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Manhattan
Beach: A Novel
Grave Descend:
An Early Thriller
The Day the
World Came to
Life of Pi
Breve historia de la Ingenier
Naval:
El mar siempre ha causad
fascinación en el ser humano desd
el comienzo de los tiempos. A
mismo, siempre le ha provisto d
alimento para su sustento. En
costa sur central del Perú en
provincia de Pisco, en el distrito d
Paracas hacia el 10.000 a. C.;
primeros hombres se volvieron sedentarios a causa del abundan
alimento existente en sus playas.
Primero la recolección de mariscos y moluscos, luego la pesca
finalmente se aventuró a adentrarse en ese mar que generosamente
proveía de alimento. La tecnología fue progresando y el homb
construyó elementos para flotar en el agua; probablemente usó tronco
de árboles u otros materiales abundantes en su entorno que tenía
flotabilidad. Para impulsarse y no quedar a la deriva, echó mano d
remo hasta que descubrió que la fuerza eólica podía impulsarlo co
menor esfuerzo y mayor efectividad; luego, descubrió la manera d
llevar la embarcación hacia donde quería e inventó el timón. Es a par
de acá que el hombre a través del tiempo fue introduciendo mejoras
sus naves, dándoles cada vez mejor impulsión y gobierno, hasta llegar
las modernas naves que surcan hoy día los océanos del mundo.
Los barcos y sus comienzos en la historia:

Edad De La Vela.
Las carracas eran navíos grandes
robustos, redondos, de alto bordo, d
velas, especializados en el transporte
grandes cargas en travesías larga
aptos para el comercio entre Flandes
el Mediterráneo, y posteriormente pa
atravesar el Atlántico. Hubo carrac
desde el siglo XII hasta el siglo XV
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acción del viento. Fue una derivación de la carraca pero combinada co
la velocidad de la carabela. Los galeones eran barcos de gran tamaño
poseían gran capacidad de fuego.
En el siglo XVI, después que Juan Sebastián Elcano efectuara la prime
circunnavegación a la Tierra, el comercio marítimo transatlánti
aumentó considerablemente, lo que incentivó la investigación y
creación de nuevos tipos de naves más apropiadas para largas travesí
y para soportar los rigores de la mar en forma continuada. Así fue com
apareció el navío que en el mundo militar adoptó el nombre d
bergantín y en el ámbito comercial, la urca y los ya nombrad
galeones.
Más adelante aparecieron, en la marina militar, la fragata, nave q
tenía dos puentes y la corbeta con sólo uno. En la marina comerci
apareció el bergantín-goleta y la goleta. El último tipo importante d
nave a vela fue el clíper que apareció en 1840 construido en los Estad
Unidos de América, destinado inicialmente al tráfico entre Norteaméri
y Europa y que luego se extendió a Oceanía y Asia. Era de casco d
madera, fino y ligero. Alcanzaba gran velocidad en sus travesí
compitiendo con las naves a vapor que ya estaban apareciendo.
También en el siglo XIX apareció el buque de pesca de mayor tonelaj
el ballenero. De gran calado y espacio en cubierta para poder faenar
las ballenas y cachalotes que cazaban.

Edad Del Vapor.
En el siglo XIX la construcción nav
comenzó a utilizar el hierro para el casco
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En 1819 el "Savannah", velero norteamericano con propulsión auxili
de ruedas fue la primera nave a vapor en atravesar el Atlántico desd
New York a Liverpool. En 1821 se construyó en Inglaterra el prim
buque a vapor con casco de hierro el "Aaron Manby" que en 182
efectuó su primera navegación desde Londres al Havre. Luego, en 183
Brunel construyó el “Great Western” primer transatlántico de casco d
hierro dando inicio a la verdadera era de la construcción naval de hierr
En 1845 entró en servicio el paquebote "Great Britain", transatlántico d
pasajeros de casco de hierro y hélice. A partir de entonces el progres
en la construcción naval no se ha detenido.
Durante la guerra de Crimea, en 1855, se probaron con éxito un
baterías flotantes acorazadas y en 1858 el ingeniero naval Dupuy d
Lome construyó el primer buque acorazado, el “Gloire”, nave d
madera, blindada. Poseía motor de vapor y aparejo de fragata.
En 1859 se construyó el primer acorazado, el británico “Warrior” y e
1866 la fragata acorazada española “Numancia”, gemela del “Gloire
fue la primera nave acorazada en dar la vuelta al mundo, al mando d
almirante Casto Méndez Núñez.
En la década de 1860 desaparecieron los buques a vapor y vela, es
porque ya la maquinaria de propulsión se había perfeccionad
suficientemente. En el siglo XX aparecieron los motores de combustió
interna y a fines de ese mismo siglo la propulsión nuclear.
La marina mercante es factor fundamental en el desarrollo de los paíse
La actividad naviera genera una importante actividad económica que
refleja en sus puertos y en la economía.
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bordo, llegando a ser sus salones interiores tan lujosos como cualqui
instalación de renombre en tierra. Pertenecientes a la naviera Cunar
bien podría decirse que iniciaron la edad de oro de los grande
transatlánticos, al incitar a las demás empresas navieras a
competencia por lograr la supremacía en cuanto a lujo, tamaño
velocidad de sus respectivos barcos.
La empresa de la competencia, la White Star Line, decidió hacer frente
la fama de estos dos buques construyendo tres grandes barcos d
pasajeros que superarían a los de la Cunard: el Olympic, El Titanic y
Britannic. El siniestro del Titanic, ocurrido en su viaje inaugural y en
cual se perdieron tanto la nave como muchos de sus pasajeros
tripulantes, supuso una serie de cambios radicales en materia d
seguridad, diseño y construcción naval que han perdurado has
nuestros días.
De casi 300 metros de largo y 11 pisos de alto, estos grandes buqu
sentaron también un precedente en cuanto a tamaño y decoración d
los interiores se refiere. Tras la destrucción del Titanic en 1912,
competencia se intensificó, y otros grandes barcos fueron construidos.
Imperator superaba
su peraba al
a l Titanic por casi 8 000 toneladas, y
prácticamente igual de lujoso. Los buques hermanos del Titanic,
Olympic y el Britannic continuaron prestando servicios incluso durante
primera guerra mundial. El Britannic nunca opero como barco d
pasajeros, fue requisado por el almirantazgo británico y usado com
barco hospital durante el conflicto, siendo destruido por un submarin
alemán.
Los mayores barcos de pasajeros de tiempos modernos superan l
100 000 toneladas de peso, y disponen de 14 o 15, y en algunos cas
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The Day the
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sustituyeron a los acorazados, pero hacia finales del siglo XX los buqu
mercantes comenzaron a especializarse de acuerdo al tipo de carga
transportar: carga seca, graneleros, carga general, petrolero
frigoríficos y la gran revolución de los contenedores y la aparición de l
buque porta contenedores. También apareció la propulsión nuclear e
las naves mercantes, el "Savannah" fue el primero de este tipo.
Al comenzar el siglo XX aparecieron los primeros acorazados, tenía
15.000 ton. De desplazamiento y cañones de 305 mm montados e
torres dobles. También llevan tubos lanza torpedos.
En 1906 el acorazado británico “Dreadnought” era el buque m
poderoso del mundo, tenía 5 torres dobles de cañones de 305 mm y 2
cañones de 76 mm, su desplazamiento era de 17.000 t y consum
petróleo.
Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial había acorazados de has
72.000 ton. de desplazamiento a plena carga. Estos fueron l
protagonistas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de 1939-1945.

Edad Nuclear.
Estados Unidos en 1940 inició la construcción d
USS Enterprise (CVN-65) primer portaavion
nuclear de la Armada de los Estados Unidos qu
además, entre los años 1961 y 1972, fue
buque de guerra más grande del mundo. Tien
342,3 m de eslora, 78,4 m de manga y 11,9
de calado. Su desplazamiento a plena carga e
de 93.500 t, podía transportar 85 aviones y
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
El Submarino.
Estados Unidos fue el país que construyó
primer submarino. En 1741 David Bushn
ideó una nave submarina, nave que estuv
operativa en 1776. Era totalmente de made
y con la forma de dos conchas unidas por
borde plano, era tripulada por solo un homb
y movida mediante pedales o mediante l
brazos dando vuelta unas manillas qu
movían una hélice. «La tortuga» fu
empleada en la guerra de la independencia americana contra un
fragata inglesa que se encontraba anclada en el puerto de Nueva Yor
La nave llevaba un torpedo que no pudo afirmar a la quilla de la fragat
aunque llegó a situarse bajo esta.
En 18, Robert Fulton, trabajando para el gobierno de Francia construy
el «Nautilus», que fue probado inicialmente en el río Sena y luego en
mar. Tenía forma de pez y era tripulado por 3 hombres. Nunca pudo s
empleado en acciones bélicas. El mismo Fulton destruyó el Nautilus e
1803.
En 1850, Wilhelm Bauer, construyó en Alemania el «Brandtaucher
cuya hélice era movida a mano. El casco era de hierro.
En 1888, el español Isaac Peral, construyó en el «Peral» de 22 m
largo, propulsado por un motor eléctrico accionado por acumulador
inventados por el mismo Peral. Este submarino resultó ser el mej
construido hasta esa fecha por nación alguna.
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sumergido de 18.750 t. Da una velocidad sobre los 20 nudos con u
reactor nuclear y lo tripulan alrededor de 150 hombres.
La ingeniería naval en Venezuela.
Desde tiempos remotos los seres humanos han estado usand
diferentes tipos de embarcaciones para navegar a través de los río
lagos y mares.
En las costas caribeñas, cuando Cristóbal Colón llegó al Continen
americano, los indígenas se acercaron a las tres naves de Colon, co
piragüas hechas de una sola pieza. Un gran tronco de árbol vaciado
fuego, y afilado por las puntas para cortar mejor el agua.
Estas piragüas se siguieron construyendo y usando hasta la actualidad.
En las costas caribeñas, cuando Cristóbal Colón llegó al Continen
americano, los indígenas se acercaron a las tres naves de Colon, co
piragüas hechas de una sola pieza. Un gran tronco de árbol vaciado
fuego, y afilado por las puntas para cortar mejor el agua.
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"extraer" o tallar la curiara a hachazos y darle su figura. Luego viene
vaciamiento del tronco, lo que exige un tratamiento minucioso pa
darle al hueco una forma ovalada, el ensanchamiento de su interior
hace por medio de la aplicación de fuego hasta lograr que la abertu
adquiera el diámetro conveniente y se coloca los travesaños necesarios
La construcción de una Curiara, atraviesa varios procesos; Lo prime
de todo es la selección del árbol, ésta por supuesto no es aleatoria.
normal es que la curiara este constituida por la madera de un ced
(cedrela cf.), una ceiba (Ceiba pentandra) o un cachicamo (calophyllu
sp.), éste último suele ser el más habitual por su atribución mítica.
Sin embargo, lo más importante es que el warao que la va a constru
considere que es el árbol adecuado, y este factor será el que determin
el tipo de árbol que finalmente se escoja.
Una vez escogido, limpiara con el machete las inmediaciones que rodea
al árbol y tratara de ver por donde lo puede tumbar, teniendo e
perspectiva la trayectoria que este tendrá al caer. A continuació
colocara en el suelo palos para que el árbol caiga sobre ellos,
comenzara a cortarlo con el hacha. Una vez caído el árbol, limpiara
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fabricaban en Nueva Cádiz de Cubagua. Otra información enviada e
1565 a la Audiencia de Santo Domingo indica que Diego Fernández d
Serpa se ocupaba en fabricar cuadernas para embarcaciones de pes
en la isla de Cubagua y en 1586, una real cédula ordenaba a l
gobernadores de la Nueva Andalucía y Venezuela que no pusieran trab
a los margariteños que iban a buscar madera a sus costas para constru
las canoas y navíos.
Construcciones de barcos en Maracaibo en el siglo
sigl o XIX
En el año 1826 llega a Maracaibo, para ser ensamblado y puesto e
servicio; el primer buque de vapor que navega en las cost
venezolanas, el “Estimbote” (por Steamboat), que sirvió en el Lago d
Maracaibo hasta su perdida en 1838 y donde, según el cronis
Arístides Rojas, habría viajado el Libertador en ruta de Bogotá
Caracas.
Tres décadas más tarde en el año 1854 se botan en Maracaibo
“Vencedor” y el “Trujillo”, primeros buques de vapor armados
Venezuela.
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En los primeros años de actividad bajo el monopolio de la compañ
Guipuzcoana, la principal ocupación de los blancos vizcaínos, era
comercio y la navegación; cuando el comercio con la metrópolis
abierto en 1798 todo lo importado de España llegaba en cuatro o cin
barcos al año, los cuales eran utilizados para exportar al mismo tiemp
distintas especias a la Madre Patria. Cuando la Compañía Guipuzcoan
desaparece ya Puerto Cabello ocupaba un lugar importante entre l
relaciones comerciales de España con el Caribe.
La Guerra de indecencia trae consigo la destrucción de gran parte de
ciudad, afectando así su comercio. Hacia 1823 una vez que la ciudad
liberada del poder español, comienza su reconstrucción y su puer
retoma su actividad cotidiana. En 1874, el Presidente Guzmán Blan
ordena una completa reparación de los muelles y el dragado de
bahía, para la cual fue adquirida una Draga que habría de extrae
según los entendidos, unos 200.000 m3 de fondo de mar.
Durante la última década del siglo XIX tendrá lugar la construcción d
moderno puerto de Puerto Cabello. El Gobierno Nacional invita a vari
ingenieros venezolanos y extranjeros para que viajen a Puerto Cabello
trabajen en los proyectos designados a la reconstrucción de los muelle
Entre esos ingenieros se encontraba Norbert Paquet, representante de
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ubicación exacta es en el islote donde se encuentra el castillo de Sa
Felipe, Hoy conocido como Castillo Libertador, en el área de la Ba
Naval contra Almirante Agustín Armario.
Las instalaciones estaban integradas por un edificio administrativo, l
talleres, una grúa con capacidad para levantar 60 toneladas y d
diques flotantes de madera. Su primer director fue el Capitán de Naví
Román Delgado Chalbaud.
La primera sección del Dique Flotante fue inaugurada el 2 de diciemb
de 1906, en ese mismo año se coloca la quilla al guardacostas 29 D
ENERO, fue el primero de tres que se construyeron en el Astillero para
Armada Nacional y los buques mercantes CIUDAD DE CARACAS
NUEVO MARA.
El 10 de agosto se aprueba el Reglamento General y Tarifa para el Diqu
y Astillero Nacional. Hasta el momento el Dique podía efectu
reparaciones a buques de hasta 1200 toneladas y a partir de 1910,
instaló un Dique flotante de 5000 toneladas de desplazamiento.
Durante el año 1913 en Dique y Astillero se construyo el NUEVO FEN
para la compañía de Navegación Fluvial y Costanera de Venezuela y d
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El proyecto original constaba de las siguientes instalaciones:

10 muelles de reparación

Edificios administrativos

3 diques secos

Residencias

4 dársenas

Escuelas

2 varaderos

Talleres

3 grúas sobre rieles propias
de Astilleros

Carreteras internas y obras
urbanísticas menores.
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
(1942) 1 conversión del Cañonero ARAGUA, en barco cisterna d
fuel-oil

(1969) 10 Lanchones tipo MAQUIRITARE, para el Estado May
Conjunto.

(1975) 10 Lanchas patrulleras de 23 ms, Topo VENTUARI, para l
Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperación.
Construcciones navales efectuadas en DIANCA desde e
año 1969 al 1998.
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cubierta
Gabarra Plana LAGOVEN
para inyección
de vapor
4200 TPA 4
1985
Construcc
Construc
en DIANC
Dique Flotante ASTINAVE
4000 TPA 1
1986
Construcc
Construc
en DIANC
Gabarra Plana MARAVEN
para carga en
cubierta
300 TPM
1987
Construcc
Construc
en DIANC
2
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Recipientes a DSD-DGI
presión
2000 M3
2
1998
Construc
en DIANC
Construcciones emblemáticas realizadas por DIANCA
“Adaro y Guaranao”
Con la construcción de los Remolcadores Adaro y Guaranao, se h
demostrado una vez más su capacidad de realizar la construcción
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limitaciones impuestas por las dimensiones y la capacidad de d
sistema de botadura con que cuenta actualmente el Astillero (Sistem
Syncrolift), que tiene una eslora de solo 125 ms., mientras que la eslo
del tanquero es de 189,18 ms., Además la capacidad de levante d
Syncrolift es de 5.000 toneladas, 280 menos del peso del buque y
unido por completo. Antes estas dos (02) situaciones, DIANCA toma l
medidas pertinentes y determina llevar adelante el programa enfatizad
en tres puntos fundamentales:
a) Determinación de la zona corte
b) Traslación y botadura de los cuerpos independientes
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5.- Alineamiento del cuerpo de popa y apoyo de éste sobre los
picaderos, mientras el cuerpo queda flotando libremente
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“Lanchas patrulleras rápidas”
DIANCA, con la construcción de las lanchas patrulleras rápidas (P.698
se ha demostrado una vez más su capacidad de realizar la construcció
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El casco es de construcción longitudinal, completamente soldado. L
refuerzos del fondo, cubierta y mamparo longitudinal, así como lo
mamparos transversales son de pletina.
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Dos electrobombas para circulación del agua de enfriamient
alimentadas con corriente alterna 440V-60Hz, con una capacidad d
2.400 litros/hora para una columna de agua de 26 m.
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“Remolcador de Altura RA-11”
Life of Pi
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Life of Pi
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