Cambios de Coltrane Los cambios de Coltrane ( matriz o ciclo de Coltrane , también conocidos como terceras relaciones cromáticas y cambios multitónicos ) son una variación de progresión armónica que utiliza acordes sustitutos sobre las progresiones de acordes de jazz comunes. Estos patrones de sustitución fueron demostrados por primera vez por el músico de jazz John Coltrane en los álbumes Bags & Trane (en la pista "Three Little Words") y Cannonball Adderley Quintet en Chicago (en "Limehouse Blues"). [1] Coltrane continuó sus exploraciones en el álbum de 1959 Giant Steps y amplió el ciclo de sustitución en sus composiciones " Giant Steps"y" Countdown ", el último de los cuales es una versión armonizada de " Tune Up " de Eddie Vinson . Los cambios de Coltrane son una sustitución armónica avanzada estándar utilizada en la improvisación del jazz. Función Los cambios sirven como un patrón de sustituciones de acordes para la progresión ii – V – I ( supertónico - dominante - tónico ) Play (help·info) and are noted for the tonally unusual root movement by major thirds (either up or down by a major third interval), creating an augmented triad. Root movement by thirds is unusual in jazz, as the norm is circle of fifths root movement, such as ii-V-I, which in the key of C is D dorian, G7 and C major. Influencias SeeChord (http://www.seechord.co.uk/) chart of "Have You Met Miss Jones?" David Demsey, saxophonist and coordinator of jazz studies at William Paterson University, cites a number of influences leading to Coltrane's development of these changes. After Coltrane's death it was proposed that his "preoccupation with... chromatic third-relations" was inspired by religion or spirituality, with three equal key areas having numerological significance representing a "magic triangle", or, "the trinity, God, or unity."[2] However, Demsey shows that though this meaning was of some importance, third relationships were much more "earthly", or rather historical, in origin. Mention should be made of his interests in Indian ragas during the early 1960s, the Trimurti of Vishnu, Brahma and Shiva may well have been an inherent reference in his chromatic third relations, tritone substitutes, and so on.[2] In playing that style, Coltrane found it "easy to apply the harmonic ideas I had... I started experimenting because I was striving for more individual development."[3] He developed his sheets of sound style while playing with Miles Davis and with pianist Thelonious Monk during this period.[4] In terms of the origin of this “sheets of sound” technique, saxophonist Odean Pope considers pianist Hasaan Ibn Ali a major influence on Coltrane and his development of this signature style.[5] Coltrane studied harmony with Dennis Sandole and at the Granoff School of Music in Philadelphia. He explored contemporary techniques and theory. He also studied the Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns by Nicolas Slonimsky (1947).[6] Play the chord progression for the "Have You Met Miss Jones?" bridge section Problems playing this file? See media help. The first appearance of the "Coltrane changes" appear in the verse to the standard "Till the Clouds Roll By" by Jerome Kern.[7] The bridge of the Richard Rodgers song and jazz standard "Have You Met Miss Jones?" (1937) predated Tadd Dameron's "Lady Bird", after which Coltrane named his "Lazy Bird", by incorporating modulation by major third(s).[8] (highlighted yellow below) "Giant Steps" and "Countdown" may both have taken the inspiration for their augmented tonal cycles from "Have You Met Miss Jones?".[9] "Have You Met Miss Jones?" B section chord progression (bridge): │ B♭Maj7 │ A♭m7 D♭7 │ G♭Maj7 │ Em7 A7 │ DMaj7 │ A♭m7 D♭7 │ G♭Maj7 │ Gm7 C7 │ Sustitución de Coltrane ii–V7–I progression in C lasting only two measures Play (help·info). The Coltrane substitution, Coltrane changes, or Countdown formula, is as follows. Start with a ii–V–I turnaround lasting four measures: ii7 V7 I I │ Dm7 │ G7 │ C │ C │ with the dominant chord (V7) preceding the tonic (I). SeeChord chart of a Coltrane substitution. One substitutes two chords for each of the first three:[10] ii7 V7 │ Dm7 B7 │ E E♭7 │ A♭ I G7 │ C │ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ m2 P4 m3 P4 P4 m3 Notice a dominant seventh chord preceding and thus tonicizing a major chord on C and also E and A♭, both a major third from C. V7 I V7 I V7 I E♭7 │ A♭ B7 │ E G7 │ C Four-measure ii–V–I progression in C with Coltrane substitution This also may begin on C, as on "Giant Steps", giving: Play (help·info). │C B7 │ E E♭7 │ A♭ G7 │ C │ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ ╲╱ m3 P4 m3 P4 P4 m3 Ciclo de los tercios mayores The harmonic use of the chromatic third relation originated in the Romantic era and may occur on any structural level, for example in chord progressions or through key changes.[11] The standard Western chromatic scale has twelve equidistant semitones.[12] When arranged according to the circle of fifths, it looks like this: Precisely because of this equidistancy, the roots of these three chords can produce a destabilizing effect; if C, A♭ and E appear as the tonic pitches of three key areas on a larger level, the identity of the composition's tonal center can only be determined by the closure of the composition. — Demsey (1991)[11] Looking above at the marked chords from "Have You Met Miss Jones?", B♭, G♭ and D are spaced a major third apart. On the circle of fifths it appears as an equilateral triangle: By rotating the triangle, all of the thirds cycles can be shown. Note that there are only four unique thirds cycles. This approach can be generalized; different interval cycles will appear as different polygons on the diagram. "Tune Up" y "Countdown" SeeChord chart of Tune Up. "Tune Up" These are the first eight bars of the Miles Davis composition "Tune Up". The chord changes are relatively simple, a straightforward application of the ii–V–I progression, which is extremely common in jazz. ii V I ii V I │ Em7 │ A7 │ DMaj7 │ DMaj7 │ Dm7 │ G7 │ CMaj7 │ CMaj7 │ Play this "Tune Up" excerpt chord progression Problems playing this file? See media help. The chord progression is a standard ii7–V7–I progression in D major and then in C major. Assume that the time signature is 44 and that each ii and V chord gets four beats and the I chord gets eight beats. "Countdown" SeeChord chart of "Countdown". The Changes below show Coltrane's substitution of chord changes over "Tune Up". The ii–V–I progression from "Tune Up" still appears but is enhanced with several transition chords that lead to a more complex harmonic progression. ii V I │ Em7 F7 │ B♭Maj7 D♭7 │ G♭Maj7 A7 │ DMaj7 ii V I │ Dm7 E♭7 │ A♭Maj7 B7 │ EMaj7 G7 │ CMaj7 │ Play this "Countdown" excerpt chord progression Problems playing this file? See media help. In the standard Coltrane change cycle the ii–V–I is substituted with a progression of chords that cycle back to the V–I at the end. In a 44 piece, each chord gets two beats per change. Coltrane developed this modified chord progression for "Countdown", which is much more complex. At its core, "Countdown" is a variation of "Tune Up", but the harmonic substitutions occur rapidly and trick the listener into thinking that they are listening to a completely unrelated tune. The ii, V and I remain, but in between are other chords (highlighted in yellow and blue) from the major thirds cycle centered around each I. Preceding the first chord of each major thirds cycle is its V chord. An earlier Coltrane piece, "Lazy Bird", also features two tonal centers a major third apart in its A section. "Pasos gigantes" SeeChord chart of "Giant Steps". The "Giant Steps" cycle is the culmination of Coltrane's theories applied to a completely new chord progression. Coltrane uses the cycle in descending major third tonal transpositions in the opening bars and then ascending ii–V–I progressions separated by a major third in the second section of "Giant Steps". The second section is basically the inverse of the bridge section described in "Have You Met Miss Jones" above. I Coltrane substitution cycle │ BMaj7 D7 │ GMaj7 B♭7 │ E♭Maj7 ii V I Coltrane substitution cycle │ Am7 D7 │ GMaj7 B♭7 │ E♭Maj7 F♯7 │ BMaj7 The structure of "Giant Steps" as shown on the circle of fifths. │ Ascending/descending ii–V–I progression separated by a major third (tonal centers E♭, G, B, E♭, B) ii V I │ Fm7 B♭7 │ E♭Maj7 ii V I │ Am7 D7 │ GMaj7 ii V I │ C♯m7 F♯7 │ BMaj7 ii V I │ Fm7 B♭7 │ E♭Maj7 ii │ C♯m7 F This table shows which scales are used for the different chords: Chords Scale Change in scale BMaj7 B major I D7 → GMaj7 G major V-I B♭7 → E♭Maj7 E♭ major V-I Am7 → D7 → GMaj7 G major ii-V-I B♭7 → E♭Maj7 E♭ major V-I F♯7 → BMaj7 B major V-I Fm7 → B♭7 → E♭Maj7 E♭ major ii-V-I Am7 → D7 → GMaj7 G major ii-V-I C♯m7 → F♯7 → BMaj7 B major ii-V-I Fm7 → B♭7 → E♭Maj7 E♭ major ii-V-I C♯m7 → F♯7 B major ii-V Sustitución estándar Although "Giant Steps" and "Countdown" are perhaps the most famous examples, both of these compositions use slight variants of the standard Coltrane changes (The first eight bars of "Giant Steps" uses a shortened version that does not return to the I chord, and in "Countdown" the progression begins on ii7 each time.) The standard substitution can be found in several Coltrane compositions and arrangements recorded around this time. These include: "26-2" (a reharmonization of Charlie Parker's "Confirmation"), "Satellite" (based on the standard "How High the Moon"), "Exotica" (loosely based on the harmonic form of "I Can't Get Started"), Coltrane's arrangement of "But Not for Me", and on the bridge of his arrangement of "Body and Soul". In "Fifth House" (based on "Hot House", i.e. "What Is This Thing Called Love") the standard substitution is implied over an ostinato bass pattern with no chordal instrument instructed to play the chord changes. When Coltrane's improvisation superimposes this progression over the ostinato bass, it is easy to hear how he used this concept for his more free playing in later years. Ver también Tritone substitution Referencias 1. Porter, Lewis (January 28, 2000). John Coltrane: His Life and Music. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-472-08643-6. 2. Demsey, David (1996). John Coltrane plays Giant steps. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. p. 145. ISBN 0-7935-6345-3. 3. Demsey, David (1991). "Chromatic Third Relations in the Music of John Coltrane". Annual Review of Jazz Studies. 5: 158. ISBN 0-8108-2478-7. 4. Ruhlmann, William. "John Coltrane" (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/john-coltrane-mn0000175553/biog raphy) . AllMusic. Retrieved 21 December 2018. 5. Porter, Lewis; DeVito, Chris; Wild, David (26 April 2013). The John Coltrane Reference (https://books.goog le.com/books?id=mjXN4UHgU1IC&pg=PP103) . Routledge. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-1-135-09794-3. 6. Porter, Lewis (2000). John Coltrane: His Life and Music. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-472-08643-6. 7. Kern, Jerome (1967). Till the Clouds Roll By (http://web.ocpl.org/sheetmusic/viewfile.php?id=Till_the_clo uds_roll_by(1).pdf) (PDF) (sheet music). New York City: T. B. Harms. p. 3. 8. Lyon, Jason (2007). "Coltrane's Substitution Tunes" (http://www.opus28.co.uk/tranesubtunes.pdf) , in www.opus28.co.uk/jazzarticles.html (http://www.opus28.co.uk/jazzarticles.html) . 9. Christiansen, Corey (2007). "Coltrane-Style II–V–Is", Guitar Player Jun; 41, 6. 10. Baker, David (1990). David Baker's Modern Concepts in Jazz Improvisation: A Comprehensive Method for All Musicians. Alfred Publishing. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0-7390-2907-X. 11. Demsey (1991), p.146-147. 12. Proctor, Gregory (1978). Nineteenth-Century Chromatic Tonality: A Study in Chromaticism, p.150. Ph.D., Diss., Princeton. Cited in Demsey (1991), p.148. Otras lecturas Baker, David N. (1990). The Jazz Style of John Coltrane. Alfred Publishing. ISBN 0-7692-33260.Nettles, Barrie & Graf, Richard (1997). The Chord Scale Theory and Jazz Harmony. Advance Music, ISBN 3-89221-056-X Weiskopf, Walt; Ray Ricker (1991). Coltrane - A Player's Guide to His Harmony. New Albany, Indiana: Jamey Aebersold. Yamaguchi, Masaya (2003). John Coltrane Plays Coltrane Changes. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 0-634-03864-8. Yamaguchi, Masaya (2002). "A Creative Approach to Multi-Tonic Changes: Beyond Coltrane's Harmonic Formula", Annual Review of Jazz Studies 12. ISBN 0-8108-5005-2 enlaces externos "The Giant Steps Progression and Cycle Diagrams" (http://www.danadler.com/misc/Cycles.p df) , (155 KB PDF), Dan Adler, DanAdler.com "Augmented Scale Theory" (http://www.javierarau.com/books-augmented.php) , Javier Arau "John Coltrane - Harmonic Substitutions" (http://www.lucaspickford.com/transsubs.htm) , "Extending the Coltrane Changes" by David Baker, LucasPickford.com "Giant Steps (in minute detail)" (http://www.songtrellis.com/GiantStepsInDetail) , SongTrellis "Giant Steps, Central Park West and Modulatory Cycles" (http://www.thinkingmusic.ca/analyse s/coltrane/) , Michael Leibson, ThinkingMusic.ca. 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