Food security is a major issue in Developing nations, Ethiopia is no exceptional to this Agricultural sector- constraints Fisheries and Aquaculture -additional food production sectors However, contribution by Capture Fisheries for increased fish production is uncertain In recent years, the aquaculture industry is rapidly increasing globally. The major limitation in the aquaculture industry is the occurrence and spread of diseases in fishes This affects the production rate, incurring a huge financial loss It has been estimated that the aquaculture industry faces a total loss of more than US $6 billion per year due to frequent outbreaks of diseases primarily caused by bacterial, viral, fungal and/or parasitic attacks Although, aquaculture has proved to be a significant contribution, it is also facing some serious setbacks So there is need to increase aquaculture production though advanced techniques It is in this context, Biotechnology plays a major role Various biotechnological aspects that could increase aquaculture production include Bioactive compounds Probiotics PCR -techniques for WSS Waste water treatment Biofilters in aquaculture Hormones for induced breeding Transgenic fish production Triploidy, Polyploidy, Gynogenesis Monosex, Super male, Super female production What is biodiversity? Biodiversity can be defined as species richness of Plants Animals Microorganisms It is the total sum of genes, species and ecosystems. It is declining due to: Habitat transformation Over exploitation Alien species introduction Environmental degradation Pollution and Climate Change( carbon emissions from fossil fuels and livestock production) Terrestrial (Mainly forest ecosystem) Aquatic Ecosystem (Freshwater, brackish water and Marine) Marine Habitat as Sources of Drugs ( Bioactive Compounds) Sea covers more than 70 % of the earth’s surfac Marine habitats are rich sources of biological and chemical diversity. It contains 300,000 described species of plants and animals, Yet to describe several species from plankton to mammals. Marine organisms offer several chemical compounds but only very few chemicals have been purified as drugs Organisms are living in different strata of the marine environment They are swimming and sessile attached to organisms and substrata Marine bacteria Marine fungi Marine algae(Seaweeds) Marine Protozoans Sea grasses Marine sponges Sea fans/ Gorgonids Corals Sea hares and nudibranchs Bryozoans Tunicates Echinoderms Some fish species Mangroves Generally MM are described as causative agents of diseases More than 50 000 natural products were discovered from micro organisms More than 10 000 products are biologically active and more than 8000 are antibiotics 99% of the marine microorganisms are not studied for their potential commercial applications. Marine Sponge(N. magnifica )-Compound Latrunculin inhibits fungal pathogens E. salmonis, B. demigrans and Saprolegnia sp Marine sponge (Callyspongia sp)- Compound Polyhydroxy isocopalane, inhibits viral pathogen WSSV in shrimp. Marine sponge (Geodia barretti )-Compound Barettin inhibit Cyprid larvae of barnacle Marine sponge (C. hooperi ) Compound Diterpene isonitrile, inhibit the settlement of diatom Nitzschia closterium Fungi (Asteromyces cruciatus) = Dinoflagellate (Gymnodinium) = polysaccharide Microalgae (Alcyonaceans )= Sponge( Bugula neritina) = Gorgonids= Soft coral= Discodermolidae Bryozoans= Bryostatin Ascidian(Tunicates) = Yondelis Glivoviclin. Extracellular Prostaglandins Bryostatin Pseudoterosins Macrolides and Macrolides,
