis
dis jrid
jridtt tidm
19< Dnfdu
equiZ jdt tdekq jbe t ejnbpj
entnf qedy t`c n `fk`e jvj `b t qn
k`e `a b`tk`e Z`c t jkdt tdekq k nt, kt k e`t
e`bnfy `ej ke `wn n n pnt ` n d`pfj
d`p fj tnjytnt
tnj ytnt
nenfyk (1:<) M`wv, k k wkjy nppfj n n entnf
tp a`ff`wec
a`ff`wec n BJ@A
B J@A b`j
b`jnf
nf t
tnea
nea`bn
`bnt`e
t`e (1
(1  > )  Z
jdt tdekq k nf` `ae j ` TJ@A b`jf, wd
n dndntj bnenffy.
A` n TJ@A ytb (kcj lf`dyp vdn ` t`k`en
b`j), t `fk`e  `lnej ly nneckec Iq. (1.:.
  sqO'KR
A` n tw` J@A ytb (kcj lf`dyp d`pfj `
`enf`dec b`j) t `ff`wkec qnk`e k `ltnkej
ly xpnejkec
xpnejkec Iq (1.
(1..
.  . Z `fk`e  `lne
`lnej
j ly
nppfykec n qnjntkd qnt`e `tk`e
(1<d)
  `k kbpjned dnee`t l d`ekjj n fken
`v t qedy nec ` et, e Iq (1<l) nej
(1<d) wk e`t nt`bntdny ykfj ne nddn ft. A`
e`efen `k
`k  bpjned
bpjned  t nbj aqedy
aqedy vn j
t` jbke t bpjned bny e`t bnd  fkec
dnfdfntj vnf ` ennf aqedy Zk kntk`e dne
l nejfj ly pnkec t dnfdntk`e `a bpjned
nej entnf aqedy kec jet vnf `a nbj
aqedy
et  nbj qedy bnd  dnfdntj enn
enn qedy Ldn
Ldn  `a 
 ptkk`e qj kt
e ld`b b` dke t`  t nbpfktj tdekq.
-
i Kes
Nbir D`
Wv?i ly
t  r diesi
diesi w?m ND
E` rip`judtk` r bc irbti tut isi a`b >MT
Jnbpkec
Jnbpkc


777 
Jnbpkc K
.9 t

-
  t
  
!  
7 /
? 8V
77 777 77 777 77 777
Ac. 1.
Ac.
1.9.
9.4
4Y
Ysi `a
`a rijud
rijudij
ij jnbec
jnbec t` jitidt enturnf
entur nf
ariquiedis
1.9.4 Dnfdufnt
Dnfdufnt`e
`e `a enturnf ariquied
riquiedis
is nbftuji tidm
equiZ nbpfkj tdeq jbke ejnbpj
enn qedy `c n tnjytnt `tk`e ` 
qnt`e ` b`t`e (Iq (1:4) ly ppec jnbpec
nej nppfyec n dtk` jyenbd `nj `v n nec `
aqed n e t p`tj qedynbpfj
p`e kejkd
k ejkdn
n t jkj enn
enn aqedy (a
(a t` Ac
A c
1  4)
4) Z ke
kep
pnt
nt`e
`e `a  p`e dv
dv k typkdnffy
d`bpftj bnenfy.
Zk bt`j dne l j `
` b`t ney b`jfec ktnk`e,
lt k lt kbpfbet
kbpfbetjj we b`jfkec e`efken
e`efken ` bpj
ned (pdknffy p c`p) Z` `ltnke ejnbpj enn
qedk jnbpec vn `j l cnfy ppj.
Zk k ne ejdt b`j ldn t enn qed `j l jtbej ly   `b nbpfkj ft
`v n nec `a qedk Z bt`j bny l dbl`b t` kbpfbet ` ek fbet b`jf a` aqedy
jpeje `f/pf bpjned
1 .1 `d
`dij
ij is p`
p`esi
esi e
efys
fysks
ks
(1<n)
(1<l)
  _O
_O''/
/  K"R
+ O
O'O"
'O"'
'  O
O'R
'R/
/"
"  7
 a•• • • •• nnnntjtj
 K-nntj
e n `dj p`e nenfyk  qntk`e `a b`tk`e (Iq
(1 > ) ` (14))
( 14)) k `fvj `
` t jpfndb
jpfndbet
et `at
`at bndkea`ejntk`e ytb n n ed`e ` tb  f ` 
`dj p`e nenfyk edfj jpfndbet v`dktk
nej nddfn`e. Z ft n e d`bpnj ncnket
nff`wnl fbk `
nff`wnl
` nddptned
nddptned ( 11 . > ) Z nff`wnlf fkbkt
n ypkdny nppkdnl n jkdt f`dn`e (` xnbpf
t qpbe lnec d`eed`e ` njndet qpbet
nej f`dn`e w p`p bny l ndtj) A` xklf
a`ejn`e BJ@A b`jf, njjktk`enf e`j n d`bb`efy
kedjj ke t nenfyk b`jf a` t f`dntk`e `a ke
Z nenfyk `fj ndd`e ` vnnk`e ke pnnb
d n dn tke bn, nej `kf p`pt. 
nbptj dkkn dnee`t l b te  `ejnk`e 
wkf ej t` l njtj.
11 Dnfdufnt`e `a nbftuj
nbftujis
is
Z pn nbpfj
bny l dnfdfntj ly kec
kec t b`j
b`j jdlj e 1.:
1 .:..
11< Ndditnedi drtirn a`r nbftujiddptned
dn n typkdnfy tntj e n p`d
p`d pdkdntk`e ppk
qukbe dfket qbet plkj dktkn nppfkdnlf cny nj`ptj d`j ` ketnf d`bpney dkkn
Z ecke `fj d`eb nppfkdnlf dkkn p` `
lckeekec n jkce.
Fkdisii2Dmq stktt a qufty j Ttrzt`l
Nikne D`eiti Kestktti  D`ykcmt ®A!
®A!1L
1L`ei
`eiti.`
ti.`cc
77
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
mi bnke prp`sis `a tmi `ejnt`e systib wm ispidt
t` jyenbd `njs kedji bkec vklntk`es etienf `njs
nej stissis wme tmi iqkpbiet Zi a`ejn`e sysib
nfs` bts vlrn`es e mi nins nr`ej ti iqpbiet
wmii `ir vklntk`esieskvi iqkpbie bny li estnfij
wmii pis`eeif bny mnvi t` w`ro `e n ricfn lnss `r
wmii jnbnci t` mi sr`ejkec stdtis bny `ddr.
Zmisi pi`rbnedi drtirn nri snfy istnlksmij lnsij `e
vklnt`e nbptjis nt oiy p`kes `e ` n`ej mi iqkpbie nej a`ejn`e systib. Zmisi nbptjis nri lnsij `e
jkspndibiet vi`dky ` nddifink`e eks Jspfndibiet
fkbtn`es nri d`bb`ey lnsij `e pinot`pino nbpfktjis binsrij e bs (7.77 e.) ` bdr`bitis  b).
Qif`dky kbktn`es nri typkdnfy itmir lnsij `e pino vif`dktis ` ``bine
``binesqn
sqnri
ri (bs) vi`dktis
vi`dkti s ke ekts `a ke/s `r
bb/s Jspndibie dkikn nri nb`s nwnys iqiedyjipiejiet wkm cinti nbpfjis `finij n sf`wir
spiijs. Qi`dkty drtirn bny jipiej `e riqiedy lt nri
`aie kejipiejie Nddifirnk`e dktin bny li d`esnet
wk aiqiedy
aiqiedy `
`  bny li riqiedyjipiejiet.
T`bi ypis `a iqpbie `pini nt n d`esnet spiij
wmiins `ti ypis `pinti nd`ss n neci `a spiijs Zmi
ieceiir sm`fj d`esjir mi iidt `a isi spiij vnrkn`es
jkec tmi a`ejntk`e
a`ejntk`e jiskce
jis kce
11< Bndmkei
fkbktsZi vlrnt`e fkbs nppfdnli
t` tmi bndei ni e`rbny si ly tmi iqkpbie bnendti `r ni
ni spid
s pidij
ij ly tmi iqpbie
iqpbi e `pint`r ` `wei Zmi
fkbs ni sny pijkdnij `e imi bkec jnbnci t` mi
iqkpbie `r iesrkec pr`pi f`ecib pira`rbnedi `a mi
iqkpbie Fbs spid
iqkpbie
s pidij
ij ly `pirnt`s
`pirnt`s `ai bndeiy nej
ieckeiirs ni snffy lnsij `e sd nd`s ns ixpiiedi `r
tmi kestnnt`e `a njjk`en vklrn`e b`e`rkec iqpbie.
` `nkec iqkpbiet (anes pbps nej trlkeis) mi
typdnf drir`e fkbkts tmi vlrn`e jspndibies ` vif`dtkis nt i linrecs `a i r`ntkec sna. xdisskvi vklrntk`es `a i
i linkecs edinsi bnetienedi riqkibies nej
finj ` pribntri nkfi ` tmi linkecs. @aie `tntec
iqpbie ns sies`s a`r b`ekt`kec vlrnk`es nej d`etr`f
swktdis ` nfnb `pirn`rs `r n`bnkdnfy st j`we mi
iqpbie k vklrnt`es lid`bi ixdisskvi.
\idpr`dnkec iqpbiet sd ns jkisif cieirn`rs nej
d`bpriss`s iejs ` li b`ri jyenbdnffy rccij ne
r`ntkec iqkpbiet Nt ti snbi tkbi idkp`dnec iqkpbiet `ie cieirnis nrci jyenbd a`dis Skfi i fkbkts
bny li cmi b`tk`es ni binsrij n linrec f`dn`es.
Ke njjkt`e `pint`s ` idkp`dnec d`bpriss`rs `aie
b`ek` vklrntk`es `a mi d`bpiss` lnsi ifntvi t` mi
a`ejnk`e (s`bibis iairij ` ns rnbi b`vibie) ns n
binsi `a
` a tmi a`ejnt`e
a`ejnt`e nej bndeib`etkec d`ejkt`e
nej eticky.
Kbpfskvi
Kbpfs
kvi bndmeis
bndmei s sdm ns pissis
pissi s nej a`cec
a`cec nbbirs
tiej e`t t` nvi
nvi spid
spid d vlrn`e fbknk`es
fbkn k`es tnt nri d`er`ffnli ly tmi `ejnt`e jisce. Sm misi bndkeis  ks
kbp`ne t` rid`cezi tmi jkiriedi litwiie mi einf
a`dis nej iqpbiet jyenbds ns d`enstij wtm ti `ejnt`e sysib jyenbds mi iqpbie `dis dne cieinti
scedne nddiin`es nej srissis nt nri einij `
mi steiss bnss `r `ir jisce nspidt `a i `ejnt`e
N Dr
Dr ttYt
r
r

 l T Bo  d  t D
E r  tr rtt ut  a T
9
systib Zms b`ekt`rkec nddifirntk`es ke pnrtkdfn `e ne
iqpbiet rnbi bny e`t li kejkdntkvi ` a`ejntk`e sktnlfkty `r njiqndy
\isinrdmirs mnvi prisietij vnrk`s stjkis nej pnpis
njjrisskec tmi kssis `a bndmkeiry vklrntk`e fkbkts Zks
vnrkity s riidtij ke tmi stnejnrjs `a ieckeiirkec d`bpneis pnet `weirs nej kejstry stnejnrjs Smie tmi iqkpbiet bnendtrir j`is e`t istnlfksm fkbkts id`bbiejntk`e r`b KT@ >7=>1>  Lfnoi (>;1)
(>;1) nej Lnxtir nej
Limnrj ( >;13) nri `ie `ff`wij B`st `a tmisi stjkis
rinti jkridty t` r`tntkec iqkpbiet Ke
K e bney dnsis tmiy ni
ni
nfs` nppfkdnli t` ridkpr`dntkec iqkpbiet \nrify j` tmisi
stjkis nppy t` kbpfskvi iqkpbiet.
T@ >7=1 d`etnkes sivie pnrts t` njjriss ivnfntk`e `a
bndmkeiry vklrntk`e ly binsribiets `e tmi e`er`tntkec
pnrts T@ 7=1- pr`vkjis cieirnf ckjifkeis nej sits
mi `virnf rfis Tlsiqie
Tlsiqiett pnrts pr`vkji spidkd dktikn
dktikn
`r spidkd bndmkeiry typis Zmisi stnejnrjs nri pkbnrkfy
jridtij t`wnrj kepfndi binsribiets `r tmi nssissbiet
` bndmkeiry `pirntk`e. Zmiy nri e`t ketiejij t` kjietkay
jiskce stnejnrjs Ieckeiirs m`wivir mnvi sij prijidiss`r j`dbiets t` T@  7 =>1 ns n lnsifkei `r jiskce
dnfdfnt`es nej dne li ixpidtij t` j` skbkfnrfy wktm misi
b`ri ridiet stnejnrjs
T@  7 =>1 prisiets vklrntk`e drktirkn ke tirbs `a bs
vi`dkty. Smiri tmiri ks d`bpfixkty ke tmi vklntk`e skcenf
(liy`ej sbpi r`t`r elnfnedi) tmi rbs vif`dkty lnsks
pr`vjis tmi lr`nj binsri `a vklrntk`e sivikty nej dne li
d`rrintij t` fkoify bndmkei jnbnci `r sktntk`es wmii
mi pntti ` b`tk`e ks nkrfy dmnrndtirkzij ly n skecfi
riqiedy sdm ns skbpfi r`t`r elnfnedi tmi rbs vif`dkis dne li bftkpfkij ly < t` jitirbkei d`rrisp`ejkec
pino vif`dkty drktirkn `r tmisi snbi dnsis jkspfndibiets
() dne li dnfdfnti
dnfdfntijj ns
(11<>)
Zmi jkspfndibiets jitirbkeij r`b Iq (11<>) ni
zir`t`pino jkspndibiet vnfis wmkdm dne li j`lfij t`
jitirbkei pinot`pino vnfis. K tmi b`tk`e ks e`t n skbpfi
pri mnrb`ekd b`tk`e n skbpfi rifntk`esmkp nb`ec tmi
rbs jkspndibiet rbs vif`dkty pino vif`dkty zi`t`pino
jspfndibiet nej pinot`pino
pinot`pino jkspfndib
jkspf ndibiet
iet j`is e`t ixks
T@ 7=1- kjietkis a`r nrins `a ketirist wktm ispidt
` tmi bncektji `a vklrntk`e binsrij
n) X`ei N vklrntk`e typkdnf ` eiw iqkpbiet
l) `ei L vklrntk`e e`rbnffy d`eskjirij nddiptnlfi a`
`ectirb `pirntk`e
d) X`ei D vklrntk`e e`rbnffy d`eskjirij esntksandt`y
`r f`ectirb `pirntk`e
j) X`ei J vklrntk`e e`rbnffy d`eskjirij siviri ie`cm
` jnbnci tmi bndmkei
Zmi slsiqiet pnrts `a T@ 7 =>1 istnlfksm tmi l`ejnrkis litwiie tmisi z`eis ns nppfkdnlfi t` spidkd iqkpbiet T@ 7=1-< istnlfksmis drktirkn `r fnci fnejlnsij
stinbtrlkei cieirnt`r sits rntij `vir 13,777 m`sip`wi
(97 BS) T@ 7=>14 ks tmi b`st cieirnf `a ti stnejnrjs t njjrissis kepfndi ivnfntk`e ` cieinf kejstrknf
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
D K
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9<
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
bnmeiry e`benfy `vi >9 oS nej `pirnkec litwiie
> <7 nej > 9,777 pb.
pb. Skmke
Skmke KT@ >7=>14
>7=>14  rtirn nri istnlksmij a` a`ur jkirie cr`ups `a bnmeiry nej pr`vsk`es
efuji iktmi ixlfi ` rckj supp`t `ejkt`es Drtirn
ni nfs` istnlksmij lnsij `e l`m bs vif`kty nej rbs
jkspfnibiet KT@ 7=1: jietis ivnuntk`e rtirn
a` cnsurlkeijrvie p`wi cieint`e ueks (ixfujkec
nrrn jikvnkvis) `pirnec liwiie 4777 nej <7,777
pb KT@ >7=19 nppkis ` bnmei sis ke myjr`p`wi
ankftkis nej pubpec pfnes. KT@ >7=11 p`vjis ivnunk`e rirn a` ikp`ntec bnmkeis wktm p`wir ntkecs
`vir >4: m`sip`wi (77 oS) KT@ 7=1 cvis cujnei a`r tmi ivnfun`e `a vklrnt`e `e `t`jyenbk pubps
a` kejusrn nppntk`es wktm e`bkenf p`wir nl`vi > oS
Zmi s`pi `a Wnrt 9 s e`t nppfknli t` cieirn iqupbie
a`uejnt`es nej mi ktikn `a
` a Wnt 1 eiijs njjkt`enf virnk`e nej s sifj`b usij
Fkasms it nf. ( >;=1) ns` istnlksmis vlrn
vlrnk`e
k`e fbnk`e.

Zms j`ubie a`f`ws Lnoi s (;1:) npp`nm `a kjietkayec vi jirie nic`ris a`b E` Anus ` Jnecir `
Kbbijni Anuri Ke njjtk`e n sikis `a `rritk`e nt`s
ni isnlfsmij ` lr`njie tmi nppfknlfy t` n wkji rneci
`a iqukpbiet nej binsuibiet jnn.
Lfnoi (>;1:) mns li`bi n `bb`e lnsks ` s`bi
ejuskis nej rbs Mks w`ro pisieij n stnejnrj vlrnk`e mn a`r p`iss iqukpbiet wkm pia`rbnei ntkecs
ar`b E` Anuts (ypn `a eiw iqupbiet) ` Jnecir`us
(smu k j`we e`w ` nv`kj jnecir) Zmi mnr wns pkbnky
etiejij t` nj pnet pis`eei ke nssissec ij esnffnk`es nej jiibekec bnkeienei pnes
pnes  Tiki ant`rs `
`
jkiiet typis `a iqupbiet ni usij t` nff`w wjisprinj
usi `a tmi
tmi lnsk mn Zmks t`` usis vlrn`e jspnibie
(ke `  rnmir tmne vi`ky nej `virs spiij rnecis
ar`b > 77 t`  7777 pb. Acui 1<l prisies tmi lns mnr
isnlfksmij
isnl
fksmij ly Lnoi ( > ;1:).
Lnxi nej Limnrj (>;13) `iij b`i cieinf vlrnk`e t`irneis nej ks wkjiy iiieij.
iiieij. Ncne, wkm pbnry
etiis t`
t` tmi pne bnketienei `pirnk`es tmiy isnlfsmij
isnlf smij
m Cieirn Bnmeiry Qlrn`e Tiviky Dmn sm`we e
Ak. 9 .=   n, wktm sivirty rneckec a`b
a`b ixibiy
ixibiy sb``m
sb``m `
vy `ucm Zmisi nri pf`ij ns jspfnibiet visus vlrnke aiquiey s` mnt mi vnk`us ntic`kis ni jirietknj nf`ec eis `a `estne pino vif`y
mi
mi Nbirkne Wir`iub Kestkuti (NW) nfs` mns n siis
`a snejnrjs a`r iqupbie `bb`e e mi pir`mibn
ejusy (NWK
(NWK 9:  1 > 7  1  <  1 > 4  1 > 3  1  =  nej 1 > ;) KT@
> 7= > 14 ne
n e li nppfij a`r
a`r s`b
s`bii fnrci
fnrci ifitrnf
ifitrnf b``rs. M/
NETK ;.1: ne li nppkij `r wnti pubps.
Kein `bpney pntkis ariqu
Kein
riquietfy
ietfy p`vji tmi lnsks
ln sks `
li usij a`
a` jisce
jisce Acui
Acui 9.=
9 .= . l(n
l(n)) nej 9 .= . > l(l
l(l) p`vjis
p`vjis
n `bpnks`e `a vi `bpney snejnrjs jiskcenij N
mr`ucm  pf`tij ncnkes mi Lnxtir nej Liemnj ( >;1)
lnoc`uej Wirbksskli nbpfkujis ni prisieij `r ip`nec (rip) nej a`r `nkec (r`t) bnmeis
B`st `a tmi pirbksskli
pirbksskli vnfuis sm`we ke Akc. 9. =.  l(n) nej
9=>l(l) tiej t` jirinsi wm erinskec aiquiey Zmi
skbpfis ixnbpfi `a mks s D`bpnekis J nej I wmkm usi
WKWW TZD7>7
WK
TZD7>7 9 . WKW TZD7 > 7  9 spi
spik
kis
is n `estne
`estne vi`ky
vi`ky
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
tmn risuts e tmi strnk
strnkcmt
cmt sf`pkec fkeis sm`we ke Akc 9 = > l
l
D`bpneis N nej L usi n `estnet vnfui `a nbpfktuji a`
ripr`ntkec
ripr`n
tkec bnmkeis Zmi `ffitk`e
`ffi tk`e ` nbpfktujis
nbpfktujis sm`we
ke tmi curi kejkntis n skceknet vnrkntk`e nt f`w ariquiekis, wkm D`bpneis N nej L nt tmi f`w iej `a tmi neci
nej D`bpnekis
D`bpneki s J nej I nt tmi mkcm iej Nff vnfuis ni nkfy
nkfy
f`si nt ariquiekis hust nl`vi >777 rpb. Mnr
Mnrrks
rks ( > ;;1)
`enks
`e
nks rtmir cieirn ke`rbntk`e.
ke`rbntk`e.
1.1.<<
Wmysk`f`ckdnf fkbkts piriptk`e nej
siesktvkty t` vklrntk`e ks nblkcu`us nej sulhitkvi
\isinrmirs mnvi stujkij nej kevistkcntij tmks t`pk lut
tmiri nri e` inr ue`rb Y.T. stnejnrjs Kbp`rtnet kssuis
nri tmi pirs`eeif ixpitntk`es nej eiijs
eii js nej tmi sur`uejkec
sur`uejkec
ievr`ebiet ejustrknf w`roirs einr sum iqukpbiet mnvi
jirie ixpitntk`es tmne `i w`roirs `r tmi pulfk
KT@ <14 >  Wnrts >  < : nej 9 pr`vkjis cukjnei a`r
a`r mub
mubne
ne
ixp`suri t` wm`fil`jy vklrntk`e nej `eskjirs jkiriet
`ba`t ivifs nej jurntk`e ` ixp`suri Zmi ariquiey `a
tmi niirnt`es ns` kbpnt ntkcui nej pr`kiey Kejustrknf w`roirs einr sum iqukpbiet mnvi jkiriet ixpitnt`es tne `i w`roirs `r tmi pulfk
Zmi b`jij \ikmirBikstir curi (lnrify piriptklfi
e`kinli nej tr`ulis`bi)
tr`ulis`bi) ks nfs` usij t` istnlfksm fkbkts
wm rispi t` pirs`eeif siesktkvkty sm`we ke Akc 11<<
JE :>974 jieis pirbkssklfi vif`ktkis suktnlfi a`
nssissbi
nssi
ssbiet
et ` sm`rttirb
sm`rttirb vklrntk`es `e struturis
struturis wmkm ni
cvie ke Znlfi 11<< Aurmirb`ri JKE :>97< jieis
fbknk`es a`r n`wnli vklrntk`es lnsij `e piriptk`e
ns n aet`e ` `ntk`e (riskjietknf fkcmt kejustrknf) nej
ikmir jnytkbi `r ekcmttkbi e tmi jiskce ` a`uejntk`es
a` jyenbk iqukpbiet b`st ieckeiirkec `is j` e`t
`esjir mubne piriptk`e t` vklrntk`es uefiss tmiri ni
ixtieuntec krubstneis sum ns pr`xkbkty t` `i `
risjietn nrins.
Zmiri nri e` `euskvi fkbktntk`es `e tmi iits `vklrn`vklrnt`e ` sur
surr`ue
r`uejec
jec lukfjkecs Akcuri 1 1< < kjietkis fivifs
` vklrntk`e ar`b bkekec `pirntk`es tmnt mnvi jnbncij
sruuris
1.3Tb pi dfdu`s
dfdu`s
Zmi `f`wkec ixnbpis nri pr`vkjij t` kffustrnti kbpfibietnt`e `a tmi pr`ijuris jisrklij ke Dmnptir 1 nej t`
kustrni tmi usi `a n bneunf
bneunf nfufntk`e
1.3.> nbfi > Jkstrklutk`e `afubij kbijnedi `e n
ekti ifibiet bitm`j bnt a`uejntk`e-Zmks ixnbpfi kffustrnis m`w n ubpij vnui ` kbpijnei ne li nppr`xkbniy sipnrntij
si pnrntij ket` jkstrklutij vnfuis `r keput ket` n ekti
ifibiet b`ji ns jisrklij ke 1.4.<.
Ckvie8 fubpij kbpijnei risufts nt tmi ietir ` riskstneii ns
tne
n s ``ws
``ws
Ov 2 <.17:  7 okp/
 2 >.:=7  >7 okps/at
O  =:77  >7 op/at
u  9:77  > 7 okps/
O 2 4.;7 x > 7   okpat/rnj  2 =.7>7  >7 okps/rnj
O  9:=  7 okp/rnj
  <>37  > 7 okps/nj
okps/nj
Ckvie8 ny`ut `a bnt a`uejntk`e ifibiets wktm e`jis nt
f`ntk`es ns ``ws
``ws
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
94
Zlf
Z
lfii 1 . 1 .<.<Tm`rttirb pibkssklf i vf is (JKE
( JKE :>974)
: >974)
ypi  lukkec
Auejtke
(> 
 7 z
z))
Auete
(>7 t 97 z)
Auete
(97  >77 z)
Kesf  bbrf
7.= /s <7 bs
7=   .1 /s (<7  7 bs > .1  <.7 /s (7  97 bb/
bb/s
s
> .1 /s (7 bs
bs
\sjtf
7.< /s 9 bs
7.<  7.1 /s (9  >9 bs
7.1  7.= /s (9  <7 bb/s
7.1 es ( >9 bb
bb/s
/s
Tpf  sstv
7.  /
/ss 4 bs
bs
7 .   7.4 /s (4  = bs
bs
7.4  7. s (=   7 bb/
bb/s
s
74  .s (= bb/s
Zp dbpii 
( riquiedis)
Ebl `a e`js E 2 ;
Ebl
Tpndkec `a e`js, 4 x 4 pnte 1  spndec
Wntt pnnb8
<9:7
F/  (4 ndm)(1
ndm)(1 [  (4 ndm
ndm)(
)( [ + (4 ndm)(1
ndm)(1   <>1
•
K

 
]
•


Tkece`j vtkdn sess sec Iq (14<n)8
o  OhE  (<17: x > 7 op/a
op/a)/(
)/(;; ndm) 2 <=; 4
444
44 op/
o p/aa
2 :.<< x 7 oE/b
Tkece`j m`kz`etn sess skec q. (1.4.<l)
o  O!E  (=:77 x > 7 op/a)/(
op/a)/(;; ndm) 2 ;4444
;4 444 okp/a
okp/a
2 >.41 x  7 oE/b
oE/b
Tkece`j `dokec stkess sec q. (1.4.<d)8
o  _O - o/R!E
2 (4.3;7 ]  7   okp
okp
/
/nj
nj))  (<.=;4 ] > 7 okp/
okp/)(<
)(< > 1 a)R/
a)R/

(; n
ndm
dm)) 2 :<> 7 x  7   okp
o kpaa/nj  3> x  7  oEb/nj
Tkece`j d`ss skess sec q. (1.4.<j)
od 2 Od
OdaE
aE22 (.:>= x >7 op/nj)/(; ndm)
 17<7 x  7 okp/nj
okp/nj  <1= x >7 oE/nj
Tkece`j vtdn jnbpkec skec q. (1.4.<)8
 2 DhE 2 ( .:=7 x K 7 ops/)/(; ndm) 2 >1:: okps/a
Tkece`j m`
m``etn
`etn jnbpec sec
sec Iq (14
(1 4 <
<8
8
  D!E
D!E  (:77 x > 7 ops/)/(; ndm)
2 177 okps/ 2 =31.44 oEs/b
N Drt ttt
r
r

 l T Bo   d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
<9:

I
^I

" 
<9:
^
6


bk
bkdr`e
. 
 
 
 
 
 -
 
 
  < 9:
  F-
< 9 , , < 9, ,,
Arqdy rb
Akc 1. 1<. <<-\ikmirB
\ikmirBikstir
ikstir dmnrt \kdmnrt
\kdmnrt it nf.  ; 37
37..
Tecfe`j `dokec jnbpkec skec Iq (14<c)8
  _ D - (/R!E _(=77  > 7 okps/nj)
okps/nj)
 (> .1
.1::: x > 7 okps/)(
okps/)(<< > 1 at)R/(;
at)R/(; ndm)
:;::
:: okpat
okpat/n
/njj  13 > 3<1: oE
oE/
/n
njj
 :;
Tecfe`j d`ss jnbpkec skec q. (1.4.<m)
d 2 DdaE2 (<.37  7 okps/nj)/(; ndm)
 <: > op
ops
sn
njj  >73<:11 oEs/nj
13 Inbfi < Nbfktuji jitirbkentk`e uskec vklrn
k`e ks`fntk`eZmks xnbpf kffstnts n jyenbkd dnfdfn`e ` n ne spp`tj `e ne ketkn lf`do wktm vklntk`e
s`nt`s (Akc. 1. 4 .4n
.4n).). Zmks xnbpf ks fkbktj t` tm
tm vtkd
vtkdnf
nf
b`j A` ne ndtnf jskce nff skx b`js w`fj ej t` l
d`esjj.
Ane jntn8
Bndmke skz <: b wkj ly .  b f`ec
Bndmke
3=  nj
nj/s
/s (3 7 pb)
pb)
  oc
Bndmke spj8
bnss 77
Wno jyenbkd `d8 :177 E
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty   Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
9:
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
ibssli pint`pin nbpktji nt `ejntk`e8 39 b
ibssli teec
teec nk`8   `sji
`sji `a 7.1 t`  .:
is`enet neci
Dnfdfn`e8
Nssbi e` jnbpec nej n ckj eirkn l`do
Tiidt ne kein l`do8 <.3 b wji ly 9.= b f`ec ly
7. :1 b mkdo
Keirn lf`d bnss8 (<3 x 9= x 7:1 b)(<:77 oc/b ) 2
> 3,<=; oc
oc
Ke tms ixnbpi spkecs ni sifidtij ly tknf dnfdntk`e
mn ncit n en
enn
n aiiedy `
`  `eitj mnt `a i ane.
ane.
Tiidt spkecs8 cmt ind nt > ;,177 E/db
Ttkeiss8
O 2 (= indm)(>
indm)(> ;177 E/db
E/db)(
)(  db)
db) 2 > 91=7777 E/b
Bnss8
  9977 c
c +  3<=; c  <<,3=; oc
oc
Enn
En
n aiie
aiiedy
dy skec I (1 9n)8
st(O) 2 s_(
s_( > 91=7777 E/b)/(<<3=;
E/b)/(<<3=; oc)
 2 st(O
 <1.<
<1 .< nj
nj/s
/s
ekec n`8
 2  2 (3=
(3 = 9 nj/s)/(<1<
nj/s)/(<1< nj/s)
nj/s) 2 4 5 :
@O
Jicii
Jic
ii `a ks`nk`e
ks`nk`e a`b
a`b I (1
(144
44 d)8
 2 > 77
77((  <)
<)//(
(  >) 2 >77(4
>77(4  <)
<)/(
/(
  ) 2 =39
=39%
%
Znesbsslkfy
Z
nesbsslkfy andt`
andt` skec . (1. 4 .4l) in
inn
necij8
ecij8
  >77
>77%
%  =3.9%  ><.9%
Dndfnti tmi entnf ejnbpij iiedy skec I
(1.9.<n)8
 2 st_O'
st_O' 2 sr_(
sr_(   777 fl/
fl/)/(;4
)/(;4 fls/)
fls/)
 7.== nj/s
13: nbfi
: Zw` @A jiti
jitirbkentk`e
rbkentk`e `a enturnf
ariquiedy uskec b`jnf trnesa`rbntk`e-Zmks ixnbpfi kffsntis
n
tis n bnenf dndfntk`e
dnd fntk`e ` d`pf
d`pfij
ij m`k`etnf tnesfntk`e
nej `do
`dokec
kec ns
ns jisdkl
jisdklij
ij ke 1.:. > .
Ckvie kbpijnedi nt dieti `iskstnedi nfkceij virkdnffy
wtm diei `a cnvkty8
cnvkty8
O  =9 = ] > 7 la
la/
/
O" 2 9 7=
O"
7=99   7 la
la/
/nj
nj
O  7 fl/nj
fl/nj spp`sij
spp`sijyy n s`kf
s`kfspp`tij
spp`tij bnt a`ejntk`e
a`ejntk`e
Bnss8  2 94 97 fl
fls
stt
Bnss b`biet `a keitkn8 "
" 2 <:7777
<:7 777 fla
flas
s
Lnsi t` dieti `a cnv
cnvkty8
kty8   4 .= 1 
Dndnti
Dnd
nti stk
stk eiss nt dieti ` cn
cnvkty8
vkty8
O' 2 O 2 =9  =  > 7 la
la/
/
O'' 2 O
O + O  <O
<O
 2 (97
(9 7=9
=9  > 7 fl
flaaat/nj
nj)) + (= 9 > = 
 7 fl/
fl/a)(4.
)(4.=1
=1  at)  <(7 fl/
fl/nj
nj)(4.
)(4. =1  
))
2 1499  >7 fl/nj
O''  O  O
O
O  (7 la
la/
/nj
nj))  (=.9  =  >7 fl/)(4=1> at)
 4.<=
4.<= ; x > 7 la/nj
la/nj
^njntkd
^njn
tkd s`ft`e
s`ft`e `a . (1.9l
(1.9l)8)8
O '
'))  (O
(O'
')
)
  2 O
2 (=
(=9>
9> =  >7 fl/at)/(9497 fls/at)
(1499  > 7 fla
flan
nj)/(<:
j)/(<:7777
7777 fls)
fls) 2 :<4=
:< 4=  >7 s-
L  (O')(O"
(O')(O"')
')  (O
(O'0
'0((
(("")
2 _(
_(=9>
=9> =  >7 fl/)(1499  7 fl/nj)
 (4.<=; x > 7 fl
fl/n
/nj)R/(94
j)R/(94 97 fla
flasa
sat)(<:7777
t)(<:7777 fla
flas)
s)
 4.437 x >7 s
w, > <  {L>  ³<---L< }  <
(:<4=>7 >/s)
Tecfi (i``pin
(i``pin)
) jkspfndibiet
jksp fndibiet nbpftji8
/nls(O
nls(O  
)
 2A
2 A  /
 (:177 E) x 7. > <9/
<9/nnls(> 9,1=7
9,1=7,77
,7777 E/
E/b
b)  (<<,3=
(<<,3=;; oc
oc))
(3= 9 nj/
nj/s0
s0 2 : 1> x  7   b 2:
2 :1>
1> b 2 7> =  bf
bf
J`lfi (pint`pin) nbpktji8
  <()  <(:.1> b)  ;.<< b
 7.414 66 39 b  <. ;9 @O
E`ti mn e`erckj eitkn lf`ds w`j ii tmi njj`enf dnfdnt`e `aentn
`aentn iiedkis wke mi lf`do ktsif
134 nbfi 4 @A jit
jitir
irbkentk`e
bkentk`e `a enturnf
ariquiedy-Zmks ixnbpi ffstntis n bnen dndfn`e `
virkdnf nesfn`e ns jisdlij e 19<
Ttkeiss8
Ttk
eiss8 O
O''  > > ,777 fla/
fla/
Sikcmt8 SZ 2 4777 fla
Bnss8 (SZ)/c 2 (4777 fl/(4<< t/s) 2 ;4 las/
/<
 + ((-:<
:<4=
4= x 7 >/
>/s)
s) :(443
:(44377  7 /s)
 4>,339 s<
  3= nj/s
w,/  
L
L>   <-8 -L< }/<
 (:.<4=
(:.<
4=  >7 fs < )

/<

(-:<
:<4=
4= x 7 f s < )< :(4.4377 /s)
- ( 7179 s<
 z 2 74 nj/s


)


A` mi st b`ji tmi smnpi ndt`s jikvij `b .
(1: > j) ni8
O'(O
(O''  
  )  (4.<=
   O'
(4.<= ; x > 7 fl/nj)/
fl/nj)/
_(=9=  > 7 fl/
fl/)
)  (9
(9497
497 fla
flas
st)(
t)( 3= nj/s0
nj/s0 2 4
4 =3
2 >7
z
A` tmi sid`ej b`ji tmi smnpi andt`s jikvij a`b I
(1.:.>j) ni8
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
  2 OK(O'
OK(O'  B 2 (4<
(4<=;
=; x > 7 fla
fl a/nj)/
_(=.9>= x > 73 la
la/
/)  (949 7 lala-s
s/
/)
)(
( 74 nj/
nj/s0
s0HH   > .9 =
6 2 >7
jitirbkentk`e
`e `anbfktuji uskec
us kec
1.39 nbfi 9 @A jitirbkentk
tkbimkst` bitm`j-Zms ixnbpfi ffusntis n bneunf
dndunk`e a`
a` pino vitkdn
vitkdn tnesfnt`e
tnesfnt`e ns jisdklij ke 1 : <
Bnceuji `a a`rdi8 A  > 777 fla
fla
iquiedyy  aa
iquied
aa`di8
`di8   4>:.1 rnj/s (4777 rpb)
Bnss8 B 2 <;17 flas/
Teiss8 O'  49477777 la/
Jnpkec d`idie8 ' 2 41=:7
41= :7 lala-s/a
s/a
Tiidt ti stip (
( )8
dydfi kbi  ( /4777 ke/riv)(
ke/riv)(17
17 s/bke)
s/bke)  7.7< s
Zii stip8
Z
stip8  2 (dydfi bi)
bi)/
/ 7 2 (77< s)/ 7 2 777< s
Dndufni mi ektn d`ejkt`es ( 2 7) usec Iq (1:<n)
tm`uc
tm
`ucmm (1:<d
( 1:<d)8)8
A  A`s(
A`s(S
S)
)  (> 777 ld`s(4
ld`s(4 :. > 1 rnj/s
rnj/s  7 s)  777 fla
2
7

[  7
 2 AB 2 (>777 l/(<;17 flas /a) 2 744= at/s
Dndunti mi st ti stip (  >) usec q. (1.:.<j)
tm`uc
tm
`ucmm (1:<
(1 :<88
   7 +   7.77< s
A  A`s( )  (>777 fld`s(4:.>1 rnj/s  7.77< s) 
=7; fl
flaa

/s)(7.77<
)(7.77< s0  1.1 
  y + 7.9  7 + 7.9 (7.4 4= /s
> 73 
h 2 A  O     yZRB 2 (=7; fl(>49477777
fla/)(11  > 73 
))  (41=:7 flas/)(11  73  7 
) K
(7.77<
(7.7
7< s)/(<;17
s) /(<;17 la
la-s
-s/
/))  7.<4
7. <4 = at/s
at/s
2
7³3  7 a)/777< s +
[    )K +  /< 2 (11  > 7³
(7.<4= /s)(7.77< s)/<  9.1 x > 7³ /s
/s
Dndufni mi sid`ej ti stip ( 2 <) usec Iq (1:<c)
tm`ucmm (1:<)
tm`uc
(1 :<) 8
t 2 t +  2 (777< s) + (777< s) 2 777: s
A 2 A`s( ) 2 (>777 fld`s(4:>1 rnj/s  777: s) 2
47; fl
flaa

733 a)  (7) + (7<4= /s<)
 2 <   + h  2 <(11 x 7
(7.77< s)  <4 7   7
7 
2

O


A
h
    yZRB 2 (47; fl(>49477777
fla/)(<47 x >  a
a)  (41
(41=:7
=:7 fla
flas/
s/
)(<4
)(<4 7  >   1 1 
 73 )/(777<
)/(777< s)/(<;17 la-s/)
la-s/)  7.7 > > a/s
/s
[ 2 (   )! +  < 2 (<47 ] 7
7  1
11
1  >73 )/
(7.77< s) + (77> > /s)
/s)(7.77<
(7.77< s)/
)/<<  = .7  x >7 at/s
mi ipinij dnfdunk`e ks typdnffy pira`rbij `e n
sprinjsmii ns a`ff`ws
kbi
kb
i 
Jyebk
j l
77777
777
777<7
=7;
7.777
47;
7.7717
-47;
-=7;
7.77=7
Qity /
Niir
ke /<
7777
7777
7.44=
] H7
<<;4 ] >7
4=1= >7
]
<;< ] >7
] H7:
3.;=H ] H7:
9.774 H7:
]
-<.949 ] >7:
Jiite
1.393
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T

9.34H
7.<49
99
77>77
->777
7.7><7
-=7;
7.7>7
-47;
7.7>17
47;
7.7>=7
=7;
] 7
-773 ] >7
-9=4 ] >7
-=<3 ] >7
-;;; ] >7
kbi
kb
i 
Jyebk
fj
Jiike
!b
Qiky bb/
Nii
ke b/
77777
=
7777
7777
774
777<7
4. 9 ;;
7<71
7
77<
7777
>49
71;;
7<4
7774
77717
>49
;
79<
77=
777=7
- 4. 9 ;;
47=
77
7<
77>77
=
7=7
749=
74=
77><7
=7;
7<<
791
77>
77>7
-47;
-4;3
-79;=
774;
77>17
47;
-<9>
-773
79<
77>=7
=7;
-47<4
-7744
7<<<
o
<.=9
] 7
->.=9; ] 7
->.;1< ] 7
-H.44 ] 7
-H.7= ]  7
7
-H.3
-79
-7<4<
7<;
7;=
73<=
Zmi risutkec
risutkec jia`rbn
jia`rbntk`e
tk`etkbi pf`t ks ns a`ff`ws
a`ff`ws ke kc
kc  1
1
99
Zmi stinjy-stnti pino nbpfktuji ks rinj `b tmi sprinj
smiit nt n tkbi pirk`j natir tmi `lsirnlfi trneskiet isp`esi
mns sulsjij
skecfi nbpfktuji (nt t 2 > .=77 s) 2 1 :;  > 7
7 
2 77= bkfs (< b)
Zmi usi `a
` a n sm`rtir tkbi stip w`ufj risuft ke ne nbpfktuji
mnt bntdmis
bntdmis tmi d`rrisp`ejkec
d`rrisp`ejkec risuft ke Ixnbpfi 1 (1
(1  1)
131 Inbfi 1 @A jitirbkentk`e `aris`esi uskec
tinjystnti bitm`jZmks ixnpfi kffustntis n bneunf
dndufnt`e a`r tmi pino virtkdnf trnesfntk`e risp`esi ns
isdrklij ke 1.:.
1. :.44 wktm`ut tmi
tmi usi `a d`bpfix nktmitkd.
nktmitkd.
ncektuji
ncekt
uji `a a`rdi8
A2 4777
riquiedy
a`rdi8 
: > 1flarnj/
:
rnj/ss (4777 rpb)
rpb)
nss B 2 <;17
< ;17 fla
fla-s/a
-s/att
Ttkeiss8
Ttk
eiss8 O   49 4 77777 fla/
fla/
Jnbpec d`idkiet8  2 41=:7
41= :7 flas/
flas/
Dnfdunti pnrnbitirs lnsij `e q (1.:.48
 2 O  B} 2 (49477777 fla/at)
 (<;17 la-s
la-sa
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t)(44 :
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l 2 
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flas/)(4
)(4 >:  > 1 rnj/s)
rnj/s)
 >. 9  > 73 fla
fla/
/
Dnfdunti tmi pino nbpfktuji
  A/sqrt_n +   ( >777
> 777 fl/sqrt_(>.919
fl/sqrt_(>.919 x > 7 fla
fla/)
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(>9  > 73 fla
fla/0
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att 2 771
771 kf
kf 2 > ;4 
-7.77
-7.<=3
-7.11
tmi
l`tm
n nej  eicntkvi)8
eicntkv
 Dnfdunti
2 = 7  nr
nrdt
dtnnpmnsi
e /
/R
Rnecfi
2 = 7(wktm
 nr
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ne (>>9
fli)8a/a
/at)/
t)/
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fla/
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)  > 9. ; jic
jic
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ttut
t  qty   Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
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jitirbkentk`e
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Ckvie bpijnedi n
n  dieti
dieti `a iskstnedi
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B 2 < ;9 1 la-sa
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K
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mikc mt a`b
a`b diei `
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: = 
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p`pitis8
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iqn`es ni a`b
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2 (
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nj))  14: x > 73 l
laa
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sn
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nj0 2  ;7 ] > 7  3 
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n) Jivi`p n pikbkeny skzi a` tmi a`ejntk`e skec
fi`a-tmbl npp`ndmis (3 <) ` iqkvnfiet stntkd
`njkec bitm`j (3.>.<< pnst ixpikiedi bndmkei bne
ndti id`bbiejntk`es nej `tmi nvnkfnlfi jntn
l) Dnfdnti tmi vklntk`e pnnbitis sdm ns entnf
iqiedy nbpktjis vif`dktkis nej nddifintk`es ` tmi
pifkbkenkfy skij `ejntk`e (3><4  
d) Qikay tmnt tmisi dnfdfntij pnnbitis j` e`t ixdiij
cieinfy nddiptij kbkts
 kbkts ` p`idt
p`idt spidkd vkln
vklntk`e
tk`e pi`
pi`
bnedi din (3<4  
j) a eidissny ked`p`nti npp`pknti b`jkdntk`es ke
mi `ejnt`e jiskce t` ijdi vklntk`e isp`esis t` biit
mi spidkij vklntk`e pia`bnedi dktikn nej d`st
i) Dmido
Dm ido tmi stdtn
stdtn ketickty
ketickty `tmi
` tmi d`editi a`ejntk`e
nej bndmeib`etkec systib
 a `ejntk`e
`ejntk`e skzis iqkij
iq kij ni ixdisskvify
ixdiss kvify fnci jiti
bei a vlntk`e bktkcntk`e binsis sdm ns vklntk`e
s`nk`e ni iqk
iqkij
ij ` lieidknf
Wivietvi binsis t` ijdi vklntk`es ni cieinffy
isss ixpieskvi wmie ked`p`ntij
is
ked`p`ntij ke tmi `kckenf
`kckenf jiskce tmne
ibijnf binsis nppfkij nati bndmkeiy ks ke `pintk`e
Zmi a`f`wkec ni s`bi d`bb`e bines tmnt dne li sij
sipnnify ` d`blkeij t` ijdi vklntk`es
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
n) Tiidk`e `a mi `s anv`nli f`dnk`e a` mi
ndeir
nd
eiry
y `r
 `r ixnpi, `dnec i ndmkei
ndmkei d`sir
d` sir ` mi
c`uej wkf mifp ijudi `dokec vklnk`es Ne`i liei
dknf ixnpi ks oiipkec i diei `a cnvy
cnvy `a mi ndmei
df`si ` mi dieir `a a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e rckjy
l) Nju
Njusie
sie `a ndkei wk ispid ` spi
spiij
ij ` lnnedi
`a `vec pnrs
d) Njusie `a i a`uejn`e wk rispid ` nss
nci visus snffi), seiss, ` l`m Wkfis ` dnkss`es
dne kedinsi a`uejn`e seiss sulsnekny
j) s`n`e `a i ndmeiy ` i a`uejnk`e uskec
spidnf `ueecs sud ns sprecs
sp recs nej ixli
xl i a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e ns
ns
i) s`nk`e
 s`nk`e `a i a`uejnk`es
a`uejnk`es a`
a` sur`uejkec ly pmys
pmy s
kdnf lnris
3<  Jisce im`js a` mi a`uejn
k`es supp`rec jyend iqukpie mnvi cnjuny iv`fvij
`vi ki a` ne npp`xkni ui`amul p`dijui
` mi `ri idmednfy s`uej ieckeiiec i`js Zks
iv`fuk`e mns liie nddifinij ly mi wjisprinj nvnkf
nlky `a jyend nenysks s`awnri Zisi im`js dne li
kjiekij ns a`f
a`f`ws8
`ws8
n) \ufi-`a-ul
\ ufi-`a-ul
l) quvnfie snkd `njkec
d) Jyenkd nenfysks
mi sifid`e `a ne nppr`prni im`j jipiejs minvky
`e ndmei dmnrndirsds, kedujkec uelnfnedij a`rdis,
spiij, wic, diei `a cnvy f`dn`e, `ueec, p`r
nedi `a i ndkei, a`uejn`e ypi nej skzi, nej riqukrij
pia`nedi dkikn
Jisce `a mi a`uejn`e snrs wk mi sifid`e nej
nssissie `a i a`uejn`e ypi, ski, nej `dnk`e
Ysunfy, a`uejn`e ypi s c`vieij ly i s`f pr`pir
kis nej `pink`en iqukiies Zi ndei a``pke,
wikc, nej uelnfnedij a`rdis c`vie i skzi `a i a`ue
jn`e Zi `dnk`e `a n a`uejnk`e ks c`vieij ly ievk
`eienf nej `pink`enf d`eskjin`es Zus, mi ieck
eiir s`uj d`eskji ea`nk`e a` mi a`f`wkec rii
dnic`kis lia`i i a`uejnk`e dne li pienfy sij
E`i n mi a`f`wkec ni i snpfi
s npfi kea
kea`n
`n`e
`e riqukij
a` a`uejnk`e jiskce
jiskc e
n) Bndei dnndikskds nej ndeia`uejn`e
pira`nedi
pira
`nedi iquriies
k ued`es `a mi ndmei
kk ikcm `a mi ndmkei nej s `vkec d`p`eies
kk F`dn`e `a
` a i dieir `a crnvky e l` vidn nej
m``en jiesk`es
kv pinkec spiij necis `a
` a mi
mi ndmei
v Bnceuji
Bnce uji nej jid`e `a mi
mi uelnfnedij a`dis nej
`ies
vk Fks kp`sij `e i a`uejnk`e wm ispid `
jkiienf jspfndiie
vkk Fks wk rispid ` vklnk`e pia`rnedi
dkin8 vkln`e npfuji, vif`dy, nej nddifink`e
l) Ci`idmedn kea`n`e
k Nf`wnli s`kf-linrec dnpndy
kk Nf`wnli pi dnpndky
kk Iid `a vkln`e `e mi s`a` ixnpi, siiie `r kquian
kq uiand`e
d`e ³
 
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
93
v Dfns
Dfnssk
skdnk`e
nk`ey
ypi
pi `a s`kf
v B`juf
B `jufus
us `a sulcrnji rindk`e
vk Jyenkd s`kf smin `jufus
vk Jyenkd s`kfpkfi skeiss nej jnpkec jnn (a`
pkisupp`rij a`uejnk`es)
d) Ievkr`eienf d`ejkk`es
 xkskec vklrnk`e s`urdis sudm ns ixkskec vklnkec
iqukpie, vimkdufnr rnd, `r d`esdk`e
 Mune susdipklkfky ` vklrnk`e ` vklnk`e-siesk
vi iqukpie
k ``jkec
v Mkcm wnir nlfi
v Tikskd nznrj
vk kej
vkk Te`w
vkkk F`w `r mkcm ipirnuri
Ysunffy, mi pifkkenry a`uejnk`e ski ks isnlfksij
uskec mi rufi`a-ul im`j, nej mie mi pia`rnedi
drin, a` l`m ndmkei nej a`uejnk`e, nri vikij uskec
i iqukvnie snkd f`njkec im`j `r jyenkd nenfysks
a mi iqukvnie snkd f`njkec im`j ` jyenkd nenfysks
sm`ws mn mi a`uejn
`uejnk`e
k`e ks kenjiquni mi ieckeii ivksis
ivksi s
i a`uejn
a`uejn`e
`e skzi nej ripins mi nenfysks
 \ufi`a-mul ks mi
3.><.> jiskce
skpfis
im`j a`r jyenkd iqukpie a`uejn
`es Zmi d`edip `a mks im`j ks ` pr`vkji sudkie
nss e mi a`uejnk`e lf`do s` mn mi vklnk`e ks nieu
nij nej nls`rlij ly mi a`uejnk`e nej s`kf sysi Yefiss
`mirwksi kejkdnij, mi rufi`amul im`js jisdklij
e mi a`f`wkec nri iairrkec ` lf`do-ypi ` d`lkeij
l`do-ypi a`uejnk`es supp`rij `e s`kf ` pkfisdnkss`es
Jyend iqukpie supp`rij `e ifivnij srudis ypk
dnfy riqukis jyenkd nenfysks ` ivnfuni ks vklnk`e
pira`rnedi njiqundy
`r r`nkec nej ridkpr`dnkec ndmkei a`uejnk`es, `s
ieceiis d`eskji mi rufi`amul p`dijui snksand
`ry a`r n prikkenry a`uejnk`e skzkec T`ikis ieck
eiis usi mks im`j ` jiskce lf`do-ypi a`uejnk`es
supp`rkec rinkviy snff ndmkeiry, up ` 9777 l
(<<37 oc) ke nss nej mnvkec snff uelnfnedij a`dis `
idkpr`dnkec ndmkeiry nej sieskkvi ndmkeiy fi-`a
ul pr`dijuris ly isifvis ny e` li sudkie N
`ec-isnlfksmij rufi`a-mul a`r ndmkeiry `e lf`do-ypi
a`uejnk`es ks ` noi mi nss `a mi a`uejnk`e lf`do n
ins mrii kis mi nss `a n r`nkec ndmkei nej n fins
vi kis mi nss `a n ridkpr`dnkec ndmkei ` pkfi
supp`rij a`uejnk`es, misi rnk`s nri s`ikis rijudij
s` mn mi a`uejnk`e lf`do nss, kedfujkec pkfi dnp, ks n
ins <9 kis mi nss `a n r`nkec ndmkei nej n fins
a`ur is mi nss `a n ridkpr`dnkec
ridkpr`dnkec ndmkei Zmisi rnk`s
nri ndmei nss kedfuskvi `a `vkec nej snk`eny pns
ns d`pnrij wkm mi nss `a mi d`edrii a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e lf`do
lf`d o
Njjk`eny, ney jiskceirs riqukri mi a`uejnk`e ` li
`a sudm wikcm mn mi isufne `a fnirnf nej virkdnf f`njs
f `njs
snkd `njs)
 `njs) anffs wkmke mi kjjfi `ei-mk
`ei-mkrj
rj `a
` a i a`uejn
a`uejn
`e lnsi Zmn ks mi ei iid `a fninf nej vikdnf f`njs
` mi iddiekdky `a mi virkdnf f`nj sm`ufj e` dnusi fndo
`a d`prissk`e uejir ney pnr `a mi a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e
Dq ttut  qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
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9=
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
Zm ecer s`ufj jrbke m smnp nej doess
`a  a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e ` pr`vkj
p r`vkj uea
uea`rb
`rb jsrlu`e `a vdn
jnj nej kv f`njs `  supp`rec s`k `r pkf
pkfs,
s, ka prndkdn
prndkdn
Zs dne l ndd`bpfksmj ly njhusec  ec nej wj
`a  a`uejn`e s`  der `a crnvy `a  bndme
d`edjs wk  der `a crnvky `a  a`uejnk`e lf`do
e pfne. N d`bb`e drr`e
drr`e ks mn  pnevw dderkdk
ks lwe m der `a crnvky
crnvky `a m d`blej
d`bl ej bndke
a`uejn`e sysb nej m der `a rsksned (der `a
skess) s`ufj l ss mne  prde `a  pfne jbe
s`es `a  a`uejn`e Z snp `a m a`uejnk`e s`uj
  supp`j qukpbe rqukrbes. Ns` m ecker
s`ufj pr`vkj sude
s ude nrn a`r
a`r bndme bneened. Z
Z 
snp `a m a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e s`uj
s`u j njqunfy ndd`bb`jn 
qukpbe kedfujec bneened spnd a rqukrj. Z
bkebub wkjm s`uj l >   bs m
m vrkdnf jsned
ar`b m bndmke derfke ` m l``b `a m a`uejnk`e
lf`do. Ke ney dns  a`uejn`e ks sj s` mn m a`ue
jnk`e lnrkec
lnrkec prssur
prssur j`s e` xdj m nf`wnl s`kf
lnrec dnpndy pejec `e bnde vej`rs n`wnl
s`f-lnrkec prssur a`r jyenbd bndmkes bny l fbkj
` `e-nfa `a nf`wnl s` lnrec prssur a`r a`uejn
k`es supp`rkec snkd qukpbe.
Zmkdoess drkrkn prbnrkfy srv ` supp` n d`bb`e
nssubp`e mn m a`uejn`e lmnvs ns n rkckj l`jy `e
m supp`rkec bnrkn. Dnry mks s n b`r d`bpx
pr`lfb ne s njjrssj
njjrss j ly skbp rufs`a
ruf s`amubl
mubl @e s`a
s`a
s`fs n mkeer sdk`e bny l sudke wmrns `e sr
s`fs, n dor sdk`e bkc l rqurj ` supp`r  rcj
l`jy nssubpk`e Ka  rkckj l`jy nssubpk`e ks e` nppfk
dnlf, b`r fnl`rn d`bpun`e dekqus sudm ns e
be b`js s`uj l usj. Cnns (;=4) pr`vjs
s`b jrd`e
jrd `e e s
 s rcnrj @e ruf`a mubl
mubl drr`e a`r
a`r
mkdoess ks mn  bekbub kdoess `a  a`uejnk`e
lf`do sm`uj l `em `a s wjm (s`r skj) `e-em
`a s fecm (f`ec sj) `r <  (7
(711 b) wmkdvr pr`juds
m nrcs a`uejnk`e doess. Ne`r drkrk`e s ckve
e 1< ns /47 `a m ec pfus <  (71 b) E`rbnfy,
jyenbkdnfy `njj a`uejn`es s`uj e` l pndj `e 
`p `a lukjkec
lukjkec a``ecs `r e sudm f`dn`es
f `dn`es n m
m jyenbd
ds dne rnesar
rnesar e`  lufjec a``e
``ecs
cs
A`rckec nbbr a`uejnk`es nr uekqu ke m ses n
jsce `a  a`uejn`e ks sseknfy lnsj `e  bpnd
ercy nej dmnrndrskds `a  a`rcec pr`dss Zr ks
e` dure Y.T j`dube njjrsskec jskce rqurbes
a`r a`rcec mnbbr a`uejn`es B`s mnbbr bneuand
urrs nr anbknr wk KE :7< kssuj e > ;= . Nf`u
Nf`uc
c
mks j`dube mns le wkjrnwe ly m Crbne snejnrjs
`rcnekzn`e  ks sf wjfy raredj ns n b`r dure
snejnrj s e` nvnknlf Zmn j`dube s subbnrkj e
m a`ff`wkec pnrncrnps a`r cernf ea`rbnk`e
Zm rqukrj wkc `a n a`uejnk`e lf`do rskec up`e
s`f s`ufj l jrbkej ly dndunk`e nej sudm dndu
nk`es sm`ufj d`eskjr m d `a vklrn`es `e enrly
srudurs nej andkfks. @e rared qun`e succsj
ly KE :7< s
Iqunk`e (3
(3 > <  > ) nssubs ne nevkf
nevkf`r
`rnb
nb wkcm rnk` `a
<7  . Zm bkekbu
bkekbub
b a`uej
a`uejnk`e
nk`e wkcm
wkcm sm`ufj l jdrnsj
`r kedrnsj ` bno up a`r n fkcmr `r mnvkr nevkf wkc
rnkv ` m rnb wkcm, rspdkvfy
Iqukvnfiet stntkd
stnt kd f`njkec bitm`jZm qukvnfe
snkd `njec bm`j ks n skbpfkj nej nppr`xkbn wny `a
nppykec psuj`-jyenbkd a`rds ` m bndmke-supp`kec
srdur ` dmdo m srecm nej snlkfky `a m a`uejn
`e Zms bm`j ks usj bnkefy a`r m jskce `a a`uejn
`es a`r
a`r bndmkes
bndmkes wkcmkec > 7777 lb (::7 oc) `r fss
fs s
A`r jskce `a rdkpr`dnkec bndmke a`uejnk`es ly m
snkd bm`j m bndmke bneu
bneuandu
andurr
rr sm`ufj pr`vkj m
a`f`wkec jnn
n) Scm `a m bndmke nej lnspfn
l) elnnedj
elnn edj a`rds
a`rds nej b`bes `a m
m bndmke jurkec
`prn`e
d) Kejvkjunf dyfkejr a`rds kedfujkec ukj nej kerkn
ds
A`r jsce `a r`nkec bndmke a`uejnk`es ly m snkd
bm`j m bndmke
bndmk e bneuand
bneuandurr
urr sm`ufj pr`vkj
n) Scm
Scm `a m bndmke nej lns
lns  pfn
l) Qrkdn psuj`-jyenbkd jskce a`rd
d) M`rk`enf psuj`-jyenbkd jskce a`rds
k nrn a`rd
kk. f`ecujen a`rd
Dnfdufnj enrnf quedk
quedkss ja
j a`rbn
`rbnk`es
k`es (jkspfndbes
(jkspf ndbes
r`nk`es `r l`m), nej a`rds wkmke m a`uejnk`e/srdur
supp`rkec m bndmke sm`ufj snks snlfksmj jskce nej
pra`rbned rd`bbejnk`es `ufkej ke 1 nej 11
11
E` mn vrkdn jyenbkd a`rd ks nppfkj e`rbnf ` 
smna (a`r n m`rkz`enffy smnj bndmke) n m bkjp`ke
lwe m lnrkecs `r n m der`kj `a m r`nkec bnss
a m bnce
bnceuj
uj `a mks a`rd k s e` pr`vkjj ly m bndmke
bneuandurr m ecker bny d`esrvnkvfy no k ns 7
prde `a m bndmke nssblfy jnj wkcm Fnrnf a`rd
ks nppfkj e`rbnf ` m smna n m bkjp`ke lwe m
lnrkecs `r n m der`kj `a m r`nkec
r`nkec bnss.
bns s. `eckujkenf
a`rd s nppfkj
n ppfkj n`ec m smn nxks Zm ecker
ecke r dne d`esr
vnvfy no l`m m fnrnf nej m f`eckujkenf a`rd ns <
prde `a m jnj wkcm `a m bndmke nssblfy uefss
spdkdnfy jej ly m bndmke bneuandurr Qrkdnf,
fnrnf nej f`eckujkenf a`rds nr e` d`eskjrj ` nd
d`edurrey a`r
a`r bney yps ` a r`nkec bndmkes
bndmk es
Jyenbkd nenfysks bitm jyenbkd nenfysks
ked``rns b`r njvnedj nej b`r nddurn bm`js `a
jrbekec vlrnk`e pnrnbrs nej, mra`r, ks `e
usj e m enf jskce snc nej a`r drkkdnf bndmke a`ue
jn`es. yenbkd nenysks (`r vklrnk`e nenfysks) ks nfb`s
nfwny rqukrj a`r fnrc bndmke a`uejnk`es wkm skcek
dne jyenbkd a`rds
a`rds (1.
(1.  nej 11)
A`r m jyenbkd nenfysks `a rdkpr`dnkec nej r`nkec
bndmke a`uejnk`es m bndmke bneuandurr sm`ufj n
fns pr`vkj
pr`v kj m a`f`wkec jnn ` m xe rqukrj ly m
nenfyss8
n) Wrkbnry uelnnedj a`rds nej b`bes nppfkj n m
bndme spj `vr m
m ff rnec `a spdk j `prnkec
`prnkec spjs
sp js
3 ><<
3.>.<4
( .>.< . )
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`v y K a
E` rip`udtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbktt wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
l) Tid`ejny uelnfnedij a`rdi nej b`bie nppij
nt twdi tmi bndmkei piij `vi tmi u rneci ` pidkij
`pirntkec piij
d) Kejkvjun dyfkejir `di kedujec ukj nej eirkn
iid
E`ti tmn n b`ri
b`ri jitnkij fkt dne li a`uej
a`uej ke : 4 
A`r r`ntkec bndmkeiry `uejntk`e
`uejntk`e tmi jyenbkd nenfyk
nenf yk
(11) jitirbkei mi vlrnk`e nbptuji lnij `e mii
jyenbkd a`rdi \iai ` :4 `r mi jyenbkd a`rdi dnfdu
fnt`e a`r l`m idkp`dnec nej r`ntkec bndmkei. Smie
tmii  b`i mne `ei r``r, m`wivir, nbptuji ni `aie
dnfdunij wtm tmi r`` `rdi nubij t` li e-pmni nej
=7 jicii `ut`a-pmni. Z` `lne mi bnxbub nen
tk`enf nej bnxbub `k`en nbpfkuji, `mir pmni rin
tk`emp bny nf` li evicntij. Nfienvify ` `lne
bnxbub vnfui, tmi f`nj bny li nenyzij ipnniy nej
tmi pino rip`ei ubbij
N jkduij ke 1   n d`bpfiti jyenbkd nenyk ` n
yib  e`rbnfy pia`bij ke w` tnci8
>  Aiquiedy neny8
neny8 itirb
itirben`e
en`e `mi
`mi entunf iuie
di nej b`ji mnpi `a n bndmei-`uejnt`e yib
< A`dij vlrn`e nenyk8 Dndufnt`e ` tmi bndmkei
a`uejn`e yib rip`ei
ri p`ei dnuij ly tmi jyenbkd `rdi
iibeec tmi entunf riquiedki nej b`ji mnpi `
tmi bndmkei a`uejnk`e ytib pr`vkji ke`rbnt`e nl`ut
tmi jyenbkd dmnndtiktkd `a mn yib. e njjk`e dnfdu
fntec tmi enurn ariquiedki kjieki mi uejnbienf
aiquiedy uunfy mi f`wi vnui `a mi entunf aiquie
dki Zmi kcekdnedi ` entunf riuiedi nej b`ji
mnpi nri
nri jkduij
jkdu ij ke 1  
Ariuiedy nenfy k n` dnfij aii vklrntk`e nenyk
Zmi jinf ` ariqui
ariquiedy
edy nenfy bim`j`
bim`j``cy
`cy nri jkduij
jk duij
ke 1< nej 14  Ariquiedy neny `a n `kf-a`uejn
tk`e-bndmeiy ytib wk p`vji mi jyenbd dmnrndtir
ktkd `a tmi yiba`r ixnbpi enurnf iquiedi b`ji
npi nej b`jn pntdkpnkec bn rn` Zmi dndufnij
etrn riquiedki dne li uij a`r tmi i`enedi dmido `a
tntt yib Ke njjtk`e mi iquiedi nej b`jnf mnpi dne
tn
l uij ly mi b`jnf upip`k`e/trnea`bn`e bitm`j n
ti lnk ` pi`b a`rdij vklntk`e nenfyk. e bney dni
x iquiedi ni dndufnij d`eiet wktm x cj l`jy
b``e `a tmi `virnf bndmkei a`uejnk`e ytib. Ney ` nff
`a mi kx iuiedi bny li d`bpnrij wtm tmi ixdktn`e
iquiedy wmie dmidokec ` ri`enedi d`ejtk`e
d`ejtk `e
A`rdij vklrntk`e nenfyk dnfduni tmi bndmkeia`ue
jnt`e yib rip`ei dnuij ly mi jyenbkd a`rdi
Zmi riut ni tmi pidkd vklnt`e pnrnbiir udm n
jkpndibiet vif`dkty nej nddifintk`e ` tmi bni n
wiff n mi kein a`rdi e tmi bibli ` tmi bndmei
upp`t yib. Zmie mii vlrn`e pnnbii nri tmie
d`bpnrij wtm mi jieij drirn `r rid`bbiejij nf`w
nlfi vnui `r n pidd d`ejk`e (1>
( 1> nej 11
11)) nej
keien a`rdi nri uij ` dmido tmi tdtunf riectm `
tmi a`uejnk`e d`bp`eiet Zmi jinkf `a `rdij vklnt`e
nenfy bitm`j`f`cy ni d`viij e 11<
11<
Lnij `e riut ` vklntk`e nenfyi, mi pr`p`k`e `
tmi a`uejn`e (mnpi wkjtm, fiecm, nej jiptm) `uejnt`e
iblijbie jiptm nej pi nr
nrnecibiet
necibiet a tmi
tmi a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e k
k
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
9
piupp`rtij, bny li b`jkij `r rinenfyk nej riivnfu
nt`e. Zmk bny tnoi eubir`u ktirntk`e uetkf tmi p`hidt
pidd vlrntk`e nddiptnedi drktirkn nri d`bpfitify bit
<D`editi
3.< D`driti i`rbn
`rbndi
di drktirknZmi jikce `a tmi
`uejntk`e m`ufj wktmtnej nff nppfkij
n ppfkij f`nj
f`nj l`tm tntkd nej
jyenbkd n jieij ke Dmnptir :
:  Zmi `uejntk`e m`ufj ndt
e uek`e wktm tmi iukpbiet nej upp`rtkec `kf ` trud
uri t` biit tmi jiidtk`e fkbkt pidkij ly tmi bndmkeiy
bneundturi
bneu
ndturirr `r iqukpbiet `weir
`weir Zmi jikc
jikcee irkdi
ir kdi fkai `a
n d`edriti a`uejntk`e m`ufj biit `r ixdiij tmi netkdkpntij
jikce irvkdi fki ` tmi iukpbiet ketnffij nej ikt tmi
dydkd trii ar`b jyenbkd f`nj
ikce ` bndmkeiry `uejntk`e k jrkvie ly tmi uekqui
riuribiet `a tmi bndmkeiry, kt kzi, wikcmt, nej tmi eiij
` d`etr`f `r fkbkt tmi rip`ei t` jyenbkd f`njkec kbp`ij
ly tmi iukpbiet. Zmi pira`rbnedi k b`ri jipiejiet `e
 bn ``tprket, nej jyenbkd rip`ei n `pp`ij t`
lukfjec-typi trudturi wmiri triectm jikce d`et`f
biblir kzi nej bkekbub rike`rdibiet riukibiet
bp`ij ly NDK 4=
4=  Njjktk`enffy, naity ` tmi cieinf
pulfd  cieirnffy e`t n d`edire lidnui tmi `uejntk`e k
e`t lukft t` li `ddupkij, n lukfjkec nri
ND 4= pr`vkk`e wiri jivif`pij prkbnkfy a`
d`bbirdknf nej `di lukfjkec trudturi. A`r tmii trud
uri, biblir kzi nri ifidtij lnij `e tmi bkekbub
jikce triectm t` rikt ievkr`ebietnf nej crnvkty f`nj
\ie`rdibiet k kzij t` rikt tibpirnturi nej mkeonci,
d`bprik`e, tiek`e, minr, nej t`rk`e Bibli kzi
bny li fnrcir tmne riukrij ly triectm t` ntkay
ntkay jiidtk`e
jiidt k`e
nej jrkat. Mkcm `ddupnedy k ixpidtij nej bkekbub ike
`rdib
`rdibiet
iet ukec ND 4  = drktirkn k bnketn
bnketnkeij
keij t` p`vkji
triectm `r
`r irvkdi f`nj nej judtkfkty jurkec ikbkd iviet
` pr`vkji n dirtnke jicrii `a `vir-triectm a`r kedinij
jikce irvkdi fk
fkii naity dnpnlkfktki
dnpnlkfktk i `a tmi tudturi
tudturi
Zmiri k fkbktij cukjnedi durrietfy nvnkfnlfi `e m`w t`
ifidt bkekbub rikea`rdibiet ke tmi jikce `a `vikzi
idt`e `r bndmkeiry `uejntk`e Ke tmi nliedi `a tmk
e`rbn
e`
rbntk`e
tk`e uir
ui r `atie
`atie jianuft
jianuft t` NDK 4 > = . Nppfykec NDK
4 > = pr`vkk`e t` `virkzi biblir
biblir m`wivir,
m`wivir, dne
dne riuft ke
viry d`eirvntkvi nej d`tfy jikce.
T`bi iqukpbiet viej`r bny riukri trii dnfdufntij
uejir irvkdi f`nj t` biit tmikr pidkd nff`wnlfi tri
nddiptnedi drktirkn. A`r `bi iqukpbiet `uejntk`e tmii
 eitmir n pulkmij
pulkm ij tnejnrj e`r n dfinr kejutry d`eieu
d`eieu 
n ` wmkdm typi ` pira`rbnedi drktirkn k nppr`prknti Ke
m`i dni a`uejntk`e jikceir iqukpbiet viej` nej
`weir m`uj iio
 iio n dfinr ueji
uejirtne
rtnejkec
jkec nej butunf
butunf ncrii
biet `a tmi a`uejntk`e
a`uejntk`e pir
pi rrbnedi
rbnedi drktirkn.
D`edriti drndokec, ricnrjfi `a tmi dnui ` mi
drndokec dne mnvi eicntkvi iidt `e `uejntk`e junlkfkty
efkoi tntkdnfy f`njij `uejntk`e drndokec `a d`editi ke
`uejntk`e upp`rkec jyenbkd iukpbiet dne nf` dnui
n cekdnet rijudtk`e ke `uejntk`e tkei nej nidt
vlrnk`e pir`rbnedi T`bi iukpbiet viej`r iuki
`uejntk`e jikce
jikc e t` biit tmikr pidkd drndokec nddiptnedi
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne D`editi KestktutiKestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
17
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
dkikn Bkekbkzec smkeonci nej ibpirnuri drndoec ks
dkdn ` nv`j skeiss `ss nej d`edrii jii`rnk`e
Ke a`uejnk`es mdoi mne :  (< b) mi ieceiir bny
usi mi bkebub riea`dkec
riea`dkec sii succisij ke
k e ND <73<\
<73<\ 
Zmi d`edrii usij a` mi jyenbkd iqukpbie `uejnk`es
sm`ufj nfs` bii mi bniknf iquribies `ND
` ND 4  <\
<\
D`edriti striectm lnskd predkpis `a ie
a`dij d`edii jisk
jiskce
ce nri usij
usi j ke mi jiskc
jiskcee `a `uejnk`es
`uejnk`es
supp`kec jyenbkd iqupbie Ieceiirs w`okec wkm
spidd iqupbie bny nppfy njjk`en dkikn lnsij `e
mik ixpirkiedi
ixpirkiedi  Tudm iqukpbie edfujis
edfuji s `cec
`cec mnbbis,
urlkei cieirn`r sysibs nej fnrci d`bpriss`s
Zmi cieirn iqupbie `uejn`e edfujis s`bi d`bp`
eies mn pkbnky nd e ixui, `mis mn nri pkbnky
nxnf nej `mirs bny nd pbnrfy ke sminr Nppkdnli
sid`es `a NDK 4= nri `ie usij ` isnlfksm bebub
iquribies a`r nxknf ixurn nej smin ike`dibie
Ke s`bi dnsis ieckeiikec rbs mnvi suppfibieij misi
dkikn wkm kein drkin ` einf eiprink`es `
mi NDK 4  = riqukibies a`r a`ue
a`uejn`e
jn`e sruduris
sruduris mn ni
ni
e`elukfjec suduis A` mdo sidk`es sudm ns urlkei
cieirn`
ciei
rn`rr pijisns ` a`uejn
a`uejn`e
`e bns `vi :  ( > < b)
mkdo spidnf drirn ev`vkec `dn`e `a ike`dibie
`r bekbub riea`rdibie bny li jieij b`ri ke fei
wkm bnss d`edrii d`esud`e Tudm drkikn ni ypkdnfy
suduri-spidd nej mus nri e` ixiejnlfi ` mi lr`nj
dnss `a a`uejnk`es njjrissij e ms j`dubie
Fnrciy lidnusi `a mi lr`nj neci riprisieij ke mks
dnss `a d`esud`e
d`esud`e nddipij snejnrjs mnvi
mnvi e` iv`fvij
A` ixnbpi, mii ks
k s e` spidkd bekbub nb`ue
nb`ue `a ike
ike
a`dibie nppfdnlfi ` nf mi vnr`us iqupbie a`uejn
k`e jisces B`s `a misi `uejnk`es ni jisceij `r
bnss nej skeiss nej e` eidissnrkfy
eidis snrkfy a`r
a`r sriecm nej
nej mus,
ikea`dibie
ikea
`dibie ks spidk
spidkij
ij ly `wei `r viej` riqukibies
mks`rkdnf pnddis `r uis-`a-mubl
uis-`a-mubl N bekbub
bekbub d`edrii
siecm `a :777 psk (<= BWn) ks d`bb`efy spidij `
jyenbkd iqukpbie a`uejnk`es nej a`uejn`es supp`kec
ejuskn iqupbie, uefiss n mkcmir sriecm s riqukij `
`
jurnlkfy
D`eskjirntk`e `a jurnlkk b`s dnsis mi
qunfy nej junlky `a mi d`edii s d`eskjiij b`i
dkdn ` c``j pira`rbnedi mne sriecm D`edii jurn
lkfy dkikn ni, m`wivi lid`bkec b`i skecie Ivie
a d`edrii mns njiquni sriecm ` risks jiskce f`njs,
d`edrii siecm mkcmir mne :777 ps (<= BWn) bny li
iqurij a` nppkdn`es wmii mi d`edrii a`uejnk`e ks
sulhidij ` b`i sivii winmi (aiikec nej mnwec)
ixp`suii ` suani
ixp`su
suani ixp`suri Ndd`rjkec ` ND 4  = mi
bkebub
bkebu
b d`edii sriecm
sriecm ks :77 ps (4
( 4 > BWn) `r
`r mi
d`edrii ixp`sij ` xp`sui Dnssis A< T< nej T4 nej
777 psk (4 BWn) a` d`edrii ixp`sij ` Ixp`sui Dnssis
D< nej A4
D`eskjirntk`e `a tmirbn iidts ypis
`a jyenbkd iqukpbie ns` jivi`p crinimne-e`bn
mirbnf d`ejk`es wkm d`edii surndi ibpinuis
ixdiijkec 7·A (11·D) n`uej nej wkme mi a`uejn
k`e Zmks ks ispidkny ui a`r d`blusk`e urlkeis, sinb
3<<
3<<
3<<<
urleis nej d`bpriss`rs Zmi ieckeiir sm`ufj njjriss mi
iids `a misi mirbn d`ejkk`es ke mi jiskce pmnsi Kenj
iquni d`eskjirnk`e ` mi mirbnf iids dne finj ` inrfy
drndoec `a mi a`uejnk`e, wmkdm ks mie aurmir kedinsij
ly mi jyenbkd iids
Dndufn`e ` mirbnfykejudij liejkec riqukis p`pi
jiirben`e `a mi min jksrkluk`e mr`ucm mi mkdoeiss
` mi a`uejnk`e Min rnesair dnfdufnk`es dne nfs` li
pira`rbij ikmir `ei, w`, `r mriijkbiesk`enf mibnf
nenfyss NDK 47 nej NDK 4:;>\ pr`vkji s`bi cukjnedi
mn dne li ixrnp`nij ` m` iqukpbie Iidkvi bim`js
` d`er`kec
d`er`kec mi mirbnf iids kedfuji
n) W`vkjec sudkie kesufnk`e liwiie mi m` iqukp
bie nej mi d`edrii
l) Wr`vkjkec sudkie d`vir ` mi rikea`rdibie s` mn
mirbny-kejudij drndokec eikmir jicrnjis mi l`ej `a mi
riea`rdibie e`r kedrinsis mi ixp`suri `a mi rike`rdi
bie ` d`rr`skvis
d) Wr`vjkec
Wr`v jkec sudkie
su dkie rike`rdibie
rike`rdibie ` d`er`f mi cr`wm
` mirbn-kejudij drndos
j) W`vkjec
W`vkje c mkcm-ibpirnuririsksne
mkcm-ibpirnuririsksne d`edrii
3.<.4 Bntirkn jenbk
enbkdd r`irtkis
r`irtkis
Jyenbkd b`juus `ainstkdksnlfksmij ifn
3 <4
<4
`esmkps succis mn mi rnk`
rnk` ` jyenbkd ` snkd b`jufus
b`juf us
dne vnry
vnry ar`b
ar`b   > `  1 wkm skcekdne
ne vnrknk`e
vnrknk`e wkm
nci nej sriecm Ke prndkdi ieckeiirs rin mks snke
rni iid jkiriey Ke s`bi rbs, ieckeiirs pi`rb
dnfdunk`es uskec mi mkcmir jyenbkd b`jufus wmiins
`mir rbs bny d`eskjir mi jkiriedi uekbp`ne nej
usi mi snkd b`jufus r`b
r`b NDK 4 > =  E`i mn
mn mi
mi snkd
b`juus
b`ju
us ` ND 4 > = ks jieij ns mi sf`pi ` siss-srnk
siss-srnkee
durvi jrnwe ar`b n sriss ` ir` ` n d`bprisskvi siss
` 7: Zms b`jufus ` ifnskdky ks nfs` riirrij ` ns
snd sidne b`jufus Zmi jkskedk`e ks b`ri kbp`rne a`
ifivnij nli`p-ypi a`uejnk`es wmiri mi arnbi ndk`e
` mi sruduri ks skir ka n jyenbkd b`jufus ks usij Zmi
jiriedi ke uskec snkd nej jyenbkd d`edrii b`jufus `a
ifnsdky dne nfs` li kbp`rne ke d`bpriss`r a`uejnk`es,
wmiri mi sk
skeis
eisss `a mi
mi bndmkei rnbi sm`ufj li ivnfunij
ncnes mi skeiss ` mi d`edrii sruduri A`r skbpfi
l`do-ypi `uejnk`es, mi d`edrii b`jufus ` ifnskdky
mns e` rinf iid `e mi jiskce
A`r nrci sinb urlkei cieirn`r a`uejnk`es, m`wivir,
NTDI Znso D`bbkii (;=3) j`is e` rid`bbiej mi usi
` n mkcmir jyenbkd b`jufus `a ifnskdky lidnusi `a mi
d`esjirn`es `a d`edrii drndos mn bny `ie li prisie
e misi minvy bnsskvi sruduris
Bney iss wiri dnrrkij `u ly risinrdmirs ` d`ri
ni snkd () nej jyenbkd () b`jufk a`r d`edrii @ei
d`bb`efy usij `rbun `r mi jyenbkd b`jufus ` ifns
dy `a e`rbnfwikcm d`edrii ks sm`we ke mi a`ff`wkec
iqunk`e wmkdm ykijs n jyenbkd b`jufus iqunf
iqunf `
` > 4 =
biss mi snkd
bi
snkd b`juus
b`juus ` ND 4 > =
Ij2 ;777) sk)
 2 17)  (BWn)
Dq ttu
ttut
t a q ty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `ed
`editi.`
iti.`c
c
9;;74;7
(3<4>)
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
Jyenbd d`edt b`jufus bny ns` l jtbej ly
`tmi npp`pknti bines (E vkff >;;
>;;?? T =7-<?
=7-< ? YTND
IB >7-<-179> ? W`p`vkds <77=)
<77=)
Jyenbd b`juus `a fnsdkty ks nppfkdnl t` `ey
risp`esi spidrub nej bi-mkst`y jyenbkd nenysks f`nj
dnss (ns tmy mnv npj rn
rn `a dmnecs e m f`njs)
f`nj s) Zmr
ks e` d`bb`e nciibiet t` usi kt e tmi snkd iquvniet
nenfyss stinjy-stnti jyenbd nenfysks ` l`tm ueiss
rqukrj ly bndmke
b ndmke bneuandurs
e mi f`nj d`blentk`es d`bp`sij `a sntkd nej jyenbkd
f`nj dnss m ecke bny ej ` evstcnt nej jv`p
jisce vnuis ly w` sipnrni nenfysis (stntd wktm stnkd
b`jufus/pr`piris nej jyenbkd wtm jyenbkd b`jufis/
pr`prs `a bntkn)
bntkn)
34 D`driti bntirknf jnbk`edriti bni
rn jnbpec typkdnfy j`s e`t mnv budm kbpnd `e m
vklnt`e pa`rned ` l`do-typ a`uejn`es D`edrt
bniknf jnbpec ks viy sbn d`bpnrij ` s`kf jnbpec
(c`btkd jnbpec pfus s`k bnrkn jnbpec) e mnt
dnsi tmi bnirn jnbpec `a d`editi bny li eicfidij.
e d`enst d`edr bnrn jnbpec dne pfny ne bp`r
tne `f e vklnt`e pa`bned `a vntj tnlft`p-typ
a`uejn`es. `r `uejnt`e vlnt`e nenyss d`editi
bnknf jnbpkec rn` s typkdnfy tnoe ns < pdet ju `
f`w siss ivifs ke mi a`uejnk`es. NTD Zns
Znsoo D`bbkti
D` bbktiii
(>;=) id`bbiejs mnt jnbpkec ` d`editi strudtunf
bblrs/bes sm`uj l tnoe ns e` cntr mne <
pirdiet. T`bi ieceiirs d`esivntvify usi  pidiet `
d`edrt bnrn jnbpkec a`r m jyenbd qupbet mnt
ks mkcmf
mkcmfyy vkln
vklntk`e-seskv
tk`e-seskv
3.4.4 D`driti W`kss`  rntk` ne s`r`pkd nej
fkein-inskd
fkein
-inskd bnirnf W`kss`es
W`kss`e s ntk` s d`estne
d`estne?? m`wivir
ke d`edit W`ss`es nt` bny l euedj ly spdd
d`ejtk`es. ` strissis a` wmdm mi rifnk`esmp liwiie
tmi nppkij stiss nej tmi `ecujenf stne ks einr
m`wv m vnfu `a W`ss`es
m`wv
W`ss` es ntk` a` d`ed
d`ed s nppr`xk
bnify d`esnet. Jipiejec `e mi pr`piis ` tmi
tmi nccricnti
usj W`kss`es rn` ` d`edt fks cenffy e tm rnec
`a 7 > 9 ` 7<< wme jrbkej
jrbkej r`b
r`b snke bnsube
bnsubess
uejir n d`bpisskvi f`nj. mi vnui ` W`kss`es ntk` uejir
tesf
tes
f `nj
 `nj nppns ` l tm
tm snb ns ke d`bpssk`e
d`b pssk`e Ixksec
risinrdm (W`p`vkds <77=) rip`s mnt tmi jyenbkd nej stnd
vnfus `a
` a W`ks
W`kss`es
s`es rn` n e` str`ecfy rntj t` ndm `mr
`mr
nej jyenbkd W`ss`es nk` dne l ns mkcm ns 7<9 M`wvr
a`uejntk`e jiskceirs d`bb`efy usi 7.9 ` 7.< ns d`edrii
W`kss`es
W`ks
s`es rn` a`
a` a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e jyenbkd
jyenbkd nenfysks
nenfysk s
34 B`bit `a
`a kirtkn `a
`a biblirs b`biet
`a eirn ! dnfduntij lnsij `e ne uedrndoij d`edriti
sdk`e ks typdnffy usj a`r b`jkec `a lf`do-typ a`uejn
tk`es nej nlfit`p `uejnk`es lidnusi `a bnssvi biblir
s nej `w srsss
srsss  a drndoj
drndoj bblrs n t`
t` l d`eskjirij m`wivir ijudij b`bie `a keitn ns jitibeij e
ndd`rjnedi wm 1.1.4 `  4=-: ks typdnffy usij.
4\ike`rdibit
3.4> \ika`rdkc stiifs wktm b`st d`estrudtk`e
NTB N19/N19B Crnj 17 rea`rdec st ks b`st
d`bb`efy usij a` jyenbd bndmkei `uejntk s
s   `j
P

N Dr ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E r  tr rtt ut  a T
1
jskce prndtd rqukrs pnrkdufnr nttetk`e t` tm jtnkfkec
` tmi riea`rdibiet kedfujkec pr`pir jivif`pbiet `a tmi
lnrs wf ket` tm lf`do ` tm d`edrt nv`kjned `a ln
ejs e mcm-strss rck`es nej nppr`prknt d`v
miri d`edriti ks ixp`sij t` siviri wintmi sufanti
xp`sur `r l`tm rkea`rdkec stf bny rqukr d`rr`sk`e
pr`tidtk`e. Jipiejkec `e tmi d`rr`sk`e sivirkty p`tid
`e binsuris d`ufj kedfuji usi `a ip`xy-d`ntij bitnffkd
d`ntj nej s`fkj btnffkd rkea`rdkec lnrs (sudm ns cnfvn
ezij stiif lnrs nej stnkefiss stiif lnrs)? usi `a \W lns?
us ` d`rr`s`e kemklkt`rs (sudm ns dnfdkub ektrnts ` `tm
`rcned d`rr`sk`e kemklkt`rs)? usi `a d`edriti biblneis `
d`edriti sinirs? `r pr`vkjkec dntm`fkd
dntm`fkd pr`tidtk`e
3.4 Bkkbub rik
rika
a`rdkc riqukribits
riqukribi ts prnd
di `e tmi bkekbub rikea`rdibiet usij vnrkis wkjify
jpejkec `e typ `a jyenbkd qukpbet a`uejntk`es typi
` bblr
bblrss nej tm prare
prared
d `
`  rbs
e a`uejnt`es tmkdoir tmne :  (>< b) tmi ieckeii
d`bb`efy uss tm bkekbub rke`rdbet succstj ke
 <7 .<\ `r bnss
bnss d`edriti.
d`edriti. Tidtk`e  . > <.
<.<< `a 497-71
pr`vjs b`r rdet nftntkv drktrk`e wmkdm stnts tmnt
d`edrt sdtk`es
d`edrt
sd tk`es tmnt nr nt
nt fnst < ke
ke  (177 bb) tmkdo bny
mnvi mi bkekbub smrkeonci nej tibpirnturi rike`dibiet
lnsj `e n > < ke ( 477 bb) d`edr
d`edrt
t fnyr nt
nt ndm and
and
`r fnrci turlkei cieirnt`r `uejntk`es s`bi rbs
spidyy n bkekbub rikea
spid
rikea`rdibie
`rdibiett `a4
`a 4  f fla
fla/
/ (97 oca/b `
7 1: prdet ly v`fub) `r
`r pjstnfs nej > ; fla
fla//at (47 oca/
b `r 7.4= pirdiet ly v`fubi) a`r a`uejntk`e sfnls tmis
prar t` us n fnrcr bkekbub rke`rdbet ` 4> fla/
(977 oca
(9
oca/b
/b)) ke tm a`uejntk`e sfnls T`b Iur`pne qukp
bet vej`rs rqukr
rqukr  tm us `
`  buftkpf
buftkpf fnyrs ` rke
rke`rdkec
`rdkec
stii spndij ke nff tmrii jkridtk`es. `r d`bpriss` lf`dos
s`b rbs succst  prdet rke`rdbet ly v`fub
d`esstkec `a butk-fnyirs `a rike`rdibiet kestinj ` ike
`rdibiet `ey nt andis ` d`edriti nej bny p`st-tiesk`e
m lf`do Bney eckers rd`bbej njjktk`enf kea`rd
biet sudm ns mnkrpke lnrs nr`uej iblijjij nedm` l`fts
` esur `ec-trb pra`rbned Zm drktrkn nej prsetn
`es e  49><\ a`r stntkd qukpbet nfs` dne l nppfkj
` jyenbd iqukpbiet `uejntk`es.
Jskce `a `rckec mnbbr `uejntk`es d`eskjs n stntk
dny iqukvniet f`nj jitirbkeij ar`b tmi kbpndt ieircy
nej dmnrndtrkstkds `
`  tm a`rckec
a`rckec pr`dss ke njjktk`e t` `tm
jsce lnsks f`njs Bkekbub rkea`rdbet ` tm `uejn
`e l`do ks sit nt > .9.911 fl/
fl/
 (<9 oc/b)
oc/b) `r 7.4<
7. 4< pirdiet
ly v`fub Zms rkea`rdbet sm`ufj l jkstrklutj ke nff
mrii jkridtk`es tmr`ucm`ut tmi a`uejn
a`uejntk`e
tk`e lf`do
lf`d o Zmi
Z mi uppi
nyir ` stiif sm`uj li dnpnlfi `a riskstkec
riskstkec > pirdiet ` tmi
stntdnffy qukvnet f`nj nppfkj ke ney m`rk`etnf jkdtk`e
iejkec nej sminr iidts sm`ufj li njjrissij ke tmi fny`ut
nej jsce ` tm rke`rdbet e fnrc mnbbr `uejn
`es rike`rdibiet ks `atie
`atie kestnffij ke nff tmrii `tm`c`enf
jrid`es nej jknc`enffy ke tmi m`rkz`etnf nej virtkdnf
pnes Tuktnlf jvf`pbet ` tm rkea`rdbet ks vy
bp`rtnet. xdisskvi rikea`rdibiet dne drinti d`estudtn
lfy nej qunfkty pr`lfbs nej sm`ufj l nv`kjj
34.4 D`b
D`bb`
b` rik
rika
a`rdkc stiif jisk
jiskc
c rndtkdia
rndtkdi a`r d`driti
d` driti
ijistnfs-
ijistnfs 49.<\ pr`vkjis n subbnry ` d`bb`efy
Dq ttut a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
9;;74;7
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Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
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D K

1
\IW@\Z @E A@YE JNK@ET A@\ J[ENBKD I^YKWBI E (NDK
(NDK 49>.4\=)
s rkea`dkec sf sce prndkd a`r d`edr ps
nfs supp`ec snd qukpe Zms prndkds nr qnffy
nppfdnl ` a`enk`es supp`ec yenkd qupe
:-Bdmki dm`rci
WYJ  WFD W DMDOT
DMDOT
•
I@
3
ira`rbnedi drktirkn n`r d`bp`ees `a
bndke ned`rnc n m nedm`r l`fs ne m spp`r
sys kdfy e  ndmke n n m nedm` l`
f`dn`e Tfdk`e `a m supp` sys ks cerny r
ke ly m qukpbe suppfk d`esrec  spp`
qres a`r m qupbe lns nf`ec wkm ney rqkr
be ` vefn m l`` `a  qupe. Tpp`r
sysbs rnec a` n f l `a cr`u ` vnr`us skces
`a s`pfns ne dm`dos x ` nsnl
nsnl Akcur 3 : >
sm`ws vnr`s yps `a nde
nde an
an spp`r sysb skec
sk ec
p`xy cr`u
cr`u d`dos ne sks.
@e `a m kbp`rne pra`bned dkkn `e sksd
skce ns qk ke NTD/TIK 3
3 spds mn  d`p`
ee nnd
nndes
es smnf l l` wf ` `mrwks
`mrwks p`s
kvfy anse wk` d`esknk`e `a kd`enf sksned
pr`d ly m
 m ds
d s `a crnvky
crnvky
Zm sudnf pra`rbned dkn a`r nedm`r l`fs
`fec yenbkd ndery rquk n sudke dfnpkec
a`d l nvnkfnl ` nenke  ddnf nfkcee `a 
bndme Zm dfnbpkec a`d sm`u n`w s`` rnes
bkssk`e `a elnfned bndmke a`rds ke` m a`enk`e
s` mn m ndmke ne a`enk`e dne nd ns ne kecrn
srudu Cenffy mcmr dnbpkec a`rds nr prar
ldns my rsu e ss vklnk`e lec rd lndo
ke` m ndke Ke m psed `a elnfned a`rds n
ndme mn mns n `w dfnbpkec a`rd xprss
xprss  e bs `a
lnrec pssr `a :77 ps (< = Wn) n m ndmke spp`
spp`
p`kes dne vlrn `r mne m sn bndme wm mkcm
dnpec a`rds wm n lnkec prssu `a > 777 ps (3 BWn)
Wrds`e ndes e m bndme ``f keusry s`s
nv dnbpec a`rds mn sf ke lnrec prssr ns mkc
ns <777 psk (>: Wn) ` ekbk `` dmnr Kesn `a n
`r re m` skceec a` dfnpec a`rd n ks
7 prde `a m nedkpn e`rnf `prnkec l`f a`rd
ks c`` prndkd N bek nedm` l`f dfnpkec a`d `a
>  pd
pde
e `a m l` nknf
nknf y
y  srec s `e s
a spdd vnfus nr e` pr`vk ly m qkpbe neuandr Mkc vnfus nr nppr`prn a`r b`r nccrsskv
bndmes Dnbpec a`d ns` oe`we ns pr`n `r presk`ekec ks vf`p ly esk`eec  ned`r l`f
Nedm`rnci bntirknfs nej sfismr nr vn`us
syfs (yps) `a ned`r l`fs edfuec H syf F sy W
syf E sy WM sf WE syf T sy ne p`s-kesnf
nedm`s mn ny l us
us  a`r nedm`rnc `a qkpbe supp`r
N nkf ksdss`e `a ned`rnc nrkns nedm`rnc
syfs ne k sce dne l a`e
a`e ke  < `aND
`a NDKK 4 <
<\-><
\->< 
Nedm`r l`ft tiesk`ekecZ` nv`k skppnc er
yenkd `ns n ney erand
erand lwe
lw e m arn
arn ne d`do
d `do
ne s`fpn `r d`do ne a`enk`e `p surand, m
e`rbnf a`d n m eand
eand bukp
bu kp ly  dv
dv  d`adke `a dk`e s` xd m nxku `rz`en
yenkd a`rd npp ly  n n  `dnk`e `a 
 
k-`we
3<
34
 s
Ne 
 e  
Wrv 
stN
stN
 jut 
  rt tt  a MT

NJHYTZNLFI IW@][
DM@DOT
W] 
ZNI\IJ HTZNLFI
D@DT
JYNF TMKBBNLFI
DM@DOT
AYF LIJ C\@YZ
Akc  : >Z
Akc
>Zyyis `a bnd
bndmke
mkeir
iryy arnbi su
su`rt
`rt systibs
systibs
d`urtisy `a\`lirt F. \`wne  Nss`dkntis
34 Jitirbkentk`e `a bkekbub nedm`r l`ft tiesk`e
a`rdi cenf
A 2 Z b +
 `r e 2 A  
(3:4)
Ne nedm`r l`f ne d`edr nedm`rnc sysb mn mns
f`ec-r esk secm ke xdss `a ? ne nkenkes
pf`n n `r nl`v ms esk`e d`pf wk n d`do er
and wm`s d`dke `a akd`e qunfs ` xds wf
wkmsne  a`rd A N d`esvnv npp`nd ecds
(nssbs  ` l zr`) ldns ks``e `a m arn `r
lf`do ny d m dv a`rd  ` wkcm n ney
`e ned`rnc f`dn`e
Ke  dns `abndmkes
`abndmkes sdm ns rdp`dnec
rdp`dnec cns d`bprss`rs, cns f`ns `r kerkn f`ns ny kdn  rqkr ard`en `kec dnpndky A ( Tbnffy ne Wnerbf >;;3)
>;;3 )
pekec `e m f`dnk`e `a m nedm`r l`f. Ldns m`fs
e  an
an ne d`ssmn cuk snlf
snlfs
s l` nbr, m
l`f sec bes m bnxkb p`sskl pr`n
Z Cns ndmery \snrd D`uedk (C\D) sndm
pr`crnb (Tbny
( Tbny ;;3)
;;3) mns v`p nn a` akd`e
lwe d``e d`do kerand bnrns edfkec
sf/dns kr`e sf/s p`xy/dns r`e
r`e p`xy/sf ne
p`xy/p`xy ke l`m y ne we-`f-s-pse d`ek`es
skec skzs mn d`b df`s ` `s ypkdnf `a d`prss`
`uekec prndkd Zmks rp`r prses s` vnfus a`
lnonwny arkd`e d`dkes kedfkec n rnec ` 7<<
` 7: a`r ry erands lwe dns r`e ne vnrk`s
p`xy p`uds
p`uds ne n vnu `a 7  ; a`
a` dns k`e `e d`f


s8 esttut a ut e Ttzt
Nbkn
Nb
kn ` KstkuKstku- `ycmt 1
1=`t`c
=`t`c

\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
r`fi ii Zmi priiedi `a `f e mi kec eiandi
rd m akd`e d`de a` dn `e `e p`xy ` n
rneci
rne
ci ar`b
ar`b 77; ` 7   ne ` n vnfi ` 7  > : a`
a` dn r`e
`e d`f-r`fi ii Zmu, bnkenekec ne `k-aii erndi
crny emned akd`en m`fec dnpndky.
3.4.< Wrf`nj f`ss nej b`ekt`rkec rf`njs
l` nwny f` n p`k`e ` m pr`n l`m ke m r
<: m`r nr kcmekec ne me rec `prn`e. nf
nfy
y
n fin `ei ricmiekec  iri ef mi pi`n nlk
fk A`r yenbd kpbe vlrnk`e e ` pr`b` n
f` `a iek`e ke nedm`r l` nrcr mne nd ipbie
nedm`nc F` ` pf`n dne kedrn vlrn`e vf
ne nvfy nd bndmke vklnk`e pr`bned. T`b
bneuandurir rid`bbie pik`kd ikcmieec `a nedm`r
l` ` m `kckenf pr`n fv ` mk vkln`eek
kvi ikpbi
ikpbie
e
Nem`r l`ft jtm/fectm/sf yenbd iukp
be pp`
pp` n c`` d`bb`e pndd k ` bno m nedm`r
l` n f`ec n p`li
p `li ` mi nedm`ec a`rdi
a`rdi nri li
li
f`wr e m a`enk`e `r ny e` m d`edr bn `en
`en
`e li`w mi a`uen`
a`uen`ee piinf
pii nf Nfin
Nfinkvify
kvify nedm`r l`
bny ny wmke mi a`en`
`en`ee pinf, lu nkk`enf `wi
`wi 
n p`vk nr`e nedm` l`f ` mfp ne
ne

 e`e e`
mi a`uen`e bn Nedm` l`f mn ni icei ` ixndfy
bndm n dkf ank drk`e ne hu f`ec e`cm ` mn
m d`ed pu` ecm un m recm ` m f
bny li  `` mnff`w ` yenbd bndmkeiy a`uenk`e
Dndoec `a m pp
pp  d`edr mn le
l e n d`bb`e p`lfb
wmie mn`w iblibie ipm ni i
Zmii nri nk`en liei ` ec n f`ec nedm`r l`
Tudm yib ixmkl cini `irnedi ` c` driip, mn
k f f` `a prf`n r`b dp. Ke nk`e m f`wr
irbkenk`e p`e, e mi `en`e ` e mi
 mi bn `en`e
`en`e
lf`w b`v m p`eknf k a`
a` ney drndo eknk`e nwny
`b m yenbd `n kbp` ly m bndmke ne r`b
`urdi `a `f
`urdi
Ke nk`e ` m pm m ecer m` pny ne
k`e `
` mi l`
l` yi H ne F-yf
F-yfii l` dne rnkcmie
rnkcmie `
`
ne puf `u `a d`edii a`uenk`e li`i
li`i mik bnxb
bnxbb
b
ekf
ek
f dnpndy k ndm. Bney ecer pr`mklk
pr`mklk mr 
wkm yenbkd bndmeiry Ixpne`e miff nedm`r m`
`ey l  wm my mnv le  ly m bneuand
ir ne npp`vi a`r mi vlrn`ry d`ek`e `a mi
mi pdd
yenbkd bndmeiy nppfdnk`e
K  w`m p`eec `u mn ne`mr c`` pndd k
k  m
i `a iiv ` nf`w i`ecn`e ` mi nedm` l`f `vir
n f`ecr v`pbe ecm pdknfy wm p`xy cr`
` kedn dnbpec a`d wm` dnukec eu f`dn
ri `e mi nedm`r l`f Zmi dnpndky `nedm`
` nedm` l` m`
l be n dkl ke ND
NDKK 4  .<\ ne ke ndd`rned
wkm ND
NDKK 4> = 
3
9I stkd s pp`
pp`rt
rt systib
systibs
s
A`r mi nppkdn`e ne ice `a in
indd pp`
pp` yib,
ra ` 4.4.4
4.4.4 4.4.
4.4. ne 1.4.4
1.4.4..
N Dr ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E r  tr rtt ut  a T
14
1-C`
Zmr nr w` lnkd yp `a cr` dbiekk` (dbe
lni) cr`u ne ip`xy cr` L`m ypi `a cr` mnvi
bknk`e mn m`uf li d`ekiri wmie pidkkec n
cr` a`r
a`r n pdkd pr`hd
ND 4>>\ pr`vki n inkfi kdk`e ` mi pr`pi
k `a l`m p`xy ne dbekk` cr`u. Tivnf rp`
( Tbnffy ne Wner
Wnerbmf
bmf  ;;
;;?? Tbnffy >;;
>;;  Wneibmf
ne Tbniy ;;n,l)
;;n,l) nri kdk`e pr`piki, diip pr`p
rk ne bm` ` eckerkec ne nikec ip`xy c`
ne dm`do bnirknf a`r ridkpr`dnkec d`bpri` nppfkdnk`e
NDK 4.>\ nf` pr`vk nkf rid`bbenk`e `e
cr` bnrkn rkrbe
rkrbe kce nkf ne pfndibe `a
cr`u Nkk`e
cr`u
Nkk`enfy,
nfy, NDK 4   ne ND
NDKK 4 >  pr`vki pidk
dn`e `r kenffnk`e ` dbekk`u cr` ne p`xy
cr`u, ripidkvify Zypkdnffy, mi a`uenk`e ikcei 
rip`eklfi `r mi ifidk`e ` mi cr`u a` vklrn`y ikp
be `en
`enk`e
k`e ue k mn le pdk ke pr`hid
pr`hid pidk
dn`e D`ekirnk`e mn nri kbp`ne ke ifidk`e `a
cr` `r
`r yenbkd kpbe a`enk`e nr
nr 
n) Zmi ypi `a `n mn wkff li nppfki ` mi lni pfni
l) Zmi `pirnkec ibpirnuri n wmkdm mi cr`u bu
pra`rb
d) S`ronlkfky
) Trvkd mk`ry
) \d`bbenk`e ` kpbe bneandur
Zmi cr` dm`ie m`uf pr`vki mi f`ec-ib iecm
` dnrry m nppfk f`n `b m bndmke b`e A`
yenbd ikpbie `enk`e, ieckeiir dne pidkay
ikmir dibiekk` cr`u (nf` dnffi mynfkd bndmkei
lni cr`u) `r ip`xy cr`u M`wivir, `r yenbkd bndmkei
mn pr`d
pr`d nrc kbpnd f`n ne m`do f`nkec dm n
pr`di ly ridkpr`dnkec bndmkei `r mnbbi/drumi,
p`xy cr` nr `e pdk ldn `a l kned
kned
` vklrnk`e ne kbpnd f`n ne lir dmbkdnf kned
` pr`di uk ne flrkdnkec
flrkdnkec `kf
Cernfy pnokec p`xy cr`u dne
dn e pra`rb
pra`rb n bprn
ri li`w >47·A (·D), wmirin dibiekk`u cr` dne
`pirni n ibpirnri up ` :77·A (<77·D) N irvkdi
bprnur `a >7
> 7 A ( 11D) `r mkcmr
mkcmr ip`xy cr` dne
ixpiriedi kcekdne driip, mu kedrinkec nkd ia`bn
`e n pp`r ne fkbkkec m nc `a ip`xy c` `
wmiri `pirnkec bpirnri k e` iviri M`wivir, ip`xy
cr`u nri fi rkck mne dibiekk`u cr` ne mnvi
mcmr rkned ` dmbkdnf m`do ne vkln`y f`n.
Dibiekk`u cr` dne mnvi d`bprikvi riecm n
mkcm n =777
=77 7 pk ( 1 BWn) l nr f`w ke ekf ne xn
xnff
recm mrly fkbkkec mkr ui `r yenbkd bndmke
` b``m reekec r`nkec bndmkei dm n ne, b``,
fdrd cern`r ne urlke cern`r. Dbiekk`
cr`u nri cieirnfy priirri ` ip`xy cr`u a` upp`kec
nd kpbe ne `r b``m reekec yenbkd kp
be ldn my nr nkr ` pfnd d` f ne drp
i eir ibpirnuri wmie d`bpnri ` ip`xy cr`u
Zm kce prndkd k a`ff`w ly bney urlke cen`
bneundurir, ne bneandurir, b``r bnendri,
ne ieckeiir rip`ek
rip`eklfi
lfi `r `enk`e
`enk`e ikce wmii `w
nl e`emrkeo dbekk` cr` nri d`bb`efy pdk
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
D K

\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
1:
3.3-Tiksbkd
3-Tiksbkd j iskc d`skjitk`s
Tisbkd jisce `a jyenbd iqkpbie a`ejnk`es
sm`fj a`ff`w mi sisbkd jiskce riqkibies spfnij e
NTDI/TIK 3-1 Dmnp
Dmnpi
i  4 ns d`bp`eies
d`bp`eies `r
`r Dmnpi
Dmnpi > 
ns e`elfjec sudri d`bp`eies. N jinkij jksdssk`e
nl` sisbkd `njs dne li a`ej e ::<
::<
Fnrci nli`p-anbi-ypi a`ejn`es sdm ns sinb
rlkei cieirn`r pijisn a`ejn`es dne li rinij ns
lkjkec-foi e`eljec
e`eljec sd
sdr
ris
is sec >   `a NTDI/
TK 3- 1 a` mir sisbkd jisce.
i ` mi bnsskvi bibli szis `a misi anbi-ypi
nlfi`p a`ejn`es wmii biblir skis nri ypkdnfy
c`vireij ly skeiss/bnss nmi mne sriecm p`vjkec
jdi jinkec dne li jdf Kejsry ixpikiedi e
ieckeiikec nej jinkfec `a ifivnij nli`p-ypi a`ejn
k`es a`
a` mcm sisbkd ick`es ks kbij n ms bi Fkbkij
ixpiriedi ms an siibs ` ejdni mn  ks b`i d`s
njvnenci`s ` jiskce n fiss jdfi arnbi sysib mn
isfs e mcmir
mcmir jisce sisbkd `njs
3.=-Atkcui d`eskjitk`s
A`r bney jyenbd iqkpbie a`ejnk`es mi dydd
sissis nri sbnff nej ieceiirs dm``si e` ` pia`rb ney
spidd anci siss dnfdfn`es @mir iqpbie dne
iqri b`i scekdne d`eskjin`e `a dydfkd srissis.
@ei ixnbpfi s mi a`ej
`ejnk`e
nk`e `a n wej urlkei
urlkei wmkdm ks
ks
iqrij ` wkmsnej ebir`s dydis `a sbn ` b`jirni
sis rneci nej mejrijs `a dydis `a fnci siss neci.
Ke sdm dnsis, NDK <>\ nej `mir anci d`jis p`vji
ckedi, pnkdnry wmii mi ixrn dmnndirskds `a
mi a`ejnk`e ni b`s bp`ne E`i mn ND <\ s
plsmij ke >;3: wns rivksij ke >;;< nej mns e` liie
pjnij skedi Ieceiirs bny riair ` Ir`pine d`jis a`
eiwir ankci p`vs`es. E ;;<- nej EQ@T-D7<
siib ` pr`vkji mi b`s d`bprimiesvi ankci jiskce
ckjikeis a`r d`edrii srdris
Nskji ar`b pira`bkec jinij anci sriss ivnfnk`e
s`bi bs dm``si ` ibpf`y skbpfkij bim`js ` kbpfkd
fy `r ixpfdfy njjriss ankci
ankci Zmisi kedfji
n) Wr`p`rk`eec sidk`es ` isks nf d`evie`en f`njs
pfs mii bis mi jyenbkd `nj
l) iscekec sdm mn d`edii b`jfs `a rpi s e`
ixdiijij
ixdii
jij wmfi kedje
ked jecc mi
mi eirknf f`njs
f` njs ar`b
ar`b mi d`edrii
b``e Ke dirnke dnsis mi dndfnij b`jfs `a rupi
s ijdij ly 7 pirdie ` nppr`xkbni pibsslfi srissis
ijdij a` ankci
d) \ijdec ly ns bdm ns =7 pirdie mi sriecm ijd
k`e and`rs
and`rs spidk
spid kij ly NDK 4 > =
j) \id`cezkec mn dndokec s fiss oiy e sdis
lk wkm dfine snkcm fkeis nej e` mnvkec riierne
d`eis nej e`dmis
8
;Tpidkff d`skjitk`s a`r d`b p
;Tpidk
piss`
iss` lf`do
p`stti
p`s
ttisk`
sk`kc
kc
T`bi ieceiirs piai mn l`do-ypi d`bpiss` a`e
jnk`es li p`sies`eij ` pr`vkji isjnf d`bpissvi
siss mn wkf privie
privie mi ciei
cieink`e
nk`e `a drndos Tme
Tmeonci
onci
dndos `r sandi jykec dndos nri ixpidij ke ney d`edrii
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
l`doypi a`ejnk`e, ispidknffy wmie mi wni d`eie
ke mi d`edrii bkxri ks ixdisskvi. Skm mi njjkk`e `a
slsiqie vklrnk`e misi drndos pr`pncni nff`wkec `kf
` pieirni mi lf`do
lf`d o nej ivienffy jisr`y mi keicrky `a
mi a`ejnk`e. W`s-iesk`ekec ps mi lf`do ke d`bpris
s`e, `sikec mi jyenbkd nej smrkeonci srissis Smie
m`rk`enf p`s-iesk`ekec r`js nri pfndij `ei-mkrj mi
jsnedi ar`b mi `p `a mi lf`do n rknecfnr d`bpris
s`e sriss jksrklk`e dne li kjinfkzij Zmks kjinfkznk`e
bnxkbis mi d`bprissk`e n mi `p wmiri k ks eiijij mi
b`s Ne nvirnci m`rkz`enf prissri `a 77 psk (1;7 oWn) n
mi ivif `a mi prisriss rnesfnis ` n m`rk`enf prissi
`a <77 psk (>4=7 oWn) n mi `p pr`vkjkec mi eidissnry
risjnf d`bprissk`e
Qirkdnf p`siesk`ekec r`js nri nedm`rij ns jiip ns
p`sskli e` mi bn a`ejnk`e nej nri sfiivij `r npij
nf`ec mir fiecm ` nf`w mib ` sridm jrkec p`s
ies`ekec. Zmi iblijjij iej ks nedm`rij ly n e wkm n
jnbiir wdi mi r`j jknbiir nej
nej n mkdoeiss >  kbis mi
r`j jnbiir. M`rk`enf r`js nri e` l`ejij (sfiivij) nej
nri nedm`rij n indm iej `a
` a mi lf`do
lf `do mr`cm mkdo linkec
pnis jisceij ` jksrkli mi f`nj ` mi d`edrii Mkcm
sriecm siif r`js nri rid`bbiejij a`r p`siesk`ekec
d`bpriss`r l`dos
l`dos (Tbniy nej Wneir
Wneirbim
bimff > ;;3
;;3))
Zmi d`edrii sm`fj mnvi n <=-jny sriecm `a n fins
477 ps (<: BWn) nej li rins`enlfy arii `a smkeonci
drndos wmie
wmie drij D`bpknedi wkm
wkm mi
mi NDK
NDK 4 > = pr`vksk`es
ks d`bb`efy bnejnij a`r
a`r misi sysibs
>7-Tb pfi dduftk
dduftk`s
`s
N `n `a vi ixnbpfis nri prisieij ke mi a`ff`wkec
sidk`es. xnbpis  ` 4 nri ` kffsrni nppfkdnk`e `a
mi mrii jisk
jiskce
ce bim`js
bim`js ns jisdrklij ke 3  > < Ixnbp
Ixnbpfi
fi :
ks pr`vkjij ` sm`w jiirbkenk`e `a nedm`r l`f iesk`e
a`rdis. K sm`j li p`keij ` mn xnbpfis 4n nej 4l
riprisie n ypkdn skbpfkij jyenbkd nenfysks wkm kckj
a`ejn`e nssbpk`e. Zmi bim`j ks wiff skij a`r lf`do
ypi a`ejn`es
a`ejn`es Smiri mi a`ejnk`e
a`ejnk`e j`is e` bii kckj
a`ejn`e nssbpk`e m`wivir n b`ri rieij jyenbkd
nenfyss (eki iibie nenfysks) wkff li eiijij
Zmi jisce kep `a mi rs mrii ixnbpfis ks r`b ne
kej``r l`doypi a`ejnk`e spp`rkec n diekcnf
jyenbd bndmkei Skej f`nj nej siksbkd f`nj j` e` c`vi
mi jiskce, ns mi pne ks `dnij ke n f`w siksbkd rick`e
E`i mn T vnfis nri e` pr`vkjij ke snbpfi dnfdfn
`es nej YT  ds
ds`bnr
`bnryy eks `efy nri
nri sij ` skbpfk mi
dnfdnk`es.
Cvie d`ejkk`es
Nff`wnlfi s`k linrkec dnpndky Wn> 2  osa
T` b`js `a slcrnj
slcrnjii rindk`e os 2 41 fla/ke 
Nff`wnlfi a`ejnk`e sifibie  2 > ke.
Bndmkei spiij  2 177 rpb
2 ;=,777 fla
Bndmkei wikcm
Bndmkei elnnedi a`rdi n mi dieir `a crnvky `a mi
bndmkei An 2 <777 la
Bndmkei a``prke fiecm F2 47 
,, wkjm
wkjm Ly2 > 1 a

Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
snedi `a bndei smn dieirfei ` `p ` `uenk`e8
 >7 
D`edri
D`e
drii
i <=-ny srie
sriec
c8
8  2 :777 psk
D`edrii ue wikcm8 2 7 fl/
19
Qirkdn psiu`-yenbkd iskce `rdi8
A  7. ] S  7. ] ;=777 fl  :;777 fla

Fnirn ne `eckukenf psiu`yenbkd iskce a`rdis8
A  7.< ] S  7.9 ] ;=777 fl  <:77 fla
yenbkd nddipnedi drirn8
Bnss rn` `a
` a a`uenk`e ` bndmkei8 4
Ariquiedy sipnrn`e8 Auenbienf ariquiedis ` a`ue
n`e sm`uf li < pirdie nwny ar`b mi bndmei `pir
nkec spii `a 177 b.
Qklrn`e kb8 Wino-`-pino (p-p) spndibies n mi
dieir `a cr
crnv
nvy
y `a mi bndmkei s`uf e` ixdii > .  bkfs
bk fs
n bndkei `pirnec spii `a 177 b ueir n bndmei
uelnnedi a`rdi
a`rdi `a
` a <777 l
Inb
bpfi >  jis
jiskce
kce ly ti rufi`tu
rufi`tubl
bl bit`j
3 In
@virurekec b`bie8
@virurekec
ZB  <:77 fla ] (> 7  + : )
B7  A ] (jek ZB
2 4:4,777 fla-
\iskskec b`bie
b`bie88
B  (  ) ] LB/  (;=777 fl  4=:777 fl ] 7 
 :=<7777 la-a
@virurekec dmido8
B-s 5 B
Keknf fiecm `a a`uenk`e
a`uenk`e bn8
F 2 >  +  > a 2  a + 47   > a
a 2 4< 
(a`r ypdnf dinrnedi)
@O
Bnxkbub linrkec prissuri8
W 2 (     A
))F  LB
 (4=:777 l  ;=777 fla  :;777 fl/(4<
fl/(4<  <7 a)
2 7=4 os
os 6 7  W 2 < osa
Keknf w `a a`uen`e
a`uen`e bn8
LBK 2    Le   2 >  + > 1     2 >= a
(a`r ypdnf dinrnedi)
E`i mn mi bnxkbub s`kf linrkec prissuri ui `
e`rbnf `pirnec ks 7=4 os, wmkdm ks fiss mne nf `a mi
n`wnlfi s`k
s`k  linrkec dnpndky
dnpndky ` 9 os
Tnkd s`k skeiss8
Tifid eknf bn a`uen`e mkdoeiss8
Ndd`rec ` i a`ur bkebub kdoeiss pr`p`r`eec
rui-`a-mubl ufis8
ZBK 2 FB/
FB/  7 2 4< a/>7
a/>7 2 4 a
ZB  LB,/9   = /  4.1 
Os 2 os  F  LB
Z 2  
ZB: 2 LB,/
LB,/47
47 +   2 > = at/4
/477 +  at 2 1 
Tifid  2 41  wdm ks iqunf `r crinir ne n mi
na`ribiek`ei vnuis.
Dido mi kekn
kek n wk niqundy uskec mi a`ff`wkec rui
`a-ubl rui8
LBriq
LB
riq 2 9 x (j + Z 2 > x ( >7  4
411  2 <7:  LBK
Ns i bekbub a`uen`e wm `a <7.:  ixdiis mi
kenf wm
wm `a  = a, ne d`esirec i ski spndi risrkd
k`e, rivksi
ri vksi a`uen`e wk ` LB 2 7 at
 
5
\idido bn a`uen`e
a`uen`e mkdoeiss ui ` nrcir w8
ZBPri  LB/9  7 /  : ? rivsi a`uenk`e
a`uenk`e doeiss `
`
ZB 2 : 
Dido a`uen`e bnss (`r wicm) niqundy8
Sikcm `a d`edrii bn a`uenk`e8
a`uenk`e8
 B ] LB ] ZB ]  (4
(4<<  ] 7  ] : 
)) ] > 7 l/a
l/a
 4=:777 la
Bnss (`r wikc) rnk` `a d`edrii
d`edrii a`uenk`e `
` bndei8
bnd ei8
B\  SH"  4=:777 la/;=777
la/;=777 fl 4.;
4 .; 4
Zmus i a`uenk`e
a`uenk`e wm szi sifid
si fidi
i biis i bkebub
bnss rnk` riquribie.
Zms ixnbpi ib`esrnis
i b`esrnis n mi ufi-`a-ub
ufi-`a-ubll bi`
ks skbpfi ne dne li insky nppfki ` isnlfksm mi eknf
a`uenk`e si. Zmi kenf a`uenk`e skis dne li virk
i uskec i iqukvnie snkd `nkec bim` isdrli e
3><< ne Ixnbpi < (3>7<)

5
3 Inbpfi < `njkec bit`j
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
 4 1 fl/ke.   (4<    ke.  7    ke.)  44 > =777 fl
fl/ke
/ke..
Bnxkb ub `uenk`e
Bnxkbub
`uenk`e sifibie8
Tbn 2 (   Sb  ApvaO
vaOss
 (4=:777 la  ;=777 fla  :;7
:;777
77 fl/(44
fl/(44 > =777 fl/ke.)
fl/ke.)
2 7> 1 e 6 Tn2 > ke)
E`i mn mi iqukvnfie snkd f`nkec bim` dne
viray mi a`uenk`e d`ecurnk`e iskce lnsi `e i
s`kf linrkec siibies ne `uenk`e snlkfky lu i
yenbkd nenfysks bim` (Ixnbpfi 4n ne 4l _3>74 ne
3  > 7:R) wkf li eiii a`r ivnfunk`e `a mi a`uenk`e
yenbkd pira`rbnedi
pira`rbnedi nddipnedi
nddipnedi 
3.4 nbpfi 4n8 jyenbkd nenfysks bit`jriquiedy
dido
Ariquiedy nddipnedi drkirkn8
Auenbienf iquiedkis S `a mi `uenk`e sysib
sm`uf li 9 pirdie nwny `b mi bndmkei spii ` 177
rpb (> 7 M)
M)..
S 6 7.  177 b
b  .  M
`r
S .9177 b  <. M
5
Zmi s`kf sprkec skeiss wns dnfdufni n mi dieir `a
rissnedi ueir 177 rpb uskec d`bbir
d`bbirdknf
dknf s`a
s`awn
wnri8
ri8
T`kf virdnf skeiss
skeiss O 2 <1<;  >7 fl/
T` m`rk`enf skeiss OM  <.:1  >7 fl/a
T` r`dokec skeiss O\ 2 <;<  >7
>7   fla-a/rn
T` dr`ss skeiss O 2 ;44  >7  fla/rn
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne D`editi KestktutiKestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
11
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
Z`tn bnss
Z`tn
bn ss `a tmi a`uejnt`e systib
systi b
b 2   + )/c 2 (4=:777 la + ;=777 l/4
l/4 > 3 at/
at/s
s 2
> :;=
:;=;; la
las
s/
/
Dnuni tmi uejnbp
Dnuni
uejnbpij
ij vitn
vitn iquie
iquiey
y uskec Iq (1:   
  2 sqOR 2 sq
sqt(.1;
t(.1; 7 fl
fla/
a/
)/
)/(( :
:;=
;=.;
.; fla
flas/
s/)R
)R
2 >4.9 nj/s 2  .> Mz
Dnunt m uejnbpj
uejnbpj ntnf
ntnf quey
quey uskec q. ( 1.:
1.: . > 
 2 sq_
2
sq_O
O
B
B 2sqt_(:13
2sqt_(: 13   7 la
la/a
/a)
)/(
/( :;= 
;; la
las/a
s/a)
)
2 > =.4 n
nj/s
j/s 2 7.: Mz
Bnss b`biet `a ein nl`u mi `oec nxs nt ieti
`a cnvty
 2   _( + )> + m  Z0Rc + 
 j+   m )/c
2 4=:777 la {(7  + (: 0/> + (:
(:.:
.:::   : 0}/4.
0}/4. 3
/s + ;=777 la  (7
( 7  + : a
a  ::: /
/4
4 > 3 a/
a/s
s
2 314= las
Dnuni mi uejnbpij `oec iquieyuse
usecc Iq (1
1::  
$ 2 sqOR 2 sq(9.;  7   fl)/(314=> flasa)R
2 144 n
nj/
j/ss 2 : ; M
Dnunt tm `upj m`z`enf nesnk`e nej `okec
aiq
iquie
uiey
y ns jiskl
jisklij
ij ke 1: > 
Jkstne
Jks
tne `a lns t` et `a
` a cnvt
cnvtyy `a a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e systb
syst b
m 2 ::: 
Dnunti seiss nt iei `acnvy
`acnvy `a a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e sysib
O' 2 O 2 .:13 ] 7 la/
O' 2 O + O      O
O  m
2 9.;  7   la
 la/nj
/nj + .:13  > 7 fla
fla/
/
 (:.::
: : 
0
0    (.;44  >7 fla/nj) ] :.:: 
2 1  >7   laa/nj
O'O
O'
OO
O
 
.;4
.;444   7
7la
la/
/nj.:
nj.:13
13  7fla
7fla//at :.
:.::a
::a
2  > 9; 7 l
laaa
a/
/nj
nj
^unjnk s`fu`e `aq. (1.9l)
(:13 7 l
l)
)/(
/(:;=
:;=;
; la
las
s/)
/)
  2  O'  O' 2 (:13
 (1
(1.
. >7   fla
fla
/n
/nj)/
j)/(31
(314
4 =  la
las)
s) 2 ;.3; > 7 s
 2 (O'  O'  O')
O')/(
/(  ) 2 _:13  7 fla/  1

 > 7  laa
laa/
/nj
nj))  (>  9;   7 flaa
flaat/
t/n
nj)/(
j)/( :;= ; fla
flas/
s/
  314 =  la
las
s)) 2 >.  >7 s
 2 _ + (   :  )   / 2 {(;3;  >7 s) +
(;.3;  7 s
s0  :   . >  7 s
sRR  }/ 2 =:13=.13 s
s
  2 ; nj/s 2 :1.4 Mz
 2 _   (    :   )  
/
/ 2 {(
{(;
; 3; f 7 s) +



(;.3;7 s)  :  .>  7 s R }/ 2 44 .3= s
 2 > > 9 nj
nj/s
/s 2 > =4 M
m f`ws ejnbenf aquey s tm `upj m`k`tn tnesfnt`e nej `okec aiquiey (=4 M) wmm ks
sukey mkcm
mkcm tmne
tmne  . 9 Mz
M z (  9 pe
pett `a m
m bnme
spij)) Zmiia`i tms a`uejnt`e
spij
a`uejnt`e jiskce biis mi jyenb
iuiey niptnei ktikn
3.> nbfi 48 Jenbkd nenfk bitm`jdnfdufn
tk`e `a vkntk`e bncektujis- jskce keput n tm snb
ns ke Ixnbpis
Ixnbp is >   nej 4n ixipt tmnt
tmnt tmi
tmi a`uejntk`e
a`uejntk`e sm`ufj
bii ti a`f`wkec nff`wnlfi vklntk`e bncektuji ktik`e
Qln`e jkspnbets pp nt tm et `a cnvkty `a
tmi bnmkei   9 bkfs nt bnmkei `pintk
`pintkec
ec spiij `a 177
177
b uej n jyenbk bnmke uelnfne a`
a` `a 777 fl
Zm s`k spkec stkess wns nfufntj nt tm et `a
issnei ueji 177 pb uskec s`atwni
T` vknf stkess
stkess O 2 .1;  >7 fla/at
T` m`k`etnf stkeiss O 2 :13  >7 fla/
T` `okec stkess O 2 9.;  >7   fla/nj
T` `ss stkess O 2 .;44  >7 fla/nj
T` vikn
vikn jnbp
jnbpkec
kec  2 4 ;  > 7 fl
fla
as/
s/aat
T` m`kz`etnf jnbpkec  2 . 9  > 7 fla
flas/a
s/att
T` `okec jnbpkec  2 :1=4  >7 flas/nj
T` `ss jnbpkec  2 97::  >7 flas/nj
Jkstne
Jkstne
 `a lns t` et `a cnvkty
cnvkty m 2 ::: 
Jyenb a`is nt ieti `a cnvkty `a a`uejntk`e systib
Yelnnej a`s
 2 777 la (vikn) nej 
 2 777 fla
(Fntn) jyenbk b`bet
 2   ( > : at
tm)
m) 2 > ; 
77 fl
flaaat
Aquey `a a`
 2 177 pb
pb 2 1=
1 = nj/s
nj/s
ppy q. (1.:.4 t` nfufnt tm `bpfx vtknf
nbpfkuji
2 _
_O
O     + k     2 (777 fl/_1; 
> 7 fla/
fla/a  > :;
:;=
=;; flas/a
flas/att  (1=
(1 = nj/s
nj/s)
) + k  4;  >7
flas/ ] 1.= nj/s 2 (:.7 ] >7³ k  :.=1  >7³) 
ppy q. (1.:
(1 .:.4.4c)
c) t`
t` nufnt tm
tm pno vtknf nbpfktuj
 2 qt_
qt_ +  2 q_(:7   7 ) + (=1  > 7
a)R 2 7.739 bkfs
Qknf pp jkspnbet nt tm et `a cnvkty `a tm
bnmkei
jp 2   2 7 9 bks
bks   9 bkfs
bkfs @O
Dnfufnt`e a` pno m`kz`etnf tnesfntk`e nej `okec
isp`esi ns jisklij ke 1:4 Zmi a`ff`wkec iquntk`es ni
a`b xnbp 3 (1.3.3).
 2 O    
 + k     2 :13  > 7 fla
fla/
/
 > :;= ; las
las/a
/att  (1
(1== nj/s
nj/s)
) + k  9  >7 flas/
 1. = nj
nj 2 (>.=39  7 + k  >.9=9  > 7) fla
fla/
/
 2 O  O  m + k     k    m   2 ;44 
>7 fla
fla//n
njj  .:13 ] > 7 la
la/
/ ] :.::  + k  (97:: ] H7
las/
la
s/nj)(1.
nj)(1.== nj/s)
nj/s)  k  .9
.9    7 fla
flas/
s/aat  :.::
:.:: atat 
1= nj
nj/s
/s 2 (
( 9=;  7  k  > 7  > 7) fl
flnj
nj
 2 O     + O      O
O  m + k     + k
  
  m  k        m 2 9;  >7   fla/nj
 314= f fla
flas
s  (1.= n
nj/
j/s)
s) + :13  > 7 fla
fla/
/  (:::
(:::
a0    (:.;44 ] >7 fla/nj)  :.::  + k ] :1=4 ] >7
+ k : 9
flas/nj
9
 s/nj)
7 fla
flas/a
t  1=
nj/s
 (:.:: 0
0  k1=
  nj/s
 (9.7:
(9.7::
 7 fla
flas/n
j)s/at
 1=
nj/snj/
nj/s
 s
:::: aa 2 (9; H 9 H7   + k  4941  > 7  ) fla/nj
::
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
13
 2   x   (0 2 (=3 x > 7  k x = x 7) fla/ 
(.; ] > 7   + k ] 4.41   7  ) fla
fla-
-/
/nj
nj  (. =;  7 k

] > 7< ] > 7) fl£
fl£nj
nj
 2 (:77=
(:77=  > 7  + k  ><31 x > 7  ) l
 2  x  x  2 _(; x > 7    k  441 x
 7  ) flaa/nj  <7
<777
77 l
l (.= ;  >7   k ] .7< ] 7)
fla/
fla
/nj
nj ]  ;  <7 la-a
la-aR/(:77
R/(:77==  > 7   + k  ><31   7  )
fl 2 (;.1 ]  7³  k ] =.=4  > 7) 
Z` dndunti n bkkbub iqukij ykifj stiss ` tmks
nppkdntk`e
L`t sti
stiss
ss 2  1=,3 7 fl/4
fl/4 > : k 2 4,377 psk (43 BWn)
\iqukij 2 4,377 psk/=7% 2 13,<77 psk (:14 BWn)
N bntiknf wktm n ykifj stiss ixdiijkec 1<77 psk (:14
BWn) d`uj li sulstktutij a` tmi NTZB N>;4/N>;4B,
Cnji L bnti
bntikn
kn
Dndufni tmi pino m``etn nesfn`e nbpkuji nt
dieti `a cnvkty `a `uejnt`e systib
sqt_(;31   > 7 a)  (==4  > 7³
 2 sqt_  R 2 sqt_(;31
)) 2 7.  1 bfs

bfs
 2 (  x    x  2 _(
_( =3 x > 7 + k x >= x
7) fla/ ]  ;<7 l
l-  (> .=;  7   k ] .7< ] 7)
fla/nj ] <777 l/(:.77= ] >7    k  >.<1 ] 7  ) l
2 (   > 4   > 7  k x 41==  > 7) n
njj
DMNWZI\ n-D@ETZ\YDZ@E D@ETKJI\NZK@ET
Zmii ni bney d`estdtk`e d`eskjintk`es tmnt ni
d`bb`e t` l`tm jynbkd iqukpbiet nj stntkd iqukp
biet. Qn
Qnk`us
k`us nspidts
n spidts ` tmi d`estdtk`e
d`e stdtk`e `a `uejntk`es
`uejntk`es a`
stnd iqukpbiet ni njjissij ke ND
NDKK 4 > <
<\
\ . Zmks dmnpti
s kbktij ke sd`pi t` njjiss pkbnkfy tmi d`studtk`
d`esjintk`es
d`es
jintk`es tmnt ni pitkeiet
pitkeiet `efy t` jyenbkd iqukpbiet
`ujntk`s Ieckeiis ni njvksij t` iai t` NDK 4><\
` b`i `bntk`e ` d`studtk`e
Dndufni tmi pino `dokec nbpfkuji nt dieti `a cnvky
`a a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e systib
s ystib

 2 sqt_ + R 2 q
q_
_(
( 4   > 7 nj0 + (41== ] >7
nj)R 2 14> ; ] 7
7  nj
Fninf p-p jspndibie n tmi dii ` cnvky `a mi
jbndmkei
 2 < ] _HM    (:   )
) 2 <  7
7.. >1 bkf
bkf  1.4
1.4 ;
x  7 nj x ( :   ::
:::: a
a)R 2 7:3 bfs 6   bks @O
Zmi pivk`us mii ixnbpis
ixnbp is sm`w
sm `w tmnt mi ui`
ui `mubl
mubl
bim`j nj tmi iquvnfie stntd f`nj bitm`
bitm`jj ni viy usif
a` jivif`pec mi ktn skzi ` jyenbd iqupbi a`u
jnt`es ` szec
s zec `a tmi `uejntk`s a` jynbd
jynbd iqupbit
tmn ni `t mkcmfy vln`e-sistkvi Nb`ec mi tmii, mi
jynbkd nenyss bitm`j usij  xnbpi 4n nj 4l ks mi
`y bim`j mnt dne d`b ` ivnunti wmimi mi a`u
jnt`es skij `e tmi lnss ` mi st tw` bim`js wk biit
tmi aiquiedy sipnntk`e nej nf`wnlfi vlnk` fkbkts.
3>9 nbf :8 Jtrbkentk`e `artesk`e rqukrj
ke ned`r l`fts-W`lfib jisdkptk` N sipnni nnfysks
mns sm`we mnt indm < ke (7 bb) jnbiti nedm`
nedm` l` `
NTZB
NT
ZB N ;4
;4//N;4B
N;4B Cnji L3 bntiknf a` n d`bpiss`
sm`uj dn
dnyy n bnxkbub m``e
m``etn
tn jyenbkd f`nj `a > 4 77
fla ( 17 oE) itibki mi tisk` (pif`nj) iqukij k mi
nedm` l`. Ns` viy mn tmi l` si nej l`f bntinf
siidtij ni njiquni
sc n d`idki `a akd`e ` 7< nj sikc mi
d`elutk`
d`el
utk` `a d`bp
d`bpiss`
iss` wikcm ` i` q.
q. (.
(.:.
:. 4 . > )
cvis mi a`ff`wkec bbub is` e
 e tmi nedm` l`ft
oE)
 2 4 77 la /7. >< 2   <77 la (77 oE)
Zmi id`bbiejij dnbpec `di (fndoc b`i ixpfdt
kea`
kea
`bn`
bn`e)
e) ks > 7 pidiet
pidiet `atms vnui, `
`  1=
1=3
3 7 fl (3
(377
). Zmi e`bken nin `a n < k. (7 bb) jnbii l`f ks
Skm
m n yki
ykijj stiss
stiss ` 7777
7 777 ps (<:
4.>: k.  (<7.4 db). Sk
BWn), mi ykij a`di a` mi l`f s 447777 fl (:13 
Zmi iqukij
iqukij a`di
a`di ks  pidie `a mi ykifj
ykif j `di
`di wmdm ks
fiss mn
mnee tmi =7 pidie
pidie bnxkbub
bnxkbub nj cini
cini tmne
tmne tmi > 
pidiet bekbub Zmi l`f sm`ufj li tiesk`ij t` >1=,37
fla (7 ) nj tmn
tmn tisk`
tisk` li nnei
nnei
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
=.>-Tlsdi piptk`e ej kp`viiet
\isufts `a n jyenbkd nenfysks s`bitkbis jib`estnti tmi
njvnetnci ` b`jkaykec tmi s`kf stkeiss jyenbkd pnnb
itis kestinj `a kdinskc tmi skzi ` tmi iqukpbit `ue
jnk`e. Zypkdn b`jkdntk`es kedfuji stkiekec tmi s`kf ly
ipfndc pnt `a tmi s`kf
s`k f wktm ickeiiij
ickeiiij ff, fine d`diti,
` `wnlfi f. @tmi bitm`js ni vkl`d`bpndtk`e `
`fec tmi s`k e s`bi dnsis tmi s`kf kbpijnedi ks ijudij
ly ks`ntkec
ks `ntkec tmi skjis
s kjis ` tmi a`uejntk`e
a`uejntk`e `b
`b tmi s`kf
s`kf 
DMNWZI\ ;-\IWNK\ NEJ YWC\NJI
;. >-viv
>-vivkiw
kiw ` eiij ` ip
Ketr`judtk`e- d`editi iqukpbiet `ue
jntk`s bny eiij ipnk `vi tmi d`usi `a tkbi lidnusi
mi bndmkei ks e`t edtk`ekec d`idtfy tmii ks ixdisskvi
j`wetkbi ` d`sts jui t` iqukij bnketienedi. Zmi uend
diptnli pi`bnedi nej mkcm bnketinedi d`sts bny li
jui ` cinti-tmnenetkdkpntij f`njs kenjiqunti `kckenf
jisce, kenpp`pknti ` knjiqunti bnketindi, nj `tmi
jitnkfs p`vkjij
p`vkjij ke ;   <  Dnd
Dndokec
okec nej jitik`
jitik`ntk`
ntk` nidtkec
nidtkec
mi pi`bnedi ` tmi bndmkei usunffy tkcci `uejn
` ipns Dndos dn dnusi nedm` l`fts t` f``si nej
stnt n dydi
dyd i `a a`uejntk`e
a`uejntk`e jitik`ntk`e Autmi
Autmib`i
b`i fnci
dndos bny nff`w ukjs sudm ns `kf t` pieitnti tmi d`diti
nj bny stkbufnti dndokc nej d`diti jitik`ntk`e
Zmi bncektuji ` ipnk eiijs t` li nssissij ns jisdklij
 ;  > 4  Zmks kv`fvis d`judtkec
d`judtkec n ``t
``t dnusi nnfysks t`
litti uejistnej tmi uejifykec p`lfib ns pisietij ke
; . > .:
.:.. Lidnusi d`editi nfwnys
nfwnys dndos
dndos kt ks kbp`tn
kbp`tnet
et t`
t`
ivnunti wmitmi tmi dndos pisit n d`sbitkd p`lfib ` n
p`lib ke bndmkei pia`bnedi ns tkbi p`cissis N ``t
dnusi nnfysks wkff mifp t` ud`vi tmi inf p`lfibs nej
`dus `e tmi b`st-iidtkvi npp`ndm t` oiip tmi bndmkei ke
c``j `pintkec d`ejktk`e ` n f`ec tkbi
;>
nkr a`r n jyenb
yenbkd
kd bnd
bndke
ke a`uejn
;.>< Dnuss `a rrnkr
tk`e- jyenbkd bndmkei `uejntk`e bny iquki ipnks
` eubi`us ins`es sudm ns8
n) njiqunti `kcknf jiskce ` ndtunf `pintkec d`ejk
`es nej jyenbkd `dis
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne D`editi KestktutiKestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
1=
l) Dmneci e bndmkeiy jyenbd a`rdis
d) Zm jyenbd qukpbe mns xpkedj f`ss
f `ss `a nkcebe
`r mns jicrnjij ke `irnedi `b mi
mi spidkij vln`e ivis
j) Ked`rid a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e wkj ` ic d`ecurn`e
urn`e
) Kbpr`pr nndbe ` m uejfyec d`edr bn
a`uejn`e ` pi
p i dnp
 nbnc dnusj ` m `uejn`e ly r kbpnd `r
xpf`s`e
c) iik`nk`e dnusij ly ncec
m) xdss
 xdssv
v sur
surnd
nd bprnurs `e d`ed `uejnk`e
nej ibn dydec dnusec d`edrii jicrnjnk`e
k) D`ed nej cr`u dndoec
\ipnk bktkcntk`e `ptk`es nry nssssbe ks
iqurij ` jidji i ixie `a ripnrs eiijij a`r mi jii
k`nj a`uejn`e (ND
( NDKK 41: \? NDK 1<)
1< ) Z pn pne
s`ufj mnb`ekzi w mi ribnkeec sirvkdi kai ` i
iqukpbie `r pneeij uri iqupbie `r wmdm  sirvis
dkjec  xe `a pns ejj rquks rsp`ejkec `
mi rii dkdn `p`es jieij e i a`f`wec
;>4
;>4> \ist`
\ist`ii a`uejntk`e t` `kc
`kckenf
kenf nslukf
nslukftt d`ejktk`e
iibei wiir n ipn pr`dijui sm`uj skbpfy riu
i a`uejnk`e lndo ` mi `kcenf jiskce ` ns-lu d`ej
`e Zm n sun`es wme sbp rpnks nr npp`
pni (;< )  Wr`vjij mi `cen
`cen ns-lu d`ejk`e
d`ejk`e biis
 due pa`rbned rqukrbes a` m qukpbe nej
d`ufj l junlf wkme m ev`ebe sbpy rpnkrkec
i a`uejnk`e ` ks prisivdi d`ej`e d`ufj li npp`
pn nej d`s-dv xes`e ` jskce svd ka `
jirij upcnji `a i a`uejnk`e bny e` li prndkdnf `
vnrk`us ins`es, sud ns i eiij ` ris`ri sirvkdi qudoy,
luci d`esrnkes, nej
nej `i
`i nd`
nd`ss Tid`es ;  4
4<
< nej
;  4 4 ej e cern b`r
b`r kb
kb nej kcm
kcm d`s `
` rpnr
rpnr n
jynbkd bndei a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e N kbis
kb is is`ec
i s`ec n a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e
` ns-lu d`ejkk`es d`uj l m b`s `pkbub s`uk`e
Ypcnji iqu
i qukkpbie
pb iett a`ue
`uejnt
jntk`e
k`ebe
wmimi ne upcrnji jiskce s`uj li d`bbssk`eij nej
bpbej ` pr`vj njjk`en yns ` usu bnekec
sivkdi fai a` i jyenbkd iqupbie Ypcnjis ` i
a`uejn`e `ddu wmie i pir`rbnedi ` mi ns-luk
a`uejn`e s
 s jbj esude a` 
 durre qupbe
pia`rbnedi iqukribies finjec ` srudurn dndokec
nej jnbnc ` ks a`uejnk`e ` wkf e` l jurnlf ` 
ibnekec sivkdi ai bnejnij ly i `weir Z` jiirbei
wmimi s `p`e s npp`pkni mi ieckeii eiijs `
uejrsnej  a``wec wdm ks nppkdnlf ` svry
jicrnjij a`uejnk`es
a`uejnk`es
K mns le `lsrvj n `e  cns jk`nk`e
ar`b srudun dndokec `r `r jk`nk`e s ke 
uppir `ei-mkrj `a i d`edrii `uejnk`e wmiri f`njs ni
crn nej jr`rnk`e a`b p`dss ukjs ` ulrdnkec
`kf nri b`i fkoiy ` li pisie Sk p`pi ieckeiikec,
m upcnj dne l ndd`bpfsj wk m qukpbe  e
pfnd Ke bney dnss m xejj bnekec srvd ka `
ne upcrnji/
upcrnji/ripnr
ripnr dne li 47 yinrs, wmie mi `` dnusi ` i
i
qukpbe a`uejn`e jr`rn`e s pr`pry njjssj
Ka ripnr s eiijij lidnusi i `rcken jiskce wns enj
iquni i f`njs wii kedinsij, `r ney `i skcedne
ns`es xks a` rpn
rpn e ked`p`n
ked`p`nec
ec upcnjs ke` 
>4
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
ripnkr jisce bnois siesi  ks uejiskrnlfi ` ripnk n `ue
jn`e lndo ` ks `rkckenf d`ejkk`e k `prnk`e mns p`ve
mi `rcken jiskce ` li kenjiquni
\ipfndi
\i
pfndi iqu
iqukkpbi
pbiet
et a`uejnt
`uejntk`e
k`eiirbkei
wmmr n d`bpfy ew qukpbe `uejnk`e sm`ufj l
ieceiirij nej d`esrudij ` ripfndi mi ixkskec `uejn
`e Zm
Zm  ej a`r xeskv rpnkrs wkm n fkbkj rbnkekec
srvd ka pr`ndkv qukpbe upcrnjs nej `we pa
iriedis ypdnffy pr`bp mi ripfndibie ` n `uejnk`e
A`r rns`es ` d`esrudk`e
d`esrudk`e sny
sny mks `pk`e d`ufj rquk
ibp`nrky fkkec mi iqukpbie `u ` mi wny Zmks
nppr`ndm d`uj d`s mr ` v kbs m d`s ` pnknf
a`uejn`e rb`vnf nej upcrnj nej dnus n budm f`ec
`u-`sirvkdi kbi `r i iqukpbie Smie pfne `unci
(`ss ju ` `u `a srvkd) d`ss nr skbnj ` l fnc
lufjec eiw `uejnk`es
`uejnk`es `r iqukpbie bny li d`eskjirij
d`es kjirij
ns n vnli nfinkvi
\``t dnusi nen
nenffysks
ysks
 r`` dnus nenfysks ks
k s n l
nppr`ndm mne skbpy njjrisskec mi sybp`bs, nej mifps
ke jdjkec wmkdm `a m na`rbek`ej mr nppr`ndms
sm`ufj li kbpfibieij
kbpfibiei j Zmks ks kffusrni
kffusrnijj wk mi `ff`wkec
`ff`wkec
Ka jiirk`rnk`e `a mi iqukpbie cr`ukec risufs ke
kedrnsj vklrnk`e fvfs mn xdj sn `prnkec fvfs
sbpfy ripndec mi cr`u, `r d``skec n jkirie lrnej
` cr` bny e` s`v m vklrnk`es kssu a`r f`ec k m
wr`ec cerkd dnss ` cr`u wns `rkckenffy dm`se a` 
`pirnec d`ejkk`es ` i iqukpbie (ND
(NDKK 4 > >\
>\))
Ka m d`edr a`uejnk`e mns drndoj lnjfy skbpfy
pndmkec wm ip`xy kehidk`e `r n ripnkr b`rnr/d`edrii
bny e` pr`vkji ixiejij usia
us iauf
uf iqukpbie `uejnk`e
`uejnk`e fki,
ispidknfy ka mi `pirnkec spiij mns dnecij, risufkec ke
kedrnsj qukpbe jyenbkd a`rds N rpnkr upcrnj wk
njjk`enf rike`rdkec siif nej p`ssklfy p`s-iesk`ekec
bny l ejj ` njjrss m drndokec nej jrk`rnk`e
;.>.4
;>:
;.<-Jsdss` ` ipk `pt`s
Tkbpfi ipnk sktuntk`es m r`` dnus nenfysks
jiirbeis mn `efy n skbpfi d`edrii ripnkr ks eiijij `
lrec mi `uejnk`e lndo ` mi keie ` i `rkckenf jiskce,
cujned dne l `uej ke NDK  1< nej NDK :1\ NDK :1\
d`esjirs surandi pripnrnk`e ns `ei `a i b`s kbp`ne
sps ke m rpnkr `a n d`edr srudur K rmr sns
mn mi ripnkr s `efy ns c``j ns i surndi pripnrnk`e
 pr`vjis iemnedij cukjifkeis a`r surandi pripnrnk`e mn
w`ufj l ledknf ` nj`p ke n rpnkr pr`hd
W``r w`robnesmkp ke mi kekknf d`esrudk`e ` n jyenbkd
qupbe `uejnk`e ks m b`s fkofy sknk`e wmr n
sbpf rpnkr ks nppkdnlf Qnrk`us vnfunk`e bm`js
(ND <<=<\)
<<=<\) dne pr`vkji vnfunlfi kea`rbnk`e nl`u mi
d`ej`e `a m d`edr la`r rb`vnf unfky d`er`f
nej nssurnedi pr`dijuris (NDK  1<) nri riqukrij mr`ucm`u
mr`ucm`u
m rpnkr pr`hd ` vnkjn mn m rpnkr w`ro d`bpfks
wm  jskce kee nej spdkj pr`rbned drkrkn
D`esrud`e pr`libs nri `aie siie ke mi rs 1 ` ><
b`em `a `prnk`e wmrns n pr`lfb ju ` p``r jskce
bny noi yinrs ` jivif`p
D`bpfi ipnk sktuntk`es mi r`` dnusi
nenfyss kejkdns mn m jyenbkd a`rds nr e` lkec
;>
;..
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnf kty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
d`esneij nej rnesbkij sb``mfy `b mi bndmei
j`we m`ucm mi a`uejnk`e nej e` mi s`k li`w Smie
mi sybp`bs ni mcm vlrnk`e `a mi iqukpbie drndoij
d`edrii nej c`u, nedm`nci ankfui,
ankfui, ` `uejn`e
`uejn`e r`dokec,
mi dnusis d`ufj li `ei ` b`ri `a mi `ff`
`ff`wkec
wkec
n) Ked`rid `kcenf dnfdunk`e `a mi pr`idij bnce
uji `a mi
mi jyenbkd a`rdis ` n dmneci e bncekuji nair
nair n
bidmnekdnf ipnkr E`i mn s`bikbis n viy sbnff dmneci
ke n r`nec pns wikcm dne dnusi fnrci edrinsis e vlrn
`y a`rdis
l) N dmneci ke `pinkec spiij dne edrinsi jyenbkd `rdis
d) N nf enr`w a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e bnji `ey ns wkji ns mi ``
pre `a mi bndmkei
@ie mi bkebub wkjm nej fiecm suppij ly mi `kc
ken iqupbie bneuand
bneuanduri
uri (@B) wff mnvi b`ri `doec
n`uej mi m`z`en nxs mne n sm`ri wjir `uejnk`e
Ne @IB succisij d`edrii `ufei sm`ufj `efy li n cuji
` bkebub si Zmi @B s e` mi `uejn`e jisceir
nej k ks mi ieckeii `a rid`rjs risp`esk
ri sp`esklky
lky ` p`vji
p`vji mi
lis wkjm`mikcm n` ` mip d`e`f `doec xdissvi
r`dokec dne li rijudij ke ne ixkskec a`uejnk`e ly njjec
virkdnf p`siesk`e l`s (;<4(n)) nej ly njjkec a`uejn
k`e bnss (;<4(i)) M`wivir n rivsij vlnk`e nenfysks
wkm eiw pnrnbiis eiijs ` li d`ejudij ` viky vlrn
k`e ivifs nej jiskce nf`wnli Smie nppfdnlfi s`kf
sruduri
srud
uri keirnd`e iids
iids eiij ` li kedujij
ked ujij ke mi rivsij
vkln`e nenfyss ns jsdussij e Dmnpir 
  B`ri`vir, n
pnrnbid sujy w`uj li lieidknf ` jiibei `pbub
vnfuis a`r
a`r l` iesk`e
iesk` e ` njjk`enf a`uejnk`e bns
bnsss
A`r ney ipnk `pk`es d`edii `uejn`e p`libs
dnusij ly iqukpbie vlrn`e dne w`rsie `vir kbi ns mi
iqukpbie a`uejn`e jiik`nis nej dnusis ne edrinsi
ke iqukpbie vlrn`ry a`dis Zmisi edinsij iqupbie
a`dis bny rmir jiirk`rni mi jyenbd iqupbie a`ue
jn`e wm p`ien a`r mi drndoec `a mi d`edrii
a`uejn`e nej ``sieec ` nedm` l`fs Zmks isufs e
ivie mi kedinsis ke vlrn`ry `rdis Zms dydi `
jicrnjnk`e pmie`bie`e d`ekeuis ns bi pr`crissis,
jib`esrnec mn ne iny nej kbify ripnr ks nwnys
wnrneij a`
a` n jyenbd bndmei
bndm ei `uejnk`e
;.<4
Z``fs nej tidmekquis a`r bndmkei a`uejntk`e
ripnkr- vnriy `a ``s nej idmequis ixs mn bny li
nppfdn lfi ` mi ripnr `a n `uejn`e
nppfdnlfi
`uejn`e mn mns jiir`rnij
jui ` mi p`libs jisdklij pivk`usfy Zmi ``fs nej
idmequis nri jisdrklij ke mi `f`wkec
n) Jrff nej kesnf vidn p`s-ies`e l`s d`bpfiiy
m`ucm mi drndoij sidk`es nej `ie j`we ` ne uejir
fyec d`edii bn a`uejnk`e
a`uejnk`e ` pki dnp
l) Nir pnkn ` d`bpii ib`vnf `a mi d`edii nej
cr`u e mi uppi `eimkrj ` mi `uejn`e ipndi k wkm
n jiesi iea`rdec lnr ckj ` > pidie (E` 1s E` ;R `e
1 e 7 bb dieirs e 1 ke >7 bb virdnf nyirs)
nej ripfndi wm n sr`eci d`edii sudm ns n siif lir
riea`dij p`fybir-b`jkij d`edii (WBD)
WBD (NDK
(NDK :=4\)
:=4\) s d`eskjiij lidnusi mi ripnr ks
likec bnji, ke b`s
b`s  dnsis
dnsis  r`b
r`b n jicrnjij `uejnk`e
`uejnk`e `r ne
kenjiquni `kckenf a`uejn`e
a`uejn`e jisce
jis ce N s`ecir
s`ecir d`edrii ks
lieidnf e sudm skunk`es WBD ks s`eci
s`eci e iesfi nej
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
1
ixurnf srie
ixurnf
sriecm,
cm, jivif`ps
jivi f`ps n liir l`ej nej njmisk`e ` mi
`rkcenf d`edrii nej jivif`ps fiss min ` myjrnk`e mne
rinjy bkxij d`edrii
Bnirknf siidk`e `r d`edrii ripnkr ks ne kbp`ne sip
NDK :1\ nej ND :14\ pr`vkji cukjifkeis a` bnirknf
sifid`e ` d`edrii
d`edrii ripnkrs
d) Ypcrnji mi nedm`r l`fs ar`b ypkdnf 41777 psk (<:=
BWn) f`wir-sriecm siif ` mkcmir-sriecm
mkcmir-sriecm nff`y siif
siif  sudm
ns NTZB N > ;4/
;4/N
N >;4B,
>;4B, Crnji L3, wkm r`ffij
r`ffij mrinjs
mrinjs Zmks
bnirn mns bkekbub ieskfi sriecm ` ><777 psk (=17
BWn) nej bkekbub ykifj sriecm
sriecm ` >7 ,77
,7777 psk (3<7
(3 <7 BWn)
`r r`js `a vnrk`us jknbiirs
jkn biirs (ND
( NDKK 4 4\-f f Nppiejkx N)
Zmi edrinsij dfnbpkec a`rdi rnesairs mi vklrn`ry `rdis
b`ri idkiey ke` mi a`uejnk`e
j) Njj m`rk`enf p`siesk`ekec l`m wnys ke mi uppi
`ei-mrj ` mi a`uejnk`e Inrfkir ripnkr idmekquis usij
sii l`fs ` ndd`bpfksm mks, lu eiwir idmekquis mnvi
liie jivi`pij uskec df`sify spndij p`s-iesk`eij dnlfis
lidnusi `a f`wir d`s nej insi ` kesnffnk`e ke n jiesi ike
`rdec lnr crkj Zmks idmekqui ks lieidknf wmie sivii
virkdn drndos ixks
i) Bnoi dmnecis ` mi d`edrii bnss ly kedinskec mi
m`rk`en wkjm iecm `r l`m ` mi d`edii wmii
p`sslfi wkm`u iqukpbie keiririedi
 Zmi d`eeidk`e liwiie mi iqukpbie nej mi `ue
jn`e ks n drkkdnf p`ke ke pr`vkjkec n sb``m pnm `a mi
iqupbie vklrn`ry `rdis
`rdis j`we ke` mi d`edii
d`edi i a`uejnk`e
nej e` mi s`kf `r lijr`do lif`w Zmi kbpr`vij nedm`nci
succisij
succis
ij e ; < 4
4(d)
(d) dne mifp wkm kedrinsij
kedrinsij dfnbpkec a`dis
a`dis
Aurmir, rnesbkssk`e ` vklrn`ry a`rdis dne li kbp`vij
ly dmnecis sudm ns uskec n p`urij p`fybi dm`do n indm
nedm`rnci
nedm`r
nci p`ke ke pfndi ` n ff lij
li j ` cr`u
cr`u ` `ei `a mi
sivirnf njhusnlfi siif `r d`bp`ski bndmkeiry supp`rs mn
njjk`enfy d`rrid a`r necufnrky nej virkdnf nfkcebie
Zmi n`ribiek`eij
n`ribiek`eij ``fs nej idmekquis nri cieirkd succis
`es jinkfs jipiej `e spidkd ripnkr d`ejkk`es, lujci
nvnknlkfk skcekdnedi ` bndmkei jiskrij jiskce sikdi
ai ixiesk`e ` mi bndmkei a`uejnk`e, nej ainsklfi jiskce
jinfs ks njvksnlfi ` virk jiskce b`jkdnk`es a` mi
ripnr h`l ncnkes nppfkdnlfi d`jis snejnrjs nej spidkdn
k`es, nej  sm`ufj jipiej `e mi jksdrik`e ` mi ieckeiir
D`eskjir jkirie `pk`es nej d`ss nss`dknij wkm indm `a
mib nej d`bi ` ne `pkbub s`fuk`e a`r mi ripnkr h`l

DMNWZI\ >7\IAI\IEDIT
D`bbkii j`dubies nri fksij
fks ij rs ly j`dubie
j`dubie eubli
eubli
nej yinr `a pulfkdnk`e `ff`wij ly num`rij j`dubies
sij nfpmnli
nfpmnlikdnfy
kdnfy
 d`ustk
d`ustkdnf
dnf T`dki
T`dki  `a
`ab
birkdn
irkdn
NTN/NET
NTN/
NET
T<  ;8  ;;;Bidmnekd
;;;Bidmnekdnf
nf
Qklrn
Qkl
rnk`e
k`e

L nnedi unky \iqukribies
\iqukribies ` \kckj \``rs
\``rs Wn > 
Jiirbkenk`e
Jiirb
kenk`e ` Wirbkssklfi \iskjunf Yelnfne
Yelnfnedi
di
birkdne D`edriti Kestktuti
ND <73<\-73\ip`r `e Zmirbnf nej Q`fubi Dmneci
Iids `e Drndokec `a Bnss D`edrii
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne D`editi KestktutiKestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
37
\IW@\Z @E A@ YEJN
YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (N
(NDK
DK 49>.4\-=)
NDK < > \-;<(;3)D`eskjirnk`e
\-;<(;3)D`eskjirnk`ess a`r
a`r iskce `a D`edrii
D`edrii
Tuduris Tulhidij ` Ankcui F`njkec
NDK < <= <\<\- 4\i
4\ip`
p` `e E`ejisru
E`ejisrudkvi
dkvi Zis
Zis Bim`js
a`r Ivnfunk`e `a D`edrii ke
k e Tru
Truduris
duris
NDK 473-7=D`ji \iqukribies `r \ike`rdij
D`edrii Dmkbeiys nej D`bbienry
NDK 4>
4 > =-  :Lukfjkec D`ji \iqukribies
\iqukribies `r
`r Trudurn
D`edrii nej D`bbieny
NDK 4:;  \-73\ikea
\-73\ikea`rdij
`rdij D`edrii isk
iskce
ce `r
`r
Zmirbn ids
ids `e Eudinr W`wir Wne Trud
Truduris
uris
NDK 47-71D`ji \iqukribies `r Ievkr`ebien
D`edrii Tuduris nej D`bbienry
NDK 4 f .  \\- <\
<\ip`r
ip`r `e Cr`u
Cr`ukec
kec Liwii
Liwiiee A`uejn
A`uejn
k`es nej
n ej Lnsis
Ln sis a`r Tupp` `a Iqukpbie nej Bndmkeiry
NDK 4  > .<\-  <\
<\ip`r
ip`r `e Cr`u
Cr`ukec
kec Liwii
Liwiiee A`uejn
k`es nej
n ej Lnsis
Ln sis a`r Tupp` `a Iqukpbie nej Bndmkeiry
NDK 4:->:Tpidkdnk`e a`r Kesnffnk`e `Dibiek
k`us Cr`ukec liwiie A`uejnk`es nej qukpbie Lnsis
NDK 4>->Tpidkdnk`e a`r Kesnffnk`e ` Ip`xy
Cr`u liwiie A`uejnk`es nej qukpbie Lnsis
NDK 4  4\-  Cukj
Cukjii a`r iskce ` Ned
Nedm`r
m`rnci
nci `
D`edrii
D`ed
rii88 Ixn
Ixnbpf
bpfii skec NDK 4  = Nppiejkx
Nppiejkx 
NDK 4 1:  \-73
\-73Cukji
Cukji ` vnfunk`e
vnfunk`e ` D`edrii
D`edrii Tud
Tud
uris lia`ri
lia`ri \imnlkfknk`e
\imnlkfk nk`e
NDK :1\-
 :1\- :Cu
:Cukji
kji ` D`edrii
D`edrii \ipnkr
NDK :14\-:Cukji ` Bnirknfs Tifidk`e `r
D`edrii \ipnkr
NDK :=.4\-7;\ip`r `e W`ybir-B`jkij D`edrii
NDK 1<-1D`ji \iqukribies a`r Ivnunk`e, \ipnkr,
nej \imnlkfknk`e `a D`edrii Lukjkecs nej D`bbieny
birkdn Witr
Witr`fiub
`fiub Kstktuti
NWK :>
 :> 8<7 > :
:A`r
A`rb-S
b-S`ue
`uejj Tqukrrif
Tqukrrif Dnci Kejudk`e
Kejudk`e
B``rs43 oS (77 M`rsip`wir) nej Fnrcir
NWK 1>78<77:Dierkcnf Wubps a`r Wir`fiub Wir`
dmibkdn, nej Enurnf Cns Kejusy
NWK 1<8<7:Wi`iub Wir`dmibkdnf nej Enurnf Cns
Kejusr
Keju
srkis
kis  Tin
Tinb
b Zurlk
Zurlkeis
eis  TpidknfTpidknf-Wurp
Wurp`si
`si Nppkdnk`
Nppkdnk`es
es
NWK 1>48<773Tpidknf-Wup`si Cinr eks `r Wir`
iub Dmibkdnf nej Cns Kejusy Tirvkdis
NWK 1>38<7>:Nxkn nej Dierkaucnf D`bpriss`rs nej
xpnejir-D`bpriss`rs
NWK 1>=8<773\idkpr`dnkec D`bpriss`rs `r Wir`
iub, Dmibkdnf, nej Cns Kejusy Tirvkdis
NWK 1 > ;8 <7
<7 7\
7\`n
`ny
y-Zy
-Zypi
pi W`skkvi-k
W`skkvi-kspndib
spndibie
ie
D`bpriss`rs a`r
a`r Wir`fiub, Wir`dmibkdn,
Wi r`dmibkdn, nej Enurnf Cns
Kejusrkis
NWK 1=:8<77NWK Tnejnrj Wnrncrnpms \``jyenbkd
Zu`rkn8 Fnirnf Drkkdn Tpiijs, elnnedi \isp`esi,
Tnlkfky Zrnke Z`rsk`ens
Z`rsk`ens nej \``r Lnfnedkec
birkdn
b
irkdn T`dk
T`dki
i `aDk
aDkkf
kf Ickiirs TD
TDI
I
NTD/TK 3 - > 1Bk
1Bkekbu
ekbub
b iskce
isk ce F`njs
F`n js a`r Lukfjkecs
Lukf jkecs
nej @mir Tru
Truduris
duris
NTD/TK 43-:iskce F`njs `e Truduris urkec
D`esrudk`e
TZB
TZ
B Kti
Ktintk
ntk`nf
`nf
NTZB N;4/N;4B-1Tnejnrj Tpidkdnk`e a`r
N`y-Tii nej Tnkefiss Tiif L`fkec `r Mkcm-Zibpir
nuri `r Mkcm Wrissuri Tirvkdi nej @mir Tpidknf Wurp`si
Nppfkdnk`es
NTZB
N1>/N1>B->Tnejnrj
Tpidkdnk`e
a`r i`rbij nej Wfnke Lkffi-Tiif Lnrs a`r D`edrii
\ike`rdibie
NTZB :7-Tnejnrj Zis Bim`js a`r B`jufus
nej nbpkec `a T`kfs ly Akxij-Lnsi \is`ene D`fube
ivkdis
Lrktksm Ttnjnrjs
LT = >  7-<8 > ;=Tr
;=Trud
udu
urn
rnff si `a D`edr
D`edrii
iiW
Wn
n <8
D`ji `a Wrndkdi a`r Tpidknf Dkrdubsnedis
ur`in
ur`
in Ttnjnrj
Ttnjnrjss
IE > ;;<-  - > <77:I
<77:Iur`d`ji
ur`d`ji < iskce `a D`edrii
D`edrii
Trudur
Tru
duris
isWnr
Wnr  - > 8 Cieirn
Cieirnff \ufis nej \ufis `
`r Lukfjkecs
ijirnf Ibircidy Bnncibit cidy
AIBN W-37<77;EIM\W \id`bbiejij Tiksbkd
Wr`vks`es a`r Eiw Lukfjkecs nej @mir Truduris
Jitt E`rsoi irkt
Ji
irktns
ns
EQ-@T-D7<<7 <sm`ri D`edrii Truduris
Jiutsdmis Kstkt
stktuta
utar
r E`rbuc
E :7<:-< >;;>Bndmkei A`uejnk`es8 kckj Tupp`kec
D`esrudk`es `r Bndmkeis wkm Wirk`jkd Ixdknk`e
E :7<8
:7< 8  ; =A`u
=A`uejnk`
ejnk`es
es a`r
a`r Nevkf
Nevkf Lf`do
Lf `do Mnbbirs
E : > 7-< 8 > ;;;T
;;;Trud
rudur
urnf
nf Qklrn
Qklrnk`e
k`eWn
Wnr
r < Mubne
xp`suri ` Qklrnk`e ke Lukfjkecs
E :>
: > 7-4  > ;;;T
;;;Trud
rudur
urnf
nf Qklrn
Qklrnk`
k`eW
eWnr
nr 4 I
Iids
ids
`Qklrnk`e
`
Qklrnk`e `e Truduris
Myjr
yjrnuf
nufkd
kd K
Kstktuti
stktuti
M/NETK
M/
NETK ; 1
1.:.:- <77;\``jy
<77;\``jyenbkd
enbkd Wubps
W ubps a`r Qklrn
Qklrnk`e
k`e
Binsuribies nej Nf`wnlfi Qnfuis
Qnfuis
Ktintk`nf Ttnjnrjs @rcnkzntk` KT@
KT@ > ;:7-> <774Bidmnekdnf Qkl
Qklrn
rnk`eLnfn
k`eLnfnedi
edi
unky \iqukribies `a \kckj \``rsWnr
\``rsWnr > 8 iirbken
k`e ` Wirbkssklfi \iskjunf elnfnedi
KT@ <14  - >  > ;;3B
;;3Bidmn
idmnekdn
ekdnff Qk
Qklr
lrn
nk`e
k`e ne
nejj Tm`do
Tm`do

vnfunk`e `a Mubne xp`suri ` Sm`fi L`jy Qklrnk`e
Wnr > 8 Cieirnf \iqukrib
\iqukribies
ies
KT@ <1 4 -< <774
<774Bidm
Bidmnekdnf
nekdnf Qklr
Qklrnk`e
nk`e nej
nej Tm`do
Tm`do
vnfunk`e `a Mubne xp`suri ` Sm`fi L`jy Qklrnk`e
Qklrnk`e
Wnr <8 Qklrnk`e
Qklrnk`e ke Lukfjkecs ( ` =7 Mz)
KT@ <14
<1 4 -:
-:<7
<777 Bidmnekdnf Qkl
Qklrn
rnk`e
k`e nej Tm`do
Ivnfunk`e `a Mubne Ixp`suri ` Sm`fi L`jy Qklrnk`e
Wnr : Cukji
Cukjifkeis
fkeis a`r mi vnfunk`e `
`  mi ids ` Qklrn
Qklrn
k`e nej \`nk`en B`k`
B`k`ee `e Wnssiecir
Wnss iecir nej Driw D`ba
D `ba`r
`r
ke Akxij-Cukjiwny Zrnesp`r Tysib
KT@ <1 4 -  <77:Bi
<77:Bidmnekdnf
dmnekdnf Qklr
Qklrnk`e
nk`e nej
nej Tm`do
Tm`do
Ivnfunk`e `a Mubne Ixp`suri ` Sm`fi L`jy Qklrn
k`eWnr  Bim`j `a Ivnfunk`e `Qklrnk`e D`enkekec
Bufkpi Tm`dos
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
KT@ > 7=  1-  8 > ;;9Bd
;;9Bdmne
mnednf
dnf Qk
Qkl
ln
n`e
`eIv
Ivnu
nun
n`e
`e
`a Bndme Qkln`e ly Bnsubes `e E`e\`nec
Wns
Wn
sWnr
Wnr  8 Cern Cukjkes
KT@ >7=1-<8<77;Bdmnednf Qkln`eIvnun`e
`a Bndme Qkln`e ly Bnsubes `e E`e\`nec
WnsWnr <8 Fnej-Lnsj Tnb Zulkes nej Cern`rs
ke xdss `a 97 BS wm E`rb
E`rbnf
nf @prnkec
@prnkec Tpjs
Tp js `a  977
b > =77 pb 4777 b nej
nej 4177 pb
pb
KT@ >7=1-48<77;Bdmnednf Qkln`eIvnun`e
`a Bndme Qkln`e ly Bnsubes `e E`e\`nec
WnsWnr 48 Kejuskn Bndes w E`bken W`wr
Nl`v  9 oS nej E`bken Tpjs Lwe  <7 /be
Nl`v
/be nej
nej
 9 777 /be
/be we
we Bnsurj Ke Tu
KT@ >7=1-8<77;Bdmnednf Qkln`eIvnun`e
`a Bndme Qkln`e ly Bnsubes `e E`e\`nec
WnsWnr 8 Cns Zulke Ts wm AfujAkb Lnecs
KT@ > 7=  1-9 8<777Bdmnednf Qkln`
Qkln`eIv
eIvnun
nun`e
`e
`a Bndme Qkln`e ly Bnsubes `e E`e\`nec
WnsWnr 98 Bnde Ts ke Myjrnufkd W`wr Cenec
nej Wubpkec Wnes
KT@ > 7=  1-18 > ;;9Bdmnednf Qkln`e
Qkln`eIvn
Ivnun
un`e
`e
`a Bndme Qkln`e ly Bnsubes `e E`e\`nec
WnsWnr 18 \dpr`dnkec Bndmes wm W`wr \necs
nl`v >77 oS
KT@ > 7 =  1- 8<77;Bdmnedn
8<77;Bdmnednff Qkl
Qkln
n`e
`evn
vnun`
un`ee
`a Bndme Qkln`e ly Bnsubes `e E`e\`nec
WnsWnr 38 \``jyenbkd Wubps `r Kejuskn Nppfdn
k`es Kedujec Bnsurbes
Bnsurbes `e \`nkec Tns
Wr`disss eust Wrndtdis
Wr`dis
WKW TZD77>98<773Tudun Jsce Dkkn
 Nrby D`rs `aeceiirs
YTND B > >  7-<-179 > <774Zk
<774Zkb-Ms
b-Ms`r
`ryy Jye
Jyenbk
nbkdd
Nenyss `a D`edr Myjrnukd Trudurs.
Nutm`rij j`dubiets
Nejrs \ J
Nejrs
J  Xnec
Xnec H Lne T  Is L T  nej Hune
Hunec,
c,
D M
M <774
<7 74 "Cukj a`r
a`r Isbnkec
Isbnkec m
m Jyenbd Wr`p
Wr`pks
ks `
T`u Dnr`fken T`ks a` Cr`uej \sp`es Nenysks enf
\i`rt, Jpnbe `a Dkvkf Ieckerkec D`ffc ` Ieck
erkec nej Tdked Dbs`e Yevsky Dfbs`e TD.
Nyn
N
yn T D @Ekf B S. nej
nej Wkedu
Wkedus
s C, > ;3; Jisce
`aTtrudturis ne
ne `u
`uent
ent`es
`es a`r lr
lrnte
ntec
c Bnd
Bndme
meis,
is, Cuf
Wulfksmec D`. M`us`e Z.
NTDI Znso D`bbk ;=3 "Jsce `a Fnc Tnb
Zulke Cen` A`uejnk`es Nbrdne T`dky `a Dkvf
eckes \s`e QN 4 pp.
Ln O H ;;1 eti fibiet Wr`diuris, Wed
Mnff 74 pp.
Lnx \ F
F  nej Lnrj
Lnrj J F,
F , > ;13, "Qklnk`e
"Qklnk`e Z`fr
Z`fr
neds a`r Kejusry NTBI Wnir 1-WB> Wfne ec
erkec nej Bnkeened
Bnkeened D`eared
D`eared J` BK
B K Npr. = pp.
pp .
 Ljuc` [  nej E`vno B ;3<, "D`upfj M`rk
en nej \`doec Qklnk`e `a bljjj A``ecs
E`  pp 33-;
33-;3
3
nenne Ci`tidmednf H`unf,  ; E`
j`8 7>>4;/3<71
N Drt ttt
r l T Bro  d t D
E rrt r trO rtt ut  r T
3
Lccs, , >;1 etr`udt`e t` Ttrudturnf Jyenbds,
BdCrnw
BdC
rnwMkf
Mkf L``o D`. 4  pp.
Lno, B
B  W, > ;1 "Ew Qklrn
Qklrnk`e
k`e Tnejn
Tnejnjs
js a`r
a`r Bnke
ened Myr`dnrl`e Wr`dissec ne Witr`fiub \ieir, 
4 E`.
E`.  Hne.
Hne. pp
pp. >  - > >.
L`wfs  I >;;1 `uent`e Nenfyss ne Jisce,
m jkk`e
jkk`e BdCrnw-Mkff Ew [`ro
[`ro > 7< pp
J`lry \. nej Cnns C. H >;=1 "Jyenbkd \sp`es
`Nrlkrnrky
`
Nrlkrnrky Tmnpj A`uejnk`es, H`unf `atmi Ci`tidm
ednf Ieceiirec Jvs`e,  > < E`
E`.. < Al
Al.. pp.
pp. > 7;
7;->
-> 49
j`k > 771/(NTDI)7344;7(;=1)>><8<(>7;)
J`lry \. nej Cnns C. H. >;== "Tkbpf Bm`j a`
Jyenbkd Tkess nej Jnbpkec ` Af`nkec Wkf Cr`ups
Ci`tidmequi,  4= E` , pp 993-93 j`k8 >7>1=7/
c`.;==.4=..99
I Enccnr, B M nej E`vno B, >;;9 "E`efken
`a T`f
Fnrn erndk`e ke Wkf Jyenbkds, H`urenf `a
Jyenbds ne Inrtmqunoi Ieceiirec,  > E`. < pp
 > 93 j`k8
j`k8 >7>71/7<13-3<1(;)777<=A
snl A. nej B`rrny H. W. >; "Jyenbkd Lnvk`
` Ibljjj A`uejnk`es
A`uejnk`es,
, \isinrdm \i`rt \33-44 Dkvkf
Iecerkec Jpnrbe, Bnssndmuss Kesku `a Zd
e`f`cy Dnblrkjc BN.
Idrkd W`wr \snrdm esku (IW\K) >;=7
"Jyenbkds ` W`wr Wfne Ane-A`uejnk`e Tysbs enf
\i`rt
\i
`rt DT>
DT>::7
::7,, Hufy pp. 4><.
Anec, M ;;, `uent`e eceiirec Mnel``o,
sd`ej
sd`
ej jkk`e Qn
Qnee E`srnej \kem`f
\kem`fj
j Ew [`o
[`o ;< pp
pp 
Cnns, C ;=4, "Nenfysks `a Bndmke A`uejn
`e Qklrnk`es Tn ` m Nr T`f Jyenbds ne
nrtmqunoi eceiirec,  < E` >, Hne pp <-< j`8
7 . 7 > 1/
1/7<
7<1
1 <
<(=4)
(=4);77<
;77<9-1
9-1
Cnns, C, >;;> "A`rbufns nej Dmns a`r Kbpj
neds ` Turand nej bljjj A`uejnk`es H`urenf `a
Ci`tidmednf Iece
Ieceiire
iirec,
c,  > > E` ; pp
pp.. >414->4= >
j`k > 7 71/(
71/(NT
NTDI
DI)73
)7344;
44;7(
7( ;;> )> >38;( >414)
Cnns C.? Ane O.? nej Onyekn N. >;;4 "Jyenbkd
\sp`es `a Wkf Cr`ups wkm Jkre D`ecunk`es
T`f Jyenbds ne nrt
nrtmqunoi
mqunoi e
eceiire
ceiirec,
c,  ><, E` 
pp. <4;<9. j`k >7.7>1/7<1-<1>(;4);771>-Y
Cnns, C Ane O Onyekn, N nej Onusf I
;; "Jyenbkd erndk`e And`rs a`r Af`nkec Wkf
eceiirec Jv
Cr`ups H`urenf `a tmi Ci`tidmednf eceiirec
s`e,  3 E` 7 pp 94>>9= j`k8 >7  >7 1 >
(NTD)744
(NTD
)744;>
;> 7 (  ; ; >)
> ) >    7 ( 94>)
94>)
Mnrjke,
Mnr
jke, L    nej Lfndo S
S F   ;1=, "Q
"Qkl
kln
nk`e
k`e B`jufus `a
T` f Bidmneds
Bidmneds
E`rbny D`es`fkjnj Dfny H`unf `a tmi T`f
ne `uent`es Jvs`e,  ;< Bnr. pp. 494-41;.
Mnrje
Mnr
je,, L  
,, nej Jvkdm,
Jvkdm,  W, > ;3<, "Tmn B`jufu
B`jufuss
Bidmneds
ds ne
nej Jnbpkec ke T`kfs H`unf `a tmi T`f Bidmne
`uent`es Jvs`e,  ;= E` 3, pp
pp 113-1;<
113-1;<
Mnrjke L. . nej \kdmnr Hr. A . >;14 "fnskd Snv
`urenff `a
`a tmi T`f Bidmne
Bidmneds
ds
Qf`dk
f`dks
s ke Crneufnr
Crneufnr T`kfs
T`kf s H`uren
ne `uent`es Jvs`e,  =; Al pp 4 4-19 
Mnrrks D. B. ;;1 Tm`do ne Qlrnt`e Mnel``o,
`urm jkk`e, BdCrnwMkff Ew [`ro >91 pp
en`en D`j D`uedkf <7>9, "Kenk`enf Lukfjkec
D`j DD Snsmkec`e JD 41 pp.
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty   Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
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YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (N
(NDK
DK 49>.4\-=)
Onnlnfs, J F, nej Liso`s, J I, >;=9, "Jyenbd
\sp`es `a 4-J bljjj A`uejntk`es ly L`uejny
Iibie Bim`j, <ej H`ket NTINTBI Bimnek
`eairiei Nfluquiqui, EB, 4: pp
Onusf, .,
. , nej Ysmbn, \., > ;3;, "Q
"Q
tdn
tdn nej Z`sk
Z`sk`en
`en
Teiss `a Dyfejdnf A``tkecs, \iinrm \i`rt \3;-1,
Dkvk eckekec Jpntbet, Bnssndmusits est `
Zdme`f`cy, Dnblkjc, BN.
Onusif, I? Smkbne, \Q? Ifsnlii, A? nej B`ny, 
W., > ;33 , "Jyenbkd Nenyss `a bljjij Ttdt
Ttdtus,
us,
TBk\Z-:, O </1
O`lnynsmk, T., nej Eksmbun, E., >;=4, "Nenyss `
Jyenbd T`f-Ttdtu Kend`es ly L`uejny ecn
Ketirentk`en
en Tyb`kub
Tyb`kub `e Eubir
Iquntk`e Bitm`j, 4rj Ketirentk`
kn Bitm`j
Bitm`j ke Ieckeiirkec, Wn
Wnks,
ks, pp. 4:<-49 4.
Oumfbiy
Oum
fbiyi,
i, \ F ,  ;3;n, "Q
"Qitdn
itdn Qln
Qlnk`e
k`e `a Wfi
Wfis,
s,
H`uren `a i`timekn Ieckeiirkec,
Ieckeiirkec, Q 79, Ail, pp
<34-<=3.
Oumfbiy
Oum
fbiyi,
i, \ F,
F , > ;3;l, "Tntkd nej Jyenbkd
Jyenbkd Fni
Fni
H
`uren
`
a
i`timekn
Ieck
nfy F`njj A`ntec Wfs,
eiirkec  79, Ail, pp <=;-47:
Ieckeiirkec
irkecBntmibntk
Oiysz
Oi
yszc,
c, I, ; 13, Njvnenij Ieckei
sd`j jk`e, H`me Sy T`es, < =7 pp.
pp.
Fosmbnene, E, nej Benk, \, >;=>, "Jyenbd T`k
\nk`es ke \njknfy E`e-M`b`cie`us T`kf Bjn,
Luitke `atmi Jkntir Wrivietk
Wrivietk`e
`e \iinrm Ketktuti, Oy`
Oy``
`
Yekisk
Yek
iskty
ty,, Q
Q 4  , E` <3;,
<3;, pp 3;- :
Fsms,N.
Fs
ms,N.?? Tbb`es, M. \.?
\. ? nej Tbni
Tbniy,
y, N. .,
 .,  ;=1, "B`
"B`

D`imiesvi Qlntk`e Fkbkts a` \`ntkec Bndmeiy,
H`u
`un
n `aIeckeiir
aIeckeiirkec
keca`r n Zurlk
urlkei
ei ne
nejj W`wir  7=,
E` :, @d,
@d, pp
pp 9=4-9;7 j`k8 7>>9/4<4;;9>
Fysb
Fys
b,, B.,
B. , nej \dmn
\dmn,, A. . , > ;11, "Jyenbkd \isp`es
`a tmi T`k
T`k
`a A``tecs t` Qikdn F`njec, H`un `a
Bimnek nej A`uejntk`e Jkvkk`e,  ;<,
;<, ne.,
ne., pp.
pp. 19-; > .
Fysb, H.? @snjne, A.? nej Dmke, D. D., >;;;, "N
Tystib a` Nenysks `a T`kf-Tudui eindt`e, TNTTK
<777, C`tdmekdnf eceec, Yekviskty `a Dna`n,
Lioiiy, DN
Bnejoi, H T, nej Tbnfiy, N H, >;=;, "A`uejnk`e
Zmb`fnstkd Jkst`tk`e, \i`rt E` =;4, Wpfe nej
D`bpiss` \isindm D`uedkf
D`bpiss`
D`uedkf 
Bnejo, H. T., nej Tbnfy,
Tbnfy, N. H.,  ;;<, "Zmibn
"Zmibn Jkst`
Jkst`
k`e `a \idp`dnec D`bpiss` A`uejnk`e L`dos,
NTBI Wnir E` ;<-Wit-4, NTBI Ieicy-T`udis Zidm
e`f`cy D`eaed nej xmklk`e, M`us`e, Z.
Bnejoi, H T, nej Z`xi, W , >;;<, "Jyenbds `
D`bpss` Tokjs, B\ Zimekn \i`rt E`. Z\ ;<-<,
Cns Bndmkey \sndm D`uedf, Bn.
Bkdmif, H, nej T`cn, O, <779, Auejnbietn `a T`k
Limnvk`r, H`me Skfy T`es, M`l`oe, EH.
Byf`enos, C, nej
ne j Cnzins,
Cnzins, C,
C ,  ;;= , "Qitdn
"Qitdn Ql
Qlnk`e
nk`e
nej Njjk`en Jsss `
`  C`upj Ws ke Fnyj T`,
T` ,
T`k nej A`uejntk`e,  4=, E`. >,  pc.
T`k
Byf`enos, C, nej Cnzins, C, >;;;, "Fnin Qln
k`e nej Keen A`ds ` C`upj Wfis e Fnyj
T`, H`uren `a i`timekn nej i`ievkr`ebietn
Ieckeiirkec  <9, E` , pp >1-<9 j`8 7>71>/
(NTD
(NT
D)
) 7;
7;77-7<
7<:: >(  ;;
;;;)
;) >< 9 > (> 1)
&
&
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`v y K a
E` rip`udtk`e`r


fke wkt DK
c pbktt wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
Eivf
Eiv
fi,
i, N B, ;;3, Wr`irtki `a`eriti H`me Skfiy
& T`es, Ew [`o.
E`vno, B, ;37, "Wijdtk`e ` A``tkec Qlntk`es,
H`u
`un
n `atmi T`k
T `k Bimnek
Bimnek nej A`uejntk`e Jkvkk`e 
;1, Bn
Bny,
y, pp
pp.. =43-=1
=43 -=1 > .
E`vno, B, >;3:, "Jyenbd Ttkeiss nej Jnbpkec `a
Ws, nenjkne i`timekn H`uren, Q. > > , E`. :,
:, pp.
pp.
93:-9;=.
E`vno, B, >;33, "T`f-Wkfi-A`uejntk`e Ketindtk`e,
Wr`iijkec `a tmi ;tm Ketintk`en `iriei `e T`k
Bimnek nej A`uejntk`e Ieckeiirkec Hnpneisi T`dkity
` T`f Bdmnekds nej A`uej eckekec, Z`oy`, Hnpne,
pp.. 47;-4>
pp
47;-4> 9.
E`vno, B, ;3;, "T`kf Wkfi etindt`e eji Jyenbkd
F`njs, Eubirkn Bitm`j ke @m`ri Wkkec Wr`iijkec
`a n `e
 `ea
airiei @r
@rcnek
cnekij
ij ly tmi Ketk
Ketktut
tutk`e
k`e `a kvk Ieck
eiir DI, F`ej`e, YO, pp 9;-1=
E`vno, B.,
B. , nej Ljuc`, [
[ .
 . > ;3<, "Q
"Q
tkdnf
tkdnf Qkln
Qklntk`e
tk`e
` Iblijjij
Iblijjij A``tecs, H`un `atmi T`k Bimnek nej
A`uejntk`e Jkvkk`e,  ;=,
;=, Jd.,
Jd., pp.
pp.  <;>- >4 >7.
E`vno, B, nej Tndms, O, >;34, "Z`s`enf nej D`upfij
etintk
intk`en
`en H`ure
H`uren
n `a
`a
Qklnt`es
Qkl
nt`es `a Iblijjij A``tecs, Ket
Inrtmquni Ieckeiirkec nej Ttruturn Jyenbk, Q. <, E`.
, pp
pp > -44 j`k8 7>77</iqi:<;77<774
E`vno, B.,
B. , nej Tmtn, B.,
B. ,  ;=7, "Npp
"Npp`xk
`xkbnt
bnt Npp
Npp`ndm
`ndm
yenbk
k \i`e
\i`eii `a
`a Wki
t` D`etndt W`lbs ` Wkfs, Jyenb
A`uejntk`e Nenytkn Nit8 Wr`iijkec `an Tik`e
T`e`rij ly tmi i`timekn Ieckeiirkec Jkvkk`e nt
tmi NTI Entk`en `evietk`e 47, B S @Eikff nej \
J`ly ij s, NTDI, Eiw
J`ly
Ei w [`o
[`o
E`vno, B, nej Tmitn, B, >;=<, "Jyenbkd \isp`esi
Wr`iijkec
`iijkec `a tmi <ej Ketiren
` Wks nej Wkf C`ups, Wr
tktk`en
`en `ea
`eairiei `e
` e Eubirkn Bitm`j
Bitm`j ke @m`ri Wkkec
Yevs y ` Zxns, Nustke, Z.
Yevsy
E`vno, B.? E`cnbk, Z.? nej Nl`uf-ffn, A., >;3=,
"Jyenbd T` \indt`es a` Wfnke Ttnke Dnsi, H`uren `a
Ieckeiirkec Bimnek,  7:, Nuc.
Nuc.,, pp. ;94-;9; .
Wneibuimf,
Wneib
uimf, W
W  , nej Tbnffiy,
Tbnffiy, N H ., > ;;3n, "D`bpiss`
Zimekn
n \i`rtE`. Z\ ;
; 1
1
Nedm` L`t Jisce, B\ Zimek
Cns Bndmey \sndm
\sndm D`uedkf, Jd.
J d.
Wneibuimf, W , nej Tbnffiy, N H., >;;3l, "Akdtk`e
ZssZypdnf Dm`do Bntknfs nej Dnst K`e, B\
Zimekn \i`rt E`. Z\ ;4 Cns Bndmkeiy \isindm
D`uedf, Jid
W`p`vkds, . T., <77=, "N Ttjy `a Ttntkd nej Jyenbkd
B`juus `a Ifnstkdty `a D`editi, \ #4 D`editi
\sndm D`ued
D`ued (D\D), Anbkect`e
Anbkect`e Mkff
Mkffs,
s, BK .
W`uf`s,
W`uf
`s, M. C., ne
nejj Jnvks,
Jnvks, . M., ;=7, Wki A`uejntk`e Nen
yk nej Jikce, `e Siy nej T`es, Eiw [`o,
[`o, : > 7 pp.
\dmnt ., A. ., nej Smktbne, \. , >;13, "D`bpnks`e
`un `a
`a tmi T`k
` A``tkec Qklntk`e Zists wktm Zmi`y, H`un
Bimn
imnek
ek nej A`uejntk`e Jkvkk`e, Q. ;4, E`v
E`v.,., pp. > :4-> 1=.
\dmnt ., A. I.? Mnf ., H. \.? nej S``js, \. J., >;37,
klrntk`e `aT`k nej A`uejntk`e Wietdi-Mnff, Iecfi
w``j Dfs
Dfs,, EH, :> : pp.
\issei, I, >;41, "Ttnt`ei, nxknfsybbitksdmi, judm
ikei smttifeji Bnssi iicti Tdmwkecuec ikeis m`b`Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty ne Ttnztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
@YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[
J[ENBKD
ENBKD I^YKWI EZ (NDK
(NDK 49.4\->=)
cieie ifnstsdmie Mnlrnb KeciekiurNrdmkv  3,
3, E` 1,
pp. 4= -4;1. j`
j` 7. > 773
773/LA
/LA7<7
7<7;7:
;7:<3
<3
Tnkt`m B <773 "Tkbpfi
"Tkbpf i B`jif `AiqiedyJipiejie
`AiqiedyJipiejiett
Kbpijnedi Aedt`es ke T`kf-Tdri etirndk`e Ysec
AiqiedyKejipiejiet fibiets H`uren `aIeckeiirkec
Bidmnekds,  > 44, E` > 7, pp > 7 > >  : j`k
j`k 771>/
(NTD
(N
TD7
7344-;4;;
344-;4;;(<7
(<7734
734 4  7( > 7
Tdmiedo Z ;;7 Auejnbietns `aLnnedkec, Tdmiedo
Zrilif D`p`ntk`e, Jii Wno E
TN@D Lfi L``o <77; "Tisbkd Jiskce \id`bbie
jnt`es Ttdtnf Ieceiirs Nss`dnk`e ` Dnfk`kn
(TN@D T iksb`f`cy D`bbttii.
D`bbttii.
Tiij M L. nej Kjrss K. B. ;37 "T`kf B`jfk nej
Jnbpec And`rs `r Jyenbkd \isp`esi Nenfyss \i`rt
37 \D Jid Liroiiy DN.
Tiij M L S`ec \ Z Kjkss  B nej Z`okbns,
O > ;=
;=1
1 "B`jk nej Jnbpec Andt`s `r
`r Jyenbkd
`un `a
`a Ci`tidmekdn
Nenysis ` D`mis`eiss T`s H`un
eckeiirkec  > ><, E`
E` > >  pp
pp > 7 1-74< j`k
j`k 771>/
(NTD
(N
TD
73
734444-;;: >7(> ;=1
;=1
 ><  > ( 7 > 1
nejl``o``abi
bijnedi
jnedi
Tkiit -C, nej Dini A   Mnejl``o
Auedtk`es, T
Tndi
ndi A`ejnt`es,
A`ejnt`es, Eneis @ist Ijkk`es
Ijkk`e s
Tbnfiy N . ;=9 "Z`pkdn \ip`t Bksnfcebiet nej
Zibpinti Binsribiets `e n Affy Cr`tij \idpr`
Wr``hidt W\ 9 3: Nbikdne Cns
dnkec D`bpiss`r Wr
Nss`dntk`e
Tbnfiy N  ;==, "Jyenbd A`dis Znesbtij ly n
D`bpiss`r ` ks A`ejnt`e NTB D`eiiedi Wnpir
Eiw @fines FN
Tbnfiy N  , > ;;3 "Ip`xy Dm`do Bnirn
Tbnfiy
Bnirn Driip Zists,
Zists,
CB\D
CB
\D Zidm
Zidmek
ekdn
dn \i`rt E`. Z\ ;3
; 39,
9, Cns Bndmeiry
\isindm D`edk Jid
Tbnfiy N  nej Mnriff  W, >;;3, "A`ejnt`e
Jiskce >;;3 WD\D Cns Bndmkeiy D`eiiedi Nste
ZN Cns Bndmkeiy \isinrdm D`edkf Jnffns Z.
Tbnfiy N  nej Wneibimf W   "A`ejnt`e
Zidmek
ekdn
dn \i`rt E`.
E`. Z\ ;3<
; 3<,, Cns
Cjikeis CB\ D Zidm
Bndmkeiy
Bndmke
iy \isinrdm D`edf, Jnffns,
Jnff ns, Z ne
Tt`o`i O M Jnriejifk B L Nejs, \ J nej
Lr`we F. Z , "Jyenbkd T`kf W`pirtis Fnl`rnt`ry
Aij nej D`rifn`e Tjis Zmibi Fidtri, Tid`ej
Ketintk`en D`iriedi Inrtmqunoi Ci`tidmekdn Ieck
eiirkec,  4 Fsl`e W`
W`tc
tcn,
n, pp
pp =   =:9
Zynpe N C > ;;   "Keiedi ` Iblij
Iblijbiet
biet `e
`e mi
Ast \is`enedi ` T`fTtdti Tysibs Inrtmqunoi
eckeiirkec W`diijkec ` mi
mi > 1tm \ic`enf Ir`pine
Ir`pine
Tibken \`tirjnb Lnfoibn pp. <<7-<<1.
YTE\D , "Tiksbd Tystib Nenysks Ttnejnrj
\iv kiw Wne a`r tmi \iv
\ivkiw
\ivkiw
kiw `a Tn
Tna
ai Nen
N enysks \i`rts a`r
Eudinr W`wir Wnets, Tid`e 4.3.
4. 3.<
< EY\C-7=77
EY\C-7=77 FS\
ijk`e
Qifits`s N. T.  nej Enr   J.  > ;3: "Z`rs`enf
"Z`rs`enf Qlrn
Qlrn
tk`e ` Qksd`ifnstd A`ejntk`es H`un `a Ci`tidmekdn
eckeiirkec  77 Bnr, pp <<9<:1
Qifits`s N T nej
n ej Qi
Qilkd
lkd L. > ;34
;34 "Qlrnk`e
"Qlrnk`e ` Qsd`
instkd A`ejntk`es
A`ejntk`es
 nrtmqunoi eckeiirkec Ttrudturn
Jyenbkds,  <, E`   y
yTip
Tip
 pp
pp =3- 7< j` 777</
iqi:<;77<77 7=
iqi:<;77<

N Dr ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E r  tr rtt ut  a T
34

Qiits`s N T  nej Sik,
Sik,  > ;3 >  "ntinf
"ntinf nej \`dokec
\`dokec
H`uren
`atmi
T`k
Bidmnekds
nej
Qklrntk`es ` A``tkecs
A`uejntk`es Jkvksk`e  ;3 Tipt pp ><<3-><:=
S`f  W, nej Jnrlri C \, >;=: "Jyenbkd-Ttkeiss
Bntrkx ` T`kf ly tmi L`ejnryfibiet
L`ejnryfibiet Bitm`j blijjij
Ttrudturn
A`ejntk`es Inrtmqunoi eckeiirkec
Jyenbkds,  >< E`. 4 Bny pp. :7>-:>1. j`k >7.>77</
iqi.:<;7
iqi.:<
;7 > <747=
S`f  W nej Jiios, N. . <77:, A`uejntk`e lrn
tk`e Nenysks N Ttriectm`Bntirkns Nr`ndm, fsikir
Nbstirjnb
AkektiIibiet
et B`jikec
B`jikec
S`f . W. nej T`ec D. >;;1 AkektiIibi
`a Yel`uejij Bijkn, Skfiy Dmkdmistir YO.
S`f  W, nej T`ec, D, <77<, "T`bi D`ir
st`eis ` Jyenbkd T`kfTtrdtri Ketirndtk`e Ieck
eiirkec Ttrudturis   E` > pp >4-<=. j`k >7>7>1/
:>7<;1(7  777=<3


NWWIEJK] N-J[ENBD T@F W\@WI\ZKIT
T` pr`pirtkis sm`fj li pr`kjij ly n ci`tidmekdnf
ieceiir Nppiejkx N, m`wiir, pr`kjis ieckeiirs wktm n
cieirnf `irkiw ` bitm`js sij t` jitirbkei tmi nrk`s
s`k pr`pirtkis
pr`pirtk is riqkrij `r tmi jyenbkd nenfysks ` bndmkei
bndmkei
`ejntk`es Bney riiriedis nri nnkfnlfi tmnt p`kji n
crintir iif ` jitnkf `e tmi tmi`ry stnejnrj prndtkdi nej
ndt`rs tmnt nidt jyenbkd s`kf pr`pirtkis (Bktdmiff
( Bktdmiff nej
T`cn <779
<779  Tiij nej Kjrkss >;37
>;37  Tt`
Tt`o`
o`ii it
it n! > ;;;
;;; Nejs
it n. <774
<774 .
Bney ndt`rs
ndt`rs nidt tmi nlkfkty `  n ckie s`k
s`kff t` spp`rt n
jyenbd bndmkei `ej
`ejntk`e.
ntk`e. Zmisi
Zm isi kedfji ixdisski
i xdisski sittfi
biet dnsij ly jyenbkd `r stntkd f`njs, fkqindtk`e ixpne
si s`kfs nej `st mini. Nff tmisi sm`fj li njjrissij ly n
ci`tidmekdn ieckeiir nbkfknr
nbkfknr wktm tmi f`dnf d`ejktk`es
Zmi s` pr`pirtkis
pr`pi rtkis tmnt nri b`st kbp`rt
kbp`rtnet
net `r
`r tmi jyenbkd
nenysks ` bndmkei `ejntk`es nri stkeiss jieskty p
nej bntirknf jnbpkec (J. Ttkeiss pr`pirtkis nri typkdnffy
pr`jij ke tmi `rb ` sbnff strnke W`kss`e's rntk` ( nej
sminr b`js (C  `r nftintkify ke
k e tmi `b
`b ` sminr ( Qs
nej d`bprissk`en ( Qp wni if`dktkis ns jksdssij ke tmi
`f`wkec.
N.>W`ss`s t`
W`kss `es rnt
rntk`
k` ( ks tmi
tm i rntk` ` trnes
trnesirs
irsii str
strnke
nke t` f`eck
f `eck
jkenf strnke ke tmi jkridtk`e ` nppfkij `di Ke cieirnf
b`st s`ks mni W`kss`e's
W`kss` e's rntk` nfis ke tmi rneci r`b
r`b 7.<
` 79 Fnl`rnt`ry jitirbkentk`e ` W`kss`es rntk` ks jk
dt? tmiri`ri kt ks s`bitkbis istkbntij. Nftintkify `
s`s nl`i tmi wntir tnlfi  ks `ie jitirbkeij pir q
(N  , lnsi
lnsijj `e kep
kepfndi
fndi binsribie
binsribiets
ts ` tmi
tmi sminr ( Qs nej
d`bprissk`enf ( Qp wni if`dktkis.
(Nf
Zmi jyenbkd risp`esi
risp` esi ` n `ejntk`e
`ejntk`e systib k s cieirnffy
esieskti t` nrkntk`es ` W`kss`es rntk` ke tmi neci `
niss d`bb`e `r
ni
`r jry `r pnrtknf sntrntij s`kfs (tmnt
(tmn t ks 7.<
7 .< 9
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
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Nbirkdne
Nbirkd
ne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥
G>¥ www.d`edii`c
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\IW@\Z @E A@YEJNZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
3:
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7 : @e mi `mir mnej ti jyenbkd
jyenbkd virdnf nej r`dokec
isp`esis `a n a`uejntk`e nri viy sieskkvi t` W`ss`es
nt`s cintir tne 7:
7 : Zmiri
Zmiria`i
a`i wie dndufnec
dnduf nec ts typi
`a a`uejnk`e risp`esi, t s`uj li nie ke` ndd`uet tn
mi W`ss`e
W` ss`e's
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uejnkeij `nj d`ejk`es nppr`ndmis 79
Ka ti W`ss`es
W`s s`es rn
rn`
` vnui k s e` pr`vjij ke tmi ci`tidm
ekdnf ip`t ie vnuis ar`b 7.<9 ` 7.:7 sm`uj li usij
a` d`misk`eiss cneunr arii-jneec s`fs nej a`b
744 t` 7.9 a`r d`iskvi bpibinlfi s`ks. e njjkt`e n
vnui `a ` einr 79 sm`uj li usij a` fy sntuntij s`fs
li`w tmi wntir tnli? nft`uc n sfcty f`wir eublir
a` ixnbpi 7:=ks s`bikbis eidissnry a` snlkfy `a
eubikdn
eubi
kdn dndufn`es
dndufn `es
N.<-Jybkd smir b`jufus
Jyenbkd smin b`jufus
ks ti b`st kbp`rtnet s`k
pnnbiir euiedkec tmi jyenbd linv`r `a mi bndkei
a`uejnt`e-s`f systib Zmi jyenbd sinr b`juus ripri
sies i s`pi `a mi sminr stiss visus sin srne durvi.
`s s`kfs j` e`t isp`ej inskdnfy t` smin sriss lu
nti wm n d`blentk`e `a ifnstd nej pnskd stne A`r
mntt rins`e p`kec smin stiss virsus
mn
virsu s smin stnke risuts
e n durvi, e` n snkct fei, ns s`we e Akc N< Zus
mi vnui `a vnris jipiejec `e tmi snke bncetji
mi `wi i stnke tmi mcir ti jyenbd sminr b`juus.
Ke ciein, a` jiskce `a bndmei a`uejnt`es i etn
necie sinr b`juus
ks d`bb`efy usij nej rid`b
biejij M`wivi jui ` keiie vnrntk`es `a ti
vnfuis `a e-pfndi s`kfs d`bpikec b`ri mne `ei jyenbd
a`uejn`e nenyss s id`bbiejij A` tms purp`si mi
ci`tidekdn ieceiir s`ufj rid`bbiej n lis istkbni
(LI,, f`wi l`uej FL,
(LI
FL , nej uppir l`uej YL a`r mi smin
b`jufus Ka e` pr`vkjij ti YL nej FL vnuis
vn uis `a tmi
tmi sminr
b`jufus dne li jitibeij ar`b tmi L vnfuis pir .
N<n nej N<l wmiri D@Q ks ti d`idkiet `a vnrn
k`e Ke pnrkdun pi YTE\D <74
<74  kt ks id`bbiejij `
noi tmi D@Q ns 79 a` wiff-keviscnij sktis nej nt finst
> 7 a`r sktis tn ni
ni e`t wi eviscntij nt
nt ks, fndokec
mi iurij eublir `al`kecs nej ci`pmysdn iss pir
pi r mi
nppfdnlfi ursjdtk`e
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Cb C ne J.
Q
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d`bprissk`e
sminr
\nyfikcm  `r nff `a tmisi
wnvi vi`dktis `a tmi ke-pfndi s`kf, nt tmi ndtunf a`uejn
t`e `dnt`es. Zmi bitm`js nvnkfnlfi a`r binsurkec wnvi
vi`dktis `a tmi ke-pndi s`kf kedfuji8
n Zi dr`ssm`fi bitm`j
l Zi j`wem`fi bitm`j
d Zi upm`fi bitm`j
j Tiksbd
T iksbd d`ei pieitrntk`e
pieitrntk`e tist
tist TDWZ
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N jitnkfij jsdussk`e `a tmi na`ribietk`eij bitm`js ks
`uskji tmi sd`pi `a tmks rip`rt? a`r spidkd jitnkfs riair t`
Anec
An
ec  >  nej Tt`
Tt`o`i
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d`esjirij iss nddurnti tmne ifj binsuribiets a` dnfdu
fnec tmi sminr b`jufus, jui t` tmi p`ssklkfkty `a snbpfi
jsurlnedi
N.<<
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Ns jksdussij e i a`f`wec
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e-pfndii s`s
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s` s
l Fnl`nt`
Fnl`nt`yy ists `e s`k snbpis
d D`rifn`e ` `ir s`f p`pitkis
Zmi b`st d`bb`e fnl`rnt`ry tist ks tmi ris`enet-d`fube
bitm`j wmiri n dykejrkdnf snbpfi `a s`kf ks pfndij ke n
jivdi dnpnlfi `a cieirntkec
cieirntkec a`rdij
a`rdij t`rsk`enf vklrntk`es
vklrntk`es  Zi
s`k snbpfi ks ixdktij nt jkiriet ariuiedkis uetkf tmi ris`
ene ariuiedy s jitirbkeij Zmi jyenbkd s`kf b`jufus
dne li dnfduntij lnsij `e tmi ris`enet ariuiedy fiectm
jiesty nej iej d`ejktk`es `a tmi s`kf snbpfi Tpidkd
jinkfs nri pr`vkjij ke NTZ J:7>9
J:7>9  wmkdm jieis tmi
ris`enet-d`fube bitm`j.
D`rrint`e t` `tmir s` r`irtisIbpkkdnf
d`rrint`es dne li usij a`r istkbntkec tmi sminr b`jufus `a
tmi s`kf M`wivir, tmi ieckeiir sm`ufj li ispidknffy dnriauf
wmie uskec ney d`rrifntk`e bitm`j lidnusi tmiy `i nt
tmi list `rjir `a bncektji istkbntij vnfuis D`ifntk`es
bitm`js sm`ufj `efy li usij a`r prifkbkenry jiskce `r a`
nenfyss `a sbn e`edrktkdnf a`uejntk`es wktm sbnff jyenbkd
binsuibies
nri i
Ai itirbent`e
b`s d`bb`e
bim`j a` jiirbkeec
ti
b`juus
`a n ckvie s` Zisi bim`js kev`fvi binsukec i
f`njs D`rrintk`e `a tmi jyenbkd sminr b`jufus t` `tmi
s` pr`pirkis sm`uj li d`eskjirij ns pr`vkjkec n rneci
`a p`sslfi vnfuis e`t pr`vkjkec n skecfi ixndt vnfui. Zmks
L
CFL 2 > +CD@Q
N.<n
C2 C£ + D@Q
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C
N.<>
Nbirkdne D` iti Ks
W`vj y K a
E` rip`judtk`e`r

Cb

fke wkt DK
c pbkttj wkm`ut kde a`b KMT
N<.4
Fkdiesii2Dm`ecqkc Kestktuti `a qnfkty nej Ttnjjztk`l
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
\IW@\Z @E A @YEJN
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(NDK 49.4\->=)
m`uj li ndd`ueij a`r e tmi pribkeny jikce ly nppyec
q. (.<n) nej (.<l) wm n D@ lwe < nej 4.
D`rrifnt`es
D`rr
ifnt`es a`r
a`r snejs nej rnvifs Mnrjke nej
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mntt (  ;14) jiibe
jiibeij
ij mnt tmi `kf
`k f v`j ntk` i) nej mi
ke-pfnd bne dtv r ( ) mnj m b`t bpnd `e
tmi jyenbd minr b`juu Ke cieirn, Cb
nx jidini wkm
Cbnx
ne edrn ` v`j n` nej edrn wktm tm d`eeec
r nej `vd`e`fkjnk`e nk`. dd`jkecfy Mnje nej
\kdmn
\kd
mntt (  ;14) nej Mn
Mnjk
jkee nej Lnd (> ;1=) jivi`pij mi
a`f`wkec rntk`emp ` tbntec m jyenbkd mnr
b`jufu Cbnx `a r`uejcnkeij nej wtm i liwiie 4
nej .=  wm
wm  2 (     +  )/4 a`
a` fnl`rnt`ry
fnl`rnt`ry nbpf 
nej  2   (> + <)/4 `r
`r epfnd ` 
N.<4.
Cb
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Tbnrfy a`r necufncnej bnrkn wm i lw
lwe
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jyenbkd min b`jufu dne li ibntij
ibntij `b
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k`en
eny
y q. (.< .4 .  d) p`p`j
p`p`j ly
ly Tj nej jrk
(>;3) nej autmi rieij ly Ti
Tiij
ij it n! (> ;=1) dne li uij
a` d`rifnec tmi jyenbkd minr b`juu ` mi ifnvi
jeky nej d`eekec prur `a crneufn `k.
`k . Ke mk qun
tk`e, (O<bnx k n d`rint`e d`idie nej e  ypkdny
tnoe
tno
e n  .9 . Znlf
Znlf .<.4
.<. 4 . > n pr`vkj
pr`vkj
 tm vnn
vnntk`
tk`ee `a (O<b nx
wkm ripidt t` ifnvi jieky ne
nejj v`j rn`, wmiin Znlfi
<4  l a`b Tiij it n ( > ;=1) pr`vkji
pr`vkji ixnb
ixnbpi
pi `a mi
vnfu `a (Obnx `a nej
nejyy `k
` k nej cnvy `k jtbkej
jt bkej
(4n)
Zmi bntirkn jnbpkec k riquiedy-kejipiejiet nej,
mu dnee`t l b`jfj ukec n vkd`u jnmp`t Ketnj
mi d`bpx minr b`jufu (C * jieij ly Iq (4l) k
ypkdny uj `r nf jyenbkd dnfdufntk`e kev`fvkec bnt
rknf jnbpkec.
C 2 (  J)
nt
njjkt`enf
i, a`r
a`r jipm
necec nej
necec
a`bjkdu
a`b
>  `
4 
4
 r
(4 `
; vnr`u
b). A`ri,
d`rrfnt`e
jkduk`
k`e
e rr
r
`
Bkdmf nej Tcn (<9)
Cbx    (O ), (67)"d (fl/a )
(<4>d)
Cbx  1;<( ) (  )  (Wn)
-
D`rrifnt`es a`r fns A` e`bnffy d`e`f
jnj dfny wm f`w und ndvkty nej i lwe 9 nej
3 mi jyenbkd min b`jufu bny li itkbnij ukec Iq
(< 4 l) A` `vir-d`
`vir-d`e`f
e`fjntij
jntij dfny
dfny Mnrjke nej Jivdm
(;<) p`p`j q. (.<.4.<) `r Cb.e wm i 6 <. nej
@D\ k mi `vi-d`e`fkjnk`e rn`   ne ixp`eiet neckec
lwe  nej .9 jpejkec `e tm pntkdy ejx jtnj
ke Znl
Znli
i <4<
< 4< E neci `b
`b  9 > ` 34
 34 a`
a`rr b`t nejy
nejy
nej
dny `fpur.
lut 19
k nfrnjy
rid`bbiejij
nej njjk`en
n k n iiriedi
nb`pmrkd
bet`ej
d`rr
fn`e mnvi liie rip`ij (Bktdmiff nej Tcn 9 ).
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
O
SJ
S
Ki
N.<4.<

N.4-T`k jbpkec
Zm bntrknf jnbpkec rntk` J rpret tm ercy
jpntij ly tmi `kf jurkec tmi vklrntk`e kejudij ly tmi
bndme-`uejntk`e ytb. Bdmnekb tmnt d`etklut t`
bntrnf jnbpkec nri rkdtk`e ltwiie `kf pnrtkdfi, trnke
rnti iid, nej e`efkenr `kf limnvk`r \iairrkec t` Akc
.< tm bntrkn `r mytrtkd jnbpkec k jej ly q.
(4n), wmir
k tmi ieircy jkkpntij ke `ei dydfi `a
`njkec nej
k tm bnxkbub trnke ercy t`j jukec
m dydf. Zm nrn kekj tm mytrk f``p k
nej tm
nrin `a tmi trknecfi k
(Wn)
1=,4(<;3  i)

(fl/a )
i
4< <.;  i 
(Wn)
Zl i N.<.
N .<.4.
4. > Q
Qff uis ` O d`idkiet ` v
v `us
`us
v`kj t`s ej iftkvi jiesktkis (Tiij ej fjss
;37)
Cb
Cb
W
(l/  )
39
(.4l)
Zmi bntrknf jnbpkec kedrni wktm tmi min tnke
m`wvr a`r pr`prfy jkcej bndmke `uejntk`e tm f`w
) m`ufj li uij
rne `r bkekbub bntirknf jnbpkec J)
Bkekbub jnbpkec  k bnurj ke tm fnl`nt`y
uec t`rk`enf mnr (ZT) `r ri`enet d`fube (\D) tit
M`wvir, tm pr`lfib wktm fnl`rnt`ry binuribiet `a J
 ke tm kjetkdntk`e ` qukpbetrfntj ecy f`
n jkduij ly Tt`o`i t n! (;;;)
(;;;)  Zmk iidt m`ufj li
jjudtj r`b tm bnurj vnfu t` `ltnke tm d`rdt
jnbpec vnu J Ke njjktk`e kt mn le ucctj tmnt
mi `k jnbpkec J m`ufj li binurij nt iquiedki nej
eublr ` `njkec dydf kbkfnr t` tm` ` tm netkdkpntj
dydkd `njkec (a`r ixnbpf, kbkd `r bndmkei vklrntk`e)
` ndd`uet
ndd `uet `r
`r tm dt ` tm ndt`r
ndt`r Ke pfnd ` xprk
betn vnu tm f`w-trnke bkekbub `kf jnbpkec rntk`
dne li t t` > prdiet `r fi A`r njjktk`enf jkduk`e `e
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
9;;74;7
Nbikdne D`editi Kestktuti- D`G>¥f www.d`edii`c
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YEJNZK@ET
ZK@ET A@\ J[ENKD I ^YKWIEZ (NDK 49>.4\-=)
31
lfi N<.4.> lQfuis
lQfuis `
Tjy s`fs
Crnvif s`fs
x
` sjy j crviffy s`ks (Tiij it . >;=1)
T` jdrpt`e
F`dnt`e
pm  b
(Oz)
``si b`st snj
kis`n
7 )

Jisi jy snej
Snsmect`
 7 )

Jisi snuntij snej
T` Dnk`kn
7 > )
=
Jisi snuntij snej
Ci`ckn
<77 17
17
Jisi snuntij skty snej
Ci`ckn
17 > =)
1
Jisi snuntij snej
T` Dnk`kn
77 ;7
<
xtribify jiesi sfy snj
T` Dnka
Dnka`kn
`kn
<9 =
=1
Tnej, crnvi, nej `lis
wkt kti ny
Dnrnns
<77 17
;7
Jiesi snj nj cnvif
Snsmect`
7 

><<
Tnej crnvi nej `lis
wkt kti ny
Dnrnns
< 9 9 ( 3 3)
><
Jisi snj nj snejy cnvi
T` Dnka
Dnka`kn
`kn
39 9
>==

lfi N.<.4.<Qf
N.<.4.<Qf uis `a d`ik
d`ikdkit
dkit `r dfys
(Mjk j Jrivkdm >;3<)
Wfnsty ji

7
777
<7
7=
7
77
17
7
=7
7=
>77
797
mks sulhd  ` T`o` t nf ;;; nej Bdmff nej
Tcn (<779)
N. :-\jkt
-\jktk`
k` jb pkc
\njnk`e jnbpec ` c`bty
c`bty jnbpkec ks n b
b usj
us j `
jsdkl m jks skpnt`e ` nskd ecy mnt
jsdkl
mnt tnos pnd `
n `uejntk`e vklntkec e ne fnstd mn-spnd ve wme
m mn-spnd mns e` bntknf jnbpec.
Z` kustn mks pme`be`e d`esj m sysb sm`we
e Akc.
Akc . 9  4 .<
.<.. Zm vklntk`e
vklntk`e ` tm `uejn
`uejntk`e
tk`e sufs
sufs ke fnsd
wnvs l`jy nej sund wnvs wktm skcedne ecy
(
d`eet e n mn-spnd, tms wnvs p`pncnt d`etkeu`usfy
nwny `b tm stdtu ns sm`we ke Akc. 9.4.<. Zm`
tm ecy dnkj ly tm wnvs ks jksskpntj f`st ke tm
mnfspnd bjkub, ckvkec ks t` ntteuntk`e ` tm vkln
t`e tmnt ks jnbpkec. e subbny tm tb "njkntk`e
jnbpkec ks
k s usj t` dmnndtkz n bdmneksb wm ecy
sbs ` l f`st ju t` wnv p`pncntk`e. Yefko tm bnt
n jnbpkec njkntk`e jnbpkec ks quedyjpejet nej
ks cenfy b`jfj uskec n jnbp/jnsmp`t.
Ke m dns ` n `uejntk`e supp`tj `e n s`kf fny `v
fyec n ckj stntub tm njkntk`e jnbpkec e`t tm bnt
n jnbpkec vneksms ` vklntk`e quedks lf`w
n msm`j ` dut` quedy wmkdm ks n edtk`e ` tm
vlnt`e b`j nej s`kf p`ptks. Ke tm dns ` m`k`etnf
vlnt`e m dut` quedy d`sp`ejs t` tm uejn
betnf quedy
quedy 
 ` tm s`kf fny ke q.
 q. N. wm 
ks tm smn wnv
wnv v`dkty ` tm fny nej
nej  ks kts tmkdoess.
N.
Njjtk`enffy tm njkntk`e jnbpkec nfs` vneksms ` mnf
spnds wktm npkjy
npkjy kednskec stkess
stkess S`f nej T`ec <77<
<77<))
Dq ttu
ttut
t a qty  Tt
Ttrzt
rzt
Nbirkdne D`edriti Kestktuti- D`pykcmt `editi.`c
9;;74;7
 t ttt
Nfwnys njvnedec
Ns NDK lickes kts sid`ej dieury `a njvnedkec d`edrii e`wfijci, ks `rkckenf dmnrtirij purp`si
ribnkes "t` pr`vkji n d`brnjismkp ke akejkec mi lis wnys ` j` d`edrii w`r `a nff kejs nej ke
sprinjkec e`wfijci. Ke iipkec wkm tmks purp`si, NDK supp`rs mi a`ff`wkec ndkvktkis8
idmekdnf d`bbkttiis tmn pr`judi d`esiesus rip`rs, cukjis, spidkakdntk`es, nej d`jis.
Tprkec nej anff d`evietk`es ` andkfktnti mi w`r `a kts d`bbktiis.
Ijudntk`enff sibkenrs tmn jkssibkeni rifknlfi kea`rbntk`e `e d`edrii.
Ijudntk`en
Dirtkakdntk`e pr`crnbs a`r pirs`eeif ibpf`yij wkmke tmi d`edriti kejusry.
Ttujiet pr`crnbs sudm ns sdm`nrsmkps, keiresmkps, nej d`bpiktk`es.
Tp`es`rkec nej d`-sp`es`rkec ketirentk`enf d`eairiedis nej sybp`skn.
A`rbnf d``rjkentk`e wktm sivirnf keirenk`en d`edrii rifntij s`dkikis.
irk`jkdnfs8 tmi NDK Ttrudurnf H`urenf, Bnirkns H`uren, nej D`edrii Ketirentk`enf.
Lieiakts `a biblirsmkp kedfuji n sulsdrkpk`e ` D`edriti Keirenk`enf nej ` ne NDK H`urenf. NDK
biblirs ridikvi jksd`uets `a up `
`e nf NDK pr`judts nej sirvkdis, kedfujkec j`dubiets, sibkenrs
nej d`evietk`e rickstrntk`e aiis.
%
Ns n biblir `a NDK, y`u `ke m`usnejs `a prndtktk`eirs nej pr`aissk`enfs w`rfjwkji wm` smnri
n d`bbktbiet t` bnketnke tmi mkcmist kejustry stnejnrjs a`r d`edriti tidme`f`cy, d`estrudtk`e,
nej prndtkdis. Ke njjktk`e, NDK dmnpirs pr`vkji `pp`rtuektkis a`r ketirndtk`e `a pr`aissk`enfs nej
prndtktk`eirs nt n f`dnf fivi t` jksduss nej smnri d`edrii e`wijci nej aiff`wsmkp.
==
irde
Der
Dedrii
DfKri
Kei
Arece
ff
=
Wei8 ===
Ax8 ===
N Drt ttt
r l T Bo  d t D
E rt  tr rtt ut   T
wdedriirc
dedriirc
Dq ttu
ttut
t  qty  Ttrzt
Ttrzt
Et  \,
<=/1/<= <8:
9;;74;7
 t ttt
Nfwnys njvnedec
4== Dutr Dul Jr
Jr
rbt M   =44
=44 
+===43
rtr
Zmi Nbirkdne D`edriti Kesttuti (ND) s n finjc nt`rty n ris`di
w`fjwji a`r ti jivif`piet nej jstrlt` `a d`siss-lnsij
snjnjs nj iddnf ris`urdis, ijudnt`nf pr`crnbs, nj ditkkdnt`s
`r kjvjnfs nj `rcneznt`es v`fvij  d`driti isc, d`stdtk`,
nj ntir
ntirnn fs w` s nri n d` btiet t`
t` p rs c ti list si ` d`drit
d`driti.
i.
 jkvj n s irisi
irisi e ti ndtvtis
ndtvtis `a NDK nri id` rnci  t` ixpf`i ti
NDK wilsi `r iblirsp `pp`rttis, d`ttii ndtvtis, nj n wji
vnkiy `a d`driti ris`rdis Ns n v`fuetiir biblirjrvi `rcnzntk`
NDK k v
vi
iss pn rirsps n wifd`bis nff d`dri
d`driti
ti pr`aiss`n
pr`aiss`n fs w` ws `
i pnr ` n rispidtij, d`eeidti, s`dnf cr`p tnt pr`vis n `pp`tkty
`r pr`aiss`enf cr`wt, itw`roc nej ih`ybit
N Dr 
r
r l  T Bo  d  D
E r  r r u  r T
; >kk  >bf 
Dq u
u
  qy   Trz
Trz
E  \,
<=/1/<= <8:
9;;74;7
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