1 APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021) A. Citing References in the Text Type of Citation First citation in text Subsequent citations in text First parenthetical citation in text Subsequent parenthetical citation in text One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007) Two authors Walker and Allen (2004) Walker and Allen (2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004) Three and more authors Wasserstein et al. (2005) Wasserstein et al. (2005) (Wasserstein et al., 2005) (Wasserstein et al., 2005) Groups with abbreviation National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) NIMH (2003) (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003) (NIMH, 2003) Groups without abbreviation University of Pittsburg (2005) University of Pittsburg (2005) (University of Pittsburg, 2005) (University of Pittsburg, 2005) Legal or Government document European Commission (2012) European Commission (2012) (European Commission, 2012) (European Commission, 2012) Unpublished Legal or Government document European Commission (2004) European Commission (2004) (European Commission, 2004) (European Commission, 2004) Acts (only in USA, Acts from other countries treat as Legal or Government document) Mental Health Systems Act (1988) Mental Health Systems Act (1988) (Mental Health Systems Act, 1988) (Mental Health Systems Act, 1988) Cases Lessard v. Schmidt (1975) Lessard v. Schmidt (1975) (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1975) (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1975) Treaty/Convention/ Pact/Constitution/ International Agreement Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) (Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997) (Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997) Official Journal of the European Union Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002 (2002) Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002 (2002) (Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002, 2002) (Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002, 2002) Reference with single page number/chapter, etc. Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) Reference with page range de Haan (2005, pp. 36-37) de Haan (2005, pp. 36-37) (de Haan, 2005, pp. 36-37) (de Haan, 2005, pp. 36-37) Reference with several discontinuous pages Dahl (2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) Dahl (2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, 109, 112-114) In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press) Same author, two works from different years Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) Same author, two works from same year Derryberry and Reed (2005a, 2005b) Derryberry and Reed (2005a, 2005b) (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b) (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b) Republished books Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) 2 Newspaper article/ Newsletter (unknown author) “Prairie farmers reap” (2001) “Prairie farmers reap” (2001) (“Prairie farmers reap,” 2001) (“Prairie farmers reap,” 2001) Personal Communication/ Interview/Unpublished material (phone calls, memos, lecture notes, etc.) J. Robbins (personal communication, January 4, 2001) J. Robbins (interview, January 4, 2001) (J. Robbins, interview, January 4, 2001) (J. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001) Letters from private collections (not disclosed to the public) Zacharius (1953) Zacharius (1953) (Zacharius, 1953) (Zacharius, 1953) Archival source with author Hicks (1956) Hicks (1956) (Hicks, 1956) (Hicks, 1956) Archival source without author “Psychoanalysis institute,” 1948 “Psychoanalysis institute,” 1948 (“Psychoanalysis institute,” 1948) (“Psychoanalysis institute,” 1948) Social Media (Facebook, Twitter) Gaiman (2012) Gaiman (2012) (Gaiman, 2012) (Gaiman, 2012) Dictionary Heuristic (n.d.) Heuristic (n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.) Movie Davidson and Davidson (1999) Davidson and Davidson (1999) (Davidson & Davidson, 1999) (Davidson & Davidson, 1999) Full Special Issue Jenkins and Astley (2012) Jenkins and Astley (2012) (Jenkins & Astley, 2012) (Jenkins & Astley, 2012) Full Special Issue (unknown editors) “Ennui or Not Ennui” (2012) “Ennui or Not Ennui” (2012) (“Ennui or Not Ennui,” 2012) (“Ennui or Not Ennui,” 2012) Full Special Section Jenkins and Astley (2012) Jenkins and Astley (2012) (Jenkins & Astley, 2012) (Jenkins & Astley, 2012) Full Special Section (unknown editors) The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP Judgment (2020) The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP Judgment (2012) (The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP Judgment, 2020) (The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP Judgment, 2020) Secondary source Wright (as cited in Bragdon, 2013, p. 223) Fong’s 2003 study (as cited in Bertram, 2009) (Wright as cited in Bragdon, 2013, p. 223) (Fong, 2003, as cited in Bertram, 2009) Title of source (part of a greater whole): journal article, book chapter, etc. “The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research” Journal of European Public Policy The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981–1991 Title of source (stand-alone): journal, book, reports Idem, ibidem, op. cit. Exceptions: - Titles of video games - Titles of surveys (unless this is the title of a book) - Names of websites These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats. Important Notes: 1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa. 3 2. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they appear in the reference list: Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that… Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris & Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005). (Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale] (Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale] 3. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a semi-colon: (Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996) 4. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of publication, separated by a comma: (Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999) For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless they have the same year of publication: According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is… Styles can be combined: (Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010) 5. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart: First citation in text: (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010) Subsequent citations in text: (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010) Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to distinguish between references. 6. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list: In-text citation: (World Health Organization, 2000–2006) Entry in references list: World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report. Geneva: World Health Organization. 7. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials after the surname in all in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication: (L.-J. Chen, 1993) (Y. G. Chen, 2001) (D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017) 4 Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written normally. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references. 8. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication: (Laura Green, 2009) (Lorenzo Green, 2003) (Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013) Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references. 9. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL: News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website (http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the content of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012. 10. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well: The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85). The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2) 11. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list. 12. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original research. Only include the secondary source in the reference list; the original work is merely cited in the text. 13. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets. structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses). ✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses). 14. Use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full title if it is short) as the author in works without authors (e.g., newspaper articles ). As discussed in “Economics nudging” (2017), governments… (“All 33 Chile miners,” 2010) 15. An alternative to “et al.” in in-text citations is “and colleagues”, but this alternative can never been used in parenthetical citations Harris and colleagues (1989)… 5 B. The Reference List Type of Reference Format Examples Journal Article (1 author) Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647. Attention: Comma between the journal and the volume should never be italics. No space between volume and issue. Journal Article (2-7 authors) Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972. The issue number is not compulsory. Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21. http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word “Article” and then the article number instead of the page range. Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1, 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304 Journal articles (but also other types of references, such as books) can have a doi or url at the end, but that is not compulsory. Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information & Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414–456. Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7. The notes under Attention in ‘Journal Article (1 author)’ also apply Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article e0214466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049 Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and where do we go from here? Media and Communication, 9(2), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.4271 Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185 Journal Article (more than 20 authors) Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname, C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E., Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname, H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname, K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M., Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname, P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R., Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year). Title of the article in sentence case. Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10), 96–100. 6 Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi Attention: Write only the names of the first 19 authors and the last author. Use space dot space dot space dot-space instead of the usual ellipsis. Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27, 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537 The notes under Attention in ‘Journal Article (1 author)’ also apply Book Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book in sentence case (edition, Volume). Publisher. doi Attention: The edition, volume, and DOI are not compulsory. The volume number is not compulsory. When a book has more than one publisher separate them with semicolons. In book publishers delete surplus information like Inc., Co., Lda. If the publisher is the same as the author, then omit the publisher name. Book Chapter Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of the book in sentence case (Volume, pp. firstpage-lastpage). Publisher. doi The notes under Attention in ‘Book’ also apply Strunk, W., Jr., Becker, E., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything and then some more stuff (3rd ed.) Macmillan. von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for academic administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books. Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on trauma care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma and its consequences. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000154-000 Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special education (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE Publications. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053 Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3, pp. 53–76). Greenwood. Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P. Wake (Eds.), The Routledge companion to critical theory (pp. 51–61). Routledge. Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). American Psychiatric Press. Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21–49). Retrieved from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/bookhome/117909832 Newspaper Article / Newsletter (known author, in paper) Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the article in sentence case. Title of the Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case, Firstpage-Lastpage. Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, 1–4. 7 Newspaper Article / Newsletter (known author, online) Attention: Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to offer but provisions are necessary to ensure the young truly benefit. The Australian, 29. Printed newspapers are sometimes divided into sections, which are identified by a letter before the page number (e.g. A1, B4) Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at home. The Australian Financial Review, 5. Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the article in sentence case. Title of the Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case. www.website.com Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memoryforgetting-psychology.html Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the article in sentence case. Title of the Newspaper in Title Case, FirstpageLastpage. Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of heart attacks, strokes and even death. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester General to provide sports medicine support to RIT. Physician Connection Newsletter. http://www.rochestergeneral.org/healthcareprofessionals/physican-connection . Newspaper Article / Newsletter (unknown author) Title of the article in sentence case. (year, month day). Title of the Newspaper in Title Case. www.website.com Title of the article in sentence case. (year, month day). Title of the Newspaper in Title Case, FirstpageLastpage. Prairie farmers reap conservation’s rewards. (2001, August 27). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October). APA Writing Newsletter. http://www.indwes.edu/ocls/APA/newsletter.pdf Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005, December 28). The Country Today, 1–2. Economics nudging people away from war. (2017, December 16). The Age, 33. Report or Working Paper Author. (year). Title of the report in sentence case (Number of the Report or Working Paper if available). Publisher if different to author. www.website.com if available Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001). 2001 Annual report (Working Paper No. 3). Wiley. Petition Lastname, A. (year). Title of the petition [Petition]. www.website.com LATINDADD. (2003). The Evian challenge: A civil society call for the EU to withdraw its GATS water requests [Petition]. https://www.citizen.org/wpcontent/uploads/evianchallenge.pdf Press Release Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the press release in sentence case [Press Release]. www.website.com American Psychological Association. (2018, January 31). Dishonest individuals perceived as less capable [Press release]. http://www.apa.org/news/press/dishonestindividuals.aspx Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism Industry Development. (2016). Advancing tourism 2016. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/advancingtourism/resource/df997cf7-14fc-47b1-ac99-ddc7f0975967 8 Website Lastname, A. (year). Title of the website article in sentence case. Name of the Website in Title Case. www.website.com Cain, K. (2012). The negative effects of Facebook on communication. Social Media Today. http://socialmediatoday.com Book Review Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book review in sentence case [Review of the book Title of the book in sentence case, by A. Author]. Journal, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of Psychology, 114, 126–133. Published Thesis or Dissertation Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in sentence case [Doctoral or Master’s thesis or dissertation, Name of the Institution]. Repository. www.website.com Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting [Doctoral thesis, The University of Waikato]. The University of Waikato Research Commons. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/11614. Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in sentence case [Unpublished doctoral or Master’s thesis or dissertation]. University. Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Monash University. Conference paper, keynote address, poster presentation, etc. (unpublished) Lastname, A. (Year, Month Day-Day). Title of paper in sentence case [Type of material]. Name of Conference, City, Country. Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a moderator of stress on anxiety [Paper presentation]. Southeastern Psychological Association 64th Annual Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States. Conference paper in Proceedings (published as a book) Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In A. Lastname (Ed.; if applicable), Proceedings book title in sentence case (pp. firstpage-lastpage). Publisher. Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press. Conference paper in Proceedings (published as a journal issue) Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade and labor market imperfections in developing countries. Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic Education, 20(1), 11-16. https://search-proquestcom.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/docview/1928612180?accountid= 16285 Legal or Government document Author. (year). Title of the legal/government document (Number/Code of the document). Publisher. National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 901679). US Government. Attention: If the publisher is the same as the author, then omit the publisher name. Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health Survey. Unpublished Legal or Government document Author. (year). Title of the legal/government document (Number/Code of the document). Unpublished document European Commission. (2004). Meeting document, Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on 1 and 3 December 2004 (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished document. Acts (only in USA, Acts from other countries treat as Legal or Government document) Name of Act, Volume Source § section number (year). Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988). Case Name v. Name, Case ID (year). Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972). 9 Treaty/Convention/ Title of Agreement, Year, Extra Details if Applicable (e.g., volume number volume name page number). Police Convention, 1920, 127 L.N.T.S. 433. Official Journal of the European Union Title of document. (Year). Official Journal of the European Union, Series Issue number. Commission Regulation (EC) No 614/2002 of 10 April 2002 fixing the export refunds on olive oil. (2002). Official Journal of the European Union, L 094. Republished Book Name, S. (year). Title in sentence case. Publisher. (Original work published year) Freud, S. (1961). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3–66). Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923) Unpublished Manuscript (not submitted for publication) Lastname, A. (year the draft was written). Title of the manuscript in sentence case. Unpublished manuscript. Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2018). Social media and protest participation: Evidence from Russia. Unpublished manuscript. Manuscript in Preparation Lastname, A. (year the draft was written). Title of the manuscript in sentence case. Manuscript in preparation. Brändström, A. (2015). Crisis accountability: Ministerial resignations in Sweden. Manuscript in preparation. Manuscript Submitted for Publication (not accepted yet) Lastname, A. (year the draft was written). Title of the manuscript in sentence case. Manuscript submitted for publication. Boin, A. (2016). The new world of crises and crisis management: Implications for policymaking and research. Manuscript submitted for publication. Manuscript Accepted for Publication (Article) Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the manuscript in sentence case. Journal in Title Case. Hindmoor, A., & McConnell, A. (in press). Why didn’t they see it coming? Warning signs, acceptable risks and the global financial crisis. Political Studies. Manuscript Accepted for Publication (Working Paper/Report) Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the manuscript in sentence case (Number of the Report). Publisher. Fallov, M. A., Jørgensen, A., Nielsen, R. S., & de Neergaard, M. (in press). Report on policy analysis (COHSMO Working Paper No. D4.6 Denmark). Aalborg University. Manuscript available online first Lastname, A. (year). Title of the manuscript in sentence case. Journal in Title Case. Advance online publication. doi Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year. Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240 Pact/Constitution/ International Agreement Advance online publication Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts, 1997. Attention: If there is no doi number available, use the url instead Preprint article (e.g., in ArXiv) Archival source with author Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs Author, A. (year, month day). Title of the material. [Description of material]. Name of collection (call number, identifier or box/folder/item number). Name and City of repository. Hicks, H. D. (1956, October 24). Correspondence from Henry Davies Hicks to the Annapolis County electorate. Henry Davies Hicks fonds (MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 9). Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877). Rockefeller Archive Centre, Tarrytown, NY, USA. 10 Archival source without author Title of the material. (year, month day). [Description of material]. Name of collection (call number, identifier or box/folder/item number). Name and city and country of repository. Johnny can read, better than ever. (1958). Unidentified newspaper clipping (Series 10, File 01165). Photographic, Sound, Film, and Biographical Records, Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author. Letters from private collections (not disclosed to the public) Name, A. (Year). [Letter to Name of the Recipient]. Copy in possession of Name. Zacharius, G. P. (1953). [Letter to William Rickel]. Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp. Facebook Author, A. [First Name]. (year, month day). Post (up to the first 40 words) as the title in sentence case [Facebook status update]. www.website.com Gaiman, N. [Neil]. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update]. https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/101505741 85041016 Comment on Facebook Post Author of the comment, A. (Year). First sentence of the comment [Facebook comment on the Month Day, Year, post by Author of the Post]. www.website.com Wangail, T. (2017). Since Kashmir mass uprising, all Wimax connections were suspended almost for more than three months [Facebook comment on the January 23, 2017, post by N Rigzin]. https://www.facebook.com/groups/904515826309195/pe rmalink/1291073837653390/?comment_id=12935056007 43547 Twitter Author, A. [Twitter handle]. (year, month day). Tweet (up to the first 20 words) as the title [Tweet]. Twitter. www.website.com Gates, B. [BillGates]. (2013, February 26). #Polio is 99% eradicated. Join me & @FCBarcelona as we work to finish the job and #EndPolio. VIDEO: http://b-gat.es/X75Lvy [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/30619534584566579 2 Brochure, Pamphlet, or Painting Author. (Year). Title of document [Type of document]. Publisher. Canadian Opthalmological Association. (2007). Diabetes and the eye [Pamphlet]. Canadian Opthalmological Association. Ministry of the Environment. (2007). Conserving water in Ontario [Brochure]. Ministry of the Environment. Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art. Data set Author. (Year). Title of document [Data set]. Website. www.website.com Attention: You can also have a doi number instead of the website Dictionary or Encyclopedia (online with Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D. (2019). V-Dem country-year dataset v9 [Data set]. V-Dem. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy19 O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1 Hurthouse, R., & Pettigrove, G. (2016). Virtue ethics. In E. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. 11 author) the book in sentence case. www.website.com https://plato.stanford.edu Dictionary or Encyclopedia (online without author) Word. (year). In Title of dictionary in sentence case. www.website.com Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic Dictionary or Encyclopedia (print) Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of the book in sentence case (pp. firstpagelastpage). City: Publisher. American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p. 667). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. PowerPoint presentation Author, A. (year). Title of document [Powerpoint presentation]. www.website.com Park, L. (2011). Effective working teams [PowerPoint presentation]. http://www.company.meetings/teams Attention: If the presenter is the only source for the Powerpoint presentation, cite as a personal communication (meaning that there will only be An intext citation, and it is not included in the reference list Television broadcast or Television series Author, A. (Producer). (Date of Broadcast). Program [Program type]. Production Company. Smith, K. G. (Producer). (1999, September 19). Every day News [Television broadcast]. West Broadcasting. Single episode from television series Script Writer, A. (Writer), Director, A. (Director). (Date of Broadcast). Title of the episode in sentence case (Season Number, Episode Number) [TV series episode]. In A. Producer (Executive producer), Title of the television series in sentence case. Production Company. Egan, D. (Writer), Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate (Season 4, Episode 17) [TV series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. Fox Broadcasting. Movie Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A. (Director). (Release Year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Production Company. Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. USA: Davidson Films. Journal supplement Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (year). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal in Title Case, Volume(Suppl. X), FirstpageLastpage. Vahey, D., Aiken, L., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout and patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(Suppl. 2), 57–66. Full Special Issue Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). (year). Title of the special issue in sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case. Volume(Issue). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). What’s up with Nyan Cat? [Special issue]. International Journal of Memes, 32(3). Engel, R. (Producer). (2004). Oliver [TV series episode]. KLC. Attention: in case of issues published by Cogitatio, use Thematic issue instead of Special issue Full Special Issue (unknown editors) Title of the special issue in sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case. Volume(Issue). Ennui or not ennui? Henri versus Keyboard Cat [Special issue]. (2012). Meme World, 19(3). 12 Full Special Section Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). (year). Title of the special section in sentence case [Special section]. Journal in Title Case. Volume(Issue), Firstpage– Lastpage. Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the LOLcats: Maru, Nyan Cat, and more [Special section]. International Journal of Memes, 32(2), 415–565. Full Special Section (unknown editors) Title of the special section in sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case. Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage. The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment [Special section]. (2020). German Law Journal, 21(5), 944– 1127. Speech You do not reference the speech itself, but rather the source you found the speech in (for example, a book, video recording, orwww.website). Example: Martin Luther King’s speech The in-text citation includes the surname of the author (or editor) of the source document and the year of publication (not the speaker’s name or the year of the speech). The reference list includes all information appropriate for the source. Software or Video Game Dr. King declared: “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed” (Smith, 2009). Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in American history. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing. Author. (Year). Title of Software [Computer software]. Location: Company. Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator [Computer software]. Washington, DC: E & K Press. Title of Video Game [Video game]. (Year). Location: Company. Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim [Video game]. (2011). Bethesda: Bethesda Softworks. Attention: if the Software or Video Game does not have an author, use the second version. YouTube Video Author. (year, month day). Title of video [Video]. http://xxxxx Attention: if the user’s real name is not available, include only the screen name. Personal Communication/ Interview/Bible passages/ Unpublished material (phone calls, memos, lecture notes, etc.) Apsolon, M. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape 14 [Video]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848 Bellofolletti. (2009, April 8). Ghost caught on surveillance camera [Video]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI&feature =related Do not include in the reference list Important Notes: Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author. During, J. (2005). Escalas, J. (2013). Jacobus, M., Keller, E. F., & Shuttleworth, S. (Eds.). (2013). Scott, A. J. (2012). 13 If authors have the same surname, alphabetize them according to their first initial. Johnson, A. (2004). Johnson, I. (2002). If there are entries with identical authors, order them chronologically, earliest first. Escalas, J. (n.d.). Escalas, J. (2013). Escalas, J. (2014). Escalas, J. (in press). If there are entries with identical authors published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year (a, b, c, etc.). Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age… Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects… Johnson, I. (in press-a). Publishing… Johnson, I. (in press-b). United… If different entries begin with the same author, entries that have only that one author come before entries with more than one author. Johnson, I. (2004). Johnson, I., & Chen, C. (2000). If different entries begin with the same author, alphabetize by the second author. If the second author is the same, use the third, and so forth. Berndt, T. J., Keefe, K., & Smith, A. (1995). Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Burley. K. (Eds.). (2000). Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Garcia, A., & Burley. K. (2001). Berndt, T. J., Zwitter, B. (2000). Referencing works by two different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include their full first name in square brackets after the initials in the references list. This is applicable to first authors only: Green, L. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091) Green, L. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.1 Add space between different initials (exception: hyphenated names, in such cases use a hyphen). Pavlik, J. P., Dennis, E. D.-B., Mersey R., & Gengler, R. Erdal, I.-V., Kjetil, O., & Westlund, O. A. After colon (:) and em-dash (—) always use uppercase. Optimizing content with A/B headline testing: Changing newsroom practices. Media and Communication, 7(2), 3-15. Conducting research on the world’s changing mediascape—Principles and practices. London: Sage. Do not use acronyms/abbreviations of organization that are authors in the final references list, use only the full version of the name (exception: if in the text only the acronym is used, then use it as well in the final references list). There is always a full stop at the end of the name of the organization. European Association for International Education. (2014). International Organization for Migration. (2018). The capitalization of surnames beginning with a particle (e.g., de, d’, van, or von) depends on the origin of the name (usually, Dutch names with lower case, Belgian/Flemish names with upper case). Always confirm in the author’s institutional page. Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015). 14 De Ville, F., & Siles-Brügge, G. (2015). von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2008). When having two or more works by the same author and year, for which in the references list the full date is provided (ex: newspaper articles, Tweets, press releases,…) use the letters a,b,c,… to distinguish the different works. In the in-text citation use only the year, do not add the month and day. V4 Prime Ministers. (2004a, May 12). Declaration of Prime Ministers on cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries. Kroměříž. V4 Prime Ministers. (2004b, December 8). Meeting of Prime Ministers of the Visegrad Group countries. Warsaw. As seen previously (V4 Prime Ministers, 2004a, 2004b)… Non-Latin scripts cannot be used in the references list, so the title needs to be transliterated: Tan, J. G. (2011). 中國社工與志愿者合作的模式 [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers]. 廣東青年干部學院學報, 25(26), 12-18. ✓ Tan, J. G. (2011). Zhongguo shegong yu zhiyuanzhe hezuo de moshi [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers]. Guangdong qingnian ganbu xueyuan xuebao, 25(26), 12-18. An English translation for all references that are not in English must be provided within square brackets after the original and without any italics (exception: do not translate journal and newspaper names). Le Heuzey, M.-F. (2012). Les réseaux sociaux, les enfants et le pédiatre [Social media, children and pediatricians]. Archives de Pédiatrie, 19, 92-95. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1997, June 12). Peru jiken chosa iinkai no hokoku ni tsuite no Ikeda Gaimu Daijin no kishakaiken [Press interview with Foreign Minister Ikeda on the report of the investigation committee on the Peru Incident]. Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/hoka/peru/ index.html Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah. 15 C. Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Position in a reference Example ca. Circa (approximately) Before the year, both in the in-text and in the reference, and always inside squared brackets Federal Emergency ManagementAgency [ca. 2011] (Federal Emergency Management Agency, [ca. 2011]) Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire safety [Facebook status update]. https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389 Chapter Chapter Do not abbreviate (with sentence case) Yet, there remain methodological difficulties for studying emotions, particularly in the context of war and conflict (Åhäll & Gregory, Chapter 17). doi Digital object identifier At the end of the reference. Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725 Ed./Eds. Editor Between brackets after the name of the editor. Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital publishing. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ed. Edition Between brackets after the title of the book. The brackets can include other kind of information, separated by a comma. Friedl, S. (2003). Society and sex roles. In J. P. Spradley & D. W. McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings in cultural anthropology (11th ed., pp. 261-289). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. f./ff. Following pages pp. 258f. refers to pages 258-259 and pp. 258ff. refers to undetermined number of pages following page 258. This is not APA style! Use the full page range (i.e., firstpagelastpage) instead. n.d. No date Instead of the year. Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London: Tower Publishing. No. Number After the title, between brackets. Holst, C., & Molander, A. (2014). Epistemic democracy and the accountability of experts. In C. Holst (Ed.), Expertise and democracy (ARENA Report No. 14, pp. 1335). Oslo: University of Oslo. p./pp. page After the title, between brackets. Herbatschek, N., Bergkamp, L., & Mihova, M. (2013). The REACH programmes and procedures. In L. Bergkamp (Ed.), The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals. Law and practice (pp. 82-170). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Always use the format “https://doi.org/…” In in-text citations, after the year, separated by a comma. Always include the full range of page numbers. para. Jr., Sr., II Paragraph Same as pages (see above). Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for a new “intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4). For author, always after initials, separated by commas. Jones, H., Jr., & Jones, H. W., II. (1941). My adventures in Alexandretta. Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19. For Editors, at the end of the name Belloq, R. (1926). Shiny things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr. (Ed.), Artifacts lost and found (pp. 210–223). Paris: Gaxotte Publishing. 16 Jr., III, or other suffixes are not included with in-text citations, only in the references list.
