WORD FORMATION Educate (verb) [Often passive] to teach someone at a school, college or university Educated Someone who is…. Has learned a lot at school or in college and has a good level of knowledge. Person To describe people and can be qualified by an adverb or noun or proper noun, for example highly/well educated, university educated, Harvard educated Educational (Adjective) Providing education or relating to education Qualifications, opportunities, standards Motivation (noun) Enthusiasm for doing sth motivación Reward (noun) Sth good that you get because you have sth. recompensa There’ll be a reward for whoever finishes first. Results (noun) something that happens or exists because something else has happened resultado Discipline (noun) the action of controlling people’s behaviour using rules and punishments Disciplina Methods (noun) a way of doing something, often one that involves a system or plan Método an official statement about what you must or must not do Regla norma Earn in a day Gane en un día Make in a day Hacer en un día Have (a) talent for Tener talento para Have determination Tener determinación On leaving school… Al salir de la escuela find employment Encontrar empleo Gain experience Ganar experiencia spend x years Pasar x años Full-time career Carrera a tiempo completo Work long hours Trabajar largas horas Take a position Tomar una posición Unpaid assistant Asistente no remunerada Qualify in Calificar en Duties (noun) something you must do because the law says you must or because it is right. DEBER A sound knowledge of Un buen conocimiento de Extremely relevant Extremadamente relevante to often do a particular thing. Are usually Race ahead Carrera por delante. Make good progress Mucking about to behave in a silly way, or to treat someone or something in a careless way. Misbehaving Curioseaba Breadwinners (noun) the member of a family who earns the money that the family needs. Earners Sosten de la familia Faced up to to accept that a difficult situation exists. Accepted Frente a Picking up on Give attention. to give particular attention to something that someone has said or done. Referring to Recogiendo en Extend Increase. to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer. Make longer Ampliar Give credit to an expression that means that you should praise someone who deserves it, although you might dislike some things about them. Be pleased about Dar crédito a ADVENTUROUS (Adj) What’s the best method of solving this problem? Rules (noun) Tend (to be) tender a hacer algo, soler hacer algo HONEST (adj.) An adventurous person likes to try new or difficult thing. Atrevido, aventurero Worried. Preocupado more than is needed. redundante Safe from danger. Seguro feeling sure about yourself and your abilities. seguro de uno mismo Able to change or be changed easily according to the situation. Flexible Sincere and truthful. Sincero, honesto ORGANIZED (adj.) An organized person plans things well. Organizado PATIENT (adj) RESPONSIBLE (adj) Able to stay calm and not get upset, especially when sth takes a long time. Paciente Having to do sth as your duty. encargado SUCCESSFUL (adj) Having a good result. Exitoso, prospero DISSATISFIED (adj) INEXPERIENCED (adj) UNCERTAIN (adj) not happy with sth. Descontento Not having done sth often. Inexperto Not sure or not able to decide about sth. No seguro CONCERNED (adj) REDUNDANT (adj ) SECURE (adj) SELF-CONFIDENT (adj.) FLEXIBLE (adj) DAM A man- made barrier on a river which forms a lake behind it usually to provide hydroelectric energy or conserve water. PRESA FLOODS A large amount of water covering land which is normally dry. INUNDACIÓN RAPIDS The place in a river where there are a lot of large stones and therefore the water flows much faster RESERVOIR A man-made lake which is built to provide a source of water for a town or city. EMBALSE, PANTANO RIVER A large natural stream of water emptying into an ocean, lake or another river POND A small area of water. Estanque LAKE A large area of water that has land all around it. Lago STREAM A Small river. Arroyo, riachuelo CANAL A long stretch of water made by people for boats to travel along WATERFALL A stream of water that falls from a high place, often to a pool below. Cascada , catarata ADJECTIVE NOUN ADVERB VERB JUICE TOMATES/LEMONS LONG LENGTH LENGTHILY LENGTHEN BLUE BREAD OR MOUDLY WEAK WEAKNESS WEAKLY WEAKEN DEEP DEPTH DEEPLY DEEPEN STRONG STRENGTH STRONGLY STRENGTHEN WIDE WIDTH WIDELY WIDEN SHORT SHORTNESS SHORTLY SHORTEN WARM WARMTH WARMLY WARM productive PRODUCT Production producer CHEMICAL (químico) CHEMIST SURROUND (rodear) UNWANTED (no deseado) WANT POISONOUS (venenoso) POISON SCIENTIFIC (cientifico) SCIENCE SCIENTIST POISONOUSLY (Venenosamente) REDUCTION REDUCE ELECTRIC (electrico) ELECTRICITY (electricidad) ECONOMICAL ECONOMY MOTIVATED MOTIVATION COMMITED COMMITMENT DETERMINATED DETERMINATION CHEERFUL CHEERFULNESS ENTHUSIASTIC ENTHUSIASM ENERGETIC ENERGY ORGANISED ORGANISATION TALENTED TALENT SKILLED/ SHILLFUL SKILL CONFIDENT CONFIDENCE CANNED FOOD Comida en latas RICH FOOD Food with calories ROTTEN FOOD When foof is bad condition RIPE FOOD When friut is in the best moment to eating Weak coffe To much water or milk GO OFF(UK) OR GO BAD(USA) Food look good but taste and smell are bad TASTE MILD Not so strong TOUGH MEAT It is not fresh anymore PRODUCE SURROUNDINGS (alrededores, emplazamiento) BITTER FOOD/DRINK FLAT LEMONADE GRAMMAR - REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH REPORT SPEECH She/He says/tell me DENY - He/she said/told me ( that) INSIST ON ADMIT INSIST ARGUE PROMISE IS SAID CLAIM SAY URGE DENY SUGGEST WARN EXPLAIN WARN Present Simple are Presente simple when is true Present Simple Past simple Present Continues is/are + ing Past Continues was/were + ing Present Perfect HAVE+ past participle Past Perfect HAD+ past participle Past Simple was/ were Past Perfect HAD + Past Participle WIL + INFINITIVE WOULD + INFINITIVE CAN COULD MIGHT MIGHT MUST + INFINITIVE HAD TO + INFINITIVE Should Should DIRECT QUESTION REPORT QUESTION Where are you? Q+V+S He wanted to know Where she was. Q + S+ V Where do you go on weekend Q + Aux+S+ V + C He asked me Where I went on weekend Q +S+V+C Do you like football? She asked me IF i liked football Are you from Scotland? She wanted to know IF i was from Scotland Is acting your only job? She wanted to know if acting was his only job Have you always wanted to be an actor? She asked him if he had always wanted to be an actor Where do you see yourself in five She wondered where he saw himself in year’s time five years time She was wondering Why you left the party so early. REFUSE ADD DENY SUGGEST ADMIT EXPLAIN TELL ARGUE MENTION THINK CLAIM PREDICT WARM COMPLAIN PROMISE INSIST TIME PHRASES NOW Then At the time TODAY That day YESTERDAY The day before The previous day TOMORROW The following day The next day WEEK AGO The week before NEXT WEEK The week after ACCUSE (somebody)OF APOLOGISE FOR ADMIT TO (OPTIONAL) ING INFINITIVE SAY AGREE ASK PROMISE DEMAND TELL PERSUADE TO + INFINITIVE OFFER THREATEN REFUSE SAY INVITE URGE WARN WARN ASSURE CONVINCE INFORM PROMISE REASSURE REMIND ENCOURAGE (SB) + TO + INFINITIVE DENY ( SB ) + THAT WARN SSUGEST ADMIT + (TO) DENY BLAME (SB) FOR THANKS HERE There TO THAT PRAISE PLACE REFERENCE THAT CONGRATULATE (SB) ON/FOR ACCUSE (SB) OF THANK (SB) FOR WARN (SB) AGAINST APOLOGISE FOR ARGUE FOR INSIST ON V . ING PERFECT TENSES PRESENT PERFECT V - ING This is used to talk about events or a period of a time which To indicate duration At the end of June, Henry will have been working here for sixteen years + S + has/have + PastParticiple - S + hasn’t/haven’t + PastParticiple PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS ? Has/Have + S + PastParticiple ? This is used to emphasize the duration of a recent or ongoing event Started in the past but are still true or are still continuing We’ve lived here for eight years You’ve played the saxophone every night Happened in the past but have an effect in the present They’ve cancelled tonight’s concert so we’ll have to do sth else I’ve heard from Ian again with SINCE or FOR, about a period of a time which continues up to the present moment I’ve lived there for four years ( =and still live there) With question asking HOW LONG I’ve lived next door since June (= and I still live next door now ) How long have you lived here still live here) ( = I know you In the NEGATIVE, for unfinished actions and events, often with STILL or YET I still haven’t sent the email I haven’t sent the email yet Adverbs ALREADY - YET - JUST RECENTLY - EVER NEVER ONCE # NUMBER FRECUENCY The last time + S + have/has + been + ing - S + haven’t/hasn’t+ been + ing ? Have/has + S + been + ing ..? Happened earlier than sth else Ken sat in the dark miserably and thought about what he had said to his girlfriend To talk about how long sth has been happening I’ve been driving since five o’clock this morning The children have been playing happily all morning We’ve been worrying about her all week How long have you been watching TV? To focus on the activity or event itself (whether it is complete or not is unimportant) He’s been reading that book since he got up ( = we’re interested in how he passed the time) I’ve been mending the car ( = that’s why I’m dirty) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS PAST PERFECT To show that a past action or situation took place before another past action Specific event in the past State Verbs This is used to emphasize the duration of a past event + S + had+ been + ing - S + hadn’t+ been + ing + S + had + PastParticiple ? Had + S + been + ing ..? - S + hadn’t + PastParticiple He had a headache because he’d been playing computer games for hours ? Had + S + PastParticiple ..? To emphasize a continuous activity or how long it continued Happened earlier than sth else Ken sat in the dark miserably and thought about what he had said to his girlfriend When we talk about how long sth happened up a point in the past How long had you been driving when the car broke down? By the time she arrived I’d been waiting for two hours Adverbs already just yet never ever before = By the time When , After , As soon as By the time tom’s mother got home, he’d finished painting the room I’d painted one wall When I ran out of a paint Noticed or realized Past perfect Experience in the past Past continuous Interrupt by a principle event in the same time not state verbs Present Perfect Specific time While/ As + PC, PS FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE WHEN + PC , PS PC + WHEN, PS WILL/WON’T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Actions which are completed some time between now and point in the future This time next year I will have finished my course I will have finished my chemistry hw by the time you come home FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS WILL/WONT + BEEN+ ING AS SOON AS + PS, PS PS AS SOON AS PS PS . THEN/NEXT + PS QUANTIFIERS COUNTABLE A number of Several Plural similar to some (HOW) Many Plural large numbers (Too) many Negative (-) more than necessary loads of Plural Thousand of Plural All (of ) Plural Both Plural A few Emphasize the (+) Small number 1415 Every Singular 3 or more Few Singular (-) 2-3 All students a couple (of) 2 on or two - Each Singular a # of mistakes= I’m quite good at english but i still make mistakes UNCOUNTABLE Large amount Too much More than necessary A little Emphasize the (+) Small amount a bit of Little a little time= i’m really too busy Small amount Small number (-) I don’t have enough (not) Any (-) (?) (Not) Enough (?) (+) (-) Offer sth. Friend (?) Limit amount/# little time= i do have some time, but it’s not very much A great deal of A largue quantity of Strange (?). all of them and it’s not important which As much as we need Singular Neither … nor (-) Neither Pedro nor Luis speaks (verb 3º person) Either of (-) None of (+) Noun/Pronoun No (+) withouth article Use with affirmative verb or possessive adj Singular I don’t like either the houses Plural not many mistakes = I’m good at English Individual Much (?) (+) Either… or similar many Hundreds of Some COUNTABLE WORK A painting, book, piece of music TRAVEL journeys of exploration TEMPERATURE We had temperatures of minus 20 degrees last winter HAIR an individual hair on the body or head LAND A country COUNTRY An area of land that has its own government UNCOUNTABLE WORK The activities you do as part of your job TRAVEL going from one one place to another TEMPERATURE there was a sudden rise in temperature yesterday HAIR She has long, curly hair LAND Area of ground. The land was rich and fertile COUNTRY Land which is not in towns and is used for farming or left in a natura state a good deal of COUNTABLE a small amount of NOTE MEAL RECOMMENDATION JOURNEY JOB COIN STORM VERB a piece of UNCOUNTABLE INFORMATION SPAGHETTI ACCOMODATION VEHICLE SEAT ADVICE MONEY BREAD HAIRSTYLE SUITCASE LIGHTHINIG WEATHER WIKE MOUNTAIN ENGLISH TRAFFIC FURNITURE LUGGAGE(EQUIPAJE) SCENARY MILK ELECTRICITY PAPER/ A PAPER Paper you write on and a newspaper WITH BOTH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN COFFE/ A COFFE Coffe the product and a cup of coffee A lot / Lots of SUITCASE NEWS (+) Large amount /#s EXPERIENCE/ AN EXPERIENCE How much time you have spent doing sth and one thing that happened to you DAMAGE/ DAMAGES Damage to an object and the money you receive in compensation POSSESSION ‘S ONE my brother’s S’ MORE THAN ONE the visitors’ car ‘S TIME OR DISTANCE A month’s holiday a day’s drive A shower of rain una lluvia de lluvia a slice of cake una rebanada de pastel of object or preposition the back of the room an item of clothing un articulo de ropa OF A container has sth in it A bottle of milk A box of chocolates a glass of water un vaso de agua a clap of thunder un golpe de trueno QUITE Noun to describe another noun a pear tree, a coffee cup, a shop window A pane of glass un cristal A ball of string un ovillo de hilo a flash of lightning un destello de relámpago A crowd of people Una multitud de personas A bar of chocolate Una barra de chocolate IDIOM ALL/WHOLE To break (his/your) back To work extremely hard Back to the salt mines back to work after you are in holiday To do the donkey work To do the hard, boring part of a job To talk shop to talk about your job in a social situation nothing ventured, nothing gained take the risk To pass with flying colors To be extremely successful Teacher’s pet A student in a class in liked best by the teacher and therefore threaten better than the other students To hit the books To study, especially with particular intensity I had it all had everything I don’t miss it al all used for emphasis all along from the beginning the best thing of all used with a superlative for emphasis all of a sudden suddenly. De repente for all the stress despite. A pesar de As easy as ABC Extremely easy all in all on balance; used to summarize after different things have been considered To back to basics Returning to the simple and most important thing above all more than anything To bark up the wrong tree To be wrong about the reasonfor sth or the way to ahieve sth ALL Plural nouns and cannot be used on its own with a singular noun To beat around the bush To avoid talking about what is important To shake like a leaf Shake your body a lot of because its cold, nervous or afraid To bark up the wrong tree To be wrong about the reason for sth or the way to achieve sth To come up roses If sth is coming up roses. It is happening successfully As fresh as a daisy To be full of energy and enthusiasm The apple of (her/him somebody) eye to refer to someone you love and cherish To Bring home the bacon To earn a living to support your family Spill the beans To give away a secret to others. Tell people secret information It’s no use crying over spilt milk It is pointless to lament a misfortune that has already happened and cannot be undone. As cool as cucumber To be extremely calm, especially when it is surprising + of WHOLE not used with plurals Possessive pronouns + of IN FACT Actually IN COMMON SHARED IN DEBT OWING MONEY IN THE END FINALLY IN PARTICULAR ESPECIALLU IN PUBLIC IN PLACES WHERE PEOPLE CAN SEE YOU IN INK USING A PEN IN TEARS CRYING IN OTHER WORDS USED TO GIVE AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION OF STH IN HALF DIVIDED IN TWO
